Kiwifruit - wikipedia Kiwifruit For other uses, see Kiwifruit ( TV series ). Kiwifruit by species A = A. arguta, C = A. chinensis, D = A. deliciosa, E = A. eriantha, I = A. indochinensis, P = A. polygama, S = A. setosa. A sliced kiwifruit Kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry is the edible berries of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia. The name is often abbreviated as kiwi but only outside of Australia and New Zealand. The most common cultivar group of kiwifruit ( ' Hayward ' ) is oval, about the size of a large hen 's egg ( 5 -- 8 cm ( 2.0 -- 3.1 in ) in length and 4.5 -- 5.5 cm ( 1.8 -- 2.2 in ) in diameter ). It has a fibrous, dull greenish - brown skin and bright green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has a soft texture and a sweet but unique flavor. It is a commercial crop in several countries, such as China, Italy, New Zealand, Chile, Greece, and France. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Cultivars 3.1 Fuzzy kiwifruit 3.2 Kiwi berries 3.3 Golden kiwifruit 4 Cultivation 4.1 Breeding 4.2 Pollination 4.3 Maturation and harvest 4.4 Storage 4.5 Pests and diseases 5 Production 6 Human consumption 6.1 Nutrition 6.2 Allergies 7 References 8 Further reading Etymology Early varieties were described in a 1904 nurseryman 's catalogue as having ``... edible fruits the size of walnuts, and the flavour of ripe gooseberries '', and Europeans called it Chinese gooseberry. In 1962, New Zealand growers began calling it `` kiwifruit '' for export marketing, a name becoming commercially adopted in 1974. The word kiwifruit and the shortened kiwi, have been used since around 1966, when the fruit was first imported from New Zealand to the United States. Kiwifruit has since become a common name for all commercially grown fruit from the genus Actinidia. In New Zealand, the shortened word, `` kiwi '', is seldom used to refer to the fruit, as it usually refers to the kiwi bird or the Kiwi people. History Main article : Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand Kiwifruit `` Kiwifruit '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 獼猴桃 Simplified Chinese 猕猴桃 Literal meaning `` macaque peach '' Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin míhóutáo IPA ( mǐ. xǒu. thǎu ) Yue : Cantonese Jyutping mei - hau - tou Kiwifruit is native to north - central and eastern China. The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates back to the 12th century China during the Song dynasty. Cultivation of the fuzzy kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. Although kiwifruit is a national fruit of China, until recently, China was not a major producing country of kiwifruit, as it was traditionally collected from the wild. The fruit became popular with American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II and later exported to California using the names `` Chinese gooseberry '' and `` melonette ''. In 1962, New Zealand growers began calling it `` kiwifruit '' to give it more market appeal, and a California - based importer named Frieda Caplan subsequently used that name when introducing the fruit to the American market. In Italy, kiwifruit cultivation began in 1970, growing to rank second in production behind China in 2014. Cultivars Golden kiwifruit with a red - ring The genus Actinidia contains around 60 species. Though most kiwifruit are easily recognized as kiwifruit ( due to basic shape ) their fruit is quite variable. The skin of the fruit varies in size, shape, hairiness, and color. The flesh varies in color, juiciness, texture, and taste. Some fruits are unpalatable while others taste considerably better than the majority of the commercial varieties. The most common kiwifruit is the fuzzy kiwifruit, from the species A. deliciosa. Other species that are commonly eaten include golden kiwifruit ( A. chinensis ), Chinese egg gooseberry ( A. coriacea ), hardy kiwifruit ( A. arguta ), Arctic kiwifruit ( A. kolomikta ), purple kiwifruit ( A. melanandra ), silver vine ( A. polygama ), hearty red kiwifruit ( A. purpurea ). Fuzzy kiwifruit The larger fuzzy kiwifruit at rear compared to the smaller kiwi berry Almost all kiwifruit sold belong to a few cultivars of fuzzy kiwi ( Actinidia deliciosa ) : ' Hayward ', ' Blake ', and ' Saanichton 12 '. They have a fuzzy, dull - brown skin, and bright - green flesh. The familiar cultivar ' Hayward ' was developed by Hayward Wright in Avondale, New Zealand, around 1924. It was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in the 1940s. ' Hayward ' is the most commonly available cultivar in stores. It is a large, egg - shaped fruit with a sweet flavor. ' Saanichton 12 ', from British Columbia, is somewhat more rectangular than ' Hayward ' and comparably sweet, but the inner core of the fruit can be tough. ' Blake ' can self - pollinate, but it has a smaller, more oval fruit and the flavor is considered inferior. Kiwi berries Kiwi berries are edible berry - or grape - sized fruits similar to the fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and appearance, but with thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species of kiwifruit ; hardy kiwi ( Actinidia arguta ), Arctic beauty ( A. kolomikta ), and silver vine ( A. polygama ). They are fast - growing, climbing vines, durable over their growing season. They are referred to as kiwi berry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, or cocktail kiwi. The cultivar ' Issai ' is a hybrid of hardy kiwi and silver vine which can self - pollinate. Grown commercially because of its relatively large fruit, Issai is less hardy than most hardy kiwi. Golden kiwifruit A sliced golden kiwifruit The golden kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis ) has a smooth, bronze skin, with a beak shape at the stem attachment. Flesh color varies from bright green to a clear, intense yellow. This species is sweeter and more aromatic in flavor ; the flavor is reminiscent of some subtropical fruit. Its short storage life currently limits its commercial potential. One of the most attractive varieties has a red ' iris ' around the center of the fruit and yellow flesh outside. The yellow fruit fetches a higher market price and, being less hairy than the fuzzy kiwifruit, is more palatable for consumption without peeling. A commercially viable variety of this red - ringed kiwifruit, patented as the EnzaRed TM, is a cultivar of the Chinese hong yang variety. Hort16A is a golden kiwifruit marketed worldwide in decreasing volumes because this variety suffered significant losses in New Zealand from late 2010 to 2013 due to the PSA bacterium. A new variety of golden kiwifruit, ' Gold3 ', has been found to be more disease - resistant and most growers have now grafted over to this variety. The Gold3 variety, marketed by Zespri as ' SunGold ', is not quite as sweet as the previous Hort16A, with a hint of tanginess, and lacks the Hort16A 's usually slightly pointy tip. Cultivation Kiwifruit can be grown in most temperate climates with adequate summer heat. Where fuzzy kiwifruit ( A. deliciosa ) is not hardy, other species can be grown as substitutes. Breeding Kiwifruit growing on supported vine Often in commercial farming, different breeds are used for rootstock, fruit bearing plants, and pollinators. Therefore, the seeds produced are crossbreeds of their parents. Even if the same breeds are used for pollinators and fruit bearing plants, there is no guarantee that the fruit will have the same quality as the parent. Additionally, seedlings take seven years before they flower, so determining whether the kiwi is fruit bearing or a pollinator is time consuming. Therefore, most kiwifruits, with the exception of rootstock and new cultivars, are propagated asexually. This is done by grafting the fruit producing plant onto rootstock grown from seedlings or, if the plant is desired to be a true cultivar, rootstock grown from cuttings of a mature plant. Pollination Kiwifruit flowering Most of the plants require a male plant to pollinate a female plant for the female plant to produce fruit ( dioecious ). For a good yield of fruit, one male vine for every three to eight female vines is required. Other varieties can self pollinate, but they produce a greater and more reliable yield when pollinated by male kiwifruit vines. Kiwifruit is notoriously difficult to pollinate, because the flowers are not very attractive to bees. Some producers blow collected pollen over the female flowers. Generally, the most successful approach, though, is saturation pollination, where the bee populations are made so large ( by placing hives in the orchards at a concentration of about 8 hives per hectare ) that bees are forced to use this flower because of intense competition for all flowers within flight distance. This is also increased by using varieties specifically developed for pollination. Maturation and harvest Kiwifruit is picked by hand, and commercially grown on sturdy support structures, as it can produce several tonnes per hectare, more than the rather weak vines can support. These are generally equipped with a watering system for irrigation and frost protection in the spring. Kiwifruit vines require vigorous pruning, similar to that of grapevines. Fruit is borne on one - year - old and older canes, but production declines as each cane ages. Canes should be pruned off and replaced after their third year. In the northern hemisphere the fruit ripens in November, while in the southern it ripens in May. Four year - old plants can produce up to 14,000 lbs per acre while Eight year - old plants can produce 18,000 lbs per acre. The plants produce their maximum at 8 to 10 years old. The seasonal yields are variable, a heavy crop on a vine one season generally comes with a light crop the following season. Storage Fruits harvested when firm will ripen when stored properly for long periods. This allows fruit to be sent to market up to 8 weeks after harvest. Firm kiwifruit ripen after a few days to a week when stored at room temperature, but should not be kept in direct sunlight. Faster ripening occurs when placed in a paper bag with an apple, pear, or banana. Once a kiwifruit is ripe, however, it is preserved optimally when stored far from other fruits, as it is very sensitive to the ethylene gas they may emit, thereby tending to over-ripen even in the refrigerator. If stored appropriately, ripe kiwifruit normally keep for about one to two weeks. Pests and diseases Pseudomonas syringae actinidiae ( PSA ) was first identified in Japan in the 1980s. This bacterial strain has been controlled and managed successfully in orchards in Asia. In 1992, it was found in northern Italy. In 2007 / 2008, economic losses were observed, as a more virulent strain became more dominant ( PSA V ). In 2010 it was found in New Zealand 's Bay of Plenty kiwifruit orchards in the North Island. Scientists reported they had worked out the strain of PSA affecting kiwifruit from New Zealand, Italy, and Chile originated in China. Production Top kiwifruit - producing countries in 2016 ( in metric tons ) Rank Country Production ( Tonnes ) China 2,390,287 Italy 523,595 New Zealand 434,048 Iran 294,413 5 Chile 225,797 6 Greece 182,589 7 France 65,036 8 Turkey 43,950 9 United States 28,300 10 Japan 25,600 World 4,274,840 Source : UN Food & Agriculture Organization China is the largest producer of kiwifruit, growing almost five times as much as second - placed Italy in 2016. Other major producers include New Zealand, Chile and Greece. Kiwifruit exports rapidly increased from the late 1960s to early 1970s in New Zealand. By 1976, exports exceeded the amount consumed domestically. Outside of Australasia, all New Zealand kiwifruits are now marketed under the brand - name label Zespri. In the 1980s, countries outside New Zealand began to export kiwifruit. In Italy, the infrastructure and techniques required to support grape production were adapted to the kiwifruit. This, coupled with being very close to the European kiwifruit market, led to Italians becoming the leading producer of kiwifruit in the early 2000s. The growing season of Italian kiwifruit does not overlap much with the New Zealand or the Chilean growing seasons, therefore direct competition between New Zealand or Chile was not much of a factor. Although kiwifruit is a national fruit of China, until recently, China was not a major producing country of kiwifruit until lately, as it was traditionally collected from the wild. In China, it is grown mainly in the mountainous area upstream of the Yangtze River, as well as Sichuan. Human consumption A pavlova with strawberries, passionfruit, kiwifruit and cream Kiwifruit, Zespri SunGold, raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 262 kJ ( 63 kcal ) Carbohydrates 15.8 g Sugars 12.3 g Dietary fiber 1.4 g Fat 0.28 g Protein 1.02 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. lutein zeaxanthin 24 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 0 % ) 0 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 6 % ) 0.074 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 2 % ) 0.231 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 2 % ) 0.12 mg Vitamin B6 ( 6 % ) 0.079 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 8 % ) 31 μg Vitamin B12 ( 3 % ) 0.08 μg Choline ( 0 % ) 1.9 mg Vitamin C ( 194 % ) 161.3 mg Vitamin E ( 9 % ) 1.4 mg Vitamin K ( 6 % ) 6.1 μg Minerals Calcium ( 2 % ) 17 mg Copper ( 8 % ) 0.151 mg Iron ( 2 % ) 0.21 mg Magnesium ( 3 % ) 12 mg Manganese ( 2 % ) 0.048 mg Phosphorus ( 4 % ) 25 mg Potassium ( 7 % ) 315 mg Selenium ( 1 % ) 0.4 μg Sodium ( 0 % ) 3 mg Zinc ( 1 % ) 0.08 mg Other constituents Water 82 g link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source : USDA Nutrient Database Kiwifruit, green, raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 255 kJ ( 61 kcal ) Carbohydrates 14.66 g Sugars 8.99 g Dietary fiber 3 g Fat 0.52 g Protein 1.14 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. lutein zeaxanthin 122 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 2 % ) 0.027 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 2 % ) 0.025 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 2 % ) 0.341 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 4 % ) 0.183 mg Vitamin B6 ( 5 % ) 0.063 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 6 % ) 25 μg Vitamin B12 ( 0 % ) 0 μg Choline ( 2 % ) 7.8 mg Vitamin C ( 112 % ) 92.7 mg Vitamin E ( 10 % ) 1.46 mg Vitamin K ( 38 % ) 40.3 μg Minerals Calcium ( 3 % ) 34 mg Copper ( 7 % ) 0.13 mg Iron ( 2 % ) 0.31 mg Magnesium ( 5 % ) 17 mg Manganese ( 5 % ) 0.098 mg Phosphorus ( 5 % ) 34 mg Potassium ( 7 % ) 312 mg Selenium ( 0 % ) 0.2 μg Sodium ( 0 % ) 3 mg Zinc ( 1 % ) 0.14 mg Other constituents Water 83 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source : USDA Nutrient Database Kiwifruit may be eaten raw, made into juices, used in baked goods, prepared with meat or used as a garnish. The whole fruit, including the skin, is suitable for human consumption ; however, the skin is often discarded due to its texture. Sliced kiwifruit has long been used as a garnish atop whipped cream on pavlova, a meringue - based dessert. Traditionally in China, kiwifruit was not eaten for pleasure, but was given as medicine to children to help them grow and to women who have given birth to help them recover. Raw kiwifruit contains actinidain ( also spelled actinidin ) which is commercially useful as a meat tenderizer and possibly as a digestive aid. Actinidain also makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing milk or any other dairy products because the enzyme digests milk proteins. This applies to gelatin - based desserts, as well, as the actinidain will dissolve the proteins in gelatin, either liquefying the dessert or preventing it from solidifying. Nutrition In a 100 - gram amount, green kiwifruit provides 61 calories, is 83 % water and 15 % carbohydrates, with negligible protein and fat ( table ). It is particularly rich ( 20 % or more of the Daily Value, DV ) in vitamin C ( 112 % DV ) and vitamin K ( 38 % DV ), has a moderate content of vitamin E ( 10 % DV ), with no other micronutrients in significant content. Gold kiwifruit has similar nutritional value, although only vitamin C has high content in a 100 gram amount ( 194 % DV, table ). Kiwifruit seed oil contains on average 62 % alpha - linolenic acid, an omega - 3 fatty acid. Kiwifruit pulp contains carotenoids, such as provitamin A beta - carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Allergies The actinidain found in kiwifruit can be an allergen for some individuals, including children. 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Jump up ^ Watson, Peter ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ). `` More virulent PSA strain a new worry for kiwifruit growers ''. The Dominion Post. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04. Jump up ^ Hembry, Owen ( 2011 - 08 - 25 ). `` Relief for kiwifruit industry ''. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Suspected Bacterial Vine Infection ''. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2010. Jump up ^ Butler, Margi I. ; Stockwell, Peter A. ; Black, Michael A. ; Day, Robert C. ; Lamont, Iain L. ; Poulter, Russel T.M. ( February 2013 ). `` Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae from Recent Outbreaks of Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker Belong to Different Clones That Originated in China ''. PLoS ONE. 8 ( 2 ) : e57464. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO... 857464B. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0057464. PMC 3583860. PMID 23555547. Retrieved 11 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` FAOSTAT ''. UN Food & Agriculture Organization. 2016. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Sayeeda Bano ; Frank Scrimgeour ( June 2011 ). `` New Zealand Kiwifruit Export Performance : Market Analysis and Revealed Comparative Advantage '' ( PDF ). University of Waikato. Retrieved 28 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` Zespri History ''. Zespri Kiwifriut. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Skallerud, Kare ; Olsen, Svein ( 2011 ). `` Export Market Arrangements in Four New Zealand Agriculture Industrues : An Institutional Perspective ''. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing. 23 ( 4 ) : 310 -- 329. doi : 10.1080 / 08974438.2011. 621841. Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Tracy ( May 26, 2008 ). `` Italy leads world as top producer of kiwis ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Huang, H. ; Ferguson, A.R. ( 2001 ). `` Review : Kiwifruit in China ''. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 29 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14. doi : 10.1080 / 01140671.2001. 9514154. Jump up ^ Bekhit, A.A. ; Hopkins, D.L. ; Geesink, G ; Bekhit, A.A. ; Franks, P ( 2014 ). `` Exogenous proteases for meat tenderization ''. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 ( 8 ) : 1012 -- 31. doi : 10.1080 / 10408398.2011. 623247. PMID 24499119. Jump up ^ Boland, M ( 2013 ). `` Kiwifruit proteins and enzymes : Actinidin and other significant proteins ''. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 68 : 59 -- 80. doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 394294 - 4.00004 - 3. ISBN 9780123942944. PMID 23394982. Jump up ^ `` Seed Oil Fatty Acids -- Gesundheitsratgeber : Mit Expertentipps die Gesundheit fördern ''. jameda.de. Jump up ^ Kim M, Kim SC, Song KJ, Kim HB, Kim IJ, Song EY, Chun SJ ( Sep 2010 ). `` Transformation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes using a micro-cross section method in kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward ) ''. Plant Cell Reports. 29 ( 12 ) : 1339 -- 1349. doi : 10.1007 / s00299 - 010 - 0920 - y. PMID 20842364. Jump up ^ Sommerburg O, Keunen JE, Bird AC, van Kuijk FJ ( August 1998 ). `` Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin : the macular pigment in human eyes ''. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 82 ( 8 ) : 907 -- 910. doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 82.8. 907. PMC 1722697. PMID 9828775. ^ Jump up to : `` Allergy -- Fruit and Vegetable Allergy The Sydney Children 's Hospitals Network ''. www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15. ^ Jump up to : Lucas, J.S. ; Lewis, S.A. ; Hourihane, J.O. ( 2003 ). `` Kiwi fruit allergy : a review ''. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 14 ( 6 ) : 420 -- 428. doi : 10.1046 / j. 0905 - 6157.2003. 00095. x. PMID 14675467. Jump up ^ Le TM, et al. ( 2013 ). `` Kiwifruit allergy across Europe : clinical manifestation and IgE recognition patterns to kiwifruit allergens ''. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 131 ( 1 ) : 164 -- 171. doi : 10.1016 / j. jaci. 2012.09. 009. PMID 23141741. Further reading Vietmeyer, Noel D. ( May 1987 ). `` The Captivating Kiwifruit ''. National Geographic. Vol. 171 no. 5. pp. 683 -- 688. ISSN 0027 - 9358. OCLC 643483454. Data related to Actinidia at Wikispecies Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kiwifruits. 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Question: what was named first the kiwi bird or fruit
Answer: the kiwi bird