Aerial bombing of cities - wikipedia Aerial bombing of cities This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2013 ) Only ruins left after the aerial Bombing of Guernica by the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany 's Luftwaffe ( 1937 ). Frampol before ( left ) and after ( right ) the German Luftwaffe bombing raids in September 1939 during early World War II ( the town was almost completely destroyed ). The remains of German town of Wesel after intensive Allied area bombing in 1945 near the end of World War II ( a destruction percentage of 97 % of all buildings ). The aerial bombing of cities in warfare is an optional element of strategic bombing which became widespread during World War I. The bombing of cities grew to a vast scale in World War II, and is still practiced today. The development of aerial bombardment marked an increased capacity of armed forces to deliver ordnance from the air against combatants, military bases, and factories, with a greatly reduced risk to its ground forces. Civilian and non-combatant casualties in bombed cities have variously been a purposeful result of the bombings, or unavoidable collateral damage depending on intent and technology. A number of multilateral efforts have been made to restrict the use of aerial bombardment so as to protect non-combatants. Contents 1 Before World War I 1.1 First Italian War of Independence 1.2 Italian Invasion of Libya 1.3 Balkan War 1.4 Mexican Revolution 2 World War I 3 Interbellum period 3.1 Iraqi revolt against the British 3.2 Somaliland Campaign 3.3 Cristero War 3.4 Second Italo - Abyssinian War 3.5 Spanish Civil War 3.6 Second Sino - Japanese War 4 World War II 4.1 European theatre 4.2 Pacific theatre 5 Since World War II 5.1 Korean War 5.2 Vietnam War 5.3 Arab - Israeli conflict 5.4 Wars in Afghanistan 5.5 Iran -- Iraq War 5.6 Somalia 's campaign against Isaaq 5.7 Gulf War 5.8 Yugoslav wars 5.9 Chechen wars 5.10 Iraq War 5.11 Syria 5.12 Other conflicts 6 International law 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Before World War I First Italian War of Independence The first bombs delivered to their targets by air were launched on unmanned balloons, carrying a single bomb, by the Austrians against Venice in 1849, during the First Italian War of Independence. Italian invasion of Libya The first ever air raid was conducted during the Italo - Turkish War by Italian forces against the Ottoman province of Libya on November 1, 1911. Giulio Gavotti dropped 1.5 kg of bombs on Ain Zara, a village 8 km west of the capital Tripoli. Balkan War Adrianople ( presently Edirne ) was bombed by Bulgaria in 1912 in the First Balkan War. Historically, it was the first bombardment of a city from a heavier - than - air aircraft. In the morning of 29 October 1912 at 9 : 30 a.m. the plane Albatros F - 3 took off from an airfield near the village of Mustafa Pasha - present day Svilengrad, Bulgaria. The pilot was captain Radul Mikov with spotter and bombardier Prodan Tarakchiev. The airfield was specially created to carry out the take off and landing. According to the report weather conditions were perfect. The flight lasted for 1 hour and 20 minutes and the altitude was 500m. During the flight the crew flew over the city of Edirne, discovered hidden Ottoman forces in the nearby villages and flew towards to city railroad station, near the village of Karaagach. The plane was equipped with two bombs, which were released at 10 : 00 am over the station. The crew landed successfully at the airfield with 4 holes on the hull. A number of journalists and military attachés attended the site. Mexican revolution In May 1914, during the revolution of 1910 -- 17, General Venustiano Carranza, later president, ordered a biplane to bomb Neveria Hill adjacent to the downtown area of Mazatlán in order to take the city. The bomb landed not on target but in a city street and in the process killed two citizens and wounded several others. World War I German airship Schütte Lanz SL2 bombing Warsaw in 1914. Main article : Strategic bombing during World War I The first civilian target to be bombed from the air was the Belgian city of Antwerp. This city, at that moment the National Redoubt of Belgium, was bombed during the night of 24 -- 25 August 1914. Instead of targeting the surrounding fortresses, the Zeppelin LZ 25 's intention was to bomb the clearly distinguishable historical centre of the city. After dropping approximately ten bombs, ten people were killed and forty injured. The British Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) undertook the first Entente strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914 and 8 October, when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Cologne and Düsseldorf. The aeroplanes carried twenty - pound bombs, and at least one airship was destroyed. On 19 January 1915 two German Zeppelins dropped 24 fifty - kilogram ( 110 lb ) high - explosive bombs and ineffective three - kilogram incendiaries on the English towns of Great Yarmouth, Sheringham, King 's Lynn, and the surrounding villages ; in all, four people were killed, 16 injured, and monetary damage was estimated at £ 7,740. London was bombed for the first time on 30 May 1915. In July 1916, the German government allowed directed raids against urban centers, sparking 23 airship raids in 1916 in which 125 tons of ordnance were dropped, killing 293 people and injuring 691. Gradually British air defenses improved and the Germans also introduced large bomber aircraft for bombing Britain. In 1917 and 1918 there were only eleven Zeppelin raids against England, and the final raid occurred on 5 August 1918, which resulted in the death of KK Peter Strasser, commander of the German Naval Airship Department. By the end of the war, 51 raids had been undertaken, in which 5,806 bombs were dropped, killing 557 people and injuring 1,358. In the course of the Zeppelin raids the Germans lost more than half their airships and 40 % of their crew. It has been argued that the raids were effective far beyond material damage inflicted, in diverting and hampering wartime production, and diverting twelve squadrons and over 10,000 men to air defenses. The British developed an Independent Force of long - range bombers that could bomb Berlin, but the war ended before these raids began. After the war, bombers ' increasing sophistication led to the general belief that aerial bombing would both destroy cities and be impossible to stop ; as Stanley Baldwin stated in a 1932 speech, `` The bomber will always get through ''. Interbellum period Iraqi revolt against the British After World War I, there were protests in Iraq against continued British rule. Many Iraqis across a wide spectrum of opinion opposed the British Mandate for Iraq. The Iraqi revolt against the British began, with peaceful demonstrations in May 1920. Initial demands were rejected by the British administration, and fighting broke out in June 1920. This was suppressed, with many deaths, and at very high costs to the Empire. A policy of ' aerial policing ', an invention of Winston Churchill 's was brought in. This amounted to bombing restive civilians, followed up by pacification by ground troops. This continued up to the mid 1920s. The aerial campaign included Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet, who commanded a Vickers Vernon squadron engaged in the bombing and strafing of recalcitrant civilians. Harris felt that the Arab civilians required this kind of `` heavy hand '' treatment. Somaliland campaign Following the end of World War I, the British stepped up their efforts in their war against the Somali Dervish state, led by the so - called `` Mad Mullah '', whom they had been fighting for the control the area formerly known as British Somaliland. However, they had been unable to defeat the Dervish state for nearly 25 years. In January 1920, the British launched a combined aerial and land attack, bombarding Taleeh, the capital of the Dervish State. The Somaliland Campaign has been described as one of the bloodiest and longest - running conflicts in the history of sub-Saharan Africa and the Somali forces are noted for concurrently repelling the invading British, Italian and Abyssinian forces for a period of 25 years. Cristero War Main article : Bombing of Naco During the Cristero War in Mexico in 1929, Irish pilot and mercenary Patrick Murphy mistakenly dropped several improvised `` suitcase bombs '' on the border town of Naco, Arizona, while bombing government forces in the adjacent town of Naco, Sonora, for the Cristero revolutionaries. The bombing, which caused damage to many buildings and injured several bystanders on the American side of the international border, became the first aerial bombardment of the Continental United States by a foreign power in American history. Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Italians used aircraft against the Ethiopian cities in the Second Italo - Abyssinian War. For example, in February 1936, the Italian invasion forces in the south prepared for a major thrust towards the city of Harar. On 22 March, the Regia Aeronautica bombed Harar and Jijiga as a prelude. Both cities were reduced to ruins even though Harar had been declared an `` open city ''. Spanish civil War During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalists under Francisco Franco made extensive use of aerial bombing on civilian targets. Nazi Germany gave aircraft to Franco to support the overthrow of the Spanish Republican government. The first major example of this came in November 1936, when German and Spanish aircraft bombed Republican - held Madrid ; this bombardment was sustained throughout the Siege of Madrid. Barcelona and Valencia were also targeted in this way. On 26 April 1937, the German Luftwaffe ( Condor Legion ) bombed the Spanish city of Guernica carrying out the most high - profile aerial attack of the war. This act caused worldwide revulsion and was the subject of a famous painting by Picasso, but by the standards of bombings during World War II, casualties were fairly minor ( estimates ranging from 500 to 1,500 ). Shortly after, the front - page headlines of the Diario de Almeria, dated June 3, 1937, referred to the press in London and Paris carrying the news of the `` criminal bombardment of Almeria by German planes ''. Barcelona was bombarded for three days beginning on 16 March 1938, at the height of the Spanish Civil War. Under the command of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, Italian aircraft stationed on the island of Majorca attacked 13 times dropping 44 tons of bombs, aimed at the civil population. These attacks were at the request of General Franco as retribution against the Catalan population. The medieval Cathedral of Barcelona suffered bomb damage and more than one thousand people died, including many children. The number of people injured is estimated to be in the thousands. Many others Spanish towns and cities were bombed by the German Legion Condor and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria among them Jaen, Durango, Granollers and Alicante. Second Sino - Japanese War Casualties of a mass panic during a Japanese air raid in Chongqing ( Chungking ). During the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Japanese widely used airplanes to indiscriminately bomb key targets and cities, such as Mukden. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service, in conjunction with the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service, began relentlessly bombing Shanghai, Beijing ( Peking ), Tianjin ( Tientsin ) and several cities on the Chinese coast from the beginning of the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937. The bombing campaigns on Nanking and Canton which started in September 1937 evoked protests from the Western powers culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the League of Nations. An example of the many expressions of indignation came from Lord Cranborne, the British Under - Secretary of State For Foreign Affairs : Words can not express the feelings of profound horror with which the news of these raids had been received by the whole civilized world. They are often directed against places far from the actual area of hostilities. The military objective, where it exists, seems to take a completely second place. The main object seems to be to inspire terror by the indiscriminate slaughter of civilians... World War II European theatre See also : Strategic bombing during World War II A raid by the 8th Air Force on the Focke Wulf factory at Marienburg, Germany ( 1943 ). Aftermath of V - 2 bombing at Battersea, London, 27 January 1945. Results of the US - bombing of the Apollo company industrial plant in Bratislava ( Slovakia ) in September 1944. At the beginning of World War II, bombing of cities prior to invasion was an integral part of Nazi Germany 's strategy. In the first stages of war, the Germans carried out many bombings of towns and cities in Poland ( 1939 ), including the capital Warsaw ( also bombed in 1944 ), with Wieluń being the first city destroyed by 75 %. The Soviet Union also attempted strategic bombing against Poland and Finland, bombing Helsinki. The British bombed the German city of Monchengladbach on 11 May 1940. While Germany had refrained from aerial bombing of British cities after the British declaration of war on Germany in September 1939, Britain started aerial bombing of Germany, officially focusing on military and industrial targets, on the night of 15 / 16 May with 78 bombers against oil targets, 9 against steelworks and 9 against marshaling yards. Oil remained the main British objective until the summer of 1941, although German cities and towns were regularly bombed from May 1940. After the Fall of France, the Luftwaffe turned its attention to the United Kingdom. The scale of the attack increased greatly in July 1940, with 258 civilians killed, and again in August with 1,075 dead. During the night of 25 August, British bombers raided targets in and around Greater Berlin for the first time, in response to the accidental bombing of Oxford Street and the West End by the Luftwaffe while it was bombing the London docks. On 4 September 1940 Hitler, frustrated by the RAF 's superiority over the Luftwaffe and enraged by its bombing of German cities, decided to retaliate by bombing London and other cities in the UK. On 7 September the Luftwaffe began massed attacks on London. The bombing campaign was known in the UK as `` the Blitz '', and ran from September 1940 through to May 1941. The Coventry Blitz and the Belfast Blitz were two of the heaviest of all bombings by the Luftwaffe, killing 568 - 1,000 civilians of Coventry, killing over 1,100 civilians in Belfast, and destroying much of both city centres. British bombing policy evolved during the war. In the beginning, the RAF was forbidden to attack targets in Germany due to the risk of accidental civilian casualties. Following a German attack on military targets in the Orkney Islands on 16 March 1940 that killed a civilian, the RAF mounted its first attack against a German land target, the seaplane base on the island of Sylt. The RAF began attacking transport targets west of the Rhine on the night of 10 May following the German invasion of the Low Countries, and military targets in the rest of Germany after the bombing of Rotterdam. On 9 September 1940 RAF crews were instructed that due to the `` indiscriminate '' nature of German bombing, if they failed to find their assigned targets they were to attack targets of opportunity rather than bring their bombs home. On the 15 / 16 December the RAF carried out its first area bombing attack ( destroying 45 % of the city of Mannheim ), officially in response to the raid on Coventry. The bombing of Mannheim has often been described as the first deliberate `` terror bombing '' of the war. In 1942, the goals of the British attacks were defined : the primary goal was the so - called `` morale bombing '', to weaken the will of the civil population to resist. Following this directive intensive bombing of highly populated city centers and working class quarters started. On 30 May 1942, the RAF Bomber Command launched the first `` 1,000 bomber raid '' when 1,046 aircraft bombed Cologne in Operation Millennium, dropping over 2,000 tons of high explosive and incendiaries on the medieval town and burning it from end to end. 411 civilians and 85 combatants were killed, more than 130,000 had to leave the city. Two further 1,000 bomber raids were executed over Essen and Bremen, but to less effect than the destruction at Cologne. The effects of the massive raids using a combination of blockbuster bombs and incendiaries created firestorms in some cites. The most extreme examples were caused by the bombing of Hamburg in Operation Gomorrah ( 45,000 dead ), and the bombings of Kassel ( 10,000 dead ), Darmstadt ( 12,500 dead ), Pforzheim ( 21,200 dead ), Swinemuende ( 23,000 dead ), and Dresden ( 25,000 dead ). The Allies also bombed urban areas in the other countries, including occupied France ( Caen ) and the major industrial cities of northern Italy, like Milan and Turin. Some cities were bombed at the different times by the Luftwaffe and the Allies, for example Belgrade in Yugoslavia and Bucharest in Romania. The Luftwaffe also bombed cities in the Soviet Union, destroying Stalingrad in a massive air raid at the start of the Battle of Stalingrad and bombing Leningrad during the siege of the city of 1941 -- 1943. The Soviet bombing of the German cities was limited in comparison with the RAF bombing ( destruction caused by the Soviet army was mainly due to the land artillery ). The Soviet Air Force also bombed Budapest in Hungary. Pacific theatre See also : Air raids on Japan Nagasaki before and after bombing. In the Pacific theater, Japan continued to bomb Chinese cities as well as other Asian cities such as Singapore, Rangoon, and Mandalay. In the first few months of the war with the Western Powers, Japan projected its airpower on cities as distant as Colombo and Darwin. The U.S. firebombed Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10, 1945, and killed more than 100,000 people in the deadliest conventional bombing in history, known to the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) as Operation Meetinghouse. In a few hours, 100,000 people who were in Tokyo including civilians died either by the bombing or the conflagration that followed the bombing by 325 U.S. B - 29 's night attacks. The fleet included 279 bombers. The bombing was meant to burn wooden buildings and indeed the bombing caused fire that created a 50 m / s wind that is comparable to tornadoes. A total of 381,300 bombs amounting to 1783 tons, were used in the bombing. After the successful Operation Meetinghouse raid, the USAAF then went on to attack other Japanese cities with incendiary and high - explosives bombs in effort to pulverize the enemy 's war industry and shatter the enemy 's civilian morale to contribute to the war effort. From March to August 1945, the U.S. firebombing of 66 other Japanese cities had killed 350,000 civilians. In addition, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed 120,000 non-combatants, most of them civilians, and combatants. Since World War II Korean War See also : Bombing of North Korea 1950 - 1953 and Bombing of Pyongyang During the Korean War of 1950 -- 1953, U.S. - led UN air forces heavily bombed the cities in North Korea and the North - occupied South Korea, including their respective capital cities. There were also plans to use nuclear weapons against North Korea and the People 's Republic of China. Vietnam War From 1965 to 1968, during the Vietnam War, the United States Air Force conducted an aerial campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder. The campaign began with interdiction of supply lines in rural areas of southern North Vietnam but incrementally spread northward throughout the country. In 1966, restrictions against bombing the capital city of Hanoi and the country 's largest port, Haiphong, were lifted, and they were bombed by the USAF and Navy. The bombing of the city centers continued to be prohibited. However, the South Vietnamese cities seized by the communists were bombed, including the former capital of Huế during the 1968 Tet Offensive. The Republic of Vietnam Air Force bombed contested cities in South Vietnam in 1968, 1972 and 1975, while the Vietnam People 's Air Force attacked Southern cities ( including the capital city of Saigon ) in 1975. Arab - Israeli conflict The Lebanese capital of Beirut was attacked by the Israeli aircraft during the Siege of Beirut in 1982, and during the 2006 Lebanon War ( using guided munitions ). Israeli cities were bombed by Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian aircraft during the 1948 Arab - Israeli war and the Six day war. The bombing included attacks on some of Israel 's largest cities, such as Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Haifa. Israel also conducted air strikes targeting Palestinian targets during the Second Intifada, including against Hamas in Gaza. Wars in Afghanistan In March 1979, in response to an uprising, the Khalq - control army of Democratic Republic of Afghanistan carpet - bombed the Afghan third - largest city of Herat, causing massive destruction and some 5,000 to 25,000 deaths. Herat was also repeatedly bombed during the following Soviet involvement in the Afghan civil war. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. - led coalition attacked the urban targets in Afghanistan using mainly precision - guided munitions ( or `` smart bombs '' ). The United States government maintains that it has a policy of striking only significant combatant targets while doing all possible to avoid what it terms `` collateral damage '' to civilians and non-combatants during the U.S. - led war in Afghanistan. Iran -- Iraq War Saddam Hussein 's Iraq attacked civilian targets in Iranian cities in the `` War of the Cities '' during the Iran -- Iraq War in the 1980s, with Iranians retaliating in kind ( both sides soon switched to ballistic missile attacks ). Iraqi aircraft also bombed the Iraqi Kurdistan city of Halabja with conventional and chemical weapons in 1988, killing more than 5,000 people in the largest aerial poison gas attack in history. Somalia 's campaign against Isaaq Main article : Isaaq genocide Aftermath of the Somali government 's attack on Hargeisa, 90 per cent of the city was destroyed In 1988 Somali Air Force aircraft conducted intense aerial bombardment of major Isaaq cities targeting civilian Isaaqs during its campaign against Somali National Movement in the north of the country. Civilians were also strafed by Somali Air Force aircraft as they were fleeing the aerial bombardment. The artillery shelling and aerial bombardment caused the deaths of estimated 50,000 - 200,000 Isaaq civilians, as well as the complete destruction of Somalia 's second and third largest cities. It also caused up to 500,000 Somalis ( primarily of the Isaaq clan ) to flee and cross the border into Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees in what was described as `` one of the fastest and largest forced movements of people recorded in Africa '', and resulted in the creation of the world 's largest refugee camp then ( 1988 ), with another 400,000 being internally displaced. The scale of destruction led to Hargeisa being known as the ' Dresden of Africa '. Gulf War The Iraqi Air Force attacked Kuwait City in 1990 and bombed their own cities during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq, targeting civilians with the use of bomb - carrying helicopters ( use of airplanes was banned by the Coalition as part of the ceasefire agreement that ended hostilities of the Gulf War but not the war itself ). UN-led coalition aircraft attacked targets in Iraqi cities, including in the capital Baghdad and the largest southern city of Basra during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Yugoslav Wars At the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, in Croatia ( 1991 ), the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) carried out aerial bombing of Dubrovnik and Vukovar. NATO 's aerial bombing of FR Yugoslavia in 1999, an answer to the conflict in Kosovo, included aerial bombing throughout Serbia, notably of Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš. There were civilian casualties. Despite that the NATO campaign indeed being a violation of NATO 's own charter, the UNSC rebutted the case on March 24 and March 26 1999. NATO hit civilian economic infrastructure, the integrated national power grid ( leaving many cities in the dark ), schools, hospitals, water purification plants, dams, oil refineries fertilizer factories, a petrochemical plant, national parks and marketplaces, and also nearly hit nuclear reactors and waste facilities. The 78 - day bombing campaign is assessed as having been an ' economic catastrophe ', cutting the Yugoslav economy in half. Chechen Wars Post-Soviet Russia heavily bombed the Chechen capital of Grozny from the air with mostly unguided munitions ( including fuel - air explosives ) as well as bombarding it with a massive artillery barrages ( 1994 -- 1995, 1996 and 1999 -- 2000 ), killing thousands of people ( some estimates say 27,000 civilians were killed during the 1994 - 1995 siege alone ) including civilians during the First and Second Chechen Wars. Although the Russian pilots and soldiers were ordered to attack designated targets only, such as the Presidential Palace, due to their inexperience and lack of training, Russian soldiers and pilots bombed and shelled random targets inside the city. In 2003, the UN still called Grozny the most destroyed city on earth. Iraq War In 2003 Invasion of Iraq, the U.S. - led coalition aircraft again bombed Iraq, including the Shock and Awe campaign of precision bombing of government targets in the city centers. Since then, coalition aircraft attack Iraqi insurgent targets, including in urban locations like Najaf, Fallujah, Basra and Baghdad. There are frequent reports of civilian casualties, though it is often hard to distinguish guerrillas and civilians. Syria Syrian MiG - 23s bombed the city of Aleppo on 24 July 2012, the first use of aerial bombing in the Syrian civil war. Other conflicts Budapest was attacked by the Soviet air strikes in 1956 during the Hungarian Revolution. In 2008, the cities of Tskhinvali and Gori were hit by the Georgian and Russian aircraft during the war in Georgia. International law A memorial for victims of aerial bombing in Karlsruhe, Germany. The cenotaph at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Main article : Aerial bombardment and international law Air warfare, theoretically, must comply with laws and customs of war, including international humanitarian law by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on protected persons. These restraints on aerial warfare are covered by the general laws of war, because unlike war on land and at sea -- which are specifically covered by rules such as the 1907 Hague Convention and Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions, which contain pertinent restrictions, prohibitions and guidelines -- there are no treaties specific to aerial warfare. To be legal, aerial operations must comply with the principles of humanitarian law : military necessity, distinction, and proportionality : An attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy ; it must be an attack on a legitimate military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. See also Area bombardment Civilian casualties of strategic bombing Roerich Pact Strategic bombing survey Terror bombing V - 2 rocket, the world 's first long - range guided ballistic missile to cross the boundary of space, developed in Nazi Germany as a `` vengeance weapon '' Notes Jump up ^ Daniel Blatman, Rachel Grossbaum - Pasternak, Abraham Kleban, Shmuel Levin, Wila Orbach, Abraham Wein ( 1999 ). translation Volume VII, Yad Vashem, pp 406 -- 407. Jump up ^ `` International Law on the Bombing of Civilians ''. Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ Millbrooke, Anne ( 2006 ). Aviation History. Jeppesen. pp. 1 -- 20. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88487 - 235 - 1. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13294524 Jump up ^ Paris, Michael ( 1992 ). Winged warfare : the literature and theory of aerial warfare in Britain, 1859 -- 1917. Manchester u.a. : Manchester Univ. Press. pp. 110 -- 111. ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3694 - 1. 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The New Africa : Dispatches from a Changing Continent. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813017044. Jump up ^ https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf P. 10 Jump up ^ Harper, Mary ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ). Getting Somalia Wrong ? : Faith, War and Hope in a Shattered State. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781780321059. Jump up ^ Lindley, Anna ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ). The Early Morning Phonecall : Somali Refugees ' Remittances. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781782383284. Jump up ^ Gajraj, Priya ( 2005 ). Conflict in Somalia : Drivers and Dynamics ( PDF ). World Bank. p. 10. Jump up ^ Law, Ian ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ). Racism and Ethnicity : Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions. Longman. ISBN 9781405859127. Jump up ^ `` Africa Watch ''. Volume 5 : 4. 1993. Jump up ^ Harper, Mary ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ). Getting Somalia Wrong ? : Faith, War and Hope in a Shattered State. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 9781780321059. Jump up ^ US Department of State Dispatch. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1992. p. 29. Jump up ^ Raju G.C. Thomas ( 13 October 2003 ). Yugoslavia Unraveled : Sovereignty, Self - Determination, Intervention. Lexington Books. pp. 177 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 45499 - 3. Jump up ^ World Court Digest : Volume 3 : 1996 - 2000. Springer Science & Business Media. 5 August 2002. pp. 192 --. ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 43588 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Beau Grosscup ( 18 July 2013 ). Strategic Terror : The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 88 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84813 - 784 - 4. Jump up ^ The Battle ( s ) of Grozny Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Scars remain amid Chechen revival, BBC News, 3 March 2007 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : clashes and prison mutiny in Aleppo - Tuesday 24 July 2012 ''. The Guardian. 24 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Aleppo : BBC journalist on Syria warplanes bombing city ''. BBC news. 24 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Syria 's regime uses fighter jets for first time as it struggles to contain rebellion ''. The Telegraph. 24 July 2012. Jump up ^ Russia / Georgia : Investigate Civilian Deaths : High Toll from Attacks on Populated Areas, Human Rights Watch, 14 August 2008 ^ Jump up to : Gómez, Javier Guisández ( 20 June 1998 ). `` The Law of Air Warfare ''. International Review of the Red Cross. no 323 : 347 -- 63. Jump up ^ ' Long - range ' in the context of the time. See NASA history article. Jump up ^ Neufeld, Michael J ( 1995 ). The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York : The Free Press. pp. 158,160 -- 2,190. References Francisco Javier Guisández Gómez, a colonel in the Spanish Air Force ICRC : `` The Law of Air Warfare '' International Review of the Red Cross no 323, p. 347 -- 363 Jefferson D. Reynolds. `` Collateral Damage on the 21st century battlefield : Enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict, and the struggle for a moral high ground ''. Air Force Law Review Volume 56, 2005 ( PDF ) pp. 4 -- 108 Charles Rousseau, Le droit des conflits armés, Editions Pedone, Paris, 1983 Further reading Grayling, A.C. ( 2006 ). Among the Dead Cities. New York : Walker Publishing Company Inc. ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1471 - 4. Joan T. Phillips. List of documents and web links relating to the law of armed conflict in air and space operations, May 2006. Bibliographer, Muir S. Poochild Research Information Center Maxwell ( United States ) Air Force Base, Alabama. Hansen, Randall. Fire and Fury : the Allied Bombing of Germany ( Doubleday 2008 ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66403 - 5 ( 0 - 385 - 66403 - 6 ) World War II city bombing Area bombardment Aerial bombing of cities Firestorm Strategic bombing V - weapons Acre Akita Aomori Augsburg Baedeker Bahrain Barrow - in - Furness Bath Bangkok Belfast Belgrade Berlin Birmingham Braunschweig Bremen Breslau Brighton Bristol Bucharest Caen Cardiff Chongqing Clydebank Cologne Coventry Darmstadt Darwin Dietzenbach Dresden Dublin Duisburg Essen Foggia Frampol Frankfurt Frascati Freiburg Gibraltar Gorky Greenock Haifa Hamamatsu Hamburg Hanau Heilbronn Helsinki Hildesheim Hiratsuka Hiroshima Hull Innsbruck Jaffa Kassel Kobe Kōfu Königsberg Kure Leeds Leipzig Leningrad Liverpool London Lübeck Malta Manchester Mandalay Mannheim Manila Milan Minsk Nagaoka Nagasaki Nagoya Naha Nanjing Naples Nexø Nijmegen Nottingham Numazu Okazaki Osaka Pearl Harbor Pforzheim Ploiești Plymouth Podgorica Prague Rabaul Allied Rangoon Rome Rønne Rotterdam Schaffhausen Schwäbisch Hall Sendai Shanghai Sheffield Shizuoka Allied Singapore Axis Singapore Sofia Southampton Stalingrad Stuttgart Swansea Taipei Tallinn Tel Aviv Tokyo Toyohashi Toyokawa Treviso Ulm Utsunomiya Vienna Warsaw Wesel Wieluń Wilhelmshaven Wuppertal Würzburg Yawata Zadar Zagreb RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War Overviews Butt Report ( 1941 ) RAF strategic bombing 1942 -- 45 Area Bombing Directive ( 1942 ) Dehousing paper ( 1942 ) Casablanca directive ( 1943 ) Leaders Arthur `` Bomber '' Harris Frederick `` Prof '' Lindemann Sir Charles Portal Sir Archibald Sinclair Arthur W. Tedder Campaigns Oil targets Area bombing of cities ( 1942 -- 43 ) U-boat pens ( 1943 -- 44 ) Battle of the Ruhr ( 1943 ) Combined Bomber Offensive ( 1943 -- 44 ) Battle of Berlin ( 1943 -- 44 ) Hamburg Heilbronn Kassel Pforzheim Dresden Operations Bellicose ( Friedrichshafen ) Chastise ( `` Dambusters '' raid ) Hurricane ( 1944 ) Hydra ( Peenemünde ) Aircraft Blenheim Boston ( Douglas DB - 7 ) Halifax Hampden Lancaster Manchester Mosquito Stirling Ventura Wellington Whitley Technology `` Window '' H2S Gee `` Oboe '' Gee - H `` Monica '' Blockbuster bomb Earthquake bomb Tallboy Grand Slam Bouncing bomb Tactics Area bombardment Bomber stream Firebombing Diversion raids Electronic warfare Intruder operations Master Bomber Pathfinders Shuttle bombing See also Aerial defence of the United Kingdom United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Air operations during the Battle of Europe Defence of the Reich Death by Moonlight : Bomber Command Into the Storm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerial_bombing_of_cities&oldid=825710385 '' Categories : Aerial bombing Airstrikes by town or city Disasters by city Aerial operations and battles of World War II by town or city Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2008 Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 23 : 20. 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Question: where did the first air raid take place
Answer: Venice