Great Oxygenation Event - wikipedia Great Oxygenation Event O build - up in the Earth 's atmosphere. Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago ( Ga ). Stage 1 ( 3.85 -- 2.45 Ga ) : Practically no O in the atmosphere. The oceans were also largely anoxic with the possible exception of O gases in the shallow oceans. Stage 2 ( 2.45 -- 1.85 Ga ) : O produced, and rose to values of 0.02 and 0.04 atm, but absorbed in oceans and seabed rock. Stage 3 ( 1.85 -- 0.85 Ga ) : O starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces. There was no significant change in terms of oxygen level. Stages 4 and 5 ( 0.85 -- present ) : O sinks filled and the gas accumulates. The Great Oxygenation Event, the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event ( GOE, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust, Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation ) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen ( O ) in Earth 's atmosphere. Geological, isotopic, and chemical evidence suggest that this major environmental change happened around 2.45 billion years ago ( 2.45 Ga ), during the Siderian period, at the beginning of the Proterozoic eon. The causes of the event are not clear. The current geochemical and biomarker evidence for the development of oxygenic photosynthesis before the Great Oxidation Event has been mostly inconclusive. Oceanic cyanobacteria, which evolved into coordinated ( but not multicellular or even colonial ) macroscopic forms more than 2.3 billion years ago ( approximately 200 million years before the GOE ), are believed to have become the first microbes to produce oxygen by photosynthesis. Before the GOE, any free oxygen they produced was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter. The GOE started when these oxygen sinks became saturated, at which point oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria was free to escape into the atmosphere. Cyanobacteria : Responsible for the buildup of oxygen in the earth 's atmosphere The increased production of oxygen set Earth 's original atmosphere off balance. Free oxygen is toxic to obligate anaerobic organisms, and the rising concentrations may have destroyed most such organisms at the time. Cyanobacteria were therefore responsible for one of the most significant mass extinctions in Earth 's history. Besides marine cyanobacteria, there is also evidence of cyanobacteria on land. A spike in chromium contained in ancient rock deposits formed underwater shows the accumulation had been washed off from the continental shelves. Chromium is not easily dissolved and its release from rocks would have required the presence of a powerful acid. One such acid, sulfuric acid ( H SO ), might have been created through bacterial reactions with pyrite. Mats of oxygen - producing cyanobacteria can produce a thin layer, one or two millimeters thick, of oxygenated water in an otherwise anoxic environment even under thick ice, and before oxygen started accumulating in the atmosphere, these organisms would already be adapted to oxygen. Additionally, the free oxygen would have reacted with atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, greatly reducing its concentration and triggering the Huronian glaciation, possibly the longest episode of glaciation in Earth 's history and called snowball Earth. Eventually, the evolution of aerobic organisms that consumed oxygen established an equilibrium in its availability. Free oxygen has been an important constituent of the atmosphere ever since. Contents 1 Timing 2 Time lag theory 2.1 Tectonic trigger 2.2 Nickel famine 2.3 Bistability 2.4 Hydrogen gas 3 Late evolution of oxy - photosynthesis theory 4 Role in mineral diversification 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Timing Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago. Orange labels : ice ages. Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline See also : Oxygen cycle The most widely accepted chronology of the Great Oxygenation Event suggests that free oxygen was first produced by prokaryotic and then later eukaryotic organisms that carried out oxygenic photosynthesis more efficiently. The excess of oxygen those organisms produce is a waste product. These organisms lived long before the GOE, perhaps as early as 3,500 million years ago. Initially, the oxygen they produced would have quickly been removed from the atmosphere by the chemical weathering of reducing minerals ( those able to be oxidized ), most notably iron. This ' mass rusting ' led to the deposition of iron ( III ) oxide in the form of banded - iron formations such as the sediments in Minnesota and Pilbara, Western Australia. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities shortly ( ~ 50 million years ) before the start of the GOE. Without a mineral sink in the form of iron, oxygen could have accumulated very rapidly. For example, at today 's rates of photosynthesis ( which are much greater than those in Precambrian when there were no land plants ), modern atmospheric O levels could be produced in around 2,000 years. Another hypothesis is that oxygen producers did not evolve until a few million years before the major rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration. This is based on a particular interpretation of a supposed oxygen indicator, the mass - independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes, a marker used in previous studies. This hypothesis would eliminate the need to explain a lag in time between the evolution of oxyphotosynthetic microbes and the rise in free oxygen. In either case, oxygen did eventually accumulate in the atmosphere, with two major consequences. Firstly, it oxidized atmospheric methane ( a strong greenhouse gas ) to carbon dioxide ( a weaker one ) and water. This decreased the greenhouse effect of the Earth 's atmosphere, causing planetary cooling, and triggered the Huronian glaciation. Starting around 2.4 billion years ago, this lasted 300 - 400 million years, and may have been the longest ever snowball Earth episode. Secondly, the increased oxygen concentrations provided a new opportunity for biological diversification, as well as tremendous changes in the nature of chemical interactions between rocks, sand, clay, and other geological substrates and the Earth 's air, oceans, and other surface waters. Despite the natural recycling of organic matter, life had remained energetically - limited until the widespread availability of oxygen. This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy availability for living organisms, with truly global environmental impacts. For example, mitochondria evolved after the GOE, and with more energy available from oxygen, organisms had the means for new, more complex morphologies. These new morphologies in turn helped drive evolution through increasingly complex interactions between organisms. Timeline of glaciations, shown in blue. Time lag theory The gap between the start of oxygen production from photosynthetic organisms and the geologically rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen ( about 2.5 -- 2.4 billion years ago ) may have been as long as 900 million years. Several hypotheses might explain the time lag : Tectonic trigger 2.1 billion year old rock showing banded iron formation The oxygen increase had to await tectonically driven changes in the Earth, including the appearance of shelf seas, where reduced organic carbon could reach the sediments and be buried. The newly produced oxygen was first consumed in various chemical reactions in the oceans, primarily with iron. Evidence is found in older rocks that contain massive banded iron formations that were apparently laid down as this iron and oxygen first combined ; most of the planet 's commercial iron ore is in these deposits. Researchers found that the amount of oxygen in the air spiked each time smaller land masses collided to form a super-continent. These massive pile ups generated mountain chains and as these mountains eroded, they released nutrients into the ocean, feeding the cyanobacteria that carry out photosynthesis. Nickel famine The early chemosynthetic organisms would have been a source of methane, which is an important trap for molecular oxygen, because oxygen readily oxidizes methane to carbon dioxide ( CO ) and water in the presence of UV radiation. Modern methanogens require nickel as an enzyme cofactor. As the Earth 's crust cooled, the supply of nickel from volcanoes was reduced and hence less methane was produced. This allowed the oxygen percentage of the atmosphere to rise as the decrease in production of methane allowed the oxygen producing algae and other such life forms to, in a sense, out - produce the methane producers. From 2.7 to 2.4 billion years ago, the rate of deposition of nickel declined steadily ; it was originally 400 times today 's levels. Bistability Another hypothesis posits a model of the atmosphere that exhibits bistability in oxygen concentrations. In this model, UV shielding decreases the rate of methane oxidation once oxygen levels are sufficient to support the formation of an ozone layer. This explanation proposes an atmospheric system experiencing two steady states, one with lower ( 0.02 % ) atmospheric oxygen content, and the other with higher ( 21 % or more ) oxygen content. The Great Oxygenation Event can then be understood as a switch between the lower to the upper stable steady states. Hydrogen gas Another factor is the presence of hydrogen gas. The appearance of cyanobacteria might explain the decline of hydrogen gas and why Earth 's air is so oxygen - rich. Some bacteria living in the early oceans had the ability to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules. By using the energy of the Sun, the separate hydrogen molecules were able to create organic compounds, and oxygen was a by - product. If the hydrogen - heavy compounds were buried, it would have allowed oxygen to accumulate in the atmosphere. However, in 2001 scientists realized that the hydrogen would instead escape into space through a process called methane photolysis, in which hydrogen - containing methane reacts with oxygen releasing hydrogen. This hypothesis could explain why the early Earth stayed warm enough to sustain oxygen producing lifeforms. Late evolution of oxy - photosynthesis theory There is a possibility that the oxygen indicator was misinterpreted. During the proposed time of the lag in the previous theory, there was a change from mass - independently fractionated ( MIF ) sulfur to mass - dependently fractionated ( MDF ) sulfur in sediments. This was assumed to be a result of the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere ( since oxygen would have prevented the photolysis of sulfur dioxide, which causes MIF ). This change from MIF to MDF of sulfur isotopes also may have been caused by an increase in glacial weathering, or the homogenization of the marine sulfur pool as a result of an increased thermal gradient during the Huronian glaciation period. Role in mineral diversification The Great Oxygenation Event triggered an explosive growth in the diversity of minerals on Earth. This now meant that many elements could occur in one or more oxidized forms in the near - surface environment. It is estimated that the Great Oxygenation Event alone was directly responsible for more than 2,500 new minerals of the total of about 4,500 minerals found on Earth. Most of these new minerals were formed after the Great Oxygenation event as hydrated and oxidized forms due to dynamic mantle and crust processes. ↓ Great Oxygenation ↓ End of Huronian glaciation Ediacaran Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quaternary Palæoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Palæozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic │ − 2500 │ − 2300 │ − 2100 │ − 1900 │ − 1700 │ − 1500 │ − 1300 │ − 1100 │ − 900 │ − 700 │ − 500 │ − 300 │ − 100 Million years ago. Age of Earth = 4,560 See also Geological history of oxygen Iodide Medea hypothesis Pasteur point Rare Earth hypothesis Stromatolite References Jump up ^ Holland, Heinrich D. `` The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans ''. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society : Biological Sciences. Vol. 361. 2006. pp. 903 -- 915. Jump up ^ Margulis, Lynn ; Sagan, Dorion ( 1986 ). `` Chapter 6, `` The Oxygen Holocaust '' ``. Microcosmos : Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. California : University of California Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780520210646. Jump up ^ Sosa Torres, Martha E. ; Saucedo - Vázquez, Juan P. ; Kroneck, Peter M.H. ( 2015 ). `` Chapter 1, Section 2 `` The rise of dioxygen in the atmosphere '' ``. In Peter M.H. Kroneck and Martha E. Sosa Torres. Sustaining Life on Planet Earth : Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 15. Springer. pp. 1 -- 12. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 12415 - 5_1. Jump up ^ Zimmer, Carl ( 3 October 2013 ). `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` University of Zurich. `` Great Oxidation Event : More oxygen through multicellularity. '' ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 January 2013 ``. Jump up ^ Planavsky, Noah J. ; et al. ( 24 January 2014 ). `` Evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis half a billion years before the Great Oxidation Event ''. Nature. 7 : 283 -- 286. doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2122. Retrieved 14 March 2016. Jump up ^ Flannery, D.T. ; R.M. Walter ( 2012 ). `` Archean tufted microbial mats and the Great Oxidation Event : new insights into an ancient problem ''. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 59 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11. Bibcode : 2012AuJES... 59... 1F. doi : 10.1080 / 08120099.2011. 607849. Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Oxygen - Astrobiology Magazine ''. Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ `` University of Zurich. `` Great Oxidation Event : More oxygen through multicellularity. '' ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 January 2013 ``. Jump up ^ `` Evidence of Earliest Oxygen - Breathing Life on Land Discovered ''. LiveScience.com. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ Oxygen oasis in Antarctic lake reflects Earth in distant past ^ Jump up to : Frei, R. ; Gaucher, C. ; Poulton, S.W. ; Canfield, D.E. ( 2009 ). `` Fluctuations in Precambrian atmospheric oxygenation recorded by chromium isotopes ''. Nature. 461 ( 7261 ) : 250 -- 253. Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461... 250F. doi : 10.1038 / nature08266. PMID 19741707. Lay summary. Jump up ^ Dutkiewicz, A. ; Volk, H. ; George, S.C. ; Ridley, J. ; Buick, R. ( 2006 ). `` Biomarkers from Huronian oil - bearing fluid inclusions : an uncontaminated record of life before the Great Oxidation Event ''. Geology. 34 ( 6 ) : 437. Bibcode : 2006Geo... 34... 437D. doi : 10.1130 / G22360. 1. Jump up ^ Anbar, A. ; Duan, Y. ; Lyons, T. ; Arnold, G. ; Kendall, B. ; Creaser, R. ; Kaufman, A. ; Gordon, G. ; Scott, C. ; Garvin, J. ; Buick, R. ( 2007 ). `` A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event ? ''. Science. 317 ( 5846 ) : 1903 -- 1906. Bibcode : 2007Sci... 317.1903 A. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1140325. PMID 17901330. Jump up ^ Dole, M. ( 1965 ). `` The Natural History of Oxygen ''. The Journal of General Physiology. 49 ( 1 ) : Suppl : Supp5 -- 27. doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 49.1. 5. PMC 2195461. PMID 5859927. ^ Jump up to : Robert E. Kopp ; Joseph L. Kirschvink ; Isaac A. Hilburn ; Cody Z. Nash ( 2005 ). `` The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth : A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 ( 32 ) : 11131 -- 6. Bibcode : 2005PNAS... 10211131K. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0504878102. PMC 1183582. PMID 16061801. Jump up ^ First breath : Earth 's billion - year struggle for oxygen New Scientist, # 2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. Jump up ^ Sperling, Erik ; Frieder, Christina ; Raman, Akkur ; Girguis, Peter ; Levin, Lisa ; Knoll, Andrew ( Aug 2013 ). `` Oxygen, ecology, and the Cambrian radiation of animals ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 : 13446 -- 13451. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1312778110. PMC 3746845. PMID 23898193. Retrieved 1 October 2014. Jump up ^ Lenton, T.M. ; H.J. Schellnhuber ; E. Szathmáry ( 2004 ). `` Climbing the co-evolution ladder ''. Nature. 431 ( 7011 ) : 913. Bibcode : 2004Natur. 431... 913L. doi : 10.1038 / 431913a. PMID 15496901. Jump up ^ American, Scientific. `` Abundant Oxygen Indirectly Due to Tectonics ''. Scientific American. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ American, Scientific. `` Breathing Easy Thanks to the Great Oxidation Event ''. Scientific American. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ Kurt O. Konhauser ; et al. ( 2009 ). `` Oceanic nickel depletion and a methanogen famine before the Great Oxidation Event ''. Nature. 458 ( 7239 ) : 750 -- 753. Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458... 750K. doi : 10.1038 / nature07858. PMID 19360085. Jump up ^ Goldblatt, C. ; T.M. Lenton ; A.J. Watson ( 2006 ). `` The Great Oxidation at 2.4 Ga as a bistability in atmospheric oxygen due to UV shielding by ozone '' ( PDF ). Geophysical Research Abstracts. 8 : 00770. Jump up ^ Franzen, Harald. `` New Theory Explains How Earth 's Early Atmosphere Became Oxygen - Rich ''. Scientific American. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ Sverjensky, Dimitri A. ; Lee, Namhey ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ). `` The Great Oxidation Event and Mineral Diversification ''. Elements. 6 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 36. doi : 10.2113 / gselements. 6.1. 31. ISSN 1811 - 5209. Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Minerals '', Scientific American, March 2010 External links First breath : Earth 's billion - year struggle for oxygen New Scientist, # 2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. ( 1 ) Proterozoic Eon Paleoproterozoic Era Mesoproterozoic Era Neoproterozoic Era Siderian Rhyacian Orosirian Statherian Calymmian Ectasian Stenian Tonian Cryogenian Ediacaran Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Oxygenation_Event&oldid=824910851 '' Categories : Proterozoic Origin of life Oxygen Climate history Events in the geological history of Earth Extinction events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018, at 08 : 33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: when did oxygen enter the atmosphere in abundance
Answer: around 2.45 billion years ago (2.45 Ga),[4] during the Siderian period, at the beginning of the Proterozoic eon