Characteristics of dyslexia - wikipedia Characteristics of dyslexia Dyslexia is a disorder characterized by problems with the visual notation of speech, which in most languages of European origin are problems with alphabet writing systems which have a phonetic construction. Examples of these issues can be problems speaking in full sentences, problems correctly articulating Rs and Ls as well as Ms and Ns, mixing up sounds in multi-syllabic words ( ex : aminal for animal, spaghetti for spaghetti, helicopter for helicopter, hangaberg for hamburger, ageen for magazine, etc. ), problems of immature speech `` wed and gween '' instead of `` red and green ''. The characteristics of dyslexia have been identified mainly from research in languages with alphabetic writing systems, primarily English. However, many of these characteristic may be transferable to other types of writing systems. The causes of dyslexia are not agreed upon, although the consensus of neuroscientists believe dyslexia is a phonological processing disorder and that dyslexics have reading difficulties because they are unable to see or hear a word, break it down to discrete sounds, and then associate each sound with letter / s that make up the word. Some researchers believe that a subset of dyslexics have visual deficits in addition to deficits in phoneme processing, but this view is not universally accepted. In any case, there is evidence that dyslexics literally `` see '' letters backward or in reverse order within words. Contents 1 Listening, speech and language 2 Reading and spelling 3 Writing and motor skills 4 Mathematical abilities 5 Adaptive attributes 6 References 7 External links Listening, speech and language Some shared symptoms of the speech or hearing deficits and dyslexia : Confusion with before / after, right / left, and so on Difficulty learning the alphabet Difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems Difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in words ( phonological awareness ) Difficulty with hearing and manipulating sounds in words ( phonemic awareness ) Difficulty distinguishing different sounds in words ( auditory discrimination ) Difficulty in learning the sounds of letters ( In alphabetic writing systems ) Difficulty associating individual words with their correct meanings Difficulty with time keeping and concept of time Confusion with combinations of words Difficulty in organization skills The identification of these factors results from the study of patterns across many clinical observations of dyslexic children. In the UK, Thomas Richard Miles was important in such work and his observations led him to develop the Bangor Dyslexia Diagnostic Test. Reading and spelling This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( November 2015 ) Spelling errors -- Because of difficulty learning letter - sound correspondences, individuals with dyslexia might tend to misspell words, or leave vowels out of words. Letter order - People with dyslexia may also reverse the order of two letters especially when the final, incorrect, word looks similar to the intended word ( e.g., spelling `` dose '' instead of `` does '' ). Letter addition / subtraction - People with dyslexia may perceive a word with letters added, subtracted, or repeated. This can lead to confusion between two words containing most of the same letters. Highly phoneticized spelling - People with dyslexia also commonly spell words inconsistently, but in a highly phonetic form such as writing `` shud '' for `` should ''. Dyslexic individuals also typically have difficulty distinguishing among homophones such as `` their '' and `` there ''. Vocabulary - Having a small written vocabulary, even if they have a large spoken vocabulary. Seeing words backwards sometimes - a person sometimes might see the words backwards. Writing and motor skills Because of literacy problems, an individual with dyslexia may have difficulty with handwriting. This can involve slower writing speed than average, poor handwriting characterised by irregularly formed letters, or inability to write straight on a blank paper with no guideline. Some studies have also reported gross motor difficulties in dyslexia, including motor skills disorder. This difficulty is indicated by clumsiness and poor coordination. The relationship between motor skills and reading difficulties is poorly understood but could be linked to the role of the cerebellum and inner ear in the development of reading and motor abilities. Mathematical abilities Dyslexia and dyscalculia are two learning disorders with different cognitive profiles. Dyslexia and dyscalculia have separable cognitive profiles, mainly a phonological deficit in the case of dyslexia and a deficient number module in the case of dyscalculia. Individuals with dyslexia can be gifted in mathematics while having poor reading skills. They might have difficulty with word processing problems ( e.g. descriptive mathematics, engineering or physics problems that rely on written text rather than numbers or formulas ). Adaptive attributes A study has found that entrepreneurs are five times more likely to be dyslexic than average citizens. Evidence based on randomly selected populations of children indicate that dyslexia affects boys and girls equally ; that dyslexia is diagnosed more frequently in boys appears to be the result of sampling bias in school - identified sample populations. In the United States, researchers estimate the prevalence of dyslexia to range from three to ten percent of school - aged children though some have put the figure as high as 17 percent. Recent studies indicate that dyslexia is particularly prevalent among small business owners, with roughly 20 to 35 percent of US and British entrepreneurs being affected. References Jump up ^ Miles, T.R. ( 1983 ). Dyslexia : the Pattern of Difficulties. Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 0 - 246 - 11345 - 6. Jump up ^ Nicolson, R. and Fawcett, A. ( November 1999 ). `` Developmental dyslexia : the role of the cerebellum ''. Dyslexia : an International Journal of Research and Practice. 5 : 155 -- 7. Jump up ^ Landerl, Karin ; Barbara Fussenegger ; Kristina Moll ; Edith Willburger ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ). `` Dyslexia and dyscalculia : Two learning disorders with different cognitive profiles ''. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 103 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 324. doi : 10.1016 / j. jecp. 2009.03. 006. PMID 19398112. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24. Jump up ^ cass.city.ac.uk Entrepreneurs five times more likely to suffer from dyslexia Jump up ^ Shaywitz, Sally E., M.D., and Bennett A. Shaywitz, M.D. ( 2001 ) The Neurobiology of Reading and Dyslexia. National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy Focus on Basics, Volume 5, Issue A - August 2001. Jump up ^ Shaywitz, Sally E. ; Bennett A. Shaywitz ( August 2001 ). `` The Neurobiology of Reading and Dyslexia ''. Focus on Basics. National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy. 5 ( A ). Jump up ^ Learning Disabilities : Multidisciplinary Research Centers, NIH Guide, Volume 23, Number 37, October 21, 1994, Full Text HD - 95 - 005 ( `` LDRC longitudinal, epidemiological studies show that RD ( dyslexia ) affect at least 10 million children, or approximately 1 child in 5. '' ) Jump up ^ Brent Bowers ( 2007 - 12 - 06 ). `` Tracing Business Acumen to Dyslexia ''. The New York Times. Cites a study by Julie Logan, professor of entrepreneurship at Cass Business School in London, among other literature. External links The International Dyslexia Association Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders ( F80 -- F83, 315 ) General conditions Speech and language impairment, communication disorder Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau -- Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive - expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stammering Tip of the tongue Scholastic skills, learning disorder Developmental dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia ( Disorder of written expression ) Motor function Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as Childhood apraxia of speech Other Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characteristics_of_dyslexia&oldid=854723989 '' Categories : Dyslexia Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from November 2015 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 10 : 24 ( UTC ). 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Question: what is it called when you mix up the letters of a word
Answer: Dyslexia