Law of demand - wikipedia Law of demand A demand curve, shown in red and shifting to the right, demonstrating the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded ( the curve slopes downwards from left to right ; higher prices reduce the quantity demanded ). In microeconomics, the law of demand states that, `` conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases ( ↑ ), quantity demanded decreases ( ↓ ) ; conversely, as the price of a good decreases ( ↓ ), quantity demanded increases ( ↑ ) ''. In other words, the law of demand describes an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of a good. The factors held constant refer to other determinants of demand, such as the prices of other goods and the consumer 's income. There are, however, some possible exceptions to the law of demand, such as Giffen goods and Veblen goods. Contents 1 Mathematical expression 2 Terminology 3 Economic history and theory 4 Exceptions to the law of demand 4.1 Giffen goods 4.2 Expectation of change in the price of commodity 4.3 Basic or necessary goods 5 See also 6 References Mathematical expression Mathematically, the inverse relationship described by the law of demand may be expressed as : Q x = f ( P x ; Y ), ∂ f / ∂ P x < 0, ( displaystyle Q_ ( x ) = f ( P_ ( x ) ; ( mathbf ( Y ) ) ), quad partial f / partial P_ ( x ) < 0, ) where Q x ( displaystyle Q_ ( x ) ) is the quantity demanded of good x ( displaystyle x ), P x ( displaystyle P_ ( x ) ) is the price of the good, f ( displaystyle f ) is the demand function, ∂ f / ∂ P x ( displaystyle partial f / partial P_ ( x ) ) is the partial derivative of the demand function with respect to P x ( displaystyle P_ ( x ) ), and Y ( displaystyle ( mathbf ( Y ) ) ) is the list of other parameters held constant. The above equation, when plotted with quantity demanded ( Q x ( displaystyle Q_ ( x ) ) ) on the x ( displaystyle x ) - axis and price ( P x ( displaystyle P_ ( x ) ) ) on the y ( displaystyle y ) - axis, gives the demand curve, which is also known as the demand schedule. The downward sloping nature of a typical demand curve illustrates the inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. Therefore, a downward sloping demand curve embeds the law of demand. Terminology Further information : Demand An increase in demand is depicted by a rightward shift in the demand curve, from DD0 to DD1. At first, a consumer is willing to consume Q0 units of goods at the price P0, shown by Point A. After their demand for the good increases, for the same quantity demanded Q0, they are now willing to pay at price P1, shown by Point B. For the original price P0, they are now willing consume Q1 units, shown by Point C. Note that `` demand '' and `` quantity demanded '' are used to mean different things in economic jargon. On the one hand, `` demand '' refers to the entire demand curve, which is the relationship between quantity demanded and price. Changes in demand are due to changes in other determinants ( Y ( displaystyle ( mathbf ( Y ) ) ) ), such as the income of consumers. Therefore, `` change in demand '' is used to mean that the relationship between quantity demanded and price has changed. Alfred Marshall worded this as : When then we say that a person 's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price. Changes in demand is depicted graphically by a shift in the demand curve. On the other hand, `` quantity demanded '' refers to the quantity of goods consumers want for a given price, conditional on the other determinants. `` Changes in quantity demanded '' is depicted graphically by a movement along the demand curve. Economic history and theory The law of demand was documented as early as 1892 by economist Alfred Marshall. Due to the law 's general agreement with observation, economists have come to accept the validity of the law under most situations. Furthermore, researchers found that the success of the law of demand extends to animals such as rats, under laboratory settings. Exceptions to the law of demand Generally the amount demanded of a good increases with a decrease in price of the good and vice versa. In some cases, however, this may not be true. There are certain goods which do not follow this law. These include ( Veblen goods ) and Giffen goods. Further exception and details are given in the sections below. Giffen goods Initially proposed by Sir Robert Giffen, economists disagree on the existence of Giffen goods in the market. A Giffen good describes an inferior good that as the price increases, demand for the product increases. As an example, during the Irish Potato Famine of the 19th century, potatoes were considered a Giffen good. Potatoes were the largest staple in the Irish diet, so as the price rose it had a large impact on income. People responded by cutting out on luxury goods such as meat and vegetables, and instead bought more potatoes. Therefore, as the price of potatoes increased, so did the quantity demanded. Expectation of change in the price of commodity If an increase in the price of a commodity causes households to expect the price of a commodity to increase further, they may start purchasing a greater amount of the commodity even at the presently increased price. Similarly, if the household expects the price of the commodity to decrease, it may postpone its purchases. Thus, some argue that the law of demand is violated in such cases. In this case, the demand curve does not slope down from left to right ; instead it presents a backward slope from the top right to down left. This curve is known as an exceptional demand curve. prestigious goods also fail law of demand. Basic or necessary goods The goods which people need no matter how high the price is are basic or necessary goods. Medicines covered by insurance are a good example. An increase or decrease in the price of such a good does not affect its quantity demanded. These goods have a perfectly inelastic relationship, in that any change in price does not change the quantity demanded. See also Business and economics portal Revealed preference Aggregation problem Representative agent Methodological individualism Demand ( economics ) Second law of demand ( price elasticity over time ) Third Law of Demand Alchian -- Allen effect Supply and Demand Law of supply References ^ Jump up to : Nicholson, Walter ; Snyder, Christopher ( 2012 ). Microeconomic Theory : Basic Principles and Extensions ( 11 ed. ). Mason, OH : South - Western. pp. 27,154. ISBN 978 - 111 - 1 - 52553 - 8. Jump up ^ http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lawofdemand.asp ; Investopedia, Retrieved 9 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : Marshall Abhishek, Alfred ( 1892 ). Elements of economics of industry. London : Macmillan. pp. 77, 79. Jump up ^ Thaler, Richard. `` Toward a positive theory of consumer choice ''. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 1 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 60. doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 2681 ( 80 ) 90051 - 7. Jump up ^ Kagel, John H. ; Battalio, Raymond C. ; Rachlin, Howard ; Green, Leonard ; Basmann, Robert L. ; Klemm, W.R. ( 1975 - 03 - 01 ). `` Experimental Studies of Consumer Demand Behavior Using Laboratory Animals * ''. Economic Inquiry. 13 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 38. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.1975. tb01101. x. ISSN 1465 - 7295. Jump up ^ Mankiw, Gregory ( 2007 ). Principles of Economics. South - Western Cengage Learning. p. 470. ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 22472 - 6. LCCN : sh85036623 GND : 4171014 - 9 BNF : cb122537412 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_demand&oldid=812640175 '' Categories : Economics laws Demand Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ Монгол Norsk Русский தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017, at 00 : 57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: demand which does not obey the law of demand is called
Answer: Giffen goods