Night of the Living Dead - wikipedia Night of the Living Dead For other uses, see Night of the Living Dead ( disambiguation ). Night of the Living Dead Theatrical release poster Directed by George A. Romero Produced by Russell W. Streiner Karl Hardman Screenplay by John Russo George Romero Starring Duane Jones Judith O'Dea Marilyn Eastman Karl Hardman Judith Ridley Keith Wayne Music by William Loose Stock recording : Fred Steiner Cinematography George A. Romero Edited by George A. Romero Production companies Image Ten Laurel Group Market Square Productions Distributed by The Walter Reade Organization Continental Distributing Release date October 1, 1968 ( 1968 - 10 - 01 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $114,000 Box office $30 million Night of the Living Dead is a 1968 American independent horror film, directed by George A. Romero, starring Duane Jones and Judith O'Dea. It was completed on a $114,000 budget and premiered October 1, 1968. The film became a financial success, grossing $12 million domestically and $18 million internationally. It has been a cult classic ever since. Night of the Living Dead was heavily criticized at its release for its explicit gore. It eventually garnered critical acclaim and has been selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry, as a film deemed `` culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant ''. The story follows characters Ben ( Jones ), Barbra ( O'Dea ), and five others trapped in a rural farmhouse in Western Pennsylvania, which is attacked by a large and growing group of unnamed `` living dead '' monsters. Night of the Living Dead led to five subsequent films between 1978 and 2010, also directed by Romero, and inspired two remakes ; the most well - known remake was released in 1990, directed by Tom Savini. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and pre-production 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Principal photography 3.3. 2 Directing 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Soundtrack 4 Controversy 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Influence 6 Revisions 7 Film connections 7.1 Romero 's Dead films 7.2 Return of the Living Dead series 7.3 Origins 7.4 Restoration 7.5 Remakes and other related films 8 Copyright status 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot Ghouls swarm around the house, searching for living human flesh. Barbra ( Judith O'Dea ) and Johnny Blair ( Russell Streiner ) drive to rural Pennsylvania for an annual visit to their father 's grave. Barbra is attacked by a strange man ( Bill Hinzman ) walking in the cemetery. Johnny tries to rescue his sister, but the man throws him against a gravestone ; Johnny strikes his head on the stone and is killed. After a mishap with the car, Barbra escapes on foot, with the stranger in pursuit, and later arrives at a farmhouse, where she discovers a woman 's mangled corpse. Fleeing from the house, she is confronted by strange menacing figures like the man in the graveyard. Ben ( Duane Jones ) arrives and takes her into the house, driving the `` monsters '' away and sealing the doors and windows. Throughout the night, Barbra slowly descends into a stupor of shock and insanity. Ben and Barbra are unaware that the farmhouse has a cellar, housing an angry married couple, Harry ( Karl Hardman ) and Helen Cooper ( Marilyn Eastman ), along with their daughter Karen ( Kyra Schon ). They sought refuge after a group of the same monsters overturned their car. Tom ( Keith Wayne ) and Judy ( Judith Ridley ), a teenage couple, arrived after hearing an emergency broadcast about a series of brutal murders. Karen has fallen seriously ill after being bitten by one of the monsters. They venture upstairs when Ben turns on a radio, while Barbra awakens from her stupor. Harry demands that everyone hide in the cellar, but Ben deems it a `` deathtrap '' and continues upstairs, to barricade the house with Tom 's help. Play media Night of the Living Dead ( full film ) Radio reports explain that a wave of mass murder is sweeping across the eastern United States. Ben finds a television, and they watch an emergency broadcaster ( Charles Craig ) report that the recently deceased have become reanimated and are consuming the flesh of the living. Experts, scientists, and the United States military fail to discover the cause, though one scientist suspects radioactive contamination from a space probe. It returned from Venus, and was deliberately exploded in the Earth 's atmosphere when the radiation was detected. The Cooper family hiding in the cellar Ben plans to obtain medical care for Karen when the reports list local rescue centers offering refuge and safety. Ben and Tom refuel Ben 's truck while Harry hurls molotov cocktails from an upper window at the ghouls. Judy follows him, fearing for Tom 's safety. Tom accidentally spills gasoline on the truck, setting it ablaze. Tom and Judy try to drive the truck away from the pump, but Judy is unable to free herself from its door, and the truck explodes, killing them both ; the zombies promptly eat the charred remains. Ben returns to the house but is locked out by Harry. Eventually forcing his way back in, Ben beats Harry, angered by his cowardice, while the zombies feed on the remains of Tom and Judy. A news report reveals that only a gunshot or heavy blow to the head can stop them, aside from setting the `` reactivated bodies '' on fire. It also reports that posses of armed men are patrolling the countryside to restore order. The lights go out, and the zombies break through the barricades. Harry grabs Ben 's rifle and threatens to shoot him. In the chaos, the two fight and Ben manages to wrestle the gun away and shoots Harry. Harry stumbles into the cellar and collapses next to Karen, mortally wounded. She has also died from her illness. The ghouls try to pull Helen and Barbra through the windows, but Helen frees herself. She returns to the refuge of the cellar to see Karen is reanimated and eating Harry 's corpse. Helen is frozen in shock, and Karen stabs her to death with a masonry trowel. Barbra, seeing Johnny among the zombies, is carried away by the horde and devoured. As the zombies overrun the house, Ben fights off Karen and seals himself inside the cellar, where Harry and Helen are reanimating, and he is forced to shoot them. Ben is awakened by the posse 's gunfire outside the next morning. He ventures upstairs ; the posse spot him through the window and mistake him for one of the ghouls, shooting him through the forehead. Ben 's body is thrown into a pile of bodies, laid next to the original zombie from the cemetery. After the credits, the bodies are all lit on fire. Cast Ben, played by Duane Jones Duane Jones as Ben : The lead role of Ben was played by Duane Jones. He was an unknown stage actor. His performance depicted Ben as a `` comparatively calm and resourceful Negro '' ( a distinguished gentleman and former university professor, in real life ), according to a movie reviewer in 1969. Casting Jones as the hero was potentially controversial, in 1968. It was not typical for a black man to be the hero of a U.S. film when the rest of the cast was composed of white actors at the time, but Romero said that Jones simply gave the best audition. He was in a few other films after Night of the Living Dead. He continued as a theater actor and director until his death in 1988. Despite his other film roles, Jones worried that people only recognized him as Ben. Judith O'Dea as Barbra : Judith O'Dea, a 23 - year - old commercial and stage actress, once worked for Hardman and Eastman in Pittsburgh. O'Dea was in Hollywood seeking to enter the movie business at the time of audition. Starring in the film was a positive experience for her, she remarked in an interview. She admitted that horror movies terrified her, particularly Vincent Price 's House of Wax ( 1953 ). Besides acting, O'Dea performed her own stunts, which she jokingly claimed amounted to `` lots of running ''. `` I honestly had no idea it would have such a lasting impact on our culture '', assessing Night of the Living Dead. She was just as surprised by the renown the film brought her : `` People treat you differently. ( I 'm ) ho - hum Judy O'Dea until they realize ( I 'm ) Barbra from Night of the Living Dead. All of a sudden ( I 'm ) not so ho - hum anymore ! '' Karl Hardman as Harry Cooper Marilyn Eastman as Helen Cooper : Eastman also played a female ghoul eating an insect. Keith Wayne as Tom Judith Ridley as Judy : Ridley later co-starred in Romero 's second feature There 's Always Vanilla ( 1971 ). Kyra Schon as Karen Cooper : Actor and producer Karl Hardman 's 11 - year - old daughter played Karen. Schon also played the woman 's mangled corpse that Ben dragged away. Charles Craig as Newscaster / zombie Bill Hinzman as Cemetery Living Dead : The cemetery living dead who kills Johnny in the first scene. Hinzman also appeared in new scenes that were filmed for the 30th - anniversary edition of the film. George Kosana as Sheriff McClelland : Kosana was credited as the film 's production manager. Russell Streiner as Johnny Blair : Russell Streiner is also an Executive Producer in the 1990 remake of the film. He makes a cameo appearance as Sheriff McClelland. Bill Cardille, a.k.a., `` Chilly Billy Cardilly. '' Cardille was well - known locally as a Pittsburgh TV man who had his own horror movie show, `` Chiller Theatre, '' on TV late Saturday nights in the 1960s and ' 70s. Bill portrays a WIIC - TV, Channel 11 ( a real Pittsburgh TV station ) news reporter ; Cardille also makes a cameo appearance as the TV news reporter in the 1990 remake of the film. Production Development and pre-production Romero embarked upon his career in the film industry while attending Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. He directed and produced television commercials and industrial films for The Latent Image, in the 1960s, a company he co-founded with friends John Russo, and Russell Streiner. The trio grew bored making commercials and wanted to film a horror movie during this period. They wanted to capitalize on the film industry 's `` thirst for the bizarre '', according to Romero. He and Streiner contacted Karl Hardman and Marilyn Eastman, president and vice president respectively of a Pittsburgh - based industrial film firm called Hardman Associates, Inc. They pitched their idea for a then - untitled horror film. A production company, conceived by Romero, called Image Ten, was formed which included Romero, Russo, Streiner, Hardman and Eastman. The initial budget was $6,000 with the ten members of the production company, investing $600 each for a share of the profits. Another ten investors were found when it was found that another $6,000 was required but this was also soon found to be inadequate. Image Ten eventually raised approximately $114,000 for the budget. Writing Co-written as a horror comedy by John Russo and George A. Romero under the title Monster Flick, an early screenplay draft concerned the exploits of adolescent aliens who visit Earth and befriend human teenagers. A second version of the script featured a young man who runs away from home and discovers rotting human corpses that aliens use for food scattered across a meadow. Russo came up with the concept that they would be the recently dead only, because they could not afford to bring long - dead people out of their graves, or at least `` we '' thought. He also came up with the idea that they would be `` flesh - eaters. '' Romero decided he liked those two ideas and without them, it would have been labeled a true ' rip - off ' of `` Richard Matheson 's I Am Legend '' novel ( 1954 ). The final draft, written mainly by Russo during three days in 1967, focused on reanimated human corpses -- Romero refers to them as ghouls -- that consume the flesh of the living. In a 1997 interview with the BBC 's Forbidden Weekend, Romero explained that the script developed into a three - part short story. Part one became Night of the Living Dead. Sequels Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) and Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) were adapted from the two remaining parts. Romero drew inspiration from Richard Matheson 's I Am Legend ( 1954 ), a horror novel about a plague that ravages a futuristic Los Angeles. The infected in I Am Legend become vampire - like creatures and prey on the uninfected. Discussing the creation of Night of the Living Dead, Romero remarked, `` I had written a short story, which I basically had ripped off from a Richard Matheson novel called I Am Legend. '' Romero further explained : I thought I Am Legend was about revolution. I said if you 're going to do something about revolution, you should start at the beginning. I mean, Richard starts his book with one man left ; everybody in the world has become a vampire. I said we got to start at the beginning and tweak it up a little bit. I could n't use vampires because he did, so I wanted something that would be an earth - shaking change. Something that was forever, something that was really at the heart of it. I said, so what if the dead stop staying dead ?... And the stories are about how people respond or fail to respond to this. That 's really all ( the zombies ) ever represented to me. In Richard 's book, in the original I Am Legend, that 's what I thought that book was about. There 's this global change and there 's one guy holding out saying, wait a minute, I 'm still a human. He 's wrong. Go ahead. Join them. You 'll live forever ! In a certain sense he 's wrong but on the other hand, you 've got to respect him for taking that position. Official film adaptations of Matheson 's novel appeared in 1964 as The Last Man on Earth, in 1971 as The Omega Man, and the 2007 release I Am Legend. Matheson was not impressed by Romero 's interpretation, feeling that `` It was... kind of cornball '', though he later said, `` George Romero 's a nice guy, though. I do n't harbor any animosity toward him. '' Critic Danél Griffin remarked, `` Romero freely admits that his film was a direct rip - off of Matheson 's novel ; I would be a little less harsh in my description and say that Romero merely expanded the author 's ideas with deviations so completely original that ( Night of the Living Dead ) is expelled from being labeled a true ' rip - off ' ''. Russo and Romero revised the screenplay while filming. Karl Hardman attributed the edits to lead actor Duane Jones : The script had been written with the character Ben as a rather simple truck driver. His dialogue was that of a lower class / uneducated person. Duane Jones was a very well educated man ( and he ) simply refused to do the role as it was written. As I recall, I believe that Duane himself upgraded his own dialogue to reflect how he felt the character should present himself. Eastman modified cellar scenes featuring dialogue between Helen and Harry Cooper. According to lead actress Judith O'Dea, much of the dialogue was improvised. She told an interviewer, `` I do n't know if there was an actual working script ! We would go over what basically had to be done, then just did it the way we each felt it should be done ''. One example offered by O'Dea concerns a scene where Barbra tells Ben about Johnny 's death : The sequence where Ben is breaking up the table to block the entrance and I 'm on the couch and start telling him the story of what happened ( to Johnny ) it 's all ad - libbed. This is what we want to get across (... ) tell the story about me and Johnny in the car and me being attacked. That was it (... ) all improv. We filmed it once. There was a concern we did n't get the sound right, but fortunately they were able to use it. Although the film is regarded as one of the launching pads for the modern zombie movie, the screenplay itself never uses the word. In fact, Romero would later confess that he felt the film 's antagonists were distinct enough from Haitian zombies that they were `` something completely new '' with Romero actively avoiding any similarities between the two creatures although he notes that he may have subtly been inspired by them. The lead role was originally written for someone of Caucasian descent, but upon casting African - American actor Duane Jones, Romero intentionally did not alter the script to reflect this. Asked in 2013, if he took inspiration from the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. that same year, Romero responded in the negative noting that he only heard about the shooting when he was on his way to find distribution for the finished film. Filming Principal photography Evans City Cemetery in 2007 The small budget dictated much of the production process. According to Hardman, `` We knew that we could not raise enough money to shoot a film on a par with the classic horror films with which we had all grown up. The best that we could do was to place our cast in a remote spot and then bring the horror to be visited on them in that spot ''. Scenes were filmed near Evans City, Pennsylvania, 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Pittsburgh in rural Butler County ; the opening sequence was shot at the Evans City Cemetery on Franklin Road, south of the borough. The interior upstairs scenes were filmed in a downtown Evans City home that later became the offices of a prominent local physician and family doctor ( Allsop ). This home is still standing on South Washington St. ( locally called Mars - Evans City Road ), between the intersecting streets of South Jackson and Van Buren. The cemetery chapel was under warrant for demolition ; however, Gary R. Steiner led a successful effort to raise $50,000 to restore the building, and the chapel is currently undergoing renovations. The outdoor, indoor ( downstairs ) and basement scenes were filmed at a location northeast of Evans City, near a park. The basement door ( external view ) shown in the film was cut into a wall by the production team and led nowhere. As this house was scheduled for demolition, damage during filming was permitted. The site is now a turf farm. Props and special effects were fairly simple and limited by the budget. The blood, for example, was Bosco Chocolate Syrup drizzled over cast members ' bodies. Consumed flesh consisted of roasted ham and entrails donated by one of the actors, who also owned a chain of butcher shops. Costumes consisted of second - hand clothing from cast members and Goodwill. Zombie makeup varied during the film. Initially makeup was limited to white skin with blackened eyes ; but as filming progressed mortician 's wax was used to simulate wounds and decaying flesh. As filming was not linear, the piebald faces appear sporadically. Eastman supervised the special effects, wardrobe and makeup. Filming took place between June and December 1967 under the working title Night of Anubis and later Night of the Flesh Eaters. The small budget led Romero to shoot on 35 mm black - and - white film. The completed film ultimately benefited from the decision, as film historian Joseph Maddrey describes the black - and - white filming as `` guerrilla - style '', resembling `` the unflinching authority of a wartime newsreel ''. Maddrey adds, it `` seem ( s ) as much like a documentary on the loss of social stability as an exploitation film ''. Directing Night of the Living Dead was the first feature - length film directed by George A. Romero. His initial work involved filming shorts for Pittsburgh public broadcaster WQED 's children 's series Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood. Romero 's decision to direct Night of the Living Dead essentially launched his career as a horror director. He took the helm of the sequels as well as Season of the Witch ( 1972 ), The Crazies ( 1973 ), Martin ( 1978 ), Creepshow ( 1982 ) and The Dark Half ( 1993 ). Critics saw the influence of the horror and science - fiction films of the 1950s in Romero 's directorial style. Stephen Paul Miller, for instance, witnessed `` a revival of fifties schlock shock... and the army general 's television discussion of military operations in the film echoes the often inevitable calling - in of the army in fifties horror films ''. Miller admits that `` Night of the Living Dead takes greater relish in mocking these military operations through the general 's pompous demeanor '' and the government 's inability to source the zombie epidemic or protect the citizenry. Romero describes the mood he wished to establish : `` The film opens with a situation that has already disintegrated to a point of little hope, and it moves progressively toward absolute despair and ultimate tragedy ''. According to film historian Carl Royer, Romero `` employs chiaroscuro ( film noir style ) lighting to emphasize humanity 's nightmare alienation from itself ''. While some critics dismissed Romero 's film because of the graphic scenes, writer R.H.W. Dillard claimed that the `` open - eyed detailing '' of taboo heightened the film 's success. He asks, `` What girl has not, at one time or another, wished to kill her mother ? And Karen, in the film, offers a particularly vivid opportunity to commit the forbidden deed vicariously ''. Romero featured social taboos as key themes, particularly cannibalism. Although zombie cannibals were inspired by Matheson 's I Am Legend, film historian Robin Wood sees the flesh - eating scenes of Night of the Living Dead as a late - 1960s critique of American capitalism. Wood asserts that the zombies represent capitalists, and `` cannibalism represents the ultimate in possessiveness, hence the logical end of human relations under capitalism ''. He argues that the zombies ' victims symbolized the repression of `` the Other '' in bourgeois American society, namely activists in the Civil Rights Movement, feminists, homosexuals, and counterculturalists in general. Post-production Members of Image Ten were involved in filming and post-production, participating in loading camera magazines, gaffing, constructing props, recording sounds and editing. Production stills were shot and printed by Karl Hardman, who stated in an interview that a `` number of cast members formed a production line in the darkroom for developing, washing and drying of the prints as I made the exposures. As I recall, I shot over 1,250 pictures during the production ''. Upon completion of post-production, Image Ten found it difficult to secure a distributor willing to show the film with the gruesome scenes intact. Columbia and American International Pictures declined after requests to soften it and re-shoot the final scene were rejected by producers. Romero admitted that `` none of us wanted to do that. We could n't imagine a happy ending... Everyone want ( ed ) a Hollywood ending, but we stuck to our guns ''. The Manhattan - based Walter Reade Organization agreed to show the film uncensored, but changed the title from Night of the Flesh Eaters to Night of the Living Dead because a film had already been produced under a similar title to the former. While changing the title, the copyright notice was accidentally deleted from the early releases of the film. The opening title music with the car on the road had been used in a 1961 episode of the TV series Ben Casey entitled `` I Remember a Lemon Tree '' ( that piece of music accompanying each time that George C. Scott 's character, a doctor who is secretly a drug addict, is injecting himself with morphine ), and is also featured in an episode of Naked City entitled `` Bullets Cost Too Much ''. Most of the music in the film had previously been used on the soundtrack for the science - fiction B - movie Teenagers from Outer Space ( 1959 ). The eerie musical piece during the tense scene in the film where Ben finds the rifle in the closet inside the farmhouse as the radio reports of mayhem play in the background, can be heard in longer and more complete form during the opening credits and the beginning of The Devil 's Messenger ( 1961 ) starring Lon Chaney, Jr. Another piece, accompanying Barbra 's flight from the cemetery zombie, was taken from the score for The Hideous Sun Demon ( 1959 ). According to WRS, `` We chose a selection of music for each of the various scenes and then George made the final selections. We then took those selections and augmented them electronically ''. Sound tech R. Lococo 's choices worked well, as Film historian Sumiko Higashi believes that the music `` signifies the nature of events that await ''. Soundtrack Night of the Living Dead : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Various Artists Released 1982 ( 1982 ) Genre Soundtrack Label Varèse Sarabande Producer Scot W. Holton Compiler Scot Holton A soundtrack album featuring music and dialogue cues from the film was compiled and released on LP by Varèse Sarabande in 1982 ; it has never been reissued on CD. In 2008, recording group 400 Lonely Things released the album Tonight of the Living Dead, `` an instrumental album composed entirely of ambient music and sound effects sampled from Romero 's 1968 horror classic ''. Side one No. Title Writer ( s ) Length 1. `` Driveway to the Cemetery ( Main Theme ) '' Spencer Moore 02 : 19 2. `` At the Gravesite / Flight / Refuge '' William Loose / Loose -- Seely / W. Loose 03 : 42 3. `` Farmhouse / First Approach '' Geordie Hormel 01 : 16 4. `` Ghoulash ( J.R. 's Demise ) '' Ib Glindemann 03 : 30 5. `` Boarding Up '' G. Hormel / Loose -- Seely / Glindemann 03 : 00 6. `` First Radio Report / Torch on the Porch '' Phil Green / G. Hormel 02 : 27 7. `` Boarding Up 2 / Discovery : Gun ' n Ammo '' G. Hormel 02 : 07 8. `` Cleaning House '' S. Moore 01 : 36 Side two No. Title Writer ( s ) Length 9. `` First Advance '' Ib Glindemann 02 : 43 10. `` Discovery of TV / Preparing to Escape / Tom & Judy '' ( All the samples of the track were composed by Geordie Hormel ) G. Hormel / J. Meakin / J. Meakin 04 : 20 11. `` Attempted Escape '' G. Hormel 01 : 29 12. `` Truck on Fire / Ben Attacks Harry / Leg of Leg * '' ( * electronic sound effects by Karl Hardman ) G. Hormel 03 : 41 13. `` Beat ' Em or Burn ' Em / Final Advance '' ( Final Advance was composed by Harry Bluestone and Emil Cadkin ) G. Hormel 02 : 50 14. `` Helen 's Death * / Dawn / Posse in the Fields / Ben Awakes '' ( * electronic sound effects by Karl Hardman ) S. Moore 03 : 05 15. `` O.K. Vince / Funeral Pyre ( End Title ) '' S. Moore 01 : 10 Controversy Night of the Living Dead premiered on October 1, 1968 at the Fulton Theater in Pittsburgh. Nationally, it was shown as a Saturday afternoon matinée -- as was typical for horror films at the time -- and attracted an audience consisting of pre-teens and adolescents. The MPAA film rating system was not in place until November 1968, so even young children were able to purchase tickets. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times chided theater owners and parents who allowed children access to the film with such potent content for a horror film they were entirely unprepared for : `` I do n't think the younger kids really knew what hit them, '' he said. `` They were used to going to movies, sure, and they 'd seen some horror movies before, sure, but this was something else. '' According to Ebert, the film affected the audience immediately : The kids in the audience were stunned. There was almost complete silence. The movie had stopped being delightfully scary about halfway through, and had become unexpectedly terrifying. There was a little girl across the aisle from me, maybe nine years old, who was sitting very still in her seat and crying... It 's hard to remember what sort of effect this movie might have had on you when you were six or seven. But try to remember. At that age, kids take the events on the screen seriously, and they identify fiercely with the hero. When the hero is killed, that 's not an unhappy ending but a tragic one : Nobody got out alive. It 's just over, that 's all. Response from Variety after the initial release reflects the outrage generated by Romero 's film : `` Until the Supreme Court establishes clear - cut guidelines for the pornography of violence, Night of the Living Dead will serve nicely as an outer - limit definition by example. In ( a ) mere 90 minutes this horror film ( pun intended ) casts serious aspersions on the integrity and social responsibility of its Pittsburgh - based makers, distributor Walter Reade, the film industry as a whole and ( exhibitors ) who book ( the picture ), as well as raising doubts about the future of the regional cinema movement and about the moral health of film goers who cheerfully opt for this unrelieved orgy of sadism... '' One commentator asserts that the film garnered little attention from critics, `` except to provoke argument about censoring its grisly scenes ''. Reception Despite the controversy, five years after the premiere Paul McCullough of Take One observed that Night of the Living Dead was the `` most profitable horror film ever (... ) produced outside the walls of a major studio ''. The film had earned between $12 and $15 million at the American box office after a decade. It was translated into more than 25 languages and released across Europe, Canada and Australia. Night of the Living Dead grossed $30 million internationally, and the Wall Street Journal reported that it was the top - grossing film in Europe in 1969. Almost 50 years after its release, the film enjoys a reputation as a classic and still receives positive reviews ; review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 52 reviews and gave Night of the Living Dead a 96 % `` Certified Fresh '', and it is regarded by many as one of the best films of 1968. In 2008, the film was ranked by Empire magazine No. 397 of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. The New York Times also placed the film on their Best 1000 Movies Ever list. In January 2010, Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time. Rolling Stone magazine named Night of the Living Dead one of The 100 Maverick Movies in the Last 100 Years. Reader 's Digest found it to be the 12th scariest movie of all time. Night of the Living Dead was also awarded two distinguished honors decades after its debut. The Library of Congress added the film to the National Film Registry in 1999 with other films deemed `` culturally, historically or aesthetically significant ''. In 2001, the film was ranked No. 93 by the American Film Institute on their AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list, a list of America 's most heart - pounding movies. The zombies in the picture were also a candidate for AFI 's AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains, in the villains category, but failed to make the official list. The Chicago Film Critics Association named it the 5th scariest film ever made. The film also ranked No. 9 on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments. Critical response Reviewers disliked the film 's gory special effects. Variety labeled Night of the Living Dead an `` unrelieved orgy of sadism '' and questioned the `` integrity and social responsibility of its Pittsburgh - based makers ''. The New York Times critic Vincent Canby referred to the film as a `` junk movie '' as well as `` spare, uncluttered, but really silly ''. Some reviewers cited the film as groundbreaking. Pauline Kael called the film `` one of the most gruesomely terrifying movies ever made -- and when you leave the theatre you may wish you could forget the whole horrible experience... The film 's grainy, banal seriousness works for it -- gives it a crude realism ''. A Film Daily critic commented, `` This is a pearl of a horror picture that exhibits all the earmarks of a sleeper. '' While Roger Ebert criticized the matinée screening, he admitted that he `` admires the movie itself ''. Critic Rex Reed wrote, `` If you want to see what turns a B movie into a classic (... ) do n't miss Night of the Living Dead. It is unthinkable for anyone seriously interested in horror movies not to see it. '' Barbra and Ben after their first meeting Since the release, some critics and film historians have seen Night of the Living Dead as a subversive film that critiques 1960s American society, international Cold War politics and domestic racism. Elliot Stein of The Village Voice saw the film as an ardent critique of American involvement in the Vietnam War, arguing that it `` was not set in Transylvania, but Pennsylvania -- this was Middle America at war, and the zombie carnage seemed a grotesque echo of the conflict then raging in Vietnam ''. Film historian Sumiko Higashi concurs, arguing that Night of the Living Dead was a film about the horrors of the Vietnam era. While she admits that `` there are no Vietnamese in Night of the Living Dead, (... ) they constitute an absent presence whose significance can be understood if narrative is construed ''. She points to aspects of the Vietnam War paralleled in the film : grainy black - and - white newsreels, search and destroy operations, helicopters, and graphic carnage. In the 2009 documentary film Nightmares in Red, White and Blue, the zombies in the film are compared to the `` silent majority '' of the U.S. in the late 1960s. While George Romero denies he hired Duane Jones simply because he was black, reviewer Mark Deming notes that `` the grim fate of Duane Jones, the sole heroic figure and only African - American, had added resonance with the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X fresh in the minds of most Americans ''. Stein adds, `` In this first - ever subversive horror movie, the resourceful black hero survives the zombies only to be killed by a redneck posse ''. The deaths of Ben, Barbra and the supporting cast offered audiences an uncomfortable, nihilistic glimpse unusual for the genre. Other prevalent themes included `` disillusionment with government and patriarchal nuclear family '' and `` the flaws inherent in the media, local and federal government agencies, and the entire mechanism of civil defense ''. Film historian Linda Badley explains that the film was so horrifying because the monsters were not creatures from outer space or some exotic environment, `` They 're us ''. Romero confessed that the film was designed to reflect the tensions of the time : `` It was 1968, man. Everybody had a ' message '. The anger and attitude and all that 's there is just because it was the Sixties. We lived at the farmhouse, so we were always into raps about the implication and the meaning, so some of that crept in ''. Influence See also : Zombie Living dead Karen Cooper, eating her father 's corpse Romero revolutionized the horror film genre with Night of the Living Dead ; according to Almar Haflidason of the BBC, the film represented `` a new dawn in horror film - making ''. The film has also effectively redefined the use of the term `` zombie ''. While the word `` zombie '' itself is never used -- the word used in the film is ghoul -- Romero 's film introduced the theme of zombies as reanimated, flesh - eating cannibals. Romero himself did n't initially consider the antagonists in the film zombies, later saying `` I never thought of my guys as zombies, when I made the first film... To me, zombies were still those boys in the Caribbean doing the wetwork for ( Bela ) Lugosi. '' The film and its successors spawned countless imitators, in cinema, television and video gaming, which borrowed elements invented by Romero. Night of the Living Dead ushered in the splatter film subgenre. As one film historian points out, horror prior to Romero 's film had mostly involved rubber masks and costumes, cardboard sets, or mysterious figures lurking in the shadows. They were set in locations far removed from rural and suburban America. Romero revealed the power behind exploitation and setting horror in ordinary, unexceptional locations and offered a template for making an `` effective and lucrative '' film on a `` minuscule budget ''. Slasher films of the 1970s and 80s such as John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ), Sean S. Cunningham 's Friday the 13th ( 1980 ), and Wes Craven 's A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) `` owe much to the original Night of the Living Dead '', according to author Barry Keith Grant. Revisions The film has been subject to numerous revisions. This screenshot is from the 2004 colorized version. The first revisions of Night of the Living Dead involved colorization by home video distributors. Hal Roach Studios released a colorized version in 1986 that featured ghouls with pale green skin. Another colorized version appeared in 1997 from Anchor Bay Entertainment with grey - skinned zombies. In 2004, Legend Films produced a new colorized version. Technology critic Gary W. Tooze wrote that `` The colorization is damn impressive '', but noticed the print used was not as sharp as other releases of the film. In 2009, Legend Films coproduced a colorized 3D version of the film with PassmoreLab, a company that converts 2 - D film into 3 - D format. The film was theatrically released on October 14, 2010. According to Legend Films founder Barry Sandrew, Night of the Living Dead is the first entirely live action 2 - D film to be converted to 3 - D. In 1999, co-writer John A. Russo released a modified version called Night of the Living Dead : 30th Anniversary Edition. He filmed additional scenes and recorded a revised soundtrack composed by Scott Vladimir Licina. In an interview with Fangoria magazine, Russo explained that he wanted to `` give the movie a more modern pace ''. Russo took liberties with the original script. The additions are neither clearly identified nor even listed. However, Entertainment Weekly reported `` no bad blood '' between Russo and Romero. The magazine quoted Romero as saying, `` I did n't want to touch Night of the Living Dead ''. Critics panned the revised film, notably Harry Knowles of Ai n't It Cool News. Knowles promised to permanently ban anyone from his publication who offered positive criticism of the film. A collaborative animated project known as Night of the Living Dead : Reanimated was screened at several film festivals and was released onto DVD on July 27, 2010 by Wild Eye Releasing. This project aims to `` reanimate '' the 1968 film by replacing Romero 's celluloid images with animation done in a wide variety of styles by artists from around the world, laid over the original audio from Romero 's version. Night of the Living Dead : Reanimated premiered theatrically on October 10, 2009 in Ramsey, New Jersey at the Zombie Encounter and Film Festival. Night of the Living Dead : Reanimated was nominated in the category of Best Independent Production ( film, documentary or short ) for the 8th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards, but lost to American Scary, a documentary on television horror movie hosts. In 2009, Mike Nelson of Mystery Science Theater 3000 provided commentary in the form of a single - person `` riff '' for the Legend Films colorized DVD. Nelson along with Bill Corbett and Kevin Murphy who had previously worked with Nelson on Mystery Science Theater 3000 released a humorous commentary track which is available as downloadable video file or as a DVD through the group 's website RiffTrax. On September 16, 2015, comic publisher Double Take, a subsidiary of Take Two Interactive, headed by former Marvel executive Bill Jemas released 10 comic book series based upon the 1968 film entitled `` Ultimate Night of the Living Dead ''. Film connections Romero 's Dead films Main article : Night of the Living Dead ( film series ) Night of the Living Dead is the first of six... of the Dead films directed by George Romero. Following the 1968 film, Romero released Dawn of the Dead, Day of the Dead, Land of the Dead, Diary of the Dead and Survival of the Dead. Each film traces the evolution of the living dead epidemic in the United States and humanity 's desperate attempts to cope with it. As in Night of the Living Dead, Romero peppered the other films in the series with critiques specific to the periods in which they were released. Return of the Living Dead series Main article : Return of the Living Dead ( film series ) The same year Day of the Dead premiered, Night of the Living Dead co-writer John Russo released a film titled The Return of the Living Dead that offers an alternate continuity to the original film than Dawn of the Dead. Russo 's film spawned four sequels. Return of the Living Dead sparked a legal battle with Romero, who believed Russo marketed his film in direct competition with Day of the Dead as a sequel to the original film. In the case Dawn Associates v. Links, Romero accused Russo of `` appropriat ( ing ) part of the title of the prior work '', plagiarizing Dawn of the Dead 's advertising slogan ( `` When there is no more room in hell (... ) the dead will walk the earth '' ), and copying stills from the original 1968 film. Romero was ultimately granted a restraining order that forced Russo to cease his advertising campaign. Russo, however, was allowed to retain his title. Origins George Cameron Romero, the son of director George A. Romero, has developed a prelude to his father 's classic with the current working title, `` Origins. '' The film tracks a six year period leading up to the story told by his father. George Cameron Romero 's script is intended to be an homage to his father 's work, a terrifying glimpse into the political hot bed that was the mid-to - late 1960s and a bookend piece to his father 's original story. Despite raising funds for the film on Indiegogo in 2014, the film has yet to go into production as of September 2017. Restoration Starting in 2015, and working from the original camera negatives and audio track elements, a 4K digital restoration of Night of the Living Dead was undertaken by the Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) and The Film Foundation. The fully restored version was shown at MoMA in November 2016 as part of To Save and Project : The 14th MoMA International Festival of Film Preservation. Remakes and other related films The first remake, debuting in 1990, was directed by special effects artist Tom Savini. It was based on the original screenplay, but included more gore and a revised plot that portrayed Barbra ( Patricia Tallman ) as a capable and active heroine. Tony Todd played the role of Ben. Film historian Barry Grant saw the new Barbra as a corrective on the part of Romero. He suggests that the character was made stronger to rectify the depiction of female characters in the original film. The second remake was in 3 - D and released in September 2006 under the title Night of the Living Dead 3D, directed by Jeff Broadstreet. Unlike Savini 's 1990 film, Broadstreet 's project was not affiliated with Romero. Broadstreet 's film was followed in 2012 by the prequel Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation. On September 15, 2009, it was announced that Simon West was producing a 3D animated retelling of the original movie, originally titled Night of the Living Dead : Origins 3D and later re-titled Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn. The movie is written and directed by Zebediah de Soto. The voice cast includes Tony Todd as Ben, Danielle Harris as Barbra, Joseph Pilato as Harry Cooper, Alona Tal as Helen Cooper, Bill Moseley as Johnny, Tom Sizemore as Chief McClellan and newcomers Erin Braswell as Judy and Michael Diskint as Tom. Director Doug Schulze 's 2011 film Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead relates the story of a group of horror film fans who become involved in a `` real - life '' version of the 1968 film. Due to the film 's perceived public domain status, several independent film companies have also done remakes of the film. Night of the Living Dead : Resurrection ( 2012 ) : British director James Plumb made this remake set in Wales. A Night of the Living Dead ( 2014 ) : Shattered Images Films and Cullen Park Productions released a remake with new twists and characters, written and directed by Chad Zuver. Night of the Living Dead : Genesis ( 2017 ) : Director Matt Cloude initially announced this remake project in 2011. The film has undergone several transitions in the ensuing years. It brings back several alumni of Romero 's initial trilogy, including Judith O'Dea as the Barbra character. Night of the Living Dead : Rebirth ( 2017 ) : Rising Pulse Productions is set to release an updated take on the classic film that brings to light present issues that impact modern society such as religious bigotry, homophobia, and the influence of social media. Copyright status Night of the Living Dead entered the public domain in the United States because the original theatrical distributor, the Walter Reade Organization, neglected to place a copyright indication on the prints. In 1968, United States copyright law required a proper notice for a work to maintain a copyright. Image Ten displayed such a notice on the title frames of the film beneath the original title, Night of the Flesh Eaters. The distributor removed the statement when it changed the title. Because of its public domain status, the film is sold on home video by many distributors. As of 2017, Amazon.com lists copies of Night of the Living Dead numbering 18 on VHS, 219 on DVD, 10 on Blu - ray and 44 on Amazon Video. The original film is available to view or download free on Internet sites, such as Internet Archive, Hulu, and YouTube. As of January 22, 2017, it is the Internet Archive 's most - downloaded film, with over 2.8 million downloads. See also Film portal Horror fiction portal Public domain film List of American films of 1968 Living Dead series List of films in the public domain in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Dead ( X ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. November 18, 1980. Retrieved June 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Mark Hughes ( October 30, 2013 ). `` The Top Ten Best Low - Budget Horror Movies of All Time ''. Forbes. 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Jump up ^ `` 100 Maverick Movies in the Last 100 Years ''. Rolling Stone. Published by AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved January 15, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The 31 Scariest Movies of All Time ''. Reader 's Digest. Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry '', November 16, 1999, at Library of Congress. Retrieved June 24, 2006. Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Thrills, at American Film Institute. Retrieved June 24, 2006. Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains : The 400 Nominated Characters '' ( PDF ). afi.com. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 7, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Chicago Critics ' Scariest Films ''. AltFilmGuide.com. Retrieved May 21, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ''. web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2010. Jump up ^ Variety, review of Night of the Living Dead, October 15, 1968, quoted in Higashi, `` Night of the Living Dead '', p. 184. Jump up ^ Vincent Canby, `` Getting Beyond Myra and The Valley of the Junk '', New York Times, July 5, 1970, p. 49. Jump up ^ Pauline Kael, 5001 Nights at the Movies ( Henry Holt and Company, 1991 ), ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1367 - 2. Jump up ^ Film Daily, review of Night of the Living Dead, as quoted in Higashi, `` Night of the Living Dead '', p. 175. Jump up ^ Rex Reed, quoted at House of Horrors. Retrieved June 24, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Elliot Stein, `` The Dead Zones : ' George A. Romero ' at the American Museum of the Moving Image '', The Village Voice ( New York ), January 7, 2003. Retrieved December 1, 2012. Jump up ^ Higashi, `` Night of the Living Dead '', p. 181. Jump up ^ Monument, Andrew ( director ) ( 2009 ). Nightmares in Red, White and Blue ( motion picture ). Jump up ^ Mark Deming, review of Night of the Living Dead, at Allmovie. 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Jump up ^ Adam Rockoff, Going to Pieces : The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978 -- 1986 ( Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 2002 ), p. 35, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1227 - 3. Jump up ^ Grant, `` Taking Back the Night of the Living Dead '', p. 201. Jump up ^ `` Copyright Catalog ( 1978 to present ) -- Night of the Living Dead ''. United States Copyright Office. Retrieved January 16, 2008. Jump up ^ Night of the Living Dead ( VHS, Anchor Bay Entertainment, 1997 ), ASIN 6301231864. Jump up ^ Tooze, Gary W. `` Review of Night of the Living Dead ''. DVD Beaver. Retrieved January 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Johnny Ramone Tribute Includes Night of the Living Dead in 3D ''. Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zombie Classic `` Night of the Living Dead, Now in 3D ! '' Begins Its First Theatrical Run ``. PRWeb. Vocus. October 17, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Legend Films, Inc. ( December 23, 2008 ). `` '' Night of the Living Dead '' to Be Released in Color and 3D ``. Business Wire. Retrieved January 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Trailer for 3D ' Night of the Living Dead ' Re-Release ''. Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ Night of the Living Dead : 30th Anniversary Edition ( DVD, 1999 ), ASIN B00000JXVO. Jump up ^ John A. Russo interview, Fangoria, quoted at Homepage of the Dead. Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly, quoted at Homepage of the Dead. Retrieved June 24, 2006. Jump up ^ Harry Knowles, review of Night of the Living Dead : 30th Anniversary Edition, at Ai n't It Cool News. Retrieved June 24, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Dead Re-animated FREE New Jersey Screening ''. HorrorMovies.ca. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Horror Movie Reviews and Commentary ''. No Room in Hell. December 6, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Dead Reanimated ''. Metro Cinema. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Tempe Film : Night of the Living Dead : Reanimated on Thursday 1 / 28 ''. Events.getoutaz.com. January 28, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ http://www.wildeyereleasing.com/futureNEW.html Jump up ^ Garth, February 20, 2010 1 : 03 am. `` Reviews : Night of the Living Dead : Reanimated Review ''. Twitchfilm.net. Retrieved March 26, 2010. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Night of the Living Dead : Reanimated 's Mike Schneider ''. ShootForTheHead.com. Retrieved June 6, 2013. Jump up ^ Official NOTLD : Reanimated Site -- http://www.notldr.com/ retrieved October 16, 2009 Jump up ^ Bryan White ( September 24, 2009 ). `` Night of the Living Dead : Reanimated East Coast Premier ! ''. Cinema-suicide.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zombie Encounter & Film Festival -- October 10, 2009 ''. Science Fiction Society of Northern New Jersey. September 25, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Rondo Hatton Awards 2009 Winners ''. Rondoaward.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : RiffTrax - Night of the Living Dead ''. Blogcritics.org. Retrieved February 15, 2013. Jump up ^ doubletakeuniverse.com Jump up ^ Patrick J. Flinn, Handbook of Intellectual Property Claims and Remedies : 2004 Supplement ( New York : Aspen Publishers, 1999 ), pp. 24 -- 25, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 1125 - 5. Jump up ^ Bramesco, Charles ( Nov 4, 2016 ). `` Night of the Living Dead has always looked awful, but the 4K restoration is terrific ''. www.theverge.com. The Verge. Retrieved Jan 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Dead. 1968. Directed by George A. Romero. ''. www.moma.org. Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved Jan 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` To Save and Project : The 14th MoMA International Festival of Film Preservation ''. www.moma.org. Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved Jan 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Barry Keith Grant, `` Taking Back the Night of the Living Dead : George Romero, Feminism and the Horror Film '', in The Dread of Difference : Gender and the Horror Film, ed. Barry K. Grant ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1996 ), ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 72794 - 6. Jump up ^ Night of the Living Dead 3 - D official site. Retrieved June 24, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation - New Stills and L.A. Premiere Details ''. Dreadcentral.com. January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Dead in 3D Again ? ''. Dreadcentral.com. September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` ' Night of the Living Dead ' Origin Story Told in 3D CGI ''. Bloody-disgusting.com. September 16, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Terror Tweets : NOTLD : Origins Casting News and Area 51 Update ''. Dreadcentral.com. September 25, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Casting for NOTLD : Origins Coming Together ''. Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Danielle Harris to Topline ' Night of the Living Dead : Origins ' ''. Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ Submitted by dorkydude on Tue, October 20, 2009 -- 3 : 54 pm. ( October 20, 2009 ). `` Exclusive : First Look at Night of the Living Dead : Origins ''. Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BD Horror News -- Awesome First Look at ' Night of the Living Dead : Origins ' ''. Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : First Look at Tony Todd as Ben -- Night of the Living Dead : Origins Horror Movie, DVD, & Book Reviews, News, Interviews at Dread Central ''. Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Director Talks Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead ''. Shocktillyoudrop.com. Retrieved February 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` '' MIMESIS `` : Night of Living the Dead ''. Fangoria.com. Retrieved February 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Night of the Living Dead on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Night of the Living Dead getting another remake ''. HorrorSociety.com. April 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Another Night of the Living Dead Remake in 2012 ''. horror-movies.ca. April 8, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Shambling Forward -- Night of the Living Dead : Rebirth nearing May 2015 wrap date ''. Horror Society. Mar 23, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Barnes, Mike ( 3 January 2017 ). `` George Kosana, ' Night of the Living Dead ' Actor ( and Investor ), Dies at 81 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ U.S. Copyright Office, Circular 92, Copyright Law of the United States of America, Chapter 4 : Copyright Notice, Deposit, and Registration, Omission of notice on certain copies and phonorecords. Jump up ^ United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Technology and the Law, Legal Issues that Arise when Color is Added to Films Originally Produced, Sold and Distributed in Black and White ( Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office, 1988 ), p. 83. Jump up ^ Merchandise for Night of the Living Dead at the Amazon.com. Retrieved January 28, 2012. Some incorrect products may be counted as such. Jump up ^ Night of the Living Dead at Internet Archive. Retrieved June 24, 2006. Jump up ^ Night of the Living Dead at Video on YouTube. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Night of the Living Dead at Hulu. January 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Most Downloaded Items '', Internet Archive, 2015. Web. Further reading Becker, Matt. `` A Point of Little Hope : Hippie Horror Films and the Politics of Ambivalence ''. The Velvet Light Trap ( No. 57, Spring 2006 ) : pp. 42 -- 59. Carroll, Noël. `` The Nature of Horror ''. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 46 ( No. 1, Autumn 1987 ) : pp. 51 -- 59. Crane, Jonathan Lake. Terror and Everyday Life : Singular Moments in the History of the Horror Film. Thousand Oaks, CA. : Sage Publications, 1994. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 5849 - 4. Dinello, Daniel. Technophobia ! : Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology. Austin, TX : University of Texas Press, 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70986 - 7. Harper, Stephen. `` Night of the Living Dead : Reappraising an Undead Classic ''. Bright Lights Film Journal ( Issue 50, November 2005 ) : online. Heffernan, Kevin. Ghouls, Gimmicks, and Gold : Horror Films and the American Movie Business, 1953 -- 1968. Durham, NC : Duke University Press, 2004. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3215 - 2. Heffernan, Kevin. `` Inner - City Exhibition and the Genre Film : Distributing Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) ''. Cinema Journal 41 ( No. 3, Spring 2002 ) : pp. 59 -- 77. Jancovich, Mark, Antonio Lazaro Reboll, Julian Stringer, and Andy Willis, eds. Defining Cult Movies : The Cultural Politics of Oppositional Taste. Manchester, Eng. : Manchester University Press, 2003. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6631 - 3 Lowenstein, Adam. Shocking Representation : Historical Trauma, National Cinema, and the Modern Horror Film. New York : Columbia University Press, 2005. ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13246 - 6. Maye, Harun. `` Rewriting the Dead : The Tension between Nostalgia and Perversion in George A. Romero 's Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) ''. In : Nostalgia or Perversion ? Gothic Rewriting from the Eighteenth Century until the Present Day. Ed. Isabella van Elferen. Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2007. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84718 - 247 - 0. Moreman, Christopher M. `` A Modern Meditation on Death : Identifying Buddhist Teachings in George A. Romero 's Night of the Living Dead, '' Contemporary Buddhism 9 ( No. 2, 2008 ) : pp. 151 -- 165. Newman, Robert. `` The Haunting of 1968 ''. South Central Review 16 ( No. 4, Winter 1999 ) : pp. 53 -- 61. Paffenroth, Kim. Gospel of the Living Dead : George Romero 's Visions of Hell on Earth. Waco, TX : Baylor, 2006. ISBN 978 - 1 - 932792 - 65 - 2. Pharr, Mary. `` Greek Gifts : Vision and Revision in Two Versions of Night of the Living Dead ''. In Trajectories of the Fantastic. Ed. Michael A. Morrison. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 1997. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29646 - 8. Pinedo, Isabel Cristina. Recreational Terror : Women and the Pleasures of Horror Film Viewing. Albany, NY : State University of New York Press, 1997. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3441 - 3. Russell, Jamie. Book of the Dead : The Complete History of Zombie Cinema. Surrey : Fab Press, 2005. ISBN 978 - 1 - 903254 - 33 - 2. Shapiro, Jerome F. Atomic Bomb Cinema : The Apocalyptic Imagination on Film. London : Routledge, 2001. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93660 - 6. Wood, Robin. Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan. New York : Columbia University Press, 1986. ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05777 - 6. Young, Lola. Fear of the Dark : ' Race ', Gender and Sexuality in the Cinema. London : Routledge, 1996. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09709 - 3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Night of the Living Dead. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night of the Living Dead Night of the Living Dead in HD, Widescreen on YouTube Night of the Living Dead on IMDb Night of the Living Dead is available for free download at the Internet Archive Night of the Living Dead at AllMovie Night of the Living Dead at Rotten Tomatoes Night of the Living Dead musical adaptation Homepage of the Dead George A. Romero Films Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) There 's Always Vanilla ( 1971 ) Season of the Witch ( 1973 ) The Crazies ( 1973 ) Martin ( 1978 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) Knightriders ( 1981 ) Creepshow ( 1982 ) Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) Monkey Shines ( 1988 ) Two Evil Eyes ( 1990 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Bruiser ( 2000 ) Land of the Dead ( 2005 ) Diary of the Dead ( 2007 ) Survival of the Dead ( 2009 ) Related Filmography Document of the Dead Dead On : The Life and Cinema of George A. Romero ( documentary ) Living Dead films Romero 's Dead series Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) Land of the Dead ( 2005 ) Diary of the Dead ( 2007 ) Survival of the Dead ( 2009 ) Dead series remakes Night of the Living Dead ( 1990 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D ( 2006 ) Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) Return of the Living Dead series The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) Return of the Living Dead Part II ( 1988 ) Return of the Living Dead 3 ( 1993 ) Return of the Living Dead : Necropolis ( 2005 ) Return of the Living Dead : Rave to the Grave ( 2005 ) Unofficial sequels Zombi series Zombi 2 ( 1979 ) Zombi 3 ( 1988 ) Zombi 4 : After Death ( 1989 ) Zombi 5 : Killing Birds ( 1988 ) Other unofficial sequels Children of the Living Dead ( 2001 ) Day of the Dead 2 : Contagium ( 2005 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation ( 2012 ) Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn ( 2015 ) Parodies Night of the Living Bread ( 1990 ) Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead ( 2006 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Homages Flesheater ( 1988 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Fido ( 2006 ) Flight of the Living Dead : Outbreak on a Plane ( 2007 ) Dance of the Dead ( 2008 ) Zone of the Dead ( 2009 ) Juan of the Dead ( 2011 ) Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead ( 2011 ) Related topics Dawn of the Dead in popular culture Dawn of the Dead ( soundtracks ) `` Night of the Living Dead '' ( 1979 song ) Document of the Dead ( 1979 / 1989 / 2012 documentary ) Escape of the Living Dead ( 2005 comic book ) Land of the Dead : Road to Fiddler 's Green ( 2005 video game ) City of the Dead ( cancelled video game ) Birth of the Living Dead ( 2012 documentary ) Empire of the Dead ( 2014 -- 2015 comic book ) VIAF : 183854312 GND : 4598343 - 4 SUDOC : 148264271 BNF : cb161893731 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_of_the_Living_Dead&oldid=804692165 '' Categories : 1968 films English - language films 1968 horror films 1960s independent films American black - and - white films American films American horror films American independent films Directorial debut films Films directed by George A. Romero Films set in abandoned houses Films set in Pennsylvania Films shot in Pennsylvania New Line Cinema films Night of the Living Dead ( film series ) Siege films United States National Film Registry films Varèse Sarabande soundtracks Zombie films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 15 : 21. 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Question: who played barbara in night of the living dead
Answer: Judith O'Dea