Herpes simplex virus - wikipedia Herpes simplex virus This article is about the virus. For information about the disease caused by the virus, see Herpes simplex. This article is about the human viruses. For for the genus of animalian simplex viruses, see Simplexvirus. Herpes simplex virus TEM micrograph of a herpes simplex virus Virus classification Group : Group I ( dsDNA ) Order : Herpesvirales Family : Herpesviridae Subfamily : Alphaherpesvirinae Genus : Simplexvirus Species Herpes simplex virus 1 ( HSV - 1 ) Herpes simplex virus 2 ( HSV - 2 ) Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 ( HSV - 1 and HSV - 2 ), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 ( HHV - 1 and HHV - 2 ), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Both HSV - 1 ( which produces most cold sores ) and HSV - 2 ( which produces most genital herpes ) are ubiquitous and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person is producing and shedding the virus. In simple terms, herpes simplex 1 is most commonly known as a `` cold sore '', while herpes simplex 2 is the one known by the public as `` herpes '', or `` genital herpes ''. According to the World Health Organization 67 % of the world population under the age of 50 have HSV - 1. Symptoms of herpes simplex virus infection include watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips, nose or genitals. Lesions heal with a scab characteristic of herpetic disease. Sometimes, the viruses cause very mild or atypical symptoms during outbreaks. However, they can also cause more troublesome forms of herpes simplex. As neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses, HSV - 1 and - 2 persist in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons. After the initial or primary infection, some infected people experience sporadic episodes of viral reactivation or outbreaks. In an outbreak, the virus in a nerve cell becomes active and is transported via the neuron 's axon to the skin, where virus replication and shedding occur and cause new sores. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Contents 1 Transmission 2 Virology 2.1 Viral structure 2.2 Cellular entry 2.3 Genetic inoculation 2.4 Immune evasion 2.5 Replication 2.6 Latent infection 2.7 HSV - 1 viral genome 2.8 HSV - 2 viral genome 3 Evolution 4 Treatment 5 Alzheimer 's disease 6 Multiplicity reactivation 7 Use as an anti-cancer agent 8 Use in neuronal connection tracing 9 Other related outcomes 10 Research 11 References 12 External links Transmission Main article : Herpes simplex HSV - 1 and - 2 are transmitted by contact with an infected person who has reactivations of the virus. Herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) - 2 is periodically shed in the human genital tract, most often asymptomatically. Most sexual transmissions occur during periods of asymptomatic shedding. Asymptomatic reactivation means that the virus causes atypical, subtle or hard to notice symptoms that are not identified as an active herpes infection. It is therefore possible to acquire the virus even if no active HSV blisters or sores are present. In one study, daily genital swab samples found HSV - 2 at a median of 12 -- 28 % of days among those who have had an outbreak, and 10 % of days among those suffering from asymptomatic infection, with many of these episodes occurring without visible outbreak ( `` subclinical shedding '' ). In another study, 73 subjects were randomized to receive valaciclovir 1 g daily or placebo for 60 days each in a 2 - way crossover design. A daily swab of the genital area was self - collected for HSV - 2 detection by polymerase chain reaction, in order to compare the effect of valaciclovir 1 g once daily for 60 days versus placebo on asymptomatic viral shedding in immunocompetent, HSV - 2 seropositive subjects without a history of symptomatic genital herpes infection. The study found that valaciclovir significantly reduced shedding during subclinical days compared to placebo, showing a 71 % reduction. 84 % of subjects had no shedding while receiving valaciclovir versus 54 % of subjects on placebo. 88 % of patients treated with valaciclovir had no recognized signs or symptoms versus 77 % for placebo. For HSV - 2, subclinical shedding may account for most of the transmission. Studies on discordant partners ( one infected with HSV - 2, one not ) show that the transmission rate is approximately 5 per 10,000 sexual contacts. ( Effect of Condoms on Reducing the Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 From Men to Women. A Wald, AGM Langenberg, K Link, et al. JAMA. 2001 ; 285 ( 24 ) : 3197 ) Atypical symptoms are often attributed to other causes such as a yeast infection. HSV - 1 is often acquired orally during childhood. It may also be sexually transmitted, including contact with saliva, such as kissing and mouth - to - genital contact ( oral sex ). HSV - 2 is primarily a sexually transmitted infection, but rates of HSV - 1 genital infections are increasing. Both viruses may also be transmitted vertically during childbirth. However, the risk of infection transmission is minimal if the mother has no symptoms or exposed blisters during delivery. The risk is considerable when the mother is infected with the virus for the first time during late pregnancy. Herpes simplex viruses can affect areas of skin exposed to contact with an infected person ( although shaking hands with an infected person does not transmit this disease ). An example of this is herpetic whitlow which is a herpes infection on the fingers. This was a common affliction of dental surgeons prior to the routine use of gloves when conducting treatment on patients. Virology. Viral structure Play media 3D reconstruction and animation of a tail - like assembly on HSV - 1 capsid 3D reconstruction of the Herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV - 1 ) capsid Animal herpes viruses all share some common properties. The structure of herpes viruses consists of a relatively large double - stranded, linear DNA genome encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid, which is wrapped in a lipid bilayer called the envelope. The envelope is joined to the capsid by means of a tegument. This complete particle is known as the virion. HSV - 1 and HSV - 2 each contain at least 74 genes ( or open reading frames, ORFs ) within their genomes, although speculation over gene crowding allows as many as 84 unique protein coding genes by 94 putative ORFs. These genes encode a variety of proteins involved in forming the capsid, tegument and envelope of the virus, as well as controlling the replication and infectivity of the virus. These genes and their functions are summarized in the table below. The genomes of HSV - 1 and HSV - 2 are complex and contain two unique regions called the long unique region ( U ) and the short unique region ( U ). Of the 74 known ORFs, U contains 56 viral genes, whereas U contains only 12. Transcription of HSV genes is catalyzed by RNA polymerase II of the infected host. Immediate early genes, which encode proteins that regulate the expression of early and late viral genes, are the first to be expressed following infection. Early gene expression follows, to allow the synthesis of enzymes involved in DNA replication and the production of certain envelope glycoproteins. Expression of late genes occurs last ; this group of genes predominantly encode proteins that form the virion particle. Five proteins from ( U ) form the viral capsid ; UL6, UL18, UL35, UL38 and the major capsid protein UL19. Cellular entry A simplified diagram of HSV replication Entry of HSV into a host cell involves several glycoproteins on the surface of the enveloped virus binding to their transmembrane receptors on the cell surface. Many of these receptors are then pulled inwards by the cell, which is thought to open a ring of three gHgL heterodimers stabilizing a compact conformation of the gB glycoprotein, so that it springs out and punctures the cell membrane. The envelope covering the virus particle then fuses with the cell membrane, creating a pore through which the contents of the viral envelope enters the host cell. The sequential stages of HSV entry are analogous to those of other viruses. At first, complementary receptors on the virus and the cell surface bring the viral and cell membranes into proximity. Interactions of these molecules then form a stable entry pore through which the viral envelope contents are introduced to the host cell. The virus can also be endocytosed after binding to the receptors, and the fusion could occur at the endosome. In electron micrographs the outer leaflets of the viral and cellular lipid bilayers have been seen merged ; this hemifusion may be on the usual path to entry or it may usually be an arrested state more likely to be captured than a transient entry mechanism. In the case of a herpes virus, initial interactions occur when two viral envelope glycoprotein called glycoprotein C ( gC ) and glycoprotein B ( gB ) bind to a cell surface particle called heparan sulfate. Next, the major receptor binding protein, glycoprotein D ( gD ), binds specifically to at least one of three known entry receptors. These cell receptors include herpesvirus entry mediator ( HVEM ), nectin - 1 and 3 - O sulfated heparan sulfate. The nectin receptors usually produce cell - cell adhesion, to provide a strong point of attachment for the virus to the host cell. These interactions bring the membrane surfaces into mutual proximity and allow for other glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope to interact with other cell surface molecules. Once bound to the HVEM, gD changes its conformation and interacts with viral glycoproteins H ( gH ) and L ( gL ), which form a complex. The interaction of these membrane proteins may result in a hemifusion state. gB interaction with the gH / gL complex creates an entry pore for the viral capsid. gB interacts with glycosaminoglycans on the surface of the host cell. Genetic inoculation After the viral capsid enters the cellular cytoplasm, it is transported to the cell nucleus. Once attached to the nucleus at a nuclear entry pore, the capsid ejects its DNA contents via the capsid portal. The capsid portal is formed by twelve copies of portal protein, UL6, arranged as a ring ; the proteins contain a leucine zipper sequence of amino acids which allow them to adhere to each other. Each icosahedral capsid contains a single portal, located in one vertex. The DNA exits the capsid in a single linear segment. Immune evasion HSV evades the immune system through interference with MHC class I antigen presentation on the cell surface, by blocking TAP or the transporter associated with antigen processing induced by the secretion of ICP - 47 by HSV. In the host cell, TAP transports digested viral antigen epitope peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing these epitopes to be combined with MHC class I molecules and presented on the surface of the cell. Viral epitope presentation with MHC class I is a requirement for activation of cytotoxic T - lymphocytes ( CTLs ), the major effectors of the cell - mediated immune response against virally - infected cells. ICP - 47 prevents initiation of a CTL - response against HSV, allowing the virus to survive for a protracted period in the host. Replication Micrograph showing the viral cytopathic effect of HSV ( multi-nucleation, ground glass chromatin ). Following infection of a cell, a cascade of herpes virus proteins, called immediate - early, early, and late, are produced. Research using flow cytometry on another member of the herpes virus family, Kaposi 's sarcoma - associated herpesvirus, indicates the possibility of an additional lytic stage, delayed - late. These stages of lytic infection, particularly late lytic, are distinct from the latency stage. In the case of HSV - 1, no protein products are detected during latency, whereas they are detected during the lytic cycle. The early proteins transcribed are used in the regulation of genetic replication of the virus. On entering the cell, an α - TIF protein joins the viral particle and aids in immediate - early transcription. The virion host shutoff protein ( VHS or UL41 ) is very important to viral replication. This enzyme shuts off protein synthesis in the host, degrades host mRNA, helps in viral replication, and regulates gene expression of viral proteins. The viral genome immediately travels to the nucleus but the VHS protein remains in the cytoplasm. The late proteins form the capsid and the receptors on the surface of the virus. Packaging of the viral particles -- including the genome, core and the capsid - occurs in the nucleus of the cell. Here, concatemers of the viral genome are separated by cleavage and are placed into pre-formed capsids. HSV - 1 undergoes a process of primary and secondary envelopment. The primary envelope is acquired by budding into the inner nuclear membrane of the cell. This then fuses with the outer nuclear membrane releasing a naked capsid into the cytoplasm. The virus acquires its final envelope by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles. Latent infection HSVs may persist in a quiescent but persistent form known as latent infection, notably in neural ganglia. HSV - 1 tends to reside in the trigeminal ganglia, while HSV - 2 tends to reside in the sacral ganglia, but these are tendencies only, not fixed behavior. During latent infection of a cell, HSVs express latency associated transcript ( LAT ) RNA. LAT regulates the host cell genome and interferes with natural cell death mechanisms. By maintaining the host cells, LAT expression preserves a reservoir of the virus, which allows subsequent, usually symptomatic, periodic recurrences or `` outbreaks '' characteristic of non-latency. Whether or not recurrences are symptomatic, viral shedding occurs to infect a new host. A protein found in neurons may bind to herpes virus DNA and regulate latency. Herpes virus DNA contains a gene for a protein called ICP4, which is an important transactivator of genes associated with lytic infection in HSV - 1. Elements surrounding the gene for ICP4 bind a protein known as the human neuronal protein Neuronal Restrictive Silencing Factor ( NRSF ) or human Repressor Element Silencing Transcription Factor ( REST ). When bound to the viral DNA elements, histone deacetylation occurs atop the ICP4 gene sequence to prevent initiation of transcription from this gene, thereby preventing transcription of other viral genes involved in the lytic cycle. Another HSV protein reverses the inhibition of ICP4 protein synthesis. ICP0 dissociates NRSF from the ICP4 gene and thus prevents silencing of the viral DNA. HSV - 1 viral genome The open reading frames ( ORFs ) of HSV - 1 Gene Protein Function / description Gene Protein Function / description UL1 Glycoprotein L ( 1 ) Surface and membrane UL38 UL38 ; VP19C ( 2 ) Capsid assembly and DNA maturation UL2 UL2 ( 3 ) Uracil - DNA glycosylase UL39 UL39 ; RR - 1 ; ICP6 ( 4 ) Ribonucleotide reductase ( Large subunit ) UL3 UL3 ( 5 ) unknown UL40 UL40 ; RR - 2 ( 6 ) Ribonucleotide reductase ( Small subunit ) UL4 UL4 ( 7 ) unknown UL41 UL41 ; VHS ( 8 ) Tegument protein ; Virion host shutoff UL5 UL5 ( 9 ) DNA replication UL42 UL42 ( 10 ) DNA polymerase processivity factor UL6 Portal protein U-6 Twelve of these proteins constitute the capsid portal ring through which DNA enters and exits the capsid. UL43 UL43 ( 11 ) Membrane protein UL7 UL7 ( 12 ) Virion maturation UL44 Glycoprotein C ( 13 ) Surface and membrane UL8 UL8 ( 14 ) DNA virus helicase - primase complex - associated protein UL45 UL45 ( 15 ) Membrane protein ; C - type lectin UL9 UL9 ( 16 ) Replication origin - binding protein UL46 VP11 / 12 ( 17 ) Tegument proteins UL10 Glycoprotein M ( 18 ) Surface and membrane UL47 UL47 ; VP13 / 14 ( 19 ) Tegument protein UL11 UL11 ( 20 ) virion exit and secondary envelopment UL48 VP16 ( Alpha - TIF ) ( 21 ) Virion maturation ; activate IE genes by interacting with the cellular transcription factors Oct - 1 and HCF. Binds to the sequence TAATGARAT. UL12 UL12 ( 22 ) Alkaline exonuclease UL49 UL49A ( 23 ) Envelope protein UL13 UL13 ( 24 ) Serine - threonine protein kinase UL50 UL50 ( 25 ) dUTP diphosphatase UL14 UL14 ( 26 ) Tegument protein UL51 UL51 ( 27 ) Tegument protein UL15 Terminase ( 28 ) Processing and packaging of DNA UL52 UL52 ( 29 ) DNA helicase / primase complex protein UL16 UL16 ( 30 ) Tegument protein UL53 Glycoprotein K ( 31 ) Surface and membrane UL17 UL17 ( 32 ) Processing and packaging DNA UL54 IE63 ; ICP27 ( 33 ) Transcriptional regulation and inhibition of the STING signalsome UL18 VP23 ( 34 ) Capsid protein UL55 UL55 ( 35 ) Unknown UL19 VP5 ( 36 ) Major capsid protein UL56 UL56 ( 37 ) Unknown UL20 UL20 ( 38 ) Membrane protein US1 ICP22 ; IE68 ( 39 ) Viral replication UL21 UL21 ( 40 ) Tegument protein US2 US2 ( 41 ) Unknown UL22 Glycoprotein H ( 42 ) Surface and membrane US3 US3 ( 43 ) Serine / threonine - protein kinase UL23 Thymidine kinase ( 44 ) Peripheral to DNA replication US4 Glycoprotein G ( 45 ) Surface and membrane UL24 UL24 ( 46 ) unknown US5 Glycoprotein J ( 47 ) Surface and membrane UL25 UL25 ( 48 ) Processing and packaging DNA US6 Glycoprotein D ( 49 ) Surface and membrane UL26 P40 ; VP24 ; VP22A ( 50 ) Capsid protein US7 Glycoprotein I ( 51 ) Surface and membrane UL27 Glycoprotein B ( 52 ) Surface and membrane US8 Glycoprotein E ( 53 ) Surface and membrane UL28 ICP18. 5 ( 54 ) Processing and packaging DNA US9 US9 ( 55 ) Tegument protein UL29 UL29 ; ICP8 ( 56 ) Major DNA - binding protein US10 US10 ( 57 ) Capsid / Tegument protein UL30 DNA polymerase ( 58 ) DNA replication US11 US11 ; Vmw21 ( 59 ) Binds DNA and RNA UL31 UL31 ( 60 ) Nuclear matrix protein US12 ICP47 ; IE12 ( 61 ) Inhibits MHC class I pathway by preventing binding of antigen to TAP UL32 UL32 ( 62 ) Envelope glycoprotein RS1 ICP4 ; IE175 ( 63 ) Major transcriptional activator. Essential for progression beyond the immediate - early phase of infection. IEG transcription repressor. UL33 UL33 ( 64 ) Processing and packaging DNA ICP0 ICP0 ; IE110 ; α0 ( 65 ) E3 ubiquitin ligase that activates viral gene transcription by opposing chromatinization of the viral genome and counteracts intrinsic - and interferon - based antiviral responses. UL34 UL34 ( 66 ) Inner nuclear membrane protein LRP1 LRP1 ( 67 ) Latency - related protein UL35 VP26 ( 68 ) Capsid protein LRP2 LRP2 ( 69 ) Latency - related protein UL36 UL36 ( 70 ) Large tegument protein RL1 RL1 ; ICP34. 5 ( 71 ) Neurovirulence factor. Antagonizes PKR by de-phosphorylating eIF4a. Binds to BECN1 and inactivates autophagy. UL37 UL37 ( 72 ) Capsid assembly LAT none ( 73 ) Latency - associated transcript HSV - 2 viral genome ORF or feature Comments a sequence Terminal direct repeat RL1 Neurovirulence factor Exon 1 Exon 2 RL2 Immediate - early protein ; modulator of cell state and gene expression Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 LAT LAT initiation site ; poly ( A ) site in circularized genome Start of UL UL1 Virion surface glycoprotein L UL2 Uracil - DNA glycosylase UL3 Nuclear phosphoprotein UL4 UL5 Component of DNA helicase - primase UL6 Minor capsid protein UL7 UL8 Component of DNA helicase - primase UL9 Ori binding protein UL10 Virion membrane glycoprotein M UL11 Myristylated tegument protein UL12 DNase UL13 Protein kinase ; tegument protein UL14 UL15 Role in DNA packaging Exon 1 Exon 2 UL16 Proposed initiator CTG codon UL17 UL18 Capsid protein UL19 Major capsid protein ( start ATG quoted is second possible ) UL20 Virion membrane protein UL21 Tegument protein UL22 Virion membrane glycoprotein H UL23 Thymidine kinase ( 2 possible poly ( A ) sites ) UL24 UL25 Virion protein ; roles in penetration and virus assembly UL26 Capsid maturation protease UL26. 5 Capsid assembly protein UL27 Virion membrane glycoprotein B UL28 Role in DNA packaging UL29 Single - stranded DNA binding protein OriL Origin of DNA replication ; location of palindrome given UL30 DNA polymerase catalytic subunit UL31 UL32 UL33 Role in DNA packaging UL34 Membrane - associated phosphoprotein UL35 Capsid protein UL36 Very large tegument protein ( reiterations omitted for calculation of Ka and Ks ) UL37 Tegument protein UL38 Capsid protein UL39 Ribonucleotide reductase large subunit UL40 Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit UL41 Tegument protein ; host shutoff factor ; defective in HSV - 2 ( HG52 ) ( see text ) UL42 DNA polymerase subunit UL43 Probable membrane protein UL44 Virion membrane glycoprotein C UL45 Tegument / envelope protein UL46 Tegument protein UL47 Tegument protein UL48 Tegument protein ; transactivator of immediate - early genes UL49 Tegument protein UL49A Probable virion membrane protein UL50 Deoxyuridine triphosphatase UL51 UL52 Component of DNA helicase - primase ; ATG initiator codon quoted corresponds to HSV - 1 ( see text ) UL53 Membrane glycoprotein K UL54 Immediate - early protein ; posttranslational regulator of gene expression UL55 UL56 Start of IRL LAT LAT initiation and poly ( A ) sites RL2 Immediate - early protein ; modulator of cell state and gene expression Exon 3 Exon 2 Exon 1 RL1 Neurovirulence factor Exon 2 Exon 1 a ′ sequence Opposite - sense copy of sequence directly repeated at genomic termini RS1 Immediate - early protein ; transcriptional regulator OriS Origin of DNA replication ; limits given are for directly repeated 138 nucleotides Start of US US1 Immediate - early protein ; intron in 5 ′ noncoding region US2 US3 Protein kinase US4 Virion membrane glycoprotein G US5 Putative membrane glycoprotein J US6 Virion membrane glycoprotein D US7 Virion membrane glycoprotein I US8 Virion membrane glycoprotein E US8A Nucleolar protein US9 Tegument protein US10 Virion protein US11 Nucleolar, RNA binding protein US12 Immediate - early protein ; inhibitor of antigen presentation ; intron in 5 ′ noncoding region Start of TRS OriS Origin of DNA replication ; limits given are for directly repeated 138 nucleotides RS1 Immediate - early protein ; transcriptional regulator a sequence Terminal direct repeat Evolution The herpes simplex 1 genomes can be classified into six clades. Four of these occur in East Africa, one in East Asia and one in Europe and North America. This suggests that the virus may have originated in East Africa. The most recent common ancestor of the Eurasian strains appears to have evolved ~ 60,000 years ago. The East Asian HSV - 1 isolates have an unusual pattern that is currently best explained by the two waves of migration responsible for the peopling of Japan. Herpes simplex 2 genomes can be divided into two groups : one is globally distributed and the other is mostly limited to sub Saharan Africa. The globably distributed genotype has undergone an ancient recombination with herpes simplex 1. The mutation rate has been estimated to be ~ 1.38 × 10 substitutions / site / year. In clinical setting, the mutations in either the thymidine kinase gene or DNA polymerase gene has caused resistance to aciclovir. However, most of the mutations occur in the thymidine kinase gene rather than the DNA polymerase gene. Another analysis has estimated the mutation rate in the herpes simplex 1 genome to be 1.82 × 10 nucleotide substitution per site per year. This analysis placed the most recent common ancestor of this virus ~ 710,000 years ago. Treatment For more details on treatment of herpes simplex virus, see Herpes simplex. Herpes viruses establish lifelong infections, and the virus can not yet be eradicated from the body. Treatment usually involves general - purpose antiviral drugs that interfere with viral replication, reduce the physical severity of outbreak - associated lesions, and lower the chance of transmission to others. Studies of vulnerable patient populations have indicated that daily use of antivirals such as aciclovir and valaciclovir can reduce reactivation rates. Alzheimer 's disease It was reported, in 1979, that there is a possible link between HSV - 1 and Alzheimer 's disease, in people with the epsilon4 allele of the gene APOE. HSV - 1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one 's risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to the development of Alzheimer 's disease. This research identifies HSVs as the pathogen most clearly linked to the establishment of Alzheimer 's. According to a study done in 1997, without the presence of the gene allele, HSV - 1 does not appear to cause any neurological damage or increase the risk of Alzheimer 's. However, a more recent prospective study published in 2008 with a cohort of 591 people showed a statistically significant difference between patients with antibodies indicating recent reactivation of HSV and those without these antibodies in the incidence of Alzheimer 's disease, without direct correlation to the APOE - epsilon4 allele. It should be noted that the trial had a small sample of patients who did not have the antibody at baseline, so the results should be viewed as highly uncertain. In 2011 Manchester University scientists showed that treating HSV1 - infected cells with antiviral agents decreased the accumulation of β - amyloid and P - tau, and also decreased HSV - 1 replication. Multiplicity reactivation Multiplicity reactivation ( MR ) is the process by which viral genomes containing inactivating damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable viral genome. MR was originally discovered with the bacterial virus bacteriophage T4, but was subsequently also found with pathogenic viruses including influenza virus, HIV - 1, adenovirus simian virus 40, vaccinia virus, reovirus, poliovirus and herpes simplex virus. When HSV particles are exposed to doses of a DNA damaging agent that would be lethal in single infections, but are then allowed to undergo multiple infection ( i.e. two or more viruses per host cell ), MR is observed. Enhanced survival of HSV - 1 due to MR occurs upon exposure to different DNA damaging agents, including methyl methanesulfonate, trimethylpsoralen ( which causes inter-strand DNA cross-links ), and UV light. After treatment of genetically marked HSV with trimethylpsoralen, recombination between the marked viruses increases, suggesting that trimethylpsoralen damage stimulates recombination. MR of HSV appears to partially depend on the host cell recombinational repair machinery since skin fibroblast cells defective in a component of this machinery ( i.e. cells from Bloom 's syndrome patients ) are deficient in MR. These observations suggest that MR in HSV infections involves genetic recombination between damaged viral genomes resulting in production of viable progeny viruses. HSV - 1, upon infecting host cells, induces inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus it appears that the HSV genome may be subjected to oxidative DNA damage during infection, and that MR may enhance viral survival and virulence under these conditions. Use as an anti-cancer agent Main article : Oncolytic herpes virus Herpes simplex virus is considered as a potential therapy for cancer and has been extensively clinically tested to assess its oncolytic ( cancer killing ) ability. Interim overall survival data from Amgen 's phase 3 trial of a genetically - attenuated herpes virus suggests efficacy against melanoma. Use in neuronal connection tracing Main article : Viral neuronal tracing Herpes simplex virus is also used as a transneuronal tracer defining connections among neurons by virtue of traversing synapses. Other related outcomes Herpes simplex virus is likely the most common cause of Mollaret 's meningitis, and, in worse case scenarios, can lead to a potentially fatal case of herpes simplex encephalitis. Research For more details on vaccines and research milestones of herpes simplex virus, see the main article : Herpes simplex research. There exist commonly used vaccines to some herpesviruses, but only veterinary, such as HVT / LT ( Turkey herpesvirus vector laryngotracheitis vaccine ). However, it prevents atherosclerosis ( which histologically mirrors atherosclerosis in humans ) in target animals vaccinated. References ^ Jump up to : Ryan KJ, Ray CG ( editors ) ( 2004 ). Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed. ). McGraw Hill. pp. 555 -- 62. ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8529 - 9. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Herpes simplex virus ''. World Health Organization. 31 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Herpes simplex ''. 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Jump up ^ Christensen, Maria H ; Jensen, Søren B ; Miettinen, Juho J ; Luecke, Stefanie ; Prabakaran, Thaneas ; Reinert, Line S ; Mettenleiter, Thomas ; Chen, Zhijian J ; Knipe, David M ; Sandri ‐ Goldin, Rozanne M ; Enquist, Lynn W ; Hartmann, Rune ; Mogensen, Trine H ; Rice, Stephen A ; Nyman, Tuula A ; Matikainen, Sampsa ; Paludan, Søren R ( 2016 ). `` HSV ‐ 1 ICP27 targets the TBK1 ‐ activated STING signalsome to inhibit virus ‐ induced type I IFN expression ''. The EMBO Journal. 35 ( 13 ) : 1385 -- 1399. doi : 10.15252 / embj. 201593458. ISSN 0261 - 4189. Jump up ^ Vittone V, Diefenbach E, Triffett D, Douglas MW, Cunningham AL, Diefenbach RJ ( 2005 ). `` Determination of Interactions between Tegument Proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ''. J. Virol. 79 ( 15 ) : 9566 -- 71. doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 79.15. 9566 - 9571.2005. PMC 1181608. PMID 16014918. Jump up ^ Matis J, Kúdelová M ( 2011 ). `` HSV - 1 ICP0 : paving the way for viral replication ''. 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Jump up ^ Das SK ( 1982 ). `` Multiplicity reactivation of alkylating agent damaged herpes simplex virus ( type I ) in human cells ''. Mutation Research. 105 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 15 -- 18. doi : 10.1016 / 0165 - 7992 ( 82 ) 90201 - 9. PMID 6289091. ^ Jump up to : Hall JD, Scherer K ( 1981 ). `` Repair of psoralen - treated DNA by genetic recombination in human cells infected with herpes simplex virus ''. Cancer Research. 41 ( 12 Pt 1 ) : 5033 -- 5038. PMID 6272987. Jump up ^ Coppey J, Sala - Trepat M, Lopez B ( 1989 ). `` Multiplicity reactivation and mutagenesis of trimethylpsoralen - damaged herpes virus in normal and Fanconi 's anaemia cells ''. Mutagenesis. 4 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 71. doi : 10.1093 / mutage / 4.1. 67. PMID 2541311. ^ Jump up to : Selsky CA, Henson P, Weichselbaum RR, Little JB ( 1979 ). `` Defective reactivation of ultraviolet light - irradiated herpesvirus by a Bloom 's syndrome fibroblast strain ''. Cancer Research. 39 ( 9 ) : 3392 -- 3396. PMID 225021. Jump up ^ Valyi - Nagy T, Olson SJ, Valyi - Nagy K, Montine TJ, Dermody TS ( 2000 ). `` Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency in the Murine Nervous System is Associated with Oxidative Damage to Neurons ''. Virology. 278 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 321. doi : 10.1006 / viro. 2000.0678. PMID 11118355. Jump up ^ Varghese S, Rabkin SD ( 1 December 2002 ). `` Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors for cancer virotherapy ''. Cancer Gene Therapy. 9 ( 12 ) : 967 -- 978. doi : 10.1038 / sj. cgt. 7700537. PMID 12522436. Jump up ^ `` Amgen Presents Interim Overall Survival Data From Phase 3 Study Of Talimogene Laherparepvec In Patients With Metastatic Melanoma '' ( Press release ). November 18, 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ Norgren, R.B., Jr., & Lehman, M.N. ( 1998 ). `` Herpes simplex virus as a transneuronal tracer. ( Review ) ''. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 22 ( 6 ) : 695 -- 708. doi : 10.1016 / s0149 - 7634 ( 98 ) 00008 - 6. PMID 9809305. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th edition. p. 1179. ISBN 9780071802154. Jump up ^ `` Meningitis - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents ''. www.antimicrobe.org. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14. Jump up ^ http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1637/10383-092412-Reg.1 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=0ToGnkORSAMC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25 Role of Herpesvirus in Artherogenesis edited by David P Hajjar, Stephen M Schwartz External links `` Genital Herpes ''. Public Health Agency of Canada. Herpes simplex : Host viral protein interactions : A database of HSV - 1 interacting host proteins 3D macromolecular structures of the Herpes simplex virus archived in the EM Data Bank ( EMDB ) Sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) ( primarily A50 -- A64, 090 -- 099 ) Bacterial Chancroid ( Haemophilus ducreyi ) Chlamydia / Lymphogranuloma venereum ( Chlamydia trachomatis ) Donovanosis or Granuloma Inguinale ( Klebsiella granulomatis ) Gonorrhea ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ) Mycoplasma hominis infection ( Mycoplasma hominis ) Syphilis ( Treponema pallidum ) Ureaplasma infection ( Ureaplasma urealyticum ) Protozoal Trichomoniasis ( Trichomonas vaginalis ) Parasitic Crab louse / crabs Scabies Viral AIDS ( HIV - 1 / HIV - 2 ) Cervical cancer, vulvar cancer & Genital warts ( condyloma ), Penile cancer, Anal cancer ( Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) ) Hepatitis B ( Hepatitis B virus ) Herpes simplex ( HSV1 / HSV2 ) Molluscum contagiosum ( MCV ) General inflammation female Cervicitis Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID ) male Epididymitis Prostatitis either Proctitis Urethritis / Non-gonococcal urethritis ( NGU ) Infectious skin disease : Viral cutaneous conditions, including viral exanthema ( B00 -- B09, 050 -- 059 ) DNA virus Herpesviridae Alpha HSV Herpes simplex Herpetic whitlow Herpes gladiatorum Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis Herpetic sycosis Neonatal herpes simplex Herpes genitalis Herpes labialis Eczema herpeticum Herpetiform esophagitis Herpes B virus B virus infection VZV Chickenpox Herpes zoster Herpes zoster oticus Ophthalmic zoster Disseminated herpes zoster Zoster - associated pain Modified varicella - like syndrome Beta Human herpesvirus 6 / Roseolovirus Exanthema subitum Roseola vaccinia Cytomegalic inclusion disease Gamma KSHV Kaposi 's sarcoma Poxviridae Ortho Variola Smallpox Alastrim MoxV Monkeypox CPXV Cowpox VV Vaccinia Generalized vaccinia Eczema vaccinatum Progressive vaccinia Buffalopox Para Farmyard pox : Milker 's nodule Bovine papular stomatitis Pseudocowpox Orf Sealpox Other Yatapoxvirus : Tanapox Yaba monkey tumor virus MCV Molluscum contagiosum Papillomaviridae HPV Wart / plantar wart Heck 's disease Genital wart giant Laryngeal papillomatosis Butcher 's wart Bowenoid papulosis Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Verruca plana Pigmented wart Verrucae palmares et plantares BPV Equine sarcoid Parvoviridae Parvovirus B19 Erythema infectiosum Reticulocytopenia Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome Polyomaviridae Merkel cell polyomavirus Merkel cell carcinoma RNA virus Paramyxoviridae MeV Measles Togaviridae Rubella virus Rubella Congenital rubella syndrome Alphavirus infection Chikungunya fever Picornaviridae CAV Hand, foot and mouth disease Herpangina FMDV Foot - and - mouth disease Boston exanthem disease Ungrouped Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood Post-vaccination follicular eruption Lipschütz ulcer Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis Viral - associated trichodysplasia Gianotti -- Crosti syndrome Baltimore ( virus classification ) DNA I : dsDNA viruses Caudovirales Myoviridae Podoviridae Siphoviridae Herpesvirales Alloherpesviridae Herpesviridae Malacoherpesviridae Ligamenvirales Lipothrixviridae Rudiviridae Unassigned NLCDV : Ascoviridae Asfarviridae Iridoviridae Marseilleviridae Mimiviridae Phycodnaviridae Poxviridae genera : Dinodnavirus nonenveloped : Adenoviridae Papillomaviridae Papovaviridae ( obsolete ) Polyomaviridae genera : Rhizidiovirus Ampullaviridae Baculoviridae Bicaudaviridae Clavaviridae Corticoviridae Fuselloviridae Globuloviridae Guttaviridae Hytrosaviridae Nimaviridae Nudiviridae Plasmaviridae Polydnaviridae Sphaerolipoviridae Tectiviridae Turriviridae genera : Salterprovirus II : ssDNA viruses Anelloviridae Bidnaviridae Circoviridae Geminiviridae Inoviridae Microviridae Nanoviridae Parvoviridae Spiraviridae genera : Bacilladnavirus RNA III : dsRNA viruses Amalgaviridae Birnaviridae Chrysoviridae Cystoviridae Endornaviridae Hypoviridae Megabirnaviridae Partitiviridae Picobirnaviridae Quadriviridae Reoviridae Totiviridae IV : ( + ) ssRNA viruses ( primarily icosahedral ) Nidovirales Arteriviridae Coronaviridae Mesoniviridae Roniviridae Picornavirales Comoviridae ( obsolete ) Dicistroviridae Iflaviridae Marnaviridae Picornaviridae Secoviridae Sequiviridae ( obsolete ) genera : Bacillarnavirus Labyrnavirus Tymovirales Alphaflexiviridae Betaflexiviridae Gammaflexiviridae Tymoviridae Unassigned Alphatetraviridae Alvernaviridae Astroviridae Barnaviridae Benyviridae Bromoviridae Caliciviridae Carmotetraviridae Closteroviridae Flaviviridae Flexiviridae ( obsolete ) Hepeviridae Leviviridae Luteoviridae Narnaviridae Nodaviridae Permutotetraviridae Potyviridae Tetraviridae ( obsolete ) Togaviridae Tombusviridae Virgaviridae genera : Cilevirus Higrevirus Idaeovirus Ourmiavirus Polemovirus Sobemovirus V : ( -- ) ssRNA viruses ( primarily helical ) Mononegavirales Bornaviridae Filoviridae Nyamiviridae Paramyxoviridae Rhabdoviridae Bunyavirales Hantaviridae Nairoviridae Peribunyaviridae Phenuiviridae Tospoviridae Feraviridae Fimoviridae Jonviridae Phasmaviridae Unassigned Arenaviridae Ophioviridae Orthomyxoviridae genera : Deltavirus RT VI : ssRNA - RT viruses Metaviridae Pseudoviridae Retroviridae VII : dsDNA - RT viruses Caulimoviridae Hepadnaviridae Taxon identifiers Wd : Q655331 EoL : 540930 NCBI : 10298 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpes_simplex_virus&oldid=832553519 '' Categories : Simplexviruses Sexually transmitted diseases and infections Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 18 : 01. 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Question: what type of herpes simplex virus usually produces genital infections
Answer: HSV-2