John Doe - wikipedia John Doe For other uses, see John Doe ( disambiguation ). `` Jane Doe '' redirects here. For other uses, see Jane Doe ( disambiguation ). `` John Doe '', `` John Roe '' or `` Richard Roe '' ( for men ), `` Jane Doe '' or `` Jane Roe '' ( for women ), and `` Baby Doe '', `` Janie Doe '' or `` Johnny Doe '' ( for children ), or just `` Doe '' or `` Roe '' are multiple - use names that have two distinct usages. Firstly, and especially in the United States, Canada and Ireland, they may refer to an unidentified person, or a party in a legal action whose identity is being withheld officially. In the context of law enforcement in the United States, such names are often used to refer to a corpse whose identity is unknown or unconfirmed. Secondly, such names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical `` everyman '' in other contexts, in a manner similar to `` John Q. Public '' or `` Joe Public ''. In other English - speaking countries, unique placeholder names, numbers and / or codenames have become more often used in the context of police investigations. This has included the United Kingdom, where usage of `` John Doe '' originated during the Middle Ages. However, the legal term John Doe injunction ( or John Doe Order ), has survived in English law and other legal systems influenced by it. Other names used informally such as `` Joe Bloggs '' or `` John Smith '' have sometimes been informally used as placeholders for an everyman in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, such names are seldom used in legal or police circles in the same sense as John Doe. Well - known legal cases named after placeholders include : the landmark 1973 US Supreme Court decision regarding abortion : Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) and ; the civil cases McKeogh v. John Doe ( Ireland ; 2012 ) and Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I ( California ; 2015 ). Use of `` John Doe '' in the sense of an everyman, includes : the 1941 film Meet John Doe and ; the 2002 US television series John Doe. Contents 1 History 2 Other variants 3 Famous court cases 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History Under the legal terminology of Ancient Rome, the names `` Numerius Negidius '' and `` Aulus Agerius '' were used in relation to hypothetical defendants and plaintiffs. The name `` John Doe '' ( or `` John Doo '' ), `` Richard Roe, '' along with `` John Roe '', were regularly invoked in English legal instruments to satisfy technical requirements governing standing and jurisdiction, beginning perhaps as early as the reign of England 's King Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ). Other fictitious names for a person involved in litigation in medieval English law were `` John Noakes '' ( or `` Nokes '' ) and `` John - a-Stiles '' ( or `` John Stiles '' ). The Oxford English Dictionary states that John Doe is `` the name given to the fictitious lessee of the plaintiff, in the ( now obsolete in the UK ) mixed action of ejectment, the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe ''. This usage is mocked in the 1834 English song `` John Doe and Richard Roe '' : Two giants live in Britain 's land, John Doe and Richard Roe, Who always travel hand in hand, John Doe and Richard Roe. Their fee - faw - fum 's an ancient plan To smell the purse of an Englishman, And, ' ecod, they 'll suck it all they can, John Doe and Richard Roe... This particular use became obsolete in the UK in 1852 : As is well known, the device of involving real people as notional lessees and ejectors was used to enable freeholders to sue the real ejectors. These were then replaced by the fictional characters John Doe and Richard Roe. Eventually the medieval remedies were ( mostly ) abolished by the Real Property Limitation Act of 1833 ; the fictional characters of John Doe and Richard Roe by the Common Law Procedure Act 1852 ; and the forms of action themselves by the Judicature Acts 1873 -- 75. '' Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs ( Respondent ) v Meier and another ( FC ) ( Appellant ) and others and another ( FC ) ( Appellant ) and another ( 2009 ). In the UK, usage of `` John Doe '' survives mainly in the form of John Doe Injunction or John Doe Order ( see above ). 8.02 If an unknown person has possession of the confidential personal information and is threatening to disclose it, a ' John Doe ' injunction may be sought against that person. The first time this form of injunction was used since 1852 in the United Kingdom was in 2005 when lawyers acting for JK Rowling and her publishers obtained an interim order against an unidentified person who had offered to sell chapters of a stolen copy of an unpublished Harry Potter novel to the media. Unlike the United States, the name `` John Doe '' does not actually appear in the formal name of the case, for example : X & Y v Persons Unknown ( 2007 ) HRLR 4. Well - known cases of unidentified corpses include `` Cali Doe '' ( 1979 ) and `` Princess Doe '' ( 1982 ). The baby victim in a 2001 murder case in Kansas City, Missouri, was referred to as Precious Doe. In 2009, the New York Times reported the difficulties and unwanted attention experienced by a man actually named John Doe, who had often been suspected of using a pseudonym. He had been questioned repeatedly by airport security staff and suspected of being an incognito celebrity. Other variants In cases where a large number of unidentified individuals are mentioned, numbers may be appended, such as `` Doe # 2 '' or `` Doe II ''. Operation Delego ( 2009 ), which targeted an international child sexual abuse ring, cited 21 numbered `` John Does '', as well as well as other people known by the surnames `` Doe '', `` Roe '', and `` Poe ''. `` John Stiles '', `` Richard Miles '' have been used for the third and fourth participants in an action. `` Mary Major '' has been used in some federal cases in the US. `` James Doe '' and `` Judy Doe '' are among other common variants. Less often, other surnames ending in - oe have been used when more than two unknown or unidentified persons are named in U.S. court proceedings, e.g., Poe v. Snyder, 834 F. Supp. 2d 721 ( W.D. Mich. 2011 ), whose full style is Jane Poe, John Doe, Richard Roe, Robert Roe, Mark Moe, Larry Loe, Degage Ministries, and Mel Trotter Ministries, Plaintiffs, v. Rick Snyder, Governor of the State of Michigan, Bill Schuette, Attorney General of the State of Michigan, Kriste Etue, Director of the Michigan State Police, William Forsyth, Kent County Prosecutor, in their official capacities, Defendants and ; Friedman v. Ferguson, No. 87 - 3758, unpublished disposition, 850 F. 2d 689 ( 4th Cir., 29 June 1988 ), whose full style is Wilbur H. Friedman, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. Thomas B. FERGUSON, Director, Department of Animal Control, a State Actor, In His Official and Individual Capacities ; Brett Boe ; Carla Coe ; Donna Doe ; Frank Foe ; Grace Goe ; Harry Hoe ; State Actors, Advisors To Defendant Ferguson, In Their Official and Individual Capacities ( identities currently unknown ) ; Marta Moe ; Norma Noe ; Paula Poe ; Ralph Roe ; Sammy Soe ; Tommy Toe ; Private Individuals Who Conspired With the Foregoing State Actors ( identities currently unknown ) ; Roger W. Galvin, Chairman, Animal Matters Hearing Board ; Vince Voe ; William Woe ; Xerxes Xoe ; Members of the Animal Matters Hearing Board, State Actors, In Their Official and Individual Capacities ( identities currently unknown ), Defendants - Appellees. In Massachusetts, `` Mary Moe '' is used to refer to pregnant women under the age of 18 petitioning the Superior Court for a judicial bypass exception to the parental consent requirement for abortion. `` Mary Moe '' is also used to refer to such cases generally, i.e. `` Mary Moe cases. '' Sometimes `` Mary Doe '' may be used for the individuals. Parallels in other countries include : `` Ashok Kumar '' has been used in court cases in India ; the abbreviation N.N., which is commonly used in European legal systems, as an abbreviation for Latin terms such as nomen nescio ( `` I do not know the name '' ) in Belgium, Germany, Italy and Serbia and ; nomen nominandum ( `` the name must be mentioned '' ) in the Netherlands. Since 1903 a hypothetical `` ordinary and reasonable person '' has often been known, in the legal parlance of the UK and other Commonwealth countries as `` the man on the Clapham omnibus ''. Famous Court cases The landmark 1973 abortion cases Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton get their names from anonymous plaintiffs later revealed to be, respectively, Norma McCorvey and Sandra Cano. A Toronto woman, publicly known only as Jane Doe, waged an 11 - year court battle against the Toronto Police Service after being raped in 1986, alleging that the police had used her as bait to catch the Balcony Rapist. She won the case in 1998, and was named Chatelaine 's Woman of the Year that year. She published a book about her experience, The Story of Jane Doe : A Book about Rape, in 2003. A Doe subpoena is an investigatory tool that a plaintiff may use to seek the identity of an unknown defendant. Doe subpoenas are often served on online service providers and ISPs to obtain the identity of the author of an anonymous post. Serial killer Richard Laurence Marquette confessed to the murder of an unknown woman identified only as Jane Doe. File sharing websites were blocked in India on 21 July 2011 on some ISPs including Bharti Airtel, BSNL, and Reliance Communications, because Reliance BIG Pictures got a `` John Doe '' order from Delhi High Court allowing them to serve cease and desist notices on people illegally redistributing the film Singham. This allegedly brought down copyright infringement of the film by 30 %. On 29 August 2011 Reliance Entertainment procured a ' John Doe ' order from the Delhi High Court to prevent the illegal broadcast or streaming of its upcoming film Bodyguard. This order gives protection to the intellectual property owner, Reliance Entertainment, from copyright violation by prospective anonymous offenders. The use and selection of pseudonyms is not standardized in U.S. courts and the practice itself is opposed on legal grounds by some and was rare prior to 1969. `` Currently there are no court rules about pseudonym use. The rules of civil procedure,... are silent on the matter... '' `` Rule of Civil Procedure 10 ( a ) reads, '... In the complaint, the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties... ' The rule contains no guidance as to what parties should do to keep their names confidential. '' `` Prior to... 1969, only one Supreme Court case, three court of appeals ' decisions, and one district court decision in the previous quarter - century featured an anonymous individual as the sole or lead plaintiff. Between 1969 and January 22, 1973, the date when the Supreme Court decided Roe and Doe, there were twenty - one district court and two court of appeals decisions featuring anonymous plaintiffs. '' On March 10, 2015, HTG Capital Partners LLC filed a federal lawsuit against unnamed `` spoofers, '' which the suit referred to as John Doe ( s ), in the hopes of getting a judge to force the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to reveal the names of the firms. HTG said it had found evidence of thousands of such manipulations over 2013 and 2014. '' In November 2016, a woman only identified as `` Jane Doe '' abandoned plans to go public about allegedly being raped by Donald Trump. In October 2017, an unidentified minor Jane Doe detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement sued to enjoin the government from obstructing her access to abortion in Garza v. Hargan. See also Israel Israeli Average Joe Rudolf Lingens Joe Shmoe Tom, Dick and Harry Mr. X Blackacre Multiple - use name Nomen nescio Foo References Jump up ^ `` Twitched Indictment '' ( PDF ). Justice.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : McKeogh v. John Doe Jump up ^ `` Obtaining a John Doe order ''. PressGazette. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I ''. Justia Dockets & Filings. Jump up ^ What 's In A Name. Merriam - Webster. 1996. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 613 - 8. Jump up ^ `` World Wide Words -- John DoeZ ''. Worldwidewords.org. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ The Universal Songster : Or, Museum of Mirth : Forming the Most Complete, Extensive, and Valuable Collection of Ancient and Modern Songs in the English Language, with a Copious and Classified Index, Volume 1. London : Jones and Company. 1827. p. 378. Retrieved 18 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Decided Cases ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ). Supremecourt.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` THE LAW OF PROFESSIONAL - CLIENT CONFIDENTIALITY : Regulating the Disclosure of Confidential Personal Information, Update ''. Uea.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2003. Jump up ^ `` Uncorrected Evidence 75 ''. Publications.parliament.uk. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ Goldblatt, Jeff ( 8 August 2002 ). `` Slain Mystery Girl Brings Community Together ''. FOX News Network. Retrieved 30 June 2006. Jump up ^ Alison Leigh Cowan ( 29 July 2009 ). `` Meet John Doe. No, really ! ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2009. Jump up ^ Quinion M ( 15 March 2003 ). `` John Doe ''. World Wide Words. Retrieved 26 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Poe v. Snyder ''. www.leagle.com. Jump up ^ `` Friedman v. Ferguson ''. Law.justia.com. Jump up ^ Note that the plaintiff - appellant Friedman represented himself, so his use of fictitious names may not reflect legal custom. Jump up ^ `` Superior Court Standing Order 5 - 81 : Uniform Procedures Regarding Petitions for Abortion Authorization under G.L. c. 112, § 12 ''. Massachusetts Superior Court. 1 Oct 1988. Retrieved 18 Dec 2017. Jump up ^ R Balaji ( 29 March 2012 ). `` ' Kolaveri ' against piracy ''. The Hindu Business Line. Jump up ^ McQuire v Western Morning News ( 1903 ) 2 K.B. 100 at 109 per Collins MR. Jump up ^ Room, Richard, ed. ( 1996 ), Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( 15th ed. ), Cassell, p. 761, ISBN 0062701339 Jump up ^ `` Who is JANE DOE ? ''. Walnet.org. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ See, for example, Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe, `` 775 A. 2d 756 ''. ( N.J. App. Div. 2001 ) ; Krinsky v. Doe 6, `` 159 Cal. App. 4th 1154 ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ). ( 2008 ). Jump up ^ Nikhil Pahwa. `` Update : Files Sharing Sites Blocked In India Because Reliance BIG Pictures Got A Court Order ''. MediaNama. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` ' John Doe Order ' for BODYGUARD to curb its piracy ''. Bollywoodtrade.com. 29 August 2011. Jump up ^ Donald P. Balla. `` John Doe Is Alive and Well : Designing Pseudonym Use in American Courts '' ( PDF ). Arkansas Law Review. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Jump up ^ Milani, Adam A. `` DOE V. ROE : AN ARGUMENT FOR DEFENDANT ANONYMITY WHEN A PSEUDONYMOUS PLAINTIFF ALLEGES A STIGMATIZING INTENTIONAL TORT ''. Lexisnexis.com. Retrieved 18 February 2012. Jump up ^ Bradely Hope. `` Was ' John Doe ' Manipulating Treasury Futures ? New Lawsuit Says Yes ''. Jump up ^ Carroll, Rory ( 3 November 2016 ). `` Woman accusing Trump of raping her at 13 cancels her plan to go public ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FBI Victims Identification Project. PDF Operation Delego indictment featuring twenty John Does. Accessed 8 January 2014. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Doe&oldid=815964022 '' Categories : Placeholder names Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Brezhoneg Deutsch Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 10 : 24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: why do they use john doe and jane doe
Answer: refer to an unidentified person