Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 - wikipedia Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 This article is about one division of an enacted statute. For the entire statute, see Public Law 110 - 343. For the enacted rescue program, see Troubled Asset Relief Program. The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 ( Division A of Pub. L. 110 -- 343, 122 Stat. 3765, enacted October 3, 2008 ), commonly referred to as a bailout of the U.S. financial system, is a law enacted in response to the subprime mortgage crisis authorizing the United States Secretary of the Treasury to spend up to $700 billion to purchase distressed assets, especially mortgage - backed securities, and supply cash directly to banks. The funds for purchase of distressed assets were mostly redirected to inject capital into banks and other financial institutions while the Treasury continued to examine the usefulness of targeted asset purchases. Both foreign and domestic banks are included in the program. The Act was proposed by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson during the global financial crisis of 2008 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3, 2008. Contents 1 History 2 Economic background 3 Paulson proposal 3.1 Mortgage asset purchases 3.2 Sweeping powers 3.3 Potential effects 4 Rationale for the bailout 4.1 Government officials 4.2 Journalists 5 Reaction to the initial proposal 5.1 Immediate market reactions 5.2 Potential conflict of interest 5.3 Views from the public, politicians, financiers, economists, and journalists 5.3. 1 The public 5.3. 2 Politicians 5.3. 3 Financiers 5.3. 4 Economists 5.3. 5 Journalists 6 Alternative proposals 6.1 Mortgage assistance 6.2 Bank recapitalization 6.3 Asset liquidity 6.4 Financial market reform 6.5 Monetary consensus reform 7 Legislative history 7.1 First House vote, September 29 7.1. 1 Market reaction to September 29 vote 7.2 Senate vote October 1 7.3 Second House vote, October 3 8 Key items in the legislation 8.1 Interest on bank deposits held by the Federal Reserve 8.2 Management of the Troubled Asset Relief Program 8.2. 1 Funding 8.2. 2 Government equity interests in participating firms 8.2. 3 Executive pay limits 8.2. 4 Foreclosure avoidance and homeowner assistance 8.2. 5 Judicial review 8.2. 6 Oversight 8.3 FDIC insurance 8.4 Budget - related provisions 8.5 Tax provisions 9 Administration of the law 10 Effects on national debt 11 Other information 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History The legislation had its origin in early 2008, Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson directed two of his aides, Neel Kashkari and Phillip Swagel, to write a plan to recapitalize the U.S. financial system in case of total collapse. The plan, which was also presented to Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, called for the U.S. government to purchase about $500 billion in distressed assets from financial institutions. The original proposal was submitted to the United States House of Representatives, with the purpose of purchasing bad assets, reducing uncertainty regarding the worth of the remaining assets, and restoring confidence in the credit markets. The bill was then expanded and put forth as an amendment to H.R. 3997. The amendment was rejected via a vote of the House of Representatives on September 29, 2008, voting 205 -- 228. Supporters of the plan argued that the market intervention called for by the plan was vital to prevent further erosion of confidence in the U.S. credit markets and that failure to act could lead to an economic depression. Opponents objected to the plan 's cost and rapidity, pointing to polls that showed little support among the public for `` bailing out '' Wall Street investment banks, claimed that better alternatives were not considered, and that the Senate forced passage of the unpopular version through the opposing house by `` sweetening '' the bailout package. On October 1, 2008, the Senate debated and voted on an amendment to H.R. 1424, which substituted a newly revised version of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the language of H.R. 1424. The Senate accepted the amendment and passed the entire amended bill, voting 74 -- 25. Additional unrelated provisions added an estimated $150 billion to the cost of the package and increased the length of the bill to 451 pages. ( See Public Law 110 - 343 for details on the added provisions. ) The amended version of H.R. 1424 was sent to the House for consideration, and on October 3, the House voted 263 -- 171 to enact the bill into law. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law within hours of its congressional enactment, creating the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) to purchase failing bank assets. On October 8, the British announced their bank rescue package consisting of funding, debt guarantees and infusing capital into banks via preferred stock. This model was closely followed by the rest of Europe, as well as the U.S Government, who on the October 14 announced a $250 bn ( £ 143bn ) Capital Purchase Program to buy stakes in a wide variety of banks in an effort to restore confidence in the sector. The money came from the $700 bn Troubled Asset Relief Program. Over the next six months, TARP was dwarfed by other guarantees and lending limits ; analysis by Bloomberg found the Federal Reserve had, by March 2009, committed $7.77 trillion to rescuing the financial system, more than half the value of everything produced in the U.S. that year. Economic background United States Department of the Treasury Main article : Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 After the freeing up of world capital markets in the 1970s and the repeal of the Glass -- Steagall Act in 1999, the banking practices ( mostly Greenspan inspired `` self - regulation '' ) along with monetized subprime mortgages sold as no risk investments, reached a critical stage during September 2008, characterized by severely contracted liquidity in the global credit markets and insolvency threats to investment banks and other institutions. In response, the U.S. government announced a series of comprehensive steps to address the problems, following a series of `` one - off '' or `` case - by - case '' decisions to intervene or not, such as the $85 billion liquidity facility for American International Group on September 16, the federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. On Monday, October 6, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped more than 700 points and fell below 10,000 for the first time in four years. The same day, CNN reported these worldwide stock market events : Britain 's FTSE 100 Index was down 7.9 % Germany 's DAX down 7.1 % France 's CAC 40 dropping 9 % In Russia, trading in shares was suspended after the RTS stock index fell more than 20 %. Iceland halted trading in six bank stocks while the government drafted a crisis plan. Paulson proposal U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson proposed a plan under which the U.S. Treasury would acquire up to $700 billion worth of mortgage - backed securities. The plan was immediately backed by President George W. Bush and negotiations began with leaders in the U.S. Congress to draft appropriate legislation. President Bush meets with Congressional members, including presidential candidates John McCain and Barack Obama, at the White House to discuss the bailout, September 25, 2008. Consultations among Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission chairman Christopher Cox, congressional leaders, and President Bush, moved forward efforts to draft a proposal for a comprehensive solution to the problems created by illiquid assets. News of the coming plan resulted in some stock, bond, and currency markets stability on September 19, 2008. The proposal called for the federal government to buy up to US $700 billion of illiquid mortgage - backed securities with the intent to increase the liquidity of the secondary mortgage markets and reduce potential losses encountered by financial institutions owning the securities. The draft proposal was received favorably by investors in the stock market, but caused the U.S. dollar to fall against gold, the Euro, and petroleum. The plan was not immediately approved by Congress ; debate and amendments were seen as likely before the plan was to receive legislative enactment. Throughout the week of September 20, 2008, there was contentious wrangling among members of Congress over the terms and scope of the bailout, amplified by continued failures of institutions like Washington Mutual, and the upcoming November 4 national election. On September 21, Paulson announced that the original proposal, which would have excluded foreign banks, had been revised to include foreign financial institutions with a presence in the United States. The U.S. administration pressured other countries to set up similar bailout plans. On September 23, the plan was presented by Paulson and Bernanke to the Senate Banking Committee, who rejected it as unacceptable. On September 24, President Bush addressed the nation on prime time television, describing how serious the financial crisis could become if action was not taken promptly by Congress. Also on September 24, 2008, Republican Party nominee for President, John McCain, and Democratic Party nominee for President, Barack Obama, issued a joint statement describing their shared view that `` The effort to protect the American economy must not fail. '' The plan was introduced on September 20, by Paulson. Named the Troubled Asset Relief Program, but also known as the Paulson Proposal or Paulson Plan, it should not be confused with Paulson 's earlier 212 - page plan, the Blueprint for a Modernized Financial Regulatory Reform, that was released on March 31, 2008. The proposal was only three pages long, intentionally short on details to facilitate quick passage by Congress. Mortgage asset purchases A key part of the proposal is the federal government 's plan to buy up to $700 billion of illiquid mortgage - backed securities ( MBS ) with the intent to increase the liquidity of the secondary mortgage markets and reduce potential losses encountered by financial institutions owning the securities. The draft proposal of the plan was received favorably by investors in the stock market. This plan can be described as a risky investment, as opposed to an expense. The MBS within the scope of the purchase program have rights to the cash flows from the underlying mortgages. As such, the initial outflow of government funds to purchase the MBS would be offset by ongoing cash inflows represented by the monthly mortgage payments. Further, the government eventually may be able to sell the assets, though whether at a gain or loss will remain to be seen. While incremental borrowing to obtain the funds necessary to purchase the MBS may add to the United States public debt, the net effect will be considerably less as the incremental debt will be offset to a large extent by the MBS assets. A key challenge would be valuing the purchase price of the MBS, which is a complex exercise subject to a multitude of variables related to the housing market and the credit quality of the underlying mortgages. The ability of the government to offset the purchase price ( through mortgage collections over the long - run ) depends on the valuation assigned to the MBS at the time of purchase. For example, Merrill Lynch wrote down the value of its MBS to approximately 22 cents on the dollar in Q2 2008. Whether the government is ultimately able to resell the assets above the purchase price or will continue to merely collect the mortgage payments is an open item. On February 10, 2009, the newly confirmed Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner outlined his plan to use the $300 billion or so dollars remaining in the TARP funds. He mentioned that the U.S. Treasury and Federal Reserve wanted to help fund private investors to buy toxic assets from banks, but few details have yet been released. There is still some scepticism about the premise that taxpayers can buy troubled assets without having to overpay. Oppenheimer & Company analyst Meridith Whitney argues that banks will not sell bad assets at fair market values because they are reluctant to take asset write downs. Removing toxic assets would also reduce the volatility of banks ' stock prices. Because stock is a call option on a firm 's assets, this lost volatility will hurt the stock price of distressed banks. Therefore, such banks will only sell toxic assets at above market prices. On April 6, 2008, the State Foreclosure Prevention Working Group reported that the pace of foreclosures exceeded the capacity of homeowner rescue programs, such as the Hope Now Alliance, in the first quarter of 2008. Sweeping powers The original plan would have granted the Secretary of the Treasury unlimited power to spend, proofing his or her actions against congressional or judicial review. Section 8 of the Paulson proposal states : `` Decisions by the Secretary pursuant to the authority of this Act are non-reviewable and committed to agency discretion, and may not be reviewed by any court of law or any administrative agency. '' This provision was not included in the final version. Potential effects The maximum cost of a $700 billion bailout would be $2,295 estimated cost per American ( based on an estimate of 305 million Americans ), or $4,635 per working American ( based on an estimate of 151 million in the work force ). The bulk of this money would be spent to purchase mortgage backed securities, ultimately backed by American homeowners, which possibly could be sold later at a profit, by the government. Economist Michael Hudson predicts that the bailout would cause hyperinflation and dollar collapse. However, there is no persuasive evidence of prices rising and the U.S. Dollar Index has actually risen to higher levels than before the plan 's announcement. Indeed, during the week before and after the EESA was agreed, investment bank UBS was continually flatly rejecting that bailouts such as these were inflationary, emphasizing instead that they were anti-deflationary, not inflationary. The 2008 federal budget submitted by the president is $2.9 trillion, meaning a $700 billion bailout would constitute a 24 % increase to $3.6 trillion, which would exceed the $3.1 trillion 2009 budget. The total government commitment and proposed commitments so far in its current and proposed bailouts is reportedly $ 1 trillion compared to the $14 trillion United States economy. Rationale for the bailout Government officials In his testimony before the U.S. Senate, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson summarized the rationale for the bailout : Stabilize the economy : `` We must... avoid a continuing series of financial institution failures and frozen credit markets that threaten American families ' financial well - being, the viability of businesses both small and large, and the very health of our economy. '' Improve liquidity : `` These bad loans have created a chain reaction and last week our credit markets froze -- even some Main Street non-financial companies had trouble financing their normal business operations. If that situation were to persist, it would threaten all parts of our economy. '' Comprehensive strategy : `` We must now take further, decisive action to fundamentally and comprehensively address the root cause of this turmoil. And that root cause is the housing correction which has resulted in illiquid mortgage - related assets that are choking off the flow of credit which is so vitally important to our economy. We must address this underlying problem, and restore confidence in our financial markets and financial institutions so they can perform their mission of supporting future prosperity and growth. '' Immediate and significant : `` This troubled asset relief program has to be properly designed for immediate implementation and be sufficiently large to have maximum impact and restore market confidence. It must also protect the taxpayer to the maximum extent possible, and include provisions that ensure transparency and oversight while also ensuring the program can be implemented quickly and run effectively. '' Broad impact : `` This troubled asset purchase program on its own is the single most effective thing we can do to help homeowners, the American people and stimulate our economy. '' In his testimony before the U.S. Senate on September 23, 2008, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke also summarized the rationale for the bailout : Investor confidence : `` Among the firms under the greatest pressure were Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, and, more recently, American International Group ( AIG ). As investors lost confidence in them, these companies saw their access to liquidity and capital markets increasingly impaired and their stock prices drop sharply. '' He also stated : `` Purchasing impaired assets will create liquidity and promote price discovery in the markets for these assets, while reducing investor uncertainty about the current value and prospects of financial institutions. More generally, removing these assets from institutions ' balance sheets will help to restore confidence in our financial markets and enable banks and other institutions to raise capital and to expand credit to support economic growth. '' Impact on the economy and GDP : `` Extraordinarily turbulent conditions in global financial markets... these conditions caused equity prices to fall sharply, the cost of short - term credit -- where available -- to spike upward, and liquidity to dry up in many markets. Losses at a large money market mutual fund sparked extensive withdrawals from a number of such funds. A marked increase in the demand for safe assets -- a flight to quality -- sent the yield on Treasury bills down to a few hundredths of a percent. By further reducing asset values and potentially restricting the flow of credit to households and businesses, these developments pose a direct threat to economic growth. '' Regarding the $700 billion number, Forbes.com quoted a Treasury spokeswoman : `` It 's not based on any particular data point. We just wanted to choose a really large number. '' Journalists According to CNBC commentator Jim Cramer, large corporations, institutions, and wealthy investors were pulling their money out of bank money market funds, in favor of government - backed Treasury bills. Cramer called it `` an invisible run on the banks, '' one that has no lines in the lobby but pushes banks to the breaking point nonetheless. As a bank 's capital reserve of deposits evaporate, so too does its ability to lend and correspondingly make money. `` The lack of confidence inspired by Lehman 's demise, the general poor health of many banks, this is going to turn this into an intractable moment, '' Cramer said, `` if someone in the government does n't start pushing for more deposit insurance. '' Reaction to the initial proposal Skepticism regarding the plan occurred early on in the House. Many members of Congress, including the House of Representatives, did not support the plan initially, mainly conservative free - market Republicans and liberal anti-corporate Democrats. Alabama Republican Spencer Bachus has called the proposal `` a gun to our head. '' Immediate market Reactions On September 19, 2008, when news of the bailout proposal emerged, the U.S. stock market rose by 3 %. Foreign stock markets also surged, and foreign currencies corrected slightly, after having dropped earlier in the month. The value of the U.S. dollar dropped compared to other world currencies after the plan was announced. The front end oil futures contract spiked more than $25 a barrel during the day Monday September 22, ending the day up over $16. This was a record for the biggest one - day gain. However, there are other factors that caused the massive spike in oil prices. Traders who got `` caught '' at the end of the October contract session were forced to purchase oil in large batches to cover themselves, adding to the surge in prices. Further out, oil futures contracts rose by about $5 per barrel. Mortgage rates increased following the news of the bailout plan. The 30 - year fixed - rate mortgage averaged 5.78 % in the week before the plan was announced ; for the week ending September 25, the average rate was 6.09 %, still far below the average rate during the early 1990s recession, when it topped 9.0 %. Potential conflict of interest There was concern that the current plan created a conflict of interest for Paulson. Paulson was a former CEO of Goldman Sachs, which stood to benefit from the bailout. Paulson had hired Goldman executives as advisors and Paulson 's former advisors had joined banks that were also to benefit from the bailout. Furthermore, the original proposal exempted Paulson from judicial oversight. Thus there was concern that former illegal activity by a financial institution or its executives might be hidden. The treasury staff member responsible for administering the bailout funds was Neel Kashkari, a former vice-president at Goldman Sachs. In the Senate, Senator Judd Gregg ( R - NH ) was the leading Republican author of the TARP program while he had a multimillion - dollar investment in the Bank of America. Views from the Public, politicians, financiers, economists, and journalists The Public Protests opposing the bailout occurred in over 100 cities across the United States on Thursday September 25. Grassroots group TrueMajority said its members organized over 251 events in more than 41 states. The largest gathering has been in New York City, where more than 1,000 protesters gathered near the New York Stock Exchange along with labor union members organized by New York Central Labor Council. Other grassroots groups have planned rallies to protest against the bailout, while outraged citizens continue to express their opposition online through blogs and dedicated web sites. In a survey conducted September 19 -- 22 by the Pew Research Center, by a margin of 57 percent to 30 percent, Americans supported the bailout when asked `` As you may know, the government is potentially investing billions to try and keep financial institutions and markets secure. Do you think this is the right thing or the wrong thing for the government to be doing ? '' In a survey conducted September 19 -- 22 by Bloomberg / Los Angeles Times, by a margin of 55 percent to 31 percent, Americans opposed the bailout when asked whether `` the government should use taxpayers ' dollars to rescue ailing private financial firms whose collapse could have adverse effects on the economy and market, or is it not the government 's responsibility to bail out private companies with taxpayers ' dollars ? ''. In a survey conducted September 24 by USA Today / Gallup, when asked `` As you may know, the Bush administration has proposed a plan that would allow the Treasury Department to buy and re-sell up to $700 billion of distressed assets from financial companies. What would you like to see Congress do ? '', 56 percent of respondents wanted Congress to pass a plan different from the original Paulson proposal, 22 percent supported the Paulson proposal in its initial form, and 11 percent wanted Congress to take no action. Senator Sherrod Brown said he had been getting 2,000 e-mail messages and telephone calls a day, roughly 95 percent opposed. As of Thursday September 25, Senator Dianne Feinstein 's ( D - Calif. ) offices had received a total of 39,180 e-mails, calls and letters on the bailout, with the overwhelming majority of constituents against it. Politicians Play media Then - senator Barack Obama addresses the Senate on the financial crisis and argues in favor of the bailout bill. View clip on commons. `` Barack Obama support of Bailout ''. Retrieved October 16, 2008. Supporters of the plan included presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain, and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Critics included Former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, Congressman Ron Paul, Libertarian presidential candidate Bob Barr, and Senators Christopher Dodd, Richard Shelby, and Jim Bunning. In a Wall Street Journal opinion piece, Senator Hillary Clinton advocated addressing the rate of mortgage defaults and foreclosures that ignited this crisis, not just bailing out Wall Street firms : `` If we do not take action to address the crisis facing borrowers, we 'll never solve the crisis facing lenders. '' She proposed a new Home Owners ' Loan Corporation ( HOLC ), similar to that used after the Depression and which was launched in 1933. The new HOLC was to administer a national program to help homeowners refinance their mortgages. She also called for a moratorium on foreclosures and freezing of rate hikes in adjustable - rate mortgages. Barack Obama, the Democratic presidential candidate, said that any bailout had to include plans to recover the money, protect working families and big financial institutions and be crafted to prevent such a crisis from happening again. Financiers Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan supported the Paulson plan. Investor Warren Buffett says he could put in $10 B plus $90 B nonrecourse debt ; that is, without having to repay beyond $10 B if mortgages did not repay. ( This is 10 to 1 leverage, 10 times upside with 1 times downside. ) He also said that the government should pay market price, which may be below the carry value. Buffett says `` I would think they might insist on the directors of the institutions that participate in this program waiving all director 's fees for a couple of years. They should, maybe, eliminate bonuses. '' Buffett says ``... if someone wants to sell a hundred billion of these instruments to the Treasury, let them sell two or three billion in the market and then have the Treasury match that,... You do n't want the Treasury to be a patsy. '' Mr. Buffett 's company owns financial companies which will benefit directly or indirectly. Investor George Soros opposed the original Paulson plan : `` Mr Paulson 's proposal to purchase distressed mortgage - related securities poses a classic problem of asymmetric information. The securities are hard to value but the sellers know more about them than the buyer : in any auction process the Treasury would end up with the dregs. The proposal is also rife with latent conflict of interest issues. Unless the Treasury overpays for the securities, the scheme would not bring relief. '' -- but calls Barack Obama 's list of conditions for the plan `` the right principles ''. Other critics included Carl Icahn Jim Rogers, and William Seidman. Seidman compared the bailout with action he and his team at the Resolution Trust Corporation took during the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s : `` What we did, we took over the bank, nationalized it, fired the management, took out the bad assets and put a good bank back in the system. '' Economists In an open letter sent to Congress on September 24, over 100 university economists expressed `` great concern for the plan proposed by Treasury Secretary Paulson ''. The letter, endorsed within a few days by 231 economists at American universities, has been described as `` the emerging consensus from academic economists ''. Its authors described three `` fatal pitfalls '' they perceived in the plan as it was initially proposed : Its fairness. The plan is a subsidy to investors at taxpayers ' expense. Investors who took risks to earn profits must also bear the losses. (... ) The government can ensure a well - functioning financial industry (... ) without bailing out particular investors and institutions whose choices proved unwise. Its ambiguity. Neither the mission of the new agency nor its oversight are clear. If taxpayers are to buy illiquid and opaque assets from troubled sellers, the terms, occasions, and methods of such purchases must be crystal clear ahead of time and carefully monitored afterwards. Its long - term effects. If the plan is enacted, its effects will be with us for a generation. For all their recent troubles, America 's dynamic and innovative private capital markets have brought the nation unparalleled prosperity. Fundamentally weakening those markets in order to calm short - run disruptions is desperately short - sighted. Nobel Prize - winning economist Joseph Stiglitz strongly criticized the bill in an article written for The Nation. Economist, The New York Times columnist and Nobel laureate Paul Krugman recommended that, instead of purchasing the assets, equity capital could be provided to the banks directly in exchange for preferred stock. This would strengthen the financial position of the banks, encouraging them to lend. Dividends would be paid to the government on the preferred shares. This would be similar to what happened during the savings and loan crisis and with the GSE bailout. This avoids the valuation questions involved in the direct purchase of MBS. This is an approach based on the 1990s Swedish banking rescue. The first half of the bailout money was primarily used to buy preferred stock in banks instead of troubled mortgage assets. This has led some economists to argue that buying preferred stock will be far less effective in getting banks to lend efficiently than buying common stock. A recent study shows that market 's reaction to the announcement of a rescue plan is positive independently to the type of the intervention. It indicates that a timely bad plan could be better than an untimely good one. Journalists The Economist magazine said that although `` Mr Paulson 's plan is not perfect... it is good enough '' and that `` Congress should pass it -- and soon. '' `` The deal proposed by Paulson is nothing short of outrageous. It includes no oversight of his own closed - door operations. It merely gives congressional blessing and funding to what he has already been doing, ad hoc. '' - Robert Kuttner Journalist Rosalind Resnick favors a hypothetical scenario in which `` consumers and businesses would be able to borrow at the fed funds rate at 2 percent, just like the big banks do. This means that every cash - strapped homeowner would be able to refinance his mortgage and cut his payments in half, saving thousands of homes from foreclosure. Consumers could also refinance their credit card balances, auto loans and other debt at interest rates they can afford '' and that this plan `` would cost U.S. taxpayers absolutely nothing. '' Alternative proposals Suggested alternative approaches to address the issues underlying the financial crisis include : mortgage assistance proposals try to increase the value of the asset base while limiting the disruption of foreclosure ; bank recapitalization through equity investment by the government ; asset liquidity approaches to engage market mechanisms for valuing troubled assets ; and financial market reforms promoting transparency and conservatism to restore trust by market investors. Mortgage assistance Conservative Republican Representatives had offered a mortgage insurance plan as an alternative to the bailout. There had been speculation that U.S. Senator John McCain may have supported this plan but this was not confirmed. Senator Hillary Clinton has proposed a new Home Owners ' Loan Corporation ( HOLC ), similar to that used after the Depression, which was launched in 1933. The new HOLC would administer a national program to help homeowners refinance their mortgages. She is also calling for a moratorium on foreclosures and freezing of rate hikes in adjustable rate mortgages. Jonathan Koppell, Associate Professor of Politics and Management at the Yale School of Management, recommends assisting homeowners by lowering interest rates on loans in default. The money spent would be repaid from profits when the homes eventually sell after the housing market has recovered. Bank recapitalization A ten - point plan by New York University economist Nouriel Roubini goes beyond a Home Owners ' Loan Corporation to include recreating a combination of a Resolution Trust Corporation, and a Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Roubini has advocated bank recapitalization ( by providing cash in exchange for preferred shares ) and suspending all dividend payments. Economist Paul Krugman recommended equity investments in the banks, an approach similar to what happened during the S&L crisis, the GSE bailout, and the 1990s Swedish banking rescue. This avoids the valuation questions involved in the direct purchase of MBS. The first half of the bailout money was primarily used to buy preferred stock in banks instead of troubled mortgage assets. This has led some economists to argue that buying preferred stock will be far less effective than buying common stock. Luigi Zingales, Professor of Entrepreneurship and Finance at the University of Chicago, has proposed a special chapter of the bankruptcy code to convert banks ' debt to equity which would improve capital adequacy ratios and enable a return to lending. Janet Tavakoli, a financial consultant and a former adjunct professor of derivatives at the University of Chicago 's Graduate School of Business, criticizes the bailout because in her view it hides problems and continues price uncertainty. She also advocates forced restructuring, with a combination of debt forgiveness and debt for equity swaps, rather than a bailout. Asset liquidity Christopher Ricciardi, former Merrill Lynch banker, wrote a letter to Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson Jr. proposing alternatively that the government should be backing some troubled assets to encourage private investors to purchase them -- as opposed to the direct purchase of troubled assets from financial institutions. Investor Warren Buffett believes the government should pay market price for the assets rather than an artificially high hold - to - maturity price. The market price would be determined by selling a portion of the assets to private investors. Financial market reform Dominique Strauss - Kahn, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, has recommended three near - term actions to assist banks : provision of liquidity, purchase of distressed assets, and recapitalization. In addition, he argues for addressing the structural issues with more prudential regulation, better accounting rules, and more transparency. Monetary consensus reform This process consisted of nationalizing most of the private industries. The short - term effects were evidently costly, but the beneficiary repercussions were vastly favorable to a sustainable economic future. Nationalize the federal reserve. Deregulate the corporate image of the United States. The rest of the proposal were equated with different variables and would have been acted upon according to the circumstances. According to Jon Daemon, the proposal was dismissed by bureaucrats and lobbyist in accordance to the private banks and federal reserve dispatchers. Legislative history Over the weekend ( September 27 -- 28 ), Congress continued to develop the proposal. That next Monday, the House put the resulting effort, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, to a vote. It did not pass. US stock markets dropped 8 percent, the largest percentage drop since Black Monday in 1987. Congressional leaders, including both presidential candidates, started working with the Bush Administration and the Treasury department on key negotiation points as they worked to finalize the plan. Key items under discussion included : Additional foreclosure avoidance and homeowner assistance Executive pay limits Government equity interests in firms participating in program, to provide additional taxpayer protection Judicial review, Congressional oversight and right to audit Structure and authority of the entities that will manage the program First House vote, September 29 Just after midnight Sunday, September 28, leaders of the Senate and House, along with Treasury Secretary Paulson, announced a tentative deal had been reached to permit the government purchase of up to $700 billion in mortgage backed securities to provide liquidity to the security holders, and to stabilize U.S. financial firms and markets. The bill was made final later that Monday morning. A debate and vote was scheduled for the House for Monday, September 29, to be followed by a Senate debate on Wednesday. In an early morning news conference, on Monday September 29, President George W. Bush expressed confidence that the bill would pass Congress, and that it would provide relief to the U.S. economy. A number of House Republicans remained opposed to the deal and intended to vote against it. That same day, the legislation for the bailout was put before the United States House of Representatives and failed 205 -- 228, with one not voting. Democrats voted 140 -- 95 in favor of the legislation, while Republicans voted 133 -- 65 against it. During the legislative session, at the conclusion of the vote, the presiding chair declared the measure, HR3997, to be unfinished business. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said at a press conference after the vote : `` The legislation has failed. The crisis has not gone away. We must continue to work in a bipartisan manner. '' Senate Banking Committee Chairman Christopher Dodd, a Connecticut Democrat, appearing at a joint press conference with Senator Judd Gregg, a New Hampshire Republican, said a bailout plan could still pass Congress. Dodd said : `` We do n't intend to leave here without the job being done. While it may take another few days, we 're confident that can happen. '' Market reaction to September 29 vote Following the House vote, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped over 777 points in a single day, its largest single - day point drop ever. The $1.2 trillion loss in market value received much media attention, although it still does not rank among the index 's ten largest drops in percentage terms. The S & P lost 8.8 %, its seventh worst day in percentage terms and its worst day since Black Monday in 1987. The NASDAQ composite also had its worst day since Black Monday, losing 9.1 % in its third worst day ever. The TED spread, the difference between what banks charge each other for a three - month loan and what the Treasury charges, hit a 26 - year high of 3.58 % ; a higher rate for inter bank loans than Treasury loans is a sign that banks fear that their fellow banks wo n't be able to pay off their debts. Meanwhile, the price of U.S. light crude oil for November delivery fell $10.52 to $96.37 a barrel, its second largest one - day drop ever, on expectations of an economic slowdown reducing oil consumption and demand. The Dow Jones industrial average recovered 485 points or about 62 % of the entire loss the very next day. Markets which had expected the bill to pass and had moved on to debating whether it would be sufficient were already skittish after news that Wachovia Bank was being bought out by Citigroup to avoid collapse. The events were compounded by news from Europe that Dutch - Belgian Fortis Bank was given a $16.4 billion lifeline to avoid collapse, failing British bank Bradford & Bingley was nationalized, and Germany extended banking and real estate giant Hypo Real Estate billions to ensure its survival. Later in October, after the bill had been passed, the Dow Jones Industrial Average would drop by more in percentage terms, and market volatility remained at historically high levels, as measured by the VIX. Senate vote October 1 74 yea -- 21 nay On Wednesday evening, October 1, 2008, the Senate debated and voted on a revised version of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 ( EESA 2008 ). The legislation was framed as an amendment to HR1424, substituting the entire bill with the newly revised text of the EESA 2008. ( the amendment being the text of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 ) Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs ( CBHUA ) ( October 1, 2008 ) ( Retrieved October 1, 2008 ) See also the Senate CBHUA web page The amendment was approved by a 74 -- 25 vote, and the entire bill was also passed by the same margin, 74 -- 25 ( R : 34 - 15, D: 40 - 10, including Lieberman and Sanders ). Only cancer - stricken Senator Ted Kennedy did not vote. Under the legislative rule for the bill, sixty votes were required to approve the amendment and the bill. A House leader accused the Senate of legislating `` by blunt force '' without public consent. Describing the Senate 's reason for passing the bill, former Senator Evan Bayh `` described a scene from 2008 where Ben Bernanke warned senators that the sky would collapse if the banks were n't rescued. ' We looked at each other, ' said Bayh, ' and said, okay, what do we need. ' '' Second House vote, October 3 263 yea -- 171 nay The revised HR1424 was received from the Senate by the House, and on October 3, it voted 263 - 171 to enact the bill into law. Democrats voted 172 to 63 in favor of the legislation, while Republicans voted 108 to 91 against it ; overall, 33 Democrats and 24 Republicans who had previously voted against the bill supported it on the second vote. President Bush signed the bill into law within hours of its enactment, creating a $700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets. The revised plan left the $700 billion bailout intact and appended a stalled tax bill. The law has three major divisions, Division A : the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 ; Division B : Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, and Division C : the Tax Extenders and Alternative Minimum Tax Relief Act of 2008. The tax part of the law has provisions that will have a net expenditure of $100 billion over 10 years. It had been stalled due to a disagreement between Democrats that did not want to increase spending without a corresponding increase in taxes and Republicans, who were adamantly opposed to any tax increases. Key items in the legislation On October 3, 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act became law with the signing of Public Law 110 - 343, which included the act. Below is a list of key items and how the legislation deals with them. Interest on bank deposits held by the Federal Reserve Reserve balances began increasing at the beginning of September 2008, just after the Democratic and Republican national conventions, and just before the Wall Street meltdown and the presidential debates. Although the original bill proposed as late as September 20 contained no such provision, Section 128 of the Act allowed the Federal Reserve System ( the Fed ) to begin paying banks a high interest rate on their deposits held for reserve requirements. It reads : SEC. 128. ACCELERATION OF EFFECTIVE DATE. Section 203 of the Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2006 ( 12 U.S.C. 461 ) is amended by striking ` October 1, 2011 ' and inserting ` October 1, 2008 '. Reserve balances with U.S. Federal Reserve Banks, 1995 - 2008 and 2008, in billions of U.S. dollars The Fed announced that it would begin paying such increased interest on both reserve and excess reserve balances on October 6, 2008. Banks immediately increased the amount of their money on deposit with the Fed, up from about $10 billion total at the end of August 2008, to $880 billion by the end of the second week of January 2009. In comparison, the increase in reserve balances reached only $65 billion after September 11, 2001 before falling back to normal levels within a month. The U.S. Treasury Department explained the changes, saying : The Federal Reserve will continue to take a leadership role with respect to liquidity in our markets. It is committed to using all of the tools at its disposal to provide the increased liquidity that is now required for the effective functioning of financial markets. In this regard, the authority to pay interest on reserves that was provided by EESA is essential, because it allows the Federal Reserve to expand its balance sheet as necessary to support financial stability while conducting a monetary policy that promotes the Federal Reserve 's macroeconomic objectives of maximum employment and stable prices. The Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department are consulting with market participants on ways to provide additional support for term unsecured funding markets. Reactions to the change were mixed, with banks generally approving of their new ability to earn high interest without risk on funds that they would otherwise need to use to extend credit in order to make a profit for their shareholders, while those involved in the commercial paper markets, the primary and secondary sectors of the goods and services economy, shipping, and others depending on the liquidity of credit from banks were more skeptical of the further pressure against credit availability in the midst of the ongoing credit liquidity crisis. The day after the change was announced, on October 7, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke expressed some confusion about it, saying, `` We 're not quite sure what we have to pay in order to get the market rate, which includes some credit risk, up to the target. We 're going to experiment with this and try to find what the right spread is. '' The Fed adjusted the rate on October 22, after the initial rate they set October 6 failed to keep the benchmark U.S. overnight interest rate close to their policy target, and again on November 5 for the same reason. Beginning December 18, the Fed directly established interest rates paid on required reserve balances and excess balances instead of specifying them with a formula based on the target federal funds rate. The government issued $400 billion of short - term debt intended to help replace the $1.8 trillion commercial paper market which was wiped out by the change, ( exacerbated by money market funds ' sudden refusal to support commercial paper as well ) but the world economy began to deflate as international shipping, dependent on commercial paper, slowed in some regions to a few percent of levels prior to the change. The FDIC announced a new program on October 14, under which newly issued senior unsecured debt issued on or before June 30, 2009, would be fully protected in the event the issuing institution subsequently fails, or its holding company files for bankruptcy. The FDIC program is expected to cover about $1.4 trillion of bank debt. The Congressional Budget Office estimated that payment of interest on reserve balances would cost the American taxpayers about one tenth of the present 0.25 % interest rate on $800 billion in deposits : Estimated budgetary effects Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Millions of dollars 0 - 192 - 192 - 202 - 212 - 221 - 242 - 253 - 266 - 293 - 308 ( Negative numbers represent expenditures ; losses in revenue not included. ) Those expenditures pale in comparison to the lost tax revenues worldwide resulting from decreasing economic activity due to damage to the short - term commercial paper and associated credit markets. On January 7, 2009, the Federal Open Market Committee decided that, `` the size of the balance sheet and level of excess reserves would need to be reduced. '' On January 13, Ben Bernanke said, `` In principle, the interest rate the Fed pays on bank reserves should set a floor on the overnight interest rate, as banks should be unwilling to lend reserves at a rate lower than they can receive from the Fed. In practice, the federal funds rate has fallen somewhat below the interest rate on reserves in recent months, reflecting the very high volume of excess reserves, the inexperience of banks with the new regime, and other factors. However, as excess reserves decline, financial conditions normalize, and banks adapt to the new regime, we expect the interest rate paid on reserves to become an effective instrument for controlling the federal funds rate. '' The same day, Financial Week said Mr. Bernanke admitted that a huge increase in banks ' excess reserves is stifling the Fed 's monetary policy moves and its efforts to revive private sector lending. On January 15, Chicago Fed president and Federal Open Market Committee member Charles Evans said, `` once the economy recovers and financial conditions stabilize, the Fed will return to its traditional focus on the federal funds rate. It also will have to scale back the use of emergency lending programs and reduce the size of the balance sheet and level of excess reserves. ' Some of this scaling back will occur naturally as market conditions improve on account of how these programs have been designed. Still, financial market participants need to be prepared for the eventual dismantling of the facilities that have been put in place during the financial turmoil, ' he said. '' At the end of January 2009, excess reserve balances at the Fed stood at $793 billion but less than two weeks later on February 11, total reserve balances had fallen to $603 billion. On April 1, reserve balances had again increased to $806 billion, and late November 2009, they stood at $1.16 trillion. Management of the troubled asset Relief program The bill authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to establish the Troubled Assets Relief Program to purchase troubled assets from financial institutions. The Office of Financial Stability is created within the Treasury Department as the agency through which the Secretary will run the program. The Secretary is required to consult with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Comptroller of the Currency, the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development when running the program. Funding The bill authorizes $700 billion for the program. The Treasury Secretary has immediate access to the first $250 billion. Following that, an additional $100 billion can be authorized by the President. For the last $350 billion, the President must notify Congress of the intention to grant the additional funding to the Treasury ; Congress then has 15 days to pass a resolution disallowing the authority. If Congress fails to pass a resolution opposing the funding within 15 days, or if the resolution passes, but is vetoed by the President, and Congress does not have enough votes to override the veto, the Treasury will receive the final $350 billion. Government equity interests in participating firms The Treasury Secretary is required to obtain a financial warrant guaranteeing the right to purchase non-voting stock or, if the company is unable to issue a warrant, senior debt from any firm participating in the program. The Secretary is allowed to make a de minimis exception to the rule, but that exception may not exceed $100 million. Executive pay limits If the Treasury purchases assets directly from a company, and also receives a meaningful equity or debt position in that company, the company is not allowed to offer incentives that encourage `` unnecessary and excessive risks '' to its senior executives ( that is, the top five executives ). Also, the company is prohibited from making golden parachute payments to a senior executive. Both of these prohibitions expire when the Treasury no longer holds an equity or debt position in that company. The company also is given `` clawback '' permission ; that is, the opportunity to recover senior executive bonus or incentive pay based on earnings, gains, or other data that proves to be inaccurate. If the Treasury purchases assets via auction, and that purchase exceeds $300 million, any new employment contract for a senior officer may not include a golden parachute provision in the case of involuntary termination, bankruptcy filing, insolvency, or receivership. This prohibition only applies to future contracts ; golden parachutes already in place will remain unaffected. In either scenario, no limits are placed on executive salary, and existing golden parachutes will not be altered. Foreclosure avoidance and homeowner assistance For mortgages involved in assets purchased by the Treasury Department, the Treasury Secretary is required to ( 1 ) implement a plan that seeks to maximize assistance for homeowners, and ( 2 ) encourage the servicers of the underlying mortgages to take advantage of the HOPE for Homeowners Program of the National Housing Act or other available programs to minimize foreclosures. Furthermore, the Secretary is allowed to use loan guarantees and credit enhancements to encourage loan modifications to avert foreclosure. The bill does not provide a mechanism to change the terms of a mortgage without the consent of any company holding a stake in that mortgage. Section 110 : Assistance to Homeowners of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 `` requires federal entities that hold mortgages and mortgage - backed securities to develop plans to minimize foreclosures ''. This $24 billion asset detoxification plan was requested by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Chair Sheila Bair, but the Treasury did not use the provision. `` The primary purpose of the bill was to protect our financial system from collapse, '' Secretary Henry Paulson told the House Financial Services Committee, `` The rescue package was not intended to be an economic stimulus or an economic recovery package. '' Judicial review The bill establishes that actions taken by the Treasury Secretary regarding this program are subject to judicial review, reversing the request for immunity made in the original Paulson proposal. Oversight See also : Oversight of the Troubled Assets Relief Program Several oversight mechanisms are established by the bill. Contractors were also used to help manage the TARP funds. Financial Stability Oversight Board The Financial Stability Oversight Board is created to review and make recommendations regarding the Treasury 's actions. The members of the board are : Chairman of the Board of the Federal Reserve Secretary of the Treasury Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development Congressional Oversight Panel A Congressional Oversight Panel is created by the bill to review the state of the markets, current regulatory system, and the Treasury Department 's management of the Troubled Asset Relief Program. The panel is required to report their findings to Congress every 30 days, counting from the first asset purchase made under the program. The panel must also submit a special report to Congress about regulatory reform on or before January 20, 2009. The panel consists of five outside experts appointed as follows : One member chosen by the Speaker of the House One member chosen by the minority leader of the House One member chosen by the majority leader of the Senate One member chosen by the minority leader of the Senate One member chosen by the Speaker of the House and the majority leader of the Senate, following consultation with the minority leaders of Congress Comptroller General oversight requirement The Comptroller General ( director of the Government Accountability Office ) is required to monitor the performance of the program, and report findings to Congress every 60 days. The Comptroller General is also required to audit the program annually. The bill grants the Comptroller General access to all information, records, reports, data, etc. belonging to or in use by the program. Office of the Special Inspector General The bill creates the Office of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Special Inspector General 's purpose is to monitor, audit and investigate the activities of the Treasury in the administration of the program, and report findings to Congress every quarter. FDIC insurance From the date of enactment of the bill ( October 3, 2008 ) until December 31, 2009, the amount of deposit insurance provided by the FDIC is increased from $100,000 to $250,000. Budget - related provisions Title II sets out guidelines for consultation and reporting between the Treasury Secretary, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Congressional Budget Office. Tax provisions The bill makes the following changes to tax law. Qualified financial institutions may count losses on FNMA and FHLMC preferred stock against ordinary income, rather than capital gain income. New limitations are added on deductibility of executive compensation by corporations participating in the bailout. The mortgage debt forgiveness provision of the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007 is extended by three years, so that it applies to debts forgiven through the year 2012. Extend the expiration date of the section 41 Research & Development Tax Credit from December 31, 2007, to December 31, 2009 ; also, increase the Alternative Simplified Credit percentage from 12 % to 14 %. Administration of the law CAMELS ratings are being used by the United States government to help it decide which banks to provide special help for and which to not as part of its capitalization program authorized by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The New York Times states : `` The criteria being used to choose who gets money appears to be setting the stage for consolidation in the industry by favoring those most likely to survive '' because the criteria appears to favor the financially best off banks and banks too big to let fail. Some lawmakers are upset that the capitalization program will end up culling banks in their districts. Known aspects of the capitalization program `` suggest that the government may be loosely defining what constitutes healthy institutions. (... Banks ) that have been profitable over the last year are the most likely to receive capital. Banks that have lost money over the last year, however, must pass additional tests. (... ) They are also asking if a bank has enough capital and reserves to withstand severe losses to its construction loan portfolio, nonperforming loans and other troubled assets. '' Some banks received capital with the understanding the banks would try to find a merger partner. To receive capital under the program banks are also `` required to provide a specific business plan for the next two or three years and explain how they plan to deploy the capital. '' Effects on national debt The United States annual budget deficit for fiscal year 2009 surpassed $1 trillion. The original Paulson proposal would lift the United States federal debt ceiling by $700 billion, to $11.3 trillion from the current $10.6 trillion. Other information A review of investor presentations and conference calls by executives of some two dozen US - based banks by The New York Times found that `` few ( banks ) cited lending as a priority. An overwhelming majority saw the bailout program as a no - strings - attached windfall that could be used to pay down debt, acquire other businesses or invest for the future. '' See also 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 Great Recession List of entities involved in 2007 -- 08 financial crises Bear Stearns subprime mortgage hedge fund crisis Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Tax credit Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Federal Reserve bailout of AIG Bankruptcy of Washington Mutual Savings and loan crisis Subprime mortgage crisis Subprime crisis impact timeline Subprime lending Mortgage backed securities United States housing market correction Bailout Lemon socialism National debt of the United States Corporate welfare Business and economics portal Cronyism The world housing bubble Indian property bubble Irish property bubble Japanese asset price bubble Spanish property bubble United States housing bubble Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom Swedish banking rescue Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 References Jump up ^ Andrew Clark ( November 13, 2008 ). `` Paulson abandons plans to buy up America 's toxic mortgage assets ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Jump up ^ David Lawder ( November 12, 2008 ). `` U.S. backs away from plan to buy bad assets ''. Reuters. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Jump up ^ Andrew Ross Sorkin. Too Big to Fail. Penguin Books, 2009, 2010. pp. 83 -- 93. ^ Jump up to : The bill as voted on September 29, 2008 was an amendment substituting the text of the `` Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 '' : into H.R. 3997, a bill with an entirely different legislative history. Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 3997 House Committee on Financial Services ( retrieved September 30, 2008 ). See also the committee 's press release links : Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Archived September 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 674 ''. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. September 29, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2008. Jump up ^ McManus, Doyle ( September 24, 2008 ). `` Americans reluctant to fund bailout ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 28, 2008. Jump up ^ Roubini, Nouriel ( September 29, 2008 ). `` History shows the bail - out wo n't solve the banking crisis ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 2, 2008. Jump up ^ Soraghan, Mike ( October 1, 2008 ). `` Senate adds renewable energy credits to bailout ''. San Jose Business Journal. Bizjournals.com. Retrieved October 2, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 1424 ''. THOMAS. Library of Congress. October 1, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008. ( Access to legislative history of H.R. 1424 ) ^ Jump up to : Amendment to HR 1424 ( the amendment being the text of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 along with the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, and Tax Extenders and Alternative Minimum Tax Relief Act of 2008. ) Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs ( October 1, 2008 ) ( Retrieved October 1, 2008 ) See also the Senate Committee on Banking page : Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Jump up ^ Final Roll Call for Senate vote : On Passage of the Bill ( H.R. 1424 As Amended ). ^ Jump up to : Hulse, Carl ; David M. Herszenhorn ( October 1, 2008 ). `` Adding Sweeteners, Senate Passes Bailout Plan ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Senate passes its own bank bailout package ''. msnbc.com. October 1, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for Roll Call 681 ''. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. October 3, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Herszenhorn, David M. ( October 3, 2008 ). `` House Approves Bailout on Second Try ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Temple - Raston, Dina ( October 3, 2008 ). `` Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill ''. NPR. Jump up ^ Langley, Paul ( 2015 ). Liquidity Lost : The Governance of the Global Financial Crisis. Oxford University Press. pp. 82 -- 86. ISBN 0199683786. Jump up ^ `` Gordon Does Good ''. The New York Times. 12 October 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2016. Jump up ^ Ivry, Bob ; Keoun, Bradley ; Kuntz, Phil ( November 28, 2011 ). `` Secret Fed Loans Gave Banks $13 Billion Undisclosed to Congress ''. Bloomberg Markets Magazine. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved May 14, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Banks in Miser Mode '' Jump up ^ Bel Bruno, Joe & Paradis, Tim ( October 6, 2008 ). `` Dow finishes below 10,000 for first time since ' 04 ''. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Asia, Pacific markets tumble in opening ''. CNN. October 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07. ^ Jump up to : `` Text of Draft Proposal for Bailout Plan ''. The New York Times. September 20, 2008. Jump up ^ `` President Bush Meets with Bicameral and Bipartisan Members of Congress to Discuss Economy '', Whitehouse.gov, September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Bowley, Graham ( September 19, 2008 ), `` Stocks Surge as U.S. Acts to Shore Up Money Funds and Limits Short Selling '', The New York Times Jump up ^ Herszenhorn, David M. ( September 19, 2008 ), `` Congressional Leaders Were Stunned by Warnings '', The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Andrews, Edmund L. ( September 19, 2008 ), `` Bush Officials Urge Swift Action on Rescue Powers '', The New York Times ^ Jump up to : `` Rescue Plan Seeks $700 Billion to Buy Bad Mortgages '', The New York Times, Associated Press, September 20, 2008 Jump up ^ Herszenhorn, David M. ( September 20, 2008 ), `` Administration Is Seeking $700 Billion for Wall Street '', The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Prins, Nomi ( September 24, 2008 ), `` Bailout plan not embraced '', The Real News Jump up ^ Schwartz, Nelson D. ; Dougherty, Carter ( September 22, 2008 ). `` Foreign Banks Hope Bailout Will Be Global ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Landler, Mark ; Myers, Steven Lee ( September 23, 2008 ). `` Buyout Plan for Wall Street Is a Hard Sell on Capitol Hill ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` President 's Address to the Nation '', September 24, 2008. Jump up ^ McCain, Obama Issue Joint Statement on Crisis Fox News, September 24, 2008, Retrieved on October 8, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Blueprint for a Modernized Financial Regulatory Structure '', United States Department of the Treasury, March 31, 2008. Jump up ^ Calabresi, Massimo ( September 23, 2008 ). `` Congress and the Bailout Plan : Business As Usual ''. Time. Jump up ^ Thompson, Mark. `` 7 Questions About the $700 Billion Bailout '', Time, September 24, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Rose - Barney Frank Interview '' Jump up ^ Luhby, Tami ( September 24, 2008 ). `` Congress Advances on Bailout Deal '', CNNMoney.com. Jump up ^ Keoun, Bradley. `` Merrill Sells $8.55 Billion of Stock, Unloads CDOs '', Bloomberg.com, July 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Solomon, Deborah ( February 11, 2009 ). `` Market Pans Bank Rescue Plan ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 12, 2009. Jump up ^ = February 15, 2009 `` Meredith Whitney : A Bad Bank Wo n't Save Banks '' Check url = value ( help ). businessinsider.com. January 29, 2009. Jump up ^ `` The Put Problem with Buying Toxic Assets ''. SSRN.com. February 14, 2009. SSRN 1343625. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christie, Les. `` Housing relief efforts slow as pace of foreclosures rise '', CNNMoney.com, April 28, 2008. Jump up ^ `` How Much The Government 's $700 B Bailout Plan Will Cost You '', Associated Press and NBC6.net, September 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Once in a century rip - off, Economist Michael Hudson : The bailout is a giveaway that will cause hyperinflation and dollar collapse. - The Real News, September 26, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Bush bailout will cause hyperinflation ''. Daily Newscaster. September 26, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Alicia Wallace. CU economist : U.S. financial system reaching ' tipping point '. September 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ NYBOT Dollar Index 6 - month chart Jump up ^ UBS. Finis. Daily roundup for September 20, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12. `` Liquidity injections are not inflationary, because there is no excess money supply - injections are meeting excess demands. ''... `` Anyone out there who still considers that stagflation is a viable outcome should stop taking the hallucinogenic drugs. '' Jump up ^ UBS AG. Good news ( banking ) bad news ( real world ). Daily roundup for October 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12. `` softening prices ( disinflation ) ''... `` this is a disinflationary to deflationary environment. We await written apologies... from those who were so assiduous in asserting stagflation fears in the face of economic good sense. '' Jump up ^ UBS. There is no alternative. `` Policy measures are anti-deflationary. They are not inflationary. '' Daily roundup for October 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12. Jump up ^ Sudeep Reddy ( September 28, 2008 ). `` The Real Costs of the Bailouts ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) Testimony by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. before the Senate Banking Committee, United States Department of the Treasury, September 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Chairman Ben S. Bernanke Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate, Federal Reserve System, September 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Bad News For The Bailout, Forbes.com, September 23, 2008 Jump up ^ Cramer views Jump up ^ `` 25 Harshest Reactions to the Wall Street Bailout ''. Retrieved November 16, 2008. Jump up ^ Kevin Drawbaugh ( September 27, 2008 ). `` Bailout push is fueled by market fears, pizza ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Twaronite, Lisa and Levine, Deborah. `` Dollar buckles under bailout 's fiscal weight '', MarketWatch, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Dollar slips vs yen and euro, U.S. plan in focus '', The Guardian, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ Jacobs, Stevenson. `` Oil makes biggest single - day price jump ever '', Yahoo ! Finance, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ Shenk, Mark. `` Oil Posts Biggest Gain as Traders Caught in End - Month Squeeze '', Bloomberg.com, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ Hoak, Amy. `` Mortgage rates jump in wake of bailout plan '', MarketWatch, September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Baker, Dean ( October 2, 2008 ). `` The Credit Squeeze Scare ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Stein, Sam. `` Paulson 's Conflicts Of Interest Spark Concern '', Huffington Post, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ Hall, Kevin G. ( www.mcclatchydc.com/... / can - you - trust - a-wall - street - veteran. html `` Is it safe to trust a Wall Street veteran with a Wall Street bailout ? '' ), McClatchy, September 24, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Shenn, Jody. `` Paulson Debt Plan May Benefit Mostly Goldman, Morgan '', Bloomberg.com, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ http://pfds.opensecrets.org/N00000444_2007.pdf Jump up ^ Zajac, Andrew ( February 4, 2009 ). `` Commerce Nominee 's Own Finances Have Suffered ''. Chicago Tribune. Jump up ^ Schubert, Elizabeth. `` Rochester Protest Against Bailout One of Many Across Country '', ABC 13Wham, Rochester, New York, September 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Bailout sparks anger, Protesters take to the streets to condemn Wall Street bailout plan. At The Real News, September 28, 2008 Jump up ^ Wiessner, Christian ( September 25, 2008 ). `` Labor unions protest in New York against bailout ''. Reuters. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Public is n't buying Wall Street bailout '', Los Angeles Times, September 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Rooney, Ben ( September 25, 2008 ). `` Bailout foes hold day of protests ''. CNN. Retrieved September 26, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Kill Wall Street dot com -- ( BETA ) ''. Jump up ^ 57 % of Public Favors Wall Street Bailout Archived October 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Pew Research Center, September 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Benjamin, Matthew. `` Americans Oppose Bailouts, Favor Obama to Handle Market Crisis ''. Bloomberg.com. September 24, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Goldman, Julianna and Chen, Edwin. `` Obama, McCain Say Government Must Recoup Bailout Cost ( Update1 ) '', Bloomberg.com, September 24, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Newport, Frank. `` Americans Favor Congressional Action on Crisis '', The Gallup Organization, September 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Constituents Make Their Bailout Views Known, The New York Times, September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Brown Backs Bush 's Bail - Out Plan The Guardian September 26, 2008 Jump up ^ Tumulty, Karen and Jay Newton - Small. `` Can Congress Build a Better Bailout ? '', TIME Magazine, September 26, 2008 Jump up ^ Ahrens, Frank. `` Senate Goes After Regulators Past, Present '', The Washington Post, September 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Patrick Yoest. UPDATE : Shelby : Treasury Proposal ' Neither Workable Nor Comprehensive ', Dow Jones Newswires. September 22, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Mullins, Luke. `` Sen. Jim Bunning : The Bailout Is Un-American '', U.S. News & World Report, September 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Paul, Ron. `` Commentary : Bailouts will lead to rough economic ride '', CNN, September 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Barr : `` bailout from hell '' ^ Jump up to : Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Let 's Keep People In Their Homes, The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Hurst, Steven ( Associated Press ). McCain, Obama raise doubts about bailout plan, USA Today, September 22, 2008 ^ Jump up to : Jagger, Suzy. `` Henry Paulson hailed as a hero for stemming market slide, but all are not convinced '', The Times, September 20, 2008. Jump up ^ Warren Buffett Reveals Bailout 's Dirty Little Secret Jump up ^ `` CNBC INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT & VIDEO, Part 1 : Warren Buffett Explains His $5 B Goldman Investment '', CNBC, September 24, 2008. Jump up ^ Soros, George. `` Paulson can not be allowed a blank cheque '', Financial Times, September 24, 2008. Jump up ^ Dorfman, Dan. `` For, Against Uncle Sam 's Bailout '', The New York Sun, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ William Seidman, Who Led Cleanup of S&L Crisis, Dies, Bloomberg, May 13, 2009 Jump up ^ Justin Wolfers : Economists on the Bailout Freakonomics / Nytimes.com, September 23, 2008 Jump up ^ The letter was sent to Congress on Wed Sept 24 2008 regarding the Treasury plan as outlined on that date Archived September 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Stiglitz, Joseph. `` A Better Bailout '', The Nation, September 26, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Krugman, Paul. Cash for Trash, The New York Times, September 21, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Krugman, Paul ( September 28, 2008 ). `` The good, the bad, and the ugly ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Common ( Stock ) Sense about Risk - Shifting and Bank Bailouts ''. SSRN.com. December 29, 2009. SSRN 1321666. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Debt Overhang and Bank Bailouts ''. SSRN.com. February 2, 2009. SSRN 1336288. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fratianni, Michele ; Francesco Marchionne ( 2009 ). `` Rescuing Banks from the Effects of the Financial Crisis ''. SSRN Working Paper. SSRN 1476786. Jump up ^ America 's bail - out plan : I want your money, The Economist, September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Kuttner, Robert ( September 22, 2008 ). `` Paulson 's Folly ''. The American Prospect. Retrieved September 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Resnick, Rosalind. Memo to Uncle Sam : Small Business Needs Your Help, Too !, Entrepreneur.com, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ Drawbaugh, Kevin ( September 25, 2008 ). `` Conservative Republicans offer bailout alternative ''. Reuters. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Sunnucks, Mike. `` McCain may back alternative to bank bailout '', Phoenix Business Journal, September 25, 2008. Jump up ^ Schoen, John W. ( October 2, 2008 ). `` Economists say rescue plan still needs work ''. msnbc.com. Retrieved October 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Jonathan GS Koppell ''. Retrieved October 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` HOME ( Home Owners ' Mortgage Enterprise ) : A 10 Step Plan to Resolve the Financial Crisis ''. September 24, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Our Choice. Nouriel Roubini. October 9, 2008. Forbes Jump up ^ `` Why Paulson is Wrong ''. September 21, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Tavakoli, Janet ( September 25, 2008 ). `` Specific Proposed Alternative to ( the Various Versions ) of the Paulson Plan ''. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Tavakoli, Janet ( September 29, 2008 ). `` An alternative to the Paulson plan -- one that does not violate the spirit of democracy ''. Financial Times. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Mark Klein ( September 26, 2008 ). `` Former Merrill Banker Suggests Bailout Alternative - Mergers, Acquisitions, Venture Capital, Hedge Funds ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Blodget, Henry ( September 24, 2008 ). `` Warren Buffett Reveals Bailout 's Dirty Little Secret ''. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Strauss - Kahn, Dominique ( September 22, 2008 ). `` A Systemic Crisis Demands Systemic Solutions ''. Retrieved October 12, 2008. Jump up ^ Vekshin, Alison. `` Paulson, Lawmakers Narrowing Differences, Frank Says '', Bloomberg.com, September 22, 2008. Jump up ^ Rowley, James and Alison Vekshin `` House Republicans Undercut Bush on Rescue, Slow Talks '', Bloomberg.com, September 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Draft bill as reported by The New York Times : Draft of House bill to be voted on Monday, September 29, 2008 Jump up ^ `` House to meet Thursday after rejecting bailout ''. MSNBC.com. September 29, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Jackie Kucinich, `` Rank and file GOPers not thrilled by deal '', The Hill, 9 / 28 / 08 Jump up ^ `` Rep. Mack calls economic bailout plan ' gimmicky ', wo n't support it '', Wink News, 9 / 28 / 08 Archived October 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Bush hails ' extraordinary ' bailout deal ''. MSNBC.com. September 29, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Vekshin, Alison ; Laura Litvan ( September 29, 2008 ). `` U.S. House Rejects $700 Billion Financial - Rescue Plan ( Update5 ) ''. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg LLC. Retrieved September 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Final Vote Results for Roll Call 674 ( HR 3997 Recorded Vote September 29, 2008, 2 : 07 PM ) Clerk, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ HR3997 THOMAS, Library of Congress. ( Access to legislative history ; note that H.R. 3997 is the vehicle for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. See documents on the House Committee on Financial Services : Summary of the `` Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 '' : SUMMARY OF THE `` EMERGENCY ECONOMIC STABILIZATION ACT OF 2008 '' Access via the House Committee on Financial Services : Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Archived September 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ) Jump up ^ Legislative Day of September 29, 2008 110th Congress, Second Session. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Hulse, Carl ; David M. Herszenhorn ( September 29, 2008 ). `` House Rejects Bailout Package, 228 - 205 ; Stocks Plunge ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Julie Hirschfeld Davis ( September 29, 2008 ). `` Bailout bill slapped aside ; record stock plunge ''. Yahoo ! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Stocks crushed '', CNN.com, September 29, 2008 ^ Jump up to : Hulse, Carl ; Pear, Robert ( October 1, 2008 ). `` Senate to Vote Today on the Bailout Plan ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2008. Jump up ^ Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Jump up ^ `` Vote Summary : Question : On the Amendment ( Dodd Amdt. No. 5685 ) - In the nature of a substitute ''. U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 110th Congress - 2nd Session. Secretary of the United States Senate. October 1, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Vote Summary : On Passage of the Bill ( H.R. 1424 As Amended ) ''. U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 110th Congress - 2nd Session. Secretary of the United States Senate. October 1, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008. Jump up ^ Soraghan, Mike ( October 1, 2008 ). `` Senate adds renewable energy credits to bailout ''. Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal. Jump up ^ Weigel, David ( December 13, 2010 ) Why Glenn Beck is Like Evan Bayh, Slate.com Jump up ^ NPR ( October 3, 2008 ) ( 1 ) Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Economic rescue swiftly signed into law ''. Google News. AFP. October 3, 2008. Archived from the original on April 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Board of Governors ( October 6, 2008 ) `` Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balance '' FRB press release Jump up ^ Crescenzi, T. ( December 22, 2008 ) `` Crescenzi : Banks Sitting on $1 Trillion Cash '' CNBC Jump up ^ Krell, E. ( December 10, 2008 ) `` What Is Wrong With TARP ? '' Business Finance Jump up ^ U.S. Department of the Treasury ( October 6, 2008 ) `` Statement by the President 's Working Group on Financial Markets '' Treasury Press Release Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Board of Governors ( December 3, 2008 ) FRB Docket No. R - 1334 - Reg. D - Public Comments on Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions '' Jump up ^ Wilder, R. ( December 10, 2008 ) `` Why exactly does the Fed pay interest on reserves ? '' Archived January 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. RGE Monitor ( Roubini Global Economics, LLC ) ^ Jump up to : Lanman, S. ( October 22, 2008 ) `` Fed Raises Rate It Pays on Banks ' Reserve Balances ( Update2 ) '' Bloomberg Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Board of Governors ( October 22, 2008 ) `` Federal Reserve announces it will alter the formula used to determine the interest rate paid to depository institutions on excess balances '' FRB Press Release Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Board of Governors ( November 5, 2008 ) `` Board announces it will alter formulas used to determine interest rates paid to depository institutions on required reserve balances and excess reserve balances '' FRB Press Release Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Board of Governors ( December 16, 2008 ) `` Federal Reserve issues technical note concerning the calculation of interest rates on required reserve balances and excess balances for the maintenance periods ending December 17, 2008 - December 16, 2008 '' FRB Press Release Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Board of Governors ( December 31, 2008 ) `` Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances ''. Retrieved January 5, 2008. Jump up ^ Wilder, R. ( January 7, 2009 ) `` FOMC minutes show the Fed is trying to think outside the box '' News N Economics ( excerpts of the December 15 -- 16, 2008 Federal Open Market Committee meeting minutes ) Jump up ^ Bernanke, B. ( November 19, 2008 ) `` Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke 's testimony to the House Financial Services Committee on the financial bailout package '' HereIsTheCity.com ( Entrepreneur Ltd. ) Jump up ^ Bajaj, V. ( November 20, 2008 ) `` Stocks Are Hurt by Latest Fear : Declining Prices '' The New York Times Jump up ^ The Independent ( November 6, 2008 ) `` Shipping : Holed beneath the waterline '' Jump up ^ Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( October 14, 2008 ) `` FDIC Announces Plan to Free Up Bank Liquidity '' FDIC press release Jump up ^ Baker, J. ( October 15, 2008 ) `` Government Actions to Support Markets '' FundLaw Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office ( May 18, 2006 ) `` CBO Cost Estimate, Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2006, '' Table 1 Jump up ^ Irwin, N. ( January 7, 2009 ) `` Fed Expects Weak Economy, Fears ' Prolonged Retraction ' '' The Washington Post Jump up ^ Bernanke, B. ( January 13, 2009 ) `` The Crisis and the Policy Response '' ( London School of Economics ) Jump up ^ Quinn, M. ( January 13, 2009 ) `` Bernanke admits Fed struggling to revive private lending '' FinancialWeek.com Jump up ^ Cooke, K. ( January 15, 2008 ) `` Fed 's Evans : U.S. in midst of serious recession '' Reuters Jump up ^ Moyer, L. ( February 3, 2009 ) `` Banks Promise Loans but Hoard Cash '' Forbes Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( February 16, 2009 ) `` Series : WRESBAL, Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' FRED Economic Data System Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh, Barbara. `` Treasury given significant leeway in creating plan to buy toxic debt '', USA Today, October 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 101. Jump up ^ Gosselin, Peter G. `` Paulson will have no peer under bailout deal '', Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 115. ^ Jump up to : `` Breakdown of the Final Bailout Bill '', The Washington Post, September 28, 2008. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 113. Jump up ^ Dvorak, Phred and Lublin, Joann S. `` Bailout 's Bid to Limit Executive Pay Will Be Tough to Realize '', The Wall Street Journal, October 6, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Congress Passes New Limits on Executive Compensation Paid by Troubled Financial Institutions, Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal LLP., October 3, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 111. Jump up ^ Abrams, Paul. `` Weak, Pathetic Executive Compensation Limitations '', Huffington Post, September 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 109. Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd. `` Your questions answered on bailout bill '', Detroit Free Press, October 1, 2008. Archived June 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Breakdown of the Final Bailout Bill '', The Washington Post, September 8, 2008 Jump up ^ `` FDIC chief in tune with Democrats '' November 18, 2008 Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Andrews, Edmund L. ( November 19, 2008 ). `` Treasury Denounced Over Bailout ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 119. Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, Alison. `` As ' Biggest Crisis ' Hit, Congress Held Nose and Backed Bailout '', Bloomberg.com, October 6, 2008. Jump up ^ Roth, Z. ( January 12, 2009 ) `` Who 's Running TARP ? You Might Not Wanna Know '' TalkingPointsMemo.com Jump up ^ Carey, C. ( January 10, 2009 ) `` Report on TARP spending raises new questions '' BailoutSleuth.com ^ Jump up to : Sahadi, Jeanne. `` Bailout 101 : What new law says '', CNNMoney.com, October 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 104. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 125. ^ Jump up to : Sweet, Lynn. `` Bailout bill ' Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 ' searchable summary '', Chicago Sun - Times, September 28, 2008. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 116. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 121. Jump up ^ Amendment to HR 1424 Amendment to HR 1424, Division A, Section 136. ^ Jump up to : Dash, Eric ( November 1, 2008 ). `` U.S. Said to Be Using Loose Rules in Bank Aid ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2008. Jump up ^ Benjamin, Matthew ( September 24, 2008 ). `` Paulson Plan May Push U.S. Debt to Post-WWII Levels ( Update1 ) ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved October 1, 2008. Jump up ^ McIntire, Mike. `` Bailout Is a Windfall to Banks, if Not to Borrowers ''. The New York Times. January 17, 2009. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Library of Congress drafts : Pub. L. 110 -- 343 H.R. 1424 Text of original Paulson proposal Stimulus.org, a complete guide to all economic recovery efforts. Jobs and Economic Growth - a discussion of the proposal from the George W. Bush White House Archive. Agreed - upon draft of House Resolution for the bailout ( 110 pages ) Text version of House Res 1517 Bailout Bill Text of the revised bill Erin Aigner ; Amanda Cox ; Farhana Hossain ; Archie Tse ( September 30, 2008 ). `` The No Votes : Details on the Republican and Democratic representatives who voted against the $700 billion financial bailout plan ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2008. ( List and U.S. map with districts of members of Congress voting `` no ''. Nocera, Joe ; Sorkin, Andrew Ross ; Henriques, Diana B. ; Andrews, Edmund L. ( October 1, 2008 ). `` 36 Hours of Alarm and Action as Crisis Spiraled ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2008. ( Background on development of the Treasury proposal to Congress ) A Directory of Related U.S. Government Agency Statements, Actions, Documents, Videos, and News Concerning the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 / TARP ( Troubled Assets Relief Program ) Nomi Prins : `` Obama Banking Too Much on Banks '' - video report by Democracy Now ! 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Rothstein Allen Stanford Government entities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Housing Finance Board Federal Reserve System Government National Mortgage Association Irish Bank Resolution Corporation National Asset Management Agency Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Financial Stability UK Financial Investments Government policy and spending responses Banking and finance stability and reform Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009 Banking ( Special Provisions ) Act 2008 China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit Commercial Paper Funding Facility Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Irish emergency budget, 2009 Irish budget, 2010 Irish budget, 2011 Irish budget, 2012 Irish budget, 2013 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Bank stress tests EU U.S. Stimulus and recovery 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Zero interest - rate policy Government interventions, rescues, and acquisitions List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession Non-banking Chrysler General Motors Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities Collateralized debt obligations Collateralized mortgage obligations Credit default swaps Mortgage - backed securities Secondary mortgage market Social responses Tea Party protests ( United States ; c. 2009 ) May Day protests ( Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia ; 2009 ) Occupy movement ( worldwide ) Related topics 2000s energy crisis Central Asia : 2008 Effects on museums Decline of newspapers World food price crisis European debt crisis Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 List of countries by public debt Bank regulation in the United States Federal authorities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Reserve Board of Governors Financial Stability Oversight Council National Credit Union Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Major federal legislation Independent Treasury Act National Bank Act Federal Reserve Act McFadden Act 1933 Banking Act Glass -- Steagall Act Federal Credit Union Act Bank Holding Company Act Bank Secrecy Act Truth in Lending Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Community Reinvestment Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Monetary Control Act Depository Institutions Act FIRREA FDICIA Truth in Savings Act Riegle - Neal IBBEA Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Credit CARD Act Dodd - Frank Federal Reserve Board regulations Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks ( Reg A ) Equal Credit Opportunity ( Reg B) Home Mortgage Disclosure ( Reg C ) Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions ( Reg D ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( Reg E ) Limitations on Interbank Liabilities ( Reg F ) International Banking Operations ( Reg K ) Consumer Leasing ( Reg M ) Loans to Insiders ( Reg O ) Privacy of Consumer Financial Information ( Reg P ) Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits ( Reg Q ) Credit by Brokers and Dealers ( Reg T ) Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock ( Reg U ) Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates ( Reg W ) Borrowers of Securities Credit ( Reg X ) Truth in Lending ( Reg Z ) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices ( Reg AA ) Community Reinvestment ( Reg BB ) Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks ( Reg CC ) Truth in Savings ( Reg DD ) Types of bank charter Credit union Federal savings association Federal savings bank National bank State bank State authorities California Colorado Florida Illinois Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Terms Call report CAEL Rating CAMELS rating system Thrift Financial Report Other topics Banking in the United States Fair debt collection History of central banking in the United States Wildcat banking Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008&oldid=804470576 '' Categories : 110th United States Congress 2008 in American politics 2008 in economics 2008 in law Great Recession in the United States George W. 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Question: who was president when the banks were bailed out
Answer: George W. Bush