Baghdad - wikipedia Baghdad This article is about the capital of Iraq. For other uses, see Baghdad ( disambiguation ). Baghdad بغداد Capital city Clockwise from top : Aerial view of the Green Zone ; Al - Mustansiriya University ; Al - Kadhimiya Mosque ; Swords of Qadisiyah monument ; and the National Museum of Iraq Seal Nickname ( s ) : ' The City of Peace ' Baghdad Baghdad Show map of Iraq Show map of Asia Show all Location of Baghdad within Iraq Coordinates : 33 ° 20 ′ N 44 ° 23 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 33.333 ° N 44.383 ° E ﻿ / 33.333 ; 44.383 Coordinates : 33 ° 20 ′ N 44 ° 23 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 33.333 ° N 44.383 ° E ﻿ / 33.333 ; 44.383 Country Iraq Governorate Baghdad Established 762 AD Founded by Abu Jafar al - Mansur Government Type Mayor -- council Body Baghdad City Advisory Council Mayor Zekra Alwach Area Total 204.2 km ( 78.8 sq mi ) Elevation 34 m ( 112 ft ) Population Estimate ( 2016 ) 8,765,000 Rank 1st Demonym ( s ) Baghdadi Time zone Arabia Standard Time ( UTC + 3 ) Summer ( DST ) No DST ( UTC ) Postal code 10001 to 10090 Website Mayoralty of Baghdad Baghdad ( Arabic : بغداد ‎ ‎, ( baɣˈdaːd ) ( listen ) ) is the capital of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, as of 2016, is approximately 8,765,000, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world ( after Cairo, Egypt ), and the second largest city in Western Asia ( after Tehran, Iran ). Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions ( e.g., House of Wisdom ), garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the `` Centre of Learning ''. For five centuries from its founding Baghdad was the largest city of the Middle Ages, peaking at a population of more than a million. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state ( formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia ) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arab culture. In contemporary times, the city has often faced severe infrastructural damage, most recently due to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the subsequent Iraq War that lasted until December 2011. In recent years, the city has been frequently subjected to insurgency attacks. As of 2012, Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live, and was ranked by Mercer as the worst of 221 major cities as measured by quality - of - life. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Foundation 2.2 Surrounding walls 2.2. 1 Golden Gate Palace 2.2. 2 Abbasids and the round city 2.3 Center of learning ( 8th to 13th centuries ) 2.3. 1 End of the Abbasids in Baghdad 2.4 Ottoman era ( 16th to 19th centuries ) 2.5 20th and 21st centuries 3 Main sights 3.1 Mutanabbi Street 3.2 Baghdad Zoo 3.3 Mosque of the Kadhimain 3.4 Mosque of Abu Hanifah 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 5 Administrative divisions 6 Demographics 7 Economy 7.1 Reconstruction efforts 7.2 Retails 7.3 Stadiums 7.4 Housing 7.5 Education 7.6 Universities 8 Culture 8.1 Institutions 9 Sport 10 Major streets 11 Twin towns / Sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic, and its origin is disputed. The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. By the 8th century AD, several villages had developed there, including a Persian hamlet called Baghdad, the name which would come to be used for the Abbasid metropolis. Arab authors, realizing the pre-Islamic origins of Baghdad 's name, generally looked for its roots in Persian. They suggested various meanings, the most common of which was `` bestowed by God ''. Modern scholars generally tend to favor this etymology, which views the word as a compound of bagh ( ) `` god '' and dād ( ) `` given '', In Old Persian the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to Slavic bog `` god '', while the second can be traced to dadāti. A similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradāt ( Mihrdād in New Persian ), known in English by its Hellenistic form Mithridates, meaning `` gift of Mithra '' ( dāt is the more archaic form of dād, related to Latin dat and English donor ). There are a number of other locations in the wider region whose names are compounds of the word bagh, including Baghlan and Bagram in Afghanistan or a village called Bagh - šan in Iran. The name of the town Baghdati in Georgia shares the same etymological origins. A few authors have suggested older origins for the name, in particular the name Bagdadu or Hudadu that existed in Old Babylonian ( spelled with a sign that can represent both bag and hu ), and the Babylonian Talmudic name of a place called `` Baghdatha ''. Some scholars suggested Aramaic derivations. When the Abbasid caliph, al - Mansur, founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name Madinat al - Salaam or City of Peace. This was the official name on coins, weights, and other official usage, although the common people continued to use the old name. By the 11th century, `` Baghdad '' became almost the exclusive name for the world - renowned metropolis. History Main articles : History of Baghdad and Timeline of Baghdad Foundation A view of Baghdad from the print collection in Travels in Asia and Africa, etc. ( ed. J.P. Berjew, British Library ) After the fall of the Umayyads, the first Muslim dynasty, the victorious Abbasid rulers wanted their own capital from which they could rule. They chose a site north of the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon ( and also just north of where ancient Babylon had once stood ), and on 30 July 762 the caliph Al - Mansur commissioned the construction of the city. It was built under the supervision of the Barmakids. Mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic empire under the Abbasids. Mansur loved the site so much he is quoted saying : `` This is indeed the city that I am to found, where I am to live, and where my descendants will reign afterward ''. The city 's growth was helped by its excellent location, based on at least two factors : it had control over strategic and trading routes along the Tigris, and it had an abundance of water in a dry climate. Water exists on both the north and south ends of the city, allowing all households to have a plentiful supply, which was very uncommon during this time. Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanians, which was located some 30 km ( 19 mi ) to the southeast. Today, all that remains of Ctesiphon is the shrine town of Salman Pak, just to the south of Greater Baghdad. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia, the first capital of the Seleucid Empire, which had earlier replaced the city of Babylon. In its early years, the city was known as a deliberate reminder of an expression in the Qur'an, when it refers to Paradise. It took four years to build ( 764 -- 768 ). Mansur assembled engineers, surveyors, and art constructionists from around the world to come together and draw up plans for the city. Over 100,000 construction workers came to survey the plans ; many were distributed salaries to start the building of the city. July was chosen as the starting time because two astrologers, Naubakht Ahvazi and Mashallah, believed that the city should be built under the sign of the lion, Leo. Leo is associated with fire and symbolises productivity, pride, and expansion. The bricks used to make the city were 18 inches ( 460 mm ) on all four sides. Abu Hanifah was the counter of the bricks and he developed a canal, which brought water to the work site for the use of both human consumption and the manufacturing of the bricks. Marble was also used to make buildings throughout the city, and marble steps led down to the river 's edge. The basic framework of the city consists of two large semicircles about 19 km ( 12 mi ) in diameter. The city was designed as a circle about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) in diameter, leading it to be known as the `` Round City ''. The original design shows a single ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls, but the final construction added another ring inside the first. Within the city there were many parks, gardens, villas, and promenades. In the center of the city lay the mosque, as well as headquarters for guards. The purpose or use of the remaining space in the center is unknown. The circular design of the city was a direct reflection of the traditional Persian Sasanian urban design. The Sasanian city of Gur in Fars, built 500 years before Baghdad, is nearly identical in its general circular design, radiating avenues, and the government buildings and temples at the centre of the city. This style of urban planning contrasted with Ancient Greek and Roman urban planning, in which cities are designed as squares or rectangles with streets intersecting each other at right angles. Panoramic view over the ancient city of Babylon, located 85 km ( 53 mi ) south of Baghdad. Surrounding walls The four surrounding walls of Baghdad were named Kufa, Basra, Khurasan, and Syria ; named because their gates pointed in the directions of these destinations. The distance between these gates was a little less than 2.4 km ( 1.5 mi ). Each gate had double doors that were made of iron ; the doors were so heavy it took several men to open and close them. The wall itself was about 44 m thick at the base and about 12 m thick at the top. Also, the wall was 30 m high, which included merlons, a solid part of an embattled parapet usually pierced by embrasures. This wall was surrounded by another wall with a thickness of 50 m. The second wall had towers and rounded merlons, which surrounded the towers. This outer wall was protected by a solid glacis, which is made out of bricks and quicklime. Beyond the outer wall was a water - filled moat. Golden Gate palace The Golden Gate Palace, the residence of the caliph and his family, was in the middle of Baghdad, in the central square. In the central part of the building, there was a green dome that was 39 m high. Surrounding the palace was an esplanade, a waterside building, in which only the caliph could come riding on horseback. In addition, the palace was near other mansions and officer 's residences. Near the Gate of Syria, a building served as the home for the guards. It was made of brick and marble. The palace governor lived in the latter part of the building and the commander of the guards in the front. In 813, after the death of caliph Al - Amin, the palace was no longer used as the home for the caliph and his family. The roundness points to the fact that it was based on Arabic script. The two designers who were hired by Al - Mansur to plan the city 's design were Naubakht, a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and Mashallah, a Jew from Khorasan, Iran. Abbasids and the Round city The Round city of Baghdad between 767 and 912 AD The Abbasid Caliphate was based on their being the descendants of the uncle of Muhammad and being part of the Quraysh tribe. They used Shi'a resentment, Khorasanian movement, and appeals to the ambitions and traditions of the newly conquered Persian aristocracy to overthrow the Umayyads. The Abbasids sought to combine the hegemony of the Arab tribes with the imperial, court, ceremonial, and administrative structures of the Persians. The Abbasids considered themselves the inherittures and the need of Harun al - Rashid to place the capital in a place that was representative of Arab - Islamic identity by building the House of Wisdom, where ancient texts were translated from their original language, such as Greek, to Arabic. Al - Ma'mun is credited with the `` Translation Movement '' for this. Further, Baghdad is also near the ancient Sassanid imperial seat of Ctesiphon on the Tigris River. Center of learning ( 8th to 13th centuries ) Further information : Islamic Golden Age Within a generation of its founding, Baghdad became a hub of learning and commerce. The House of Wisdom was an establishment dedicated to the translation of Greek, Middle Persian and Syriac works. Scholars headed to Baghdad from all over the Abbasid Caliphate, facilitating the introduction of Persian, Greek and Indian science into the Arabic and Islamic world at that time. Baghdad was likely the largest city in the world from shortly after its foundation until the 930s, when it was tied by Córdoba. Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak. Many of the One Thousand and One Nights tales are set in Baghdad during this period. Among the notable features of Baghdad during this period were its exceptional libraries. Many of the Abbasid caliphs were patrons of learning and enjoyed collecting both ancient and contemporary literature. Although some of the princes of the previous Umayyad dynasty had begun to gather and translate Greek scientific literature, the Abbasids were the first to foster Greek learning on a large scale. Many of these libraries were private collections intended only for the use of the owners and their immediate friends, but the libraries of the caliphs and other officials soon took on a public or a semi-public character. Four great libraries were established in Baghdad during this period. The earliest was that of the famous Al Mamun, who was caliph from 813 to 833. Another was established by Sabur Ibn Ardashir in 991 or 993 for the literary men and scholars who frequented his academy. Unfortunately, this second library was plundered and burned by the Seljuks only seventy years after it was established. This was a good example of the sort of library built up out of the needs and interests of a literary society. The last two were examples of madrasa or theological college libraries. The Nizamiyah was founded by the Persian Nizam al Mulk, who was vizier of two early Seljuk sultans. It continued to operate even after the coming of the Mongols in 1258. The Mustansiriyah madrasa, which owned an exceedingly rich library, was founded by Al Mustansir, the second last Abbasid caliph, who died in 1242. This would prove to be the last great library built by the caliphs of Baghdad. End of the Abbasids in Baghdad Al Khulafa historical Abbasid mosque in Baghdad Zumurrud Khaton tomb in Baghdad ( built in 1202 AD ), photo of 1932 By the 10th century, the city 's population was between 1.2 million and 2 million. Baghdad 's early meteoric growth eventually slowed due to troubles within the Caliphate, including relocations of the capital to Samarra ( during 808 -- 819 and 836 -- 892 ), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the Iranian Buwayhids ( 945 -- 1055 ) and Seljuk Turks ( 1055 -- 1135 ). The Seljuks were a clan of the Oghuz Turks from the Central Asia that converted to the Sunni branch of Islam. In 1040, they destroyed the Ghaznavids, taking over their land and in 1055, Tughril Beg, the leader of the Seljuks, took over Baghdad. The Seljuks expelled the Buyid dynasty of Shiites that ruled for some time and took over power and control of Baghdad. They ruled as Sultans in the name of the Abbasid caliphs ( they saw themselves as being part of the Abbasid regime ). Tughril Beg saw himself as the protector of the Abbasid Caliphs. Wars in which Baghdad was involved are listed below : Siege of Baghdad ( 812 -- 813 ), Fourth Fitna ( Islamic Civil War ) Siege of Baghdad ( 865 ), Caliphal Civil War ( 865 -- 866 ) Battle of Baghdad ( 946 ), Buyid -- Hamdanid War Siege of Baghdad ( 1157 ), Abbasid -- Seljuq Wars Siege of Baghdad ( 1258 ), Mongol conquest of Baghdad Siege of Baghdad ( 1401 ), by Tamerlane Capture of Baghdad ( 1534 ), Ottoman -- Safavid Wars Capture of Baghdad ( 1623 ), Ottoman -- Safavid Wars Siege of Baghdad ( 1625 ), Ottoman -- Safavid Wars Capture of Baghdad ( 1638 ), Ottoman -- Safavid Wars Fall of Baghdad ( 1917 ), World War I 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, World War II Battle of Baghdad ( 2003 ), United States invasion of Iraq In 1058, Baghdad was captured by the Fatimids under the Turkish general Abu'l - Ḥārith Arslān al - Basasiri, an adherent of the Ismailis along with the ' Uqaylid Quraysh. Not long before the arrival of the Saljuqs in Baghdad, al - Basasiri petitioned to the Fatimid Imam - Caliph al - Mustansir to support him in conquering Baghdad on the Ismaili Imam 's behalf. It has recently come to light that the famed Fatimid da'i, al - Mu'ayyad al - Shirazi, had a direct role in supporting al - Basasiri and helped the general to succeed in taking Mawṣil, Wāsit and Kufa. Soon after, by December 1058, a Shi'i adhān ( call to prayer ) was implemented in Baghdad and a khutbah ( sermon ) was delivered in the name of the Fatimid Imam - Caliph. Despite his Shi'i inclinations, Al - Basasiri received support from Sunnis and Shi'is alike, for whom opposition to the Saljuq power was a common factor. Conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 On 10 February 1258, Baghdad was captured by the Mongols led by Hulegu, a grandson of Chingiz Khan ( Genghis Khan ), during the siege of Baghdad. Many quarters were ruined by fire, siege, or looting. The Mongols massacred most of the city 's inhabitants, including the caliph Al - Musta'sim, and destroyed large sections of the city. The canals and dykes forming the city 's irrigation system were also destroyed. During this time, in Baghdad, Christians and Shia were tolerated, while Sunnis were treated as enemies. The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate, a blow from which the Islamic civilization never fully recovered. At this point, Baghdad was ruled by the Ilkhanate, a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, ruling from Iran. In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked, by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror Timur ( `` Tamerlane '' ). When his forces took Baghdad, he spared almost no one, and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back two severed human heads. It became a provincial capital controlled by the Mongol Jalayirid ( 1400 -- 1411 ), Turkic Kara Koyunlu ( 1411 -- 1469 ), Turkic Ak Koyunlu ( 1469 -- 1508 ), and the Iranian Safavid ( 1508 -- 1534 ) dynasties. Ottoman era ( 16th to 19th centuries ) See also : Baghdad Eyalet and Baghdad Vilayet Souk in Baghdad, 1876 In 1534, Baghdad was captured by the Ottoman Turks. Under the Ottomans, Baghdad continued into a period of decline, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and Iranian Safavids, which did not accept the Sunni control of the city. Between 1623 and 1638, it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague and cholera, and sometimes two - thirds of its population has been wiped out. For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East. The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century under a Mamluk government. Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by Ali Rıza Pasha in 1831. From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed Namık Pasha. The Nuttall Encyclopedia reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000. 20th and 21st centuries See also : Mandatory Iraq and Kingdom of Iraq The Shabandar Café in Baghdad, 1923 Baghdad and southern Iraq remained under Ottoman rule until 1917, when captured by the British during World War I. In 1920, Baghdad became the capital of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia and after receiving independence in 1932, the capital of the Kingdom of Iraq. The city 's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950. During the Mandate, Baghdad 's substantial Jewish community comprised a quarter of the city 's population. On 1 April 1941, members of the `` Golden Square '' and Rashid Ali staged a coup in Baghdad. Rashid Ali installed a pro-German and pro-Italian government to replace the pro-British government of Regent Abdul Ilah. On 31 May, after the resulting Anglo - Iraqi War and after Rashid Ali and his government had fled, the Mayor of Baghdad surrendered to British and Commonwealth forces. On 14 July 1958, members of the Iraqi Army, under Abd al - Karim Qasim, staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq. King Faisal II, former Prime Minister Nuri as - Said, former Regent Prince ' Abd al - Ilah, members of the royal family, and others were brutally killed during the coup. Many of the victim 's bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad. Tahrir square in Downtown Baghdad During the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the price of petroleum, Iraq 's main export. New infrastructure including modern sewerage, water, and highway facilities were built during this period. The masterplans of the city ( 1967, 1973 ) were delivered by the Polish planning office Miastoprojekt - Kraków, mediated by Polservice. However, the Iran -- Iraq War of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money was diverted by Saddam Hussein to the army and thousands of residents were killed. Iran launched a number of missile attacks against Baghdad in retaliation for Saddam Hussein 's continuous bombardments of Tehran 's residential districts. In 1991 and 2003, the Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq caused significant damage to Baghdad 's transportation, power, and sanitary infrastructure as the US - led coalition forces launched massive aerial assaults in the city in the two wars. Also in 2003, the minor riot in the city ( which took place on 21 July ) caused some disturbance in the population. The historic `` Assyrian Quarter '' of the city, Dora, which boasted a population of 150,000 Assyrians in 2003, made up over 3 % of the capital 's Assyrian population then. The community has been subject to kidnappings, death threats, vandalism, and house burnings by Alqaida and other insurgent groups. As of the end of 2014, only 1,500 Assyrians remained in Dora. Main sights Al - Mutanabbi Statue at the end of Mutanabbi Street beside the Tigris. Points of interest include the National Museum of Iraq whose priceless collection of artifacts was looted during the 2003 invasion, and the iconic Hands of Victory arches. Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled. Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the National Library were destroyed under Saddam 's command. Mutanabbi Street Main article : Mutanabbi Street Mutanabbi Street ( Arabic : شارع المتنبي ) is located near the old quarter of Baghdad ; at Al Rasheed Street. It is the historic center of Baghdadi book - selling, a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls. It was named after the 10th - century classical Iraqi poet Al - Mutanabbi. This street is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literacy and intellectual community. Baghdad zoo Main article : Baghdad Zoo The zoological park used to be the largest in the Middle East. Within eight days following the 2003 invasion, however, only 35 of the 650 animals in the facility survived. This was a result of theft of some animals for human food, and starvation of caged animals that had no food. South African Lawrence Anthony and some of the zoo keepers cared for the animals and fed the carnivores with donkeys they had bought locally. Eventually, L. Paul Bremer, Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq from 11 May 2003 to 28 June 2004 ordered protection of the zoo and U.S. engineers helped to reopen the facility. Mosque of the kadhimain Main article : Al - Kadhimiya Mosque Al - Kadhimiyyah Mosque is a shrine that is located in the Kādhimayn suburb of Baghdad. It contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Twelver Shi'ite Imams, Musa al - Kadhim and Muhammad at - Taqi respectively, upon whom the title of Kāẓimayn ( Arabic : كَـاظِـمَـيـن ‎ ‎, `` Two who swallow their anger '' ) was bestowed. Many Shi'ites travel to the mosque from far away places to commemorate. Mosque of Abu Hanifah Main article : Abu Hanifa Mosque Just as Kadhimiyyah is a predominantly Shi'ite neighborhood with a Mosque that is associated with Shi'ite Imams, A'dhamiyyah is a predominantly Sunni area with a Mosque that is associated with the Sunni Imam Abu Hanifah. The name of Al - A'ẓamiyyah ( Arabic : الأَعـظَـمِـيَّـة ‎ ‎ ) is derived from Abu Hanifah 's title, al - Imām al - A'ẓam ( Arabic : الإِمَـام الأَعـظَـم ‎ ‎, the Great Imam ). Geography Orbital view of Baghdad The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the River Tigris. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called `` Risafa '' and the Western half known as `` Karkh ''. The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low - lying, being of alluvial origin due to the periodic large floods which have occurred on the river. Climate Baghdad has a subtropical desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ). In the summer from June to August, the average maximum temperature is as high as 44 ° C ( 111 ° F ) accompanied by blazing sunshine : rainfall has in fact been recorded on fewer than half a dozen occasions at this time of year and has never exceeded 1 millimetre ( 0.04 in ). Even at night temperatures in summer are seldom below 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ). Baghdad 's record highest temperature of 124 degrees Fahrenheit ( 51 degrees Celsius ) was reached in July 2015. The humidity is typically under 50 % in summer due to Baghdad 's distance from the marshy southern Iraq and the coasts of Persian Gulf, and dust storms from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence during the summer. Winters boast temperatures typical of subtropical climates. From December to February, Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging 15.5 to 18.5 ° C ( 59.9 to 65.3 ° F ), though highs above 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) are not unheard of. The average January low is 3.8 ° C ( 38.8 ° F ) but lows below freezing occur only a couple of times per year on average. Annual rainfall, almost entirely confined to the period from November to March, averages around 150 mm ( 5.91 in ), but has been as high as 338 mm ( 13.31 in ) and as low as 37 mm ( 1.46 in ). On 11 January 2008, light snow fell across Baghdad for the first time in memory. Climate data for Baghdad Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 43.5 ( 110.3 ) 48.8 ( 119.8 ) 51.1 ( 124 ) 49.9 ( 121.8 ) 47.7 ( 117.9 ) 40.2 ( 104.4 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 51.1 ( 124 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 41.3 ( 106.3 ) 44.0 ( 111.2 ) 43.5 ( 110.3 ) 40.2 ( 104.4 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 34.8 ( 94.6 ) 34.0 ( 93.2 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 22.77 ( 72.98 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 11.0 ( 12.2 ) − 10.0 ( 14 ) − 5.5 ( 22.1 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 8.7 ( 16.3 ) − 11 ( 12.2 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 27.2 ( 1.071 ) 19.1 ( 0.752 ) 22.0 ( 0.866 ) 15.6 ( 0.614 ) 3.2 ( 0.126 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 3.3 ( 0.13 ) 12.4 ( 0.488 ) 20.0 ( 0.787 ) 122.8 ( 4.835 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.001 mm ) 8 7 8 6 0 0 0 0 6 7 50 Average relative humidity ( % ) 71 61 53 43 30 21 22 22 26 34 54 71 42.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.2 203.3 244.9 255.0 300.7 348.0 347.2 353.4 315.0 272.8 213.0 195.3 3,240.8 Source # 1 : World Meteorological Organization ( UN ) Source # 2 : Climate & Temperature Administrative divisions Baghdad as seen from the International Space Station Administratively, Baghdad Governorate is divided into districts which are further divided into sub-districts. Municipally, the governorate is divided into 9 municipalities, which have responsibility for local issues. Regional services, however, are coordinated and carried out by a mayor who oversees the municipalities. There is no single city council that singularly governs Baghdad at a municipal level. The governorate council is responsible for the governorate - wide policy. These official subdivisions of the city served as administrative centres for the delivery of municipal services but until 2003 had no political function. Beginning in April 2003, the U.S. controlled Coalition Provisional Authority ( CPA ) began the process of creating new functions for these. The process initially focused on the election of neighbourhood councils in the official neighbourhoods, elected by neighbourhood caucuses. The CPA convened a series of meetings in each neighbourhood to explain local government, to describe the caucus election process and to encourage participants to spread the word and bring friends, relatives and neighbours to subsequent meetings. Each neighbourhood process ultimately ended with a final meeting where candidates for the new neighbourhood councils identified themselves and asked their neighbours to vote for them. Once all 88 ( later increased to 89 ) neighbourhood councils were in place, each neighbourhood council elected representatives from among their members to serve on one of the city 's nine district councils. The number of neighbourhood representatives on a district council is based upon the neighbourhood 's population. The next step was to have each of the nine district councils elect representatives from their membership to serve on the 37 member Baghdad City Council. This three tier system of local government connected the people of Baghdad to the central government through their representatives from the neighbourhood, through the district, and up to the city council. The same process was used to provide representative councils for the other communities in Baghdad Province outside of the city itself. There, local councils were elected from 20 neighbourhoods ( Nahia ) and these councils elected representatives from their members to serve on six district councils ( Qada ). As within the city, the district councils then elected representatives from among their members to serve on the 35 member Baghdad Regional Council. The first step in the establishment of the system of local government for Baghdad Province was the election of the Baghdad Provincial Council. As before, the representatives to the Provincial Council were elected by their peers from the lower councils in numbers proportional to the population of the districts they represent. The 41 member Provincial Council took office in February 2004 and served until national elections held in January 2005, when a new Provincial Council was elected. This system of 127 separate councils may seem overly cumbersome ; however, Baghdad Province is home to approximately seven million people. At the lowest level, the neighbourhood councils, each council represents an average of 75,000 people. The Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center Al - Ma'mun's Telecommunication Center in downtown Baghdad The nine District Advisory Councils ( DAC ) are as follows : Adhamiyah Karkh Karrada Kadhimiya Mansour Sadr City ( Thawra ) Al Rashid Rusafa New Baghdad ( Tisaa Nissan ) ( 9 April ) The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above. The following is a selection ( rather than a complete list ) of these neighborhoods : Al - Ghazaliya Al - A'amiriya Dora Karrada Al - Jadriya Al - Hebnaa Zayouna Al - Saydiya Al - Sa'adoon Al - Shu'ala Al - Mahmudiyah Bab Al - Moatham Al - Baya ' Al - Za'franiya Hayy Ur Sha'ab Hayy Al - Jami'a Al - Adel Al Khadhraa Hayy Al - Jihad Hayy Al - A'amel Hayy Aoor Al - Hurriya Hayy Al - Shurtta Yarmouk Jesr Diyala Abu Disher Raghiba Khatoun Arab Jibor Al - Fathel Al - Ubedy Al - Washash Al - Wazireya Demographics Baghdad 's population was estimated at 7.22 million in 2015. The city historically had a predominantly Sunni population, by the early 21st century around 82 % of the city 's population were Iraqi Shia. At the beginning of the 21st century, some 1.5 million people migrated to Baghdad, most of them Shiites and a few Sunnis. As early as 2003, about 20 percent of the population of the city was the result of mixed marriages between Shi'ites and Sunnis : they are often referred to as `` Sushis ''. Following ethnic cleansing campaigns by Sunni and then Shia militia groups during the U.S. occupation of Iraq the city 's population became overwhelmingly Shia and despite the government 's promise to resettle Sunnis displaced by the violence, little has been done to bring this about. The Iraqi Civil War following ISIS ' invasion in 2014 caused hundreds of thousands of Iraqi internally displaced people to flee to the city. The city currently has Shia, Sunni, Assyrian Christian and mixed neighborhoods but is the world 's second largest Shia city after Tehran. Economy This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( December 2009 ) Baghdad accounts for 22.2 per cent of Iraq 's population and 40 per cent of the country 's gross domestic product ( PPP ). Iraqi Airways, the national airline of Iraq, has its headquarters on the grounds of Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad. Al - Naser Airlines has its head office in Karrada, Baghdad. Reconstruction efforts Further information : Investment in post-invasion Iraq Most Iraqi reconstruction efforts have been devoted to the restoration and repair of badly damaged urban infrastructure. More visible efforts at reconstruction through private development, like architect and urban designer Hisham N. Ashkouri 's Baghdad Renaissance Plan and the Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center have also been made. A plan was proposed by a Government agency to rebuild a tourist island in 2008. In late 2009, a construction plan was proposed to rebuild the heart of Baghdad, but the plan was never realized because corruption was involved in it. The Baghdad Eye, a 198 m ( 650 ft ) tall Ferris wheel, was proposed for Baghdad in August 2008. At that time, three possible locations had been identified, but no estimates of cost or completion date were given. In October 2008, it was reported that Al - Zawraa Park was expected to be the site, and a 55 m ( 180 ft ) wheel was installed there in March 2011. Iraq 's Tourism Board is also seeking investors to develop a `` romantic '' island on the River Tigris in Baghdad that was once a popular honeymoon spot for newlywed Iraqis. The project would include a six - star hotel, spa, an 18 - hole golf course and a country club. In addition, the go - ahead has been given to build numerous architecturally unique skyscrapers along the Tigris that would develop the city 's financial centre in Kadhehemiah. In October 2008, the Baghdad Metro resumed service. It connects the center to the southern neighborhood of Dora. In May 2010, a new residential and commercial project nicknamed Baghdad Gate was announced. This project not only addresses the urgent need for new residential units in Baghdad but also acts as a real symbol of progress in the war torn city, as Baghdad has not seen projects of this scale for decades. Retails Baghdad Baghdad Mall ( 4 floors ) + Baghdad Rayhan Hotel by Rotana + offices ( 30 floors ) ( 105 metres ) + offices ( 7 floors ) Stadiums Baghdad Taji 60,000 seats Stadium. Housing Baghdad Bismayah New City 100,000 housing units. Baghdad Zuhour 5400 units ( 100 apartments ) Baghdad Ibn Firnas Residential Project 2016 housing Units Baghdad Al Ayadi Residential Project 1335 housing Units Baghdad Riyadh Apartments 8 floors Education This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( March 2016 ) The Mustansiriya Madrasah was established in 1227 by the Abbasid Caliph al - Mustansir. The name was changed to Al - Mustansiriya University in 1963. The University of Baghdad is the largest university in Iraq and the second largest in the Arab world. Prior to the Gulf War multiple international schools operated in Baghdad, including : École française de Bagdad Deutsche Schule Bagdad Baghdad Japanese School ( バグダッド 日本 人 学校 ), a nihonjin gakko Universities Al - Mustansiriya University Iraqi University Nahrain University University of Baghdad University of Technology, Iraq Culture See also : Baghdad Arabic and Culture of Iraq The Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra, officially founded in 1959, performing a concert in Iraq in July 2007. Baghdad has always played a significant role in the broader Arab cultural sphere, contributing several significant writers, musicians and visual artists. Famous Arab poets and singers such as Nizar Qabbani, Umm Kulthum, Fairuz, Salah Al - Hamdani, Ilham al - Madfai and others have performed for the city. The dialect of Arabic spoken in Baghdad today differs from that of other large urban centres in Iraq, having features more characteristic of nomadic Arabic dialects ( Verseegh, The Arabic Language ). It is possible that this was caused by the repopulating of the city with rural residents after the multiple sacks of the late Middle Ages. For poetry written about Baghdad, see Reuven Snir ( ed. ), Baghdad : The City in Verse ( Harvard, 2013 ) ( 3 ) Institutions Two ballet dancers of the Iraqi National Ballet ( which is based in Baghdad ) performing a ballet show in Iraq in 2007. Many events are hosted at the Baghdad Convention Center Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include : Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra -- Rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during the Second Gulf War, but have since returned to normal National Theater -- The theatre was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but efforts are underway to restore the theatre. The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s, when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 movie theatres were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions. Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad and the Institute of Fine Arts Baghdad. Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed artifacts and relics of ancient civilization ; many of these were stolen, and the museums looted, during the widespread chaos immediately after United States forces entered the city. During the 2003 occupation of Iraq, AFN Iraq ( `` Freedom Radio '' ) broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations. There is also a private radio station called `` Dijlah '' ( named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River ) that was created in 2004 as Iraq 's first independent talk radio station. Radio Dijlah offices, in the Jamia neighborhood of Baghdad, have been attacked on several occasions. Sport Baghdad is home to some of the most successful football ( soccer ) teams in Iraq, the biggest being Al - Shorta ( Police ), Al - Quwa Al - Jawiya ( Airforce club ), Al - Zawra'a, and Talaba ( Students ). The largest stadium in Baghdad is Al - Shaab Stadium, which was opened in 1966. Another, but much larger stadium, is still in the opening stages of construction. The city has also had a strong tradition of horse racing ever since World War I, known to Baghdadis simply as ' Races '. There are reports of pressures by the Islamists to stop this tradition due to the associated gambling. Major streets Haifa Street, as seen from the Medical City Hospital across the Tigris River Palestine Meridian hotel and Ishtar Sheraton hotel A street in Baghdad, 2015 Haifa Street Salihiya Residential area - situated off Al Sinak bridge in central Baghdad, surrounded by Al - Mansur Hotel in the north and Al - Rasheed hotel in the south Hilla Road -- Runs from the south into Baghdad via Yarmouk ( Baghdad ) Caliphs Street -- site of historical mosques and churches Sadoun Street -- stretching from Liberation Square to Masbah Mohammed Al - Qassim highway near Adhamiyah Abu Nuwas Street -- runs along the Tigris from the Jumhouriya Bridge to 14 July Suspended Bridge Damascus Street -- goes from Damascus Square to the Baghdad Airport Road Mutanabbi Street -- A street with numerous books, named after the 10th century Iraqi poet Al - Mutanabbi Rabia Street Arbataash Tamuz ( 14th July ) Street ( Mosul Road ) Muthana al - Shaibani Street Bor Saeed ( Port Said ) Street Thawra Street Al Qanat Street -- runs through Baghdad north - south Al Khat al Sare'a -- Mohammed al Qasim ( high speed lane ) -- runs through Bagdhad, north - south Al Sinaa Street ( Industry Street ) runs by the University of Technology -- centre of computers trade in Baghdad Al Nidhal Street Al Rasheed Street -- city centre Baghdad Al Jamhuriah Street -- city centre Baghdad Falastin Street Tariq el Muaskar -- ( Al Rasheed Camp Road ) Aakhrot street Baghdad Airport Road Twin towns / Sister cities Beirut, Lebanon See also Arab world portal Iraq portal 1950 -- 51 Baghdad bombings Round city of Baghdad List of places in Iraq Firdos Square - is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of two of the best - known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad. The square was the site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was pulled down by U.S. coalition forces in a widely televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Operation Imposing Law Baghdad Security Plan Anti-Zionist League in Iraq - founded in Baghdad in 1945 Fall of Baghdad 1917 Battle of Baghdad 946 Battle of Baghdad 2003 Siege of Baghdad 812 - 3 Siege of Baghdad 1157 Siege of Baghdad 1258 Siege of Baghdad 1733 Notes ^ Jump up to : Estimates of total population differ substantially. The Encyclopedia Britannica gives the city 2001 - 2006 population of 4,950,000 ; the 2006 Lancet Report states a population of 7,216,050 ; Mongabay gives a figure of 6,492,200 as of 2002. References Jump up ^ Petersen, Andrew ( 13 September 2011 ). `` Baghdad ( Madinat al - Salam ) ''. Islamic Arts & Architecture. Jump up ^ `` Baghdad '' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 November 2016. Jump up ^ Gilbert Burnham ; Riyadh Lafta ; Shannon Doocy ; Les Roberts ( 11 October 2006 ). `` Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq : a cross-sectional cluster sample survey ''. The Lancet. 368 : 1421 -- 1428. CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.88. 4036. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 69491 - 9. ( 110 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Cities and urban areas in Iraq with population over 100,000 '', Mongabay.com Jump up ^ `` Largest Cities Through History ''. Geography.about.com. 2011 - 04 - 06. Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ Inocencio, Ramy ( 4 December 2012 ). `` What city has world 's best quality of life ? ''. CNN. Jump up ^ The Central African Republic : On the brink ^ Jump up to : Duri, A.A. ( 2012 ). `` Bag̲h̲dād ''. In P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam ( 2nd ed. ). Brill. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Baghdad, Foundation and early growth ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 October 2015. (... ) the site located between present - day Al - Kāẓimiyyah and Al - Karkh and occupied by a Persian village called Baghdad, was selected by al - Manṣūr, the second caliph of the Abbāsid dynasty, for his capital. Jump up ^ Le Strange, G. ( n.d. ). (... ) The Persian hamlet of Baghdad, on the Western bank of the Tigris, and just above where Sarat canal flowed in, was ultimately fixed upon (... ). In Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate ( p. 9 ). Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Encyclopedia of Islam Jump up ^ Mackenzie, D. ( 1971 ). A concise Pahlavi Dictionary ( p. 23, 16 ). Jump up ^ `` BAGHDAD i. Before the Mongol Invasion -- Encyclopædia Iranica ''. Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 16 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Etymology_Dictionary was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ). Jump up ^ Guy Le Strange, `` Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian '', pg 10 Jump up ^ Joneidi, F. ( 2007 ). متن‌های پهلوی. In Pahlavi Script and Language ( Arsacid and Sassanid ) نامه پهلوانی : آموزش خط و زبان پهلوی اشکانی و ساسانی ( second ed., p. 109 ). Tehran : Balkh ( نشر بلخ ). Jump up ^ `` Persimmons surviving winter in Bagdati, Georgia ''. Georgian Journal. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kutaisi ''. Retrieved 22 September 2016. Jump up ^ John B. Friedman, Kristen M. Figg Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages, ( Taylor & Francis, 2013 ) Jump up ^ Brinkmann J.A. A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158 - 722 B.C. ( Gregorian Biblical BookShop, 1968 ) Jump up ^ `` ما معنى اسم مدينة بغداد ومن سماه ؟ ''. Seenjeem.maktoob.com. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` ما معنى ( بغداد ) ؟ - تمت الإجابة عنه - Google إجابات ''. Egabat.google.com. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ Corzine, Phyllis ( 2005 ). The Islamic Empire. Thomson Gale. pp. 68 -- 69. Jump up ^ Times History of the World. London : Times Books. 2000. Jump up ^ Wiet, Gastron ( 1971 ). Baghdad : Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate. Univ. of Oklahoma Press. Jump up ^ Wiet, pg. 13 Jump up ^ Corzine, Phyllis ( 2005 ). The Islamic Empire. Thomson Gale. p. 69. Jump up ^ Wiet, pg. 12 Jump up ^ `` Abbasid Ceramics : Plan of Baghdad ''. web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Yakut : Baghdad under the Abbasids, c. 1000CE '' Jump up ^ Wiet, pg. 15 Jump up ^ See : Hattstein, Markus ; Peter Delius ( 2000 ). Islam Art and Architecture. Cologne : Könemann. p. 96. ISBN 3 - 8290 - 2558 - 0. Encyclopædia Iranica, Columbia University, p. 413. Jump up ^ Hill, Donald R. ( 1994 ). Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh : Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. 10. ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0457 - X. Jump up ^ Atlas of the Medieval World pg. 78 Jump up ^ `` Largest Cities Through History ''. Geography.about.com. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ Matt T. Rosenberg, Largest Cities Through History. ^ Jump up to : Mackensen, Ruth Stellhorn. ( 1932 ). Four Great Libraries of Medieval Baghdad. The Library Quarterly : Information, Community, Policy, Vol. 2, No. 3 ( July 1932 ), pp. 279 - 299. University of Chicago Press. Jump up ^ George Modelski, World Cities : -- 3000 to 2000, Washington, D.C. : FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9676230 - 1 - 6. See also Evolutionary World Politics Homepage. Jump up ^ Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, K.A. Berney, Paul E. Schellinger ( 1996 ). `` International dictionary of historic places, Volume 4 : Middle East and Africa ''. Taylor and Francis : 116. Jump up ^ Atlas of the Medieval World pg. 170 Jump up ^ Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages : A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation, ( New York : Oxford University Press, 2007 ), 6. ^ Jump up to : Daftary, Farhad. The Isma'ilis : Their History and Doctrines Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990, 205 - 206. Jump up ^ Daftary, Farhad. The Isma'ilis : Their History and Doctrines Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 ), 206. Jump up ^ Central Asian world cities Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine., George Modelski Jump up ^ Bosworth, C.E. ; Donzel, E. van ; Heinrichs, W.P. ; Pellat, Ch., eds. ( 1998 ). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VII ( Mif - Naz ). BRILL. p. 1032. ISBN 9789004094192. Jump up ^ Ian Frazier, Annals of history : Invaders : Destroying Baghdad, The New Yorker 25 April 2005. p. 5 Jump up ^ New Book Looks at Old - Style Central Asian Despotism, EurasiaNet Civil Society, Elizabeth Kiem, 28 April 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Fertile Crescent, 1800 - 1914 : a documentary economic history ''. Charles Philip Issawi ( 1988 ). Oxford University Press US. p. 99. ISBN 0 - 19 - 504951 - 9 Jump up ^ Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert ( 1997 ). `` An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire ''. Cambridge University Press. p. 651. ISBN 0 - 521 - 57455 - 2 Jump up ^ Cetinsaya, Gokhan. Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890 -- 1908. London and New York : Routledge, 2006. Jump up ^ Edmund A. Ghareeb ; Beth Dougherty ( 18 March 2004 ). Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Scarecrow Press. p. 125. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6568 - 6. Jews represented 2.5 percent of ' Iraq 's population and 25 percent of Baghdad 's. Jump up ^ Stanek, L., Miastoprojekt goes abroad : the transfer of architectural labour from socialist Poland to Iraq ( 1958 -- 1989 ), The Journal of Architecture, Volume 17, Issue 3, 2012 Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11307515/Iraq-crisis-The-last-Christians-of-Dora.html Jump up ^ Owles, Eric ( December 18, 2008 ). `` Then and Now : A New Chapter for Baghdad Book Market ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` The Choice, featuring Lawrence Anthony ''. BBC radio 4. 4 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007. Jump up ^ Anthony, Lawrence ; Spence Grayham ( 3 June 2007 ). Babylon 's Ark ; The Incredible Wartime Rescue of the Baghdad Zoo. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0 - 312 - 35832 - 6. ^ Jump up to : `` تاریخچه حرم کاظمین ''. kazem.ommolketab.ir. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15. ( in Persian ) ^ Jump up to : افتتاحية قبة الامام الجواد عليه السلام. www.aljawadain.org ( in Arabic ). Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009. ^ Jump up to : البدء بإعمار وتذهيب قبة الإمام الكاظم عليه السلام. www.aljawadain.org ( in Arabic ). Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009. CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ al - Aadhamy. History of the Great Imam mosque and al - Adhamiyah mosques 1. p. 29. Jump up ^ Al Shakir, Osama S. ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ). `` History of the Mosque of Abu Hanifa and its school ''. Abu Hanifa An - Nu'man Mosque. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20. ( in Arabic ) Jump up ^ Monthly rainfall for Baghdad ( WMO # 40650 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Accessed 31 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service ''. worldweather.wmo.int. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016. Jump up ^ Annual Rainfall Statistics for Baghdad ( WMO # 40650 ) Jump up ^ ( AFP ) -- 11 January 2008 ( 11 January 2008 ). `` Afp.google.com, First snow for 100 years falls on Baghdad ''. Afp.google.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service - Baghdad ''. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 20 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Baghdad Climate Guide to the Average Weather & Temperatures, with Graphs Elucidating Sunshine and Rainfall Data & Information about Wind Speeds & Humidity : ''. Climate & Temperature. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` New troops to move into Iraq ''. USA Today. Jump up ^ `` DefenseLink News Article : Soldier Helps to Form Democracy in Baghdad ''. Defenselink.mil. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Zafaraniya Residents Get Water Project Update - DefendAmerica News Article ''. Defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ Frank, Thomas ( 26 March 2006 ). `` Basics of democracy in Iraq include frustration ''. USA Today. Retrieved 26 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` DefendAmerica News - Article ''. Defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Democracy from scratch ''. csmonitor.com. 5 December 2003. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Leaders Highlight Successes of Baghdad Operation - DefendAmerica News Article ''. Defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ NBC 6 News - 1st Cav Headlines Archived 12 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36528536 Jump up ^ Mehrdad Izady, Baghdad ethnic map 2015, http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Baghdad_Ethnic_2015_lg.png Jump up ^ `` '' Iraqi Airways. `` ''. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2016. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Arab Air Carriers Organization. Retrieved on 19 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Contact Us Archived 15 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine... '' Al - Naser Airlines. Retrieved on 13 February 2011. `` Main Branch : Al - Karrada, Babil Region - Distrlct 929 ( sic ) - St21 - Home 46 - Beside Al Jadirya Private Hospital. (... ) Iraq - Baghdad. '' Jump up ^ ARCADD Archived 20 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` The New York Times ''. nytimes.com. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` The New York Times ''. nytimes.com. Retrieved 5 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : Yacoub, Sameer. `` Baghdad plans to build giant Ferris wheel ''. MSNBC. Retrieved 27 August 2008. Jump up ^ Iraq Looking To Build Giant Observation Wheel In Baghdad To Promote Tourism Jump up ^ Iraq plans giant Ferris wheel, hopes to lure tourists to Baghdad Jump up ^ Wikinews : Iraq plans ' Baghdad Eye ' to draw in tourists Jump up ^ Jared Jacang Maher. `` Obama ad attacks McCain for Baghdad Ferris wheel project being built on land leased by a Democratic Party donor ''. Westword. Jump up ^ AFP. `` New Ferris wheel attracts leisure - starved Iraqis ''. dawn.com. Jump up ^ `` Baghdad Gate ''. Baghdad Gate. Iraqi News. Retrieved 24 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Baghdad Investment : Creating ( 1824 ) housing units in Baghdad ''. Baghdad Governorate Website. 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` Arrêté du 22 novembre 1990 complétant l'arrêté du 23 août 1990 fixant la liste des établissements d'enseignement prévue à l'article 1er du décret no 90 - 469 du 31 mai 1990 '' ( Archive ). Legislature of France. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV / 3672 '' ( Archive ). Bundestag ( West Germany ). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 35 / 51. Jump up ^ `` 中 近東 の 日本 人 学校 一覧 '' ( ). National Education Center ( 国立 教育 会館 ) of Japan. 21 February 1999. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. `` バクダッド 休 校 中 '' ( means `` Baghdad School Closed '' ) Jump up ^ Five women confront a new Iraq csmonitor.com Archived 28 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` In Baghdad, Art Thrives As War Hovers ''. Commondreams.org. 2 January 2003. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Gunmen storm independent radio station in latest attack against media in Iraq ''. International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2016. Jump up ^ IBP, Inc ( 2012 ). Iraq Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Lulu.com. p. 300. ISBN 9781438774633. Jump up ^ `` PowWeb '' ( PDF ). dcswift.com. Jump up ^ `` Twinning the Cities ''. City of Beirut. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2008. Further reading By Desert Ways to Baghdad, by Louisa Jebb ( Mrs. Roland Wilkins ), 1908 ( 1909 ed ) ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & `` layered PDF '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2005. ( 11.3 MB ) format ) A Dweller in Mesopotamia, being the adventures of an official artist in the Garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 ( a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; DjVu & `` layered PDF '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2005. ( 7.53 MB ) format ) Miastoprojekt goes abroad : the transfer of architectural labour from socialist Poland to Iraq ( 1958 -- 1989 ) by Lukasz Stanek, The Journal of Architecture, Volume 17, Issue 3, 2012 Books : Pieri, Caecilia ( 2011 ). Baghdad Arts Deco : Architectural Brickwork, 1920 - 1950 ( 1st ed. ). The American University in Cairo Press. p. 160. ISBN 978 - 9774163562. `` Travels in Asia and Africa 1325 - 135 '' by Ibn Battuta `` Gertrude Bell : the Arabian diaries, 1913 -- 1914. '' by Bell Gertrude Lowthian, and O'Brien, Rosemary. `` Historic cities of the Islamic world. '' by Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. `` Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890 -- 1908. '' by Cetinsaya, Gokhan. `` Naked in Baghdad. '' by Garrels, Anne, and Lawrence, Vint. `` A memoir of Major - General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson. '' by Rawlinson, George. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baghdad. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Baghdad. Look up Baghdad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bagdad ( city ). Amanat / Mayoralty of Baghdad Map of Baghdad Iraq Image - Baghdad Satellite Observation National Commission for Investment in Iraq Interactive map Iraq - Urban Society - Baghdad government websites Envisioning Reconstruction In Iraq Description of the original layout of Baghdad Ethnic and sectarian map of Baghdad - Healingiraq UAE Investors Keen On Taking Part In Baghdad Renaissance Project Man With A Plan : Hisham Ashkouri Behind Baghdad 's 9 / 11 Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit Reports, maps and assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit Links to related articles Districts and neighborhoods of Baghdad Main districts Adhamiyah Kadhimiya Karkh Karrada Mansour New Baghdad Al Rashid Rusafa Sadr City Al - Za'franiya Neighborhoods Hayy Al - A'amel Al - A'amiriya Abu Disher Al - Adel Al - Amin al - Thaniyah Arab Jibor Bab Al - Moatham Bab Al - Sharqi Baiyaa Dora Al - Fathel Ghazaliya Haifa Street Al - Hebnaa Al - Hurriya Al - Jadriya Hayy Al - Jami'a Jisr Diyala Al - Jihad Al Khadhraa Mansour Raghiba Khatoun Al - Sa'adoon Al - Saydiya Sha'ab Al - Shu'ala Hayy Al - Shurtta Al - Ubedy Hayy Ur Utafiyah Al - Washash Al - Wazireya Yarmouk Al - Za'franiya Zayouna Governorates of Iraq Anbar Babylon Baghdad Basra Dhi Qar Diyala Dohuk Erbil Halabja Karbala Kirkuk Maysan Muthanna Najaf Nineveh Qadisiyyah Saladin Sulaymaniyah Wasit The Tigris Countries Turkey ( 523 km ) Syria ( 40 km ) Iraq ( 1,377 km ) Cities Diyarbakır Bismil Hasankeyf Cizre Mosul Tikrit Samarra Kadhimiya Baghdad Amarah Al - Kūt Tributaries Ambar Kuru Pamuk Hazro Batman Garzan Göksu Savur Botan Little Khabur Great Zab Little Zab ' Adhaim Diyala Dams Dicle Ilısu Cizre Mosul Badush Samarra Kut Capitals of Arab countries Africa Asia Algiers, Algeria Cairo, Egypt Djibouti, Djibouti El Aaiun ( proclaimed ) Tifariti ( de facto ), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Khartoum, Sudan Mogadishu, Somalia Moroni, Comoros Nouakchott, Mauritania Rabat, Morocco Tripoli, Libya Tunis, Tunisia Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Amman, Jordan Baghdad, Iraq Beirut, Lebanon Damascus, Syria Doha, Qatar Jerusalem ( proclaimed ) Ramallah ( de facto ), Palestine Kuwait City, Kuwait Manama, Bahrain Muscat, Oman Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Sana'a, Yemen An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation Capitals of Asia Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics North and Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West and Southwest Asia Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Astana, Kazakhstan * Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe, Tajikistan Moscow, Russia * Tashkent, Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing, China Hong Kong, Hong Kong ( China ) Macau, Macau ( China ) Pyongyang, North Korea Seoul, South Korea Taipei, Taiwan ( ROC ) Tokyo, Japan Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Kabul, Afghanistan Dhaka, Bangladesh Diego Garcia, BIOT ( UK ) Islamabad, Pakistan Kathmandu, Nepal Kotte, Sri Lanka Malé, Maldives New Delhi, India Thimphu, Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Bangkok, Thailand Dili, East Timor Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island ( Australia ) Hanoi, Vietnam Jakarta, Indonesia * Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Manila, Philippines Naypyidaw, Myanmar Phnom Penh, Cambodia Central Area, Singapore Vientiane, Laos West Island, Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Amman, Jordan Ankara, Turkey * Baghdad, Iraq Baku, Azerbaijan * Beirut, Lebanon Cairo, Egypt * Jerusalem, Israel Sana'a, Yemen Stepanakert, Artsakh * Sukhumi, Abkhazia * Tbilisi, Georgia * Tehran, Iran Tskhinvali, South Ossetia * Yerevan, Armenia * * Transcontinental country. † See : Positions on Jerusalem. Both Israel and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as capital. Jerusalem contains the Israeli parliament and almost all Israeli government ministries. Tel Aviv contains most foreign embassies in Israel ; Ramallah is the administrative seat of the Palestinian Authority. World 's fifty most - populous urban areas Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin ) Jakarta ( Jabodetabek ) Delhi Manila ( Metro Manila ) Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon ) Shanghai Karachi Beijing New York City Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo ) São Paulo Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico ) Mumbai Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin ) Moscow Dhaka Greater Cairo Los Angeles Bangkok Kolkata Greater Buenos Aires Tehran Istanbul Lagos Shenzhen Rio de Janeiro Kinshasa Tianjin Paris Lima Chengdu Greater London Nagoya ( Chūkyō ) Lahore Chennai Bengaluru Chicago Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Hyderabad Dongguan Johannesburg -- East Rand Wuhan Taipei - Taoyuan Hangzhou Hong Kong Chongqing Ahmedabad Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley ) Quanzhou Arab Capital of Culture Cairo 1996 ( Egypt ) Tunis 1997 ( Tunisia ) Sharjah 1998 ( United Arab Emirates ) Beirut 1999 ( Lebanon ) Riyadh 2000 ( Saudi Arabia ) Kuwait City 2001 ( Kuwait ) Amman 2002 ( Jordan ) Rabat 2003 ( Morocco ) San'a 2004 ( Yemen ) Khartoum 2005 ( Sudan ) Muscat 2006 ( Oman ) Algiers 2007 ( Algeria ) Damascus 2008 ( Syria ) Jerusalem 2009 ( State of Palestine ) Doha 2010 ( Qatar ) Sirte 2011 ( Libya ) Manama 2012 ( Bahrain ) Baghdad 2013 ( Iraq ) Tripoli 2014 ( Libya ) Constantine 2015 ( Algeria ) Sfax 2016 ( Tunisia ) VIAF : 29145376400683720125 LCCN : n80006292 GND : 4004237 - 6 BNF : cb11952706c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghdad&oldid=808976410 '' Categories : Arab Capital of Culture Baghdad 762 establishments in Asia Capitals in Asia Capitals of caliphates Cities in Iraq Historic Jewish communities Levant Iraqi culture Populated places along the Silk Road Populated places established in the 8th century 8th - century establishments in Asia Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2017 Pages with reference errors Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages with broken reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles with dead external links from September 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from June 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from March 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La. lojban. 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Question: what is the significance of baghdad in islam
Answer: Centre of Learning