Migration period - Wikipedia Migration period This article is about European migrations during the first millennium AD. For prehistoric migrations, see Human migration. For the 2003 Canadian film, see The Barbarian Invasions. For seasonal periods of animal migrations, see animal migration. For seasonal periods of human migrations, see seasonal human migration. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. ( January 2012 ) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine - translated version of the German article. Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template ( ( Translated de Völkerwanderung ) ) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia : Translation. Invasions of the Roman Empire Invasions Time AD 375 -- 568 Migration Period also AD 100 - 500 Invasions of the Roman Empire AD 409 - 910 Period of the Barbarian kingdoms Place Europe and Northern Africa Event Tribes invading the declining Roman Empire The Migration Period was a time of widespread migrations of peoples, notably the Germanic tribes and the Huns, within or into Europe in the middle of the first millennium AD. It has also been termed in English by the German loanword Völkerwanderung and -- from the Roman and Greek perspective -- the Barbarian Invasions. Many of the migrations were movements of Germanic, Hunnic, Slavic, and other peoples into the territory of the then Roman Empire with or without accompanying invasions or war. Scientific consensus established time frames for the Migration Period as beginning with the invasion of Europe by the Huns in 375, and ending with the conquest of Italy by the Lombards in 568. Various factors contributed to this phenomenon as role and significance of each one is still very much discussed among experts on the subject. Starting in 382, the Roman Empire and individual tribes made treaties regarding their settlement in its territory. The Franks, a Germanic tribe which would later found Francia -- a predecessor of modern France and Germany -- settled in the Roman Empire and were given a task of securing the northeastern Gaul border. Western Roman rule was first violated with the Crossing of the Rhine and the following invasions of the Vandals and Suebi. With wars ensuing between various tribes, as well as local populations in the Western Roman Empire, more and more power was transferred to Germanic and Roman militaries. There are contradicting opinions whether the fall of the Western Roman Empire was a result or cause of tribes getting on the move. The Eastern Roman Empire was less affected by migrations and survived until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the modern period, the Migration Period was increasingly described with a rather negative connotation and tribes ' contribution to the fall of Rome was more and more underlined. In place of the fallen Western Rome, Barbarian kingdoms arose in 5th and 6th centuries and came to decisively shape European culture of the upcoming Middle Ages. The migrants comprised war bands or tribes of 10,000 to 20,000 people, but in the course of 100 years, they numbered not more than 750,000 in total, compared to an average 39.9 million population of the Roman Empire at that time. Although immigration was common throughout the time of the Roman Empire, the period in question was, in the 19th century, often defined as running from about the 5th to 8th centuries AD. The first migrations of peoples were made by Germanic tribes such as the Goths ( including the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths ), the Vandals, the Anglo - Saxons, the Lombards, the Suebi, the Frisii, the Jutes, the Burgundians, the Alamanni, the Scirii and Franks ; they were later pushed westward by the Huns, the Avars, the Slavs and the Bulgars. Later invasions -- such as the Viking, the Norman, the Hungarian, the Moorish, the Turkic, and the Mongol -- also had significant effects ( especially in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Anatolia and Central and Eastern Europe ) ; however, they are usually considered outside the scope of the Migration Period. Contents 1 Chronology 1.1 Origins of Germanic tribes 1.2 First phase 1.3 Second phase 2 Climatic factors 3 Discussions 3.1 Barbarian identity 3.2 Viewpoints 3.3 Ethnicity 4 Depiction in media 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Chronology See also : Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians, Alans, Lombards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi, Alemanni, Gepids, and Vandals A Migration Period Germanic gold bracteate featuring a depiction of a bird, horse, and stylized head wearing a Suebian knot sometimes theorized to represent the Germanic god Wōden and what would later become Sleipnir and Hugin or Munin in Germanic mythology, later attested to in the form of Norse mythology. The runic inscription includes the religious term alu. Origins of Germanic tribes Further information : Proto - Germanic, Pre-Roman Iron Age ( Northern Europe ), and Marcomannic Wars Germanic peoples moved out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany to the adjacent lands between the Elbe and Oder after 1000 BC. The first wave moved westward and southward ( pushing the resident Celts west to the Rhine by about 200 BC ), moving into southern Germany up to the Roman provinces of Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul by 100 BC, where they were stopped by Gaius Marius and Julius Caesar. It is this western group which was described by the Roman historian Tacitus ( 56 -- 117 AD ) and Julius Caesar ( 100 -- 44 BC ). A later wave of Germanic tribes migrated eastward and southward from Scandinavia between 600 and 300 BC to the opposite coast of the Baltic Sea, moving up the Vistula near the Carpathians. During Tacitus ' era they included lesser known tribes such as the Tencteri, Cherusci, Hermunduri and Chatti ; however, a period of federation and intermarriage resulted in the familiar groups known as the Alemanni, Franks, Saxons, Frisians and Thuringians. First phase Further information : Roman Iron Age ( Northern Europe ) The Barbarian Invasions may be divided into two phases. The first phase, occurring between AD 300 and 500, is partly documented by Greek and Latin historians but difficult to verify archaeologically. It puts Germanic peoples in control of most areas of what was then the Western Roman Empire. The Tervingi entered Roman territory ( after a clash with the Huns ) in 376. Some time thereafter in Marcianopolis, the escort to Fritigern ( their leader ) was killed while meeting with Lupicinus. The Tervingi rebelled, and the Visigoths, a group derived either from the Tervingi or from a fusion of mainly Gothic groups, eventually invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410, before settling in Gaul, and then, 50 years later, in Iberia, founding a kingdom that lasted for 250 years. They were followed into Roman territory first by a confederation of Herulian, Rugian, and Scirian warriors, under Odoacer, that deposed Romulus Augustulus on 4 September 476, and later by the Ostrogoths, led by Theodoric the Great, who settled in Italy. In Gaul, the Franks ( a fusion of western Germanic tribes whose leaders had been aligned with Rome since the third century AD ) entered Roman lands gradually during the fifth century, and after consolidating power under Childeric and his son Clovis 's decisive victory over Syagrius in 486, established themselves as rulers of northern Roman Gaul. Fending off challenges from the Allemanni, Burgundians, and Visigoths, the Frankish kingdom became the nucleus of what would later become France and Germany. The initial Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain occurred during the fifth century, when Roman control of Britain had come to an end. The Burgundians settled in North Western Italy, Switzerland and Eastern France in the fifth century. Second phase Further information : Germanic Iron Age and Early Slavs The second phase took place between 500 and 700 and saw Slavic tribes settling in central and eastern Europe ( notably in eastern Magna Germania ), gradually making it predominantly Slavic. Additionally, Turkic tribes such as the Avars became involved in this phase. In 567, the Avars and the Lombards destroyed much of the Gepid Kingdom. The Lombards, a Germanic people, settled in Italy with their Herulian, Suebian, Gepid, Thuringian, Bulgarian, Sarmatian and Saxon allies in the 6th century. They were later followed by the Bavarians and the Franks, who conquered and ruled most of Italy. The Bulgars, originally a nomadic group from Central Asia, had occupied the Pontic steppe north of Caucasus since the second century, but after, pushed by the Khazars, the majority of them migrated west and dominated Byzantine territories along the lower Danube in the seventh century. From this time and onward the demographic picture of the Balkans changed permanently becoming predominantly Slavic, while pockets of native people survived in the mountains of southwest Balkans, Albania and Greece. During the early Byzantine -- Arab Wars, Arab armies attempted to invade southeast Europe via Asia Minor during the late seventh and early eighth centuries, but were defeated at the siege of Constantinople ( 717 -- 718 ) by the joint forces of Byzantium and the Bulgars. During the Khazar -- Arab Wars, the Khazars stopped the Arab expansion into Europe across the Caucasus ( 7th and 8th centuries ). At the same time, the Moors ( consisting of Arabs and Berbers ) invaded Europe via Gibraltar ( conquering Hispania -- the Iberian Peninsula -- from the Visigothic Kingdom in 711 ), before being halted. These battles broadly demarcated the frontiers between Christendom and Islam for the next millennium. The following centuries saw the Muslims successful in conquering most of Sicily from the Christians by 902. The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin from around 895, and the Viking expansion from the late 8th century conventionally mark the last large movements of the period. Christianity gradually converted the non-Islamic newcomers and integrated them into the medieval Christian order. Climatic factors A number of contemporary historical references worldwide refer to an extended period of extreme weather during 535 -- 536. Evidence of this cold period is also found in dendrochronology and ice cores. The consequences of this cold period are debated. Further information : Bond event Discussions Barbarian identity Analysis of barbarian identity and how it was created and expressed during the Barbarian Invasions has elicited discussion among scholars. Herwig Wolfram, a historian of the Goths, in discussing the equation of migratio gentium with Völkerwanderung, observes that Michael Schmidt introduced the equation in his 1778 history of the Germans. Wolfram observed that the significance of gens as a biological community was shifting, even during the early Middle Ages and that `` to complicate matters, we have no way of devising a terminology that is not derived from the concept of nationhood created during the French Revolution ''. The `` primordialistic '' paradigm prevailed during the 19th century. Scholars, such as German linguist Johann Gottfried Herder, viewed tribes as coherent biological ( racial ) entities, using the term to refer to discrete ethnic groups. He also believed that the Volk were an organic whole, with a core identity and spirit evident in art, literature and language. These characteristics were seen as intrinsic, unaffected by external influences, even conquest. Language, in particular, was seen as the most important expression of ethnicity. They argued that groups sharing the same ( or similar ) language possessed a common identity and ancestry. This was the Romantic ideal that there once had been a single German, Celtic or Slavic people who originated from a common homeland and spoke a common tongue, helping to provide a conceptual framework for political movements of the 18th and 19th centuries such as Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism. From the 1960s, a reinterpretation of archaeological and historic evidence prompted scholars, such as Goffart and Todd, to propose new models for explaining the construction of barbarian identity. They maintained that no sense of shared identity was perceived by the Germani ; a similar theory having been proposed for Celtic and Slavic groups. A theory states that the primordialist mode of thinking was encouraged by a prima facie interpretation of Graeco - Roman sources, which grouped together many tribes under such labels as Germani, Keltoi or Sclavenoi, thus encouraging their perception as distinct peoples. Modernists argue that the uniqueness perceived by specific groups was based on common political and economic interests rather than biological or racial distinctions. The role of language in constructing and maintaining group identity can be ephemeral since large - scale language shifts occur commonly in history. Modernists propose the idea of `` imagined communities '' ; the barbarian polities in late antiquity were social constructs rather than unchanging lines of blood kinship. The process of forming tribal units was called `` ethnogenesis '', a term coined by Soviet scholar Yulian Bromley. The Austrian school ( led by Reinhard Wenskus ) popularized this idea, which influenced medievalists such as Herwig Wolfram, Walter Pohl and Patrick Geary. It argues that the stimulus for forming tribal polities was perpetuated by a small nucleus of people, known as the Traditionskern ( `` kernel of tradition '' ), who were a military or aristocratic elite. This core group formed a standard for larger units, gathering adherents by employing amalgamative metaphors such as kinship and aboriginal commonality and claiming that they perpetuated an ancient, divinely - sanctioned lineage. The common, track - filled map of the Völkerwanderung may illustrate such ( a ) course of events, but it misleads. Unfolded over long periods of time, the changes of position that took place were necessarily irregular... ( with ) periods of emphatic discontinuity. For decades and possibly centuries, the tradition bearers idled, and the tradition itself hibernated. There was ample time for forgetfulness to do its work. Viewpoints Historians have postulated several explanations for the appearance of `` barbarians '' on the Roman frontier : weather and crops, population pressure, a `` primeval urge '' to push into the Mediterranean or the `` domino effect '' of the Huns falling upon the Goths who, in turn, pushed other Germanic tribes before them. Entire barbarian tribes ( or nations ) flooded into Roman provinces, ending classical urbanism and beginning new types of rural settlements. In general, French and Italian scholars have tended to view this as a catastrophic event, the destruction of a civilization and the beginning of a `` Dark Age '' that set Europe back a millennium. In contrast, German and English historians have tended to see Roman / Barbarian interaction as the replacement of a `` tired, effete and decadent Mediterranean civilization '' with a `` more virile, martial, Nordic one ''. Rather than `` invasion '', German and Slavic scholars speak of `` migration '' ( German : Völkerwanderung, Czech : Stěhování národů, Swedish : folkvandring and Hungarian : népvándorlás ), aspiring to the idea of a dynamic and `` wandering Indo - Germanic people ''. The scholar Guy Halsall has seen the barbarian movement as the result of the fall of the Roman Empire, not its cause. Archaeological finds have confirmed that Germanic and Slavic tribes were settled agriculturalists who were probably merely `` drawn into the politics of an empire already falling apart for quite a few other causes ''. The Crisis of the Third Century caused significant changes within the Roman Empire in both its western and its eastern portions. In particular, economic fragmentation removed many of the political, cultural and economic forces that had held the empire together. The rural population in Roman provinces became distanced from the metropolis, and there was little to differentiate them from other peasants across the Roman frontier. In addition, Rome increasingly used foreign mercenaries to defend itself. That `` barbarisation '' parallelled changes within barbaricum. For example, the Roman Empire played a vital role in building up barbarian groups along its frontier. Propped up with imperial support and gifts, the armies of allied barbarian chieftains served as buffers against other, hostile, barbarian groups. The disintegration of Roman economic power weakened groups that had come to depend on Roman gifts for the maintenance of their own power. The arrival of the Huns helped prompt many groups to invade the provinces for economic reasons. The nature of the barbarian takeover of former Roman provinces varied from region to region. For example, in Aquitaine, the provincial administration was largely self - reliant. Halsall has argued that local rulers simply `` handed over '' military rule to the Ostrogoths, acquiring the identity of the newcomers. In Gaul, the collapse of imperial rule resulted in anarchy : the Franks and Alemanni were pulled into the ensuing `` power vacuum '', resulting in conflict. In Spain, local aristocrats maintained independent rule for some time, raising their own armies against the Vandals. Meanwhile, the Roman withdrawal from Lowland England resulted in conflict between Saxons and the Brythonic chieftains ( whose centres of power retreated westward as a result ). The Eastern Roman Empire attempted to maintain control of the Balkan provinces despite a thinly - spread imperial army relying mainly on local militias and an extensive effort to refortify the Danubian limes. The ambitious fortification efforts collapsed, worsening the impoverished conditions of the local populace and resulting in colonization by Slavic warriors and their families. Halsall and Noble have argued that such changes stemmed from the breakdown in Roman political control, which exposed the weakness of local Roman rule. Instead of large - scale migrations, there were military takeovers by small groups of warriors and their families, who usually numbered only in the tens of thousands. The process involved active, conscious decision - making by Roman provincial populations. The collapse of centralized control severely weakened the sense of Roman identity in the provinces, which may explain why the provinces then underwent dramatic cultural changes even though few barbarians settled in them. Ultimately, the Germanic groups in the Western Roman Empire were accommodated without `` dispossessing or overturning indigenous society '', and they maintained a structured and hierarchical ( but attenuated ) form of Roman administration. Ironically, they lost their unique identity as a result of such an accommodation and were absorbed into Latinhood. In contrast, in the east, Slavic tribes maintained a more `` spartan and egalitarian '' existence bound to the land `` even in times when they took their part in plundering Roman provinces ''. Their organizational models were not Roman, and their leaders were not normally dependent on Roman gold for success. Thus they arguably had a greater effect on their region than the Goths, the Franks or the Saxons had on theirs. Ethnicity Based on the belief that particular types of artifacts, elements of personal adornment generally found in a funerary context, are thought to indicate the race and / or ethnicity of the person buried, the `` Culture - History '' school of archaeology assumed that archaeological cultures represent the Urheimat ( homeland ) of tribal polities named in historical sources. As a consequence, the shifting extensions of material cultures were interpreted as the expansion of peoples. Influenced by constructionism, process - driven archaeologists rejected the Culture - Historical doctrine and marginalized the discussion of ethnicity altogether and focused on the intragroup dynamics that generated such material remains. Moreover, they argued that adoption of new cultures could occur through trade or internal political developments rather than only military takeovers. Depiction in media Terry Jones ' Barbarians, a 4 - part TV documentary series first broadcast on BBC 2 in 2006 Rome : Total War : Barbarian Invasion and Total War : Attila, strategy games by The Creative Assembly See also Ancient Germanic culture portal Dark Ages ( historiography ) Genetic history of the British Isles Late Antiquity Medieval demography Migration Period art Slavic migration Five Barbarians and Sixteen Kingdoms Hephthalite Empire Notes Jump up ^ This is according to commonly accepted scientific consensus, although there are alternatives as all historical period boundaries are only conventional effects of historian and scientific work and can not be definitively determined. In 375, Huns invaded Europe. In 568, Lombards conquered Italy. References Jump up ^ Allgemein Springer ( 2006 ), der auch auf alternative Definitionen außerhalb der communis opinio hinweist. Alle Epochengrenzen sind letztlich nur ein Konstrukt und vor allem durch Konvention begründet. Vgl. auch Stefan Krautschick : Zur Entstehung eines Datums. 375 -- Beginn der Völkerwanderung. In : Klio 82, 2000, S. 217 -- 222 sowie Stefan Krautschick : Hunnensturm und Germanenflut : 375 -- Beginn der Völkerwanderung ? In : Byzantinische Zeitschrift 92, 1999, S. 10 -- 67. Jump up ^ After the division of the Roman Empire, invasions affected mainly the Western Roman Empire ( fell in 476 ) and to a lesser extent, the Eastern Roman Empire. Jump up ^ It begins in 409 with several Barbarian kingdoms being established on the Iberian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Suebi, the Alani Kingdom, and territories of Hasdingi and the Vandals. It ends with the partition of the Kingdom of Asturias in 910, a Visigothic - founded kingdom on the Iberian peninsula that by the time of its dissolution had a majority speaking Vulgar Latin and only a scarce population speaking Visigothic and Vandalic varieties of East Germanic languages. Jump up ^ Literally, `` wandering of peoples '', sometimes anglicised as `` folkwandering '' in older sources. The term Völkerwanderungszeit is the German for `` Migration Period ''. See Völkerwanderung according to Collins Jump up ^ Halsall, Guy. Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376 -- 568. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Jump up ^ Peter Heather ( 2003 ). The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century : An Ethnographic Perspective. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 033 - 7. Jump up ^ Giovanni Milani - Santarpia, `` Immigration Roman Empire '', MariaMilani.com Jump up ^ John Hines, Karen Høilund Nielsen, Frank Siegmund, The pace of change : studies in early - medieval chronology, Oxbow Books, 1999, p. 93, ISBN 978 - 1 - 900188 - 78 - 4 Jump up ^ The delimiting dates vary, but often cited are 410, the Sack of Rome by Alaric I ; and 751, the accession of Pippin the Short and the establishment of the Carolingian dynasty. Jump up ^ Bury, J.B., The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians, Norton Library, 1967. Jump up ^ `` Anatolien war nicht Ur - Heimat der indogermanischen Stämme - Eurasisches Magazin ''. Eurasischesmagazin.de. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03. Jump up ^ Wolfram Euler, Konrad Badenheuer ; `` Sprache und Herkunft der Germanen : Abriss des Protogermanischen vor der Ersten Lautverschiebung '' ; 2009 ; ISBN 3 - 9812110 - 1 - 4, ISBN 978 - 3 - 9812110 - 1 - 6 Jump up ^ Bury, Invasion, Ch. 1. ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 2006, p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Wolfram 2001, pp. 127ff... Jump up ^ Dumville 1990. Jump up ^ Zbigniew Kobyliński. The Slavs in Paul Fouracre. The New Cambridge Medieval History pp. 530 -- 537 Jump up ^ Bertolini 1960, pp. 34 -- 38. Jump up ^ Schutz 2002, p. 82 Jump up ^ Fine 1983, p. 31 Jump up ^ The Miracles of Saint Demetrius Jump up ^ Wolfram, Thomas J. Dunlap, tr. History of the Goths ( 1979 ) 1988 : 5 Jump up ^ Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations ( Oxford, 1966 ) pp. 6ff., coined the term to separate these thinkers from those who view ethnicity as a situational construct, the product of history, rather than a cause, influenced by a variety of political, economic and cultural factors. Jump up ^ Noble ( 2006, p. 29 ) ^ Jump up to : Kulikowski ( 2007, p. 46 ) Jump up ^ That was influenced by the ' family tree ' model ( Stammbaun ) of linguistics in that relationships between related languages were seen to be the result of derivation from a common ancestor. The model still is very influential in linguistics ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 2008, p. 17 ) Jump up ^ Todd, pp. 8 -- 10 ) There is no indication that the Germani possessed a feeling that they were a `` separate people, nation, or group of tribes '' Jump up ^ Noble, p. 29 ) Jump up ^ For example, The Celtic World, Miranda Green ( 1996 ), p. 3 and The Making of the Slavs. Floring Curta ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Archaeology and LanguageL : Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses. `` The Eurasian Spread Zone and the Indo - European Dispersal. '' Johanna Nichols. pp. 224 Jump up ^ Kulikowski ( 2007, p. 48 ) Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2008, p. 15 ) Jump up ^ Geary ( 2003, p. 77 ) Jump up ^ Noble ( 2006, p. 97 ) ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 2006, chpt. 2 ) Jump up ^ Noble, p. 236 ) Jump up ^ Noble, p. 247 ) Jump up ^ Curta ( 2001 ) ( T ) he archaeological evidence of late fourth - and fifth - century barbarian graves between the Rhine and Loire suggests that a process of small - scale cultural and demographic change took place on both sides of the Roman frontier. Can we envisage Roman - Slavic relations in a similar way ? Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006, p. 42 ) Jump up ^ Green, D.H. ( 2000 - 08 - 28 ) ( 1998 ). Language and History in the Early Germanic World. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ( published 2000 ). p. 143. ISBN 9780521794237. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09. (... ) the first centuries of our era witness not merely a progressive Romanisation of barbarian society, but also an undeniable barbarisation of the Roman world. Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006, p. 49 ) Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006, p. 50 ) Jump up ^ Curta ( 2001, pp. 120 -- 180 ) Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006, pp. 50 -- 52 ) Jump up ^ Noble, p. 251 ) Jump up ^ Barford ( 2001, p. 46 ) Jump up ^ Pohl1998, p. 20 ) Jump up ^ Geary ( 2003, p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Pohl ( 1998, pp. 17 -- 23 ) ^ Jump up to : Kulikowski ( 2007, p. 61 ) Sources Barford, Paul M ( 2001 ), The Early Slavs : Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3977 - 9 Börm, Henning ( 2013 ), Westrom. Von Honorius bis Justinian, W. Kohlhammer, ISBN 978 - 3 - 17 - 023276 - 1 Curta, Florin ( 2001 ). The Making of the Slavs : History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500 -- 700. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880. Curta, Florin ( 2006 ). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500 -- 1250. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390. Dumville, David ( 1990 ), Histories and pseudo-histories of the insular Middle Ages, Aldershot, Hampshire : Variorum Geary, Patrick ( 2003 ), Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton Paperbacks, ISBN 0 - 691 - 11481 - 1 Fouracre, Paul, ed. ( 2006 ), The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 1 : c. 500 -- c. 700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 - 521 - 36291 - 1 Halsall, Guy ( 2006 ), `` The Barbarian invasions '', in Fouracre, Paul, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 1 : c. 500 -- c. 700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 - 521 - 36291 - 1 Halsall, Guy ( 2008 ), Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376 -- 568, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 - 521 - 43491 - 2 Heather, Peter J ( 1998 ), The Goths, Wiley - Blackwell, ISBN 0 - 631 - 20932 - 8 Kleineberg, A. ; Marx, Chr. ; Knobloch, E. ; Lelgemann, D. : Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios ' `` Atlas der Oikumene ''. WBG 2010. ISBN 978 - 3 - 534 - 23757 - 9. Kulikowski, Michael ( 2007 ), Rome 's Gothic Wars : from the third century to Alaric, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 - 521 - 84633 - 1 Noble, Thomas ; Goffart, Walter ( 2006 ), From Roman provinces to Medieval kingdoms, Routledge, ISBN 0 - 415 - 32742 - 3 Pohl, Walter ( 1998 ), `` Conceptions of ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies '', in Little, Lester K ; Rosenwein, Barbara, Debating the Middle Ages : issues and readings, Wiley - Blackwell, ISBN 1 - 57718 - 008 - 9 Todd, Malcolm, The Early Germans, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0 - 631 - 19904 - 7 Wolfram, Herwig ( 2001 ), Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts, München : C.H. Beck External links Media related to Migration period at Wikimedia Commons GND : 4063700 - 1 European Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Decline of the Western Roman Empire Late Antiquity Decline of Hellenistic religion Christianization Rise of Islam First Bulgarian Empire Frankish Empire Kingdom of Croatia Anglo - Saxon England Viking Age Carolingian Empire Old Church Slavonic Civitas Schinesghe Kievan Rus ' Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire High Middle Ages Holy Roman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Georgian Empire Kingdom of Poland Feudalism Great Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Scholasticism Monasticism Communalism Manorialism Medieval Warm Period Mongol invasion of Europe Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses Hussite Wars Burgundy House of Habsburg Western Schism Fall of Constantinople Rise of the Ottoman Empire Swiss mercenaries Chivalry Renaissance Humanism Universities Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Little Ice Age Culture Architecture Art Church and State Cuisine Demography Household Literature Medicine Music Philosophy Poetry Science Slavery Technology Warfare See also Dark Ages Disability in the Middle Ages Basic topics list Medievalism Medieval reenactment Medieval studies Neo-medievalism Timeline Global history of same period of time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&oldid=821197127 '' Categories : Migration Period Historiography History of the Germanic peoples Early Middle Ages Germanic archaeology 1st millennium in Europe 1st millennium in Asia 1st millennium in Africa Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded History articles needing translation from German Wikipedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 00 : 02. 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Question: which barbarian groups entered the western roman empire through germany
Answer: Vandals