Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty - Wikipedia Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty `` Pratihar '' redirects here. For other uses, see Parhar, Parihar. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2015 ) Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty mid-8th century CE -- 1036 CE Extent of the Pratihara Empire shown in green Capital Kannauj Common languages Sanskrit, Prakrit Religion Hinduism Government Monarchy Historical era Late Classical India Established mid-8th century CE Conquest of Kannauj by Mahmud of Ghazni 1008 CE Disestablished 1036 CE Preceded by Succeeded by Empire of Harsha Chandela Paramara dynasty Kalachuris of Tripuri Ghurid Sultanate Chavda dynasty Chahamanas of Shakambhari Today part of India Part of a series on the History of India Ancient Madrasian Culture Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE Neolithic, c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas, c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty, c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty, c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara, c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah, c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire, c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj, c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire, c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj, c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India, c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty, also known as the Pratihara Empire, was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, that ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th century. They ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj. The Gurjara - Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River. Nagabhata I defeated the Arab army under Junaid and Tamin during the Caliphate campaigns in India. Under Nagabhata II, the Gurjara - Pratiharas became the most powerful dynasty in northern India. He was succeeded by his son Ramabhadra, who ruled briefly before being succeeded by his son, Mihira Bhoja. Under Bhoja and his successor Mahendrapala I, the Pratihara Empire reached its peak of prosperity and power. By the time of Mahendrapala, the extent of its territory rivalled that of the Gupta Empire stretching from the border of Sindh in the west to Bengal in the east and from the Himalayas in the north to areas past the Narmada in the south. The expansion triggered a tripartite power struggle with the Rashtrakuta and Pala empires for control of the Indian Subcontinent. During this period, Imperial Pratihara took the title of Maharajadhiraja of Āryāvarta ( Great King of Kings of India ). Gurjara - Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at Khajuraho, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The power of the Pratiharas was weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid led by the Rashtrakuta ruler Indra III who, in about 916, sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure rulers, the Pratiharas never regained their former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until, by the end of the 10th century, the Pratiharas controlled little more than the Gangetic Doab. Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018. Contents 1 Etymology and origin 2 History 2.1 Early rulers 2.2 Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion 2.3 Decline 3 Gurjara - Pratihara art 3.1 Māru - Gurjara architecture 4 Bateshwar Hindu temples complex 5 Caliphate campaigns in India 6 Legacy 7 List of rulers 8 References 8.1 Bibliography Etymology and origin Nilgund inscription ( 866 ) of Amoghavarsha mentions that his father Govinda III subjugated the Gurjaras of Chitrakuta Main article : Origin of the Gurjara - Pratiharas The origin of the dynasty and the meaning of the term `` Gurjara '' in its name is a topic of debate among historians. The rulers of this dynasty used the self - designation `` Pratihara '' for their clan, and never referred to themselves as Gurjaras. The Imperial Pratiharas could have emphasized their Kshatriya, instead of Gurjara, identity for political reasons. However, at local levels Pratiharas were not wary of projecting their tribal ( Gurjara ) identity. They claimed descent from the legendary hero Lakshmana, who is said to have acted as a pratihara ( `` door - keeper '' ) for his brother Rama. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri theorized that the ancestors of the Pratiharas served the Rashtrakutas, and the term `` Pratihara '' derives from the title of their office in the Rashtrakuta court. Multiple inscriptions of their neighbouring dynasties describe the Pratiharas as `` Gurjara ''. The term `` Gurjara - Pratihara '' occurs only in the Rajor inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva, who describes himself as a `` Gurjara - Pratihara ''. Another Pratihara king named Hariraja is also mentioned as a `` ferocious Gurjara '' ( garjjad gurjjara meghacanda ) in the Kadwaha inscription. According to one school of thought, Gurjara was the name of the territory ( see Gurjara - desha ) originally ruled by the Pratiharas ; gradually, the term came to denote the people of this territory. An opposing theory is that Gurjara was the name of the tribe to which the dynasty belonged, and Pratihara was a clan of this tribe. Several historians consider Gurjaras to be the ancestors of the modern Gurjar or Gujjar tribe. The proponents of the tribal designation theory argue that the Rajor inscription mentions the phrase : `` all the fields cultivated by the Gurjaras ''. Here, the term `` Gurjara '' obviously refers to a group of people rather than a region. The Pampa Bharata refers the Gurjara - Pratihara king Mahipala as a Gurjara king. Rama Shankar Tripathi argues that here Gurjara can only refer to the king 's ethnicity, and not territory, since the Pratiharas ruled a much larger area of which Gurjara - desha was only a small part. Critics of this theory, such as D.C. Ganguly, argue that the term `` Gurjara '' is used as a demonym in the phrase `` cultivated by the Gurjaras ''. Several ancient sources including inscriptions clearly mention `` Gurjara '' as the name of a country. Shanta Rani Sharma notes that an inscription of Gallaka in 795 CE states that Nagabhata I, the founder of the Imperial Pratihara dynasty, conquered the `` invincible Gurjaras, '' which makes it unlikely that the Pratiharas were themselves Gurjaras. However, she does concede that Imperial Pratiharas were indeed known as Gurjaras, on account of their nationality. She mentions two groups of people who were known as Gurjaras, and draws a line between them ; i.e. Gurjaras who were an ethnic people and Gurjaras who were nationals of Gurjaradesa ( Gurjara Country ). According to her, Gujjars are the descendants of ethnic Gurjaras, and have nothing to do with imperial Pratiharas and Chalukyas who were also known as Gurjaras ( due to their Gurjara nationality ). Among those who believe that the term Gurjara was originally a tribal designation, there are disagreements over whether they were native Indians or foreigners. The proponents of the foreign origin theory point out that the Gurjara - Pratiharas suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around 6th century CE, shortly after the Huna invasion of that region. Critics of the foreign origin theory argue that there is no conclusive evidence of their foreign origin : they were well - assimilated in the Indian culture. Moreover, if they invaded Indian through the north - west, it is inexplicable why would they choose to settle in the semi-arid area of present - day Rajasthan, rather than the fertile Indo - Gangetic Plain. According to the Agnivansha legend given in the later manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso, the Pratiharas and three other Rajput dynasties originated from a sacrificial fire - pit ( agnikunda ) at Mount Abu. Some colonial - era historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin for these dynasties. According to this theory, the foreigners were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual. However, this legend is not found in the earliest available copies of Prithviraj Raso. It is based on a Paramara legend ; the 16th century Rajput bards probably extended the original legend to include other dynasties including the Pratiharas, in order to foster Rajput unity against the Mughals. History The original centre of Pratihara power is a matter of controversy. R.C. Majumdar, on the basis of a verse in the Harivamsha - Purana, AD 783, the interpretation of which he conceded was not free from difficulty, held that Vatsaraja ruled at Ujjain. Dasharatha Sharma, interpreting it differently located the original capital in the Bhinmala Jalor area. M.W. Meister and Shanta Rani Sharma concur with his conclusion in view of the fact that the writer of the Jaina narrative Kuvalayamala states that it was composed at Jalor in the time of Vatsaraja in AD 778, which is five years before the composition of Harivamsha - Purana. Early rulers This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2015 ) Nagabhata I ( 730 -- 756 ) extended his control east and south from Mandor, conquering Malwa as far as Gwalior and the port of Bharuch in Gujarat. He established his capital at Avanti in Malwa, and checked the expansion of the Arabs, who had established themselves in Sind. In this battle ( 738 CE ) Nagabhata led a confederacy of Gurjara - Pratiharas to defeat the Muslim Arabs who had till then been pressing on victorious through West Asia and Iran. Nagabhata I was followed by two weak successors, who were in turn succeeded by Vatsraja ( 775 -- 805 ). Varaha ( the boar - headed Vishnu avatar ), on a Gurjara - Pratihara coin. 850 -- 900 CE. British Museum. Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion The metropolis of Kannauj had suffered a power vacuum following the death of Harsha without an heir, which resulted in the disintegration of the Empire of Harsha. This space was eventually filled by Yashovarman around a century later but his position was dependent upon an alliance with Lalitaditya Muktapida. When Muktapida undermined Yashovarman, a tri-partite struggle for control of the city developed, involving the Pratiharas, whose territory was at that time to the west and north, the Palas of Bengal in the east and the Rashtrakutas, whose base lay at the south in the Deccan. Vatsraja successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler Dharmapala and Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj. Around 786, the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva ( c. 780 -- 793 ) crossed the Narmada River into Malwa, and from there tried to capture Kannauj. Vatsraja was defeated by the Dhruva Dharavarsha of the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 800. Vatsraja was succeeded by Nagabhata II ( 805 -- 833 ), who was initially defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Govinda III ( 793 -- 814 ), but later recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas, conquered Kannauj and the Indo - Gangetic Plain as far as Bihar from the Palas, and again checked the Muslims in the west. He rebuilt the great Shiva temple at Somnath in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from Sindh. Kannauj became the center of the Gurjara - Pratihara state, which covered much of northern India during the peak of their power, c. 836 -- 910. Rambhadra ( 833 - c. 836 ) briefly succeeded Nagabhata II. Mihira Bhoja ( c. 836 -- 886 ) expanded the Pratihara dominions west to the border of Sind, east to Bengal, and south to the Narmada. His son, Mahenderpal I ( 890 -- 910 ), expanded further eastwards in Magadha, Bengal, and Assam. Decline Bhoj II ( 910 -- 912 ) was overthrown by Mahipala I ( 912 -- 944 ). Several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Gurjara - Pratiharas to declare their independence, notably the Paramaras of Malwa, the Chandelas of Bundelkhand, the Kalachuris of Mahakoshal, the Tomaras of Haryana, and the Chauhans of Rajputana. The south Indian Emperor Indra III ( c. 914 -- 928 ) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty briefly captured Kannauj in 916, and although the Pratiharas regained the city, their position continued to weaken in the 10th century, partly as a result of the drain of simultaneously fighting off Turkic attacks from the west, the attacks from the Rashtrakuta dynasty from the south and the Pala advances in the east. The Gurjara - Pratiharas lost control of Rajasthan to their feudatories, and the Chandelas captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior in central India around 950. By the end of the 10th century the Gurjara - Pratihara domains had dwindled to a small state centered on Kannauj. Mahmud of Ghazni captured Kannauj in 1018, and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled. He was subsequently captured and killed by the Chandela ruler Vidyadhara. The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala 's son Trilochanpala on the throne as a proxy. Jasapala, the last Gurjara - Pratihara ruler of Kannauj, died in 1036. Gurjara - Pratihara art Vishnu Trivikrama, an 11th - century Pratihara stone sculpture from Kashipur, kept at the National Museum, New Delhi. Teli ka Mandir is a 8 - 9th century Hindu Temple built by the Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( May 2018 ) There are notable examples of architecture from the Gurjara - Pratihara era, including sculptures and carved panels. Their temples, constructed in an open pavilion style, were particularly impressive at Khajuraho. Māru - Gurjara architecture Māru - Gurjara architecture was developed during Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Bateshwar Hindu temples complex Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh was constructed during the Gurjara - Pratihara Empire between 8th to 11th century. Caliphate campaigns in India Main article : Caliphate campaigns in India Junaid, the successor of Qasim, finally subdued the Hindu resistance within Sindh. Taking advantage of the conditions in Western India, which at that time was covered with several small states, Junaid led a large army into the region in early 738 CE. Dividing this force into two he plundered several cities in southern Rajasthan, western Malwa, and Gujarat. Indian inscriptions confirm this invasion but record the Arab success only against the smaller states in Gujarat. They also record the defeat of the Arabs at two places. The southern army moving south into Gujarat was repulsed at Navsari by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty and Rashtrakutas. The army that went east, after sacking several places, reached Avanti whose ruler Nagabhata ( Gurjara - Pratihara ) trounced the invaders and forced them to flee. After his victory Nagabhata took advantage of the disturbed conditions to acquire control over the numerous small states up to the border of Sindh. Junaid probably died from the wounds inflicted in the battle with the Gurjara - Pratihara. His successor Tamin organized a fresh army and attempted to avenge Junaid 's defeat towards the close of the year 738 CE. But this time Nagabhata, with his Chauhan and Guhilot feudatories, met the Muslim army before it could leave the borders of Sindh. The battle resulted in the complete rout of the Arabs who fled broken into Sindh with the Gurjara - Pratihara close behind them. The Arabs crossed over to the other side of the Indus River, abandoning all their lands to the victorious Hindus. The local chieftains took advantage of these conditions to re-establish their independence. Subsequently, the Arabs constructed the city of Mansurah on the other side of the wide and deep Indus, which was safe from attack. This became their new capital in Sindh. Thus began the reign of the imperial Gurjara - Pratiharas. In the Gwalior inscription, it is recorded that Gurjara - Pratihara emperor Nagabhata `` crushed the large army of the powerful Mlechcha king. '' This large army consisted of cavalry, infantry, siege artillery, and probably a force of camels. Since Tamin was a new governor he had a force of Syrian cavalry from Damascus, local Arab contingents, converted Hindus of Sindh, and foreign mercenaries like the Turkics. All together the invading army may have had anywhere between 10 -- 15,000 cavalry, 5000 infantry, and 2000 camels. The Arab chronicler Sulaiman describes the army of the Pratiharas as it stood in 851 CE, `` The ruler of Gurjars maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry. He is unfriendly to the Arabs, still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of rulers. Among the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he. He has got riches, and his camels and horses are numerous. '' Legacy Historians of India, since the days of Elphinstone, have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. The Arabs possibly only stationed small invasions independent of the Caliph. Arguments of doubtful validity have often been put forward to explain this unique phenomenon. Currently it is believed that it was the power of the Gurjara - Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly three hundred years. In the light of later events this might be regarded as the `` Chief contribution of the Gurjara Pratiharas to the history of India ''. List of rulers Nagabhata I ( 730 -- 760 ) Kakustha and Devaraja ( 760 -- 780 ) Vatsaraja ( 780 -- 800 ) Nagabhata II ( 800 -- 833 ) Ramabhadra ( 833 -- 836 ) Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja I ( 836 -- 885 ) Mahendrapala I ( 885 -- 910 ) Bhoja II ( 910 -- 913 ) Mahipala I ( 913 -- 944 ) Mahendrapala II ( 944 -- 948 ) Devapala ( 948 -- 954 ) Vinayakapala ( 954 -- 955 ) Mahipala II ( 955 -- 956 ) Vijayapala II ( 956 -- 960 ) Rajapala ( 960 -- 1018 ) Trilochanapala ( 1018 -- 1027 ) Yasahpala ( 1024 -- 1036 ) References Jump up ^ Avari 2007, pp. 204 -- 205 : Madhyadesha became the ambition of two particular clans among a tribal people in Rajasthan, known as Gurjara and Pratihara. They were both part of a larger federation of tribes, some of which later came to be known as the Rajputs Jump up ^ Wink, André ( 2002 ). Al - Hind : Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th -- 11th Centuries. Leiden : BRILL. p. 284. ISBN 978 - 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8. 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Jump up ^ Majumdar, R.C. ( 1955 ). The Age of Imperial Kanauj ( First ed. ). Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 21 -- 22. Jump up ^ Sharma, Dasharatha ( 1966 ). Rajasthan through the Ages. Bikaner : Rajasthan State Archives. pp. 124 -- 30. Jump up ^ Meister, M.W ( 1991 ). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt. 2, North India : Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700 - 900 ( first ed. ). Delhi : American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 153. ISBN 0195629213. Jump up ^ Sharma, Shanta Rani ( 2017 ). Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan : Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Chang ( First ed. ). Jaipur : University of Rajasthan. pp. 77 -- 78. ISBN 978 - 93 - 85593 - 18 - 5. Jump up ^ Chopra, Pran Nath ( 2003 ). A Comprehensive History of Ancient India. Sterling Publishers. pp. 194 -- 195. ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 2503 - 4. Jump up ^ Kulke, Hermann ; Rothermund, Dietmar ( 2004 ) ( 1986 ). A History of India ( 4th ed. ). Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32920 - 0. Jump up ^ Dikshit, R.K. ( 1976 ). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav. p. 72. ISBN 9788170170464. Jump up ^ Mitra, Sisirkumar ( 1977 ). The Early Rulers of Khajurāho. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 72 -- 73. ISBN 9788120819979. Jump up ^ K.D. Bajpai ( 2006 ). History of Gopāchala. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 31. ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 1155 - 2. Jump up ^ Kala, Jayantika ( 1988 ). Epic scenes in Indian plastic art. Abhinav Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 228 - 4. Jump up ^ `` ASI to resume restoration of Bateshwar temple complex in Chambal ''. Hindustan Times. 21 May 2018. ^ Jump up to : Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam ( 2002 ). History of Ancient India : Earliest Times to 1000 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 207. ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0027 - 5. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty Avari, Burjor ( 2007 ). India : The Ancient Past. A History of the Indian - Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 08850 - 0. Sircar, Dineschandra ( 1971 ). Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120806900. Ganguly, D.C. ( 1935 ), Narendra Nath Law, ed., `` Origin of the Pratihara Dynasty '', The Indian Historical Quarterly, Caxton, XI : 167 -- 168 Majumdar, R.C. ( 1981 ), `` The Gurjara - Pratiharas '', in R.S. Sharma and K.K. Dasgupta, A Comprehensive history of India : A.D. 985 - 1206, 3 ( Part 1 ), Indian History Congress / People 's Publishing House, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7007 - 121 - 1 Majumdar, R.C. ( 1955 ). The Age of Imperial Kanauj ( First ed. ). Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Mishra, V.B. ( 1954 ), `` Who were the Gurjara - Pratīhāras ? '', Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 35 ( 1⁄4 ) : 42 -- 53, JSTOR 41784918 Meister, M.W ( 1991 ). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt. 2, North India : Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700 - 900 ( first ed. ). Delhi : American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 153. ISBN 0195629213 Puri, Baij Nath ( 1957 ), The history of the Gurjara - Pratihāras, Munshiram Manoharlal Puri, Baij Nath ( 1986 ) ( first published 1957 ), The History of the Gurjara - Pratiharas, Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Sharma, Dasharatha ( 1966 ). Rajasthan through the Ages. Bikaner : Rajasthan State Archives Sharma, Sanjay ( 2006 ), `` Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara - Pratīhāras of Kanauj '', Studies in History, 22 ( 22 ) : 181 -- 220, doi : 10.1177 / 025764300602200202 Sharma, Shanta Rani ( 2012 ), `` Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras '', Indian Historical Review, 39 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10, doi : 10.1177 / 0376983612449525 Singh, R.B. ( 1964 ), History of the Chāhamānas, N. Kishore Sharma, Shanta Rani ( 2017 ). Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan : Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Change ( First ed. ). Jaipur : University of Rajasthan. p. 77 - 78. ISBN 978 - 93 - 85593 - 18 - 5. Tripathi, Rama Shankar ( 1959 ). History of Kanauj : To the Moslem Conquest. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0478 - 4. Yadava, Ganga Prasad ( 1982 ), Dhanapāla and His Times : A Socio - cultural Study Based Upon His Works, Concept hide Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty Nagabhata I ( 730 -- 760 ) Kakustha and Devaraja ( 760 -- 780 ) Vatsaraja ( 780 -- 800 ) Nagabhata II ( 800 -- 833 ) Ramabhadra ( 833 -- 836 ) Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja I ( 836 -- 885 ) Mahendrapala I ( 885 -- 910 ) Bhoja II ( 910 -- 913 ) Mahipala I ( 913 -- 944 ) Mahendrapala II ( 944 -- 948 ) Devapala ( 948 -- 954 ) Vinayakapala ( 954 -- 955 ) Mahipala II ( 955 -- 956 ) Vijayapala II ( 956 -- 960 ) Rajapala ( 960 -- 1018 ) Trilochanapala ( 1018 -- 1027 ) Yasahpala ( 1024 -- 1036 ) Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca. 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca. AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca. AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta hide References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. ( 1996 ), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf ( 2002 ), Hinduism. In : Joseph Kitagawa, `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion, History, and Culture '', Routledge Michaels, Axel ( 2004 ), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey ( 2010 ), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty&oldid=855238486 '' Categories : Pratihara empire History of Rajasthan History of Gujarat Empires and kingdoms of India History of Malwa Agnivansha 8th - century establishments in India 1036 disestablishments in Asia 11th - century disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles to be expanded from May 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018, at 21 : 34 ( UTC ). 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Question: which dynasty stopped the expansion of the pratiharas into the deccan
Answer: Vatsraja