History of the Philippines ( 1946 -- 65 ) - wikipedia History of the Philippines ( 1946 -- 65 ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2010 ) Republic of the Philippines Republika ng Pilipinas República de Filipinas 1946 -- 1965 Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Lupang Hinirang Chosen Land Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia. Capital Manila ( to 1948 ) Quezon City ( after 1948 ) Common languages Filipino Spanish English Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic President 1946 -- 1948 Manuel Roxas 1948 -- 1953 Elpidio Quirino 1953 -- 1957 Ramon Magsaysay 1957 -- 1961 Carlos P. Garcia 1961 -- 1965 Diosdado Macapagal Vice President 1946 -- 1948 Elpidio Quirino 1949 -- 1953 Fernando Lopez 1953 -- 1957 Carlos P. Garcia 1957 -- 1961 Diosdado Macapagal 1961 -- 1965 Emmanuel Pelaez Legislature Congress History Treaty of Manila July 4 1946 Inauguration of Manuel Roxas July 4, 1946 Inauguration of Elpidio Quirino April 17, 1948 Inauguration of Ramon Magsaysay December 30, 1953 1957 Cebu Douglas C - 47 crash March 17, 1957 Inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia March 18, 1957 Inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal December 30, 1961 Inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos December 30 1965 Area 343,448 km ( 132,606 sq mi ) Currency Philippine peso ISO 3166 code PH Preceded by Succeeded by Commonwealth of the Philippines Second Philippine Republic Fourth Philippine Republic Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre -- 900 ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1565 ) Historically documented city - states / polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict Brunei War Colonial period ( 1565 -- 1946 ) Spanish era Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan Battle of Mactan Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Sulu Sea pirates Dutch invasions British invasion Propaganda Movement Cavite Mutiny La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak - na - Bato Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Jones Law Tydings -- McDuffie Act Commonwealth Japanese occupation Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Second Republic Battle of Leyte Gulf Liberation of the Philippines Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Hukbalahap Rebellion Filipino First policy New Society & Fourth Republic CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict People Power Revolution Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) Mount Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 All - out war against MILF 2001 EDSA Revolution EDSA III Oakwood mutiny Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military Political Communications Transportation Filipino Americans Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal This article covers the history of the Philippines from the recognition of independence in 1946 to the end of the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal, which covered much of the Third Republic of the Philippines which ended on January 17, 1973 with the ratification of the 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Contents 1 Recognition of independence 1.1 Independence Day shifted 2 The Roxas Administration ( 1946 -- 48 ) 3 The Quirino Administration ( 1948 -- 53 ) 4 The Magsaysay Administration ( 1953 -- 57 ) 5 The Garcia Administration ( 1957 -- 61 ) 6 The Macapagal Administration ( 1961 -- 65 ) 7 References 8 External links Recognition of independence Not to be confused with Philippine Declaration of Independence or Independence Day ( Philippines ). Play media Proclamation of independence The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised during the Independence Day ceremonies on July 4, 1946 See also : Treaty of Manila ( 1946 ) and Republic Day ( Philippines ) On July 5, 1946, representatives of the United States of America and of the Republic of the Philippines signed a Treaty of General Relations between the two governments. The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as of July 4, 1946, and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands. The U.S. retained dozens of military bases, including a few major ones. In addition, independence was qualified by legislation passed by the U.S. Congress. For example, the Bell Trade Act provided a mechanism whereby U.S. import quotas might be established on Philippine articles which `` are coming, or are likely to come, into substantial competition with like articles the product of the United States ''. It further required U.S. citizens and corporations be granted equal access to Philippine minerals, forests, and other natural resources. In hearings before the Senate Committee on Finance, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs William Clayton described the law as `` clearly inconsistent with the basic foreign economic policy of this country '' and `` clearly inconsistent with our promise to grant the Philippines genuine independence. '' The Philippine government had little choice but to accept these terms for independence. The U.S. Congress was threatening to withhold post-World War II rebuilding funds unless the Bell Act was ratified. The Philippine Congress obliged on July 2, 1946. After independence, the US continued to direct the country through Central Intelligence Agency operatives like Edward Lansdale. As Raymond Bonner and other historians note, Lansdale controlled the career of President Ramon Magsaysay, going so far as to physically beat him when the Philippine leader attempted to reject a speech the CIA had written for him. American agents also drugged sitting President Elpidio Quirino and contemplated assassinating Senator Claro Recto.. Prominent Filipino historian Roland G. Simbulan has called the CIA `` US imperialism 's clandestine apparatus in the Philippines. '' Independence Day shifted Main article : Independence Day ( Philippines ) The Philippines currently celebrates its Independence Day on June 12, the anniversary of Emilio Aguinaldo 's declaration of independence from Spain in 1898. The declaration was not recognised by the United States which, after defeating the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay in May that year, acquired the Philippine Islands via the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish -- American War. From 1946 to 1961, the Philippines observed Independence Day on July 4. On May 12, 1962, President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 proclaiming June 12, 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines. In 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day. The Roxas administration ( 1946 -- 48 ) Manuel Roxas, president from 1946 -- 48 When the Congress of the Philippines was convened in 1945, the legislators elected in 1941 chose Manuel Roxas as Senate President. In the Philippine national elections of 1946, Roxas ran for president as the nominee of the liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party. He had the staunch support of General MacArthur. His opponent was Sergio Osmeña, who refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew his reputation. In the April 23, 1946 election, Roxas won 54 percent of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature. When the Philippines gained independence from the United States on July 4, 1946, Roxas became the first president of the new republic. Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the United States after independence, he was forced to concede military bases ( 23 of which were leased for 99 years ), trade restrictions for the Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owners and investors. His administration was marred by graft and corruption ; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left - wing Hukbalahap ( Huk ) movement in the countryside. His heavy - handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection. During Roxas ' term of office administration of the Turtle Islands and Mangsee Islands was transferred by the United Kingdom to the Republic of the Philippines. By an international treaty concluded in 1930 between the United States ( in respect of its then overseas territory, the Philippine Archipelago ) and the United Kingdom ( in respect of its then protectorate, the State of North Borneo ) the two powers agreed the international boundaries between those respective territories. In that treaty the United Kingdom also accepted that the Turtle Islands as well as the Mangsee Islands were part of the Philippines Archipelago and therefore under US sovereignty. However, by a supplemental international treaty concluded at the same time, the two powers agreed that those islands, although part of the Philippines Archipelago, would remain under the administration of the State of North Borneo 's British North Borneo Company. The supplemental treaty provided that the British North Borneo Company would continue to administer those islands unless and until the United States government gave notice to the United Kingdom calling for administration of the islands to be transferred to the U.S. The U.S. never gave such a notice. On the 4th of July, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines was born. It became the successor to the U.S. under the treaties of 1930. On the 15th of July, 1946, the United Kingdom annexed the State of North Borneo and, in the view of the United Kingdom, became the sovereign power with respect to what had been the State of North Borneo. On 19 September 1946, the Republic of the Philippines notified the United Kingdom that it wished to take over the administration of the Turtle Islands and the Mangesse Islands. Pursuant to a supplemental international agreement, the transfer of administration became effective on 16 October 1947. Roxas did not stay long in office because of a heart attack as he was speaking at Clark Air Base on April 15, 1948. He was succeeded by his vice president Elpidio Quirino. The Quirino administration ( 1948 -- 53 ) Elpidio Quirino, president from 1948 -- 53 Quirino assumed the presidency on April 17, 1948, taking his oath of office two days after the death of Manuel Roxas. In 1949 the wartime president, Jose P. Laurel of the Nacionalista Party, ran against Quirino in what has been described as a particularly corrupt and venal exercise in democracy. Although historians in general accept that Laurel was elected, he refused to challenge Quirino 's declared victory with force. Since Quirino was a widower, his surviving daughter Vicky would serve as the official hostess and perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the First Lady. Quirino 's administration faced a serious threat in the form of the communist Hukbalahap movement. Though the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and when Quirino 's negotiation with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948, Taruc openly declared himself a Communist and called for the overthrow of the government. His six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption. In 1950, the administration of president Quirino was beginning the Korean War and over 7,450 Filipino soldiers were sent to Korea under the designation of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea or PEFTOK. Although ill, Quirino ran for re-election in 1953, but he was overwhelmingly defeated by Ramon Magsaysay. The Magsaysay administration ( 1953 -- 57 ) Ramon Magsaysay, president from 1953 -- 57 In the Election of 1953, Magsaysay was elected president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino, with the scarcely concealed help of American officials and funds. He was sworn into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president. As president, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against communism during the Cold War. He led the foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defeat communist - Marxist movements in South East Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific. During his term, he made Malacañan Palace literally a `` house of the people '', opening its gates to the public. One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a new plane belonging to the Philippines Air Force ( PAF ). President Magsaysay asked what the operating costs per hour were for that type of aircraft, then wrote a personal check to the PAF, covering the cost of his flight. On March 16, 1957 Magsaysay left Manila for Cebu City where he spoke at three educational institutions. That same night, at about 1 a.m., he boarded the presidential plane `` Mt. Pinatubo '', a C - 47, heading back to Manila. In the early morning hours of March 17, his plane was reported missing. It was late in the afternoon that day that newspapers reported that the airplane had crashed on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu and that 25 of the 26 passengers and crew aboard were killed. Only newspaperman Néstor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos P. García, who was on an official visit to Australia at the time, assumed the presidency to serve out the last eight months of Magsaysay 's term. An estimated 2 million people attended Magsaysay 's burial on March 22, 1957. The García administration ( 1957 -- 61 ) Carlos P. Garcia, president from 1957 -- 61 Garcia assumed the presidency after Ramón Magsaysay died in a plane crash on March 17, 1957, and was elected later the same year, in the Election 1957, to a full term. During his administration, he acted on the Bohlen -- Serrano Agreement which shortened the lease of the US Bases from 99 years to 25 years and made it renewable after every five years. He was well known when he exercised the Filipino First Policy during his term in office. This policy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors. He was also responsible for changes in retail trade which greatly affected the Chinese businessmen in the country. He also made a program focused on thriftiness. At the end of his second term, he ran for re -- election in the Election 1961 in November 1961, but was defeated by Diosdado Macapagal, who served as Vice-President under him, but belonged to the opposing Liberal Party - in the Philippines the President and the Vice-President are elected separately. The Macapagal administration ( 1961 -- 65 ) Diosdado Macapagal, president from 1961 -- 65 In the 1961 presidential election, Macapagal ran against Garcia and defeated the incumbent president by a 55 % to 45 % margin. Seeking to stimulate economic development, Macapagal took the advice of supporters and allowed the Philippine peso to float on the free currency exchange market. His reform efforts were blocked by the Nacionalistas, who dominated the House of Representatives and the Senate at that time. Nonetheless, his presidency achieved growth and prosperity for the nation. Among the most significant achievements of Macapagal as president were the abolition of tenancy and accompanying land reform program in the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963. He also changed the date of celebration of Philippine independence from July 4 to June 12, the latter date having been the day when in 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence from Spain ). Later, Macapagal told author Stanley Karnow that the reason for the change was that American Embassy celebrations were visited more than the Filipino reception on the July 4 American independence day. Macapagal was defeated for re-election in 1965 by Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, a former Liberal Party ally who defected to the Nacionalista party to challenge the incumbent President. References Jump up ^ `` TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 '' ( PDF ). United Nations. Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Act No. 733 ''. Chan Robles Law Library. April 30, 1946. Jump up ^ Jenkins, Shirley ( 1954 ). American Economic Policy Toward the Philippines. Stanford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1139 - 9. Jump up ^ Butterfield, Fox ; Times, Special to the New York ( 1987 - 04 - 19 ). `` New Book on Marcos Says U.S. Knew of His ' 72 Martial - Law Plans ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Nashel, Jonathan ( 2005 ). Edward Lansdale 's Cold War. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 32. ISBN 1558494642. Jump up ^ Simbulan, Roland G. ( August 18, 2000 ). `` Equipo Nizkor - Covert Operations and the CIA 's Hidden History in the Philippines ''. www.derechos.org ( Lecture at the University of the Philippines - Manila, Rizal Hall, Padre Faura, Manila ). Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23. Jump up ^ Diosdado Macapagal. `` Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day ''. Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11. Jump up ^ Manuel S. Satorre Jr. `` President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12 ''. positivenewsmedia.net. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE, AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY, FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY - NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE ''. Chanrobles Law Library. August 4, 1964. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11. Jump up ^ Convention between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930 Jump up ^ Exchange of Notes between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930 Jump up ^ The North Borneo Cession Order in Council 1946 Jump up ^ Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic ; Cmd 8320 Jump up ^ Peter C. Richards ( 6 December 1947 ). `` New Flag Over Pacific Paradise ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2015. Jump up ^ Philippine presidents `` Manuel A. Roxas, Malacañang Museum ( archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 29 ). ^ Jump up to : Owen, Norman G. ( 2010 ). The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia : A New History. Singapore : NUS Press. p. 293. ISBN 978 - 9971 - 69 - 328 - 2. Jump up ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. ( 1984 ). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press. Jump up ^ Townsend, William Cameron ( 1952 ). Biography of President Lázaro Cárdenas. See the SIL International Website at : Establishing the Work in Mexico. Jump up ^ Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray : The Magsaysay Story ( The John Day Company, 1956, updated - with an additional chapter on Magsaysay 's death - re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP - 18, December 1957 ) Jump up ^ Karnow, Stanley ( 1989 ). In Our Image : America 's Empire in the Philippines. New York : Ballantine Books. p. 365. ISBN 0 - 345 - 32816 - 7. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Manila ( 1946 ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Republic Act No. 4166 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Proclamation 2695 External links PBS Frontline Philippine Independence Day Celebration - NYC Mutual Defense Treaty -- Full text of the Mutual Defense Treaty between the Philippines and United States of America. 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Question: when did the philippines become an independent country
Answer: July 4, 1946