Commonwealth of the Philippines - wikipedia Commonwealth of the Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines Mancomunidad de Filipinas ( Spanish ) Komonwelt ng Pilipinas ( Tagalog ) Associated state and protectorate of the United States 1935 -- 1942 Japanese occupation : 1942 -- 45 1945 -- 1946 Flag of the United States ( top ) Flag of the Philippines ( bottom ) Coat of arms Anthem The Philippine Hymn ( from September 5, 1938 ) Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia. Capital Manila Languages Spanish English Government Presidential commonwealth President 1935 -- 44 Manuel L. Quezon 1944 -- 46 Sergio Osmeña 1946 Manuel Roxas High Commissioner 1935 -- 37 Frank Murphy 1937 -- 39 Paul V. McNutt 1939 -- 42 Francis Bowes Sayre 1945 -- 46 Paul V. McNutt Vice President 1935 -- 44 Sergio Osmeña 1946 Elpidio Quirino Legislature National Assembly ( 1935 -- 41 ) Congress ( 1945 -- 46 ) Historical era Interwar, World War II Tydings -- McDuffie Act 15 November 1935 Independence 4 July 1946 Treaty of Manila 22 October 1946 Area 1939 343,385.1 km ( 132,581.7 sq mi ) Population 1939 est. 16,000,303 Density 47 / km ( 121 / sq mi ) Currency Peso Preceded by Succeeded by Insular Government Philippine Executive Commission Third Philippine Republic Today part of Philippines a. Capital held by enemy forces between 24 December 1941 and 27 February 1945. Temporary capitals were Corregidor Island from 24 December 1941 ; Iloilo City from 22 February 1942 ; Bacolod from 26 February ; Buenos Aires, Bago City from 27 February ; Oroquieta from 19 March ; Bukidnon from 23 March ; government - in - exile in Melbourne, Australia, in April ; government - in - exile in Washington, D.C., from May 1942 to October 1944 ; Tacloban from 20 October 1944. b. The Commonwealth government continued its existence as a government - in - exile in the United States during the Japanese Occupation and later as the Third Republic. In effect, there existed two Philippine governments during the Japanese occupation. The Commonwealth of the Philippines ( Spanish : Mancomunidad de Filipinas, Tagalog : Komonwelt ng Pilipinas ) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a United States territorial government, and was established by the Tydings -- McDuffie Act. The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country 's full achievement of independence. During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party, was at first unicameral, but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalog -- the language of Manila and its surrounding provinces -- as the basis of the national language, although it would be many years before its usage became general. Women 's suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level before the Japanese occupation in 1942. The Commonwealth government went into exile from 1942 to 1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation. In 1946, the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines claimed full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution. Contents 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Creation 2.2 Pre-War 2.3 World War II 2.4 Independence 3 Policies 3.1 Uprisings and agrarian reform 3.2 National language 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Government 7 Politics 7.1 List of presidents 7.2 Quezon Administration ( 1935 -- 44 ) 7.3 Osmeña Administration ( 1944 -- 46 ) 7.4 Roxas Administration ( May 28, 1946 -- July 4, 1946 ) 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Names The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the `` Philippine Commonwealth '', or simply as `` the Commonwealth ''. It had official names in Tagalog : Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas ( ( pɪlɪˈpinɐs ) ) and Spanish : Commonwealth de Filipinas ( ( filiˈpinas ) ). The 1935 constitution specifies `` the Philippines '' as the country 's short form name and uses `` the Philippine Islands '' only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions. Under the Insular Government ( 1901 - 1935 ), both terms had official status. History Main articles : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) and History of the Philippines § Commonwealth Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre-900 ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1521 ) Historically Documented City - states / Polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Kedatuan of Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription - c. 900 AD. Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict - 1365 Brunei War 1500 Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish era Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Bayan Ko Commonwealth Japanese occupation Second Republic Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference North Borneo dispute Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis Second EDSA Revolution War on Terror South China Sea disputes Super Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic Arts Languages Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Creation See also : Philippine Constitutional Convention election, 1934 President Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina of the Philippines March 23, 1935 : Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right : George H. Dern, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Manuel L. Quezon The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the U.S. Congress passed the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. When it reached him for possible signature, President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover 's veto in 1933 and passed the bill over Hoover 's objections. The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate. This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings -- McDuffie Act, or Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten - year period of peaceful transition to full independence -- the date of which was to be on the 4th July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth. A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935. On 17 September 1935, presidential elections were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively. The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people. Pre-war The new government embarked on ambitious nation - building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. These included national defense ( such as the National Defense Act of 1935, which organized a conscription for service in the country ), greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao. However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines, and in the economy due to the Great Depression, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six - year term. A proper evaluation of the policies ' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II. World War II Main articles : Military history of the Philippines during World War II and Japanese occupation of the Philippines Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East, which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction, and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the Bataan Peninsula, Corregidor, and Leyte until the final surrender of United States - Philippine forces in May 1942. Manuel L. Quezon visiting Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington, D.C. while in exile Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor, and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S., where they set up a government in exile, based at the Shoreham Hotel, in Washington, D.C. This government participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations. Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it, with Osmeña succeeding him as president. When the dissolution of the main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was located on the military station in Ermita, Manila and closed down on December 24, 1941 and arrive by the Japanese Imperial forces was occupied in Manila on January 2, 1942 and among the defunct Commonwealth Army main headquarters in the capital city was occupied and took control by the Japanese. Since the following of the Japanese Occupation, the establishment of the general headquarters and military camps and bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army are military station to using around of all the main provinces of the Philippine Archipelago from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao from January 3, 1942 to June 30, 1946 during and aftermath the Second World War was openly the service and began the local military conflicts and engage of the operations against the Japanese Occupation on this country. Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic, headed by president José P. Laurel. This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular. Resistance to the Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines. This included the Hukbalahap ( `` People 's Army Against the Japanese '' ), which consisted of 30,000 armed men and controlled much of Central Luzon. Remnants of the Philippine Army also successfully fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare, eventually liberating all but 12 of the 48 provinces. General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines General Douglas MacArthur 's army landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944, and were welcomed as liberators, as were the Philippine Commonwealth troops who arrived in other amphibious landings. The Philippine Constabulary was placed on active service with the Philippine Commonwealth Army and re-established on October 28, 1944 to June 30, 1946 during the Allied liberation to Post-World War II era. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan 's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay. Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command. After the War in the Philippines the Commonwealth was restored and a one - year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president. In spite of the years of Japanese occupation, the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before, on July 4, 1946. Independence Main articles : Independence Day ( Philippines ) and Republic Day ( Philippines ) The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S. This was due to the Bell Trade Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States. Policies Uprisings and agrarian reform See also : Land reform in the Philippines At the time, tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers ' families. As a result, an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners. An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement, which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or haciendas, and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May, 1935, claimed about a hundred lives. National language The Commonwealth had two official languages ; Spanish, and English. Due to the diverse number of Philippine languages, a program for the `` development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects '' was drafted in the 1935 Constitution. The Commonwealth created the Surián ng Wikang Pambansà ( National Language Institute ), which was initially composed of President Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups. A deliberation was held and Tagalog, due to its extensive literary tradition, was selected as the basis for the `` national language '' to be called `` Pilipino ''. In 1940, the Commonwealth authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language. In that same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing Filipino to become an official language upon independence. Economy The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture - based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber. Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people. Other sources for foreign income included the spin - off from money spent at American military bases on the Philippines such as the naval base at Subic Bay and Clark Air Base ( with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919 ), both on the island of Luzon. The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II. Demographics In 1939, a census of the Philippines was taken and determined that it had a population of 16,000,303 ; of these 15.7 million were counted as `` Brown '', 141.8 thousand as `` Yellow '', 19.3 thousand as `` White '', 29.1 thousand as `` Negro '', 50.5 thousand as `` Mixed '', and under 1 thousand `` Other ''. In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000 ; there were 117,000 Chinese, 30,000 Japanese, and 9,000 Americans. English was spoken by 26.3 % of the population, according to the 1939 Census. Spanish, after English overtook it beginning in the 1920s, became a language for the elite and in government ; it was later banned during the Japanese occupation. Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages : Cebuano : 4,620,685 Tagalog : 3,068,565 Ilocano : 2,353,518 Hiligaynon : 1,951,005 Waray : 920,009 Kapampangan : 621,455 Pangasinan : 573,752 Government The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective until 1973, and was self - governing although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required the approval of the American president. During the 1935 -- 41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly, and a Supreme Court, all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives ( as Puerto Rico does today ). An American High Commissioner and an American Military Advisor, Douglas MacArthur headed the latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941, holding the military rank of Field Marshal of the Philippines. After 1946, the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military. During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth 's Constitution, a bicameral Congress, consisting of a Senate, and of a House of Representatives, was restored, replacing the National Assembly. Politics This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2017 ) List of presidents The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each President at Election Day. # President Took office Left office Party Vice President Term Manuel L. Quezon November 15, 1935 August 1, 1944 Nacionalista Sergio Osmeña Sergio Osmeña August 1, 1944 May 28, 1946 Nacionalista vacant Manuel Roxas May 28, 1946 July 4, 19462 Liberal Elpidio Quirino Died of tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York. 2 End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic inaugurated. Quezon administration ( 1935 -- 44 ) Manuel L. Quezon, president from 1935 -- 44 In 1935 Quezon won the Philippine 's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68 % of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon was inaugurated in November 1935. He is recognized as the second President of the Philippines. When Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Republic in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine President, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82 % of the vote. In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt, facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao. Quezon suffered from tuberculosis and spent his last years in a ' cure cottage ' in Saranac Lake, NY, where he died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His body was later carried by the USS Princeton and re-interred in Manila at the Manila North Cemetery before being moved to Quezon City within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle. Osmeña administration ( 1944 -- 46 ) Sergio Osmeña, president from 1944 -- 46 Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon 's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. After the war Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946 Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who won 54 % of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. Roxas administration ( May 28, 1946 -- July 4, 1946 ) Manuel Roxas, last president of the Commonwealth from May 28, 1946 -- July 4, 1946 Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines, assisted by the Congress ( reorganized May 25, 1946 ), with Senator José Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Pérez as the House of Representatives Speaker. On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the joint session of the Congress to deliver his first state of the nation address. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines are set to face and reports of his special trip to the U.S. -- the approval for independence. On June 21, he reappeared into another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30, 1946 to the Philippine lands. They are the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. See also Commonwealth ( U.S. insular area ) Political history of the Philippines History of the Philippines Philippine Organic Act ( 1902 ) Jones Law ( Philippines ) Philippines Organic Act ( 1916 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act ( 1932 ) Notes Jump up ^ See for example, the Jones Law of 1916, which uses `` Philippines '' and `` Philippine Islands '' interchangeably. Jump up ^ Officially, the Philippine Independence Act ; Pub. L. 73 -- 127 ; approved on March 24, 1934. Jump up ^ According to Congressman Rodolfo Valencia, `` General Malvar took over the revolutionary government after General Emilio Aguinaldo, first President of the Republic, was captured on March 23, 1901, and ( was ) exiled in Hong Kong by the American colonial government -- since he was next in command. '' References ^ Jump up to : `` Official Ballot ''. Presidential Museum and Library. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12. Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines -- Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas Jump up ^ Article XIV, Section 10, of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which reads `` ( t ) his Constitution shall be officially promulgated in English and Spanish, but in case of conflict the English text shall prevail. '' ^ Jump up to : `` Constitutional Law ''. Philconsa Yearbook. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965. Retrieved 26 September 2014. `` Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt ''. Bureau of Elementry Education. Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2014. Jump up ^ Wikisource : Commonwealth Act No. 382. ^ Jump up to : Mair, Christian ( 2003 ). The politics of English as a world language : new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. NL : Rodopi. pp. 479 -- 82. ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 0876 - 2. Retrieved 17 February 2011. 497 pp. Roger M. Thompson ( 1 January 2003 ). Filipino English and Taglish : Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27 -- 29. ISBN 90 - 272 - 4891 - 5. Christian Mair ( 1 January 2003 ). The Politics of English as a World Language : New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. p. 480. ISBN 90 - 420 - 0876 - 8. Antonio L. Rappa ; Lionel Wee Hock An ( 23 February 2006 ). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia : Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 68. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4510 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Timeline 1930 -- 1939, PH : St. Scholastica 's College. Jump up ^ Gin Ooi 2004, p. 387. Jump up ^ Zaide 1994, p. 319. Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D ( November 14, 1935 ), `` Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines '', The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937, Santa Barbara : University of California, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose. Jump up ^ Castro, Christi - Anne, Associate Professor University of Michigan ( 7 April 2011 ). Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation. U.S. : Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974640 - 8. Retrieved 3 July 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The 1935 Constitution ''. Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935. Jump up ^ A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941 -- 1949 Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, Moscow : Yale, retrieved September 30, 2009. Jump up ^ `` The Philippine Commonwealth '', The New York Times, November 16, 1935, retrieved October 1, 2009. Jump up ^ Philippine Autonomy Act ( Jones Law ), The corpus juris, archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 26. ^ Jump up to : `` Philippines, The period of U.S. influence '' ( online ed. ). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Hare - Hawes - Cutting - Act '' ( online ed. ). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10. Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, pp. 345 -- 346 Jump up ^ Dolan 1991 `` Commonwealth Politics, 1935 - 41 '' Jump up ^ `` Tydings - McDuffie Act ''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Text of the Tydings - McDuffie Act ''. The ChanRobles Group. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10. Jump up ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The corpus juris, 1935, archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 22. Jump up ^ Zaide 1994, pp. 317 -- 18. Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 390. Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 392. Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990, p. 168. Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 415. ^ Jump up to : Seekins 1991b. ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine History ''. DLSU - Manila. Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 22. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ Weir 1998 Jump up ^ Dolan 1991. Jump up ^ `` Balitang Beterano : Facts about Philippine Independence ''. Philippine Headline News Online. Feb 2004. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Philippine history American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth ( 1901 -- 1941 ) ''. Windows on Asia. MSU. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 10. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ Roces, Luna & Arcilla 1986, p. 140. ^ Jump up to : Roces, Luna & Arcilla 1986, p. 338. ^ Jump up to : `` American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth ( 1901 -- 1941 ) ''. Filipinas Heritage Library. Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 29. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the United States '' ( PDF ). census.gov. United States Department of Commerce. 1941. Retrieved 8 September 2014. Jump up ^ Bailey, Rayne ( 2009 ). Immigration and Migration. Infobase Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 9781438109015. Retrieved 8 September 2014. Jump up ^ Thompson, Roger M. ( 2003 ). Filipino English and Taglish : Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 9789027248916. Retrieved 7 September 2014. Jump up ^ Thompson, Roger M. ( 2003 ). Filipino English and Taglish : Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 9789027248916. Retrieved 7 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Constitutions of the Philippines ''. The ChanRobles Group. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10. Jump up ^ Seekins 1991, Commonwealth Politics, 1935 -- 41. Jump up ^ Agoncillo 2001. Jump up ^ Hayden 1942. Jump up ^ `` The Yamashita Standard ''. PBS. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12. ^ Jump up to : `` A History of Plebiscites in the Philippines ''. Arab News. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12. Jump up ^ Cruz, Maricel ( 2008 - 01 - 02 ). `` Lawmaker : History wrong on Gen. Malvar ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 04. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26. Jump up ^ Official Gazette, 42 ( 5 ), Manila, May 1946, pp. 1151 -- 65. Jump up ^ Official Gazette, 42 ( 7 ), July 1946, pp. 1625 -- 28. Bibliography Philippine Legislature, 100 Years, Philippine Historical Association, New Day Publishers, 2000, ISBN 971 - 92245 - 0 - 9. Agoncillo, Teodoro A ; Guerrero, Milagros ( 1970 ), History of the Filipino People, Malaya Books, retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 -- -- -- ( 2001 ), The Fateful Years : Japan 's Adventure in the Philippines 1941 -- 1945, 1, Quezon City, PH : University of the Philippines Press, ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 274 - 1. Dolan, Ronald E, ed. ( 1991 ), `` Economic Relations with the United States '', Philippines : A Country Study, Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress, retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28. Gin Ooi, Keat ( 2004 ), Southeast Asia : a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, ABC - CLIO, ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2. Hayden, Joseph Ralston ( 1942 ), The Philippines, a Study in National Development, Macmillan, retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28. Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz ( 1990 ), Philippine History and Government, Phoenix, ISBN 971 - 06 - 1894 - 6, retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28. Roces ; Luna, Juan Luis Z Jr ; Arcilla, Reynaldo ( 1986 ), RR Philippine almanac : book of facts, Ramon Roces y Pardo. Seekins, Donald M ( 1991 ), `` The Commonwealth '', in Dolan, Ronald E, Philippines : A Country Study, Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress, retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28. Seekins, Donald M ( 1991b ), `` World War II '', in Dolan, Ronald E, Philippines : A Country Study, Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress, retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28. Weir, Fraser ( 1998 ), `` American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901 -- 1941 '', A Centennial History of Philippine Independence, 1898 -- 1998, retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 Zaide, Sonia M ( 1994 ), The Philippines : A Unique Nation, All - Nations, ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 External links Kalaw, Maximo, The Present Government of the Philippines ( book ), Filipiniana, detailing the functions of the different branches of the Philippine Commonwealth. Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies ( Indonesia ), and American Rule in the Philippines, CA : House of David. Philippines : Polity Style : 1897 -- 2009, Archontology. The Commonwealth of the Philippines, PH : Government. Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&oldid=820333021 '' Categories : Former countries in Southeast Asia States and territories established in 1935 States and territories disestablished in 1946 Commonwealth of the Philippines History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Former countries in Philippine history Former polities of the interwar period Former republics Former regions and territories of the United States Governments in exile during World War II History of United States expansionism Military history of the Philippines during World War II Philippines -- United States relations 1935 establishments in the Philippines 1946 disestablishments in the Philippines Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Filipino - language text Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Tagalog - language text Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018, at 05 : 42. 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Question: the constitution used by the philippine government from the commonwealth period until 1973
Answer: the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines