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( April 2017 ) Desi Muslims Total population ~ 600 million ( 31.4 % ) Regions with significant populations Pakistan 200,294,136 ( 2017 ) India 179,897,471 ( 2016 ) Bangladesh 148,607,000 ( 2010 ) Afghanistan 33,232,029 ( 2016 ) Sri Lanka 2,156,795 ( 2016 ) Nepal 1,277,492 ( 2016 ) Maldives 393,253 ( 2016 ) Bhutan ≤ 2,000 ( 2010 ) Languages Urdu, Classical Arabic ( Sacred language ), Bengali, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Tamil, Malayalam, Kashmiri, Saraiki, Balochi, Dari, Gujarati, Memoni, Bihari, Rohingya and more Religion Islam ( Majority Sunni and minority Shia ) Part of a series on Islam in South Asia History Malik bin Deenar Cheraman Perumal Kunhali Marakkar I Cheraman Juma Masjid Ahnaf ibn Qais Muhammad bin Qasim Shah Jalal Mahmud of Ghazni Qutb al - Din Aibak Timur Babur Ahmad Shah Durrani Schools of law Hanafi Shia Shafi ` i Maliki Hanbali Culture Architecture Mughal Indo - Islamic Indo - Saracenic Sharqi Literature Urdu Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Dari ( Persian ) Music Qawwali Hamd Nasheed Naat Ghazal Islam portal South Asia portal Muslims Percentage per Country Country Percent Maldives 100 % Afghanistan 99 % Pakistan 96.28 % Bangladesh 90.4 % India 14.5 % Sri Lanka 9.71 % Nepal 4.4 % Bhutan 0.2 % Islam in South Asia has existed since the beginning of Islamic history. There are approximately 600 million South Asian Muslims, informally known as Desi Muslims, forming 31.4 % of South Asia 's population. In addition, about 30.6 % of all Muslims live in South Asia, which is the largest regional population of Muslims in the world. Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century AD came to coastal Malabar and Konkan - Gujarat. Cheraman Juma Masjid in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 AD by Malik ibn Dinar. Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century AD, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat. After the Islamic conquest of Persia was completed, the Muslim Arabs then began to move towards the lands east of Persia and in 652 captured Herat. In 712 CE, a young Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region for the Umayyad empire, to be made the `` As - Sindh '' province with its capital at Al - Mansurah, 72 km ( 45 mi ) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh. Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate. But due to the instability of the empire and the defeat in various wars with north Indian and south Indian rulers including the Caliphate campaigns in India, where the Hindu rulers like the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty and Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty defeated the Umayyad Arabs, they were contained to Sindh and southern Punjab. There was gradual conversion to Islam in the south, especially amongst the native Hindu and Buddhist majority, but in areas north of Multan, Hindus and Buddhists remained numerous. By the end of the 10th century CE, the region was ruled by several Hindu Shahi kings who would be subdued by the Ghaznavids. Dawoodi Bohra Ismailli Shia was established in Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century, when Fatimid Imam Mustansir sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH / 1073 AD. Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India 's religious and cultural heritage. Muslims have played a prominent role in India 's economic rise and cultural influence. Contents 1 History 1.1 Early Muslim traders 1.2 Caliphate 1.3 Later Muslim conquest 1.4 Last Muslim conquest 2 Current status 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History Early Muslim traders Main article : Islam in India See also : Islam in Sri Lanka Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid on the Malabar Coast, probably the first Mosque in India Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. Even in the pre-Islamic era, Arab traders used to visit the Konkan - Gujarat coast and Malabar region, which linked them with the ports of South East Asia. Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam 's first contact with India. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book, The History of India as told by its own Historians, that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 AD. H.G. Rawlinson in his book Ancient and Medieval History of India claims that the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century AD. ( Shaykh Zainuddin Makhdum 's `` Tuhfat al - Mujahidin '' is also a reliable work. ) This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals and by Haridas Bhattacharya in Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV. It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world. Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. The first Indian mosque, Cheraman Juma Masjid, is thought to have been built in 629 AD by Malik Bin Deenar. In Malabar, the Mappilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam. Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam. These new converts were now added to the Mappila community. Thus, among the Mappilas we find both the descendants of the Arabs through local women and converts from among the local people. Caliphate Main articles : Islam in Afghanistan and Islam in Pakistan During the 7th century, the Rashidun Caliphate Arabs entered modern - day Afghanistan after decisively defeating the Sassanian Persians in Nihawand. Following this colossal defeat, the last Sassanid Emperor, Yazdegerd III, who became a hunted fugitive, fled eastward deep into Central Asia. In pursuing Yazdegerd, the route the Arabs selected to enter the area was from north - eastern Iran and thereafter into Herat, where they stationed a large portion of their army before advancing toward northern Afghanistan. A large number of the inhabitants of northern Afghanistan accepted Islam through Umayyad missionary efforts, particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik and Umar ibn AbdulAziz. In south, Abdur Rahman bin Samara introduced Islam to the natives of Zabulistan which was ruled by the Zunbils. During the reign of Al - Mu'tasim Islam was generally practiced amongst most inhabitants of the region and finally under Ya'qub - i Laith Saffari, Islam was by far, the predominant religion of Kabul along with other major cities of Afghanistan. The father of Abu Hanifa, Thabit bin Zuta, was a native from modern - day Afghanistan. He immigrated to Kufa ( in Iraq ), where Hanifa was born. Later, the Samanids propagated Sunni Islam deep into the heart of Central Asia, as the first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred in the 9th century. Since then, Islam has dominated the country 's religious landscape. Islamic leaders have entered the political sphere at various times of crisis, but rarely exercised secular authority for long. Although soon after conquering the Middle East from the Byzantine empire and the Sassanid Empire, Arab forces had reached the present western regions of Pakistan, during the period of Rashidun caliphacy, it was in 712 CE that a young Arab general called Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region for the Umayyad empire, to be made the `` As - Sindh '' province with its capital at Al - Mansurah, 72 km ( 45 mi ) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh. Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate. But the instability of the empire and the defeat in various wars with north Indian and south Indian rulers including the Caliphate campaigns in India, where the Hindu rulers like the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty and Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty defeated the Umayyad Arabs, they were contained till only Sindh and southern Punjab. There was gradual conversion to Islam in the south, especially amongst the native Hindu and Buddhist majority, but in areas north of Multan, Hindus and Buddhists remained numerous. By the end of the 10th century CE, the region was ruled by several Hindu Shahi kings who would be subdued by the Ghaznavids. Later Muslim conquest Main articles : Islam in Bangladesh, Islam in Nepal, and Islam in Bhutan Muslim incursions resumed under later Turkic and Central Asian Mongol dynasties with more local capitals, who supplanted the Caliphate and expanded their domains both northwards and eastwards and led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. Under Sabuktigin, Ghazni found itself in conflict with the Shahi Raja Jayapala. When Sabuktigin died and his son Mahmud ascended the throne in 998, Ghazni was engaged in the North with the Qarakhanids when the Shahi Raja renewed hostilities. In the first half of the 10th century, Mahmud of Ghazni added the Punjab to the Ghaznavid Empire and conducted 17 raids on modern - day India. In the 11th century, Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud played a significant role in the conversion of locals ( Hindus ) to Islam. Tughril was the grandson of Seljuq and brother of Chaghri, under whom the Seljuks wrested an empire from the Ghaznavids. Initially the Seljuqs were repulsed by Mahmud and retired to Khwarezm, but Tughril and Chaghri led them to capture Merv and Nishapur ( 1037 ). Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1040 at the Battle of Dandanaqan, they decisively defeated Mas'ud I of the Ghaznavids, forcing him to abandon most of his western territories to the Seljuqs. A more successful invasion came at the end of the 12th century from Muhammad of Ghor. This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate. Tīmūr bin Taraghay Barlas, known in the West as Tamerlane or `` Timur the lame '', was a 14th - century warlord of Turco - Mongol descent, conqueror of much of western and central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire ( 1370 -- 1507 ) in Central Asia ; the Timurid dynasty survived until 1857 as the Mughal dynasty of India. Last Muslim conquest Islam by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Ivory Coast Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia Central Asia China Hong Kong Macau Tibet East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Maldives Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Asia Southeast Asia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Macedonia Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales USSR Americas Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Islam portal Main article : Durrani Empire See also : Ahmad Shah Durrani, Third Battle of Panipat, and Pashtun empires and dynasties Ahmad Shah Durrani and his coalition decisively defeat the Maratha Confederacy, during the Third Battle of Panipat and restored the Mughal Empire to Shah Alam II. Ahmed Shah Abdali -- a Pashtun -- embarked on a conquest in South Asia starting in 1747. In the short space of just over a quarter of a century, he forged one of the largest Muslim empires of the 18th century. The high point of his conquests was his victory over the powerful Marathas in the third Battle of Panipat 1761. In South Asia his empire stretched from the Indus at Attock all the way to the outskirts of Delhi. Uninterested in long term of conquest or in replacing the Mughal Empire, he became increasingly pre occupied with revolts by the Sikhs. His empire started to unravel not long after his death. Current status See also : Islam in the Maldives South Asian Muslims are the majority in Afghanistan ( 99 % ), Bangladesh ( 90 % ), Pakistan ( 96 % ) and Maldives ( 100 % ), but are concentrated in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. See also Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent Muslim nationalism in South Asia Islam in Europe References ^ Jump up to : `` Sense and sensibility in South Asia ''. www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` The Muslim question ''. Times of India Blog. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency ''. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency ''. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` The Future of the Global Muslim Population ''. Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project. 2011 - 01 - 15. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency ''. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency ''. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency ''. www.cia.gov. 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Up to about the tenth century the largest settlement of Arabs and Persian Muslim traders are not found in Malabar however but rather more to the north in coastal towns of the Konkan and Gujarat, where in pre-Islamic times the Persians dominated the trade with the west. Here the main impetus to Muslim settlement came from the merchants of the Persian Gulf and Oman, with a minority from Hadramaut. Jump up ^ `` Cheraman Juma Masjid : A 1,000 - year - old lamp burns in this mosque ''. Jump up ^ `` PM Narendra Modi likely to visit India 's oldest mosque during Kerala trip ''. Jump up ^ `` Solomon To Cheraman ''. Jump up ^ `` PM Modi gifts gold - plated replica of ancient Kerala mosque to Saudi King ''. Jump up ^ `` Oldest Indian mosque sets new precedent ''. Jump up ^ `` 1400 - year - old mosque to be restored to its original form ''. Jump up ^ Gokhale. Surat In The Seventeenth Century. Popular Prakashan. p. 28. Retrieved 23 February 2015. Islam was introduced into Gujarat in the 7th century A.D. The first Arab raid came in 635 when the Governor of Bahrain sent an expedition against Broach. Then through the centuries colonies of Arab and Persian merchants began sprouting in the port cities of Gujarat, such as Cambay, Broach and Surat. Jump up ^ Afghanistan, The 7th - 18th centuries, Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Sindh. ( 2007 ). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 15, from : Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ; p. 33 ; ' act of al Mustansir was sending missionaries to Gujarat ' Jump up ^ Survival Amidst Fatimid Collapse ; The Ismaili da'wa Outside the Fatimid dawla, by Daftary, F. `` The Ismaili da'wa Outside the Fatimid dawla, '' in L'Egypte Fatimide : Son Art et Son Histoire, Marianne Barrucand ( ed. ) pp. 29 - 43. Paris : Presses de l'Universite de Paris - Sorbonne ; ' around 460AH / 1067AD, Yamani da ` is were dispatched to Gujarat under the close supervision of the Sulayhids ' Jump up ^ Sharma, Usha. Cultural and Religious Heritage of India : Islam. Mittal Publications, 2004. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 960 - 7. ISBN 81 - 7099 - 960 - X. Jump up ^ Madani, Mohsen ( 1993 ). Impact of Hindu Culture on Muslims. MDPPL. p. 1. Jump up ^ ISBN 81 - 86050 - 79 - 5 Ancient and Medieval History of India Jump up ^ ISBN 983 - 9154 - 80 - X Jump up ^ Sturrock, J., South Canara and Madras District Manual ( 2 vols., Madras, 1894 -- 1895 ) Jump up ^ ISBN 81 - 85843 - 05 - 8 Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV Jump up ^ - Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community Archived 2006 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ William Logan, Malabar Manual, Asian Educational Services, 1996 ISBN 81 - 206 - 0446 - 6, ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0446 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Islamic Voice - DHU'L QADAH / DHU'L HAJJ ''. Retrieved 6 May 2015. Jump up ^ Bahrain tribune World 's second oldest mosque is in India Archived 2006 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` A mosque from a Hindu king ; Travelogue ; News from India, News for Tourists and Travellers, India Travel Times, India News, India News Times, Indian News, Travel News, Travel, Tourism, ''. Retrieved 6 May 2015. Jump up ^ Arabic As a Minority Language By Jonathan Owens, pg. 181 Jump up ^ The preaching of Islam : a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, pg. 183 Jump up ^ André Wink, `` Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World '', Brill 1990. p 120 Jump up ^ Andre Wink, Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World, Vol. 2, ( Brill, 2002 ), 9. -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Iran, The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, ed. Antoine Sfeir and John King, transl. John King, ( Columbia University Press, 2007 ), 141. Jump up ^ B.F. Manz, `` Tīmūr Lang '', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Jump up ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, `` Timur '', 6th ed., Columbia University Press : ``... Timur ( timoor ' ) or Tamerlane ( tăm'urlān ), c. 1336 -- 1405, Mongol conqueror, b. Kesh, near Samarkand... ``, ( LINK ) Jump up ^ `` Timur '', in Encyclopædia Britannica : ``... ( Timur ) was a member of the Turkic Barlas clan of Mongols... '' Jump up ^ `` Baber '', in Encyclopædia Britannica : ``... Baber first tried to recover Samarkand, the former capital of the empire founded by his Mongol ancestor Timur Lenk... '' Jump up ^ S.M. Ikram ( 1964 ). `` XIX. A Century of Political Decline : 1707 -- 1803 ''. In Ainslie T. Embree. Muslim Civilization in India. New York : Columbia University Press. Retrieved 5 November 2011. Jump up ^ Asger Christensen. `` Aiding Afghanistan : The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society '' pp 12. NIAS Press, 1995. ISBN 8787062445 Jump up ^ Hamid Wahed Alikuzai. `` A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, volume 14. '' pp. 202. Trafford Publishing, 2013. ISBN 1490714413 Jump up ^ pewforum.org Further reading Jamal Malik. Islam in South Asia : A Short History. Leiden and Boston : Brill, 2008. External links Islam in Asia at the Open Directory Project Muslims in South Asia Middle Ages Malik Deenar Islamic conquest of Afghanistan Arabs in Pakistan Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent Umayyad campaigns in India Mahmud of Ghazni Seljuk Empire Ghurid dynasty Delhi Sultanate Timurid Empire Timurid family tree Early Modern Timeline of Hindu clan conversions to Islam First Battle of Panipat Third Battle of Panipat Modern Two - nation theory Pakistan Movement Partition of India Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts Indus Waters Treaty India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry 2001 Bangladesh -- India border clashes Patriotic hacking Contemporary issues Hindi -- Urdu controversy Muslim nationalism in South Asia Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Ayodhya dispute Sharing the water of the Ganges Islamophobia By Country Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Asia&oldid=800773899 '' Categories : Islam by continent Islam in Asia Religion in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from April 2017 All articles needing copy edit All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 15 : 51. 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Question: when did islam begin its spread overland into south asia quizlet
Answer: the 7th century AD