Zimbabwean dollar - wikipedia Zimbabwean dollar Zimbabwean dollar $500 note of the fourth Zimbabwean dollar. ISO 4217 Code ZWL Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ Banknotes $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, ( plus many more denominations ) Highest denomination -- $100 trillion Coins none Demographics User ( s ) None ( previously Zimbabwe ) Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Valuation Inflation At 500.000. 000.000 % per day in mid-November 2008, or ~ 200 trillion per cent every year. Money lost 99 % of its value every 8 hours and 42 minutes Source This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. The Zimbabwean dollar ( sign : $, or Z $ to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies ) was the official currency of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 12 April 2009. During this time, it was subject to periods of above - average inflation, followed by a period of hyperinflation. The Zimbabwean dollar was introduced in 1980 to directly replace the Rhodesian dollar at par ( 1 : 1 ), at a similar value to the US dollar. Over time, hyperinflation in Zimbabwe reduced the Zimbabwe dollar to one of the lowest valued currency units in the world. It was redenominated three times ( in 2006, 2008 and 2009 ), with denominations up to a $100 trillion banknote issued. The final redenomination produced the `` fourth dollar '' ( ZWL ), which was worth 10 ZWD ( first dollars ). Use of the Zimbabwean dollar as an official currency was effectively abandoned on 12 April 2009. It was demonetised in 2015, with outstanding accounts able to be reimbursed until April 30, 2016. In place of the Zimbabwean dollar, currencies including the South African rand, Botswana pula, pound sterling, Indian rupee, euro, Japanese yen, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, and the United States dollar are now regularly used. Contents 1 Origin 1.1 Design 2 History 2.1 Initial introduction ( ZWD ) 2.2 First re-denomination ( ZWN ) 2.3 Second re-denomination ( ZWR ) 2.4 Third re-denomination ( ZWL ) 3 Withdrawal 3.1 Hyperinflation 3.2 Money supply ( 2006 -- 2008 ) 3.3 Abandonment and demonetisation 4 Coins 5 Banknotes and cheques 6 Exchange rate history 6.1 Initial devaluation 6.2 Second devaluation 6.2. 1 Market data restoration 6.3 Third devaluation 6.4 Final devaluation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Origin The Zimbabwean dollar 's predecessor, the Rhodesian dollar, was essentially equal to half of the value of the pound sterling at the time it was adopted ( during the decimalisation of 1970 ). The same practice which was used in other Commonwealth countries such as South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The selection of the name was motivated by the fact that the reduced value of the new unit correlated more closely to the value of the US dollar than it did to the pound sterling. Design The main illustration on the obverse of all of the banknotes was the Chiremba Balancing Rocks in Epworth, Harare, which were used as a metaphor demonstrating the importance of balancing development and the preservation of the fragile environment. The reverse side of dollar notes often illustrated the culture or landmarks of Zimbabwe. History Initial introduction ( ZWD ) The first Zimbabwean dollar was introduced in 1980 and replaced the Rhodesian dollar at par. The initial ISO 4217 code was ZWD. At the time of its introduction, the Zimbabwean dollar was worth more than the US dollar in the official exchange market, with 1 ZWD = 1.47 USD, although this did not reflect the actual purchasing power it held. As a result, in both the official and parallel markets, the currency 's value eroded rapidly over the years, and by July 2006, the parallel market value of the Zimbabwean dollar fell to Z $1,000,000 = GB £ 1. Date of redenomination Currency code Value 1 August 2006 ZWN 1 000 ZWD 1 August 2008 ZWR 10 ZWN = 10 ZWD 2 February 2009 ZWL 10 ZWR = 10 ZWN = 10 ZWD First redenomination ( ZWN ) In October 2005, the head of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, Dr. Gideon Gono, announced that Zimbabwe would have a new currency the following year, and new banknotes and coins would be produced. However, in June 2006, it was decreed that, for a new currency to be viable, Zimbabwe had to first achieve macro-economic stability ( i.e., double digit inflation ). Instead, in August 2006, the first dollar was redenominated to the second dollar at the rate of 1000 first dollars to 1 second dollar ( 1000 : 1 ). At the same time, the currency was devalued against the US dollar, from 101000 first dollars ( 101 once revalued ) to 250 second dollars, a decrease of about 60 % ( see exchange rate history table below ). ISO originally assigned a new currency code of ZWN to this redenominated currency, but the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe could not deal with a currency change, so the currency code remained ' ZWD '. The revaluation campaign, which Gideon Gono named `` Operation Sunrise '', was completed on 21 August 2006. It was estimated that some ten trillion old Zimbabwe dollars ( 22 % of the money supply ) were not redeemed during this period. The following year, on 2 February 2007, the RBZ revealed that a new ( third ) dollar would be released. However, with inflation still exceeding 1000 %, the banknotes were kept in storage. During the same month, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe declared inflation illegal, outlawing any raise in prices on certain commodities between 1 March and 30 June 2007. Officials arrested executives of some Zimbabwean companies for increasing prices on their products, and economists reported that `` chaos had started to reign and people in the public sector has becoming frantic ''. On 6 September 2007, the Zimbabwe dollar was devalued again by 92 %, creating an official exchange rate of ZW $30,000 to US $1, although the black market exchange rate was estimated to be ZW $600,000 to US $1. As an official exchange rate became more unreliable, the WM / Reuters company introduced a notional exchange rate ( ISO ZWN ) which was based on Purchasing Power Parity utilising the dual listing of companies on the Harare ( ZH ) and London Stock exchanges ( LN ). Second redenomination ( ZWR ) The 100 trillion Zimbabwean dollar banknote ( 10 dollars ), equal to 10 pre-2006 dollars. On 30 July 2008, the dollar was redenominated. After 1 August 2008, ZW $10 billion were worth ZW $1. The new currency code was ZWR. The denominations to be issued were coins valued Z $5, Z $10 and Z $25, and banknotes worth Z $5, Z $10, Z $20, Z $100, and Z $500. Due to frequent cash shortages and the apparently worthless Zimbabwean dollar, foreign currency was effectively legalised as a de facto currency on 13 September 2008 via a special program. This program officially allowed a number of retailers to accept foreign money. This reflected the reality of the dollarisation of the economy, with many shop keepers refusing to accept Zimbabwe dollars and requesting US dollars or South African rand instead. Despite redenomination, the RBZ was forced to print banknotes of ever higher values to keep up with surging inflation, with ten zeros reappearing by the end of 2008. Third redenomination ( ZWL ) On 2 February 2009, the RBZ announced that a further 12 zeros were to be taken off the currency, with 1,000,000,000,000 third Zimbabwe dollars being exchanged for 1 new fourth dollar. New banknotes were introduced with face values of Z $1, Z $5, Z $10, Z $20, Z $50, Z $100 and Z $500. The banknotes of the fourth dollar circulated alongside the third dollar, which remained legal tender until 30 June 2009. The new ISO currency code was ZWL. Despite the introduction of the fourth dollar, the problems were not eliminated, and the economy continued to be almost completely dollarised. In his first budget, the Zimbabwe finance minister, Tendai Biti, stated `` the death of the Zimbabwe dollar is a reality we have to live with. Since October 2008 our national currency has become moribund ''. In late January 2009, acting Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa announced that all Zimbabweans would be allowed to conduct business with any currency, as a response to the hyperinflation crisis. On 12 April 2009, media outlets reported that economic planning minister Elton Mangoma had announced the suspension of the local currency `` for at least a year '', effectively terminating the fourth dollar. Withdrawal Zimbabwean inflation rates since independence ( official up to Jul. 2008, estimates thereafter ) Date Rate Date Rate Date Rate Date Rate Date Rate Date Rate 1980 7 % 1986 15 % 40 % 1998 48 % 132.75 % 1981 14 % 10 % 20 % 1999 56.9 % 2005 585.84 % 2008 Mid-Nov. 79,600,000,000 % 1982 15 % 7.3 % 1994 25 % 2000 55.22 % 2006 1,281.11 % 19 % 14 % 1995 28 % 2001 112.1 % 2007 66,212.3 % 1984 10 % 17 % 16 % 2002 198.93 % 2008 Jul. 231,150,888.87 % 1985 10 % 1991 48 % 1997 20 % 2003 598.75 % Main article : Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Hyperinflation All four issues of the Zimbabwean dollar experienced high rates of inflation, although it was not until the early 2000s that Zimbabwe started to experience totally unsustainable hyperinflation. On 13 July 2007, the Zimbabwean government said that it had temporarily stopped publishing ( official ) inflation figures, a move that observers said was meant to draw attention away from `` runaway inflation which has come to symbolise the country 's unprecedented economic meltdown ''. In 2008, the inflation rate accelerated dramatically, from a rate in January of over 100,000 % to an estimated rate of over one million percent by May, and nearly 250,000,000 % in July. As predicted by the quantity theory of money, this hyperinflation was linked to the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe 's choice to mushroom the money supply. The regime is surviving by printing money : at this stage there is no other way. `` '' Martin Rupiya, professor ( war and security studies ), University of Zimbabwe. Money supply ( 2006 -- 2008 ) 100 million Zimbabwean dollars The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe responded to the dwindling value of the dollar by repeatedly arranging the printing of further banknotes, often at great expense from overseas suppliers. A selection of Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe bearer cheques printed between July 2007 to July 2008 ( now expired ) that illustrate the hyperinflation rate in Zimbabwe. On 1 March 2008, it was reported that documents obtained by The Sunday Times showed that the Munich company Giesecke & Devrient ( G&D ) was receiving more than € 500,000 ( £ 382,000 ) a week for delivering bank notes equivalent to Z $170 trillion a week. By late 2008, inflation had risen so high that automated teller machines for one major bank gave a `` data overflow error '' and stopped customers ' attempt to withdraw money with so many zeros. Abandonment and Demonetisation The use of foreign currencies was legalised in January 2009, causing general consumer prices to stabilise again after years of hyperinflation and price speculation. The move led to a sharp drop in the usage of the Zimbabwean dollar, as hyperinflation rendered even the highest denominations worthless. The Zimbabwean dollar was effectively abandoned as an official currency on 12 April 2009, when the Economic Planning Minister Elton Mangoma confirmed the suspension of the national currency for at least a year. On 29 January 2014, the Zimbabwe central bank announced that the US dollar, South African rand, Botswana pula, Pound sterling, Euro, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan ( renminbi ), Indian rupee, and Japanese yen would all be accepted as legal currency within the country. In June 2015, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe began to formally demonetise the Zimbabwean dollar, to officially value the fiat currency at zero, in order to complete a switch to the US dollar by the end of September 2015. The Zimbabwean government stated that it would credit 5 US dollars to domestic bank accounts, with balances of up to 175 quadrillion Zimbabwean dollars, and that it would exchange Zimbabwean dollars for US dollars at a rate of 1 USD to 35 quadrillion Zimbabwean dollars to accounts with balances above 175 quadrillion Zimbabwean dollars. This move was meant to stabilise the economy and establish a credible nominal anchor under low inflation conditions. The exercise brought closure to the outstanding issue on the Zimbabwe dollar, further confirming the government 's position that the local unit will not return anytime soon. The Government has maintained that the return of the Zimbabwe dollar will only be considered when key economic fundamentals, such as productivity in key sectors, have been achieved. Coins In 1980, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents, and 1 dollar. The 1 cent coin was struck in bronze, with the others struck in cupro - nickel. In 1989, bronze - plated steel replaced bronze. A 2 dollar coin was introduced in 1997. In 2001, nickel - plated steel replaced cupro - nickel in the 10, 20 and 50 cents and 1 dollar coins, and a bimetallic 5 dollar coin was introduced. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe announced plans for new Z $5,000 and Z $10,000 coins in June 2005, although these were never actually struck. In its 2014 mid-term monetary policy statement, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ( RBZ ) said it would import special coins, known as Zimbabwean bond coins, to ease a shortage of change in the economy. Like the original 1980 coins, these special coins would be denominated in 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents, but would have values at par with US cents. There would also be South African rand coins of 10 cents, 20 cents, 50 cents, 1 rand, 2 rands, and 5 rands. The RBZ 's statement did not specify when or where these coins would be imported from, but a later report on November 26, 2014 clarified that over $40 million worth of these coins were expected to be delivered within the next week from Pretoria. On 18 December 2014, the 1, 5, 10, and 25 US cent denominations were released into circulation. The 50 US cent denomination followed in March 2015. A 1 dollar bond coin was released in November 2016. Banknotes and cheques Main article : Banknotes of Zimbabwe £ 8 worth of Zimbabwean dollars in 2003. The banknotes of the Zimbabwean dollar were issued by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2009. Up to 2003, regular banknotes were issued, but as hyperinflation developed from 2003, the Reserve Bank issued short - lived emergency traveller 's cheques. Exchange rate history This table shows a condensed history of the foreign exchange rate of the Zimbabwean Dollars to one US Dollar : First dollar Second dollar Third dollar Month / Year Exchange rate 1997 10 2000 100 Jun 2002 1,000 Mar 2005 10,000 Jan 2006 100,000 Jul 2006 500,000 + Month Exchange rate Aug 2006 650 Sep 2006 1,000 Dec 2006 3,000 Jan 2007 4,800 Feb 2007 7,500 Mar 2007 26,000 Apr 2007 35,000 May 2007 50,000 Jun 2007 400,000 Jul 2007 300,000 Aug 2007 200,000 Month Exchange rate Sep 2007 600,000 Oct 2007 1,000,000 Nov 2007 1,500,000 Dec 2007 † 4,000,000 Jan 2008 6,000,000 Feb 2008 ‡ 16,000,000 Mar 2008 70,000,000 Apr 2008 100,000,000 May 2008 777,500,000 Jun 2008 40,928,000,000 Jul 2008 758,530,000,000 Day Exchange rate August 2008 1,780 September 2008 590,000 7 October 2008 2,300,000 14 October 2008 10,700,000 21 October 2008 1.22 billion 28 October 2008 251 billion 8 November 2008 669 billion † Due to the December 2007 banknote shortage, funds transferred via Electronic Funds Transfer Systems ( EFTS ) bore a premium rate of about $4 million, while the cash transaction rate varied around $2 million. ‡ Exchange rate was 20,000,000 for large amounts. The third dollar rates above are OMIR. The cash rate differs significantly to the above rates. The table below is the cash rate of the third dollar history : Month ZWR per USD Sept 2008 1,000 Oct 2008 90,000 Nov 2008 1,200,000 Mid Dec 2008 60,000,000 End Dec 2008 2 billion Mid Jan 2009 1 trillion 2 February 2009 300 trillion Initial devaluation This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2018 ) The first dollar devalued from 0.6788 R $ to 1 US $ in 1978 to roughly half a million per US $ in 2006, when the currency was revalued. This table shows in more detail the historical value of one US dollar in Zimbabwean dollars : show Exchange rates of the first dollar ( ZWD ) Date Official Rate Parallel Rate Notes 1978 US $0.6788 ( Apr ) n / a Z $ pegged to US $ 1980 US $0.68 ( Mar ) n / a Z $ tied to basket of FRF, DEM, ZAR, CHF, GBP, USD 18 April 1980 -- Independence ( 1 Z $ = 1 R $ ) 1982 0.8925 to 0.9140 ( Dec ) -- ZWD devalued by 16.5 % 0.96135 ( Jan ) up to 3.18 ( July ) ZWD devalued by 5 % Parallel rate highly variable -- premium up to 231 % 1983 ( Aug ) to 1993 ( Dec ) 0.96135 -- 6.82 Flexible basket ; dual rates ; 20 % tax on outgoing payments 1994 6.82 ( Jan ) 8.36 ( Oct ) Floating official rate ( 1 July ) ; dual rates ; ZWD devalued by 17 % 1995 8.26 ( Jan ) 8.85 ( Oct ) floating official rate ; dual rates ; rates unified 1998 ( Dec ) 9.13 ( Jan ) 10.52 ( Oct ) 1997 10.50 ( Jan ) 12.00 ( Jan ) ; 25.00 ( Nov ) 1998 18.00 ( Jan ) 16.65 ( Jun ) ; 19.00 ( Jul ) ; 23.50 1999 36.23 ( Jan ) 38.30 ( Sep ) On 31 March 1999, the Official Exchange Rate was pegged at ZWD 38 per USD ; the parallel market had re-emerged by December 1999. 2000 38 to 55 56 to 62 ( Jul ) ; 65 to 70 ( Aug. ) In August 2000, the Official Exchange Rate was pegged at ZWD 50, then ZWD 51 and finally at ZWD 55 per USD ; parallel black market rates were at a large premium ; in November, foreign exchange bureaus were closed. 2001 55 70 ( Jan ) ; 80 ( Feb ) ; 100 ( Mar ) ; 120 ( Apr ) ; 140 ( May ) ; 160 ( Jun ) ; 250 ( Jul ) ; 300 ( Aug ) ; 400 ( Sep ) ; 300 ( Oct ) ; 320 ( Nov ) ; 340 ( Dec ) In June, the official rate became a crawling peg rate. 2002 55 380 ( Jan ) to 710 ( Jun ), 1400 ( Jul ) to 1740 ( Oct ) to 1400 ( Dec ) In 2002, the parallel black market for foreign exchange mushroomed. 2003 55 ( Jan ) ; 824 ( Feb ) 1400 ( Jan ) ; 1450 ( Feb ) ; 2300 ( May ) ; 3000 ( Jul ) ; 6000 ( Aug ) ; 6400 ( Oct ) ; 6000 ( Nov ) In February 2003, the Official Exchange Rate was re-pegged at ZWD 824 per US $ 824 ( 1 January ) ; 4196 ( 12 January ) to 5730 ( Dec ) 5500 ( 1 January ) to 6000 ( Dec ) In January 2004, semiweekly ( RBZ - controlled ) currency auctions were set up to determine the official rate. 2005 5,730 ( January ) ; 6,200 ( March ) ; 9,000 ( May ) ; 10,800 ( 18 July ) ; 17,600 ( 25 July ) ; 24,500 ( 25 August ) ; 26,003 ( September ) ; 26,003 ( October ) ; 60,000 ( Nov ) ; 84,588 ( 30 December ) 6,400 ( January ) ; 14,000 ( March ) ; 20,000 ( May ) ; 25,000 ( 18 July ) ; 45,000 ( 25 July ) ; 45,000 ( 25 August ) ; 75,000 ( September ) ; 80,000 to 100,000 ( October ) ; 90,000 ( Nov ) ; 96,000 ( 30 December ) 24 August : Zimbabwean dollar becomes least valued currency unit In November 2005, the regular currency auctions were discontinued and the RBZ announced that `` market factors '' would control the exchange rate. 2006 ( to 31 July ) 85,158 ( 3 January ) ; 99,201.58 ( 24 January ) ; 101,195.54 ( 28 April ) 100,000 ( 6 January ) ; 106,050 ( 19 January ) ; 115,000 ( 20 January ) ; 125,000 to 150,000 ( 25 January ) ; 175,000 to 190,000 ( 24 February ) ; 205,000 to 220,000 ( 3 March ) ; 220,000 to 230,000 ( 13 April ) ; 300,000 to 310,000 ( 25 May ) ; 315,000 ( 9 June ) ; 340,000 to 350,000 ( 16 June ) ; 400,000 ( 21 June ) ; 450,000 ( 1 July ) ; 520,000 ( 9 July ) ; 550,000 ( 27 July ) Economists predict an unofficial rate of nearly ZWD 250,000 to the US dollar by mid-2006. 24 January -- RBZ caps daily variance of official exchange rate based on volume traded. The ZWD is able to fluctuate ( from its average rate ) in a daily band of : 0 % ( under USD 5 million ) ; 1 % ( USD 5 to 10 million ) ; 1.5 % ( USD 10 to 15 million ) ; or 2 % ( exceeds USD 15 million ). This effectively froze the official exchange rate. Second devaluation The second dollar started off on August 1, 2006 with an official rate of 250 and a parallel rate of 550 to the US $. In July 2008 the dollar was revalued again, this time 10,000,000,000 2nd dollars became 1 3rd dollar, after the parallel rate reached 500 billion to 1 US $. More detailed data can be found in the table below : show Exchange rates of the second dollar ( ZWN ) Date Official Rate ( Revalued dollar ) Parallel Rate ( Revalued dollar ) Notes 2006 August 250 ( 250,000 old ) 550 ( 1 August ) ; 650 ( 3 August ) ; 650 to 700 ( 24 August ) 1 August : RBZ revalues the Zim dollar. 1,000 Old Zim dollars become 1 revalued Zim dollar. The official exchange rate is set to 250 revalued Zim dollars per 1 US dollar. ( Parallel rate soars to over 600 revalued dollars per 1 US dollar ) September 700 to 800 ( 8 September -- high volume transactions ) ; 850 ( 14 September ) ; 1,200 to 1,300 ( 28 Sep ) or 1,500 ( 29 September -- high volume transactions ) October 1,500 ( 12 October ) ; November 1,700 ( 6 November ) ; 2,000 ( 19 November ) ; 2,400 ( 29 November ) ; December 3,000 ( 25 December ) 2007 January 250 3,200 ( 11th ) ; 3,500 ( 18th ) ; 4,000 ( 20th ) ; 4,200 ( 23rd ) ; 6,000 ( 26th ) February 4,800 ( 2nd ) ; 5,000 ( 12th ) ; 6,600 ( 23rd ) ; 7,000 ( 27th ) March 7,500 ( 1st ) 8,000 ( 2nd ) ; 10,000 ( 8th ) ; 11,000 ( 11th ) ; 12,000 -- 17,500 ( 16th ) ; 16,000 ( 19th ) ; 20,000 ( 21st ) ; 24,000 ( 22nd ) ; 25,000 ( 27th ) ; 26,000 ( 29th ) Zimbabwean dollar becomes least valued currency unit around 21 March ; In March, the parallel rate becomes extremely erratic, with reported rates varying significantly. April 250 ( 15,000 special rate ) 30,000 ( 1st ) ; 15,000 ( 7th ) ; 20,000 ( 8th ) ; 25,000 ( 11th ) ; 35,000 ( 15th ) A `` special rate '' of 15,000 ZWD per USD was brought in on 26 April 2007. The improved exchange rate will be applied to miners, farmers, tour operators, non-governmental organisations, embassies, Zimbabweans living abroad that repatriate earnings, and others who generate foreign exchange. Exporters will be required to exchange money at the central bank to receive the better rate. May 28,000 ( 10th ) ; 32,000 ( 18th ) ; 38,000 ( 20th ) ; 40,000 ( 22nd ) ; 45,000 ( 24th ) ; 50,000 ( 29th ) June 55,000 ( 3rd ) ; 60,000 ( 12th ) ; 75 -- 100,000 ( 13th ) ; 120,000 ( 16th ) ; 205,000 ( 20th ) ; 300,000 ( 22nd ) ; 400,000 ( 23rd ) July 270,000 ( 5th ) ; 300,000 ( 14th ) August 200,000 ( 21st ) September 30,000 250,000 ( 7th ) ; 280,000 ( 14th ) ; 340,000 ( 18th ) ; 500,000 ( 26th ) ; 600,000 ( 29th ) Official exchange rate was changed to 30,000 on 7 September 2007 October 750,000 ( 17th ) ; 1,000,000 ( 19th ) November 1,200,000 ( 1st ) ; 4,500,000 ( 14th ) ( not confirmed ) ; 1,400,000 ( 24th ) ; 1,500,000 ( 30th ) December 1,800,000 ( 1st ) ; 4,000,000 ( 3rd ) Due to the Dec 2007, banknote shortage, funds transferred via Electronic Funds Transfer Systems ( EFTS ) bore a premium rate of about $4 million, while the cash transaction rate varied around $2 million. 2008 January 1,900,000 ( 3rd ) ; 2,000,000 ( 4th ) ; 3,000,000 ( 8th ) ; 4,500,000 ( 19th ) ; 5,000,000 ( 21st ) ; 6,000,000 ( 24th ) The Old Mutual Implied Rate ( OMIR ) is calculated by dividing the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange price of the Old Mutual share by the London Stock Exchange Price for the same share. The answer is the Old Mutual Implied Rate for the Pound. Then a cross rate calculation is done for the USD rate. 6,240,837.51 ( OMIR for 21st ) 5,787,585.19 ( OMIR for 25th ) February 7,500,000 ( 13th ) ; 8,500,000 ( 18th ) ; 16,000,000 and 20,000,000 for large amounts ( 21st ) March 24,000,000 ( 2nd ) ; 25,000,000 ( 5th ) ; 46,000,000 ( 10th ) ; 70,000,000 ( 19th ) 69,226,148.58 ( OMIR for 17th ) April 80,000,000 ( 17th ) ; 85,000,000 ( 24th ) ; 100,000,000 ( 26th ) May 30,000 ( to 4 May ) ; 168,815,333.33 ( 5 May ) ; 187,073,022.88 ( 6 May ) ; 190,429,449.18 ( 7 May ) ; 204,565,727.39 ( 8 May ) ; 210,389,632.00 ( 9 May ) ; 216,528,794.21 ( 12 May ) ; 224,832,332.83 ( 13 May ) ; 236,706,849.48 ( 14 May ) ; 246,433,371.43 ( 15 May ) ; 255,771,415.67 ( 16 May ) ; 275,335,294.12 ( 19 May ) ; 303,753,731.48 ( 20 May ) ; 337,341,911.76 ( 21 May ) ; 369,632,426.29 ( 22 May ) ; 405,870,411.18 ( 23 May ) ; 434,449,294.12 ( 27 May ) ; 486,485,294.12 ( 28 May ) ; 529,336,764.71 ( 29 May ) ; 580,678,132.35 ( 30 May ) 190,000,000 ( 1st ) ; 200,000,000 ( 6th ) ; 250,000,000 ( 13th ) ; 315,000,000 ( 16th ) ; 498,000,000 ( 22nd ) ; 494,000,000 ( 23rd ) ; 580,000,000 ( 28th ) ; 703,000,000 ( 29th ) ; 777,500,000 ( 30th ) The official exchange rate was allowed to float 6 May June 647,863,191.18 ( 2nd ) ; 718,489,852.94 ( 3rd ) ; 843,884,558.82 ( 4th ) ; 969,647,058.82 ( 5th ) ; 1,105,887,222.22 ( 6th ) ; 1,365,130,333.33 ( 9th ) ; 1,679,946,944.44 ( 10th ) ; 2,150,078,888.89 ( 11th ) ; 2,904,111,111.11 ( 12th ) ; 3,524,549,987.29 ( 13th ) ; 4,276,736,111.11 ( 16th ) ; 4,952,500,000.00 ( 17th ) ; 5,817,192,485.76 ( 18th ) ; 6,718,055,555.56 ( 19th ) ; 7,437,184,423.78 ( 20th ) ; 8,260,031,632.83 ( 23rd ) ; 9,005,149,886.88 ( 24th ) ; 9,801,839,921.51 ( 25th ) ; 10,594,701,303.45 ( 26th ) ; 11,378,472,550.24 ( 30th ) 971,500,000 ( 1st ) ; 1,123,000,000 ( 3rd ) ; 1,221,500,000 ( 4th ) ; 1,964,500,000 ( 5th ) ; 2,159,000,000 ( 6th ) ; 2,691,588,425 ( 7th ) ; 3,139,382,641 ( 9th ) ; 4,605,736,200 ( 10th ) ; 5,090,337,736 ( 11th ) ; 5,137,128,498 ( 12th ) ; 6,412,613,315 ( 13th ) ; 7,512,863,828 ( 16th ) ; 9,288,500,000 ( 17th ) ; 13,999,000,000 ( 18th ) ; 17,743,015,150 ( 19th ) ; 20,269,600,000 ( 21st ) ; 22,952,543,340 ( 23rd ) ; 22,835,153,651 ( 24th ) ; 32,603,770,511 ( 26th ) ; 40,928,000,000 ( 30th ) 967,480,942 ( OMIR for 2nd ) ; 1,746,899,809 ( OMIR for 3rd ) ; 3,047,030,834 ( OMIR for 4th ) ; 16,044,776,323 ( OMIR for 19th ) ; 17,039,490,724 ( OMIR for 20th ) ; 34,910,587,875 ( OMIR for 23rd ) ; 78,479,941,887 ( OMIR for 24th ) ; 62,024,868,786 ( OMIR for 25th ) ; 64,575,990,281 ( OMIR for 26th ) ; 164,312,344,622 ( OMIR for 30th ) July 12,226,034,516.65 ( 1st ) ; 13,350,764,705.88 ( 2nd ) ; 14,345,060,331.82 ( 3rd ) ; 15,183,703,996.98 ( 4th ) ; 16,204,996,229.26 ( 7th ) ; 17,066,529,677.98 ( 8th ) ; 17,883,023,378.58 ( 9th ) ; 18,681,527,512.36 ( 10th ) ; 19,489,294,117.65 ( 11th ) ; 20,170,317,159.13 ( 14th ) ; 21,460,313,914.03 ( 15th ) ; 23,356,231,572.65 ( 16th ) ; 25,389,017,580.37 ( 17th ) ; 27,164,677,690.87 ( 18th ) ; 30,201,803,133.32 ( 21st ) ; 34,749,797,812.59 ( 22nd ) ; 39,129,724,504.88 ( 23rd ) ; 43,319,583,395.92 ( 24th ) ; 48,679,445,871.90 ( 25th ) ; 54,036,639,077.74 ( 28th ) ; 58,886,562,526.04 ( 29th ) ; 63,761,761,010.94 ( 30th ) ; 69,484,070,056.18 ( 31st ) ; ( Source ) 53,049,500,000 ( 1st ) ; 65,797,000,000 ( 7th ) ; 102,351,000,000 ( 8th ) ; 145,624,500,000 ( 11th ) ; 151,425,393,163 ( 11th ) ; 193,014,500,000 ( 14th ) ; 200,414,514,369 ( 14th ) ; 274,200,889,709 ( 15th ) ; 288,072,000,000 ( 16th ) ; 325,110,110,211 ( 16th ) ; 324,446,338,775 ( 17th ) ; 360,000,000,000 ( 17th ) ; 380,000,000,000 ( 18th ) ; 430,000,000,000 ( 18th ) ; 600,000,000,000 ( 21st ) ;, 650,000,000,000 ( 22nd ) 750,000,000,000 ( 23rd ) ; 555,000,000,000 ( 25th ) : 758,530,000,000 ( 30th ) ; 510,000,000,000 ( 31st ) : 142,024,433,315 ( OMIR for 1st ) ; 129,140,850,245 ( OMIR for 2nd ) ; 109,689,985,935 ( OMIR for 3rd ) ; 113,028,111,843 ( OMIR for 4th ) ; 202,409,619,045 ( OMIR for 7th ) ; 173,176,356,278 ( OMIR for 8th ) ; 126,117,317,180 ( OMIR for 9th ) ; 139,534,966,792 ( OMIR for 10th ) ; 189,961,549,747 ( OMIR for 11th ) ; 194,840,848,150 ( OMIR for 14th ) ; 236,850,692,832 ( OMIR for 15th ) ; 241,421,049,361 ( OMIR for 16th ) ; 270,477,236,528 ( OMIR for 17th ) ; 404,332,849,598 ( OMIR for 18th ) ; 502,683,475,196 ( OMIR for 21st ) ; 687,860,375,011 ( OMIR for 22nd ) ; 495,932,559,520 ( OMIR for 23rd ) ; 488,452,876,313 ( OMIR for 24th ) ; 619,334,351,928 ( OMIR for 25th ) ; 525,086,664,547 ( OMIR for 28th ) ; 456,921,446,064 ( OMIR for 30th ) ; 669,809,343,407 ( OMIR for 31st ) ; ( Source ) Market data restoration In the final months before Zimbabwe 's central bank reforms of 30 April 2008, virtually all popular currency conversion resources relied upon the official rate of 30,000 ZWD to 1 USD for published figures, in spite of the vast differences between that and free market rates. By 23 May 2008, Bloomberg and Oanda began publishing floating rates based on Zimbabwe 's formally regulated domestic bank market, while Yahoo Finance started using the updated official rate in July, albeit with a decimal point shift of 6 places. Those reported rates generally reflected the Official Rate as shown in the above table. They soon began to differ, in overvaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar, increasingly substantially in comparison to less regulated markets such as offshore markets or paper cash freely traded on the streets of Harare, reflected above as Parallel Rates. Third devaluation On 1 August 2008, ten zeroes were removed from the currency, reducing 10 billion Zimbabwean dollars to one dollar. On 3 October 2008, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe temporarily suspended the Real Time Gross Settlement ( RTGS ) system, halting electronic parallel market transfers, but it was reinstated on 13 November 2008. After being introduced on 1 August 2008, the third dollar continued to devalue. An overview of the exchange rate data can be found in the table below : show Exchange rates of the third dollar ( ZWR ) Date Official Rate ( Source : ) Parallel Rate ( Sources : † / ‡ ) Old Mutual Implied Rate ( OMIR Source : ) Notes 2008 August 7.58 ( 1st ) 8.11 ( 4th ) 8.94 ( 5th ) 9.92 ( 6th ) 10.93 ( 7th ) 11.90 ( 8th ) 13.19 ( 13th ) 14.52 ( 14th ) 15.80 ( 15th ) 17.49 ( 18th ) 18.84 ( 19th ) 20.08 ( 20th ) 21.55 ( 21st ) 23.29 ( 22nd ) 25.34 ( 25th ) 27.66 ( 26th ) 29.91 ( 27th ) 32.05 ( 28th ) 34.83 ( 29th ) 40.53 † ; 51 ‡ ( 1st ) ; 61 ‡ ( 2nd ) 40.96 † ; 66 ‡ ( 5th ) 74 ‡ ( 8th ) 41.79 † ( 11th ) 110 ‡ ( 13th ) 190 ‡ ; 64.12 † ( 14th ) 230 ‡ ( 15th ) 223.51 † ; 375 ‡ ( 18th ) 420 ‡ ( 19th ) 430 ‡ ( 21st ) 460 † ; 440 ‡ ( 26th ) 650 ‡ ; 700 † ( 27th ) 1,400 † ; 1,700 ‡ ( 29th ) 49.23 ( 1st ) 38.35 ( 4th ) 34.05 ( 5th ) 39.41 ( 6th ) 64.19 ( 7th ) 48.13 ( 8th ) 74.86 ( 13th ) 138.46 ( 14th ) 121.43 ( 15th ) 168.84 ( 18th ) 161.24 ( 19th ) 185.33 ( 20th ) 297.21 ( 21st ) 393.30 ( 22nd ) 992.02 ( 25th ) 749.47 ( 26th ) 868.71 ( 27th ) 1,330.10 ( 28th ) 1,780.04 ( 29th ) 1 August : The Reserve Bank revalued the dollar again : 10 billion ZWN ( or 10 trillion ZWD ) becomes 1 ZWR. See also : ( `` Zimbabwe 's re-valued currency after one month '' ) includes a daily list of the ZWD parallel exchange rates in August 2008. September 37.15 ( 1st ) 39.59 ( 2nd ) 42.72 ( 3rd ) 45.53 ( 4th ) 48.79 ( 5th ) 52.71 ( 8th ) 58.10 ( 9th ) 62.47 ( 10th ) 67.52 ( 11th ) 71.40 ( 12th ) 77.69 ( 15th ) 83.57 ( 16th ) 88.70 ( 17th ) 92.97 ( 18th ) 96.43 ( 19th ) 101.57 ( 22nd ) 105.43 ( 23rd ) 109.48 ( 24th ) 114.61 ( 25th ) 118.76 ( 26th ) 125.75 ( 29th ) 132.25 ( 30th ) 2,000 † ; 2,498 ‡ ( 1st ) ; 2,800 † ; 3,650 ‡ ( 2nd ) 4,300 † ( 3rd ) 4,500 † ( 4th ) 4,800 † 5,700 ‡ ; 7,500 ( 5th ) 8,500 ‡ ( 8th ) 14,000 † ( 9th ) 20,000 † ; 29,000 ‡ ( 11th ) 30,000 ( 12th ) 34,000 † ( 15th ) 22,000 † ; 34,000 ‡ ( 16th ) 33,000 † ( 18th ) 65,059 † ; 59,652 ‡ ( 22nd ) 80,754 ‡ ( 23rd ) 140,251 † ; 135,368 ‡ ( 24th ) 271,915 ‡ ( 25th ) 271,593 † ( 26th ) 554,915 † ; 360,707 ‡ ( 29th ) Cash : 1,000 ( 25th ) 3,362 ( 1st ) 3,949 ( 2nd ) 4,311 ( 3rd ) 5,085 ( 4th ) 11,815 ( 5th ) 13,583 ( 8th ) 11,608 ( 9th ) 14,936 ( 10th ) 25,384 ( 11th ) 19,788 ( 12th ) 18,888 ( 15th ) 11,633 ( 16th ) 22,837 ( 17th ) 34,606 ( 18th ) 37,997 ( 19th ) 79,816 ( 22nd ) 131,237 ( 23rd ) 270,794 ( 24th ) 247,618 ( 25th ) 266,075 ( 26th ) 557,362 ( 29th ) 592,416 ( 30th ) October 138.14 ( 1st ) 145.62 ( 2nd ) 153.10 ( 3rd ) 160.46 ( 6th ) 167.68 ( 7th ) 176.33 ( 8th ) 183.19 ( 9th ) 198.93 ( 13th ) 208.65 ( 14th ) 217.72 ( 15th ) 229.90 ( 16th ) 244.05 ( 17th ) 266.40 ( 20th ) 290.92 ( 21st ) 316.56 ( 22nd ) 345.18 ( 23rd ) 507.24 ( 28th ) 558.53 ( 29th ) 619.52 ( 30th ) 790,510 ‡ ; 1,000,000 ( 1st ) 4,000 ( cash ) ( 3rd ) 11,000 ( cash ) ( 11th ) 50,000,000 ( 16th ) 100,000,000 ( 20th ) 20,000 ( cash ) ( 20th ) Cash : 50,000 ( 24th ) 11,939,980,000 ‡ ; 25,137 ( cash ) ‡ ( 25th ) 69,127 ( cash ) ‡ ( 27th ) 90,000 ( cash ) ( 29th ) 1,418,021 ( 1st ) 841,881 ( 2nd ) 660,732 ( 3rd ) 1,715,118 ( 6th ) 2,305,440 ( 7th ) 2,045,021 ( 8th ) 3,161,381 ( 9th ) 4,183,564 ( 10th ) 7,667,426 ( 13th ) 10,706,802 ( 14th ) 20,129,927 ( 15th ) 66,418,944 ( 16th ) 121,013,052 ( 17th ) 333,500,825 ( 20th ) 1,220,071,643 ( 21st ) 3,178,696,865 ( 22nd ) 26,867,910,902 ( 23rd ) 98,339,944,470 ( 24th ) 101,338,478,626 ( 27th am ) 70,547,871,952 ( 27th pm ) 233,621,089,202 ( 28th am ) 250,783,986,568 ( 28th pm ) 509,148,077,013 ( 29th am ) 916,918,295,246 ( 29th pm ) 2,443,676,912,678 ( 30th am ) 3,949,870,500,674 ( 30th pm ) 6,674,757,281,553 ( 31st am ) 11,851,630,480,952 ( 31st pm ) Electronic bank transfers ( RTGS ) were suspended by the Reserve Bank on the 3rd. No funds can be transferred between banks, effectively aborting the parallel rates. November 769.68 ( 3rd ) 851.74 ( 4th ) 922.96 ( 5th ) 1,024.63 ( 6th ) 2,850.37 ( 7th ) 4,651.33 ( 10th ) 6,626.39 ( 11th ) 8,399.31 ( 12th ) 10,788.70 ( 13th ) 13,469.56 ( 14th ) 17,398.16 ( 17th ) 25,593.66 ( 18th ) 30,320.43 ( 19th ) 34,912.83 ( 20th ) 38,128.72 ( 21st ) 44,182.50 ( 24th ) 49,237.71 ( 25th ) 56,197.60 ( 26th ) 62,761.43 ( 27th ) 70,197.01 ( 28th ) 100,000 ( cash ) ( 5th ) 30,000,000,000,000 ‡ ; 200,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 7th ) 28,400,000,000,000,000 ‡ ( 12th ) 400,000 ( cash ) ( 12th ) 650,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 14th ) 1,200,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 24th ) 12,405,270,255,015 ( 3rd am ) 35,179,473,949,600 ( 3rd pm ) 118,066,516,958,323 ( 4th am ) 216,162,327,532,185 ( 4th pm ) 267,539,344,335,978 ( 5th am ) 225,497,447,368,896 ( 5th pm ) 193,012,615,772,476 ( 6th am ) 134,838,399,549,100 ( 6th pm ) 182,325,758,081,729 ( 7th am ) 663,325,716,143,026 ( 7th pm ) 1,680,757,577,947,650 ( 10th am ) 22,410,101,039,302,100 ( 10th pm ) 44,754,638,846,288,100 ( 11th am ) 27,157,406,063,618,700 ( 11th pm ) 18,237,844,841,170,300 ( 12th am ) 12,981,054,269,303,500 ( 12th pm ) 19,148,534,621,367,600 ( 13th am ) 41,974,524,821,395,400 ( 13th pm ) 62,136,238,923,283,400 ( 14th am ) 183,025,618,461,867,000 ( 14th pm ) 251,649,721,203,565,000 ( 17th am ) 642,371,437,695,221,000 ( 17th pm ) 661,229,327,046,568,000 ( 18th am ) 447,591,739,042,251,000 ( 18th pm ) 439,481,070,796,885,000 ( 19th ) 12,617,983,349,233,500 ( 20th ) The Reserve Bank lifted the suspension on the Real Time Gross Settlement System ( RTGS ) on 13 November As of 26 November newspaper reports stated the RTGS was still not operational, and part of the reason was that the Zimbabwean Government had not paid the company responsible for fitting the system. The Zimbabwe Stock Market, and consequently the OMIR, crashed on 20 November when allegations of market manipulation became public. ZSE chief executive Emmanuel Munyukwi revealed that a large number of multi-quad -, quin -, and sextillion cheques had bounced. Old Mutual has not traded since 20 November, so no meaningful OMIR figures are available. It is estimated that the OMIR on 25 November would have been 649,374,262,960,211. December 76,620.00 ( 1st ) 83,613.46 ( 2nd ) 89,826.13 ( 3rd ) 100,330.21 ( 4th ) 111,126.89 ( 5th ) 128,734.67 ( 8th ) 140,085.70 ( 9th ) 154,661.25 ( 10th ) 226,954.13 ( 11th ) 404,294.50 ( 12th ) 925,825.00 ( 17th ) 1,151,656.00 ( 18th ) 1,423,462.00 ( 19th ) 1,748,530.00 ( 23rd ) 2,133,117.00 ( 24th ) 2,772,250.00 ( 29th ) 3,641,246.00 ( 30th ) 4,894,167.00 ( 31st ) 2,000,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 2nd ) 5,300,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 4th ) 10,000,000 ( cash ) ( 5th ) 25,000,000 ( cash ) ( 9th ) 30,000,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 10th ) ; 60,000,000 ( cash ) ( 12th ) 150,000,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 16th ) 200,000,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 17th ) 600,000,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 19th ) 9,000,000,000 ( cash ) ( 22nd ) 2,000,000,000 ( cash ) ‡ ( 24th ) 2009 January 5,601,509 ( 2nd ) 6,386,667 ( 5th ) 8,042,778 ( 7th ) 8,676,674 ( 8th ) 9,326,444 ( 9th ) 10,148,113 ( 12th ) 11,171,474 ( 13th ) 13,856,763 ( 14th ) 15,273,676 ( 15th ) 16,744,890 ( 16th ) 18,683,139 ( 19th ) 20,215,883 ( 20th ) 25,599,608 ( 21st ) 30,577,532 ( 22nd ) 36,844,444 ( 23rd ) 44,796,944 ( 26th ) 415,888,889 ( 27th ) 1,407,917,306 ( 28th ) 3,429,836,806 ( 29th ) 7,039,188,034 ( 30th ) 40,000,000,000 ( 12th ) 3,000,000,000,000 ( 15th ) 1,000,000,000,000 ‡ ( 16th ) 5,000,000,000,000 ‡ ( 21st ) 10,000,000,000,000 ( 22nd ) 13,000,000,000,000 ( 23rd ) 30,000,000,000,000 ( 27th ) 40,000,000,000,000 ( 28th ) 100,000,000,000,000 ( 29th ) 35,000,000,000,000,000 ( 1st ) -- UN Rate 150,000,000,000,000,000 ( 29th ) -- UN Rate February 12,336,416,667 ( 2nd ) 250,000,000,000,000 ( 1st ) 300,000,000,000,000 ( 2nd ) Final devaluation On 2 February 2009, the RBZ removed 12 zeros from the currency, with 1,000,000,000,000 ( third ) Zimbabwe dollars being exchanged for 1 new ( fourth ) dollar. Although the dollar was abandoned on 12 April 2009, exchange rates were maintained at intervals for some months. Therefore, the fourth dollar would be worth 200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, or 2 × 10 first dollars if never revalued. On 4 June 2015, it was announced that the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe would exchange some of the old banknotes for US dollars. show Exchange rates of the fourth dollar ( ZWL ) Date Official rate Parallel rate United Nations rate ( Source : ) Notes 2009 February 22.00 ( 3rd ) ; 24.51 ( 4th ) 28.54 ( 5th ) ; 32.19 ( 6th ) 35.34 ( 9th ) ; 38.80 ( 10th ) 42.32 ( 11th ) ; 46.07 ( 12th ) 49.87 ( 13th ) ; 53.00 ( 16th ) 58.04 ( 17th ) ; 62.70 ( 18th ) 66.49 ( 19th ) ; 71.21 ( 20th ) 76.22 ( 23rd ) ; 81.58 ( 24th ) 86.15 ( 25th ) ; 91.39 ( 26th ) 95.42 ( 27th ) 300 ( 2nd ) 150,000 ( 3rd ) March 99.67 ( 2nd ) ; 103.29 ( 3rd ) 108.01 ( 4th ) ; 113.12 ( 5th ) 117.26 ( 6th ) ; 121.85 ( 9th ) 126.11 ( 10th ) ; 131.00 ( 11th ) 134.92 ( 12th ) ; 138.58 ( 13th ) 143.42 ( 16th ) ; 150.52 ( 17th ) 156.69 ( 18th ) ; 163.34 ( 19th ) 170.39 ( 20th ) ; 177.25 ( 23rd ) 186.61 ( 24th ) ; 193.52 ( 25th ) 199.76 ( 26th ) ; 206.74 ( 27th ) 209.62 ( 30th ) ; 213.07 ( 31st ) April 221.29 ( 1st ) ; 225.83 ( 2nd ) 230.68 ( 3rd ) ; 238.94 ( 6th ) 244.81 ( 7th ) ; 245.21 ( 8th ) 249.40 ( 9th ) ; 255.19 ( 14th ) 259.10 ( 15th ) ; 263.94 ( 16th ) 266.64 ( 17th ) ; 271.04 ( 20th ) 294.18 ( 24th ) ; 306.68 ( 29th ) 309.31 ( 30th ) 12 April : Zimbabwe Dollar suspended. May 315.23 ( 4th ) ; 319.13 ( 5th ) 328.36 ( 6th ) ; 320.02 ( 7th ) 326.26 ( 8th ) ; 329.65 ( 11th ) 332.26 ( 12th ) ; 336.46 ( 13th ) 345.12 ( 14th ) ; 350.30 ( 15th ) 354.58 ( 19th ) ; 357.48 ( 20th ) 360.64 ( 21st ) ; 363.14 ( 22nd ) June 363.48 ( 16th ) July 371.39 ( 16th ) August 361.62 ( 28th ) See also Hungarian pengő Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Zimbabwean bond notes / coins Banknotes of Zimbabwe Economy of Zimbabwe Redenomination Hyperinflation Notes Jump up ^ After the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009, Euro, United States dollar, Pound sterling, South African rand, Botswana pula, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee and Japanese yen are used as legal tender. The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions. References Jump up ^ `` Current currency & funds code list ( Table A. 1 ) ''. Swiss Association for Standardization. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015. 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Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2008. Jump up ^ Raath, Jan ( 7 September 2007 ). `` Devaluation is ' too little, too late ' to save Zimbabwe ''. Times Online. Jump up ^ Hanke, Steve H. ; Kwok, Alex K.F. ( Spring -- Summer 2009 ). `` On the Measurement of Zimbabwe 's Hyperinflation '' ( PDF ). The Cato Journal. ^ Jump up to : Shaw, Angus ( 30 July 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe devalues currency ; 10B becomes 1 dollar ''. USA Today. Associated Press. Jump up ^ Mafaro, Wayne ( 30 July 2008 ). `` Mugabe says might declare state of emergency over prices ''. Zimbabwe Online. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008. Jump up ^ Berger, Sebastien ( 10 September 2008 ). `` Final humiliation for Zimbabwe dollar as foreign currency legalised ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 September 2008. Jump up ^ Thornycroft, Peta ; Berger, Sebastien ( 26 October 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe shops stop accepting local currency ''. 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Jump up ^ Sibanda, Tichaona ( 21 May 2008 ). `` Inflation hits one million percent as prices continue to skyrocket ''. SW Radio Africa. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe annual inflation over 100,000 per cent ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 February 2008. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Hits 355 000 % ''. Zimbabwe Independent. 15 May 2008 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe inflation spirals again ''. BBC News. 14 February 2008. Jump up ^ Kadzere, Martin ( 9 October 2008 ). `` Inflation soars to 231 million percent ''. The Herald. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Inflation Over 900 Percent ''. ParaPundit. 4 May 2006. Jump up ^ Meldurm, Andrew ( 21 February 2006 ). `` Africa needs more courage, says Mugabe ''. The Guardian. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Gono ordered to print Z $1 Trillion for Civil servants and Army ''. Zimbabwe Daily News. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Mugabe says will print more money if there is n't enough ''. International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 28 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` RBZ provides $3 trillion for vote buying ''. The Zimbabwean. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 5 September 2007 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Lamb, Christina ( 2 March 2008 ). `` Planeloads of cash prop up Mugabe ''. The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Giesecke & Devrient halts deliveries to the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ''. Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Prinzregentenstr. 1 July 2008. Jump up ^ `` $100 billion for three eggs ''. The Herald Sun. 25 July 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe abandons its currency ''. BBC News. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ Mpofu, Bernard. `` Zimbabwe to use Chinese currency ''. NewsDay. Retrieved 30 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Press Statement : Demonetisation of the Zimbabwe Dollar '' ( PDF ). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Jump up ^ Reuters. `` That 'll be 175 quadrillion Zimbabwean dollars, please ''. The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Jump up ^ Marawanyika, Godfrey ; Wallace, Paul. `` 175 Quadrillion Zimbabwean Dollars Are Now Worth $5 ''. Bloomberg Business. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Banks pay out $7 m in Zim dollar compensation ''. The Herald. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2016 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Lawa, N. ( 3 June 2005 ). `` Coins to replace notes ''. The Zimbabwean. Archived from the original on 10 June 2005. Jump up ^ Tinashe, Moyana ( 2010 ). `` Exchange Rates ''. Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Daily Interbank Exchange Rates Z $ per US $ ''. Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. 31 July 2006. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Jump up ^ Thornycroft, Peta ( 11 July 2006 ). `` Bring on the wheelbarrows ''. The Daily Telegraph. Jump up ^ Gumbo, Joseph ( 26 July 2006 ). `` Bills Put Zimbabwe Under `` Martial Law '' ``. Institute for War and Peace. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Ndlela, Dumisani ( 8 September 2006 ). `` Forex still scarce ''. Zimbabwe Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` ZRP steals forex from tourists ''. The Zimbabwean. 14 September 2006 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Ndlela, Dumisani ( 29 September 2006 ). `` Zim dollar plumbs fresh depths ''. Zimbabwe Independent -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Black market rate continues to gallop ''. African News Dimension. 11 October 2006 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Wave of price hikes dampen hopes for recovery ''. Zimbabwe Online. 6 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` AirZim fee fuels currency black market ''. Zimbabwe Standard. 19 November 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimdollar takes heavy knock on black market ''. Zimbabwe Online. 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Mugabe, Makusha ( 24 December 2006 ). `` No Rice and Chicken This Christmas ''. African News Dimension. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Dollar drops as demand soars ''. The Zimbabwean. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Rukuni, Charles ( 18 January 2007 ). `` Zim dollar plumbs new depths ''. Financial Gazette. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Foreign currency parallel market rates shoot up ''. Zimbabwe Online. 20 January 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Zulu, Blessing ( 22 January 2007 ). `` Devaluation Talk Pushes Zimbabwe Dollar Down To Z $4,200 To USD ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Costs of ARVs spiral ''. IRIN. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Nyakazeya, Paul ( 2 February 2007 ). `` Zim dollar firms marginally ''. Zimbabwe Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Dzirutwe, MacDonald ( 11 February 2007 ). `` Analysis : Mugabe pressure rises as Zimbabwe economic woes spread ''. Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Nyakazeya, Paul ( 23 February 2007 ). `` AirZim hikes fares 100 % ''. Zimbabwe Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Murandu, Tsungai ( 27 February 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe central bank to devalue dollar ''. Zimbabwe Online. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Cross, Eddie ( 28 February 2007 ). `` The crisis intensifies ! ''. The Zimbabwe Situation. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ Shaw, Angus ( 1 March 2007 ). `` Little cheer from new Z $50 000 banknote in Zim ''. Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Raath, Jan ( 7 March 2007 ). `` Mugabe under threat from within his collapsing state ''. The Times. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Thornycroft, Peta ( 11 March 2007 ). `` Inflation forces citizens into mafia economy ''. Independent Online. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Ndlela, Dumisani ( 16 March 2007 ). `` Dollar touches $17 500 to greenback ''. Zimbabwe Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Muponda, Justin ( 19 March 2007 ). `` Inflation to hit 5,000 percent mark this year : IMF ''. Zimbabwe Online. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Opposition in Zimbabwe Mounts, Says U.S. Diplomat ''. The New York Times. 21 March 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Mugabe fighting for political life in behind - the - scenes ruling party power struggle ''. International Herald Tribune. 21 March 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Zulu, Blessing ( 26 March 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe Dollar In New Downward Spike Against Major Currencies ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Howden, Daniel ( 29 March 2007 ). `` Mugabe faces the music in Tanzania as police launch mass arrest of opponents ''. The Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Bloch, Eric ( 1 April 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe business committing hara - kiri ''. Zimbabwe Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Fuel Prices Tumble ''. The Herald. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Shaw, Angus ( 7 April 2007 ). `` Black Market Economy Thrives in Zimbabwe ''. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Across the border for sugar ''. IRIN. 10 April 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimdollar drop : speculators blamed ''. Zimbabwe Standard. 15 April 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Seria, Nasreen ; Mutizwa, Godfrey ( 26 April 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe Devalues Currency by 98 % to Boost Exports ''. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Golden leaf fails to boost forex earnings ''. The Zimbabwean. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Schrank, Peter ( 17 May 2007 ). `` Back to the dark ages ''. The Economist. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Dube, Pindai ; Ndlovu, Nqobani ( 20 May 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe dollar in for a hard time ''. Zimbabwe Standard. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Games, Dianna ( 21 May 2007 ). `` How life goes on for the super rich of Zimbabwe ''. Business Day. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Police ban march ''. Financial Gazette. 24 May 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` As services collapse, corruption flourishes ''. IRIN. 28 May 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe targets 25 pct mth / mth inflation by year - end ''. Reuters. 2 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Children left at home pay the price of migration ''. IRIN. 11 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Mugabe should resign ''. The Zimbabwean. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Gonda, Violet ( 19 June 2007 ). `` Will the economic collapse be the end of Mugabe ? ''. SW Radio Africa. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe currency crashes ; inflation as high as 9,000 % ''. CNN. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Karimakwenda, Tererai ( 22 June 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe dollars rejected as currency crashes ''. SW Radio Africa. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Wines, Michael ( 4 July 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe in disarray over inflation fight ''. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Reynolds, Neil ( 13 July 2007 ). `` A letter of despair from Zimbabwe ''. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Water shortages spur sharp rise in diarrhea, dysentery in Zimbabwe ''. International Herald Tribune. 20 August 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe devalues currency to 30,000 / dlr ''. Reuters. 6 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Nyakazeya, Paul ( 14 September 2007 ). `` Zim dollar weakens ''. Zimbabwe Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Not Enough Money to Feed the Hungry ''. UN Integrated Regional Information Networks. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Zulu, Blessing ( 25 September 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe Food, Transport Prices Soar While Local Currency Tumbles ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Johnson, Scott ( 28 September 2007 ). `` Decaying Nation ''. Newsweek. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Mpofu, Patricia ( 17 October 2007 ). `` Zim opposition wants police prosecuted for torture ''. Zimbabwe Online. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` 1 U.S. dollar buys 1 million Zimbabwe dollars on black market ''. International Herald Tribune. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Cross, Eddie ( 31 October 2007 ). `` Mugabenomics ''. Mens News Daily. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zim : War heroes & plenty zeros ''. Fin24. 13 November 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Of cash and dealers ''. IRIN. 23 November 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Makamure, Lucia ( 30 November 2007 ). `` Asylum - seekers face deportation from UK ''. Zimbabwe Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Muronzi, Chris ( 30 November 2007 ). `` Cash for sale in Zim ''. Fin24. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Zulu, Blessing ( 3 December 2007 ). `` Zimbabwe Dollar Crashes On Central Bank Plan To Issue New Notes ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Rusere, Patience ( 3 January 2008 ). `` Cash - Poor Zimbabweans Turn To Parallel Market To Procure Bank Notes ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Money for nothing ''. IRIN. 4 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zim dollar takes another dive ''. The Zimbabwean. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. ^ Jump up to : Mulozo, Calvin ( 28 February 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe Dollar Takes Heavy Knock ''. The Zimbabwe Gazette Daily News Online. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2016. Jump up ^ Kandemiiri, Jonga ( 24 January 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe Cash Crisis Eases But Local Currency Value Heads South ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Old Mutual Implied Rates ( OMIR ) as at 25 January 2008 '' ( PDF ). Bulls & Bears. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's inflation woes continue ''. Independent Online. 12 February 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. ^ Jump up to : Kaseke, Edith ( 21 February 2008 ). `` Dollar tumbles again, as one US unit trades at Z $20 million ''. Zimbabwe Online. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Lamb, Christina ( 2 March 2008 ). `` Planeloads of cash prop up Mugabe ''. The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe currency tumbles to record 25 million Zimbabwe dollars for one American dollar ''. International Herald Tribune. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Sokwanele ( 10 March 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe Business Watch : Week 11 ''. The Zimbabwe Situation. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` More cash makes food expensive ''. IRIN. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Cash shortage to ease, for now ''. The Zimbabwe Gazette Daily News Online. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2008. Jump up ^ Mafaro, Wayne ; Khumalo, Nqobizitha ( 17 April 2008 ). `` No let up in Zim crackdown on reporters ''. Zimbabwe Online. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Rukuni, Charles ( 24 April 2008 ). `` ZITF shows stark contrast in Zim ''. Financial Gazette. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Thornycroft, Peta ( 25 April 2008 ). `` Cry, Another Beloved Country ''. Newsweek. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. ^ Jump up to : `` Foreign Currency Auction System ''. Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Jump up ^ Dzirutwe, MacDonald ( 30 April 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe commercial bank eases foreign exchange rules ''. Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's currency gets more threadbare ''. Business Report. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Tinona, Peter ( 13 May 2008 ). `` The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe caves in to black market pressure ''. The Zimbabwean. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Sokwanele ( 15 May 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe Business Watch : Week 20 ''. The Zimbabwe Situation. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Send money to friends and family in Zimbabwe ''. Siyabonga-tatenda.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Zim Dollar Crashes ''. Zimbabwe Independent. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2016 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` OMIR ( US $ ) ''. Zimbabwean Equities.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Redirect to swradioafrica podcasts ( 1 ) ''. SW Radio Africa. Retrieved 23 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Redirect to swradioafrica podcasts ( 2 ) ''. SW Radio Africa. Retrieved 23 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` OMIR ( US $ ) ''. Zimbabwean Equities. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` World Currencies : Europe / Africa / Middle East ''. Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ `` FXConverter -- Currency Converter for 164 Currencies ''. Oanda Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Jump up ^ Dzirutwe, MacDonald ( 30 July 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe redenominates currency to ease crisis ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : RBZ Suspends RTGS Payment System ''. Zimbabwe Independent. 2 October 2008. Jump up ^ Gonda, Violet ( 13 November 2008 ). `` Reserve bank reinstates electronic transfers ''. SW Radio Africa. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Is this the end of Zimbabwe 's $1000 loaf of bread ? ''. Financial Times. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe licenses shops to accept foreign currency ''. Reuters. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Latham, Brian ( 30 September 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe Tobacco Season Officially Ends ; Deliveries Down 40 % ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Sebata, Lizwe ; Kaseke, Edith ( 3 October 2008 ). `` Political impasse sends Zimbabwe dollar tumbling ''. Zimbabwe Online. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` 50,000 - dollar banknote for inflation - wracked Zimbabwe ''. AFP. 11 October 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe power - sharing talks collapse ''. Monsters and Critics. 17 October 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe stock market up 257 percent in a day ''. CNN. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Okon - Ekong, Nseobong ( 20 October 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe 's Economic Crisis Worsens ''. Thisday. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Sibanda, Sibangani ( 24 October 2008 ). `` Why was Zimbabwe invited to Kampala ? ''. Zimbabwe Times. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Rusere, Patience ( 29 October 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe Central Banker Reports ' Concerted Efforts ' For Turnaround ''. Voice of America. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` The grey economy is the real one ''. IRIN. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Kandemiiri, Jonga ( 12 November 2008 ). `` Zimbabwe Prices In Stratosphere As Political Power - Sharing Falters ''. Voice of America. Archived from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ Gonda, Violet ( 13 November 2008 ). `` Reserve bank reinstates electronic transfers ''. SW Radio Africa. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` RTGS Not Functional ''. Radiovop. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ Site notice, Zimbabwean Equities, 19 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` New Zimbabwe bank limits trigger surge in prices ''. Agence de Presse Africaine. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` news ''. Google News. Retrieved 9 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe introduces $500 million note ''. CNN. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Online ''. The Chronicle. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cost of 3 papers in Zimbabwe : 1 $50 billion note ''. Fox News. 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe to launch 100 trillion dollar note : report ''. Reuters. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ Raath, Jan ( 23 January 2009 ). `` Unintended effect of Zimbabwe dollarization - no change ! ''. Monsters and Critics. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ Maingire, Raymond ( 22 January 2009 ). `` Teachers demand US $2200 minimum ''. Zimbabwe Times. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Harare teacher : ' I ca n't afford to work ' ''. BBC News. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010 -- via The Zimbabwe Situation. Jump up ^ `` Budget likely to show Mugabe 's desperation ''. Reuters. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Teachers Ca n't Afford to Report for Work ''. Bloomberg. 29 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` The United Nations Operational Rates of Exchange ''. United Nations. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zim trims 12 zeroes from trillion dollar note ''. Commodity Online.com. 2 February 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cash for Zimdollar notes, says RBZ ''. The Herald. Zimbabwe Newspapers ( 1980 ) Ltd. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ''. rbz.co.zw. Missing or empty url = ( help ) Further reading Krause, Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ). Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed. ). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501. Pick, Albert ( 1994 ). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed. ). Krause Publications. ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Money of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwean dollar Preceded by : Rhodesian dollar Reason : independence recognised Ratio : at par Currency of Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 -- 12 April 2009 Note : 1st dollar ( ZWD ) : 18 April 1980 to 21 August 2006 2nd dollar ( ZWN or 1 000 ZWD ) : 1 August 2006 to 31 December 2008 3rd dollar ( ZWR or 10 ZWN ) : 1 August 2008 to 12 April 2009 4th dollar ( ZWL or 10 ZWR ) : 2 February 2009 to 12 April 2009 Succeeded by : Hard currencies, Zimbabwean Bond Coins ( from 18 December 2014 ), and Zimbabwean Bond Notes ( from 28 November 2016 ) Reason : hyperinflation, resulting in the suspension of local currency Ratio : 250 ZWL = 1 USD Economy of Zimbabwe Currencies in circulation : US dollar ( For official Government transactions ), South African rand, Euro and Botswana pula Former currency : Zimbabwean dollar ( now defunct due to hyperinflation ) Economic history Economic history Industry and business Industrial history Trade and infrastructure Trade history Transportation Communications Postal Tourism Taxation Tax system Finance and banking Banking Currency / Banknotes Hyperinflation Economic - related topics Agriculture Demographics Development International rankings Categories List of Zimbabwe - related topics Currencies named dollar or similar Circulating Australian dollar Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Brunei dollar Canadian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cook Islands dollar Eastern Caribbean dollar Fijian dollar Guyanese dollar Hong Kong dollar Jamaican dollar Kiribati dollar Liberian dollar Namibian dollar New Zealand dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Surinamese dollar New Taiwan dollar Trinidad and Tobago dollar Tuvaluan dollar United States dollar Circulating, but renamed Chinese yuan Ethiopian birr Malaysian ringgit Obsolete Antigua dollar British Columbia dollar British North Borneo dollar British West Indies dollar Ceylonese rixdollar Confederate States dollar Continental dollar Danish rigsdaler Danish West Indian daler Danish West Indian rigsdaler Dominican dollar Dutch rijksdaalder Greenlandic rigsdaler Grenadan dollar Hawaiian dollar Japanese occupation dollar Kiautschou dollar Malaya and British Borneo dollar Malayan dollar Mauritian dollar Mongolian dollar Nevisian dollar New Brunswick dollar Newfoundland dollar Norwegian rigsdaler Norwegian speciedaler Nova Scotian dollar Penang dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Puerto Rican dollar Rhodesian dollar Saint Kitts dollar Saint Lucia dollar Saint Vincent dollar Sarawak dollar Sierra Leonean dollar Slovenian tolar Spanish dollar Straits dollar Sumatran dollar Swedish riksdaler Old Taiwan dollar Texas dollar Trinidadian dollar Tobagan dollar Zimbabwean dollar Noncirculating Marshall Islands dollar Nauru dollar Niue dollar Palau dollar Pitcairn Islands dollar Conceptual Eurodollar Petrodollar Geary -- Khamis dollar Virtual Linden dollar Project Entropia Dollar Fictional Angus Bucks Private Antarctican dollar Arizona dollar Calgary dollar Canadian Tire money Disney dollar Liberty dollar Salt Spring dollar Toronto dollar Bristol Pound See also Dollar sign Half dollar Holey dollar Thaler Tolar Trade dollar Zimbabwean bond coins Zimbabwean bond notes Currencies of Africa North Algerian dinar Egyptian pound Euro Plazas de soberanía Libyan dinar Mauritanian ouguiya Moroccan dirham Sahrawi peseta ( unrecognized ) Sudanese pound Tunisian dinar Central Angolan kwanza Burundian franc Central African CFA franc Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congolese franc Rwandan franc East Comorian franc Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Kenyan shilling Seychellois rupee Somali shilling Somaliland shilling ( unrecognized ) South Sudanese pound Tanzanian shilling Ugandan shilling South Botswana pula British pound sterling Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe Euro French Southern and Antarctic Lands Mayotte Réunion Zimbabwe Lesotho loti Malagasy ariary Malawian kwacha Mauritian rupee Mozambican metical Namibian dollar Saint Helena pound South African rand Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe Swazi lilangeni U.S. dollar Zimbabwe Zambian kwacha Zimbabwean dollar ( defunct due to hyperinflation since April 2009 ) Zimbabwean bond coins ( since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S. Cents ) Zimbabwean bond notes ( since 28 November 2016 - denominated in U.S. Dollars ) West Cape Verdean escudo Euro Canary Islands Madeira Gambian dalasi Ghanaian cedi Guinean franc Liberian dollar Nigerian naira São Tomé and Príncipe dobra Sierra Leonean leone West African CFA franc Benin Burkina Faso Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwean_dollar&oldid=845239939 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Dollar Currencies of Africa Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations Currencies of Zimbabwe Modern obsolete currencies 1980 establishments in Zimbabwe 2009 disestablishments in Zimbabwe Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Pages using web citations with no URL EngvarB from December 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - 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Question: when did the currencies of zimbabwe first come in circulation
Answer: 1980