P53 - wikipedia P53 For other uses, see P53 ( disambiguation ). TP53 Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4QO1, 1A1U, 1AIE, 1C26, 1DT7, 1GZH, 1H26, 1HS5, 1KZY, 1MA3, 1OLG, 1OLH, 1PES, 1PET, 1SAE, 1SAF, 1SAK, 1SAL, 1TSR, 1TUP, 1UOL, 1XQH, 1YC5, 1YCQ, 1YCR, 1YCS, 2AC0, 2ADY, 2AHI, 2ATA, 2B3G, 2BIM, 2BIN, 2BIO, 2BIP, 2BIQ, 2FEJ, 2FOJ, 2FOO, 2GS0, 2H1L, 2H2D, 2H2F, 2H4F, 2H4H, 2H4J, 2H59, 2J0Z, 2J10, 2J11, 2J1W, 2J1X, 2J1Y, 2J1Z, 2J20, 2J21, 2K8F, 2L14, 2LY4, 2MEJ, 2MWO, 2MWP, 2MZD, 2OCJ, 2PCX, 2RUK, 2VUK, 2WGX, 2X0U, 2X0V, 2X0W, 2XWR, 2YBG, 2YDR, 2Z5S, 2Z5T, 3D05, 3D06, 3D07, 3D08, 3D09, 3D0A, 3DAB, 3DAC, 3IGK, 3IGL, 3KMD, 3KZ8, 3LW1, 3OQ5, 3PDH, 3Q01, 3Q05, 3Q06, 3SAK, 3TG5, 3TS8, 3ZME, 4AGL, 4AGM, 4AGN, 4AGO, 4AGP, 4AGQ, 4BUZ, 4BV2, 4HFZ, 4HJE, 4IBQ, 4IBS, 4IBT, 4IBU, 4IBV, 4IBW, 4IBY, 4IBZ, 4IJT, 4KVP, 4LO9, 4LOE, 4LOF, 4MZI, 4MZR, 4X34, 4ZZJ, 5AOL, 5ABA, 5AOK, 2MWY, 5A7B, 5AOJ, 5AOI, 5ECG, 5AB9, 4FZ3, 4RP6, 4XR8, 5AOM, 4RP7, 5HOU, 5HP0, 5HPD, 5LGY, 5G4M, 5G4O, 5G4N, 5BUA Identifiers Aliases TP53, BCC7, LFS1, P53, TRP53, tumor protein p53 External IDs OMIM : 191170 MGI : 98834 HomoloGene : 460 GeneCards : TP53 Gene location ( Human ) Chr. Chromosome 17 ( human ) Band 17p13. 1 Start 7,661,779 bp End 7,687,550 bp Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr. Chromosome 11 ( mouse ) Band 11 B3 11 42.83 cM Start 69,580,359 bp End 69,591,873 bp RNA expression pattern More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function protein N - terminus binding transcription factor activity, sequence - specific DNA binding protein self - association core promoter sequence - specific DNA binding transcription regulatory region DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence - specific DNA binding protein phosphatase binding ATP binding transcription factor binding metal ion binding protein phosphatase 2A binding enzyme binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding zinc ion binding chromatin binding protease binding damaged DNA binding protein binding histone acetyltransferase binding copper ion binding protein kinase binding chaperone binding transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence - specific binding receptor tyrosine kinase binding p53 binding identical protein binding protein heterodimerization activity ubiquitin protein ligase binding RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence - specific DNA binding DNA binding Cellular component cytoplasm mitochondrion cell nucleus nuclear body transcription factor TFIID complex nuclear matrix replication fork nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum nuclear chromatin nucleoplasm protein complex mitochondrial matrix PML body cytosol Biological process positive regulation of histone deacetylation chromatin assembly DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest rhythmic process replicative senescence negative regulation of telomerase activity oligodendrocyte apoptotic process cellular response to DNA damage stimulus cell aging intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process cellular response to drug regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process cellular response to ionizing radiation positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of helicase activity cell cycle Ras protein signal transduction cell proliferation cellular response to hypoxia negative regulation of cell proliferation nucleotide - excision repair cellular response to glucose starvation regulation of transcription, DNA - templated response to antibiotic transcription, DNA - templated ER overload response positive regulation of transcription, DNA - templated negative regulation of cell growth intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator positive regulation of peptidyl - tyrosine phosphorylation viral process response to gamma radiation negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cell differentiation determination of adult lifespan positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress cellular response to UV DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator negative regulation of apoptotic process protein tetramerization oxidative stress - induced premature senescence positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria circadian behavior negative regulation of transcription, DNA - templated protein localization intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis protein complex assembly DNA strand renaturation multicellular organism development cellular protein localization positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of gene expression mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint cell cycle arrest positive regulation of protein oligomerization positive regulation of apoptotic process entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod response to X-ray positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter base - excision repair DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator positive regulation of cell cycle arrest regulation of cell cycle G2 / M phase transition proteasome - mediated ubiquitin - dependent protein catabolic process regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator apoptotic process transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter positive regulation of protein export from nucleus programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process protein deubiquitination phosphatidylinositol - mediated signaling negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 7157 22059 Ensembl ENSG00000141510 ENSMUSG00000059552 UniProt P04637 P02340 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_001276761 NM_000546 NM_001126112 NM_001126113 NM_001126114 NM_001126115 NM_001126116 NM_001126117 NM_001126118 NM_001276695 NM_001276696 NM_001276697 NM_001276698 NM_001276699 NM_001276760 NM_001127233 NM_011640 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_000537 NP_001119584 NP_001119585 NP_001119586 NP_001119587 NP_001119588 NP_001119589 NP_001119590 NP_001263624 NP_001263625 NP_001263626 NP_001263627 NP_001263628 NP_001263689 NP_001263690 NP_001120705 NP_035770 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 17 : 7.66 -- 7.69 Mb Chr 11 : 69.58 -- 69.59 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 ( UniProt name ), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY - CO-13, or transformation - related protein 53 ( TRP53 ), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 ( humans ) and Trp53 ( mice ). This homolog ( originally thought to be, and often spoken of as, a single protein ) is crucial in multicellular organisms, where it prevents cancer formation, thus, functions as a tumor suppressor. As such, p53 has been described as `` the guardian of the genome '' because of its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation. Hence TP53 is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. ( Italics are used to denote the TP53 gene name and distinguish it from the protein it encodes. ) The name p53 was given in 1979 describing the apparent molecular mass ; SDS - PAGE analysis indicates that it is a 53 - kilodalton ( kDa ) protein. However, the actual mass of the full - length p53 protein ( p53α ) based on the sum of masses of the amino acid residues is only 43.7 kDa. This difference is due to the high number of proline residues in the protein, which slow its migration on SDS - PAGE, thus making it appear heavier than it actually is. In addition to the full - length protein, the human TP53 gene encodes at least 15 protein isoforms, ranging in size from 3.5 to 43.7 kDa. All these p53 proteins are called the p53 isoforms. The TP53 gene is the most frequently mutated gene ( > 50 % ) in human cancer, indicating that the TP53 gene plays a crucial role in preventing cancer formation. TP53 gene encodes proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression to prevent mutations of the genome. Contents 1 Gene 2 Structure 3 Function 3.1 Stem cells 3.1. 1 Embryonic stem cells 3.1. 2 Adult stem cells 4 Regulation 5 Role in disease 6 Experimental analysis of p53 mutations 7 Discovery 8 Isoforms 9 Interactions 10 Peto 's paradox 11 References 12 External links Gene In humans, the TP53 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 17 ( 17p13. 1 ). The gene spans 20 kb, with a non-coding exon 1 and a very long first intron of 10 kb. The coding sequence contains five regions showing a high degree of conservation in vertebrates, predominantly in exons 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8, but the sequences found in invertebrates show only distant resemblance to mammalian TP53. TP53 orthologs have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data are available. In humans, a common polymorphism involves the substitution of an arginine for a proline at codon position 72. Many studies have investigated a genetic link between this variation and cancer susceptibility ; however, the results have been controversial. For instance, a meta - analysis from 2009 failed to show a link for cervical cancer. A 2011 study found that the TP53 proline mutation did have a profound effect on pancreatic cancer risk among males. A study of Arab women found that proline homozygosity at TP53 codon 72 is associated with a decreased risk for breast cancer. One study suggested that TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms, MDM2 SNP309, and A2164G may collectively be associated with non-oropharyngeal cancer susceptibility and that MDM2 SNP309 in combination with TP53 codon 72 may accelerate the development of non-oropharyngeal cancer in women. A 2011 study found that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Meta - analyses from 2011 found no significant associations between TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms and both colorectal cancer risk and endometrial cancer risk. A 2011 study of a Brazilian birth cohort found an association between the non mutant arginine TP53 and individuals without a family history of cancer. Another 2011 study found that the p53 homozygous ( Pro / Pro ) genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for renal cell carcinoma. Structure A schematic of the known protein domains in p53. ( NLS = Nuclear Localization Signal ). Crystal structure of four p53 DNA binding domains ( as found in the bioactive homo - tetramer ) and has seven domains : an acidic N - terminus transcription - activation domain ( TAD ), also known as activation domain 1 ( AD1 ), which activates transcription factors. The N - terminus contains two complementary transcriptional activation domains, with a major one at residues 1 -- 42 and a minor one at residues 55 -- 75, specifically involved in the regulation of several pro-apoptotic genes. activation domain 2 ( AD2 ) important for apoptotic activity : residues 43 - 63. proline rich domain important for the apoptotic activity of p53 by nuclear exportation via MAPK : residues 64 - 92. central DNA - binding core domain ( DBD ). Contains one zinc atom and several arginine amino acids : residues 102 - 292. This region is responsible for binding the p53 co-repressor LMO3. nuclear localization signaling domain, residues 316 - 325. homo - oligomerisation domain ( OD ) : residues 307 - 355. Tetramerization is essential for the activity of p53 in vivo. C - terminal involved in downregulation of DNA binding of the central domain : residues 356 - 393. A tandem of nine - amino - acid transactivation domains ( 9aaTAD ) was identified in the AD1 and AD2 regions of transcription factor p53. KO mutations and position for p53 interaction with TFIID are listed below : The competence of the p53 transactivation domains 9aaTAD to activate transcription as small peptides was reported. 9aaTADs mediate p53 interaction with general coactivators -- TAF9, CBP / p300 ( all four domains KIX, TAZ1, TAZ2 and IBiD ), GCN5 and PC4, regulatory protein MDM2 and replication protein A ( RPA ). Mutations that deactivate p53 in cancer usually occur in the DBD. Most of these mutations destroy the ability of the protein to bind to its target DNA sequences, and thus prevents transcriptional activation of these genes. As such, mutations in the DBD are recessive loss - of - function mutations. Molecules of p53 with mutations in the OD dimerise with wild - type p53, and prevent them from activating transcription. Therefore, OD mutations have a dominant negative effect on the function of p53. Wild - type p53 is a labile protein, comprising folded and unstructured regions that function in a synergistic manner. Function p53 has many mechanisms of anticancer function and plays a role in apoptosis, genomic stability, and inhibition of angiogenesis. In its anti-cancer role, p53 works through several mechanisms : It can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage. Thus, it may be an important factor in aging. It can arrest growth by holding the cell cycle at the G1 / S regulation point on DNA damage recognition ( if it holds the cell here for long enough, the DNA repair proteins will have time to fix the damage and the cell will be allowed to continue the cell cycle ). It can initiate apoptosis ( i.e., programmed cell death ) if DNA damage proves to be irreparable. It is essential for the senescence response to short telomeres. p53 pathway : In a normal cell, p53 is inactivated by its negative regulator, mdm2. Upon DNA damage or other stresses, various pathways will lead to the dissociation of the p53 and mdm2 complex. Once activated, p53 will induce a cell cycle arrest to allow either repair and survival of the cell or apoptosis to discard the damaged cell. How p53 makes this choice is currently unknown. Activated p53 binds DNA and activates expression of several genes including microRNA miR - 34a, WAF1 / CIP1 encoding for p21 and hundreds of other down - stream genes. p21 ( WAF1 ) binds to the G1 - S / CDK ( CDK4 / CDK6, CDK2, and CDK1 ) complexes ( molecules important for the G1 / S transition in the cell cycle ) inhibiting their activity. When p21 ( WAF1 ) is complexed with CDK2, the cell can not continue to the next stage of cell division. A mutant p53 will no longer bind DNA in an effective way, and, as a consequence, the p21 protein will not be available to act as the `` stop signal '' for cell division. Studies of human embryonic stem cells ( hESCs ) commonly describe the nonfunctional p53 - p21 axis of the G1 / S checkpoint pathway with subsequent relevance for cell cycle regulation and the DNA damage response ( DDR ). Importantly, p21 mRNA is clearly present and upregulated after the DDR in hESCs, but p21 protein is not detectable. In this cell type, p53 activates numerous microRNAs ( like miR - 302a, miR - 302b, miR - 302c, and miR - 302d ) that directly inhibit the p21 expression in hESCs. Research has also linked the p53 and RB1 pathways, via p14ARF, raising the possibility that the pathways may regulate each other. p53 by regulating LIF has been shown to facilitate implantation in the mouse model and possibly in humans. p53 expression can be stimulated by UV light, which also causes DNA damage. In this case, p53 can initiate events leading to tanning. The p21 protein binds directly to cyclin - CDK complexes that drive forward the cell cycle and inhibits their kinase activity thereby causing cell cycle arrest to allow repair to take place. p21 can also mediate growth arrest associated with differentiation and a more permanent growth arrest associated with cellular senescence. The p21 gene contains several p53 response elements that mediate direct binding of the p53 protein, resulting in transcriptional activation of the gene encoding the p21 protein. Stem cells Levels of p53 play an important role in the maintenance of stem cells throughout development and the rest of human life. Embryonic stem cells p53 is maintained at low inactive levels in human embryonic stem cells ( hESCs ). This is because activation of p53 leads to rapid differentiation of hESCs. Studies have shown that knocking out p53 delays differentiation and that adding p53 causes spontaneous differentiation, showing how p53 promotes differentiation of hESCs and plays a key role in cell cycle as a differentiation regulator. When p53 becomes stabilized and activated in hESCs, it increases p21 to establish a longer G1. This typically leads to abolition of S - phase entry, which stops the cell cycle in G1, leading to differentiation. p53 also activates miR - 34a and miR - 145, which then repress the hESCs pluripotency factors, further instigating differentiation. Studies of human embryonic stem cells ( hESCs ) commonly describe the nonfunctional p53 - p21 axis of the G1 / S checkpoint pathway. This has subsequent relevance for cell cycle regulation and the DNA damage response ( DDR ). Importantly, p21 mRNA is clearly present and upregulated after the DDR in hESCs, but p21 protein is not detectable. In this cell type, p53 activates numerous microRNAs ( like miR - 302a, miR - 302b, miR - 302c, and miR - 302d ) that directly inhibit the p21 expression in hESCs. Adult stem cells In adult stem cells, p53 regulation is important for maintenance of stemness in adult stem cell niches. Mechanical signals such as hypoxia affect levels of p53 in these niche cells through the hypoxia inducible factors, HIF - 1α and HIF - 2α. While HIF - 1α stabilizes p53, HIF - 2α suppresses it. Suppression of p53 plays important roles in cancer stem cell phenotype, induced pluripotent stem cells and other stem cell roles and behaviors, such as blastema formation. Cells with decreased levels of p53 have been shown to reprogram into stem cells with a much greater efficiency that normal cells. Papers suggest that the lack of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis gives more cells the chance to be reprogrammed. Decreased levels of p53 were also shown to be a crucial aspect of blastema formation in the legs of salamanders. p53 regulation is very important in acting as a barrier between stem cells and a differentiated stem cell state, as well as a barrier between stem cells being functional and being cancerous. Regulation p53 becomes activated in response to myriad stressors, including but not limited to DNA damage ( induced by either UV, IR, or chemical agents such as hydrogen peroxide ), oxidative stress, osmotic shock, ribonucleotide depletion, and deregulated oncogene expression. This activation is marked by two major events. First, the half - life of the p53 protein is increased drastically, leading to a quick accumulation of p53 in stressed cells. Second, a conformational change forces p53 to be activated as a transcription regulator in these cells. The critical event leading to the activation of p53 is the phosphorylation of its N - terminal domain. The N - terminal transcriptional activation domain contains a large number of phosphorylation sites and can be considered as the primary target for protein kinases transducing stress signals. The protein kinases that are known to target this transcriptional activation domain of p53 can be roughly divided into two groups. A first group of protein kinases belongs to the MAPK family ( JNK1 - 3, ERK1 - 2, p38 MAPK ), which is known to respond to several types of stress, such as membrane damage, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, heat shock, etc. A second group of protein kinases ( ATR, ATM, CHK1 and CHK2, DNA - PK, CAK, TP53RK ) is implicated in the genome integrity checkpoint, a molecular cascade that detects and responds to several forms of DNA damage caused by genotoxic stress. Oncogenes also stimulate p53 activation, mediated by the protein p14ARF. In unstressed cells, p53 levels are kept low through a continuous degradation of p53. A protein called Mdm2 ( also called HDM2 in humans ), binds to p53, preventing its action and transports it from the nucleus to the cytosol. Also Mdm2 acts as ubiquitin ligase and covalently attaches ubiquitin to p53 and thus marks p53 for degradation by the proteasome. However, ubiquitylation of p53 is reversible. MI - 63 binds to MDM2 making the action of p53 again possible in situations were p53 's function has become inhibited. A ubiquitin specific protease, USP7 ( or HAUSP ), can cleave ubiquitin off p53, thereby protecting it from proteasome - dependent degradation via the ubiquitin ligase pathway. This is one means by which p53 is stabilized in response to oncogenic insults. USP42 has also been shown to deubiquitinate p53 and may be required for the ability of p53 to respond to stress. Recent research has shown that HAUSP is mainly localized in the nucleus, though a fraction of it can be found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Overexpression of HAUSP results in p53 stabilization. However, depletion of HAUSP does not result to a decrease in p53 levels but rather increases p53 levels due to the fact that HAUSP binds and deubiquitinates Mdm2. It has been shown that HAUSP is a better binding partner to Mdm2 than p53 in unstressed cells. USP10 however has been shown to be located in the cytoplasm in unstressed cells and deubiquitinates cytoplasmic p53, reversing Mdm2 ubiquitination. Following DNA damage, USP10 translocates to the nucleus and contributes to p53 stability. Also USP10 does not interact with Mdm2. Phosphorylation of the N - terminal end of p53 by the above - mentioned protein kinases disrupts Mdm2 - binding. Other proteins, such as Pin1, are then recruited to p53 and induce a conformational change in p53, which prevents Mdm2 - binding even more. Phosphorylation also allows for binding of transcriptional coactivators, like p300 and PCAF, which then acetylate the carboxy - terminal end of p53, exposing the DNA binding domain of p53, allowing it to activate or repress specific genes. Deacetylase enzymes, such as Sirt1 and Sirt7, can deacetylate p53, leading to an inhibition of apoptosis. Some oncogenes can also stimulate the transcription of proteins that bind to MDM2 and inhibit its activity. Role in disease Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. A micrograph showing cells with abnormal p53 expression ( brown ) in a brain tumor. p53 immunostain. If the TP53 gene is damaged, tumor suppression is severely compromised. People who inherit only one functional copy of the TP53 gene will most likely develop tumors in early adulthood, a disorder known as Li - Fraumeni syndrome. The TP53 gene can also be modified by mutagens ( chemicals, radiation, or viruses ), increasing the likelihood for uncontrolled cell division. More than 50 percent of human tumors contain a mutation or deletion of the TP53 gene. Loss of p53 creates genomic instability that most often results in an aneuploidy phenotype. Increasing the amount of p53 may seem a solution for treatment of tumors or prevention of their spreading. This, however, is not a usable method of treatment, since it can cause premature aging. Restoring endogenous normal p53 function holds some promise. Research has shown that this restoration can lead to regression of certain cancer cells without damaging other cells in the process. The ways by which tumor regression occurs depends mainly on the tumor type. For example, restoration of endogenous p53 function in lymphomas may induce apoptosis, while cell growth may be reduced to normal levels. Thus, pharmacological reactivation of p53 presents itself as a viable cancer treatment option. The first commercial gene therapy, Gendicine, was approved in China in 2003 for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It delivers a functional copy of the p53 gene using an engineered adenovirus. Certain pathogens can also affect the p53 protein that the TP53 gene expresses. One such example, human papillomavirus ( HPV ), encodes a protein, E6, which binds to the p53 protein and inactivates it. This mechanism, in synergy with the inactivation of the cell cycle regulator pRb by the HPV protein E7, allows for repeated cell division manifested clinically as warts. Certain HPV types, in particular types 16 and 18, can also lead to progression from a benign wart to low or high - grade cervical dysplasia, which are reversible forms of precancerous lesions. Persistent infection of the cervix over the years can cause irreversible changes leading to carcinoma in situ and eventually invasive cervical cancer. This results from the effects of HPV genes, particularly those encoding E6 and E7, which are the two viral oncoproteins that are preferentially retained and expressed in cervical cancers by integration of the viral DNA into the host genome. The p53 protein is continually produced and degraded in cells of healthy people, resulting in damped oscillation. The degradation of the p53 protein is associated with binding of MDM2. In a negative feedback loop, MDM2 itself is induced by the p53 protein. Mutant p53 proteins often fail to induce MDM2, causing p53 to accumulate at very high levels. Moreover, the mutant p53 protein itself can inhibit normal p53 protein levels. In some cases, single missense mutations in p53 have been shown to disrupt p53 stability and function. Suppression of p53 in human breast cancer cells is shown to lead to increased CXCR5 chemokine receptor gene expression and activated cell migration in response to chemokine CXCL13. One study found that p53 and Myc proteins were key to the survival of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia ( CML ) cells. Targeting p53 and Myc proteins with drugs gave positive results on mice with CML. Experimental analysis of p53 mutations Most p53 mutations are detected by DNA sequencing. However, it is known that single missense mutations can have a large spectrum from rather mild to very severe functional affects. The large spectrum of cancer phenotypes due to mutations in the TP53 gene is also supported by the fact that different isoforms of p53 proteins have different cellular mechanisms for prevention against cancer. Mutations in TP53 can give rise to different isoforms, preventing their overall functionality in different cellular mechanisms and thereby extending the cancer phenotype from mild to severe. Recents studies show that p53 isoforms are differentially expressed in different human tissues, and the loss - of - function or gain - of - function mutations within the isoforms can cause tissue - specific cancer or provides cancer stem cell potential in different tissues. TP53 mutation also hits energy metabolism and increases glycolysis in breast cancer cells. The dynamics of p53 proteins, along with its antagonist Mdm2, indicate that the levels of p53, in units of concentration, oscillate as a function of time. This `` damped '' oscillation is both clinically documented and mathematically modelled. Mathematical models also indicate that the p53 concentration oscillates much faster once teratogens, such as double - stranded breaks ( DSB ) or UV radiation, are introduced to the system. This supports and models the current understanding of p53 dynamics, where DNA damage induces p53 activation ( see p53 regulation for more information ). Current models can also be useful for modelling the mutations in p53 isoforms and their effects on p53 oscillation, thereby promoting de novo tissue - specific pharmacological drug discovery. Discovery p53 was identified in 1979 by Lionel Crawford, David P. Lane, Arnold Levine, and Lloyd Old, working at Imperial Cancer Research Fund ( UK ) Princeton University / UMDNJ ( Cancer Institute of New Jersey ), and Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center, respectively. It had been hypothesized to exist before as the target of the SV40 virus, a strain that induced development of tumors. The TP53 gene from the mouse was first cloned by Peter Chumakov of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1982, and independently in 1983 by Moshe Oren in collaboration with David Givol ( Weizmann Institute of Science ). The human TP53 gene was cloned in 1984 and the full length clone in 1985. It was initially presumed to be an oncogene due to the use of mutated cDNA following purification of tumor cell mRNA. Its role as a tumor suppressor gene was revealed in 1989 by Bert Vogelstein at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Arnold Levine at Princeton University. Warren Maltzman, of the Waksman Institute of Rutgers University first demonstrated that TP53 was responsive to DNA damage in the form of ultraviolet radiation. In a series of publications in 1991 -- 92, Michael Kastan of Johns Hopkins University, reported that TP53 was a critical part of a signal transduction pathway that helped cells respond to DNA damage. In 1993, p53 was voted molecule of the year by Science magazine. Isoforms As with 95 % of human genes, TP53 encodes more than one protein. In 2005 several isoforms were discovered and until now, 12 human p53 isoforms were identified ( p53α, p53β, p53γ, ∆ 40p53α, ∆ 40p53β, ∆ 40p53γ, ∆ 133p53α, ∆ 133p53β, ∆ 133p53γ, ∆ 160p53α, ∆ 160p53β, ∆ 160p53γ ). Furthermore, p53 isoforms are expressed in a tissue dependent manner and p53α is never expressed alone. The full length p53 isoform proteins can be subdivided into different protein domains. Starting from the N - terminus, there are first the amino - terminal transactivation domains ( TAD 1, TAD 2 ), which are needed to induce a subset of p53 target genes. This domain is followed by the Proline rich domain ( PXXP ), whereby the motif PXXP is repeated ( P is a Proline and X can be any amino acid ). It is required among others for p53 mediated apoptosis. Some isoforms lack the Proline rich domain, such as Δ133p53β, γ and Δ160p53α, β, γ ; hence some isoforms of p53 are not mediating apoptosis, emphasizing the diversifying roles of the TP53 gene. Afterwards there is the DNA binding domain ( DBD ), which enables the proteins to sequence specific binding. The carboxyl terminal domain completes the protein. It includes the nuclear localization signal ( NLS ), the nuclear export signal ( NES ) and the oligomerisation domain ( OD ). The NLS and NES are responsible for the subcellular regulation of p53. Through the OD, p53 can form a tetramer and then bind to DNA. Among the isoforms, some domains can be missing, but all of them share most of the highly conserved DNA - binding domain. The isoforms are formed by different mechanisms. The beta and the gamma isoforms are generated by multiple splicing of intron 9, which leads to a different C - terminus. Furthermore, the usage of an internal promoter in intron 4 causes the ∆ 133 and ∆ 160 isoforms, which lack the TAD domain and a part of the DBD. Moreover, alternative initiation of translation at codon 40 or 160 bear the ∆ 40p53 and ∆ 160p53 isoforms. Due to the isoformic nature of p53 proteins, there have been several sources of evidence showing that mutations within the TP53 gene giving rise to mutated isoforms are causative agents of various cancer phenotypes, from mild to severe, due to single mutation in the TP53 gene ( refer to section Experimental analysis of p53 mutations for more details ). Interactions p53 has been shown to interact with : AIMP2, ANKRD2, APTX, ATM, ATR, ATF3, AURKA, BAK1, BARD1, BLM, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCC3, BRE, CEBPZ, CDC14A, Cdk1, CFLAR, CHEK1, CCNG1, CREBBP, CREB1, Cyclin H, CDK7, DNA - PKcs, E4F1, EFEMP2, EIF2AK2, ELL, EP300, ERCC6, GNL3, GPS2, GSK3B, HSP90AA1, HIF1A, HIPK1, HIPK2, HMGB1, HSPA9, Huntingtin, ING1, ING4, ING5, IκBα, KPNB1, LMO3, Mdm2, MDM4, MED1, MAPK9, MNAT1, NDN, NCL, NUMB, NF - κB, P16, PARC, PARP1, PIAS1, CDC14B, PIN1, PLAGL1, PLK3, PRKRA, PHB, PML, PSME3, PTEN, PTK2, PTTG1, RAD51, RCHY1, RELA, Reprimo RPA1, RPL11, S100B, SUMO1, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMN1, STAT3, TBP, TFAP2A, TFDP1, TIGAR, TOP1, TOP2A, TP53BP1, TP53BP2, TOP2B, TP53INP1, TSG101, UBE2A, UBE2I, UBC, USP7, WRN, WWOX, XPB, YBX1, YPEL3, YWHAZ, Zif268, ZNF148. SIRT1. Peto 's paradox Peto 's paradox is the observation, due to Richard Peto, that at the species level, the incidence of cancer does not appear to correlate with the number of cells in an organism. For example, the incidence of cancer in humans is much higher than the incidence of cancer in whales. This is despite the fact that a whale has many more cells than a human. If the probability of carcinogenesis were constant across cells, one would expect whales to have a higher incidence of cancer than humans. The same is true of elephants. In October 2015, two independent studies showed that elephants have 20 copies of a tumor suppressor gene TP53 in their genome, where humans and other mammals have only one, thus providing a possible solution to the paradox. References ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000141510 - Ensembl, May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000059552 - Ensembl, May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : ''. Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : ''. ^ Jump up to : Surget S, Khoury MP, Bourdon JC ( December 2013 ). `` Uncovering the role of p53 splice variants in human malignancy : a clinical perspective ''. OncoTargets and Therapy. 7 : 57 -- 68. doi : 10.2147 / OTT. S53876. PMC 3872270. PMID 24379683. Jump up ^ Read, A.P. ; Strachan, T... Human molecular genetics 2. New York : Wiley ; 1999. ISBN 0 - 471 - 33061 - 2. Chapter 18 : Cancer Genetics. ^ Jump up to : Matlashewski G, Lamb P, Pim D, Peacock J, Crawford L, Benchimol S ( December 1984 ). `` Isolation and characterization of a human p53 cDNA clone : expression of the human p53 gene ''. The EMBO Journal. 3 ( 13 ) : 3257 -- 62. PMC 557846. PMID 6396087. ^ Jump up to : Isobe M, Emanuel BS, Givol D, Oren M, Croce CM ( 1986 ). `` Localization of gene for human p53 tumour antigen to band 17p13 ''. Nature. 320 ( 6057 ) : 84 -- 5. doi : 10.1038 / 320084a0. PMID 3456488. ^ Jump up to : Kern SE, Kinzler KW, Bruskin A, Jarosz D, Friedman P, Prives C, Vogelstein B ( June 1991 ). `` Identification of p53 as a sequence - specific DNA - binding protein ''. Science. 252 ( 5013 ) : 1708 -- 11. doi : 10.1126 / science. 2047879. PMID 2047879. ^ Jump up to : McBride OW, Merry D, Givol D ( January 1986 ). `` The gene for human p53 cellular tumor antigen is located on chromosome 17 short arm ( 17p13 ) ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 4. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 83.1. 130. PMC 322805. PMID 3001719. ^ Jump up to : Bourdon JC, Fernandes K, Murray - Zmijewski F, Liu G, Diot A, Xirodimas DP, Saville MK, Lane DP ( September 2005 ). `` p53 isoforms can regulate p53 transcriptional activity ''. Genes & Development. 19 ( 18 ) : 2122 -- 37. doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1339905. PMC 1221884. PMID 16131611. Jump up ^ Ziemer MA, Mason A, Carlson DM ( September 1982 ). `` Cell - free translations of proline - rich protein mRNAs ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 ( 18 ) : 11176 -- 80. PMID 7107651. Jump up ^ Lane, edited by Arnold J. Levine, David P. ( 2010 ). The p53 family : a subject collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in biology. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87969 - 830 - 0. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ May P, May E ( December 1999 ). `` Twenty years of p53 research : structural and functional aspects of the p53 protein ''. Oncogene. 18 ( 53 ) : 7621 -- 36. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1203285. PMID 10618702. Jump up ^ OrthoMaM phylogenetic marker : TP53 coding sequence. Jump up ^ Klug SJ, Ressing M, Koenig J, Abba MC, Agorastos T, Brenna SM, Ciotti M, Das BR, Del Mistro A, Dybikowska A, Giuliano AR, Gudleviciene Z, Gyllensten U, Haws AL, Helland A, Herrington CS, Hildesheim A, Humbey O, Jee SH, Kim JW, Madeleine MM, Menczer J, Ngan HY, Nishikawa A, Niwa Y, Pegoraro R, Pillai MR, Ranzani G, Rezza G, Rosenthal AN, Roychoudhury S, Saranath D, Schmitt VM, Sengupta S, Settheetham - Ishida W, Shirasawa H, Snijders PJ, Stoler MH, Suárez - Rincón AE, Szarka K, Tachezy R, Ueda M, van der Zee AG, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Wu MT, Yamashita T, Zehbe I, Blettner M ( August 2009 ). `` TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and cervical cancer : a pooled analysis of individual data from 49 studies ''. The Lancet. Oncology. 10 ( 8 ) : 772 -- 84. doi : 10.1016 / S1470 - 2045 ( 09 ) 70187 - 1. PMID 19625214. Jump up ^ Sonoyama T, Sakai A, Mita Y, Yasuda Y, Kawamoto H, Yagi T, Yoshioka M, Mimura T, Nakachi K, Ouchida M, Yamamoto K, Shimizu K ( 2011 ). `` TP53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with pancreatic cancer risk in males, smokers and drinkers ''. Molecular Medicine Reports. 4 ( 3 ) : 489 -- 95. doi : 10.3892 / mmr. 2011.449. PMID 21468597. Jump up ^ Alawadi S, Ghabreau L, Alsaleh M, Abdulaziz Z, Rafeek M, Akil N, Alkhalaf M ( September 2011 ). `` P53 gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in Arab women ''. Medical Oncology. 28 ( 3 ) : 709 -- 15. doi : 10.1007 / s12032 - 010 - 9505 - 4. PMID 20443084. Jump up ^ Yu H, Huang YJ, Liu Z, Wang LE, Li G, Sturgis EM, Johnson DG, Wei Q ( September 2011 ). `` Effects of MDM2 promoter polymorphisms and p53 codon 72 polymorphism on risk and age at onset of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck ''. Molecular Carcinogenesis. 50 ( 9 ) : 697 -- 706. doi : 10.1002 / mc. 20806. PMC 3142329. PMID 21656578. Jump up ^ Piao JM, Kim HN, Song HR, Kweon SS, Choi JS, Yun WJ, Kim YC, Oh IJ, Kim KS, Shin MH ( September 2011 ). `` p53 codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population ''. Lung Cancer. 73 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / j. lungcan. 2010.12. 017. PMID 21316118. Jump up ^ Wang JJ, Zheng Y, Sun L, Wang L, Yu PB, Dong JH, Zhang L, Xu J, Shi W, Ren YC ( November 2011 ). `` TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and colorectal cancer susceptibility : a meta - analysis ''. Molecular Biology Reports. 38 ( 8 ) : 4847 -- 53. doi : 10.1007 / s11033 - 010 - 0619 - 8. PMID 21140221. Jump up ^ Jiang DK, Yao L, Ren WH, Wang WZ, Peng B, Yu L ( December 2011 ). `` TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk : a meta - analysis ''. Medical Oncology. 28 ( 4 ) : 1129 -- 35. doi : 10.1007 / s12032 - 010 - 9597 - x. PMID 20552298. Jump up ^ Thurow HS, Haack R, Hartwig FP, Oliveira IO, Dellagostin OA, Gigante DP, Horta BL, Collares T, Seixas FK ( December 2011 ). `` TP53 gene polymorphism : importance to cancer, ethnicity and birth weight in a Brazilian cohort ''. Journal of Biosciences. 36 ( 5 ) : 823 -- 31. doi : 10.1007 / s12038 - 011 - 9147 - 5. PMID 22116280. Jump up ^ Huang CY, Su CT, Chu JS, Huang SP, Pu YS, Yang HY, Chung CJ, Wu CC, Hsueh YM ( December 2011 ). `` The polymorphisms of P53 codon 72 and MDM2 SNP309 and renal cell carcinoma risk in a low arsenic exposure area ''. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 257 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 55. doi : 10.1016 / j. taap. 2011.09. 018. PMID 21982800. Jump up ^ Venot C, Maratrat M, Dureuil C, Conseiller E, Bracco L, Debussche L ( August 1998 ). `` The requirement for the p53 proline - rich functional domain for mediation of apoptosis is correlated with specific PIG3 gene transactivation and with transcriptional repression ''. The EMBO Journal. 17 ( 16 ) : 4668 -- 79. doi : 10.1093 / emboj / 17.16. 4668. PMC 1170796. PMID 9707426. ^ Jump up to : Larsen S, Yokochi T, Isogai E, Nakamura Y, Ozaki T, Nakagawara A ( February 2010 ). `` LMO3 interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity ''. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 392 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / j. bbrc. 2009.12. 010. PMID 19995558. Jump up ^ Harms KL, Chen X ( March 2005 ). `` The C terminus of p53 family proteins is a cell fate determinant ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 ( 5 ) : 2014 -- 30. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 25.5. 2014 - 2030.2005. PMC 549381. PMID 15713654. ^ Jump up to : Piskacek S, Gregor M, Nemethova M, Grabner M, Kovarik P, Piskacek M ( June 2007 ). `` Nine - amino - acid transactivation domain : establishment and prediction utilities ''. Genomics. 89 ( 6 ) : 756 -- 68. doi : 10.1016 / j. ygeno. 2007.02. 003. PMID 17467953. Jump up ^ Uesugi M, Nyanguile O, Lu H, Levine AJ, Verdine GL ( August 1997 ). `` Induced alpha helix in the VP16 activation domain upon binding to a human TAF ''. Science. 277 ( 5330 ) : 1310 -- 3. doi : 10.1126 / science. 277.5330. 1310. PMID 9271577. ; Uesugi M, Verdine GL ( December 1999 ). `` The alpha - helical FXXPhiPhi motif in p53 : TAF interaction and discrimination by MDM2 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 ( 26 ) : 14801 -- 6. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.26. 14801. PMC 24728. PMID 10611293. ; Choi Y, Asada S, Uesugi M ( May 2000 ). `` Divergent hTAFII31 - binding motifs hidden in activation domains ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 ( 21 ) : 15912 -- 6. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 275.21. 15912. PMID 10821850. ; Venot C, Maratrat M, Sierra V, Conseiller E, Debussche L ( April 1999 ). `` Definition of a p53 transactivation function - deficient mutant and characterization of two independent p53 transactivation subdomains ''. Oncogene. 18 ( 14 ) : 2405 -- 10. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1202539. PMID 10327062. ; Lin J, Chen J, Elenbaas B, Levine AJ ( May 1994 ). `` Several hydrophobic amino acids in the p53 amino - terminal domain are required for transcriptional activation, binding to mdm - 2 and the adenovirus 5 E1B 55 - kD protein ''. Genes & Development. 8 ( 10 ) : 1235 -- 46. doi : 10.1101 / gad. 8.10. 1235. PMID 7926727. Jump up ^ Piskacek M, Havelka M, Rezacova M, Knight A. `` The 9aaTAD Transactivation Domains : From Gal4 to p53 ''. PLoS One. 11 ( 9 ) : e0162842. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0162842. PMC 5019370. PMID 27618436. Jump up ^ Bell S, Klein C, Müller L, Hansen S, Buchner J ( October 2002 ). `` p53 contains large unstructured regions in its native state ''. Journal of Molecular Biology. 322 ( 5 ) : 917 -- 27. doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 02 ) 00848 - 3. PMID 12367518. Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F. Developmental Biology, 10th ed. Sunderland, MA USA : Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers. p. 588. Jump up ^ Mraz M, Malinova K, Kotaskova J, Pavlova S, Tichy B, Malcikova J, Stano Kozubik K, Smardova J, Brychtova Y, Doubek M, Trbusek M, Mayer J, Pospisilova S ( June 2009 ). `` miR - 34a, miR - 29c and miR - 17 - 5p are downregulated in CLL patients with TP53 abnormalities ''. Leukemia. 23 ( 6 ) : 1159 -- 63. doi : 10.1038 / leu. 2008.377. PMID 19158830. Jump up ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information. United States National Institutes of Health. The p53 tumor suppressor protein ( Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 ). ^ Jump up to : Dolezalova D, Mraz M, Barta T, Plevova K, Vinarsky V, Holubcova Z, Jaros J, Dvorak P, Pospisilova S, Hampl A ( July 2012 ). `` MicroRNAs regulate p21 ( Waf1 / Cip1 ) protein expression and the DNA damage response in human embryonic stem cells ''. Stem Cells. 30 ( 7 ) : 1362 -- 72. doi : 10.1002 / stem. 1108. PMID 22511267. Jump up ^ Bates S, Phillips AC, Clark PA, Stott F, Peters G, Ludwig RL, Vousden KH ( September 1998 ). `` p14ARF links the tumour suppressors RB and p53 ''. Nature. 395 ( 6698 ) : 124 -- 5. doi : 10.1038 / 25867. PMID 9744267. Jump up ^ Hu W, Feng Z, Teresky AK, Levine AJ ( November 2007 ). `` p53 regulates maternal reproduction through LIF ''. Nature. 450 ( 7170 ) : 721 -- 4. doi : 10.1038 / nature05993. PMID 18046411. Jump up ^ Genome 's guardian gets a tan started. March 17, 2007 ( Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 ). New Scientist. Jump up ^ Cui R, Widlund HR, Feige E, Lin JY, Wilensky DL, Igras VE, D'Orazio J, Fung CY, Schanbacher CF, Granter SR, Fisher DE ( March 2007 ). `` Central role of p53 in the suntan response and pathologic hyperpigmentation ''. Cell. 128 ( 5 ) : 853 -- 64. doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.12. 045. PMID 17350573. ^ Jump up to : Jain AK, Allton K, Iacovino M, Mahen E, Milczarek RJ, Zwaka TP, Kyba M, Barton MC. `` p53 regulates cell cycle and microRNAs to promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cells ''. PLoS Biology. 10 ( 2 ) : e1001268. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1001268. PMC 3289600. PMID 22389628. Jump up ^ Maimets T, Neganova I, Armstrong L, Lako M ( September 2008 ). `` Activation of p53 by nutlin leads to rapid differentiation of human embryonic stem cells ''. Oncogene. 27 ( 40 ) : 5277 -- 87. doi : 10.1038 / onc. 2008.166. PMID 18521083. Jump up ^ Das B, Bayat - Mokhtari R, Tsui M, Lotfi S, Tsuchida R, Felsher DW, Yeger H ( August 2012 ). `` HIF - 2α suppresses p53 to enhance the stemness and regenerative potential of human embryonic stem cells ''. Stem Cells. 30 ( 8 ) : 1685 -- 95. doi : 10.1002 / stem. 1142. PMC 3584519. PMID 22689594. Jump up ^ Lake BB, Fink J, Klemetsaune L, Fu X, Jeffers JR, Zambetti GP, Xu Y ( May 2012 ). `` Context - dependent enhancement of induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming by silencing Puma ''. Stem Cells. 30 ( 5 ) : 888 -- 97. doi : 10.1002 / stem. 1054. PMC 3531606. PMID 22311782. Jump up ^ Marión RM, Strati K, Li H, Murga M, Blanco R, Ortega S, Fernandez - Capetillo O, Serrano M, Blasco MA ( August 2009 ). `` A p53 - mediated DNA damage response limits reprogramming to ensure iPS cell genomic integrity ''. Nature. 460 ( 7259 ) : 1149 -- 53. doi : 10.1038 / nature08287. PMC 3624089. PMID 19668189. Jump up ^ Yun MH, Gates PB, Brockes JP ( October 2013 ). `` Regulation of p53 is critical for vertebrate limb regeneration ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 ( 43 ) : 17392 -- 7. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1310519110. PMC 3808590. PMID 24101460. Jump up ^ Aloni - Grinstein R, Shetzer Y, Kaufman T, Rotter V ( August 2014 ). `` p53 : the barrier to cancer stem cell formation ''. FEBS Letters. 588 ( 16 ) : 2580 -- 9. doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2014.02. 011. PMID 24560790. Jump up ^ Han ES, Muller FL, Pérez VI, Qi W, Liang H, Xi L, Fu C, Doyle E, Hickey M, Cornell J, Epstein CJ, Roberts LJ, Van Remmen H, Richardson A ( June 2008 ). `` The in vivo gene expression signature of oxidative stress ''. Physiological Genomics. 34 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 26. doi : 10.1152 / physiolgenomics. 00239.2007. PMC 2532791. PMID 18445702. Jump up ^ Canner JA, Sobo M, Ball S, Hutzen B, DeAngelis S, Willis W, Studebaker AW, Ding K, Wang S, Yang D, Lin J ( 2009 ). `` MI - 63 : a novel small - molecule inhibitor targets MDM2 and induces apoptosis in embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells with wild - type p53 ''. Br. J. Cancer. 101 : 774 -- 81. doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6605199. PMC 2736841. PMID 19707204. Jump up ^ Hock AK, Vigneron AM, Carter S, Ludwig RL, Vousden KH ( November 2011 ). `` Regulation of p53 stability and function by the deubiquitinating enzyme USP42 ''. The EMBO Journal. 30 ( 24 ) : 4921 -- 30. doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2011.419. PMC 3243628. PMID 22085928. Jump up ^ Yuan J, Luo K, Zhang L, Cheville JC, Lou Z ( February 2010 ). `` USP10 regulates p53 localization and stability by deubiquitinating p53 ''. Cell. 140 ( 3 ) : 384 -- 96. doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2009.12. 032. PMC 2820153. PMID 20096447. Jump up ^ Vakhrusheva O, Smolka C, Gajawada P, Kostin S, Boettger T, Kubin T, Braun T, Bober E ( March 2008 ). `` Sirt7 increases stress resistance of cardiomyocytes and prevents apoptosis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy in mice ''. Circulation Research. 102 ( 6 ) : 703 -- 10. doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 107.164558. PMID 18239138. Jump up ^ Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC ( July 1991 ). `` p53 mutations in human cancers ''. Science. 253 ( 5015 ) : 49 -- 53. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1905840. PMID 1905840. Jump up ^ Schmitt CA, Fridman JS, Yang M, Baranov E, Hoffman RM, Lowe SW ( April 2002 ). `` Dissecting p53 tumor suppressor functions in vivo ''. Cancer Cell. 1 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 98. doi : 10.1016 / S1535 - 6108 ( 02 ) 00047 - 8. PMID 12086865. Jump up ^ Tyner SD, Venkatachalam S, Choi J, Jones S, Ghebranious N, Igelmann H, Lu X, Soron G, Cooper B, Brayton C, Park SH, Thompson T, Karsenty G, Bradley A, Donehower LA ( January 2002 ). `` p53 mutant mice that display early ageing - associated phenotypes ''. Nature. 415 ( 6867 ) : 45 -- 53. doi : 10.1038 / 415045a. PMID 11780111. Jump up ^ Ventura A, Kirsch DG, McLaughlin ME, Tuveson DA, Grimm J, Lintault L, Newman J, Reczek EE, Weissleder R, Jacks T ( February 2007 ). `` Restoration of p53 function leads to tumour regression in vivo ''. Nature. 445 ( 7128 ) : 661 -- 5. doi : 10.1038 / nature05541. PMID 17251932. Jump up ^ Herce HD, Deng W, Helma J, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC ( 2013 ). `` Visualization and targeted disruption of protein interactions in living cells ''. Nature Communications. 4 : 2660. doi : 10.1038 / ncomms3660. PMC 3826628. PMID 24154492. Jump up ^ Pearson S, Jia H, Kandachi K ( January 2004 ). `` China approves first gene therapy ''. Nature Biotechnology. 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4. doi : 10.1038 / nbt0104 - 3. PMID 14704685. Jump up ^ Angeletti PC, Zhang L, Wood C ( 2008 ). `` The viral etiology of AIDS - associated malignancies ''. Advances in Pharmacology. 56 : 509 -- 57. doi : 10.1016 / S1054 - 3589 ( 07 ) 56016 - 3. PMC 2149907. PMID 18086422. ^ Jump up to : Bullock AN, Henckel J, DeDecker BS, Johnson CM, Nikolova PV, Proctor MR, Lane DP, Fersht AR ( December 1997 ). `` Thermodynamic stability of wild - type and mutant p53 core domain ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 ( 26 ) : 14338 -- 42. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.26. 14338. PMC 24967. PMID 9405613. Jump up ^ Mitkin NA, Hook CD, Schwartz AM, Biswas S, Kochetkov DV, Muratova AM, Afanasyeva MA, Kravchenko JE, Bhattacharyya A, Kuprash DV ( March 2015 ). `` p53 - dependent expression of CXCR5 chemokine receptor in MCF - 7 breast cancer cells ''. Scientific Reports. 5 ( 5 ) : 9330. doi : 10.1038 / srep09330. PMC 4365401. PMID 25786345. Jump up ^ Abraham SA, Hopcroft LE, Carrick E, Drotar ME, Dunn K, Williamson AJ, Korfi K, Baquero P, Park LE, Scott MT, Pellicano F, Pierce A, Copland M, Nourse C, Grimmond SM, Vetrie D, Whetton AD, Holyoake TL ( 06 2016 ). `` Dual targeting of p53 and c - MYC selectively eliminates leukaemic stem cells ''. Nature. 534 ( 7607 ) : 341 -- 6. doi : 10.1038 / nature18288. PMC 4913876. PMID 27281222. Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Scientists identify drugs to target ' Achilles heel ' of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia cells ''. myScience. 2016 - 06 - 08. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09. ^ Jump up to : Khoury MP, Bourdon JC ( April 2011 ). `` p53 Isoforms : An Intracellular Microprocessor ? ''. Genes & Cancer. 2 ( 4 ) : 453 -- 65. doi : 10.1177 / 1947601911408893. PMC 3135639. PMID 21779513. Jump up ^ Avery - Kiejda KA, Morten B, Wong - Brown MW, Mathe A, Scott RJ ( March 2014 ). `` The relative mRNA expression of p53 isoforms in breast cancer is associated with clinical features and outcome ''. Carcinogenesis. 35 ( 3 ) : 586 -- 96. doi : 10.1093 / carcin / bgt411. PMID 24336193. Jump up ^ Arsic N, Gadea G, Lagerqvist EL, Busson M, Cahuzac N, Brock C, Hollande F, Gire V, Pannequin J, Roux P ( April 2015 ). `` The p53 isoform Δ133p53β promotes cancer stem cell potential ''. Stem Cell Reports. 4 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 40. doi : 10.1016 / j. stemcr. 2015.02. 001. PMC 4400643. PMID 25754205. Jump up ^ Harami - Papp H, Pongor LS, Munkacsy G, Horvath G, Nagy AM, Ambrus A, Hauser P, Szabo A, Tretter L, Gyorffy B ( August 2016 ). `` TP53 mutation hits energy metabolism and increases glycolysis in breast cancer ''. Oncotarget. 7 ( 17 ) : 67183 -- 67195. doi : 10.18632 / oncotarget. 11594. PMC 5341867. PMID 27582538. Jump up ^ Geva - Zatorsky N, Rosenfeld N, Itzkovitz S, Milo R, Sigal A, Dekel E, Yarnitzky T, Liron Y, Polak P, Lahav G, Alon U ( June 2006 ). `` Oscillations and variability in the p53 system ''. Molecular Systems Biology. 2 : 2006.0033. doi : 10.1038 / msb4100068. PMC 1681500. PMID 16773083. Jump up ^ Proctor CJ, Gray DA ( August 2008 ). `` Explaining oscillations and variability in the p53 - Mdm2 system ''. BMC Systems Biology. 2 ( 75 ) : 75. doi : 10.1186 / 1752 - 0509 - 2 - 75. PMC 2553322. PMID 18706112. Jump up ^ Chong KH, Samarasinghe S, Kulasiri D ( December 2013 ). `` Mathematical modelling of p53 basal dynamics and DNA damage response ''. C - fACS ( 20th International Congress on Mathematical Modelling and Simulation ) : 670 -- 6. Jump up ^ Chumakov PM, Iotsova VS, Georgiev GP ( 1982 ). `` ( Isolation of a plasmid clone containing the mRNA sequence for mouse nonviral T - antigen ) ''. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR ( in Russian ). 267 ( 5 ) : 1272 -- 5. PMID 6295732. Jump up ^ Oren M, Levine AJ ( January 1983 ). `` Molecular cloning of a cDNA specific for the murine p53 cellular tumor antigen ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 9. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 80.1. 56. PMC 393308. PMID 6296874. Jump up ^ Zakut - Houri R, Oren M, Bienz B, Lavie V, Hazum S, Givol D ( 1983 ). `` A single gene and a pseudogene for the cellular tumour antigen p53 ''. Nature. 306 ( 5943 ) : 594 -- 7. doi : 10.1038 / 306594a0. PMID 6646235. Jump up ^ Zakut - Houri R, Bienz - Tadmor B, Givol D, Oren M ( May 1985 ). `` Human p53 cellular tumor antigen : cDNA sequence and expression in COS cells ''. The EMBO Journal. 4 ( 5 ) : 1251 -- 5. PMC 554332. PMID 4006916. Jump up ^ Baker SJ, Fearon ER, Nigro JM, Hamilton SR, Preisinger AC, Jessup JM, vanTuinen P, Ledbetter DH, Barker DF, Nakamura Y, White R, Vogelstein B ( April 1989 ). `` Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas ''. Science. 244 ( 4901 ) : 217 -- 21. doi : 10.1126 / science. 2649981. PMID 2649981. Jump up ^ Finlay, C.A. ; Hinds, P.W. ; Levine, A.J. ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ). `` The p53 proto - oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation ''. Cell. 57 ( 7 ) : 1083 -- 1093. doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 89 ) 90045 - 7. ISSN 0092 - 8674. PMID 2525423. Jump up ^ Maltzman W, Czyzyk L ( September 1984 ). `` UV irradiation stimulates levels of p53 cellular tumor antigen in nontransformed mouse cells ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 4 ( 9 ) : 1689 -- 94. doi : 10.1128 / mcb. 4.9. 1689. PMC 368974. PMID 6092932. Jump up ^ Kastan MB, Kuerbitz SJ ( December 1993 ). `` Control of G1 arrest after DNA damage ''. Environmental Health Perspectives. 101 Suppl 5 ( Suppl 5 ) : 55 -- 8. doi : 10.2307 / 3431842. PMC 1519427. PMID 8013425. Jump up ^ Koshland DE ( December 1993 ). `` Molecule of the year ''. Science. 262 ( 5142 ) : 1953. doi : 10.1126 / science. 8266084. PMID 8266084. Jump up ^ Zhu J, Zhang S, Jiang J, Chen X ( December 2000 ). `` Definition of the p53 functional domains necessary for inducing apoptosis ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 ( 51 ) : 39927 -- 34. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M005676200. PMID 10982799. ^ Jump up to : Han JM, Park BJ, Park SG, Oh YS, Choi SJ, Lee SW, Hwang SK, Chang SH, Cho MH, Kim S ( August 2008 ). `` AIMP2 / p38, the scaffold for the multi-tRNA synthetase complex, responds to genotoxic stresses via p53 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 ( 32 ) : 11206 -- 11. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0800297105. PMC 2516205. PMID 18695251. ^ Jump up to : Kojic S, Medeot E, Guccione E, Krmac H, Zara I, Martinelli V, Valle G, Faulkner G ( May 2004 ). `` The Ankrd2 protein, a link between the sarcomere and the nucleus in skeletal muscle ''. Journal of Molecular Biology. 339 ( 2 ) : 313 -- 25. doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2004.03. 071. PMID 15136035. ^ Jump up to : Gueven N, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Chen P, Howe O, Rudolph JH, Gatti R, Date H, Onodera O, Taucher - Scholz G, Lavin MF ( May 2004 ). `` Aprataxin, a novel protein that protects against genotoxic stress ''. Human Molecular Genetics. 13 ( 10 ) : 1081 -- 93. doi : 10.1093 / hmg / ddh122. PMID 15044383. ^ Jump up to : Fabbro M, Savage K, Hobson K, Deans AJ, Powell SN, McArthur GA, Khanna KK ( July 2004 ). `` BRCA1 - BARD1 complexes are required for p53Ser - 15 phosphorylation and a G1 / S arrest following ionizing radiation - induced DNA damage ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 ( 30 ) : 31251 -- 8. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M405372200. PMID 15159397. ^ Jump up to : Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB ( December 1999 ). `` Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 ( 53 ) : 37538 -- 43. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.53. 37538. PMID 10608806. Jump up ^ Kang J, Ferguson D, Song H, Bassing C, Eckersdorff M, Alt FW, Xu Y ( January 2005 ). `` Functional interaction of H2AX, NBS1, and p53 in ATM - dependent DNA damage responses and tumor suppression ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 ( 2 ) : 661 -- 70. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 25.2. 661 - 670.2005. PMC 543410. PMID 15632067. Jump up ^ Khanna KK, Keating KE, Kozlov S, Scott S, Gatei M, Hobson K, Taya Y, Gabrielli B, Chan D, Lees - Miller SP, Lavin MF ( December 1998 ). `` ATM associates with and phosphorylates p53 : mapping the region of interaction ''. Nature Genetics. 20 ( 4 ) : 398 -- 400. doi : 10.1038 / 3882. PMID 9843217. Jump up ^ Westphal CH, Schmaltz C, Rowan S, Elson A, Fisher DE, Leder P ( May 1997 ). `` Genetic interactions between atm and p53 influence cellular proliferation and irradiation - induced cell cycle checkpoints ''. Cancer Research. 57 ( 9 ) : 1664 -- 7. PMID 9135004. Jump up ^ Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE ( September 2005 ). `` A human protein - protein interaction network : a resource for annotating the proteome ''. Cell. 122 ( 6 ) : 957 -- 68. doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2005.08. 029. PMID 16169070. Jump up ^ Yan C, Wang H, Boyd DD ( March 2002 ). `` ATF3 represses 72 - kDa type IV collagenase ( MMP - 2 ) expression by antagonizing p53 - dependent trans - activation of the collagenase promoter ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 13 ) : 10804 -- 12. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M112069200. PMID 11792711. Jump up ^ Chen SS, Chang PC, Cheng YW, Tang FM, Lin YS ( September 2002 ). `` Suppression of the STK15 oncogenic activity requires a transactivation - independent p53 function ''. The EMBO Journal. 21 ( 17 ) : 4491 -- 9. doi : 10.1093 / emboj / cdf409. PMC 126178. PMID 12198151. Jump up ^ Leu JI, Dumont P, Hafey M, Murphy ME, George DL ( May 2004 ). `` Mitochondrial p53 activates Bak and causes disruption of a Bak - Mcl1 complex ''. Nature Cell Biology. 6 ( 5 ) : 443 -- 50. doi : 10.1038 / ncb1123. PMID 15077116. ^ Jump up to : Dong Y, Hakimi MA, Chen X, Kumaraswamy E, Cooch NS, Godwin AK, Shiekhattar R ( November 2003 ). `` Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 and BRCA2, by a signalosome - like subunit and its role in DNA repair ''. Molecular Cell. 12 ( 5 ) : 1087 -- 99. doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 03 ) 00424 - 6. PMID 14636569. ^ Jump up to : Sengupta S, Robles AI, Linke SP, Sinogeeva NI, Zhang R, Pedeux R, Ward IM, Celeste A, Nussenzweig A, Chen J, Halazonetis TD, Harris CC ( September 2004 ). `` Functional interaction between BLM helicase and 53BP1 in a Chk1 - mediated pathway during S - phase arrest ''. The Journal of Cell Biology. 166 ( 6 ) : 801 -- 13. doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 200405128. PMC 2172115. PMID 15364958. Jump up ^ Wang XW, Tseng A, Ellis NA, Spillare EA, Linke SP, Robles AI, Seker H, Yang Q, Hu P, Beresten S, Bemmels NA, Garfield S, Harris CC ( August 2001 ). `` Functional interaction of p53 and BLM DNA helicase in apoptosis ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 35 ) : 32948 -- 55. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M103298200. PMID 11399766. Jump up ^ Garkavtsev IV, Kley N, Grigorian IA, Gudkov AV ( December 2001 ). `` The Bloom syndrome protein interacts and cooperates with p53 in regulation of transcription and cell growth control ''. Oncogene. 20 ( 57 ) : 8276 -- 80. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1205120. PMID 11781842. ^ Jump up to : Yang Q, Zhang R, Wang XW, Spillare EA, Linke SP, Subramanian D, Griffith JD, Li JL, Hickson ID, Shen JC, Loeb LA, Mazur SJ, Appella E, Brosh RM, Karmakar P, Bohr VA, Harris CC ( August 2002 ). `` The processing of Holliday junctions by BLM and WRN helicases is regulated by p53 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 35 ) : 31980 -- 7. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M204111200. PMID 12080066. Jump up ^ Abramovitch S, Werner H ( 2003 ). `` Functional and physical interactions between BRCA1 and p53 in transcriptional regulation of the IGF - IR gene ''. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon - Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones Et Metabolisme. 35 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 758 -- 62. doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 814154. PMID 14710355. Jump up ^ Ouchi T, Monteiro AN, August A, Aaronson SA, Hanafusa H ( March 1998 ). `` BRCA1 regulates p53 - dependent gene expression ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 ( 5 ) : 2302 -- 6. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.5. 2302. PMC 19327. PMID 9482880. Jump up ^ Chai YL, Cui J, Shao N, Shyam E, Reddy P, Rao VN ( January 1999 ). `` The second BRCT domain of BRCA1 proteins interacts with p53 and stimulates transcription from the p21WAF1 / CIP1 promoter ''. Oncogene. 18 ( 1 ) : 263 -- 8. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1202323. PMID 9926942. Jump up ^ Zhang H, Somasundaram K, Peng Y, Tian H, Zhang H, Bi D, Weber BL, El - Deiry WS ( April 1998 ). `` BRCA1 physically associates with p53 and stimulates its transcriptional activity ''. Oncogene. 16 ( 13 ) : 1713 -- 21. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1201932. PMID 9582019. Jump up ^ Marmorstein LY, Ouchi T, Aaronson SA ( November 1998 ). `` The BRCA2 gene product functionally interacts with p53 and RAD51 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 ( 23 ) : 13869 -- 74. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.23. 13869. PMC 24938. PMID 9811893. Jump up ^ Uramoto H, Izumi H, Nagatani G, Ohmori H, Nagasue N, Ise T, Yoshida T, Yasumoto K, Kohno K ( April 2003 ). `` Physical interaction of tumour suppressor p53 / p73 with CCAAT - binding transcription factor 2 ( CTF2 ) and differential regulation of human high - mobility group 1 ( HMG1 ) gene expression ''. The Biochemical Journal. 371 ( Pt 2 ) : 301 -- 10. doi : 10.1042 / BJ20021646. PMC 1223307. PMID 12534345. ^ Jump up to : Li L, Ljungman M, Dixon JE ( January 2000 ). `` The human Cdc14 phosphatases interact with and dephosphorylate the tumor suppressor protein p53 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 ( 4 ) : 2410 -- 4. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 275.4. 2410. PMID 10644693. Jump up ^ Luciani MG, Hutchins JR, Zheleva D, Hupp TR ( July 2000 ). `` The C - terminal regulatory domain of p53 contains a functional docking site for cyclin A ''. Journal of Molecular Biology. 300 ( 3 ) : 503 -- 18. doi : 10.1006 / jmbi. 2000.3830. PMID 10884347. Jump up ^ Ababneh M, Götz C, Montenarh M ( May 2001 ). `` Downregulation of the cdc2 / cyclin B protein kinase activity by binding of p53 to p34 ( cdc2 ) ''. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 283 ( 2 ) : 507 -- 12. doi : 10.1006 / bbrc. 2001.4792. PMID 11327730. Jump up ^ Abedini MR, Muller EJ, Brun J, Bergeron R, Gray DA, Tsang BK ( June 2008 ). `` Cisplatin induces p53 - dependent FLICE - like inhibitory protein ubiquitination in ovarian cancer cells ''. Cancer Research. 68 ( 12 ) : 4511 -- 7. doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 08 - 0673. PMID 18559494. ^ Jump up to : Goudelock DM, Jiang K, Pereira E, Russell B, Sanchez Y ( August 2003 ). `` Regulatory interactions between the checkpoint kinase Chk1 and the proteins of the DNA - dependent protein kinase complex ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 32 ) : 29940 -- 7. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M301765200. PMID 12756247. Jump up ^ Tian H, Faje AT, Lee SL, Jorgensen TJ ( 2002 ). `` Radiation - induced phosphorylation of Chk1 at S345 is associated with p53 - dependent cell cycle arrest pathways ''. Neoplasia. 4 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 80. doi : 10.1038 / sj / neo / 7900219. PMC 1550321. PMID 11896572. Jump up ^ Zhao L, Samuels T, Winckler S, Korgaonkar C, Tompkins V, Horne MC, Quelle DE ( January 2003 ). `` Cyclin G1 has growth inhibitory activity linked to the ARF - Mdm2 - p53 and pRb tumor suppressor pathways ''. Molecular Cancer Research. 1 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 206. PMID 12556559. ^ Jump up to : Ito A, Kawaguchi Y, Lai CH, Kovacs JJ, Higashimoto Y, Appella E, Yao TP ( November 2002 ). `` MDM2 - HDAC1 - mediated deacetylation of p53 is required for its degradation ''. The EMBO Journal. 21 ( 22 ) : 6236 -- 45. doi : 10.1093 / emboj / cdf616. PMC 137207. PMID 12426395. ^ Jump up to : Livengood JA, Scoggin KE, Van Orden K, McBryant SJ, Edayathumangalam RS, Laybourn PJ, Nyborg JK ( March 2002 ). `` p53 Transcriptional activity is mediated through the SRC1 - interacting domain of CBP / p300 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 11 ) : 9054 -- 61. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M108870200. PMID 11782467. ^ Jump up to : Giebler HA, Lemasson I, Nyborg JK ( July 2000 ). `` p53 recruitment of CREB binding protein mediated through phosphorylated CREB : a novel pathway of tumor suppressor regulation ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 ( 13 ) : 4849 -- 58. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 20.13. 4849 - 4858.2000. PMC 85936. PMID 10848610. ^ Jump up to : Schneider E, Montenarh M, Wagner P ( November 1998 ). `` Regulation of CAK kinase activity by p53 ''. Oncogene. 17 ( 21 ) : 2733 -- 41. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1202504. PMID 9840937. ^ Jump up to : Ko LJ, Shieh SY, Chen X, Jayaraman L, Tamai K, Taya Y, Prives C, Pan ZQ ( December 1997 ). `` p53 is phosphorylated by CDK7 - cyclin H in a p36MAT1 - dependent manner ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 ( 12 ) : 7220 -- 9. doi : 10.1128 / mcb. 17.12. 7220. PMC 232579. PMID 9372954. Jump up ^ Yavuzer U, Smith GC, Bliss T, Werner D, Jackson SP ( July 1998 ). `` DNA end - independent activation of DNA - PK mediated via association with the DNA - binding protein C1D ''. Genes & Development. 12 ( 14 ) : 2188 -- 99. doi : 10.1101 / gad. 12.14. 2188. PMC 317006. PMID 9679063. ^ Jump up to : Rizos H, Diefenbach E, Badhwar P, Woodruff S, Becker TM, Rooney RJ, Kefford RF ( February 2003 ). `` Association of p14ARF with the p120E4F transcriptional repressor enhances cell cycle inhibition ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 7 ) : 4981 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M210978200. PMID 12446718. Jump up ^ Sandy P, Gostissa M, Fogal V, Cecco LD, Szalay K, Rooney RJ, Schneider C, Del Sal G ( January 2000 ). `` p53 is involved in the p120E4F - mediated growth arrest ''. Oncogene. 19 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 99. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1203250. PMID 10644996. ^ Jump up to : Gallagher WM, Argentini M, Sierra V, Bracco L, Debussche L, Conseiller E ( June 1999 ). `` MBP1 : a novel mutant p53 - specific protein partner with oncogenic properties ''. Oncogene. 18 ( 24 ) : 3608 -- 16. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1202937. PMID 10380882. Jump up ^ Cuddihy AR, Wong AH, Tam NW, Li S, Koromilas AE ( April 1999 ). `` The double - stranded RNA activated protein kinase PKR physically associates with the tumor suppressor p53 protein and phosphorylates human p53 on serine 392 in vitro ''. Oncogene. 18 ( 17 ) : 2690 -- 702. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1202620. PMID 10348343. Jump up ^ Shinobu N, Maeda T, Aso T, Ito T, Kondo T, Koike K, Hatakeyama M ( June 1999 ). `` Physical interaction and functional antagonism between the RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL and p53 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 ( 24 ) : 17003 -- 10. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.24. 17003. PMID 10358050. Jump up ^ Grossman SR, Perez M, Kung AL, Joseph M, Mansur C, Xiao ZX, Kumar S, Howley PM, Livingston DM ( October 1998 ). `` p300 / MDM2 complexes participate in MDM2 - mediated p53 degradation ''. Molecular Cell. 2 ( 4 ) : 405 -- 15. doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 00 ) 80140 - 9. PMID 9809062. Jump up ^ An W, Kim J, Roeder RG ( June 2004 ). `` Ordered cooperative functions of PRMT1, p300, and CARM1 in transcriptional activation by p53 ''. Cell. 117 ( 6 ) : 735 -- 48. doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2004.05. 009. PMID 15186775. Jump up ^ Pastorcic M, Das HK ( November 2000 ). `` Regulation of transcription of the human presenilin - 1 gene by ets transcription factors and the p53 protooncogene ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 ( 45 ) : 34938 -- 45. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M005411200. PMID 10942770. ^ Jump up to : Wang XW, Yeh H, Schaeffer L, Roy R, Moncollin V, Egly JM, Wang Z, Freidberg EC, Evans MK, Taffe BG ( June 1995 ). `` p53 modulation of TFIIH - associated nucleotide excision repair activity ''. Nature Genetics. 10 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 95. doi : 10.1038 / ng0695 - 188. PMID 7663514. Jump up ^ Yu A, Fan HY, Liao D, Bailey AD, Weiner AM ( May 2000 ). `` Activation of p53 or loss of the Cockayne syndrome group B repair protein causes metaphase fragility of human U1, U2, and 5S genes ''. Molecular Cell. 5 ( 5 ) : 801 -- 10. doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 00 ) 80320 - 2. PMID 10882116. Jump up ^ Tsai RY, McKay RD ( December 2002 ). `` A nucleolar mechanism controlling cell proliferation in stem cells and cancer cells ''. Genes & Development. 16 ( 23 ) : 2991 -- 3003. doi : 10.1101 / gad. 55671. PMC 187487. PMID 12464630. Jump up ^ Peng YC, Kuo F, Breiding DE, Wang YF, Mansur CP, Androphy EJ ( September 2001 ). `` AMF1 ( GPS2 ) modulates p53 transactivation ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 ( 17 ) : 5913 -- 24. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 21.17. 5913 - 5924.2001. PMC 87310. PMID 11486030. Jump up ^ Watcharasit P, Bijur GN, Zmijewski JW, Song L, Zmijewska A, Chen X, Johnson GV, Jope RS ( June 2002 ). `` Direct, activating interaction between glycogen synthase kinase - 3beta and p53 after DNA damage ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 ( 12 ) : 7951 -- 5. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 122062299. PMC 123001. PMID 12048243. ^ Jump up to : Akakura S, Yoshida M, Yoneda Y, Horinouchi S ( May 2001 ). `` A role for Hsc70 in regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport of a temperature - sensitive p53 ( p53Val - 135 ) ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 18 ) : 14649 -- 57. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M100200200. PMID 11297531. Jump up ^ Wang C, Chen J ( January 2003 ). `` Phosphorylation and hsp90 binding mediate heat shock stabilization of p53 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 3 ) : 2066 -- 71. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M206697200. PMID 12427754. Jump up ^ Peng Y, Chen L, Li C, Lu W, Chen J ( November 2001 ). `` Inhibition of MDM2 by hsp90 contributes to mutant p53 stabilization ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 44 ) : 40583 -- 90. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M102817200. PMID 11507088. Jump up ^ Chen D, Li M, Luo J, Gu W ( April 2003 ). `` Direct interactions between HIF - 1 alpha and Mdm2 modulate p53 function ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 16 ) : 13595 -- 8. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. C200694200. PMID 12606552. Jump up ^ Ravi R, Mookerjee B, Bhujwalla ZM, Sutter CH, Artemov D, Zeng Q, Dillehay LE, Madan A, Semenza GL, Bedi A ( January 2000 ). `` Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by p53 - induced degradation of hypoxia - inducible factor 1alpha ''. Genes & Development. 14 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 44. doi : 10.1101 / gad. 14.1. 34. PMC 316350. PMID 10640274. Jump up ^ Hansson LO, Friedler A, Freund S, Rudiger S, Fersht AR ( August 2002 ). `` Two sequence motifs from HIF - 1alpha bind to the DNA - binding site of p53 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 ( 16 ) : 10305 -- 9. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 122347199. PMC 124909. PMID 12124396. Jump up ^ An WG, Kanekal M, Simon MC, Maltepe E, Blagosklonny MV, Neckers LM ( March 1998 ). `` Stabilization of wild - type p53 by hypoxia - inducible factor 1alpha ''. Nature. 392 ( 6674 ) : 405 -- 8. doi : 10.1038 / 32925. PMID 9537326. Jump up ^ Kondo S, Lu Y, Debbas M, Lin AW, Sarosi I, Itie A, Wakeham A, Tuan J, Saris C, Elliott G, Ma W, Benchimol S, Lowe SW, Mak TW, Thukral SK ( April 2003 ). `` Characterization of cells and gene - targeted mice deficient for the p53 - binding kinase homeodomain - interacting protein kinase 1 ( HIPK1 ) ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 ( 9 ) : 5431 -- 6. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0530308100. PMC 154362. PMID 12702766. Jump up ^ Hofmann TG, Möller A, Sirma H, Zentgraf H, Taya Y, Dröge W, Will H, Schmitz ML ( January 2002 ). `` Regulation of p53 activity by its interaction with homeodomain - interacting protein kinase - 2 ''. Nature Cell Biology. 4 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10. doi : 10.1038 / ncb715. PMID 11740489. Jump up ^ Kim EJ, Park JS, Um SJ ( August 2002 ). `` Identification and characterization of HIPK2 interacting with p73 and modulating functions of the p53 family in vivo ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 35 ) : 32020 -- 8. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M200153200. PMID 11925430. Jump up ^ Imamura T, Izumi H, Nagatani G, Ise T, Nomoto M, Iwamoto Y, Kohno K ( March 2001 ). `` Interaction with p53 enhances binding of cisplatin - modified DNA by high mobility group 1 protein ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 10 ) : 7534 -- 40. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M008143200. PMID 11106654. Jump up ^ Dintilhac A, Bernués J ( March 2002 ). `` HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid sequences ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 9 ) : 7021 -- 8. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M108417200. PMID 11748221. Jump up ^ Wadhwa R, Yaguchi T, Hasan MK, Mitsui Y, Reddel RR, Kaul SC ( April 2002 ). `` Hsp70 family member, mot - 2 / mthsp70 / GRP75, binds to the cytoplasmic sequestration domain of the p53 protein ''. Experimental Cell Research. 274 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 53. doi : 10.1006 / excr. 2002.5468. PMID 11900485. Jump up ^ Steffan JS, Kazantsev A, Spasic - Boskovic O, Greenwald M, Zhu YZ, Gohler H, Wanker EE, Bates GP, Housman DE, Thompson LM ( June 2000 ). `` The Huntington 's disease protein interacts with p53 and CREB - binding protein and represses transcription ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 ( 12 ) : 6763 -- 8. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 100110097. PMC 18731. PMID 10823891. Jump up ^ Leung KM, Po LS, Tsang FC, Siu WY, Lau A, Ho HT, Poon RY ( September 2002 ). `` The candidate tumor suppressor ING1b can stabilize p53 by disrupting the regulation of p53 by MDM2 ''. Cancer Research. 62 ( 17 ) : 4890 -- 3. PMID 12208736. Jump up ^ Garkavtsev I, Grigorian IA, Ossovskaya VS, Chernov MV, Chumakov PM, Gudkov AV ( January 1998 ). `` The candidate tumour suppressor p33ING1 cooperates with p53 in cell growth control ''. Nature. 391 ( 6664 ) : 295 -- 8. doi : 10.1038 / 34675. PMID 9440695. ^ Jump up to : Shiseki M, Nagashima M, Pedeux RM, Kitahama - Shiseki M, Miura K, Okamura S, Onogi H, Higashimoto Y, Appella E, Yokota J, Harris CC ( May 2003 ). `` p29ING4 and p28ING5 bind to p53 and p300, and enhance p53 activity ''. Cancer Research. 63 ( 10 ) : 2373 -- 8. PMID 12750254. Jump up ^ Tsai KW, Tseng HC, Lin WC ( October 2008 ). `` Two wobble - splicing events affect ING4 protein subnuclear localization and degradation ''. Experimental Cell Research. 314 ( 17 ) : 3130 -- 41. doi : 10.1016 / j. yexcr. 2008.08. 002. PMID 18775696. Jump up ^ Chang NS ( March 2002 ). `` The non-ankyrin C terminus of Ikappa Balpha physically interacts with p53 in vivo and dissociates in response to apoptotic stress, hypoxia, DNA damage, and transforming growth factor - beta 1 - mediated growth suppression ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 12 ) : 10323 -- 31. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M106607200. PMID 11799106. ^ Jump up to : Kurki S, Latonen L, Laiho M ( October 2003 ). `` Cellular stress and DNA damage invoke temporally distinct Mdm2, p53 and PML complexes and damage - specific nuclear relocalization ''. Journal of Cell Science. 116 ( Pt 19 ) : 3917 -- 25. doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 00714. PMID 12915590. ^ Jump up to : Freeman DJ, Li AG, Wei G, Li HH, Kertesz N, Lesche R, Whale AD, Martinez - Diaz H, Rozengurt N, Cardiff RD, Liu X, Wu H ( February 2003 ). `` PTEN tumor suppressor regulates p53 protein levels and activity through phosphatase - dependent and - independent mechanisms ''. Cancer Cell. 3 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 30. doi : 10.1016 / S1535 - 6108 ( 03 ) 00021 - 7. PMID 12620407. ^ Jump up to : Zhang Y, Xiong Y, Yarbrough WG ( March 1998 ). `` ARF promotes MDM2 degradation and stabilizes p53 : ARF - INK4a locus deletion impairs both the Rb and p53 tumor suppression pathways ''. Cell. 92 ( 6 ) : 725 -- 34. doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81401 - 4. PMID 9529249. Jump up ^ Badciong JC, Haas AL ( December 2002 ). `` MdmX is a RING finger ubiquitin ligase capable of synergistically enhancing Mdm2 ubiquitination ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 51 ) : 49668 -- 75. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M208593200. PMID 12393902. Jump up ^ Shvarts A, Bazuine M, Dekker P, Ramos YF, Steegenga WT, Merckx G, van Ham RC, van der Houven van Oordt W, van der Eb AJ, Jochemsen AG ( July 1997 ). `` Isolation and identification of the human homolog of a new p53 - binding protein, Mdmx ''. Genomics. 43 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 42. doi : 10.1006 / geno. 1997.4775. PMID 9226370. Jump up ^ Frade R, Balbo M, Barel M ( December 2000 ). `` RB18A, whose gene is localized on chromosome 17q12 - q21. 1, regulates in vivo p53 transactivating activity ''. Cancer Research. 60 ( 23 ) : 6585 -- 9. PMID 11118038. Jump up ^ Drané P, Barel M, Balbo M, Frade R ( December 1997 ). `` Identification of RB18A, a 205 kDa new p53 regulatory protein which shares antigenic and functional properties with p53 ''. Oncogene. 15 ( 25 ) : 3013 -- 24. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1201492. PMID 9444950. Jump up ^ Hu MC, Qiu WR, Wang YP ( November 1997 ). `` JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 are p53 N - terminal serine 34 kinases ''. Oncogene. 15 ( 19 ) : 2277 -- 87. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1201401. PMID 9393873. Jump up ^ Lin Y, Khokhlatchev A, Figeys D, Avruch J ( December 2002 ). `` Death - associated protein 4 binds MST1 and augments MST1 - induced apoptosis ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 50 ) : 47991 -- 8001. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M202630200. PMID 12384512. Jump up ^ Taniura H, Matsumoto K, Yoshikawa K ( June 1999 ). `` Physical and functional interactions of neuronal growth suppressor necdin with p53 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 ( 23 ) : 16242 -- 8. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.23. 16242. PMID 10347180. Jump up ^ Daniely Y, Dimitrova DD, Borowiec JA ( August 2002 ). `` Stress - dependent nucleolin mobilization mediated by p53 - nucleolin complex formation ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 ( 16 ) : 6014 -- 22. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 22.16. 6014 - 6022.2002. PMC 133981. PMID 12138209. Jump up ^ Colaluca IN, Tosoni D, Nuciforo P, Senic - Matuglia F, Galimberti V, Viale G, Pece S, Di Fiore PP ( January 2008 ). `` NUMB controls p53 tumour suppressor activity ''. Nature. 451 ( 7174 ) : 76 -- 80. doi : 10.1038 / nature06412. PMID 18172499. ^ Jump up to : Choy MK, Movassagh M, Siggens L, Vujic A, Goddard M, Sánchez A, Perkins N, Figg N, Bennett M, Carroll J, Foo R ( June 2010 ). `` High - throughput sequencing identifies STAT3 as the DNA - associated factor for p53 - NF - kappaB - complex - dependent gene expression in human heart failure ''. Genome Medicine. 2 ( 6 ) : 37. doi : 10.1186 / gm158. PMC 2905097. PMID 20546595. ^ Jump up to : Zhang Y, Wolf GW, Bhat K, Jin A, Allio T, Burkhart WA, Xiong Y ( December 2003 ). `` Ribosomal protein L11 negatively regulates oncoprotein MDM2 and mediates a p53 - dependent ribosomal - stress checkpoint pathway ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 ( 23 ) : 8902 -- 12. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 23.23. 8902 - 8912.2003. PMC 262682. PMID 14612427. Jump up ^ Nikolaev AY, Li M, Puskas N, Qin J, Gu W ( January 2003 ). `` Parc : a cytoplasmic anchor for p53 ''. Cell. 112 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 40. doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 02 ) 01255 - 2. PMID 12526791. Jump up ^ Malanga M, Pleschke JM, Kleczkowska HE, Althaus FR ( May 1998 ). `` Poly ( ADP - ribose ) binds to specific domains of p53 and alters its DNA binding functions ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 ( 19 ) : 11839 -- 43. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 273.19. 11839. PMID 9565608. Jump up ^ Kahyo T, Nishida T, Yasuda H ( September 2001 ). `` Involvement of PIAS1 in the sumoylation of tumor suppressor p53 ''. Molecular Cell. 8 ( 3 ) : 713 -- 8. doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 01 ) 00349 - 5. PMID 11583632. Jump up ^ Wulf GM, Liou YC, Ryo A, Lee SW, Lu KP ( December 2002 ). `` Role of Pin1 in the regulation of p53 stability and p21 transactivation, and cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 50 ) : 47976 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. C200538200. PMID 12388558. Jump up ^ Zacchi P, Gostissa M, Uchida T, Salvagno C, Avolio F, Volinia S, Ronai Z, Blandino G, Schneider C, Del Sal G ( October 2002 ). `` The prolyl isomerase Pin1 reveals a mechanism to control p53 functions after genotoxic insults ''. Nature. 419 ( 6909 ) : 853 -- 7. doi : 10.1038 / nature01120. PMID 12397362. Jump up ^ Huang SM, Schönthal AH, Stallcup MR ( April 2001 ). `` Enhancement of p53 - dependent gene activation by the transcriptional coactivator Zac1 ''. Oncogene. 20 ( 17 ) : 2134 -- 43. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1204298. PMID 11360197. Jump up ^ Xie S, Wu H, Wang Q, Cogswell JP, Husain I, Conn C, Stambrook P, Jhanwar - Uniyal M, Dai W ( November 2001 ). `` Plk3 functionally links DNA damage to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis at least in part via the p53 pathway ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 46 ) : 43305 -- 12. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M106050200. PMID 11551930. Jump up ^ Bahassi el M, Conn CW, Myer DL, Hennigan RF, McGowan CH, Sanchez Y, Stambrook PJ ( September 2002 ). `` Mammalian Polo - like kinase 3 ( Plk3 ) is a multifunctional protein involved in stress response pathways ''. Oncogene. 21 ( 43 ) : 6633 -- 40. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1205850. PMID 12242661. Jump up ^ Simons A, Melamed - Bessudo C, Wolkowicz R, Sperling J, Sperling R, Eisenbach L, Rotter V ( January 1997 ). `` PACT : cloning and characterization of a cellular p53 binding protein that interacts with Rb ''. Oncogene. 14 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 55. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1200825. PMID 9010216. Jump up ^ Fusaro G, Dasgupta P, Rastogi S, Joshi B, Chellappan S ( November 2003 ). `` Prohibitin induces the transcriptional activity of p53 and is exported from the nucleus upon apoptotic signaling ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 48 ) : 47853 -- 61. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M305171200. PMID 14500729. Jump up ^ Fogal V, Gostissa M, Sandy P, Zacchi P, Sternsdorf T, Jensen K, Pandolfi PP, Will H, Schneider C, Del Sal G ( November 2000 ). `` Regulation of p53 activity in nuclear bodies by a specific PML isoform ''. The EMBO Journal. 19 ( 22 ) : 6185 -- 95. doi : 10.1093 / emboj / 19.22. 6185. PMC 305840. PMID 11080164. Jump up ^ Guo A, Salomoni P, Luo J, Shih A, Zhong S, Gu W, Pandolfi PP ( October 2000 ). `` The function of PML in p53 - dependent apoptosis ''. Nature Cell Biology. 2 ( 10 ) : 730 -- 6. doi : 10.1038 / 35036365. PMID 11025664. ^ Jump up to : Zhang Z, Zhang R ( March 2008 ). `` Proteasome activator PA28 gamma regulates p53 by enhancing its MDM2 - mediated degradation ''. The EMBO Journal. 27 ( 6 ) : 852 -- 64. doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2008.25. PMC 2265109. PMID 18309296. Jump up ^ Lim ST, Chen XL, Lim Y, Hanson DA, Vo TT, Howerton K, Larocque N, Fisher SJ, Schlaepfer DD, Ilic D ( January 2008 ). `` Nuclear FAK promotes cell proliferation and survival through FERM - enhanced p53 degradation ''. Molecular Cell. 29 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 22. doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2007.11. 031. PMC 2234035. PMID 18206965. Jump up ^ Bernal JA, Luna R, Espina A, Lázaro I, Ramos - Morales F, Romero F, Arias C, Silva A, Tortolero M, Pintor - Toro JA ( October 2002 ). `` Human securin interacts with p53 and modulates p53 - mediated transcriptional activity and apoptosis ''. Nature Genetics. 32 ( 2 ) : 306 -- 11. doi : 10.1038 / ng997. PMID 12355087. Jump up ^ Stürzbecher HW, Donzelmann B, Henning W, Knippschild U, Buchhop S ( April 1996 ). `` p53 is linked directly to homologous recombination processes via RAD51 / RecA protein interaction ''. The EMBO Journal. 15 ( 8 ) : 1992 -- 2002. PMC 450118. PMID 8617246. Jump up ^ Buchhop S, Gibson MK, Wang XW, Wagner P, Stürzbecher HW, Harris CC ( October 1997 ). `` Interaction of p53 with the human Rad51 protein ''. Nucleic Acids Research. 25 ( 19 ) : 3868 -- 74. doi : 10.1093 / nar / 25.19. 3868. PMC 146972. PMID 9380510. Jump up ^ Leng RP, Lin Y, Ma W, Wu H, Lemmers B, Chung S, Parant JM, Lozano G, Hakem R, Benchimol S ( March 2003 ). `` Pirh2, a p53 - induced ubiquitin - protein ligase, promotes p53 degradation ''. Cell. 112 ( 6 ) : 779 -- 91. doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 03 ) 00193 - 4. PMID 12654245. Jump up ^ Sheng Y, Laister RC, Lemak A, Wu B, Tai E, Duan S, Lukin J, Sunnerhagen M, Srisailam S, Karra M, Benchimol S, Arrowsmith CH ( December 2008 ). `` Molecular basis of Pirh2 - mediated p53 ubiquitylation ''. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 15 ( 12 ) : 1334 -- 42. doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1521. PMC 4075976. PMID 19043414. Jump up ^ citation needed Jump up ^ Romanova LY, Willers H, Blagosklonny MV, Powell SN ( December 2004 ). `` The interaction of p53 with replication protein A mediates suppression of homologous recombination ''. Oncogene. 23 ( 56 ) : 9025 -- 33. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1207982. PMID 15489903. Jump up ^ Riva F, Zuco V, Vink AA, Supino R, Prosperi E ( December 2001 ). `` UV - induced DNA incision and proliferating cell nuclear antigen recruitment to repair sites occur independently of p53 - replication protein A interaction in p53 wild type and mutant ovarian carcinoma cells ''. Carcinogenesis. 22 ( 12 ) : 1971 -- 8. doi : 10.1093 / carcin / 22.12. 1971. PMID 11751427. Jump up ^ Lin J, Yang Q, Yan Z, Markowitz J, Wilder PT, Carrier F, Weber DJ ( August 2004 ). `` Inhibiting S100B restores p53 levels in primary malignant melanoma cancer cells ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 ( 32 ) : 34071 -- 7. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M405419200. PMID 15178678. ^ Jump up to : Minty A, Dumont X, Kaghad M, Caput D ( November 2000 ). `` Covalent modification of p73alpha by SUMO - 1. Two - hybrid screening with p73 identifies novel SUMO - 1 - interacting proteins and a SUMO - 1 interaction motif ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 ( 46 ) : 36316 -- 23. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M004293200. PMID 10961991. ^ Jump up to : Ivanchuk SM, Mondal S, Rutka JT ( June 2008 ). `` p14ARF interacts with DAXX : effects on HDM2 and p53 ''. Cell Cycle. 7 ( 12 ) : 1836 -- 50. doi : 10.4161 / cc. 7.12. 6025. PMID 18583933. ^ Jump up to : Lee D, Kim JW, Seo T, Hwang SG, Choi EJ, Choe J ( June 2002 ). `` SWI / SNF complex interacts with tumor suppressor p53 and is necessary for the activation of p53 - mediated transcription ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 25 ) : 22330 -- 7. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M111987200. PMID 11950834. Jump up ^ Young PJ, Day PM, Zhou J, Androphy EJ, Morris GE, Lorson CL ( January 2002 ). `` A direct interaction between the survival motor neuron protein and p53 and its relationship to spinal muscular atrophy ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 4 ) : 2852 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M108769200. PMID 11704667. Jump up ^ Seto E, Usheva A, Zambetti GP, Momand J, Horikoshi N, Weinmann R, Levine AJ, Shenk T ( December 1992 ). `` Wild - type p53 binds to the TATA - binding protein and represses transcription ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 ( 24 ) : 12028 -- 32. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 89.24. 12028. PMC 50691. PMID 1465435. Jump up ^ Cvekl A, Kashanchi F, Brady JN, Piatigorsky J ( June 1999 ). `` Pax - 6 interactions with TATA - box - binding protein and retinoblastoma protein ''. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 40 ( 7 ) : 1343 -- 50. PMID 10359315. Jump up ^ McPherson LA, Loktev AV, Weigel RJ ( November 2002 ). `` Tumor suppressor activity of AP2alpha mediated through a direct interaction with p53 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 47 ) : 45028 -- 33. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M208924200. PMID 12226108. Jump up ^ Sørensen TS, Girling R, Lee CW, Gannon J, Bandara LR, La Thangue NB ( October 1996 ). `` Functional interaction between DP - 1 and p53 ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 ( 10 ) : 5888 -- 95. doi : 10.1128 / mcb. 16.10. 5888. PMC 231590. PMID 8816502. Jump up ^ Green DR, Chipuk JE ( July 2006 ). `` p53 and metabolism : Inside the TIGAR ''. Cell. 126 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 2. doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.06. 032. PMID 16839873. Jump up ^ Gobert C, Skladanowski A, Larsen AK ( August 1999 ). `` The interaction between p53 and DNA topoisomerase I is regulated differently in cells with wild - type and mutant p53 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 ( 18 ) : 10355 -- 60. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.18. 10355. PMC 17892. PMID 10468612. Jump up ^ Mao Y, Mehl IR, Muller MT ( February 2002 ). `` Subnuclear distribution of topoisomerase I is linked to ongoing transcription and p53 status ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 ( 3 ) : 1235 -- 40. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 022631899. PMC 122173. PMID 11805286. ^ Jump up to : Cowell IG, Okorokov AL, Cutts SA, Padget K, Bell M, Milner J, Austin CA ( February 2000 ). `` Human topoisomerase IIalpha and IIbeta interact with the C - terminal region of p53 ''. Experimental Cell Research. 255 ( 1 ) : 86 -- 94. doi : 10.1006 / excr. 1999.4772. PMID 10666337. Jump up ^ Derbyshire DJ, Basu BP, Serpell LC, Joo WS, Date T, Iwabuchi K, Doherty AJ ( July 2002 ). `` Crystal structure of human 53BP1 BRCT domains bound to p53 tumour suppressor ''. The EMBO Journal. 21 ( 14 ) : 3863 -- 72. doi : 10.1093 / emboj / cdf383. PMC 126127. PMID 12110597. Jump up ^ Ekblad CM, Friedler A, Veprintsev D, Weinberg RL, Itzhaki LS ( March 2004 ). `` Comparison of BRCT domains of BRCA1 and 53BP1 : a biophysical analysis ''. Protein Science. 13 ( 3 ) : 617 -- 25. doi : 10.1110 / ps. 03461404. PMC 2286730. PMID 14978302. Jump up ^ Lo KW, Kan HM, Chan LN, Xu WG, Wang KP, Wu Z, Sheng M, Zhang M ( March 2005 ). `` The 8 - kDa dynein light chain binds to p53 - binding protein 1 and mediates DNA damage - induced p53 nuclear accumulation ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 ( 9 ) : 8172 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M411408200. PMID 15611139. Jump up ^ Joo WS, Jeffrey PD, Cantor SB, Finnin MS, Livingston DM, Pavletich NP ( March 2002 ). `` Structure of the 53BP1 BRCT region bound to p53 and its comparison to the Brca1 BRCT structure ''. Genes & Development. 16 ( 5 ) : 583 -- 93. doi : 10.1101 / gad. 959202. PMC 155350. PMID 11877378. Jump up ^ Derbyshire DJ, Basu BP, Date T, Iwabuchi K, Doherty AJ ( October 2002 ). `` Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the BRCT domains of human 53BP1 bound to the p53 tumour suppressor ''. Acta Crystallographica Section D. 58 ( Pt 10 Pt 2 ) : 1826 -- 9. doi : 10.1107 / S0907444902010910. PMID 12351827. ^ Jump up to : Iwabuchi K, Bartel PL, Li B, Marraccino R, Fields S ( June 1994 ). `` Two cellular proteins that bind to wild - type but not mutant p53 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 ( 13 ) : 6098 -- 102. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.13. 6098. PMC 44145. PMID 8016121. Jump up ^ Naumovski L, Cleary ML ( July 1996 ). `` The p53 - binding protein 53BP2 also interacts with Bc12 and impedes cell cycle progression at G2 / M ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 ( 7 ) : 3884 -- 92. PMC 231385. PMID 8668206. Jump up ^ Tomasini R, Samir AA, Carrier A, Isnardon D, Cecchinelli B, Soddu S, Malissen B, Dagorn JC, Iovanna JL, Dusetti NJ ( September 2003 ). `` TP53INP1s and homeodomain - interacting protein kinase - 2 ( HIPK2 ) are partners in regulating p53 activity ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 39 ) : 37722 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M301979200. PMID 12851404. Jump up ^ Okamura S, Arakawa H, Tanaka T, Nakanishi H, Ng CC, Taya Y, Monden M, Nakamura Y ( July 2001 ). `` p53DINP1, a p53 - inducible gene, regulates p53 - dependent apoptosis ''. Molecular Cell. 8 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 94. doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 01 ) 00284 - 2. PMID 11511362. Jump up ^ Li L, Liao J, Ruland J, Mak TW, Cohen SN ( February 2001 ). `` A TSG101 / MDM2 regulatory loop modulates MDM2 degradation and MDM2 / p53 feedback control ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 ( 4 ) : 1619 -- 24. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 98.4. 1619. PMC 29306. PMID 11172000. Jump up ^ Lyakhovich A, Shekhar MP ( April 2003 ). `` Supramolecular complex formation between Rad6 and proteins of the p53 pathway during DNA damage - induced response ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 ( 7 ) : 2463 -- 75. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 23.7. 2463 - 2475.2003. PMC 150718. PMID 12640129. Jump up ^ Shen Z, Pardington - Purtymun PE, Comeaux JC, Moyzis RK, Chen DJ ( October 1996 ). `` Associations of UBE2I with RAD52, UBL1, p53, and RAD51 proteins in a yeast two - hybrid system ''. Genomics. 37 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 6. doi : 10.1006 / geno. 1996.0540. PMID 8921390. Jump up ^ Bernier - Villamor V, Sampson DA, Matunis MJ, Lima CD ( February 2002 ). `` Structural basis for E2 - mediated SUMO conjugation revealed by a complex between ubiquitin - conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and RanGAP1 ''. Cell. 108 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 56. doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 02 ) 00630 - X. PMID 11853669. Jump up ^ Sehat B, Andersson S, Girnita L, Larsson O ( July 2008 ). `` Identification of c - Cbl as a new ligase for insulin - like growth factor - I receptor with distinct roles from Mdm2 in receptor ubiquitination and endocytosis ''. Cancer Research. 68 ( 14 ) : 5669 -- 77. doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 07 - 6364. PMID 18632619. Jump up ^ Song MS, Song SJ, Kim SY, Oh HJ, Lim DS ( July 2008 ). `` The tumour suppressor RASSF1A promotes MDM2 self - ubiquitination by disrupting the MDM2 - DAXX - HAUSP complex ''. The EMBO Journal. 27 ( 13 ) : 1863 -- 74. doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2008.115. PMC 2486425. PMID 18566590. Jump up ^ Yang W, Dicker DT, Chen J, El - Deiry WS ( March 2008 ). `` CARPs enhance p53 turnover by degrading 14 - 3 - 3sigma and stabilizing MDM2 ''. Cell Cycle. 7 ( 5 ) : 670 -- 82. doi : 10.4161 / cc. 7.5. 5701. PMID 18382127. Jump up ^ Abe Y, Oda - Sato E, Tobiume K, Kawauchi K, Taya Y, Okamoto K, Oren M, Tanaka N ( March 2008 ). `` Hedgehog signaling overrides p53 - mediated tumor suppression by activating Mdm2 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 ( 12 ) : 4838 -- 43. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0712216105. PMC 2290789. PMID 18359851. Jump up ^ Dohmesen C, Koeppel M, Dobbelstein M ( January 2008 ). `` Specific inhibition of Mdm2 - mediated neddylation by Tip60 ''. Cell Cycle. 7 ( 2 ) : 222 -- 31. doi : 10.4161 / cc. 7.2. 5185. PMID 18264029. Jump up ^ Li M, Chen D, Shiloh A, Luo J, Nikolaev AY, Qin J, Gu W ( April 2002 ). `` Deubiquitination of p53 by HAUSP is an important pathway for p53 stabilization ''. Nature. 416 ( 6881 ) : 648 -- 53. doi : 10.1038 / nature737. PMID 11923872. Jump up ^ Brosh RM, Karmakar P, Sommers JA, Yang Q, Wang XW, Spillare EA, Harris CC, Bohr VA ( September 2001 ). `` p53 Modulates the exonuclease activity of Werner syndrome protein ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 37 ) : 35093 -- 102. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M103332200. PMID 11427532. Jump up ^ Chang NS, Pratt N, Heath J, Schultz L, Sleve D, Carey GB, Zevotek N ( February 2001 ). `` Hyaluronidase induction of a WW domain - containing oxidoreductase that enhances tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 5 ) : 3361 -- 70. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M007140200. PMID 11058590. Jump up ^ Okamoto T, Izumi H, Imamura T, Takano H, Ise T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Kohno K ( December 2000 ). `` Direct interaction of p53 with the Y - box binding protein, YB - 1 : a mechanism for regulation of human gene expression ''. Oncogene. 19 ( 54 ) : 6194 -- 202. doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1204029. PMID 11175333. Jump up ^ Kelley KD, Miller KR, Todd A, Kelley AR, Tuttle R, Berberich SJ ( May 2010 ). `` YPEL3, a p53 - regulated gene that induces cellular senescence ''. Cancer Research. 70 ( 9 ) : 3566 -- 75. doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 09 - 3219. PMC 2862112. PMID 20388804. Jump up ^ Waterman MJ, Stavridi ES, Waterman JL, Halazonetis TD ( June 1998 ). `` ATM - dependent activation of p53 involves dephosphorylation and association with 14 - 3 - 3 proteins ''. Nature Genetics. 19 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 8. doi : 10.1038 / 542. PMID 9620776. Jump up ^ Liu J, Grogan L, Nau MM, Allegra CJ, Chu E, Wright JJ ( April 2001 ). `` Physical interaction between p53 and primary response gene Egr - 1 ''. International Journal of Oncology. 18 ( 4 ) : 863 -- 70. doi : 10.3892 / ijo. 18.4. 863. PMID 11251186. Jump up ^ Bai L, Merchant JL ( July 2001 ). `` ZBP - 89 promotes growth arrest through stabilization of p53 ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 ( 14 ) : 4670 -- 83. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 21.14. 4670 - 4683.2001. PMC 87140. PMID 11416144. Jump up ^ Yamakuchi M, Lowenstein CJ ( March 2009 ). `` MiR - 34, SIRT1 and p53 : the feedback loop ''. Cell Cycle. 8 ( 5 ) : 712 -- 5. doi : 10.4161 / cc. 8.5. 7753. PMID 19221490. Jump up ^ Peto R, Roe FJ, Lee PN, Levy L, Clack J ( October 1975 ). `` Cancer and ageing in mice and men ''. British Journal of Cancer. 32 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 26. doi : 10.1038 / bjc. 1975.242. PMC 2024769. PMID 1212409. Jump up ^ Nagy JD, Victor EM, Cropper JH ( August 2007 ). `` Why do n't all whales have cancer ? A novel hypothesis resolving Peto 's paradox ''. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 28. doi : 10.1093 / icb / icm062. PMID 21672841. Jump up ^ Callaway E ( 8 October 2015 ). `` How elephants avoid cancer : Pachyderms have extra copies of a key tumour - fighting gene ''. Nature. 526. doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2015.18534. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tumor suppressor protein p53. Lane Group at the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ( IMCB ), Singapore. p53 Knowledgebase ( archived 2006 - 01 - 03 ; Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 06 ). GeneReviews / NCBI / NIH / UW entry on Li - Fraumeni Syndrome TUMOR PROTEIN p53 @ OMIM p53 restoration of function p53 @ The Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology TP53 Gene @ GeneCards p53 News provided by insciences organisation David S. Goodsel l date = 2002 - 07 - 01. RCSB Protein Data Bank. p53 Tumor Suppressor ( Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 06 ). Thierry Soussi. p53 Web Site ( Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 06 ). The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust A support group from the UK for sufferers of Li - Fraumeni Syndrome or other TP53 - related disorders IARC TP53 Somatic Mutations database maintained at IARC, Lyon, by Magali Olivier PDB gallery 1a1u : SOLUTION STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF A P53 MUTANT DIMERIZATION DOMAIN, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE 1aie : P53 TETRAMERIZATION DOMAIN CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 1c26 : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF P53 TETRAMERIZATION DOMAIN 1gzh : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE BRCT DOMAINS OF HUMAN 53BP1 BOUND TO THE P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR 1hs5 : NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF DESIGNED P53 DIMER 1kzy : Crystal Structure of the 53bp1 BRCT Region Complexed to Tumor Suppressor P53 1olg : HIGH - RESOLUTION SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR 1olh : HIGH - RESOLUTION SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR 1pes : NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE TETRAMERIC MINIMUM TRANSFORMING DOMAIN OF P53 1pet : NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE TETRAMERIC MINIMUM TRANSFORMING DOMAIN OF P53 1sae : HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR ( SAC STRUCTURES ) 1saf : HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR ( SAD STRUCTURES ) 1sag : 1sah : HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR ( SAD STRUCTURES ) 1sai : 1saj : HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR ( SAD STRUCTURES ) 1sak : HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR ( SAC STRUCTURES ) 1sal : HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR ( SAD STRUCTURES ) 1tsr : P53 CORE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH DNA 1tup : TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53 COMPLEXED WITH DNA 1uol : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L / V203A / N239Y / N268D AT 1.9 A RESOLUTION. 1ycs : P53 - 53BP2 COMPLEX 2ac0 : Structural Basis of DNA Recognition by p53 Tetramers ( complex I ) 2ady : Structural Basis of DNA Recognition by p53 Tetramers ( complex IV ) 2ahi : Structural Basis of DNA Recognition by p53 Tetramers ( complex III ) 2ata : Structural Basis of DNA Recognition by p53 Tetramers ( complex II ) 2b3g : p53N ( fragment 33 - 60 ) bound to RPA70N 2bim : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V203A - N239Y - N268D - R273H 2bin : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - H168R - V203A - N239Y - N268D 2bio : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V203A - N239Y - R249S - N268D 2bip : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - H168R - V203A - N239Y - R249S - N268D 2biq : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT T123A - M133L - H168R - V203A - N239Y - R249S - N268D 2fej : Solution structure of human p53 DNA binding domain. 2gs0 : NMR structure of the complex between the PH domain of the Tfb1 subunit from TFIIH and the activation domain of p53 2h1l : The Structure of the Oncoprotein SV40 Large T Antigen and p53 Tumor Suppressor Complex 2j1w : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V143A - V203A - N239Y - N268D 2j1x : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V203A - Y220C - N239Y - N268D 2j1y : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V203A - N239Y - G245S - N268D 2j1z : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V203A - N239Y - N268D - F270L 2j20 : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V203A - N239Y - N268D - R273C 2j21 : HUMAN P53 CORE DOMAIN MUTANT M133L - V203A - N239Y - N268D - R282W 2ocj : Human p53 core domain in the absence of DNA 3sak : HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF THE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN OF P53 BY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NMR ( SAC STRUCTURES ) Transcription factors and intracellular receptors ( 1 ) Basic domains ( 1.1 ) Basic leucine zipper ( bZIP ) Activating transcription factor AATF 5 6 7 AP - 1 c - Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c - Jun JUNB JunD BACH BATF BLZF1 C / EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF NFE L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF XBP1 ( 1.2 ) Basic helix - loop - helix ( bHLH ) ATOH1 AhR AHRR ARNT ASCL1 BHLH 9 ARNTL ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK EPAS1 FIGLA HAND HES 5 6 HEY HES1 HIF 1A 3A ID LYL1 MESP2 MXD4 MYCL1 MYCN Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 Neurogenins NeuroD NPAS OLIG Pho4 Scleraxis SIM TAL Twist USF1 ( 1.3 ) bHLH - ZIP AP - 4 MAX MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MXI1 Myc SREBP ( 1.4 ) NF - 1 NFI X SMAD R - SMAD 5 9 I - SMAD 6 7 4 ) ( 1.5 ) RF - X RFX 5 6 ANK ( 1.6 ) Basic helix - span - helix ( bHSH ) AP - 2 α β γ δ ε ( 2 ) Zinc finger DNA - binding domains ( 2.1 ) Nuclear receptor ( Cys ) subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β / δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev - ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP - TF ( I II Ear - 2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH - 1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP ( 2.2 ) Other Cys GATA 5 6 MTA TRPS1 ( 2.3 ) Cys His General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE TFIIF TFIIH 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR ERV3 GFI1 GLI - Krüppel family REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC HIVEP IKZF ILF KLF 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL SP 7 8 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 32 33 40 zinc finger 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 295 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 ( 2.4 ) Cys HIVEP1 ( 2.5 ) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D JMJD1B ( 2.6 ) WRKY WRKY ( 3 ) Helix - turn - helix domains ( 3.1 ) Homeodomain ARX CDX CRX CUTL1 DBX DLX 5 6 EMX EN FHL HESX1 HHEX HLX Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 HOPX IRX 5 6 MKX LMX 1A 1B MEIS MEOX2 MNX1 MSX NANOG NKX 2 - 1 2 - 2 2 - 3 2 - 5 3 - 1 3 - 2 6 - 1 6 - 2 NOBOX PBX PHF 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A PHOX 2A 2B PITX POU domain PIT - 1 BRN - 3 : A Octamer transcription factor : 1 3 / 4 6 7 11 OTX PDX1 SATB2 SHOX2 SIX 5 VAX1 ZEB ( 3.2 ) Paired box PAX 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX RAX ( 3.3 ) Fork head / winged helix E2F 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 D3 D4 E1 E3 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 J2 K1 K2 L2 M1 N1 N3 O1 O3 O4 P1 P2 P3 P4 ( 3.4 ) Heat shock factors HSF ( 3.5 ) Tryptophan clusters ELF 5 EGF ELK ERF ETS ERG SPIB ETV 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 ( 3.6 ) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor ( 4 ) β - Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts ( 4.1 ) Rel homology region NF - κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 ( 4.2 ) STAT STAT 5 6 ( 4.3 ) p53 p53 TBX 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF TP63 ( 4.4 ) MADS box Mef2 SRF ( 4.6 ) TATA - binding proteins TBP TBPL1 ( 4.7 ) High - mobility group BBX HMGB HMGN HNF 1A 1B LEF1 SOX 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF TOX ( 4.9 ) Grainyhead TFCP2 ( 4.10 ) Cold - shock domain CSDA YBX1 ( 4.11 ) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 ( 0 ) Other transcription factors ( 0.2 ) HMGI ( Y ) HMGA HBP1 ( 0.3 ) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 ( 0.5 ) AP - 2 / EREBP - related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 ( 0.6 ) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL T1 MNDA NFY Rho / Sigma see also transcription factor / coregulator deficiencies Neoplasm : Tumor suppressor genes / proteins and Oncogenes / Proto - oncogenes Ligand Growth factors ONCO c - Sis / PDGF HGF Receptor Wnt signaling pathway TSP CDH1 Hedgehog signaling pathway TSP PTCH1 TGF beta signaling pathway TSP TGF beta receptor 2 Receptor tyrosine kinase ONCO ErbB / c - ErbB HER2 / neu Her 3 c - Met c - Ret JAK - STAT signaling pathway ONCO c - Kit Flt3 Intracellular signaling P + Ps Wnt signaling pathway ONCO Beta - catenin TSP APC TGF beta signaling pathway TSP SMAD2 SMAD4 Akt / PKB signaling pathway ONCO c - Akt TSP PTEN Hippo signaling pathway TSP Neurofibromin 2 / Merlin MAPK / ERK pathway ONCO c - Ras HRAS c - Raf TSP Neurofibromin 1 Other / unknown ONCO c - Src TSP Maspin Nucleus Cell cycle ONCO CDK4 Cyclin D Cyclin E TSP p53 pRb WT1 p16 / p14arf DNA repair / Fanconi TSP BRCA1 BRCA2 Ubiquitin ligase ONCO CBL MDM2 TSP VHL Transcription factor ONCO AP - 1 c - Fos c - Jun c - Myc TSP KLF6 Mitochondrion Apoptosis inhibitor SDHB SDHD Other / ungrouped c - Bcl - 2 Notch Stathmin Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1, A2 ) B ( B1, B2, B3 ) D ( D1, D2, D3 ) E ( E1, E2 ) CDK 5 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16, p15, p18, p19 ) cip / kip ( p21, p27, p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P53&oldid=840677474 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 17 Programmed cell death Proteins Transcription factors Tumor suppressor genes Apoptosis Genes mutated in mice Aging - related proteins Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Hatnote templates using unusual parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018, at 12 : 29. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what stage of the cell cycle does p53 work
Answer: G1/S transition