Fresh water - wikipedia Fresh water `` Freshwater '' redirects here. For other uses, see Freshwater ( disambiguation ). Earth seen from Apollo 17 -- the Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61 % of the fresh water, or 1.7 % of the total water, on Earth. Fresh water is naturally occurring water on Earth 's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral - rich waters such as chalybeate springs. The term `` sweet water '' ( from Spanish `` agua dulce '' ) has been used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water. The term `` fresh water '' does not have the same meaning as potable water. Much of the surface fresh water and ground water is unsuitable for drinking without some form of purification because of the presence of chemical or biological contaminants. Contents 1 Systems 2 Sources 3 Water distribution 4 Numerical definition 5 Aquatic organisms 6 Fresh water as a resource 6.1 Agriculture 6.2 Limited resource 6.3 Fresh water withdrawal 6.4 Causes of limited fresh water 6.5 Fresh water in the future 6.6 Choices in the use of fresh water 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Systems Rivers, lakes, and marshlands, such as ( from top ) South America 's Amazon River, Russia 's Lake Baikal, and the Everglades in the United States, are types of freshwater systems. Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires ; lotic, or running - water systems ; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps. Sources The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain - bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations. In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain - bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well - documented transfer of iron - rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand - storms in the Sahara in north Africa. Water distribution Main article : Water distribution on Earth Visualisation of the distribution ( by volume ) of water on Earth. Each tiny cube ( such as the one representing biological water ) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water, with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes ( 200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba, arguably the heaviest man - made object ). The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes. Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree. Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97 % of it. Only 2.5 -- 2.75 % is fresh water, including 1.75 -- 2 % frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5 -- 0.75 % as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01 % of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Freshwater lakes contain about 87 % of this fresh surface water, including 29 % in the African Great Lakes, 22 % in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21 % in the North American Great Lakes, and 14 % in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04 % water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world 's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts. Numerical definition Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million ( ppm ) of dissolved salts. Part of a series on Water salinity Salinity levels Fresh water ( < 0.05 % ) Brackish water ( 0.05 -- 3 % ) Saline water ( 3 -- 5 % ) Brine ( > 5 % ) Bodies of water Seawater Salt lake Hypersaline lake Salt pan Brine pool Bodies by salinity Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm or 3000 ppm. Aquatic organisms Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities ; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) uses the hormone prolactin, while in salmon ( Salmo salar ) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process. Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion. Fresh water as a resource Water fountain found in a small Swiss village. They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle. Almost every Alpine village has such a water source. An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations. Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down - stream ecosystems. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems. Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003 % of total water available globally. Agriculture Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33 % of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate. Limited resource Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments. Fresh water withdrawal Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Causes of limited fresh water The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources avialability of clean fresh water The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components : water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well. Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water. Fresh water in the future Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability. Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain. Choices in the use of fresh water With one in eight people in the world not having access to safe water it is important to use this resource in a prudent manner. Making the best use of water on a local basis probably provides the best solution. Local communities need to plan their use of fresh water and should be made aware of how certain crops and animals use water. As a guide the following tables provide some indicators. Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs ( per person ) Activity Minimum, litres / day Range / day Drinking Water 5 2 -- 5 Sanitation Services 20 20 -- 75 Bathing 15 5 -- 70 Cooking and Kitchen 10 10 -- 50 Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock Animal Average / day Range / day Dairy cow 76 L ( 20 US gal ) 57 to 95 L ( 15 to 25 US gal ) Cow - calf pair 57 L ( 15 US gal ) 8 to 76 L ( 2 to 20 US gal ) Yearling cattle 38 L ( 10 US gal ) 23 to 53 L ( 6 to 14 US gal ) Horse 38 L ( 10 US gal ) 30 to 53 L ( 8 to 14 US gal ) Sheep 8 L ( 2 US gal ) 8 to 11 L ( 2 to 3 US gal ) Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs Crop Crop water needs mm / total growing period Banana 1200 -- 2200 Barley / Oats / Wheat 450 -- 650 Cabbage 350 -- 500 Citrus 900 -- 1200 Onions 350 -- 550 Pea 350 -- 500 Potato 500 -- 700 Sugar Cane 1500 -- 2500 Tomato 400 -- 800 See also African Great Lakes Aral Sea Desalination Drinking water Drought Freshwater ecology Great Lakes Lake Baikal Lake Limnology List of countries by freshwater withdrawal List of countries by total renewable water resources Properties of water River Seawater Water crisis Water cycle Water resources Water well References Jump up ^ USGS -- Earth 's water distribution Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine... Ga.water.usgs.gov ( 11 December 2012 ). Retrieved on 29 December 2012. Jump up ^ Where is Earth 's water ? Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., United States Geological Survey. Jump up ^ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine... Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012. Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter ; et al. ( 1996 ). Stephen H. Schneider, ed. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ `` Groundwater Glossary ''. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006. Jump up ^ `` Freshwater ''. Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009. Jump up ^ `` Freshwater ''. Fishkeeping glossary. Practical Fishkeeping. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009. Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Kidneys ''. 3 November 2002. Archived from the original on 29 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006. Jump up ^ Kalujnaia, S. ; et. al. ( 2007 ). `` Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) using microarray technology ''. Gen Comp Endocrinol. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 152 ( 2007 ) : 274 -- 80. doi : 10.1016 / j. ygcen. 2006.12. 025. PMID 17324422. Jump up ^ Bisal, G.A. ; Specker, J.L. ( 24 January 2006 ). `` Cortisol stimulates hypo - osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L ''. Journal of Fish Biology. Wiley. 39 ( 3 ) : 421 -- 432. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1991. tb04373. x. Jump up ^ Peter Gleick ; Heather Cooley ; David Katz ( 2006 ). The world 's water, 2006 -- 2007 : the biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. pp. 29 -- 31. ISBN 1 - 59726 - 106 - 8. Retrieved 12 September 2009. Jump up ^ Petroleomagdalena.com Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine... Petroleomagdalena.com ( 15 January 1999 ). Retrieved on 29 December 2012. Jump up ^ Nitti, Gianfranco ( May 2011 ). `` Water is not an infinite resource and the world is thirsty ''. The Italian Insider. Rome. p. 8. ^ Jump up to : Gordon L., D.M. ( 2003 ). `` Land cover change and water vapour flows : learning from Australia ''. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences. 358 ( 1440 ) : 1973 -- 1984. doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2003.1381. JSTOR 3558315. PMC 1693281. PMID 14728792. Jump up ^ Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management : Challenges and Options, The World Bank, pp. 4 -- 5, archived from the original on 5 January 2012, retrieved 30 October 2011 Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2009 `` Water and Climate Change : Understanding the Risks and Making Climate - Smart Investment Decisions ''. pp. 19 -- 22. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Nutrients in fresh water '' Jump up ^ `` Fresh Water in the Future '' Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine... Un.org ( 17 December 2010 ). Retrieved on 29 December 2012. Jump up ^ Water Aid. `` Water ''. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter. `` Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities '' ( PDF ). Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Jump up ^ Filley, S. `` How much does a cow need ? '' ( PDF ). Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Jump up ^ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. `` Crops Need Water ''. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Further reading Jackson, Robert B. ; Carpenter, Stephen R. ; Dahm, Clifford N. ; McKnight, Diane M. ; Naiman, Robert J. ; Postel, Sandra L. ; Running, Steven W. ( 2001 ). `` Water in a changing world ''. Ecological Applications. 11 ( 4 ) : 1027 -- 1045. doi : 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 ( 2001 ) 011 ( 1027 : wiacw ) 2.0.co ; 2. Moustakas, A. ; Karakassis, I. `` How diverse is aquatic biodiversity research ? ''. Aquatic Ecology. 39 : 367 -- 375. doi : 10.1007 / s10452 - 005 - 6041 - y. Richter, Brian D. ; Mathews, Ruth ; Harrison, David L. ; Wigington, Robert ( 2003 ). `` Ecologically sustainable water management : managing river flows for ecological integrity ''. Ecological Applications. 13 ( 1 ) : 206 -- 224. doi : 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 ( 2003 ) 013 ( 0206 : eswmmr ) 2.0.co ; 2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freshwater. The World Bank 's work and publications on water resources World Bank report on Agricultural water management FBA.org.uk, Freshwater Biological Association Review of freshwater ecology in the UK Environment-agency.gov.uk UK Environment Agency website Pondconservation.org.uk UK National pond monitoring network U.S. Geological Survey Fresh Water National Geographic Safe and Sustainable Water for Haiti web site hosted by Grand Valley State University Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources GND : 4058507 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fresh_water&oldid=810562387 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Fresh water Hydrology Liquid water Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017, at 01 : 11. 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Question: what is the most abundant source of freshwater in earth
Answer: precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow