Colonial shipbuilding - wikipedia Colonial shipbuilding This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : Article references other Wikipedia pages Please help improve this article if you can. ( December 2014 ) This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions. ( December 2014 ) Early American colonial shipbuilders constructing their own ship by the water. Between America 's vast natural resources, excellent location in relation to the world market, capital flow and plentiful skilled labor ; the American colonies had a comparative advantage in shipbuilding. The American colonies also had other incentives to improve their shipbuilding process and produce more ships than any other country. World trade was increasingly being conducted by way of the sea and British trade restrictions on other goods from the colonies decreased trade flows. This caused the colonies to turn to shipbuilding and many American colonists found they could make a viable living within the shipbuilding industry. Contents 1 Resources and Reasons for Colonial Shipbuilding Growth 1.1 Resources 1.2 Reasons 2 Trade With Other Countries 2.1 Transatlantic Triangular Trade 3 Shipbuilding Process 3.1 How the Process Formed the Colonies 4 Source Materials and Methods 4.1 Wood Process 4.2 Tools 4.3 Uses of Ships 5 Economic Impact 5.1 Impact of Wealthy Boston Merchants 5.2 Skilled Labor 5.3 Natural Resources 6 Demand 6.1 Key Drivers 7 References Resources and reasons for colonial shipbuilding growth Resources Timber was critical for the development of the shipbuilding industry. It has been stated, `` For every ton of shipping a vessel held, at least one and half loads of timber were required, with a load of timber being approximately equivalent to one tree 's worth of wood. '' More specifically, British war vessels required two thousand trees for construction. The abundance of timber and lumber made shipbuilding highly economical in the colonies. Woods like Pine, oak, maple, beech, birch, hickory, ash and cypress trees were plentiful in Colonial America. Reasons The rapid growth in commercial agriculture increased the demand for slaves. As a result of the demand, there was increased pressure for supply. The source of slave labor was the African continent. Trans - Atlantic trade became an important part of the American colonies because of the rise in demand for raw materials in industrialized Europe. The Atlantic slave trade relied on slaves, raw materials and industrial goods from Europe. As a result of increased demand for raw materials in Europe the American colonial shipbuilding industry boomed. In 1710 there was a boom in the shipbuilding business. At first, it was out of necessity of fishing and traveling, but as more families became experts in shipbuilding craftsmanship, they began building new ships each winter. As the demand for fishing and traveling increased, so did the need of boats. By 1845, the Essex company was only building boats to supply to fishing companies. By the 1850s it was manufacturing up to 50 boats a year. Colonial ships began to play a large part in the Transatlantic trade, by the end of the century about a fifth of the plantation trade was carried in colonial ships. Because of the growth of manufacturing in America due to an abundance of materials and low labor costs, many British authorities supported the growth of the colonial shipbuilding industry. The Navigation Acts gave colonial built ships the same status and protection as those made in England. This allowed the shipbuilding industry to prosper even more. Trade with other countries In the colonial period European powers were the economic powerhouses of the world. They heavily influenced commerce and trade in both North and South America. In particular, the British and the Spanish exerted their influence over the colonial economies. This influence helped determine the direction of economic advancement on the American continents. In Europe, there was an influx in the demand for products that required tropical climates. For example, tobacco and sugarcane were major items of trading. The climate in the two American continents was conducive to the growth of these products, hence the increased European interest in that part of the world in the period. The increased demand resulted in increased efforts of production and consequently an influx in investment. A dock for small ships. Some areas in the colonies were not conducive to the development of agriculture. This was the case in the New England colonies which consisted of the present day New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, Maine and Massachusetts. These areas have poorly developed soils and are susceptible to poor climatic conditions. Nevertheless, New England did have prime access to the Atlantic Ocean. New England was able to create a thriving fishing industry to increase their shipbuilding market. New England 's ideal placement and the demand that existed for water transport implied that they were involved in the shipping industry as a function of their agricultural impotence, their locations and the development of a fishing industry. Transatlantic Triangular trade The Transatlantic Triangular Trade involved three journeys each with the promise of a large profit and a full cargo. In reality, the journey was more complicated with ships traveling from all over Europe carrying manufactured goods to different ports along the African coast to trade for slaves. The ships from Africa then sailed across the Atlantic to the Caribbean and Americas to trade the slaves for raw materials. Finally the ships from America returned to Europe with raw materials such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton. The system of Triangular Trade allowed for goods to be traded for other goods, rather than being bought or sold. Ships from England would go to Africa carrying iron products, cloth, trinkets and beads, guns and ammunition. The ships traded these goods for slaves, gold and spices ( pepper ). Ships from Africa would go to the American Colonies via the route known as the ' Middle Passage '. The slaves were exchanged for goods from the Americas, destined for the slave plantations. Ships from the Americas would then take raw materials back to England. The British would use the raw materials to make ' finished goods '. Shipbuilding process Boston, the hub of colonial shipbuilding. While the demand for these ships was high, there were new ways needed to meet the demand with supply. There were many shipyards being built, and more and more materials were needed. In the beginning of the colonial period, people built their own boats for fishing and transportation. By the end of the 18th century though, there were many shipyards, and many of these had been passed down in families. Many of the ships were used for fishing and transporting small goods, but they were eventually used for trading of more goods, and also for passengers and transport. One of the sources of labor to build these ships was slaves. A lot of the work was specialty work and required skilled labor. This was considered good work during this time. While shipbuilders did not become wealthy, they did earn good livings ; in 1815 one New York shipbuilder earned $30,000. American shipbuilders earned a reputation for producing the world 's best ships in this period. Many different types of work and jobs related to the shipbuilding industry included carpenters, joiners, sail makers, barrel makers, painters, caulkers and blacksmiths. How the process formed the colonies Shipbuilding began as an industry because of fishing in the colonies which provided coastal commerce between the colonies themselves. With plenty of forests and skilled labor around the local towns the colonies thrived. The towns themselves were an important part of the shipbuilding process because they provided a local economy of skilled labor. Towns became formed by labor groups to build ships. These labor groups included carpenters, joiners, borers, coppers, caulkers, dubbers and an assortment of young boys charged with menial tasks. Shipbuilding knowledge was passed down between generations of the town and handing down knowledge continually made the shipbuilding process more efficient. A town of workers made the process more efficient because a 150 - ton ship required 200 workers, and the shipbuilding process could take 60 -- 100 days. Local governments supported the shipbuilding industry because it provided wealth for the local economy. Relative to other laborers, shipwrights earned a higher standard of living with their acquired skills. During the colonial period shipbuilding became the major source of employment ; even slaves helped to build ships. Source materials and methods The east coast of the United States provided a specifically dense area for raw materials especially around Massachusetts. There was an abundance of oak forests that provided wood for the ships. In the late 1680s `` there were more than 2 dozen sawmills around the Maine and Massachusetts areas These sawmills, along with a dense supply of wood, helped to increase the business of colonial shipbuilding. The wood was usually white oak, but `` cedars, chestnuts, and black oaks were perfect for the underwater portion of the ships. '' Demand was high for wood, colonial Americans needed faster ways of producing more wood. This led to inventions of different types of sawmills. One of the first types of sawmills was the water sawmill. This process allowed for faster, more efficient wood to be made for shipbuilding. `` Early sawmills simply adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel to speed up the process. '' Wood process The shipbuilding process began with the frame and then heating the hull of the ship. This was done using steamers and wood as fuel. Planks were heated to be able to bend with the curve of the ship. Once all the framing and planking was completed, caulking waterproofed the ship. Ships made of wood required a flexible material, insoluble in water, to seal the spaces between planks. Pine pitch was often mixed with fibers like hemp to caulk spaces which might otherwise leak. Crude gum or oleoresin could be collected from the wounds of living pine trees. Tools Tools that are used in colonial ship building times. Tools used included the mallets and iron s. Mallets were usually 16 inches from end to end with the handle bar usually being about 16 inches. The material that was hammered in between each of the planks was typically oakum, a kind of hemp fiber. There were oftentimes 2 - 3 layers of this oakum fiber placed in between the planks. Putty would be put on afterwards to finish off the waterproofing. Tar, which also came from the thousands of trees available, was oftentimes spread over the top of these planks and they were covered with copper plating. Copper was used because without it the ship 's hull would often get infected with worms. The copper was fastened to the ship with bronze nails. The ships were oftentimes painted yellow, to help make the ship appear faster and newer. Uses of ships The early wooden vessels worked for business angling and remote exchange likewise offered ascend to an assortment of subordinate exchanges and commercial enterprises in the zone, including sail making, chandleries, rope strolls and marine railroads. Shipyards in Essex and Suffolk regions are credited with the development of the conventional American dory and constructed those that included the prestigious Gloucester, Massachusetts angling armada, freed the settlements from British guideline, reinforced the vendor and maritime armadas that made the United States a force to be reckoned with and assumed essential parts in World War I and World War II. Numerous vessels incorporated into this schedule were either developed in Massachusetts or are illustrative of the sorts of vessels manufactured and repaired in Massachusetts shipyards. Economic impact The U.S.S. Constitution was built in 1794 and still sits in Boston Harbor today. In the American colonies shipbuilding had an immense impact on the economy. The colonies had a comparative advantage in shipbuilding with their vast natural resources, skilled craftsmen and capital infused from the British empire. The colonies ' ability to build ships with their large timber stock flooded the economy with capital from Britain it had not previously seen. Boston, Massachusetts became the central point for the boom of shipbuilding because it was the main distribution point for most of the shipping tonnage. The shipbuilding industry needed plenty of skilled labor to support it and with America 's large forest industry many craftsmen already had skills working with wood. These skills transitioned to the shipbuilding industry. Impact of wealthy Boston merchants The introduction of British credit and complicated account balancing during King William 's War, in the 1690s, changed how Boston merchants financed the shipbuilding industry. As British credit flowed into the community, Boston merchants began creating long - term credit arrangements with waterfront tradesmen and other skilled laborers. Local labor and exchanges of goods could be sustained across scores of people linked with myriad small amounts of credit and debit without cash. But the shipbuilding industry generated the labor and capital necessary for merchants to create far larger and more intricate financial networks that solidified their position of power within both the local and the Atlantic economy. The extension of credit to a large portion of society helped spur the shipbuilding boom period from 1700 - 1717. In 1717, Boston learned that disaster had struck in the West Indies. The Spanish attacked and destroyed the British settlement at Trist in the Bay of Campeche, where Boston merchants had long extracted log wood for sale in England and Europe. Boston 's economy was sent into a tailspin. Ship orders decreased and confidence in long - term credit arrangements plummeted triggering an unprecedented amount of lawsuits. Boston 's economic catastrophe in 1717 led to the creation of new currency and credit laws that directly affected how merchants and tradesmen in the shipbuilding industry conducted business. This meant more stringent lending practices to trustworthy tradesmen and a stronger, more transparent industry that continued to dominate the Atlantic economy. Skilled labor Much of the skills required of shipwrights or shipbuilders were obtained through on - the - job - training. Many of the earliest shipyards and boat shops operated as family businesses passed down from generation to generation. The town of Essex, Massachusetts became the center for skilled craftsmen and produced the best boats. In 1794, Tenche Coxe described America 's shipbuilding experiences as an art for which the United States is peculiarly qualified by their skill in construction and vast natural resources. Skilled shipbuilding craftsmen were always in demand during the colonial period because shipbuilding pertained to many areas of the economy. The uses of ships in trade, fishing and travel meant there was a continual supply and demand for shipbuilding skills. Natural resources Until the mid-nineteenth century, forests were the basis of sea power in all its military and commercial aspects, and each nation strove to maintain its independence by protecting timber supply routes that often extended over great distances. This drove the British to encourage shipbuilding in the American colonies. Over 1,000 vessels were launched out of the American colonies during the seventeenth century. Boston, Massachusetts was the distribution hub of natural resources that included cedar, maple, white pine, spruce and oak timber cut in New England. By the mid seventeenth century shipwrights were beginning to take advantage of oak, mulberry, cedar and laurel in Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. During the seventeenth century iron became increasingly used by shipwrights for bracing, bolts, anchors and ordinance. The American colonies were able to meet their demand for iron by utilizing their expansive charcoal reserves. These vast natural resources made American colonial ships cost 25 Mexican dollars per ton versus English ships ' 60 Mexican dollars per ton according to a 1794 account by Tenche Coxe. Demand The shipbuilding industry was extremely important, especially to the New England Colonies in Colonial Times. The first ships were built for fishing, but trade was also conducted by water, which eventually led to the real demand in shipbuilding. Shipyards rose up all along the coast of New England. The abundance of timber and lumber made shipbuilding cheap in the colonies. Many different types of work were related to the shipbuilding industry including carpenters, joiners, sail makers, barrel makers, painters, caulkers and blacksmiths. There were 125 colonial shipyards by the year 1750. Shipbuilding was a particularly successful and profitable industry in Massachusetts, with its miles of coastline featuring protected harbors and bays. Mass quantities of lumber and other raw materials were found in abundance. The early wooden vessels built for commercial fishing and foreign trade also gave rise to a variety of supporting industries in the area, including sail making, chancelleries, rope walks and marine railways. Due to the booming shipbuilding industry some colonies such as Maryland experienced deforestation and in turn a depleted stock of available timber. Beginning in roughly 1760, it became necessary for Maryland to import timber from other colonies. However, in New England the shipbuilding industry continued to boom. In fact, in New England the abundance of good timber enabled colonists to produce ships thirty percent cheaper than the English, making it the most profitable manufactured export during the colonial period. Even with the forests closest to New York and Boston depleted, the country still had vast timber reserves, making the cost of construction much lower. '' An American vessel made of more expensive live oak and cedar would cost thirty - six dollars to thirty - eight dollars per ton, while a similar vessel made of oak in England, France, or Holland would cost fifty - five dollars to sixty dollars per ton. Key drivers One of the main drivers of demand Naval architecture changed gradually in the eighteenth century. Of five classes of seventeenth - century vessels, only ship continued to be built after the early 1700s. The others were replaced by four new types : sloop, schooner, brigantine, and snow. Given the constant emigration of shipwrights from England and the limited advances in technology, it is not surprising that eighteenth - century Americans were usually familiar with trends abroad. Sloop and schooner were more manageable and could operate with fewer men. Smaller sails meant lighter masts and rigging, which in turn reduced expenses for the owners. In addition, availability alone fails to explain the general popularity of New England - built tonnage in other colonies. Cost may have been the decisive factor. After all, among the American colonies, New England shipyards produced the most tonnage and often had the lowest building rates. Convenience must have been an important attraction also. Surplus goods and ships could be exchange for mutual benefit The sale of colonial ships built on the British market enabled English merchants to secure cheap tonnage and gave American merchants an important source of income to pay for their imports. All the colonies exported shipping, but once again, New England was the chief contributor. A foreign market during colonial times. New England supplied about half of the tonnage in Great Britain at the end of the colonial period. Within New England, Massachusetts and New Hampshire were the leading producers ; Pennsylvania ; followed by Virginia and Maryland, launched most of the remaining tonnage. British demand for American natural resources provided a foreign market for colonial shipbuilding. References Jump up ^ W. Abell, The shipwrights Trade ( New York : Conway Maritime Press, 1981 ), 96. Jump up ^ P.H. Spectre and D. Larkin, Wooden Shp ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1991 ), 179 Jump up ^ http://www.landofthebrave.info/colonial-times.html Jump up ^ `` POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT ''. ^ Jump up to : Inikori, J. ( 2009 ). The Atlantic slave trade : Effects on economies, societies, and peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham : Duke University Press. Jump up ^ History of North America ^ Jump up to : Bruchey, S. ( 2013 ). Roots of American Economic Growth 1607 - 1861 an Essay on Social Causation. Hoboken : Taylor and Francis. Jump up ^ Inikori, J. ( 2009 ). The Atlantic slave trade : Effects on economies, societies, and peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham : Duke University Press Jump up ^ `` Triangular Trade * * * ''. Jump up ^ `` Ships & Shipbuilding, in Maritime History of Massachusetts -- A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary ''. Jump up ^ http://www.pocanticohills.org/tradesmen/shipbuilder.htm Jump up ^ `` Shipbuilding Facts, information, pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about Shipbuilding ''. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18. ^ Jump up to : http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/ships.html Jump up ^ History of the lumber industry in the United States Jump up ^ These saw mills, along with the dense supply of wood, helped to increase the business of colonial shipping. The wood was usually white oak, but `` Cedars, chestnuts, and black oaks were perfect for the underwater portion of the ships. '' Jump up ^ Sawmill Jump up ^ `` Tea Party Ships Reconstruction - Boston Museum Videos ''. Jump up ^ Naval stores Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/ships.htm. Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Carroll, Charles ( October 1981 ). `` Wooden Ships and American Forests ''. Journal of Forest History. 25 ( 4 ) : 213 -- 215. JSTOR 4004612. doi : 10.2307 / 4004612. Jump up ^ `` Building and Outfitting Ships in Colonial Boston ''. web.b.ebscohost.com. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` American Eras : Shipbuilding ''. Encyclopedia.com. 1997. Retrieved April 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Continental Navy Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Rutkow, E. ( 2012 ). American Canopy : Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation. New York : Scribner. ^ Jump up to : `` Shipbuilding Facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Shipbuilding ''. Jump up ^ Goldenberg, Joseph ( 1976 ). Shipbuilding in Colonial America. The United State of America : University Press of Virginia. pp. 77 -- 78. ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0588 - 5. Jump up ^ Goldenberg, Joseph ( 1976 ). Shipbuilding in Colonial America. United State of America : University Press of Virginia. p. 97. ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0588 - 5. Jump up ^ Goldenberg, Joseph ( 1976 ). Shipbuilding in Colonial America. United States of America : University Press of Virginia. p. 99. ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0588 - 5. 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Question: shipbuilding was done in what area of the colonies
Answer: Boston, Massachusetts