Caucasus - wikipedia Caucasus This article is about the geographic region in Eurasia. For other uses, see Caucasus ( disambiguation ) and Caucasia ( disambiguation ). Caucasus Topography of the Caucasus Countries Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Russia Partially recognized countries Abkhazia Artsakh South Ossetia Autonomous republics and federal regions Russia Adygea Chechnya Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino - Balkaria Karachay - Cherkessia Krasnodar Krai North Ossetia - Alania Stavropol Krai Georgia Adjara Abkhazia ( since 2008, in exile ) Azerbaijan Nakhchivan Demonym Caucasian Time Zones UTC + 02 : 00, UTC + 03 : 00, UTC + 03 : 30, UTC + 4 : 00, UTC + 04 : 30 The Caucasus / ˈkɔːkəsəs / or Caucasia / kɔːˈkeɪʒə / is a region located at the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. A less common definition includes also portions of northwestern Iran and northeastern Turkey. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains including the Greater Caucasus mountain range, which acts as a natural barrier separating Eastern Europe from Western Asia, the latter including the Transcaucasia, Armenian Highland and Anatolia regions. Europe 's highest mountain, Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 metres ( 18,510 ft ) is located in the west part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range. The Caucasus region is separated into northern and southern parts -- the North Caucasus ( Ciscaucasus ) and Transcaucasus ( South Caucasus ), respectively. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is within the Russian Federation, while the Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, namely Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and partially recognized Republic of Artsakh. The region is known for its linguistic diversity : aside from Indo - European and Turkic languages, the Kartvelian, Northwest Caucasian, and Northeast Caucasian families are indigenous to the area. Contents 1 Toponymy 1.1 Endonyms and exonyms 2 Political geography 3 Demographics 4 History 4.1 Prehistory 4.2 Antiquity 4.3 Middle Ages 4.4 Modern period 4.5 Mythology 5 Ecology 6 Energy and mineral resources 7 Tourism 8 Sport 9 Cuisine 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Toponymy Pliny the Elder 's Natural History ( 77 -- 79 AD ) derives the name of the Caucasus from Scythian kroy - khasis ( `` ice - shining, white with snow '' ). German linguist Paul Kretschmer notes that the Latvian word Kruvesis also means `` ice ''. In the Tale of Past Years ( 1113 AD ), it is stated that Old East Slavic Кавкасийскыѣ горы ( Kavkasijskyě gory ) came from Ancient Greek Καύκασος ( Kaukasos ; later Greek pronunciation Kafkasos ) ), which, according to M.A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the `` Seagull 's Mountain '' ( καύ - : καύαξ, καύηξ, ηκος ο, κήξ, κηϋξ `` a kind of seagull '' + the reconstructed * κάσος η `` mountain '' or `` rock '' richly attested both in place and personal names. ) According to German philologists Otto Schrader and Alfons A. Nehring, the Ancient Greek word Καύκασος ( Kaukasos ) is connected to Gothic Hauhs ( `` high '' ) as well as Lithuanian Kaũkas ( `` hillock '' ) and Kaukarà ( `` hill, top '' ). British linguist Adrian Room points out that Kau - also means `` mountain '' in Pelasgian. The Transcaucasus region and Dagestan were the furthest points of Parthian and later Sasanian expansions, with areas to the north of the Greater Caucasus range practically impregnable. The mythological Mount Qaf, the world 's highest mountain that ancient Iranian lore shrouded in mystery, was said to be situated in this region. In Middle Persian sources of the Sasanian era, the Caucasus range was referred to as Kaf Kof. The term resurfaced in Iranian tradition later on in a variant form when Ferdowsi, in his Shahnameh, referred to the Caucasus mountains as Kōh - i Kāf. `` Most of the modern names of the Caucasus originate from the Greek Kaukasos ( Lat., Caucasus ) and the Middle Persian Kaf Kof ''. `` The earliest etymon '' of the name Caucasus comes from Kaz - kaz, the Hittite designation of the `` inhabitants of the southern coast of the Black Sea ''. It was also noted that in Nakh Ков гас ( Kov gas ) means `` gateway to steppe '' Mount Elbrus Endonyms and exonyms The modern name for the region is usually similar in the many languages, and is generally between Kavkaz and Kawkaz. Abkhazian : Кавказ Kavkaz Adyghe : Къаукъаз / с Kʺaukʺaz / s Azerbaijani : Qafqaz Arabic : القوقاز ‎ al - Qawqāz Armenian : Կովկաս Kovkas Avar : Кавказ Kawkaz Chechen : Кавказ Kavkaz Georgian : კავკასია K'avk'asia German : Kaukasien Greek : Καύκασος Káfkasos Hebrew : קווקז ‎ Qavqaz Ingush : Кавказ Kawkaz Karachay - Balkar : Кавказ Kavkaz Kumyk : Къавкъаз Qawqaz Kurdish : Qefqasya / Qefqas ‎ Lak : Ккавкказ Kkawkkaz Lezgian : Къавкъаз K'awk'az Mingrelian : კავკაცია K'avk'acia Ossetian : Кавказ Kavkaz Persian : قفقاز ‎ Qafqāz Russian : Кавказ Kavkaz Rutul : Qawqaz Kavkaz Turkish : Kafkaslar / Kafkasya Ukrainian : Кавказ Kavkaz Political geography The North Caucasus region is known as the Ciscaucasus, whereas the South Caucasus region is commonly known as the Transcaucasus. Political map of the Caucasus region ( 2008 ) The Ciscaucasus contains most of the Greater Caucasus mountain range. It consists of Southern Russia, mainly the North Caucasian Federal District 's autonomous republics, and the northernmost parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan. The Ciscaucasus lies between the Black Sea to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and borders the Southern Federal District to its north. The two Federal Districts are collectively referred to as `` Southern Russia. '' The Transcaucasus borders the Greater Caucasus range and Southern Russia to its north, the Black Sea and Turkey to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and Iran to its south. It contains the Lesser Caucasus mountain range and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia, Azerbaijan ( excluding the northernmost parts ) and Georgia ( excluding the northernmost parts ) are in the South Caucasus. The watershed along the Greater Caucasus range is generally perceived to be the dividing line between Europe and Southwest Asia. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus ( 5,642 meters ) located in western Ciscaucasus, and is considered as the highest point in Europe. The Caucasus is one of the most linguistically and culturally diverse regions on Earth. The nation states that comprise the Caucasus today are the post-Soviet states Georgia ( including Adjara ), Azerbaijan ( including Nakhchivan ), Armenia, and the Russian Federation. The Russian divisions include Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia -- Alania, Kabardino -- Balkaria, Karachay -- Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai, in clockwise order. Three territories in the region claim independence but are recognised as such by only a handful or by no independent UN countries : Artsakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Abkhazia and South Ossetia are recognised by the majority of countries as part of Georgia, and Artsakh as part of Azerbaijan. Chechnya 's capital Grozny Armenia 's capital Yerevan Georgia 's capital Tbilisi Azerbaijan 's capital Baku Demographics Main article : Peoples of the Caucasus Further information : Languages of the Caucasus This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2018 ) Ethno - linguistic groups in the Caucasus region The region has many different languages and language families. There are more than 50 ethnic groups living in the region. No fewer than three language families are unique to the area. In addition, Indo - European languages, such as Armenian and Ossetian, and Turkic languages, such as Azerbaijani, Kumyk language and Karachay -- Balkar, are spoken in the area. Russian is used as a lingua franca most notably in the North Caucasus. The peoples of the northern and southern Caucasus tend to be either Sunni Muslims, Eastern Orthodox Christians and Armenian Christians. Twelver Shi'ism has many adherents in the southeastern part of the region, in Azerbaijan which extends into Iran. History Further information : History of the Caucasus Located on the peripheries of Turkey, Iran, and Russia, the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history, the Caucasus was usually incorporated into the Iranian world. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered the territory from Qajar Iran. Pre-History Petroglyphs in Gobustan, Azerbaijan, dating back to 10,000 BC. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The territory of the Caucasus region was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era. In 1991, early human ( that is, hominin ) fossils dating back 1.8 million years were found at the Dmanisi archaeological site in Georgia. Scientists now classify the assemblage of fossil skeletons as the subspecies Homo erectus georgicus. The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for presence of early humans outside the African continent ; and the Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest hominins ever found outside Africa, thereby doubling the presumed age of the human migration outside the continent. Antiquity This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2017 ) Kura -- Araxes culture from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC enveloped a vast area approximately 1,000 km by 500 km, and mostly encompassed, on modern - day territories, the Southern Caucasus ( except western Georgia ), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria. Under Ashurbanipal ( 669 -- 627 BC ) the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as the Caucasus Mountains. Later ancient kingdoms of the region included Armenia, Albania, Colchis and Iberia, among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various Iranian empires, including Media, the Achaemenid Empire, Parthia, and the Sassanid Empire, who would altogether rule the Caucasus for many hundreds of years. In 95 -- 55 BC under the reign of Armenian king Tigranes the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia included Kingdom of Armenia, vassals Iberia, Albania, Parthia, Atropatene, Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Syria, Nabataean kingdom, and Judea. By the time of the first century BC, Zoroastrianism had become the dominant religion of the region ; however, the region would go through two other religious transformations. Owing to the strong rivalry between Persia and Rome, and later Byzantium, the latter would invade the region several times, although it was never able to hold the region. Middle Ages Kingdom of Georgia at the peak of its might, early 13th century. As the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia ( an eponymous branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia ) was the first nation to adopt Christianity as state religion ( in 301 AD ), and Caucasian Albania and Georgia had become Christian entities, Christianity began to overtake Zoroastrianism and pagan beliefs. With the Muslim conquest of Persia, large parts of the region came under the rule of the Arabs, and Islam penetrated into the region. In the 10th century, the Alans ( proto - Ossetians ) founded the Kingdom of Alania, that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter - day Circassia and modern North Ossetia -- Alania, until its destruction by the Mongol invasion in 1238 -- 39. During the Middle Ages Bagratid Armenia, Kingdom of Tashir - Dzoraget, Kingdom of Syunik and Principality of Khachen organized local Armenian population facing multiple threats after the fall of antique Kingdom of Armenia. Caucasian Albania maintained close ties with Armenia and the Church of Caucasian Albania shared same Christian dogmas with the Armenian Apostolic Church and had a tradition of their Catholicos being ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia. In the 12th century, the Georgian king David the Builder drove the Muslims out from Caucasus and made the Kingdom of Georgia a strong regional power. In 1194 -- 1204 Georgian Queen Tamar 's armies crushed new Seljuk Turkish invasions from the south - east and south and launched several successful campaigns into Seljuk Turkish - controlled Southern Armenia. The Georgian Kingdom continued military campaigns in the Caucasus region. As a result of her military campaigns and the temporary fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, Georgia became the strongest Christian state in the whole Near East area, encompassing most of the Caucasus stretching from Northern Iran and Northeastern Turkey to the North Caucasus. The Caucasus region was conquered by the Ottomans, Mongols, local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again, Iran. Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia, original building completed in 303 AD, a religious centre of Armenia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Georgia, original building completed in the 4th century. It was a religious centre of monarchical Georgia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Northwest Caucasus caftan, 8 - 10th century, from the region of Alania. Svaneti defensive tower houses Modern period Circassian strike on a Russian military fort in Caucasus, 1840 Dagestani man and woman Up to including the early 19th century, the Southern Caucasus and southern Dagestan all formed part of the Persian Empire. In 1813 and 1828 by the Treaty of Gulistan and the Treaty of Turkmenchay respectively, the Persians were forced to irrevocably cede the Southern Caucasus and Dagestan to Imperial Russia. In the ensuing years after these gains, the Russians took the remaining part of the Southern Caucasus, comprising western Georgia, through several wars from the Ottoman Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire also conquered the Northern Caucasus. In the aftermath of the Caucasian Wars, an ethnic cleansing of Circassians was performed by Russia in which the indigenous peoples of this region, mostly Circassians, were expelled from their homeland and forced to move primarily to the Ottoman Empire. In the 1940s, around 480,000 Chechens and Ingush, 120,000 Karachay -- Balkars and Meskhetian Turks, thousands of Kalmyks, and 200,000 Kurds in Nakchivan and Caucasus Germans were deported en masse to Central Asia and Siberia. About a quarter of them died. The Southern Caucasus region was unified as a single political entity twice -- during the Russian Civil War ( Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic ) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule ( Transcaucasian SFSR ) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia became independent nations. The region has been subject to various territorial disputes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the Nagorno - Karabakh War ( 1988 -- 1994 ), the East Prigorodny Conflict ( 1989 -- 1991 ), the War in Abkhazia ( 1992 -- 93 ), the First Chechen War ( 1994 -- 1996 ), the Second Chechen War ( 1999 -- 2009 ), and the 2008 South Ossetia War. Mythology In Greek mythology the Caucasus, or Kaukasos, was one of the pillars supporting the world. After presenting man with the gift of fire, Prometheus ( or Amirani in Georgian version ) was chained there by Zeus, to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle as punishment for defying Zeus ' wish to keep the `` secret of fire '' from humans. In Persian mythology the Caucasus might be associated with the mythic Mount Qaf which is believed to surround the known world. It is the battlefield of Saoshyant and the nest of the Simurgh. The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and depicted it as a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger. The Greek hero Jason sailed to the west coast of the Caucasus in pursuit of the Golden Fleece, and there met Medea, a daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis. Ecology View of the Caucasus Mountains in Dagestan, Russia The Caucasus is an area of great ecological importance. The region is included in the list of 34 world biodiversity hotspots. It harbors some 6400 species of higher plants, 1600 of which are endemic to the region. Its wildlife includes Persian leopards, brown bears, wolves, bison, marals, golden eagles and hooded crows. Among invertebrates, some 1000 spider species are recorded in the Caucasus. Most of arthropod biodiversity is concentrated on Great and Lesser Caucasus ranges. The region has a high level of endemism and a number of relict animals and plants, the fact reflecting presence of refugial forests, which survived the Ice Age in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus forest refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian ( near Eastern ) region. The area has multiple representatives of disjunct relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are Caucasian parsley frog, Caucasian salamander, Robert 's snow vole, and Caucasian grouse, and there are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus Darevskia. In general, species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia. The natural landscape is one of mixed forest, with substantial areas of rocky ground above the treeline. The Caucasus Mountains are also noted for a dog breed, the Caucasian Shepherd Dog ( Rus. Kavkazskaya Ovcharka, Geo. Nagazi ). Vincent Evans noted that minke whales have been recorded from the Black Sea. Energy and mineral resources Caucasus has many economically important minerals and energy resources, such as alunite, gold, chromium, copper, iron ore, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, lead, tungsten, uranium, zinc, oil, natural gas, and coal ( both hard and brown ). Tourism Main articles : Caucasian Riviera, Sochi, and Derbent Sport RusSki Gorki Jumping Center in Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics venue, Sochi, Russia. Krasnaya Polyana -- a popular centre of mountain skiing and a 2015 European Games snowboard venue. The first in the history of the European Games to be held in Azerbaijan. Mountain - skiing complexes : Alpika - Service Mountain roundabout Rosa Hutor Tsaghkadzor Ski Resort in Armenia Shahdag Winter Complex in Azerbaijan The Azerbaijan Grand Prix ( motor racing ) venue was the first in the history of Formula One to be held in Azerbaijan The Rugby World Cup U20 ( rugby ) was in Georgia ( country ) 2017 Cuisine Main article : Caucasian cuisine See also Geography portal Asia portal Europe portal Book : Caucasus Khanates of the Caucasus Culture of Armenia Culture of Azerbaijan Culture of Georgia ( country ) Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations Eastern Europe Eastern Partnership Euronest Parliamentary Assembly Eurasian Economic Union Islam in Russia Prometheism Regions of Europe Transcontinental nations Transcaucasia References ^ Jump up to : Caucasus in Encyclopedia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Where Is the Caucasus ? '' Jump up ^ `` The South Caucasus Region by the Caspian Sea '' Jump up ^ `` Natural History, '' book six, chap. 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The Dmanisi bones may have belonged to an early Homo erectus which lived in Georgia before moving on to the rest of Europe. Jump up ^ Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, G.P., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., et al. ( 2002 ). A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science, 297 : 85 -- 9. Jump up ^ Perkins, Sid ( 2013 ). `` Skull suggests three early human species were one ''. nature.com. doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2013.13972. Jump up ^ Hunter, Shireen ; et al. ( 2004 ). Islam in Russia : The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. (... ) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. Jump up ^ `` Яндекс. Словари ''. yandex.ru. Jump up ^ `` Caucasian Albanian Church celebrates its 1700th Anniversary ''. The Georgian Church for English Speakers. 2013 - 08 - 09. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02. Jump up ^ Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond pp 728 -- 730 ABC - CLIO, 2 dec. 2014. ISBN 978 - 1598849486 Jump up ^ Suny, page 64 Jump up ^ Allen F. Chew. `` An Atlas of Russian History : Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders '', Yale University Press, 1970, p. 74 Jump up ^ Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. Caucasus Survey, April 2014. p. 3 Jump up ^ Memoirs of Miliutin, `` the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse ( ochistit ' ) the mountain zone of its indigenous population '', per Richmond, W. The Northwest Caucasus : Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. 2008. Jump up ^ Weitz, Eric D. ( 2003 ). A century of genocide : utopias of race and nation. Princeton University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0 - 691 - 00913 - 9. Jump up ^ Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A, Kandaurov A, Tarkhnishvili D. 2004. Caucasus. In : Mittermaier RA, Gil PG, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermaier CG, Lamoreux J, da Fonseca GAB, eds. Hotspots revisited, Earth 's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Sierra Madre : CEMEX / Agrupacion Sierra Madre, 148 -- 153 Jump up ^ `` WWF -- The Caucasus : A biodiversity hotspot ''. panda.org. Jump up ^ `` Endemic Species of the Caucasus ''. Jump up ^ `` A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus ''. Caucasian Spiders. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010. ^ Jump up to : Chaladze, G. ; Otto, S. ; Tramp, S. ( 2014 ). `` A spider diversity model for the Caucasus Ecoregion ''. Journal of Insect Conservation. 18 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 416. doi : 10.1007 / s10841 - 014 - 9649 - 1. Jump up ^ van Zeist W, Bottema S. 1991. Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East. Wiesbaden : Reichert. ^ Jump up to : Tarkhnishvili, D. ; Gavashelishvili, A. ; Mumladze, L. ( 2012 ). `` Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species ''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 105 : 231. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2011. 01788. x. Jump up ^ Milne RI. 2004. `` Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhododendron subsection Pontica, a group with a Tertiary relict distribution ''. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 : 389 -- 401. Jump up ^ Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. 1999. `` Adjara, East Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation ''. In : Ohsawa M, Wildpret W, Arco MD, eds. Anaga Cloud Forest, a comparative study on evergreen broad - leaved forests and trees of the Canary Islands and Japan. Chiba : Chiba University Publications, 297 -- 315. Jump up ^ Denk T, Frotzler N, Davitashvili N. 2001. `` Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia Transcaucasia ''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72 : 287 -- 332. Jump up ^ Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D. 2011. `` Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia : patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium ''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102 : 239 -- 250 Jump up ^ The Status of Cetaceans in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea Jump up ^ Horwood, Joseph ( 1989 ). Biology and Exploitation of the Minke Whale. p. 27. Jump up ^ `` Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas '' ( pdf ). 2003 : 219 -- 232. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21. http://site.rugby.ge/ka-ge/news-view/?newsid=4416&callerModID=17364 Sources Caucasus : A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam, by Nicholas Griffin Small Nations and Great Powers : A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, by Svante E. Cornell The Caucasus, by Ivan Golovin Suny, Ronald Grigor ( 1994 ). The Making of the Georgian Nation ( 2nd ed. ). Indiana University Press. ISBN 0 - 253 - 20915 - 3. de Waal, Thomas ( 2010 ). The Caucasus : An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 539977 - 3 Coene, Frederick ( 2009 ). The Caucasus : An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48660 - 6 Further reading Nikolai F. Dubrovin. The history of wars and Russian domination in the Caucasus ( История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе ). Sankt - Petersburg, 1871 -- 1888, at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats. Gagarin, G.G. Costumes Caucasus ( Костюмы Кавказа ). Paris, 1840, at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats. Gasimov, Zaur : The Caucasus, European History Online, Mainz : Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved : November 18, 2011. Rostislav A. Fadeev. Sixty years of the Caucasian War ( Шестьдесят лет Кавказской войны ). Tiflis, 1860, at Runivers.ru in DjVu format. Kaziev Shapi. Caucasian highlanders ( Повседневная жизнь горцев Северного Кавказа в XIX в. ). Everyday life of the Caucasian Highlanders. The 19th Century ( In the co-authorship with I. Karpeev ). `` Molodaya Gvardiy '' publishers. Moscow, 2003. ISBN 5 - 235 - 02585 - 7 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caucasus. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Caucasus. Articles and Photography on Artsakh ( Nagorno - Karabakh ) from UK Photojournalist Russell Pollard Information for travellers and others about Caucasus and Georgia Caucasian Review of International Affairs -- an academic journal on the South Caucasus BBC News : North Caucasus at a glance, 8 September 2005 United Nations Environment Programme map : Landcover of the Caucasus United Nations Environment Programme map : Population density of the Caucasus Food Security in Caucasus ( FAO ) Caucasus and Iran entry in Encyclopædia Iranica University of Turin - Observatory on Caucasus Circassians Caucasus Web ( Turkish ) Georgian Biodiversity Database ( checklists for ca. 11,000 plant and animal species ) Coordinates : 42 ° 15 ′ 40 '' N 44 ° 07 ′ 16 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 42.26111 ° N 44.12111 ° E ﻿ / 42.26111 ; 44.12111 Countries and regions of the Caucasus Abkhazia Adjara Adygea Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Chechnya Dagestan Georgia Ingushetia Kabardino - Balkaria Karachay - Cherkessia Krasnodar Krai Nakhchivan North Ossetia - Alania South Ossetia Stavropol Krai Partially - recognized states Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Ifriqiya Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia 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Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav 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Question: where are the caucasus located on a map
Answer: at the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia