Gopuram - Wikipedia Gopuram Meenakshiamman Temple tower in Madurai A Gopuram or gopura ( Sanskrit : गोपुरम्, gopuram ) is a monumental gatehouse tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a Hindu temple, in the Dravidian architecture of the Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, and Telangana states of Southern India. Ancient and early medieval temples feature smaller gopuram, while in later temples they are a prominent feature of Hindu temples of the Dravidian style ; or in many cases the temple compound was expanded and new larger gopuram built along the new boundary. They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone finial. They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex. The gopuram 's origins can be traced back to early structures of the Pallava kings, and relate to the central shikhara towers of North India. Between the twelfth and sixteenth century, during the Pandya, Nayaka and Vijayanagara era when Hindu temples increasingly became a hub of the urban life, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple 's outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram 's colossal size and courtyards. It also dominated the inner sanctum in amount of ornamentation. Often a shrine has more than one gopuram. They also appear in architecture outside India, especially Khmer architecture, as at Angkor Wat. A large Dravidian - style temple, or koil, may have multiple gopurams as the openings into successively smaller walled enclosures around the main shrine, with the largest generally at the outer edges. The temple compound is typically square or rectangular with at least the outermost wall having gopuras, often from the four cardinal directions. The multiple storeys of a gopuram typically repeat the lower level features on a rhythmic diminishing scale. The inner sanctum and its towering roof ( the central deity 's shrine ) is also called the Vimanam ( shrine ), although in the south it is typically smaller than the gopurams in large temples. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Architecture 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Etymology A gopura is a monumental gate, usually ornate with odd number of kalasa on top. It may have one or many storeys. Left : Single storey gopura ; Right : Two storey gopura. The Tamil derivation is from the two words : கோ ( kō ) and புறம் ( puram ) meaning ' king ' and ' exterior ' respectively. It originates from the Sangam age when it was known as ஓங்கு நிலை வாயில் ( ōnggu nilai vāyil ) meaning ' imperishable gateway '. An alternative derivation is from the Sanskrit word gopuram, which can be broken down to go ( Sanskrit : गो ), which means either ' a city ' or ' a cow ', and puram ( Sanskrit : पुरम् ), ' a town ', or ' a settlement '. Architecture Detail of a gopuram at Chennai A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground - level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access. Above is the tapering or `` battered '' gopuram, divided into many storeys which diminish in size as the gopuram tower narrows. Usually the tower is topped with a barrel vaulted roof with a finial. The form began rather modestly in the 10th century, as at Shore Temple, Mamallapuram, with the 11th century Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur marking a crucial step forward with two multi-storey gopurams from that period, much larger than any earlier ones, though much smaller than the main tower ( vimanam ) of the temple. The four gopurams of the Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram are important early examples, begun in the mid-13th century but completed over a longer period. Gopurams are exquisitely decorated with sculpture and carvings and painted with a variety of themes derived from the Hindu mythology, particularly those associated with the presiding deity of the temple where the gopuram is located. The two tallest gopuras are both modern, at least in part. The Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, has 21 gopurams ( tower gateways ), including the towering 239.5 - foot ( 73.0 m ) Rajagopuram ( shrine of the main gateway ), which is claimed as the tallest temple tower in Asia. The 73 - metre ( 240 ft ) - tall 13 - tiered Rajagopuram was completed in 1987 ( having previously been incomplete ) and dominates the landscape for kilometers around, while the remaining 20 gopurams were built between the 14th and 17th centuries. Competing for the title of `` tallest '' is the twenty storey 249 - foot ( 76 m ) gopura at the modern Murdeshwar Temple, which, unusually, is provided with a lift. Thiruvannamalai Annamalaiyar Temple Gopurams Annamalaiyar Temple, Thiruvannamalai Murdeshwar Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam Srivilliputhur Pariyur Tiruchendur Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram Kancheepuram Hampi Tirumala Kuala Lumpur Annavaram Simhachalam Athi Koneswaram Madurai Nanjangud Biccavolu Chebrolu Besakih, Bali Toronto On left is a gopuram, to the right above the sanctum is vimana See also List of tallest Gopurams Notes ^ Jump up to : `` gopura ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ Ching, Francis D.K. ; et al. ( 2007 ). A Global History of Architecture. New York : John Wiley and Sons. p. 762. ISBN 0 - 471 - 26892 - 5. Jump up ^ Ching, Francis D.K. ( 1995 ). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. New York : John Wiley and Sons. p. 253. ISBN 0 - 471 - 28451 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Michell, George ( 1988 ). The Hindu Temple. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. pp. 151 -- 153. ISBN 0 - 226 - 53230 - 5. Jump up ^ Sellby, Martha A. ; Indira Viswanathan Peterson ( 2008 ). Tamil geographies : cultural constructions of space and place in South India. SUNY Press. Jump up ^ S. Sundararajan ( 1991 ). Ancient Tamil country : its social and economic structure. Navrang. Jump up ^ Lienhard S., von Hinèuber O. ( 2007 ). Kleine Schriften : Supplement ( in French ). Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 414. ISBN 9783447056199. Jump up ^ Harle, 320 - 325 Jump up ^ `` Towers '' on temple website ; Tamilwebworld Jump up ^ `` Murudeshwar Temple Now Tallest Gopuram in Asia '', April 2008 References Dallapiccola, Anna L. ( 2002 ). Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. London : Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0 - 500 - 51088 - 1. Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176 External links Look up gopuram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gopurams. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopuram&oldid=848074468 '' Categories : Hindu temple architecture Architectural elements Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Sanskrit - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Shqip Basa Sunda Svenska தமிழ் Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018, at 16 : 40 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: the mighty gateway found at the temples of south india are called
Answer: Gopuram or gopura