Popular sovereignty - wikipedia Popular sovereignty `` Sovereign people '' redirects here. For the Curaçaoan political party, see Sovereign People. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. 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It is closely associated with social contract philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean - Jacques Rousseau. Popular sovereignty expresses a concept and does not necessarily reflect or describe a political reality. The people have the final say in government decisions. Benjamin Franklin expressed the concept when he wrote, `` In free governments, the rulers are the servants and the people their superiors and sovereigns ''. Americans founded their Revolution and government on popular sovereignty, but the term was also used in the 1850s to describe a highly controversial approach to slavery in the territories as propounded by senator Stephen A. Douglas. It meant that local residents of a territory would be the ones to decide if slavery would be permitted, and it led to bloody warfare in Bleeding Kansas as violent abolitionists and proponents of slavery flooded Kansas territory in order to decide the elections. An earlier development of popular sovereignty arose from philosopher Francisco Suarez and became the basis for Latin American independence. Popular sovereignty also can be described as the voice of the people. Contents 1 Origins 2 Popular sovereignty in the United States of America 2.1 1850s 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading Origins Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal Popular sovereignty in its modern sense, is an idea that dates to the social contracts school ( mid-17th to mid-18th centuries ), represented by Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 -- 1679 ), John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ), and Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ), author of The Social Contract, a prominent political work that clearly highlighted the ideals of `` general will '' and further matured the idea of popular sovereignty. The central tenet is that legitimacy of rule or of law is based on the consent of the governed. Popular sovereignty is thus a basic tenet of most Republics, and in some monarchies. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were the most influential thinkers of this school, all postulating that individuals choose to enter into a social contract with one another, thus voluntarily giving up some of their natural freedom in return for protection from dangers derived from the freedom of others. Whether men were seen as naturally more prone to violence and rapine ( Hobbes ) or cooperation and kindness ( Rousseau ), the idea that a legitimate social order emerges only when the liberties and duties are equal among citizens binds the social contract thinkers to the concept of popular sovereignty. A parallel development of a theory of popular sovereignty can be found among the School of Salamanca ( see e.g. Francisco de Vitoria ( 1483 -- 1546 ) or Francisco Suarez ( 1548 -- 1617 ) ), who ( like the theorists of the divine right of kings and Locke ) saw sovereignty as emanating originally from God, but ( unlike divine right theorists and in agreement with Locke ) passing from God to all people equally, not only to monarchs. Republics and popular monarchies are theoretically based on popular sovereignty. However, a legalistic notion of popular sovereignty does not necessarily imply an effective, functioning democracy : a party or even an individual dictator may claim to represent the will of the people, and rule in its name, pretending to detain auctoritas. That would be congruent with Hobbes 's view on the subject, but not with most modern definitions that see democracy as a necessary condition of popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty in the united states of America Main article : Popular sovereignty in the United States of America The application of the doctrine of popular sovereignty receives particular emphasis in American history, notes historian Christian G. Fritz 's American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War, a study of the early history of American constitutionalism. In describing how Americans attempted to apply this doctrine prior to the territorial struggle over slavery that led to the Civil War, political scientist Donald S. Lutz noted the variety of American applications : To speak of popular sovereignty is to place ultimate authority in the people. There are a variety of ways in which sovereignty may be expressed. It may be immediate in the sense that the people make the law themselves, or mediated through representatives who are subject to election and recall ; it may be ultimate in the sense that the people have a negative or veto over legislation, or it may be something much less dramatic. In short, popular sovereignty covers a multitude of institutional possibilities. In each case, however, popular sovereignty assumes the existence of some form of popular consent, and it is for this reason that every definition of republican government implies a theory of consent. -- Donald S. Lutz The American Revolution marked a departure in the concept of popular sovereignty as it had been discussed and employed in the European historical context. With their Revolution, Americans substituted the sovereignty in the person of King George III, with a collective sovereign -- composed of the people. Thenceforth, American revolutionaries generally agreed and were committed to the principle that governments were legitimate only if they rested on popular sovereignty -- that is, the sovereignty of the people. This idea -- often linked with the notion of the consent of the governed -- was not invented by the American revolutionaries. Rather, the consent of the governed and the idea of the people as a sovereign had clear 17th and 18th century intellectual roots in English history. 1850s Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Kansas -- Nebraska Act In the 1850s, in the runup to the Civil War, Northern Democrats led by Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois promoted popular sovereignty as a middle position on the slavery issue. It said that actual residents of territories should be able to decide by voting whether or not slavery would be allowed in the territory. The federal government did not have to make the decision, and by appealing to democracy Cass and Douglas hoped they could finesse the question of support for or opposition to slavery. Douglas applied popular sovereignty to Kansas in the Kansas Nebraska Act which passed Congress in 1854. The Act had two unexpected results. By dropping the Missouri Compromise of 1820 ( which said slavery would never be allowed in Kansas ), it was a major boost for the expansion of slavery. Overnight outrage united anti-slavery forces across the North into an `` anti-Nebraska '' movement that soon was institutionalized as the Republican Party, with its firm commitment to stop the expansion of slavery. Second, pro - and anti-slavery elements moved into Kansas with the intention of voting slavery up or down, leading to a raging civil war, known as `` Bleeding Kansas. '' Abraham Lincoln targeted popular sovereignty in the Lincoln - Douglas Debates of 1858, leaving Douglas in a position that alienated Southern pro-slavery Democrats who thought he was too weak in his support of slavery. The Southern Democrats broke off and ran their own candidate against Lincoln and Douglas in 1860. See also Claim of Right 1989 Consent of the governed Declaration of Arbroath Legitimacy ( political ) Man - made law Parliamentary sovereignty Philosophical anarchism Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people Scottish Constitutional Commission Sovereign Citizen Movement Notes Jump up ^ Leonard Levy notes the `` doctrine '' of popular sovereignty that it `` relates primarily not to the Constitution 's ( actual ) operation but to its source of authority and supremacy, ratification, amendment, and possible abolition '' ( Tarcov 1986, v. 3, p. 1426, 1426 ). Jump up ^ Additional support for the centrality of popular sovereignty include : Ronald M. Peters, Jr., suggests the following as embodying the meaning of popular sovereignty for Americans -- `` The concept of popular sovereignty holds simply that in a society organized for political action, the will of the people as a whole is the only right standard of political action '' ( Peters, Jr. 1978, p. 1 ) ; Donald S. Lutz suggests that popular sovereignty came to have meaning in `` the way Americans viewed themselves as a people. They firmly believed that on their own authority they could form themselves into a community, create or replace a government to order their community, select and replace those who hold government office, determine which values bind them as a community and thus which values should guide them those in government when making decisions for the community, and replace political institutions at variance with these values '' ( Lutz 1980, p. 10 ) ; Joel H. Silbey, states `` The justification of the American Revolution and republican government -- - as opposed to the monarchical forms of government in Europe -- rested on the theory of popular sovereignty. In essence, that theory established the basic premise of American political life : the ultimate and sole legitimacy of government rests on the consent of ' the people. ' Defining ' the people ' became one of the central issues in the development of the American experience, but soon after declaring independence, American revolutionaries came to agree that popular sovereignty underlay America 's republican governments. If identifying ' the people ' and their role in changing government took many decades, the problem of how to locate popular sovereignty was solved relatively quickly by the institutional device of the constitutional convention '' ( Silbey 1994, v. I, p. 37 ). Jump up ^ Paul K. Conkin, describes `` the almost unanimous acceptance of popular sovereignty at the level of abstract principle '' ( Conkin 1974, p. 52 ) ; Edmund S. Morgan, concludes thatthe American Revolution `` confirmed and completed the subordination of government to the will of the people '' ( Morgan 1977, p. 101 ) ; Willi Paul Adams asserts that statements of the `` principle '' of the people 's sovereignty `` expressed the very heart of the consensus among the victors of 1776 '' ( Adams 1980, p. 137 ). Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin ( 2003 ). The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Ralph Ketchum ; Hackett Publishing. p. 398. Jump up ^ Christian G. Fritz, American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War ( Cambridge University Press, 2008 ) at p. 290, 400. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88188 - 3 Jump up ^ Lutz 1980, p. 38 Jump up ^ On the English origins of the sovereignty of the people and consent as the basis of government, see : Reid 1986 -- 1993, v. III, pp. 97 -- 101, 107 -- 110 ; Morgan 1988, passim Jump up ^ Childers 2011, pp. 48 -- 70 References Adams, Willi Paul ( 1980 ), The First American Constitutions : Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2069 - 1 Childers, Christopher ( March 2011 ), `` Interpreting Popular Sovereignty : A Historiographical Essay '', Civil War History 57 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 70 Conkin, Paul K. ( 1974 ), Self - Evident Truths : Being a Discourse on the Origins & Development of the First Principles of American Government -- Popular Sovereignty, Natural Rights, and Balance & Separation of Powers, Indiana University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20198 - 0 Lutz, Donald S. ( 1980 ), Popular Consent and Popular Control : Whig Political Theory in the Early State Constitutions, Louisiana State Univ. Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0596 - 2 Lutz, Donald S. ( 1988 ), The Origins of American Constitutionalism, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 1506 - 0 Morgan, Edmund S. ( 1977 ), `` The Problem of Popular Sovereignty '', Aspects of American Liberty : Philosophical, Historical and Political ( The American Philosophical Society ) Morgan, Edmund S. ( 1988 ), Inventing the People : The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America, W.W. Norton and Company, ISBN 0 - 393 - 30623 - 2 Peters, Jr., Ronald M. ( 1978 ) The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 : A Social Compact, University of Massachusetts Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 1506 - 0 Reid, John Phillip ( 1986 -- 1993 ), American Revolution III ( 4 volumes ed. ), University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0 - 299 - 13070 - 3 Silbey, Joel H., ed. ( 1994 ), `` Constitutional Conventions '', Encyclopedia of the American Legislative System ( 3 volumes ed. ) ( Charles Scribner 's Sons ) I, ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 19243 - 7 Tarcov, Nadthan ( 1986 ), `` Popular Sovereignty ( in Democratic Political Theory ) '', in Levy, Leonard, Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 3, ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 864880 - 4 Further reading Childers, Christopher ( 2012 ), The Failure of Popular Sovereignty : Slavery, Manifest Destiny, and the Radicalization of Southern Politics, University of Kansas Press, p. 334 Etcheson, Nicole ( Spring -- Summer 2004 ), `` The Great Principle of Self - Government : Popular Sovereignty and Bleeding Kansa '', Kansas History, 27 : 14 -- 29 links it to Jacksonian Democracy Johannsen, Robert W. ( 1973 ), Stephen A. Douglas, Oxford University Press, pp. 576 -- 613. Liberalism Development Contributions to liberal theory History of liberalism Ideas Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberal neutrality Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Schools Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right - libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism Key figures Juan Bautista Alberdi Jean le Rond d'Alembert Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio Ludwig Joseph Brentano John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Thomas Hobbes Leonard Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Wilhelm von Humboldt Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. 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Question: what believe is the principle of popular sovereignty based upon
Answer: social contract