Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 - wikipedia Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Acronyms ( colloquial ) IRCA Nicknames Simpson -- Mazzoli Act Enacted by the 99th United States Congress Effective Signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986 Citations Public law Pub. L. 99 -- 603 Statutes at Large 100 Stat. 3359 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 1200 by Alan K. Simpson on May 23, 1985 Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary, Senate Budget Passed the Senate on September 19, 1985 ( 69 -- 30 ) Passed the House on October 9, 1986 ( voice vote after incorporating H.R. 3810, passed 230 -- 166 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on October 14, 1986 ; agreed to by the House on October 15, 1986 ( 238 -- 173 ) and by the Senate on October 17, 1986 ( 63 -- 24 ) Signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986 The Immigration Reform and Control Act ( IRCA ), Pub. L. 99 -- 603, 100 Stat. 3445, enacted November 6, 1986, also known as the Simpson -- Mazzoli Act or the Reagan Amnesty, signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986, is an Act of Congress which reformed United States immigration law. The Act required employers to attest to their employees ' immigration status ; made it illegal to hire or recruit illegal immigrants knowingly ; legalized certain seasonal agricultural illegal immigrants, and ; legalized illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously with the penalty of a fine, back taxes due, and admission of guilt ; candidates were required to prove that they were not guilty of crimes, that they were in the country before January 1, 1982, and that they possessed at least a minimal knowledge about U.S. history, government, and the English language. At the time, the Immigration and Naturalization Service estimated that about four million illegal immigrants would apply for legal status through the act and that roughly half of them would be eligible. Contents 1 Legislative background and description 2 Impact 2.1 On labor market 2.2 On illegal immigration 2.3 On crime 3 Structure of the Act and relationship to United States Code 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Legislative background and description This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2010 ) Romano L. Mazzoli was a Democratic representative from Kentucky and Alan K. Simpson was a Republican senator from Wyoming who chaired their respective immigration subcommittees in Congress. Their effort was assisted by the recommendations of the bipartisan Commission on Immigration Reform, chaired by Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, then President of the University of Notre Dame. The law criminalized the act of engaging in a `` pattern or practice '' of knowingly hiring an `` unauthorized alien '' and established financial and other penalties for those employing illegal immigrants under the theory that low prospects for employment would reduce undocumented immigration. Regulations promulgated under the Act introduced the I - 9 form to ensure that all employees presented documentary proof of their legal eligibility to accept employment in the United States. These sanctions would apply only to employers that had more than three employees and did not make a sufficient effort to determine the legal status of their workers. The first Simpson -- Mazzoli Bill was reported out of the House and Senate Judiciary Committees. The bill failed to be received by the House, but civil rights advocates were concerned over the potential for abuse and discrimination against Hispanics, growers ' groups rallied for additional provisions for foreign labor, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce persistently opposed sanctions against employers. The second Simpson -- Mazzoli Bill finally passed both chambers in 1985, but it came apart in the conference committee over the issue of cost. The year marked an important turning point for the reform effort. Employer opposition to employer sanctions began to subside, partly because of the `` affirmative defense '' clause in the law that explicitly released employers from any obligation to check the authenticity of workers ' documents. Also, agricultural employers shifted their focus from opposition to employer sanctions to a concerted campaign to secure alternative sources of foreign labor. As opposition to employer sanctions waned and growers ' lobbying efforts for extensive temporary worker programs intensified, agricultural worker programs began to outrank employer sanctions component as the most controversial element of reform. Impact On labor market According to one study, the IRCA caused some employers to discriminate against workers who appeared foreign, resulting in a small reduction in overall Hispanic employment. There is no statistical evidence that a reduction in employment correlated to unemployment in the economy as a whole or was separate from the general unemployment population statistics. Another study stated that if hired, wages were being lowered to compensate employers for the perceived risk of hiring foreigners. The hiring process also changed as employers turned to indirect hiring through subcontractors. `` Under a subcontracting agreement, a U.S. citizen or resident alien contractually agrees with an employer to provide a specific number of workers for a certain period of time to undertake a defined task at a fixed rate of pay per worker ''. `` By using a subcontractor the firm is not held liable since the workers are not employees. The use of a subcontractor decreases a worker 's wages since a portion is kept by the subcontractor. This indirect hiring is imposed on everyone regardless of legality ''. On illegal Immigration This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( February 2014 ) There have been various law changes over the years that encouraged immigrants to enter or exit the United States. With the railroad, World War II, and agricultural work force demands, many immigrants saw the opportunity to come to the United States temporarily for money or a better life. An increase in legal immigrants migrating to the United States also led to an increase of illegal aliens, especially from Mexico. Most of these immigrants searched for and gained jobs where hard labor was needed. As the immigration population increased American citizens started to worry about their impact on the economy. The reform did not have a lot of impact on decreasing the immigrant population, `` Until 2012, there was virtually no movement in Congress to deal with the problem of the 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States since the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which granted amnesty to many of the 3.2 million illegal immigrants living in the United States. '' `` In 1983, the Supreme Court forbade schools and hospitals to deny services based on undocumented immigration status. '' On crime One study finds that the legalization of three million immigrants reduced crime by 3 - 5 %, primarily property crime. The author finds that this is due to greater job market opportunities for the immigrants. Structure of the Act and relationship to United States Code Following the Short title, the IRCA is divided into seven Titles ( I through VII ). Title I is divided into parts A, B, and C, and Title III is divided into parts A and B. The IRCA affects 8 USC 1101. Additional portions of the U.S. Code created or amended by the IRCA include, but are not necessarily limited to : Parts A and B of Title I : 8 USC 1324, 8 USC 1324a, 8 USC 1324b, 18 USC 1546, 8 USC 1321, 8 USC 1357, 8 USC 1255. Part C of Title I : 42 USC 1320b - 7 Title II : 8 USC 1255a Title III : 8 USC 1186, 8 USC 1152, 8 USC 1187 See also Immigration Immigration to the United States Illegal Immigration to the United States DREAM Act Foreign Worker Visa Alan Simpson Romano L. Mazzoli Arnoldo Torres Labor economics History of immigration to the United States References Jump up ^ Fred Lucas ( October 8, 2017 ). `` What Trump Could Learn From the Reagan Immigration Amnesty ''. The Daily Signal. Retrieved January 9, 2018. Jump up ^ Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2007. Nation of Emigrants. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. pg 179 Jump up ^ Branigin, William ( March 3, 1987 ). `` U.S. Migrant Law Falls Hard On Jobless in Central Mexico ''. The Washington Post. p. A1. Jump up ^ See section 101 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, amending the Immigration and Nationality Act to create a new section 274A, codified as 8 U.S.C. section 1324a. Jump up ^ 8 C.F.R. sec. 274a. 2. Jump up ^ Lowell, Lindsay ; Jay Teachman ; Zhongren Jing ( November 1995 ). `` Unintended Consequences of Immigration Reform : Discrimination and Hispanic Employment ''. Demography. Population Association of America. 32 ( 4 ) : 617 -- 628. doi : 10.2307 / 2061678. JSTOR 2061678. ^ Jump up to : Massey, Douglas S. ( 2007 ). `` Chapter 4 : Building a Better Underclass ''. Categorically Unequal : The American Stratification System. New York : Russel Sage Foundation. pp. 143 -- 145. ISBN 0 - 87154 - 585 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Immigration Policy ''. credorefernce.com. Roger Chapman and James Ciment. Jump up ^ https://search.proquest.com/docview/1720966131 ^ Jump up to : Baker, Scott R. `` Effects of Immigrant Legalization on Crime † ''. American Economic Review. 105 ( 5 ) : 210 -- 213. doi : 10.1257 / aer. p20151041. External links Summary of the Bill from `` Thomas '' for the Library of Congress Detailed legislative history of Simpson -- Mazzoli from introduction to Presidential signature, also from `` Thomas '' for the Library of Congress Statement on Signing the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 September 2006 article by Mazzoli and Simpson revisiting the legislation in the current political climate `` Independent Task Force on Immigration and America 's Future '' `` Full text of Pub. L 99 - 603 '' LCCN : n86085867 VIAF : 185925180 Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era, United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) `` Phalanx '' ( 2010 -- 2016 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986&oldid=840890797 '' Categories : 1986 in law Immigration to the United States Mexican - American history United States federal immigration and nationality legislation History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) United States statutes that abrogate Supreme Court decisions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018, at 20 : 04. 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Question: which act granted a pardon to undocumented immigrants already living in the united states
Answer: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986