Popcorn - wikipedia Popcorn For other uses, see Popcorn ( disambiguation ). Popcorn Unpopped corn Popped corn Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Monocots ( unranked ) : Commelinids Order : Poales Family : Poaceae Genus : Zea Species : Z. mays Subspecies : Z. m. everta Trinomial name Zea mays everta Popcorn, or pop corn, is a variety of corn kernel, which forcefully expands and puffs up when heated. A popcorn kernel 's strong hull contains the seed 's hard, starchy endosperm with 14 - 20 % moisture, which turns to steam as the kernel is heated. The pressure continues building until it exceeds the hull 's ability to contain it. The kernel ruptures and forcefully expands, allowing the contents to expand, cool, and finally set in a popcorn puff 20 to 50 times the size of the original kernel. Some strains of corn ( taxonomized as Zea mays ) are cultivated specifically as popping corns. The Zea mays variety everta, a special kind of flint corn, is the most common of these. Contents 1 History 2 Popping mechanism 3 Cooking methods 3.1 Expansion and yield 4 Terminology 5 Consumption 5.1 Nutritional value 5.2 Health risks 6 Other uses 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Corn was first domesticated 9,000 years ago in what is now Mexico. Archaeologists discovered that people have known about popcorn for thousands of years. In Mexico, for example, remnants of popcorn have been found that date to around 3600 BC. Popping of the kernels was achieved by hand on the stovetop through the 19th century. Kernels were sold on the East Coast of the United States under names such as Pearls or Nonpareil. The term popped corn first appeared in John Russell Bartlett 's 1848 Dictionary of Americanisms. Popcorn is an ingredient in Cracker Jack, and in the early years of the product, it was popped by hand. An early popcorn machine in a street cart, invented in the 1880s by Charles Cretors in Chicago. Popcorn 's accessibility increased rapidly in the 1890s with Charles Cretors ' invention of the popcorn maker. Cretors, a Chicago candy store owner, created a number of steam powered machines for roasting nuts, and applied the technology to the corn kernels. By the turn of the century, Cretors had created and deployed street carts equipped with steam powered popcorn makers. During the Great Depression, popcorn was fairly inexpensive at 5 -- 10 cents a bag and became popular. Thus, while other businesses failed, the popcorn business thrived and became a source of income for many struggling farmers, including the Redenbacher family, namesake of the famous popcorn brand. During World War II, sugar rations diminished candy production, and Americans compensated by eating three times as much popcorn as they had before. The snack was popular at theaters, much to the initial displeasure of many of the theater owners, who thought it distracted from the films. Their minds eventually changed, however, and in 1938 a Midwestern theater owner named Glen W. Dickson installed popcorn machines in the lobbies of his theaters. The venture was a financial success, and the trend soon spread. gangnaengi, traditional Korean popcorn In 1970, Orville Redenbacher 's namesake brand of popcorn was launched. In 1981, General Mills received the first patent for a microwave popcorn bag, with popcorn consumption seeing a sharp increase by tens of thousands of pounds in the years following. At least six localities ( all in the Midwestern United States ) claim to be the `` Popcorn Capital of the World ; '' : Ridgway, Illinois ; Valparaiso, Indiana ; Van Buren, Indiana ; Schaller, Iowa ; Marion, Ohio ; and North Loup, Nebraska. According to the USDA, corn used for popcorn production is specifically planted for this purpose ; most is grown in Nebraska and Indiana, with increasing area in Texas. As the result of an elementary school project, popcorn became the official state snack food of Illinois. Popping mechanism The sequence of a kernel popping Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil. Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard type. As the oil and the water within the kernel are heated, they turn the moisture in the kernel into pressurized steam. Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes, softens, and becomes pliable. The internal pressure of the entrapped steam continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached : a pressure of approximately 135 psi ( 930 kPa ) and a temperature of 180 ° C ( 356 ° F ). The hull thereupon ruptures rapidly and actually explodes, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam. As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff. Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield. Though the kernels of some wild types will pop, the cultivated strain is Zea mays everta, which is a special kind of flint corn. Popcorn on the cob before shelling. The heat / energy from a popcorn kettle is transferred into the oil, most commonly corn oil, which is a good heat conductor. `` As the kernel begins to heat up, the water vapor inside of the kernel will also become very hot, increasing the pressure inside of the hull. Around 212 ° F ( 100 ° C ) the internal water will expand into steam and create an outward force on the hull because of the increasing kinetic energy as the molecules begin to move faster and faster. The pressure is increasing as the temperature increases. Finally, the kernel will fracture once the pressure inside reaches 135 lbs / in ^ 2. ( Pressure is equal to average force / unit area ). '' When water is converted from a liquid to a gas disorder increases, which is another way of saying entropy. This kinetic energy in the form of entropy is one of the forces that drives the popping of popcorn kernels. Cooking methods An in - home hot - air popcorn maker. Popcorn can be cooked with butter or oil. Although small quantities can be popped in a stove - top kettle or pot in a home kitchen, commercial sale of freshly popped popcorn employs specially designed popcorn machines, which were invented in Chicago, Illinois, by Charles Cretors in 1885. Cretors successfully introduced his invention at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. At this same world 's fair, F.W. Rueckheim introduced a molasses - flavored `` Candied Popcorn, '' the first caramel corn ; his brother, Louis Ruekheim, slightly altered the recipe and introduced it as Cracker Jack popcorn in 1896. Cretors 's invention introduced the first patented steam - driven popcorn machine that popped corn in oil. Previously, vendors popped corn by holding a wire basket over an open flame. At best, the result was a hot, dry, unevenly cooked snack. Cretors 's machine popped corn in a mixture of one - third clarified butter, two - thirds lard, and salt. This mixture can withstand the 450 ° F ( 232 ° C ) temperature needed to pop corn and it produces little smoke. A fire under a boiler created steam that drove a small engine ; that engine drove the gears, shaft, and agitator that stirred the corn and powered a small automated clown puppet - like figure, `` the Toasty Roasty Man, '' an attention attracting amusement intended to drum up business. A wire connected to the top of the cooking pan allowed the operator to disengage the drive mechanism, lift the cover, and dump popped corn into the storage bin beneath. Exhaust from the steam engine was piped to a hollow pan below the corn storage bin and kept freshly popped corn uniformly warm for the first time. Excess steam was also used to operate a small, shrill whistle to further attract attention. A very different method of popcorn - making can still be seen on the streets of some Chinese cities and Korea today. The un-popped corn kernels are poured into a large cast - iron canister -- sometimes called a ' popcorn hammer ' -- that is then sealed with a heavy lid and slowly turned over a curbside fire in rotisserie fashion. When a pressure gauge on the canister reaches a certain level, the canister is removed from the fire, a large canvas sack is put over the lid and the seal is released. With a huge boom, all of the popcorn explodes at once and is poured into the sack. This method is believed to have been developed, during the Song dynasty, originally for puffing rice. Individual consumers can also buy and use specialized popping appliances that typically generate no more than a gallon or about four liters of popped corn per batch. Some of these appliances also accept a small volume of oil or melted butter to assist thermal transfer from a stationary heating element, but others are `` air poppers '' which rapidly circulate heated air up through the interior, keeping the un-popped kernels in motion to avoid burning and then blowing the popped kernels out through the chute. The majority of popcorn sold for home consumption is now packaged in a microwave popcorn bag for use in a microwave oven. Expansion and yield Popping results are sensitive to the rate at which the kernels are heated. If heated too quickly, the steam in the outer layers of the kernel can reach high pressures and rupture the hull before the starch in the center of the kernel can fully gelatinize, leading to partially popped kernels with hard centers. Heating too slowly leads to entirely unpopped kernels : the tip of the kernel, where it attached to the cob, is not entirely moisture - proof, and when heated slowly, the steam can leak out of the tip fast enough to keep the pressure from rising sufficiently to break the hull and cause the pop. Producers and sellers of popcorn consider two major factors in evaluating the quality of popcorn : what percentage of the kernels will pop, and how much each popped kernel expands. Expansion is an important factor to both the consumer and vendor. For the consumer, larger pieces of popcorn tend to be more tender and are associated with higher quality. For the grower, distributor, and vendor, expansion is closely correlated with profit : vendors such as theaters buy popcorn by weight and sell it by volume. For both these reasons, higher - expansion popcorn fetches a higher profit per unit weight. Popcorn will pop when freshly harvested, but not well : its high moisture content leads to poor expansion and chewy pieces of popcorn. Kernels with a high moisture content are also susceptible to mold when stored. For these reasons, popcorn growers and distributors dry the kernels until they reach the moisture level at which they expand the most. This differs by variety and conditions, but is generally in the range of 14 -- 15 % moisture by weight. If the kernels are over-dried, the expansion rate will suffer and the percentage of kernels that pop at all will decline. When the popcorn has finished popping, sometimes unpopped kernels remain. Known in the popcorn industry as `` old maids, '' and called `` duds '' in the consumer market, these kernels fail to pop because they do not have enough moisture to create enough steam for an explosion. Rehydrating prior to popping usually results in eliminating the unpopped kernels. Kernels that are partially popped, but failed to fully expand are known as `` bridesmaids ''. Popcorn varieties are broadly categorized by the shape of the kernels, the color of the kernels, or the shape of the popped corn. While the kernels may come in a variety of colors, the popped corn is always off - yellow or white as it is only the hull ( or pericarp ) that is colored. `` Rice '' type popcorn have a long kernel pointed at both ends ; `` pearl '' type kernels are rounded at the top. Commercial popcorn production has moved mostly to pearl types. Historically, pearl popcorn were usually yellow and rice popcorn usually white. Today both shapes are available in both colors, as well as others including black, red, mauve, purple, and variegated. Mauve and purple popcorn usually has smaller and nutty kernels. Commercial production is dominated by white and yellow. Terminology `` Mushroom '' - shaped popcorn, left, is less fragile and less tender than `` butterfly '' - shaped, right. In the popcorn industry, a popped kernel of corn is known as a `` flake. '' Two shapes of flakes are commercially important. `` Butterfly '' or `` snowflake '' flakes are irregular in shape and have a number of protruding `` wings ''. `` Mushroom '' flakes are largely ball - shaped, with few wings. Butterfly flakes are regarded as having better mouthfeel, with greater tenderness and less noticeable hulls. Mushroom flakes are less fragile than butterfly flakes and are therefore often used for packaged popcorn or confectionery, such as caramel corn. The kernels from a single cob of popcorn may form both butterfly and mushroom flakes ; hybrids that produce 100 % butterfly flakes or 100 % mushroom flakes exist, the latter developed only as recently as 1998. Growing conditions and popping environment can also affect the butterfly - to - mushroom ratio. When referring to multiple pieces of popcorn it is acceptable to use the term `` popcorn ''. When referring to a singular piece of popcorn the accepted terminology is kernel. Consumption Popcorn grown in East Africa and sold in the marketplace Popcorn is commonly eaten in movie theaters. This snack is usually served salted or sweetened. In North America, it is traditionally served salted, often with butter or a butterlike topping, or with toffee or spices. However, sweetened versions, such as caramel corn and kettle corn, are also commonly available. In the United Kingdom, ready - made popcorn is available either salted or simply sweetened with sugar. Toffee ( i.e. caramel ) popcorn is also available, but tends to be more expensive. In Peru, popcorn is sometimes sweetened with small candy pellets and sweetened condensed milk, but it is more often eaten with salt and the only buttered version known to any considerable degree is microwave popcorn. In Brazil, although salted or buttered popcorn is the most popular and widely available, various other toppings can be found on street vendors : bacon, cheese, caramel, chocolate and condensed milk are among the most common. In Mexico, popcorn is served with either jalapeño juice, hot sauce, cheese, butter, or salt. Popcorn is a popular snack food at sporting events and in cinemas, where it has been served since the 1930s. Popcorn as a breakfast cereal was consumed by Americans in the 1800s and generally consisted of popcorn with milk and a sweetener. Popcorn balls ( popped kernels stuck together with a sugary `` glue '' ) were hugely popular around the turn of the 20th century, but their popularity has since waned. Popcorn balls are still served in some places as a traditional Halloween treat. Cracker Jack is a popular, commercially produced candy that consists of peanuts mixed in with caramel - covered popcorn. Kettle corn is a variation of normal popcorn, cooked with white sugar and salt, traditionally in a large copper kettle. Once reserved for specialty shops and county fairs, kettle corn has recently become popular, especially in the microwave popcorn market. The popcorn maker is a relatively new home appliance, and its popularity is increasing because it offers the opportunity to add flavours of the consumer 's own choice and to choose healthy - eating popcorn styles. Some popular brands of popcorn in the United States are Boomchickapop, Smartfood, Orville Redenbacher 's, Act II, Jiffy Pop ( all three of which are brands of the ConAgra Foods conglomerate ), Pop Secret, Jolly Time, Newman 's Own, and Pop Weaver. Nutritional value Popcorn, air - popped, no additives Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 1,598 kJ ( 382 kcal ) Carbohydrates 78 g Dietary fiber 15 g Fat 4 g Protein 12 g Vitamins Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 17 % ) 0.2 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 25 % ) 0.3 mg Minerals Iron ( 21 % ) 2.7 mg One cup is 8 grams. Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source : USDA Nutrient Database Air - popped popcorn is naturally high in dietary fiber and antioxidants, low in calories and fat, and free of sugar and sodium. This can make it an attractive snack to people with dietary restrictions on the intake of calories, fat or sodium. For the sake of flavor, however, large amounts of fat, sugar, and sodium are often added to prepared popcorn, which can quickly convert it to a very poor choice for those on restricted diets. One particularly notorious example of this first came to public attention in the mid-1990s, when the Center for Science in the Public Interest produced a report about `` Movie Popcorn '', which became the subject of a widespread publicity campaign. The movie theaters surveyed used coconut oil to pop the corn, and then topped it with butter or margarine. `` A medium - size buttered popcorn '', the report said, `` contains more fat than a breakfast of bacon and eggs, a Big Mac and fries, and a steak dinner combined. '' The practice continues today. For example, according to DietFacts.com, a small popcorn from Regal Cinema Group ( the largest theater chain in the United States ) still contains 29 g of saturated fat. the equivalent of a full day - and - a-half's reference daily intake. However, in studies conducted by the Motion Picture Association of America it was found that the average American only attends six movies a year and that movie theater popcorn and other movie theater snacks are viewed as a treat that is not intended to be part of a regular diet. HEALTH risks A person eating popcorn out of a bowl. Popcorn is included on the list of foods that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends not serving to children under four, because of the risk of choking. Microwaveable popcorn represents a special case, since it is designed to be cooked along with its various flavoring agents. One of these formerly common artificial - butter flavorants, diacetyl, has been implicated in causing respiratory illnesses in microwave popcorn factory workers, also known as `` popcorn lung. '' Major manufacturers in the United States have stopped using this chemical, including : Orville Redenbacher 's, Act II, Pop Secret and Jolly Time. Other uses Popcorn, threaded onto a string, is used as a wall or Christmas tree decoration in some parts of North America, as well as on the Balkan peninsula. In several Afro - American Religions, popcorn is used ritually, either as offerings for deities or as cleansing `` baths '' for devotees. This popcorn is usually cooked in Palm Oil. Some shipping companies have experimented with using popcorn as a biodegradable replacement for expanded polystyrene packing material. However, popcorn has numerous undesirable properties as a packing material, including attractiveness to pests, flammability, and a higher cost and greater density than expanded polystyrene. A more processed form of expanded corn foam has been developed to overcome some of these limitations. The world 's largest popcorn ball was unveiled in October 2006 in Lake Forest, Illinois. It weighed 3,415 pounds ( 1,549 kg ), measured 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in diameter, and had a circumference of 24.6 ft ( 7.5 m ). See also Food portal Butter salt List of dried foods List of maize dishes List of popcorn brands Popcorn maker Popcorn seasoning Puffed grain Wyandot Popcorn Museum References Jump up ^ Michelle Higgins ( May 5, 2017 ). `` How Popcorn Pops ''. Thoughtco. Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Corn ''. University of Utah HEALTH SCIENCES. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Where Does Popcorn Come From ? ''. King of Pop.com. Retrieved June 27, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` History of Popcorn The History Kitchen PBS Food ''. PBS Food. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of Americanisms, by John Russell Bartlett ( 1848 ) ''. www.merrycoz.org. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21. ^ Jump up to : `` A History of Popcorn - Hungry History ''. HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Popcornica : Recent Popcorn History ''. Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Agriculture - 1982 Popcorn Report '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Fereira, John. `` ESMIS - View Document Info ''. Jump up ^ Office of the Governor : Rod R. Blagojevich -- Governor ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ). `` Governor Signs Official Snack Bill : School Project Becomes Law '' ( Press release ). Illinois Government News Network. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25. ^ Jump up to : Lusas & Rooney, p. 388. Jump up ^ `` What causes popcorn to pop ? Why does other corn not pop ? ''. popcornphysics.wikispaces.com. Tangient LLC. Retrieved 26 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Brief History ''. Frito - Lay. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ `` C. Cretors and Company ''. Wyandot Popcorn Museum. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Making Popcorn the Chinese Way ( With a Bang ! ) ''. fissionchips. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Hammer ''. Naturloch.de. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Village ''. Oriental Outpost. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05. Jump up ^ `` An American Original : The Popularity of Microwave Popcorn Just Keeps Growing ''. AllBusiness. May 1, 2006. Jump up ^ Lusas & Rooney, pp. 388 -- 389. Jump up ^ `` Popping Tips ( '' Saving ' Old Maids ' '' tab ) ``. The Popcorn Board. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ Hallauer, p. 213. ^ Jump up to : Hallauer, p. 214. Jump up ^ Cobb, Vicki. Junk Food. Minneapolis : Millbrook, 2006. 11. Print. Jump up ^ `` Why Do We Eat Popcorn at the Movies ? ''. Smithsonian Mag. 2013 - 10 - 03. Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew F. ( 1999 ). Popped Culture : The Social History of Popcorn in America. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 57 - 59. ISBN 1570033005 Jump up ^ Vinson, Joe ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ). `` Popcorn : The snack with even higher antioxidants levels than fruits and vegetables ''. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 28 October 2014. Jump up ^ Nicole Ferring, M.S., R.D. `` Health Food Impostors ''. MSN.com. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 18. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Grimes, William ( 1994 - 05 - 01 ). `` How About Some Popcorn With Your Fat ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Regal Entertainment : About Us ''. Regmovies.com. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Regal Cinemas Nutrition Information ''. Dietfacts.com. 2004 - 10 - 06. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ `` FDA Daily Reference Values ''. Fda.gov. 2010 - 01 - 13. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/movie-popcorn-has-shocking-calories-fat/ Jump up ^ `` Prevent Your Child From Choking ''. FDA Consumer Magazine Sep -- Oct 2005 issue. URL retrieved Jan 6 2007. Jump up ^ Geis, Sonya. `` Flavoring Suspected in Illness : Calif. Considers Banning Chemical Used in Microwave Popcorn. '' The Washington Post, 7 May 2007 Jump up ^ Eyre, Charlotte. `` Popcorn brands ban diacytel. '' Food Navigator USA, 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Christmas Decorations ''. Martha Stewart Living. December 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18. Jump up ^ `` How to String Popcorn on a Christmas Tree ''. Wikihow. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Pop Corn : Let 's Pop ''. Cornknowledge.net. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Real Popcorn as Packing Material ''. Abbey Newsletter. April 1992. Jump up ^ `` World Largest Popcorn Ball ''. The Popcorn Factory. 2006 - 10 - 12. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23. Further reading Hallauer, Arnel R. ( 2001 ). Specialty Corns. CRC Press. ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2377 - 0. Lusas, Edmund W. ; Rooney, Lloyd W. ( 2001 ). Snack Foods Processing. CRC Press. ISBN 1 - 56676 - 932 - 9. Smith, Andrew F. ( 1999 ). Popped Culture : The Social History of Popcorn in America. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1 - 57003 - 300 - 5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Popcorn. 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List of popcorn brands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popcorn&oldid=809153357 '' Categories : Cuisine of the Midwestern United States Maize products Crops originating from the Americas Popcorn Plants used in Native American cuisine Snack foods Dried foods Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017, at 12 : 52. 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Question: what part of the corn does popcorn come from
Answer: kernel