Tetrahedral molecular geometry - wikipedia Tetrahedral molecular geometry Tetrahedral molecular geometry Examples CH, PO 3 − 4, SO 2 − Point group Steric number Coordination number Bond angle ( s ) ≈ 109.5 ° In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are cos ( − 1⁄3 ) = 109.4712206... ° ≈ 109.5 ° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane ( CH ) as well as its heavier analogues. The perfectly symmetrical tetrahedron belongs to point group T, but most tetrahedral molecules have lower symmetry. Tetrahedral molecules can be chiral. Contents 1 Examples 1.1 Main group chemistry 1.2 Transition metal chemistry 1.3 Water structure 2 Bitetrahedral structures 3 Exceptions and distortions 3.1 Inverted tetrahedral geometry 3.2 Planarization 3.3 Tetrahedral molecules with no central atom 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Examples Main group chemistry The tetrahedral molecule methane ( CH ) Aside from virtually all saturated organic compounds, most compounds of Si, Ge, and Sn are tetrahedral. Often tetrahedral molecules feature multiple bonding to the outer ligands, as in xenon tetroxide ( XeO ), the perchlorate ion ( ClO − 4 ), the sulfate ion ( SO 2 − 4 ), the phosphate ion ( PO 3 − 4 ). Thiazyl trifluoride ( SNF ) is tetrahedral, featuring a sulfur - to - nitrogen triple bond. Other molecules have a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom ; for example ammonia ( NH ) with the nitrogen atom surrounded by three hydrogens and one lone pair. However the usual classification considers only the bonded atoms and not the lone pair, so that ammonia is actually considered as pyramidal. The H -- N -- H angles are 107 °, contracted from 109.5. This difference is attributed to the influence of the lone pair which exerts a greater repulsive influence than a bonded atom. Transition metal chemistry Again the geometry is widespread, particularly so for complexes where the metal has d or d configuration. Illustrative examples include tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( 0 ) ( Pd ( P ( C H ) ) ), nickel carbonyl ( Ni ( CO ) ), and titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl ). Many complexes with incompletely filled d - shells are often tetrahedral, e.g. the tetrahalides of iron ( II ), cobalt ( II ), and nickel ( II ). Water Structure In the gas phase, a single water molecule has an oxygen atom surrounded by two hydrogens and two lone pairs, and the H O geometry is simply described as bent without considering the nonbonded lone pairs. However in liquid water or in ice, the lone pairs form hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. The most common arrangement of hydrogen atoms around an oxygen is tetrahedral with two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to oxygen and two attached by hydrogen bonds. Since the hydrogen bonds vary in length many of these water molecules are not symmetrical and form transient irregular tetrahedra between their four associated hydrogen atoms. Bitetrahedral structures Many compounds and complexes adopt bitetrahedral structures. In this motif, the two tetrahedra share a common edge. The inorganic polymer silicon disulfide features an infinite chain of edge - shared tetrahedra. Bitetrahedral structure adopted by Al Br ( `` aluminium tribromide '' ) and Ga Cl ( `` gallium trichloride '' ). Exceptions and distortions Inversion of tetrahedral occurs widely in organic and main group chemistry. The so - called Walden inversion illustrates the stereochemical consequences of inversion at carbon. Nitrogen inversion in ammonia also entails transient formation of planar NH. Inverted tetrahedral geometry Geometrical constraints in a molecule can cause a severe distortion of idealized tetrahedral geometry. In compounds featuring `` inverted '' tetrahedral geometry at a carbon atom, all four groups attached to this carbon are on one side of a plane. The carbon atom lies at or near the apex of a square pyramid with the other four groups at the corners. The simplest examples of organic molecules displaying inverted tetrahedral geometry are the smallest propellanes, such as ( 1.1. 1 ) propellane ; or more generally the paddlanes, and pyramidane ( ( 3.3. 3.3 ) fenestrane ). Such molecules are typically strained, resulting in increased reactivity. Planarization A tetrahedron can also be distorted by increasing the angle between two of the bonds. In the extreme case, flattening results. For carbon this phenomenon can be observed in a class of compounds called the fenestranes. Tetrahedral molecules with no central atom A few molecules have a tetrahedral geometry with no central atom. An inorganic example is tetraphosphorus ( P ) which has four phosphorus atoms at the vertices of a tetrahedron and each bonded to the other three. An organic example is tetrahedrane ( C H ) with four carbon atoms each bonded to one hydrogen and the other three carbons. See also AXE method Orbital hybridisation References Jump up ^ `` Angle Between 2 Legs of a Tetrahedron ''. Maze5.net. Jump up ^ Brittin, W.E. ( 1945 ). `` Valence Angle of the Tetrahedral Carbon Atom ''. J. Chem. Educ. 22 ( 3 ) : 145. Bibcode : 1945JChEd... 22... 145B. doi : 10.1021 / ed022p145. Jump up ^ Miessler, G.L. ; Tarr, D.A. Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed. ). Pearson / Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 035471 - 6. Jump up ^ Mason, P.E. ; Brady, J.W. ( 2007 ). `` '' Tetrahedrality '' and the Relationship between Collective Structure and Radial Distribution Functions in Liquid Water ``. J. Phys. Chem. B. 111 ( 20 ) : 5669 -- 5679. doi : 10.1021 / jp068581n. Jump up ^ Wiberg, Kenneth B. ( 1984 ). `` Inverted geometries at carbon ''. Acc. Chem. Res. 17 ( 11 ) : 379 -- 386. doi : 10.1021 / ar00107a001. ^ Jump up to : Joseph P. Kenny ; Karl M. Krueger ; Jonathan C. Rienstra - Kiracofe ; Henry F. Schaefer III ( 2001 ). `` C H : Pyramidane and Its Low - Lying Isomers ''. J. Phys. Chem. A. 105 ( 32 ) : 7745 -- 7750. Bibcode : 2001JPCA... 105.7745 K. doi : 10.1021 / jp011642r. ^ Jump up to : Lewars, E. ( 1998 ). `` Pyramidane : an ab initio study of the C H potential energy surface ''. Journal of Molecular Structure : THEOCHEM. 423 ( 3 ) : 173 -- 188. doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 1280 ( 97 ) 00118 - 8. Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ). Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` paddlanes ''. External links Examples of Tetrahedral molecules Animated Tetrahedral Visual Elmhurst College Interactive molecular examples for point groups 3D Chem -- Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules IUMSC -- Indiana University Molecular Structure Center ) ( 1 ) Molecular Modeling Molecular geometry Coordination number 2 Linear Bent Coordination number 3 Trigonal planar Trigonal pyramidal T - shaped Coordination number 4 Tetrahedral Square planar Seesaw Coordination number 5 Trigonal bipyramidal Square pyramidal Pentagonal planar Coordination number 6 Octahedral Trigonal prismatic Pentagonal pyramidal Distorted octahedral Coordination number 7 Pentagonal bipyramidal Coordination number 8 Square antiprismatic Coordination number 9 Tricapped trigonal prismatic Capped square antiprismatic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&oldid=800994070 '' Categories : Molecular geometry Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español فارسی Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 01 : 11. 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Question: where do the tetrahedral bond to each other
Answer: cos−1(−⅓) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5°