Pons - wikipedia Pons For other uses, see Pons ( disambiguation ). Pons Pons in the brainstem Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons Details Part of Brain stem Artery pontine arteries Vein transverse and lateral pontine veins Identifiers MeSH D011149 NeuroNames 547 NeuroLex ID birnlex_733 TA A14. 1.03. 010 FMA 67943 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The pons is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum. The pons is also called the pons Varolii ( `` bridge of Varolius '' ), after the Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio ( 1543 -- 75 ). This region of the brainstem includes neural pathways and tracts that conduct signals from the brain down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus. The pons in humans measures about 2.5 centimetres ( 0.98 in ) in length. Most of it appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral to the medulla. Posteriorly, it consists mainly of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles. They connect the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain. The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture. Within the pons is the pneumotaxic center consisting of the subparabrachial and the medial parabrachial nuclei. This center regulates the change from inhalation to exhalation. The pons is implicated in sleep paralysis, and may also play a role in generating dreams. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Nucleus 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Other animals 4.1 Evolution 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure The pons is in the brainstem situated between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata, and in front of the cerebellum. The pons can be broadly divided into two parts : the basilar part of the pons ( ventral pons ), and the pontine tegmentum ( dorsal pons ). Development During embryonic development, the metencephalon develops from the rhombencephalon and gives rise to two structures : the pons and the cerebellum. The alar plate produces sensory neuroblasts, which will give rise to the solitary nucleus and its special visceral afferent ( SVA ) column ; the cochlear and vestibular nuclei, which form the special somatic afferent ( SSA ) fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the spinal and principal trigeminal nerve nuclei, which form the general somatic afferent column ( GSA ) of the trigeminal nerve, and the pontine nuclei which relays to the cerebellum. Basal plate neuroblasts give rise to the abducens nucleus, which forms the general somatic efferent fibers ( GSE ) ; the facial and motor trigeminal nuclei, which form the special visceral efferent ( SVE ) column, and the superior salivatory nucleus, which forms the general visceral efferent fibers of the facial nerve. Nucleus A number of cranial nerve nuclei are present in the pons : mid-pons : the ' chief ' or ' pontine ' nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus ( V ) mid-pons : the motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve ( V ) lower down in the pons : abducens nucleus ( VI ) lower down in the pons : facial nerve nucleus ( VII ) lower down in the pons : vestibulocochlear nuclei ( vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei ) ( VIII ) Function The functions of these four cranial nerves ( V - VIII ) include sensory roles in hearing, equilibrium, and taste, and in facial sensations such as touch and pain, as well as motor roles in eye movement, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, and the secretion of saliva and tears. Clinical significance Central pontine myelinolysis is a demyelination disease that causes difficulty with sense of balance, walking, sense of touch, swallowing and speaking. In a clinical setting, it is often associated with transplant or rapid correction of blood sodium. Undiagnosed, it can lead to death or locked - in syndrome. Other animals Evolution The pons first evolved as an offshoot of the medullary reticular formation. Since lampreys possess a pons, it has been argued that it must have evolved as a region distinct from the medulla by the time the first agnathans appeared, 505 million years ago. Additional images Location and topography of Pons ( animation ) Axial section of the pons, at its upper part Hind - and mid-brains ; posterolateral view Median sagittal section of brain Nuclei of the pons and brainstem Cerebrum. Deep dissection. Inferior dissection. References Jump up ^ Henry Gray ( 1862 ). Anatomy, descriptive and surgical. Blanchard and Lea. pp. 514 --. Retrieved 10 November 2010. ^ Jump up to : Saladin Kenneth S. ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Pritchard and Alloway Medical Neuroscience Jump up ^ Butler and Hodos Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy : evolution and adaptation Saladin Kenneth S. ( 2007 ) Anatomy & physiology the unity of form and function. Dubuque, IA : McGraw - Hill Pritchard, TE & Alloway, D ( 1999 ). Medical neuroscience. Hayes Barton Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59377 - 200 - 0. Butler, AB & Hodos, W ( 2005 ). Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy : evolution and adaptation. Wiley - Blackwell. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 21005 - 4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pons. Diagram at UCC Stained brain slice images which include the `` Pons '' at the BrainMaps project Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Anatomy of the pons Dorsal / ( tegmentum ) Surface Cerebellopontine angle Superior medullary velum Sulcus limitans Medial eminence Facial colliculus White : Sensory Trapezoid body Trigeminal lemniscus Dorsal trigeminal tract Ventral trigeminal tract Medial lemniscus Lateral lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocerebellar tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract Grey : Cranial nuclei afferent : GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlear nucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibular nuclei Superior efferent : SVE : Trigeminal motor nucleus Facial motor nucleus GSE : Abducens nucleus GVE : Superior salivary nucleus Inferior salivary nucleus Other Apneustic center Pneumotaxic center Parabrachial nuclei Subparabrachial nucleus Medial parabrachial nucleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Superior olivary nucleus Locus coeruleus Ventral / ( base ) Grey Pontine nuclei White : Motor / descending Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine fibers MCP Pontocerebellar fibers Surface Basilar sulcus Other grey : Raphe / reticular Reticular formation Caudal Oral Tegmental Paramedian Raphe nuclei Median Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pons&oldid=825335589 '' Categories : Pons Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Infobox brain using braininfo parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 20 : 37. 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Question: where is the pons located in the brain
Answer: in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum