Global spread of the printing press - wikipedia Global spread of the printing press Spread of printing in the 15th century European output of printed books from the 15th through the 18th century The global spread of the printing press began with the invention of the printing press with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany ( circa 1439 ). Western printing technology was adopted in all world regions by the end of the 19th century, displacing the manuscript and block printing. In the Western world, the operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of publishing and lent its name to a new branch of media, the press ( see list of newspapers by date ). Contents 1 Spread of the Gutenberg press 1.1 Germany 1.2 Europe 1.3 Rest of the world 2 Dates by location 2.1 Germany, Austria and German printers in Central Europe 2.2 Rest of Europe 2.2. 1 Italy 2.2. 2 Switzerland 2.2. 3 France 2.2. 4 Spain 2.2. 5 Belgium 2.2. 6 The Netherlands 2.2. 7 Hungary 2.2. 8 Poland 2.2. 9 Bohemia and Moravia 2.2. 10 England 2.2. 11 Denmark 2.2. 12 Sweden 2.2. 13 Portugal 2.2. 14 Croatia 2.2. 15 Serbia and Montenegro 2.2. 16 Scotland 2.2. 17 Romania 2.2. 18 Greece 2.2. 19 Lithuania and Belarus 2.2. 20 Iceland 2.2. 21 Norway 2.2. 22 Ireland 2.2. 23 Russia 2.2. 24 Latvia 2.2. 25 Ukraine 2.2. 26 Estonia 2.2. 27 Finland 2.2. 28 Georgia 2.2. 29 Armenia 2.2. 30 Greenland 2.3 Latin America 2.3. 1 Mexico 2.3. 2 Peru 2.3. 3 Guatemala 2.3. 4 Paraguay 2.3. 5 Cuba 2.3. 6 Colombia 2.3. 7 Ecuador 2.3. 8 Chile 2.3. 9 Argentina 2.3. 10 Puerto Rico 2.3. 11 Uruguay 2.3. 12 Brazil 2.3. 13 Venezuela 2.4 Africa 2.5 Asia 2.5. 1 South Asia 2.5. 2 Ottoman Empire 2.5. 3 Southeast Asia 2.5. 4 East Asia 2.5. 5 Middle East 2.6 North America 2.7 Australia & Oceania 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links Spread of the Gutenberg press Germany Modern stamp commemorating the Gutenberg Bible, the first major European work printed by mechanical movable type Gutenberg 's first major print work was the 42 - line Bible in Latin, printed probably between 1452 and 1454 in the German city of Mainz. After Gutenberg lost a lawsuit against his investor Johann Fust, Fust put Gutenberg 's employee Peter Schöffer in charge of the print shop. Thereupon Gutenberg established a new one with the financial backing of another money lender. With Gutenberg 's monopoly revoked, and the technology no longer secret, printing spread throughout Germany and beyond, diffused first by emigrating German printers, but soon also by foreign apprentices. Europe In rapid succession, printing presses were set up in Central and Western Europe. Major towns, in particular, functioned as centers of diffusion ( Cologne 1466, Rome 1467, Venice 1469, Paris 1470, Kraków 1473, London 1477 ). In 1481, barely 30 years after the publication of the 42 - line Bible, the small Netherlands already featured printing shops in 21 cities and towns, while Italy and Germany each had shops in about 40 towns at that time. According to one estimate, `` by 1500, 1000 printing presses were in operation throughout Western Europe and had produced 8 million books. '' According to another, the output was in the order of twenty million volumes and rose in the sixteenth century tenfold to between 150 and 200 million copies. Germany and Italy were considered the two main centres of printing in terms of quantity and quality. Rest of the World The near - simultaneous discovery of sea routes to the West ( Christopher Columbus, 1492 ) and East ( Vasco da Gama, 1498 ) and the subsequent establishment of trade links greatly facilitated the global spread of Gutenberg - style printing. Traders, colonists, but perhaps most importantly, missionaries exported printing presses to the new European oversea domains, setting up new print shops and distributing printing material. In the Americas, the first extra-European print shop was founded in Mexico City in 1544 ( 1539 ? ), and soon after Jesuits started operating the first printing press in Asia ( Goa, 1556 ). For a long time however, movable type printing remained mainly the business of Europeans working from within the confines of their colonies. According to Suraiya Faroqhi, lack of interest and religious reasons were among the reasons for the slow adoption of the printing press outside Europe : Thus, the printing of Arabic, after encountering strong opposition by Muslim legal scholars and the manuscript scribes, remained prohibited in the Ottoman empire between 1483 and 1729, initially even on penalty of death, while some movable Arabic type printing was done by Pope Julius II ( 1503 − 1512 ) for distribution among Middle Eastern Christians, and the oldest Qur'an printed with movable type was produced in Venice in 1537 / 1538 for the Ottoman market. In India, reports are that Jesuits `` presented a polyglot Bible to the Emperor Akbar in 1580 but did not succeed in arousing much curiosity. '' But also practical reasons seem to have played a role. The English East India Company, for example, brought a printer to Surat in 1675, but was not able to cast type in Indian scripts, so the venture failed. North America saw the adoption by the Cherokee Indian Elias Boudinot who published the tribe 's first newspaper Cherokee Phoenix from 1828, partly in his native language, using the Cherokee alphabet recently invented by his compatriot Sequoyah. In the 19th century, the arrival of the Gutenberg - style press to the shores of Tahiti ( 1818 ), Hawaii ( 1821 ) and other Pacific islands, marked the end of a global diffusion process which had begun almost 400 years earlier. At the same time, the ' old style ' press ( as the Gutenberg model came to be termed in the 19th century ), was already in the process of being displaced by industrial machines like the steam powered press ( 1812 ) and the rotary press ( 1833 ), which radically departed from Gutenberg 's design, but were still of the same development line. Dates by location The following represents a selection : Germany, Austria and German printers in Central Europe Date City Printer Comment 1452 -- 53 Mainz Johannes Gutenberg, Peter Schöffer, Johann Fust ( investor ) Gutenberg Bible ~ 1457 Bamberg Albrecht Pfister, Johann Sensenschmid ( from 1480 ) Pfister : first woodcut book illustration c. 1461 Not later than 1460 Strassburg Johannes Mentelin In 1605, Johann Carolus publishes the German Relation aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien ( Collection of all distinguished and commemorable news ), recognized by the World Association of Newspapers as the first newspaper. ~ 1465 Cologne Ulrich Zell 1468 Augsburg Günther Zainer Not later than 1469 Nuremberg Johann Sensenschmidt, Johannes Regiomontanus ( 1472 -- 75 ), Anton Koberger ( 1473 -- 1513 ) ~ 1471 Speyer ~ 1472 Lauingen 1473 Esslingen am Neckar 1473 Merseburg 1473 Ulm ~ 1473 -- 74 Erfurt ~ 1474 Lübeck 1488, Missale Aboense and other versions, first books for the Scandinavian and Finnish markets, by Bartholomeus Ghotan 1475 Breslau ( now Wrocław ) Kasper Elyan of Glogau Kasper 's print shop remained operational until 1483 with an overall output of 11 titles. 1475 Trento ~ 1475 Blaubeuren ~ 1475 Rostock 1476 Reutlingen ~ 1478 -- 79 Memmingen Albrecht Kunne ( de ) 1479 Würzburg Georg Reyser 1479 Magdeburg 1480 Passau 1480 Leipzig Konrad Kachelofen ( de ), Andreas Friesner ~ 1480 Eichstätt 1482 Vienna Johann Winterburger 1482 Munich Johann Schauer ~ 1482 Heidelberg 1484 Ingolstadt 1485 Münster ~ 1485 Regensburg 1486 Schleswig Stephan Arndes ~ 1486 Stuttgart ~ 1488 Hamburg 1489 Hagenau 1491 Freiburg 1492 Marienburg Jakob Karweyse Only two editions printed Rest of Europe Italy Date City Printer Comment 1465 Subiaco Arnold Pannartz, Konrad Sweynheym 1467 Rome Ulrich Hahn, Arnold Pannartz, Konrad Sweynheym ( from 1467 ) 1469 Venice Johann von Speyer, shortly afterwards Nikolaus Jenson from Tours, Aldus Manutius Johann was granted a privilege for 5 years for movable type printing by the Senate, but died soon after. In 1501, Ottaviano Petrucci produced the first book of sheet music printed from movable type. 1470 Milan Filippo de Lavagna, Antonio Zaroto, shortly afterwards Waldarfer von Regensburg 1470 Naples 1471 Florence Demetrius Damilas Earliest printing in Greek 1471 Genoa 1471 Ferrara 1471 Bologna Probably in 1477, claimed to have the first engraved illustrations, although the 1476 Boccaccio edition by Colard Mansion in Bruges already had copper engravings 1471 Padua 1471 Treviso 1472 Parma 1473 Pavia 1473 Brescia ~ 1473 -- 74 Modena 1484 Siena In the 15th century, printing presses were established in 77 Italian cities and towns. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities, of which 130 ( 86 % ) were north of Rome. During these two centuries a total of 2894 printers were active in Italy, with only 216 of them located in southern Italy. Ca. 60 % of the Italian printing shops were situated in six cities ( Venice, Rome, Milan, Naples, Bologna and Florence ), with the concentration of printers in Venice being particularly high ( ca. 30 % ). Switzerland Date City Printer Comment ~ 1468 Basel Berthold Ruppel 1470 Beromünster Helias Helye ( de ) ~ 1474 Burgdorf 1478 Geneva Adam Steinschaber ~ 1479 Zürich 1577 Schaffhausen 1577 St. Gallen 1585 Fribourg 1664 Einsiedeln France Date City Printer Comment 1470 Paris Ulrich Gering, Martin Crantz, Michael Friburger 1473 Lyon Guillaume Le Roy, Buyer ~ 1475 Toulouse 1476 -- 77 Angers ~ 1477 -- 78 Vienne 1478 -- 79 Chablis 1479 Poitiers 1480 Caen 1480 -- 82 Rouen 1483 Troyes 1484 -- 85 Rennes 1486 Abbeville ~ 1486 -- 88 Besançon 1490 -- 91 Orléans 1491 Dijon 1491 Angoulême 1493 Nantes 1493 -- 94 Tours 1495 -- 96 Limoges 1497 Avignon 1500 Perpignan Apart from the cities above, there was a small number of lesser towns which set up printing presses. Spain Date City Printer Comment 1471 - 1472 Segovia Johannes Parix ~ 1472 - 74 Seville ~ 1472 - 1473 Barcelona Heinrich Botel, Georgius vom Holtz, Johannes Planck ~ 1472 -- 73 Valencia Lambert Palmart, Jakob Vinzlant 1475 Zaragoza Matthias Flander, Paul Hurus ~ 1480 Salamanca 1485 Burgos 1486 Toledo 1496 Granada Meinrad Ungut, Hans Pegnitzer 1499 Montserrat Oldest publishing house in the world still running 1500 Madrid Belgium Date City Printer Comment 1473 Aalst Dirk Martens 1473 -- 74 Leuven Johann von Westphalen ~ 1473 -- 74 Bruges Colard Mansion Worked with, and ( ? ) trained William Caxton, printing the first books in English ( Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye ) and also French, as well as the first book to use engravings for illustrations. 1475 -- 76 Brussels 1480 Oudenaarde Arend De Keysere 1481 Antwerp Matt. Van der Goes 1483 Ghent Arend De Keysere The Netherlands Date City Printer Comment 1473 Utrecht 1477 Gouda Gerard Leeu 1477 Deventer Richard Paffroad 1477 Zwolle 1477 Delft Jacob Jacobzoon 1483 Haarlem Jacob Bellaert In 1481, printing was already done in 21 towns and cities. Hungary Date City Printer Comment 1472 Buda ( now Budapest ) Andreas Hess ? The first work printed on Hungarian soil was the Latin history book Chronica Hungarorum published on 5 June 1472. In the 16th century, a total of 20 print shops were active in 30 different places in Hungary, as some of them were moving several times due to political instability. Poland Main article : Early printing in Poland Date City Printer Comment 1473 Cracow Kasper Straube The oldest printed work in Poland is the Latin Calendarium cracoviense ( Cracovian Calendar ), a single - sheet astronomical almanac for the year 1474. Although Straube continued to published in Cracow until 1477, printing became permanently established in Cracow, and Poland, only after 1503. In 1491, the first book in Cyrillic script was published by Schweipolt Fiol from Franconia. In 1513, Florian Ungler printed Hortulus Animae, the first book in the Polish language. 1499 Danzig Franz Rhode 1538 : Wisby'sches Waterrecht, 1540 : Narratio Prima 1580 Warsaw 1593 Lwów Matthias Bernhart In the 15th and 16th centuries printing presses were also established in Poznań, Lwów, Brześć Litewski and Vilnius. Bohemia and moravia Date City Printer Comment ~ 1475 -- 76 Pilsen Mikuláš Bakalář ( name known since 1488 ) Statuta Ernesti ( 1476, Latin ), The New Testament ( 1476, two editions in Czech ), Passionale, The Chronicle of Troyes ( ? 1476, Czech ) 1486 Brünn Conradus Stahel, Matthias Preinlein Agenda Olomucensis 1486 and further 20, partly small prints in Latin until 1488. 1487 Prague The Chronicle of Troyes 1487, Psalter 1487, The Bible 1488 ( all in Czech ) ; since 1512 printing in Hebrew, since 1517 in Cyrillic, too. 1489 Kuttenberg Martin z Tišnova The Bible ( in Czech ) England Date City Printer Comment 1476 Westminster William Caxton The first dated prints in England are an indulgence dating to 13 December 1476 ( date written in by hand ), and the Dicts or Sayings, completed on 18 November 1477. Between 1472 and 1476, Caxton had already published several English works on the continent ( see Bruges above ). 1478 Oxford Theoderich Rood ~ 1479 St Albans ' Schoolmaster ' ; John Haule The St Albans Press produced eight known prints including The Chronicles of England. 1480 London John Lettou, William Machlinia, Wynkyn de Worde Denmark Date City Printer Comment 1482 Odense Johann Snell Snell was the first to introduce printing both in Denmark and Sweden. 1493 Copenhagen Gottfried von Ghemen Von Ghemen published in Copenhagen from 1493 to 1495 and from 1505 to 1510. In the meantime, he was active in the Dutch town of Leiden. For 200 years, official policy confined printing in Denmark largely to Copenhagen. Sweden Date City Printer Comment 1483 Stockholm Johann Snell Snell published the Dialogus creaturarum on Riddarholmen island in Stockholm on December 20, 1483. Before 1495 Vadstena 1510 Uppsala Portugal Date City Printer Comment 1487 Faro Samuel Gacon ( also called Porteiro ) The country 's first printed book was the Hebrew Pentateuch, the Faro Pentatuch published by the Jew Samuel Gacon in southern Portugal, after having fled from the Spanish Inquisition. 1488 Chaves Unknown According to the German scholar Horch the Sacramental is the first book printed in Portuguese, and not Ludolphus de Saxonia 's Livro de Vita Christi of 1495 as previously assumed. 1489 Lisboa Rabbi Zorba, Raban Eliezer Eliezer Toledano 's Hebrew press was active with his foreman Judah Gedalia from 1489 until the expulsion in 1497 1492 Leiria 1494 Braga 1536 Coimbra 1571 Viseu 1583 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores 1622 Oporto Croatia Date City Printer Comment ~ 1491 Kosinj, Lika 1494 Senj Blaž Baromić Blaž Baromić with his co-workers established printing house in Senj based on glagolitic script. Their first work was the Breviary of Senj. 1530 Rijeka Šimun Kožičić Benja Serbia and montenegro Date City Printer Comment 1493 -- 94 Cetinje Đurađ IV Crnojević, Makarije Đurađ IV Crnojević used the printing press brought to Cetinje by his father Ivan I Crnojević to print the first books in southeastern Europe, in 1493. The Crnojević printing press operated from 1493 through 1496, turning out religious books of which five have been preserved : Oktoih prvoglasnik, Oktoih petoglasnik, Psaltir, Molitvenik and Četvorojevanđelje ( the first Bible in Serbian language ). Đurađ managed the printing of the books, wrote prefaces and afterwords, and developed sophisticated tables of Psalms with the lunar calendar. The books from the Crnojević press were printed in two colors, red and black, and were richly ornamented. They served as models for many of the subsequent books printed in Cyrillic. 1537 village Vrutci of Rujno Župa near Užice, hieromonk Teodosije The Rujan Four Gospels of the Rujno Monastery printing house 1552 Belgrade Trojan Gundulić Četvorojevanđelje, Serbulje By 1500, the cut - off point for incunabula, 236 towns in Europe had presses, and it is estimated that twenty million books had been printed for a European population of perhaps seventy million. Scotland Date City Printer Comment 1507 ( the earliest surviving item is dated 4 April 1508 ) Edinburgh Walter Chepman and Androw Myllar William Elphinstone, the Bishop of Aberdeen, was anxious to get a breviary published ( see Aberdeen Breviary ), and petitioned King James IV to have a printing press set up. Myllar had previously been involved with printing in France, where Scots authors had traditionally had their books printed ( see Auld Alliance ). The earliest works were mainly small books ( approximately 15 cm ), but at least one book was printed in folio format, Blind Harry 's The Wallace. 1552 St Andrews John Scot 1571 Stirling Robert Lekprevik 1622 Aberdeen Edward Raban 1638 Glasgow George Anderson 1651 Leith Evan Tyler 1685 Campbeltown unknown printer 1694 Maybole unknown printer Romania Date City Printer Comment 1508 Târgoviște Hieromonk Makarije Macarie is brought into Wallachia by the prince Radu cel Mare. The first printed book in Romania is made in 1508, Liturghierul. Octoihul is also printed in 1510, and Evangheliarul is printed in 1512 1534 Braşov At the time, the city was the part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1545 Târgoviște Dimitrije Ljubavić Mostly religious books are printed, among them being Molitvenik. Interestingly, books printed in Wallachia were also reprinted for use in Moldavia, which at the time did not have its own press. 1550 Klausenburg ( Cluj - Napoca ) At the time, the city was the part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1561 Braşov Coresi Întrebare creştinească ( Catehismul ) Greece Date City Printer Comment 1515 Saloniki 1817 Corfu Lithuania and Belarus Date City Printer Comment 1522 Vilnius Francysk Skaryna The Little Travel Guide Iceland Date City Printer Comment ca. 1530 Holar Jon Matthiasson ( Swede ) Press imported on the initiative of Bishop Jon Arason. First known local print is the Latin songbook Breviarium Holense of 1534. Norway Date City Printer Comment mid-16th century Trondheim 1644 Oslo Ireland Date City Printer Comment 1551 ? Humphrey Powell Russia Date City Printer Comment 1553 − 4 Moscow Unknown According to recent research, the Gospel Book and six others published then. 1564 Moscow Ivan Fyodorov ( printer ) Acts of the Apostles ( Apostol ) is the first dated book printed in Russia. 1711 St Petersburg 1815 Astrachan Until the reign of Peter the Great printing in Russia remained confined to the print office established by Fedorov in Moscow. In the 18th century, annual printing output gradually rose from 147 titles in 1724 to 435 ( 1787 ), but remained constrained by state censorship and widespread illiteracy. Latvia Date City Printer Comment 1588 Riga Nikolaus Mollin Ukraine Date City Printer Comment 1574 Lviv Ivan Fedorov Apostol ( the Acts and Epistles in Slavonic ) - 1593 Lviv Estonia Date City Printer Comment 1632 Tartu Jacobus Pistorius ( Jacob Becker ) PostOrdnung ( 28.09. 1632 ) was the first document printed in Tartu with date and printer 's name. The printing press operated in connection with Tartu University ( Academia Gustaviana ) that was opened on the same year. The reverse side of the document contains a resolution of Johan Skytte about Academia Gustaviana. Finland Date City Printer Comment 1642 Turku Peder Walde, Swedish The print shop was set up at The Royal Academy of Turku which was the first university ( created in 1640 ) in what is now Finland Georgia Date City Printer Comment 1709 Tbilisi Mihail Ishtvanovitch Established by the decree of Vakhtang VI in Abanotubani, Tbilisi. Armenia Main article : Armenian printing Date City Printer Comment 1771 Vagharshapat St. Grigor Lusavorich Simeon Yerevantsi ( Catholicos of Armenia ) The first published book in Etchmiadzin was titled Սաղմոսարան ( Psalms ). The printing house was St. Grigor Lusavorich. The first book which had Armenian letters was published in Mainz ( Germany ) in 1486. The first Armenian book to be published by the printing press was Urbatagirq -- Book of Friday prayers -- which was published by Hakob Meghapart in Venice in 1512. Greenland Date City Printer Comment 1860 Godthaab Latin America Mexico Date City Printer Comment 1539 Mexico City Juan Pablos of Brescia at the House of the First Print Shop in the Americas Established by the archbishop Juan de Zumárraga, using Hans Cromberger from Seville, the first book printed was Breve y Mas Compendiosa Doctrina Christina. Between 1539 and 1600 presses produced 300 editions, and in the following century 2,007 editions were printed. In the 16th century, more than 31 % of locally produced imprints were in native Indian languages, mostly religious texts and grammars or vocabularies of Amerindian languages. In the 17th century, this rate dropped to 3 % of total output. 1640 Puebla Peru Date City Printer Comment 1581 Lima Antonio Ricardo Presses produced 1,106 titles between 1584 and 1699. Guatemala Date City Printer Comment 1660 Guatemala City Paraguay Date City Printer Comment 1700 Jesuit mission of Paraguay Established with local materials by local Guaraní workers who had converted to Christianity. Cuba Date City Printer Comment 1707 Havana Colombia Date City Printer Comment 1736 Bogotá Ecuador Date City Printer Comment 1759 Quito Chile Date City Printer Comment 1776 Santiago de Chile Press functioned only briefly. In 1812 permanently established. 1810 Valparaíso Argentina Date City Printer Comment 1780 Buenos Aires Puerto Rico Date City Printer Comment 1807 Uruguay Date City Printer Comment 1807 Montevideo Brazil Date City Printer Comment 1808 Rio de Janeiro Venezuela Date City Printer Comment 1808 Caracas Africa Date City Country Printer Comment 1494 São Tomé and Príncipe Valentim Fernandes Early German printers Dubious : has made a map of Sao Tomé, but seems to have been printing in Lisbon, not in Africa. No evidence of any works printed in Africa. 1516 Fez Morocco Jewish Refugees who had worked for the printer Rabbi Eliezer Toledano in Lisbon As early as 16th century Mozambique Portuguese Luanda Angola Portuguese Malindi Kenya Portuguese 1795 Cape Town South Africa Johann Christian Ritter German Almanach voor 't jaar 1796. The possibility of printing may be as early as 1784 when Ritter arrived in the Cape but no earlier output has surfaced. Ritter is also said to have printed Almanacs for 1795 to 1797 suggesting a start to printing of 1794. 1798 Cairo Egypt French c. 1825 Madagascar 1831 Grahamstown South Africa Grahamstown Journal 1833 Mauritius 1841 Pietermaritzburg South Africa Ivangeli e li yincucli, e li baliweyo G'Umatu 1841 Umlazi South Africa Incuadi yokuqala yabafundayo 1856 Bloemfontein South Africa Orange Vrystaad A.B.C. spel en leesboek 1855 Scheppmansdorf ( now : Rooibank ) Namibia Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt On 29 June 1855, Protestant missionary Kleinschmidt published 300 copies of Luther 's catechism in the Nama language which represent the first printed works in that tongue. Political unrest seems to have prevented further printing activities. The press was reported as being functional as late as 1868, but whether printing was resumed is unknown. 1870s Malawi 1892 Salisbury Southern Rhodesia ( now : Zimbabwe ) Rhodesia Herald in print, may have started earlier Asia South Asia Date City Country Printer Comment 1550 Goa Portuguese India Jesuits The press was attached to St Paul 's college 1712 Tranquebar India Danish - Halle / SPCK Mission 1737 ? Sri Lanka 1772 Madras India Shahamir Shahamirian, Armenian The first book published here was Այբբենարան ( Aybbenaran - Reading Primer ) in Armenian 1777, November Calcutta India James Augustus Hicky Publisher of Hicky 's Bengal Gazette 1778, January Calcutta India Robert William Kiernander and John Zachariah Kiernander SPCK Missionaries Between 1777 and 1779 Hooghly India Charles Wilkins and Nathaniel Brassey Halhed 1780, November Calcutta India Barnard Messink and Peter Reed Publishers of the India Gazette 1792 Bombay India 1800 Serampore Danish India Baptist Missionary Society Printing Bibles and books in several Indian languages Ottoman empire Date City Printer Comment Dec 13th, 1493 Istanbul David and Samuel ibn Nahmias, Hebrew First ever printed book in Ottoman Empire was Arba'ah Turim in Hebrew. Some argue the year and suggest 1503 or 1504 1519 -- 1523 the Church of Saint George in Sopotnica, Sanjak of Herzegovina, Ottoman Empire ( today village in Novo Goražde, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina ). The books were printed in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension. Božidar Goraždanin hieratikon ( 1519 ), psalter ( 1521 ) and a small euchologion ( 1523 ) 1554 Bursa 1567 Constantinople Apkar Tebir, Armenian The first book printed here was Փոքր քերականութիւն ( Poqr Qerakanutyun - Brief Armenian Grammar ) in Armenian 1584 St. Antonius Monastery, Qozhaya, Lebanon Introduced by Maronite Patriarch Sergius ar - Rezzi, psalter was printed the first time in 1585 1610 St. Antonius Monastery, Qozhaya, Lebanon Second printing press set up by Christian Maronites in Lebanon 1734 Monastery of St. John, Khenchara, Lebanon First printing press in Arabic 1729 Constantinople Ibrahim Muteferrika First press for printing in Arabic established in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the Ulama. It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters. 1759 Smyrna ( Izmir ) Markos, Armenian 1779 Constantinople James Mario Matra ( Briton ) Abortive attempt to revive printing in the Ottoman lands Due to religious qualms, Sultan Bayezid II and successors prohibited printing in Arabic script in the Ottoman empire from 1483 on penalty of death, but printing in other scripts was done by Jews as well as the Greek and Armenian communities ( 1515 Saloniki, 1554 Bursa ( Adrianople ), 1552 Belgrade, 1658 Smyrna ). In 1727, Sultan Achmed III gave his permission for the establishment of the first legal print house for printing secular works in Arabic script ( religious publications still remained forbidden ), but printing activities did not really take off until the 19th century. Southeast Asia Date City Country Printer Comment 1590 Manila Philippines 1668 Batavia Indonesia 1818 Sumatra Island Indonesia East Asia Date City Country Printer Comment 1590 Nagasaki Japan Alessandro Valignano The Jesuits in Nagasaki established The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan and printed a number of books in romanised Japanese language. 1833 Macao China The first presses were imported by Western priests for their missionary work from Europe and America. The earliest known, an albion press, was set up in the Portuguese colony Macao and later moved to Canton and Ningbo. 1883 Seoul Korea Inoue Kakugoro ( Japanese ) The first printing press was imported from Japan for publishing Korea 's first Korean - language newspaper Hansong Sunbo. After the press was destroyed by conservatists, Inoue returned with a new one from Japan, reviving the paper as a weekly under the name Hansong Chubo. Presses were also established in Seoul in 1885, 1888 and 1891 by Western missionaries. However, the earliest printing press was apparently introduced by the Japanese in the treaty port of Pusan in 1881 to publish Korea 's first newspaper, the bilingual Chosen shinpo. Middle East Date City Country Printer Comment 1584 Qozhaya Lebanon Patriarch Sergius el Rezzi First printing press in Middle East, introduced by Maronite Christians in St. Antonius Monastery, psalter was printed the first time in 1585 1610 Qozhaya Lebanon St. Antonius Monastery Second printing press introduced into monastery 1734 Khenchara, Metn Lebanon Abdallah el Zakher First Arabic printing press. Monastery of St. John of Chouweir 1636 New Julfa, Isfahan Persia Khachatur Kesaratsi, Armenian The first book printed here was Սաղմոս ի Դավիթ ( Saghmos i Davit - Psalter ) in Armenian 1820 Tehran Persia 1817 Tabriz Persia Zain al - Abidin Tabrizi ( ? ) North America Date City Country Printer Comment 1638 Cambridge, Massachusetts USA Stephen Daye, Samuel Green ( from 1649 ) 1682 Jamestown, Virginia USA 1685 Philadelphia USA William Bradford 1685 St. Mary 's City, Maryland USA William and Dinah Nuthead started a press in Annapolis in 1686 1693 New York USA William Bradford 1731 Charleston, South Carolina USA 1735 Germantown USA Christoph Sauer 1749 New Bern, North Carolina USA 1752 Halifax Canada John Bushell The Halifax Gazette, Canada 's first newspaper was published initially in this year. 1761 Wilmington, Delaware USA 1762 Savannah, Georgia USA 1764 New Orleans, Louisiana USA 1783 St. Augustine, Florida USA 1787 Lexington, Kentucky USA 1791 Rogersville, Tennessee USA 1828 New Echota, Arkansas USA Elias Boudinot ( Cherokee ) Boudinot published the Cherokee Phoenix as first newspaper of the tribe. 1833 Monterey, California Mexico ( later USA ) 1834 Santa Fe Mexico ( later USA ) 1846 San Francisco USA 1853 Oregon USA 1858 Vancouver Island Canada Australia & oceania Date City Country Printer Comment 1795 ? Australia 1802 Sydney Australia George Howe 1818 Hobart, Tasmania Australia 1818 Tahiti French Polynesia 1821 Hawaii Kingdom of Hawaii 1835 Paihia New Zealand William Colenso The first book was a Maori translation of part of the Bible commissioned by the Church Missionary Society : `` Ko nga Pukapuka o Paora te Apotoro ki te Hunga o Epeha o Piripai '' ( The Epistles of St Paul to the Philippians and the Ephesians ). 1836 Maui Kingdom of Hawaii See also Johannes Gutenberg Printing press History of Western typography Editio princeps Incunable References Jump up ^ Weber 2006, p. 387 : At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, ' the press ' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born. Jump up ^ E.L. Eisenstein : `` The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe '', Cambridge, 1993 pp. 13 -- 17, quoted in : Angus Maddison : `` Growth and Interaction in the World Economy : The Roots of Modernity '', Washington 2005, p. 17f. Jump up ^ Febvre, Lucien ; Martin, Henri - Jean ( 1976 ) : `` The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 '', London : New Left Books, quoted in : Anderson, Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '', Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2, pp. 58f. Jump up ^ Suraiya Faroqhi, Subjects of the Sultan : culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire, pp, 134 - 136, I.B. Tauris, 2005, ISBN 1 - 85043 - 760 - 2, ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 760 - 4 ; The Encyclopaedia of Islam : Fascicules 111 - 112 : Masrah Mawlid, Clifford Edmund Bosworth Jump up ^ Watson 1968, p. 435 ; Clogg 1979, p. 67 Jump up ^ Krek 1979, p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Angus Maddison : Growth and Interaction in the World Economy : The Roots of Modernity, Washington 2005, p. 65 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 ; Gerhardt 1971 ; Gerhardt 1978, p. 217 Jump up ^ The main source is Meyers Konversations - Lexikon, 4th edition, 1888 -- 1890, entry `` Buchdruckerkunst ( Ausbreitung der Erfindung ) '' ^ Jump up to : `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue ''. British Library. Retrieved 27 August 2011. ^ Jump up to : Fernand Braudel, `` Civilization & Capitalism, 15 -- 18th Centuries, Vol 1 : The Structures of Everyday Life '', William Collins & Sons, London 1981 ^ Jump up to : Rush C. Hawkins ( 1884 ). Titles of the first books from the earliest presses established in different cities, towns, and monasteries in Europe, before the end of the fifteenth century, with brief notes upon their printers. New York : J.W. Bouton -- via HathiTrust. ^ Jump up to : John Henry Hessels ( 1910 ), `` Typography '', Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ), New York, pp. 509 -- 548, OCLC 14782424 -- via Internet Archive, History of Typography : Spread of Typography Jump up ^ World Association of Newspapers : `` Newspapers : 400 Years Young ! '' Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Theodore Low De Vinne ( 1877 ). `` Spread of Printing ''. The Invention of Printing ( 2nd ed. ). London : Trübner & Co. ^ Jump up to : Wydra 1987, p. 89 Jump up ^ Joachim Köhler ( ed. ) : Geschichte des christlichen Lebens im schlesischen Raum, LIT Verlag Münster, 2002, ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 5007 - 4, p. 404 ^ Jump up to : Allen Kent ; et al., eds. ( 1978 ). `` Printers and Printing, 15th Century ''. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 23. Marcel Dekker. pp. 296 ? -- 356 ?. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 2023 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Dal 1987, p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Wydra 1987, pp. 88f. ^ Jump up to : Borsa 1976, p. 313 Jump up ^ Helmut Schippel : Die Anfänge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig, in : Uta Lindgren ( Hrsg. ) : Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4th ed., Berlin 2001, p. 540f. ISBN 3 - 7861 - 1748 - 9 Jump up ^ David Landau & Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, Yale, p241, 1996, ISBN 0 - 300 - 06883 - 2 Jump up ^ Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris Jump up ^ Borsa 1976, p. 314 Jump up ^ Borsa 1977, pp. 166 -- 169 ^ Jump up to : Henri Bouchot ( 1890 ). `` Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established ''. In H. Grevel. The book : its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London : H. Grevel & Co. Jump up ^ Malcolm Walsby ( 2011 ). The Printed Book in Brittany, 1484 - 1600. Brill. ISBN 90 - 04 - 20451 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Dirk Martens Website '' ( in Dutch ). Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 28. Jump up ^ Unesco Bulletin for Libraries : Volume : XXVI, - PAGE : 137 Jump up ^ Publishers and booksellers in Hungary - PAGE : 7 ( University of California ) Jump up ^ Borsa 1987, p. 107 Jump up ^ Wydra 1987, p. 88 ^ Jump up to : The European Library Archived 2006 - 02 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ E. Urbánková, Soupis prvotisků českého původu. Praha : SK ČSR 1986 ^ Jump up to : Blake 1978, p. 43 Jump up ^ http://www.hertsad.co.uk/news/education/st_albans_school_solves_mystery_of_whereabouts_of_lost_centuries_old_latin_book_1_4848854 Jump up ^ Dal 1987, pp. 37f. ^ Jump up to : Horch 1987, p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Horch 1987, p. 132 Jump up ^ http://demo.ctk-rijeka.hr/Kosinj/Povijest.htm Jump up ^ http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/449/%C5%A0imun%20Ko%C5%BEi%C4%8Di%C4%87%20Benja%20i%20njegova%20glagoljska%20tiskara%20u%20Rijeci%20/ Jump up ^ `` Scottish Book Trade Index ( SBTI ) ''. National Library of Scotland. Archived from the original on April 7, 2006. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30. In September 1507, with Walter Chepman, ( Andrew Myllar ) received letters patent from James IV of Scotland allowing them to set up the first printing - press in Scotland. Jump up ^ `` 1508 - Earliest dated Scottish book ''. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30. Jump up ^ `` 500 Years of Scottish Printing ''. Scottish Printing Archival Trust. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` The Spread of Scottish Printing ''. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ I. Bianu, Psaltirea Scheiana, Bucharest, 1889 Jump up ^ Istoria Romaniei, Vol II, p. 684 Jump up ^ Borsa 1987, p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Kvaran 1997, p. 140 ^ Jump up to : Appel 1987, p. 95 Jump up ^ Appel 1987, p. 97 Jump up ^ Appel 1987, pp. 96ff. Jump up ^ Tartu Ülikooli trükikoda 1632 -- 1710 : Ajalugu ja trükiste bibliograafia = Druckerei der Universität Dorpat 1632 -- 1710 : Geschichte und Bibliographie der Druckschriften. Ene - Lille Jaanson ( ed. ). Tartu : Tartu Ülikooli Raamatukogu. 2000. ISBN 9985 - 874 - 14 - 5. Jump up ^ Armenology Research National Center ^ Jump up to : Hensley C. Woodbridge & Lawrence S. Thompson, `` Printing in Colonial Spanish America '', Troy, N.Y., Whitson Publishing Company, 1976, quoted in : Hortensia Calvo, `` The Politics of Print : The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America '', Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277 -- 305 ( 278 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Margarete Rehm : Information und Kommunikation in Geschichte und Gegenwart '' ( in German ). Jump up ^ Magdalena Chocano Mena, `` Colonial Printing and Metropolitan Books : Printed Texts and the Shaping of Scholarly Culture in New Spain : 1539 -- 1700 '', Colonial Latin American Historical Review 6, No. 1 ( 1997 ) : 71 -- 72, quoted in : Hortensia Calvo, `` The Politics of Print : The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America '', Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277 -- 305 ( 296 ) Jump up ^ Magdalena Chocano Mena, `` Colonial Printing and Metropolitan Books : Printed Texts and the Shaping of Scholarly Culture in New Spain : 1539 -- 1700 '', Colonial Latin American Historical Review 6, No. 1 ( 1997 ) : 73&76, quoted in : Hortensia Calvo, `` The Politics of Print : The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America '', Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277 -- 305 ( 279 ) Jump up ^ Pedro Guibovich, `` The Printing Press in Colonial Peru : Production Process and Literary Categories in Lima, 1584 -- 1699 '', Colonial Latin American Review 10, No. 2 ( 2001 ) : 173, quoted in : Hortensia Calvo, `` The Politics of Print : The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America '', Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277 -- 305 ( 296 ) Jump up ^ Brown University : Impressão Régia in Rio de Janeiro Jump up ^ Ferdinand Geldner, Die Deutschen Inkunabeldrucker, Vol. 2, Stuttgart, 1970, p. 314, quoted in : Man 2002 Jump up ^ History of Science - Printing, accessed 2009 / 05 / 04 ^ Jump up to : Alan Charles Gore Lloyd ( 1914 ). J.Y.W. Macalister ; Alfred W. Pollard, eds. `` Birth of Printing in South Africa ''. The Library : a Quarterly Review of Bibliography and Library Lore. London. 5 : 31 -- 43. ISSN 0024 - 2160 -- via HathiTrust. Jump up ^, Early Cape Printing 1796 -- 1802, South African Library Reprint Series, No. 1, South African Library, Cape Town, ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ SH Steinberg, Five Hundred Years of Printing, Penguin Books, Middlesex, ( 1955 ) 2nd ed. 1961, p. 214 ^ Jump up to :, `` South Africa in Print '', Book Exhibition Committee van Riebeeck Festival, Cape Town, ( 1952 ) Jump up ^ Lewin Robinson, A.M. ( 1979 ). From Monolith to Microfilm : a story of the recorded word. Cape Town : South African Library. p. 37. ISBN 0 - 86968 - 020 - X. ^ Jump up to : Walter Moritz, `` Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks in Südwestafrika / Namibia '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch, Vol. 1979 ( 1979 ), pp. 269 -- 276 Jump up ^ Steve S. Mwiyeriwa ( 1978 ). `` Printing Presses and Publishing in Malawi ''. Society of Malawi Journal. 31. JSTOR 29778404. Jump up ^ Printing in Goa ^ Jump up to : Naim A. Güleryüz, Bizans'tan 20. Yüzyıla - Türk Yahudileri, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A. Ş., İstanbul, January 2012, p. 90 ISBN 978 - 9944 - 994 - 54 - 5 Jump up ^ Watson 1968, p. 436 ; Clogg 1979, p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Watson 1968, p. 436 ^ Jump up to : Clogg 1979, p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Reed, Christopher A. : Gutenberg in Shanghai : Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876 -- 1937, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver 2005, ISBN 0 - 7748 - 1041 - 6, pp. 25 -- 87 ( 69 ) ^ Jump up to : McGovern 1967, pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Altman 1984, pp. 685 -- 696 Jump up ^ Christoph Werner ( 2000 ). An Iranian Town in Transition : A Social and Economic History of the Elites of Tabriz, 1747 -- 1848. Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ^ Jump up to : Lawrence C. Wroth ( 1938 ), `` Diffusion of Printing '', The Colonial Printer, Portland, Maine : Southworth - Anthoensen Press, OL 6370726M Jump up ^ Wroth, Lawrence Counselman ( 1922 ). `` Dinah Nuthead and the First Annapolis Press ''. A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686 - 1776. Typothetae of Baltimore. pp. 12 -- 15. Sources Altman, Albert A. ( 1984 ), `` Korea 's First Newspaper : The Japanese Chosen shinpo '', The Journal of Asian Studies, 43 ( 4 ) : 685 -- 696, doi : 10.2307 / 2057150 Appel, Klaus ( 1987 ), `` Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks in Russland in der literaturfähigen Nationalsprache '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch, 62 : 95 -- 103 Blake, Normann F. ( 1978 ), `` Dating the First Books Printed in English '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 43 -- 50 Bolza, Hans ( 1967 ), `` Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine '', Technikgeschichte, 34 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 89 Borsa, Gedeon ( 1976 ), `` Druckorte in Italien vor 1601 '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 311 -- 314 Borsa, Gedeon ( 1977 ), `` Drucker in Italien vor 1601 '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 166 -- 169 Borsa, Gedeon ( 1987 ), `` Die volkssprachigen Drucke im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert in Ungarn '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch, 62 : 104 -- 108 Clogg, Richard ( 1979 ), `` An Attempt to Revive Turkish Printing in Istanbul in 1779 '', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 70, doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800053320 Dal, Erik ( 1987 ), `` Bücher in dänischer Sprache vor 1600 '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch, 62 : 37 -- 46 Gerhardt, Claus W. ( 1971 ), `` Warum wurde die Gutenberg - Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst ? '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 43 -- 57 Gerhardt, Claus W. ( 1978 ), `` Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert ? '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 212 -- 217 Horch, Rosemarie Erika ( 1987 ), `` Zur Frage des ersten in portugiesischer Sprache gedruckten Buches '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch, 62 : 125 -- 134 Krek, Miroslav ( 1979 ), `` The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type '', Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 38 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 212, doi : 10.1086 / 372742 Kvaran, Gudrun ( 1997 ), `` Die Anfänge der Buchdruckerkunst in Island und die isländische Bibel von 1584 '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch, 72 : 140 -- 147 Man, John ( 2002 ), The Gutenberg Revolution : The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World, London : Review, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 9 McGovern, Melvin ( 1967 ), `` Early Western Presses in Korea '', Korea Journal : 21 -- 23 Moritz, Walter ( 1979 ), `` Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks in Südwestafrika / Namibia '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 269 -- 276 Watson, William J. ( 1968 ), `` İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula '', Journal of the American Oriental Society, 88 ( 3 ) : 435 -- 441, doi : 10.2307 / 596868 Wydra, Wieslaw ( 1987 ), `` Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475 -- 1520 '', Gutenberg - Jahrbuch, 62 : 88 -- 94 Further reading Charles Henry Timperley ( 1839 ). `` Chronological index of the towns and countries in which the art of printing is known to have been exercised ''. Dictionary of Printer and Printing. London : H. Johnson. Henry Cotton ( 1866 ). A Typographical Gazetteer ( 2nd ed. ). Clarendon Press -- via HathiTrust. On the effects of Gutenberg 's printing Eisenstein, Elizabeth L., The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, September 1980, Paperback, 832 pages, ISBN 0 - 521 - 29955 - 1 McLuhan, Marshall, The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( 1962 ) Univ. of Toronto Press ( 1st ed. ) ; reissued by Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0 - 7100 - 1818 - 5 Febvre, Lucien & Martin, Henri - Jean, The Coming of the Book : the impact of printing 1450 -- 1800, Verso, London & New York, 1990, ISBN 0 - 86091 - 797 - 5 External links Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition, 1888 -- 1890 The Atlas of Early Printing Communication studies Topics and terminology Biocommunication Broadcasting Communication Computer - mediated communication Conversation History of communication Information Intercultural / Interpersonal / Intrapersonal communication Journalism Mass media Meaning Media ecology Meta - communication Models of communication New media Nonverbal communication Propaganda Reading Speech Symbol Telecommunication Text and conversation theory Writing Subfields Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis communication Cross-cultural communication Development communication Discourse analysis Environmental communication Health communication International communication Mass communication Media studies Mediated cross-border communication Organizational communication Political communication Risk communication Science communication Technical communication Visual communication Related fields Conversation analysis Critical theory Cultural studies Digital rhetoric Film criticism Heritage interpretation Journalism photojournalism Linguistics Philosophy of language Political science Pragmatics Public relations Rhetoric Semiotics Sociolinguistics Sociology of culture Theatre Scholars Adorno Barthes Bateson Benjamin Burke Castells Chomsky Craig Fisher Flusser Gerbner Goffman Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards Rogers Schramm Tankard Tannen Wertheimer History Journals Organizations Outline Scholars Templates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_spread_of_the_printing_press&oldid=806117730 '' Categories : History of printing Incunabula Information revolution Technological change Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017, at 20 : 28. 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Question: who invented the printing press which helped spread the renaissance throughout europe
Answer: Johannes Gutenberg