Adrenaline - wikipedia Adrenaline This article is about the natural hormone. For the medication, see Epinephrine ( medication ). For other uses, see Adrenaline ( disambiguation ). Adrenaline Clinical data Synonyms adrenaline ( BAN UK ) Pharmacokinetic data Metabolism adrenergic synapse ( MAO and COMT ) Onset of action Rapid Elimination half - life 2 minutes Duration of action Few minutes Excretion Urine Identifiers IUPAC name ( R ) - 4 - ( 1 - Hydroxy - 2 - ( methylamino ) ethyl ) benzene - 1, 2 - diol CAS Number 51 - 43 - 4 PubChem CID 5816 IUPHAR / BPS 479 DrugBank DB00668 ChemSpider 5611 UNII YKH834O4BH KEGG D00095 ChEBI CHEBI : 28918 ChEMBL CHEMBL679 PDB ligand ALE ( PDBe, RCSB PDB ) ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 090 Chemical and physical data Formula C H NO Molar mass 183.204 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Density 1.283 ± 0.06 g / cm @ 20 ° C, 760 Torr SMILES CNC ( C@H ) ( O ) C1 = CC = C ( O ) C ( O ) = C1 InChI InChI = 1S / C9H13NO3 / c1 - 10 - 5 - 9 ( 13 ) 6 - 2 - 3 - 7 ( 11 ) 8 ( 12 ) 4 - 6 / h2 - 4, 9 - 13H, 5H2, 1H3 / t9 - / m0 / s1 Key : UCTWMZQNUQWSLP - VIFPVBQESA - N ( verify ) Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight - or - flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some single cell organisms. Napoleon Cybulski first isolated epinephrine in 1895. Contents 1 Medical uses 2 Physiological effects 2.1 Exercise 2.2 Emotional Response 2.3 Memory 3 Pathology 4 Terminology 5 Mechanism of action 6 Measurement in biological fluids 7 Biosynthesis and regulation 7.1 Regulation 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 Adrenaline junkie 9.2 Strength 10 References 11 External links Medical uses Main article : Epinephrine ( medication ) As a medication, it is used to treat a number of conditions including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and superficial bleeding. Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin. Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm. While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account. A case has been made for the use of Adrenaline ( epinephrine ) infusion in place of the widely accepted treatment of inotopes for preterm infants with clinical cardiovascular compromise. Although there is sufficient data which strongly recommends Adrenaline infusions as a viable treatment, more trials are needed in order to conclusively determine that these infusions will successfully reduce morbidity and mortality rates among preterm, cardiovascularly compromised infants. Physiological effects The adrenal medulla is a minor contributor to total circulating catecholamines ( L - DOPA is at a higher concentration in the plasma ), though it contributes over 90 % of circulating epinephrine. Little epinephrine is found in other tissues, mostly in scattered chromaffin cells. Following adrenalectomy, epinephrine disappears below the detection limit in the blood stream. The adrenal glands contribute about 7 % of circulating norepinephrine, most of which is a spill over from neurotransmission with little activity as a hormone. Pharmacological doses of epinephrine stimulate α, α, β, β, and β adrenoceptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nerve receptors are classified as adrenergic, based on their responsiveness to adrenaline. The term `` adrenergic '' is often misinterpreted in that the main sympathetic neurotransmitter is norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ), rather than epinephrine, as discovered by Ulf von Euler in 1946. Epinephrine does have a β adrenoceptor - mediated effect on metabolism and the airway, there being no direct neural connection from the sympathetic ganglia to the airway. The concept of the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system being involved in the flight, fight and fright response was originally proposed by Cannon. But the adrenal medulla, in contrast to the adrenal cortex, is not required for survival. In adrenalectomized patients hemodynamic and metabolic responses to stimuli such as hypoglycemia and exercise remain normal. Exercise One physiological stimulus to epinephrine secretion is exercise. This was first demonstrated using the denervated pupil of a cat as an assay, later confirmed using a biological assay on urine samples. Biochemical methods for measuring catecholamines in plasma were published from 1950 onwards. Although much valuable work has been published using fluorimetric assays to measure total catecholamine concentrations, the method is too non-specific and insensitive to accurately determine the very small quantities of epinephrine in plasma. The development of extraction methods and enzyme - isotope derivate radio - enzymatic assays ( REA ) transformed the analysis down to a sensitivity of 1 pg for epinephrine. Early REA plasma assays indicated that epinephrine and total catecholamines rise late in exercise, mostly when anaerobic metabolism commences. During exercise the epinephrine blood concentration rises partially from increased secretion from the adrenal medulla and partly from decreased metabolism because of reduced hepatic blood flow. Infusion of epinephrine to reproduce exercise circulating concentrations of epinephrine in subjects at rest has little haemodynamic effect, other than a small β - mediated fall in diastolic blood pressure. Infusion of epinephrine well within the physiological range suppresses human airway hyper - reactivity sufficiently to antagonize the constrictor effects of inhaled histamine. A link between what we now know as the sympathetic system and the lung was shown in 1887 when Grossman showed that stimulation of cardiac accelerator nerves reversed muscarine - induced airway constriction. In elegant experiments in the dog, where the sympathetic chain was cut at the level of the diaphragm, Jackson showed that there was no direct sympathetic innervation to the lung, but that bronchoconstriction was reversed by release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. An increased incidence of asthma has not been reported for adrenalectomized patients ; those with a predisposition to asthma will have some protection from airway hyper - reactivity from their corticosteroid replacement therapy. Exercise induces progressive airway dilation in normal subjects that correlates with work load and is not prevented by beta blockade. The progressive dilation of the airway with increasing exercise is mediated by a progressive reduction in resting vagal tone. Beta blockade with propranolol causes a rebound in airway resistance after exercise in normal subjects over the same time course as the bronchoconstriction seen with exercise induced asthma. The reduction in airway resistance during exercise reduces the work of breathing. Emotional response Every emotional response has a behavioral component, an autonomic component, and a hormonal component. The hormonal component includes the release of epinephrine, an adrenomedullary response that occurs in response to stress and that is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. The major emotion studied in relation to epinephrine is fear. In an experiment, subjects who were injected with epinephrine expressed more negative and fewer positive facial expressions to fear films compared to a control group. These subjects also reported a more intense fear from the films and greater mean intensity of negative memories than control subjects. The findings from this study demonstrate that there are learned associations between negative feelings and levels of epinephrine. Overall, the greater amount of epinephrine is positively correlated with an arousal state of negative feelings. These findings can be an effect in part that epinephrine elicits physiological sympathetic responses including an increased heart rate and knee shaking, which can be attributed to the feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between epinephrine and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce epinephrine. Findings support the idea that epinephrine does have a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of arousal due to fear. Memory It has been found that adrenergic hormones, such as epinephrine, can produce retrograde enhancement of long - term memory in humans. The release of epinephrine due to emotionally stressful events, which is endogenous epinephrine, can modulate memory consolidation of the events, ensuring memory strength that is proportional to memory importance. Post-learning epinephrine activity also interacts with the degree of arousal associated with the initial coding. There is evidence that suggests epinephrine does have a role in long - term stress adaptation and emotional memory encoding specifically. Epinephrine may also play a role in elevating arousal and fear memory under particular pathological conditions including post-traumatic stress disorder. Overall, `` Extensive evidence indicates that epinephrine ( EPI ) modulates memory consolidation for emotionally arousing tasks in animals and human subjects. '' Studies have also found that recognition memory involving epinephrine depends on a mechanism that depends on β adrenoceptors. Epinephrine does not readily cross the blood -- brain barrier, so its effects on memory consolidation are at least partly initiated by β adrenoceptors in the periphery. Studies have found that sotalol, a β adrenoceptor antagonist that also does not readily enter the brain, blocks the enhancing effects of peripherally administered epinephrine on memory. These findings suggest that β adrenoceptors are necessary for epinephrine to have an effect on memory consolidation. For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine - H exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release. In liver cells, adrenaline binds to the β adrenergic receptor, which changes conformation and helps G, a G protein, exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to G alpha and G beta / gamma subunits. Gs alpha binds to adenyl cyclase, thus converting ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A : Protein kinase A phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase. Meanwhile, Gs beta / gamma binds to the calcium channel and allows calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin proteins, a protein present in all eukaryotic cells, which then binds to phosphorylase kinase and finishes its activation. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, which then phosphorylates glycogen and converts it to glucose - 6 - phosphate. Pathology Increased epinephrine secretion is observed in pheochromocytoma, hypoglycemia, myocardial infarction and to a lesser degree in benign essential familial tremor. A general increase in sympathetic neural activity is usually accompanied by increased adrenaline secretion, but there is selectivity during hypoxia and hypoglycaemia, when the ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline is considerably increased. Therefore, there must be some autonomy of the adrenal medulla from the rest of the sympathetic system. Myocardial infarction is associated with high levels of circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine, particularly in cardiogenic shock. Benign familial tremor ( BFT ) is responsive to peripheral β adrenergic blockers and β - stimulation is known to cause tremor. Patients with BFT were found to have increased plasma epinephrine, but not norepinephrine. Low, or absent, concentrations of epinephrine can be seen in autonomic neuropathy or following adrenalectomy. Failure of the adrenal cortex, as with Addisons disease, can suppress epinephrine secretion as the activity of the synthesing enzyme, phenylethanolamine - N - methyltransferase, depends on the high concentration of cortisol that drains from the cortex to the medulla. Terminology Epinephrine is the pharmaceutical 's United States Adopted Name and International Nonproprietary Name, though the name adrenaline is frequently used. The term epinephrine was coined by the pharmacologist John Abel ( from the Greek for `` on top of the kidneys '' ), who used the name to describe the extracts he prepared from the adrenal glands as early as 1897. In 1901, Jokichi Takamine patented a purified adrenal extract, and called it `` adrenalin '' ( from the Latin for `` on top of the kidneys '' ), which was trademarked by Parke, Davis & Co in the U.S. In the belief that Abel 's extract was the same as Takamine 's, a belief since disputed, epinephrine became the generic name in the U.S. The British Approved Name and European Pharmacopoeia term for this drug is adrenaline and is indeed now one of the few differences between the INN and BAN systems of names. Among American health professionals and scientists, the term epinephrine is used over adrenaline. However, pharmaceuticals that mimic the effects of epinephrine are often called adrenergics, and receptors for epinephrine are called adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors. Mechanism of action See also : Adrenergic receptor Physiologic responses to epinephrine by organ Organ Effects Heart Increases heart rate ; contractility ; conduction across AV node Lungs Increases respiratory rate ; bronchodilation Systemic Vasoconstriction and vasodilation Liver Stimulates glycogenolysis Systemic Triggers lipolysis Systemic Muscle contraction Play media 7x speed timelapse video of fish melanophores responding to 200μM adrenaline As a hormone, epinephrine acts on nearly all body tissues. Its actions vary by tissue type and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. For example, high levels of epinephrine causes smooth muscle relaxation in the airways but causes contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles. Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes α, α, β, β, and β. Epinephrine 's binding to these receptors triggers a number of metabolic changes. Binding to α - adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, and stimulates glycolysis and inhibits insulin - mediated glycogenesis in muscle. β adrenergic receptor binding triggers glucagon secretion in the pancreas, increased adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) secretion by the pituitary gland, and increased lipolysis by adipose tissue. Together, these effects lead to increased blood glucose and fatty acids, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. Its actions are to increase peripheral resistance via α receptor - dependent vasoconstriction and to increase cardiac output via its binding to β receptors. The goal of reducing peripheral circulation is to increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and therefore increase oxygen exchange at the cellular level. While epinephrine does increase aortic, cerebral, and carotid circulation pressure, it lowers carotid blood flow and end - tidal CO or E CO levels. It appears that epinephrine may be improving macrocirculation at the expense of the capillary beds where actual perfusion is taking place. Measurement in Biological fluids Epinephrine may be quantified in blood, plasma or serum as a diagnostic aid, to monitor therapeutic administration, or to identify the causative agent in a potential poisoning victim. Endogenous plasma epinephrine concentrations in resting adults are normally less than 10 ng / L, but may increase by 10-fold during exercise and by 50-fold or more during times of stress. Pheochromocytoma patients often have plasma adrenaline levels of 1000 -- 10,000 ng / L. Parenteral administration of epinephrine to acute - care cardiac patients can produce plasma concentrations of 10,000 to 100,000 ng / L. Biosynthesis and regulation The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions. In chemical terms, epinephrine is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines. It is produced in some neurons of the central nervous system, and in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Epinephrine is synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal gland in an enzymatic pathway that converts the amino acid tyrosine into a series of intermediates and, ultimately, epinephrine. Tyrosine is first oxidized to L - DOPA, which is subsequently decarboxylated to give dopamine. Dopamine is the catalyzed to norepinephrine by Dopamine beta - hydroxylase. The final step in epinephrine biosynthesis is the methylation of the primary amine of norepinephrine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N - methyltransferase ( PNMT ) which utilizes S - adenosyl methionine ( SAMe ) as the methyl donor. While PNMT is found primarily in the cytosol of the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla ( also known as chromaffin cells ), it has been detected at low levels in both the heart and brain. Biosynthetic pathways for catecholamines and trace amines in the human brain L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine L - DOPA Epinephrine Phenethylamine p - Tyramine Dopamine Norepinephrine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltyramine p - Octopamine Synephrine 3 - Methoxytyramine AADC AADC AADC primary pathway PNMT PNMT PNMT PNMT AAAH AAAH brain CYP2D6 minor pathway COMT DBH DBH Epinephrine is produced in a small group of neurons in the human brain via the metabolic pathway shown above. Regulation The major physiologic triggers of adrenaline release center upon stresses, such as physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, and high ambient temperature. All of these stimuli are processed in the central nervous system. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the synthesis of adrenaline precursors by enhancing the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β - hydroxylase, two key enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. ACTH also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing adrenaline synthesis. This is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of adrenaline. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage - gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and, thus, the release of adrenaline ( and noradrenaline ) into the bloodstream. Unlike many other hormones adrenaline ( as with other catecholamines ) does not exert negative feedback to down - regulate its own synthesis. Abnormally elevated levels of adrenaline can occur in a variety of conditions, such as surreptitious epinephrine administration, pheochromocytoma, and other tumors of the sympathetic ganglia. Its action is terminated with reuptake into nerve terminal endings, some minute dilution, and metabolism by monoamine oxidase and catechol - O - methyl transferase. History Main article : History of catecholamine research Extracts of the adrenal gland were first obtained by Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski in 1895. These extracts, which he called nadnerczyna ( `` adrenalin '' ), contained adrenaline and other catecholamines. American ophthalmologist William H. Bates discovered adrenaline 's usage for eye surgeries prior to 20 April 1896. Japanese chemist Jokichi Takamine and his assistant Keizo Uenaka independently discovered adrenaline in 1900. In 1901, Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen. Adrenaline was first synthesized in the laboratory by Friedrich Stolz and Henry Drysdale Dakin, independently, in 1904. Society and culture Adrenaline junkie See also : Novelty seeking An adrenaline junkie is somebody who engages in sensation - seeking behavior through `` the pursuit of novel and intense experiences without regard for physical, social, legal or financial risk ''. Such activities include extreme and risky sports, substance abuse, unsafe sex, and crime. The term relates to the increase in circulating levels of adrenaline during physiological stress. Such an increase in the circulating concentration of adrenaline is secondary to activation of the sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal medulla, as it is rapid and not present in animals where the adrenal gland has been removed. Although such stress triggers adrenaline release, it also activates many other responses within the central nervous system reward system which drives behavioral responses, so while the circulating adrenaline concentration is present, it may not drive behavior. Nevertheless, adrenaline infusion alone does increase alertness and has roles in the brain including the augmentation of memory consolidation. Strength Main article : Hysterical strength Adrenaline has been implicated in feats of great strength, often occurring in times of crisis. For example, there are stories of a parent lifting part of a car when their child is trapped underneath. References ^ Jump up to : `` Epinephrine ''. The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists. Retrieved Aug 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Nancy caroline 's emergency care in the streets ( 7th ed. ). ( S.l. ) : Jones And Bartlett Learning. 2012. p. 557. ISBN 9781449645861. ^ Jump up to : Lieberman M, Marks A, Peet A ( 2013 ). 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U.S. National Library of Medicine : Drug Information Portal -- Epinephrine Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA - S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis Testosterone AMH Inhibin Ovary Estradiol Progesterone Activin Inhibin Relaxin GnSAF Placenta hCG HPL Estrogen Progesterone Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Amylin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland Melatonin N, N - Dimethyltryptamine 5 - Methoxy - N, N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach Gastrin Ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 Secretin Motilin VIP Ileum Enteroglucagon Peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue Leptin Adiponectin Resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney Renin EPO Calcitriol Prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead. Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead. Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Adrenergic receptor modulators α Agonists : 6 - FNE Amidephrine Anisodine Buspirone Cirazoline Corbadrine Desglymidodrine Dexisometheptene Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa ( L - DOPS ) Ephedrine Epinephrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Indanidine Isometheptene L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Melevodopa Metaraminol Methoxamine Methyldopa Midodrine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Octopamine ( drug ) Oxymetazoline Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pseudoephedrine Synephrine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine XP21279 Xylometazoline Antagonists : Abanoquil Adimolol Ajmalicine Alfuzosin Amosulalol Anisodamine Arotinolol Atiprosin Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone ) Benoxathian Buflomedil Bunazosin Carvedilol Corynanthine Dapiprazole Domesticine Doxazosin Ergolines ( e.g., ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, terguride ) Etoperidone Eugenodilol Fenspiride Hydroxyzine Indoramin Ketanserin L - 765,314 Labetalol mCPP Mepiprazole Metazosin Monatepil Moxisylyte Naftopidil Nantenine Neldazosin Niaprazine Nicergoline Niguldipine Pardoprunox Pelanserin Perlapine Phendioxan Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine Phenylpiperazine antidepressants ( e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione ) Piperoxan Prazosin Quinazosin Quinidine Ritanserin Silodosin Spiperone Talipexole Tamsulosin Terazosin Tiodazosin Tolazoline Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine ) Trimazosin Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine ) Urapidil WB - 4101 Zolertine α Agonists : ( R ) - 3 - Nitrobiphenyline 4 - NEMD 6 - FNE Amitraz Apraclonidine Brimonidine Cannabivarin Clonidine Corbadrine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Dihydroergotamine Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa ( L - DOPS ) Etilevodopa Ephedrine Ergotamine Epinephrine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Guanabenz Guanfacine Guanoxabenz L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Lofexidine Medetomidine Melevodopa Methyldopa Mivazerol Naphazoline Norepinephrine Oxymetazoline Phenylpropanolamine Piperoxan Pseudoephedrine Rezatomidine Rilmenidine Romifidine Talipexole Tasipimidine Tetrahydrozoline Tiamenidine Tizanidine Tolonidine Urapidil Vatinoxan XP21279 Xylazine Xylometazoline Antagonists : 1 - PP Adimolol Amesergide Aptazapine Atipamezole Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine ) Azapirones ( e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone ) BRL - 44408 Buflomedil Cirazoline Efaroxan Esmirtazapine Fenmetozole Fluparoxan Idazoxan mCPP Mianserin Mirtazapine NAN - 190 Olanzapine Pardoprunox Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine Piperoxan Piribedil Rauwolscine Rotigotine SB - 269970 Setiptiline Spiroxatrine Sunepitron Tolazoline Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine ) Yohimbine β Agonists : Abediterol Alifedrine Amibegron Arbutamine Arformoterol Arotinolol BAAM Bambuterol Befunolol Bitolterol Broxaterol Buphenine Carbuterol Carmoterol Cimaterol Clenbuterol Colterol Corbadrine Denopamine Dipivefrine Dobutamine Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa ( L - DOPS ) Ephedrine Epinephrine Etafedrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Fenoterol Formoterol Hexoprenaline Higenamine Indacaterol Isoetarine Isoprenaline Isoxsuprine L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Levosalbutamol Mabuterol Melevodopa Methoxyphenamine Methyldopa Mirabegron Norepinephrine Orciprenaline Oxyfedrine PF - 610355 Phenylpropanolamine Pirbuterol Prenalterol Ractopamine Procaterol Pseudoephedrine Reproterol Rimiterol Ritodrine Salbutamol Salmeterol Solabegron Terbutaline Tretoquinol Tulobuterol Vilanterol Xamoterol XP21279 Zilpaterol Zinterol Antagonists : Acebutolol Adaprolol Adimolol Afurolol Alprenolol Alprenoxime Amosulalol Ancarolol Arnolol Arotinolol Atenolol Befunolol Betaxolol Bevantolol Bisoprolol Bopindolol Bornaprolol Brefonalol Bucindolol Bucumolol Bufetolol Bufuralol Bunitrolol Bunolol Bupranolol Butaxamine Butidrine Butofilolol Capsinolol Carazolol Carpindolol Carteolol Carvedilol Celiprolol Cetamolol Cicloprolol Cinamolol Cloranolol Cyanopindolol Dalbraminol Dexpropranolol Diacetolol Dichloroisoprenaline Dihydroalprenolol Dilevalol Diprafenone Draquinolol Ecastolol Epanolol Ericolol Ersentilide Esatenolol Esprolol Eugenodilol Exaprolol Falintolol Flestolol Flusoxolol Hydroxycarteolol Hydroxytertatolol ICI - 118,551 Idropranolol Indenolol Indopanolol Iodocyanopindolol Iprocrolol Isoxaprolol Isamoltane Labetalol Landiolol Levobetaxolol Levobunolol Levomoprolol Medroxalol Mepindolol Metipranolol Metoprolol Moprolol Nadolol Nadoxolol Nebivolol Nifenalol Nipradilol Oxprenolol Pacrinolol Pafenolol Pamatolol Pargolol Penbutolol Pindolol Practolol Primidolol Procinolol Pronethalol Propafenone Propranolol Ridazolol Ronactolol Soquinolol Sotalol Spirendolol SR 59230A Sulfinalol Talinolol Tazolol Tertatolol Tienoxolol Tilisolol Timolol Tiprenolol Tolamolol Toliprolol Xibenolol Xipranolol Phenethylamines Phenethylamines Psychedelics : 25B - NBOMe 25C - NBOMe 25D - NBOMe 25I - NBOMe 25N - NBOMe 2C - B 2C - B - AN 2C - Bn 2C - Bu 2C - C 2C - CN 2C - CP 2C - D 2C - E 2C - EF 2C - F 2C - G 2C - G - 1 2C - G - 2 2C - G - 3 2C - G - 4 2C - G - 5 2C - G - 6 2C - G-N 2C - H 2C - I 2C - iP 2C - N 2C - NH2 2C - O 2C - O - 4 2C - P 2C - Ph 2C - SE 2C - T 2C - T - 2 2C - T - 3 2C - T - 4 2C - T - 5 2C - T - 6 2C - T - 7 2C - T - 8 2C - T - 9 2C - T - 10 2C - T - 11 2C - T - 12 2C - T - 13 2C - T - 14 2C - T - 15 2C - T - 16 2C - T - 17 2C - T - 18 2C - T - 19 2C - T - 20 2C - T - 21 2C - T - 22 2C - T - 22.5 2C - T - 23 2C - T - 24 2C - T - 25 2C - T - 27 2C - T - 28 2C - T - 30 2C - T - 31 2C - T - 32 2C - T - 33 2C - TFE 2C - TFM 2C - YN 2C - V Allylescaline DESOXY Escaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Macromerine MEPEA Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Psi - 2C - T - 4 TCB - 2 Stimulants : Phenylethanolamine Hordenine Phenethylamine α - Methylphenethylamine ( amphetamine ) β - Methylphenethylamine m - Methylphenethylamine N - Methylphenethylamine o - Methylphenethylamine p - Methylphenethylamine Entactogens : Lophophine MDPEA MDMPEA Others : BOH DMPEA Amphetamines Psychedelics : 3C - BZ 3C - E 3C - P Aleph Beatrice Bromo - DragonFLY D - Deprenyl DMA DMCPA DMMDA DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Ganesha MMDA MMDA - 2 Psi - DOM TMA TeMA Stimulants : 2 - FA 2 - FMA 3 - FA 3 - FMA Acridorex Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amphetamine ( Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine ) Amphetaminil Benfluorex Benzphetamine Cathine Clobenzorex Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Etilamfetamine Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine ( Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine ) Fenproporex Flucetorex Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Isopropylamphetamine Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Metaraminol Methamphetamine ( Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine ) Methoxyphenamine MMA Morforex Norfenfluramine L - Norpseudoephedrine N, alpha - Diethylphenylethylamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine Ortetamine PBA PCA Phenpromethamine PFA PFMA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Sibutramine Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Entactogens : 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA 4 - MTA 5 - APB 5 - APDB 5 - EAPB 5 - IT 5 - MAPB 5 - MAPDB 6 - APB 6 - APDB 6 - Chloro - MDMA 6 - EAPB 6 - IT 6 - MAPB 6 - MAPDB EDA IAP 2, 3 - MDA 3, 4 - MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDHMA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDOH Methamnetamine MMDMA Naphthylaminopropane TAP Others : 3, 4 - DCA Amiflamine DiFMDA Selegiline ( also D - Deprenyl ) Phentermines Stimulants : Chlorphentermine Cloforex Clortermine Etolorex Mephentermine Pentorex Phentermine Entactogens : MDPH MDMPH Others : Cericlamine Cathinones Stimulants : 3 - FMC 4 - MC 4 - BMC 4 - CMC 4 - EMC 4 - FMC 4 - MEC 4 - MeMABP 4 - MPD Amfepramone Benzedrone Brephedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Eutylone Hydroxybupropion Methcathinone Methedrone NEB Pentedrone Pentylone Radafaxine Entactogens : 3, 4 - DMMC 3 - MMC Butylone Ethylone Methylone Methylenedioxycathinone Mephedrone Phenylisobutylamines Entactogens : 4 - CAB 4 - MAB Ariadne BDB Butylone EBDB Eutylone MBDB Stimulants : Phenylisobutylamine Phenylalkylpyrrolidines Stimulants : α - PBP α - PHP α - PPP α - PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4 - MePBP 4 - MePHP 4 - MePPP MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone Catecholamines ( and close relatives ) 6 - FNE 6 - OHDA a-Me - DA a-Me - TRA Adrenochrome Ciladopa D - DOPA ( Dextrodopa ) Dimetofrine Dopamine Epinephrine Epinine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenclonine Ibopamine Isoprenaline Isoetarine L - DOPA ( Levodopa ) L - DOPS ( Droxidopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine m - Tyramine Metanephrine Metaraminol Metaterol Metirosine Methyldopa N, N - Dimethyldopamine Nordefrin ( Levonordefrin ) Norepinephrine Norfenefrine ( m - Octopamine ) Normetanephrine Orciprenaline p - Octopamine p - Tyramine Phenylephrine Synephrine Miscellaneous AL - LAD Amidephrine Arbutamine Cafedrine Denopamine Desvenlafaxine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Dobutamine Dopexamine Ephenidine Etafedrine ETH - LAD Famprofazone Fluorolintane Hexapradol IP - LAD Lysergic acid amide Lysergic acid 2 - butyl amide Lysergic acid 2, 4 - dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid diethylamide Methoxamine Methoxphenidine MT - 45 PARGY - LAD Phenibut PRO-LAD Pronethalol Salbutamol ( Levosalbutamol ) Solriamfetol Theodrenaline Thiamphenicol UWA - 101 GND : 4141449 - 4 LCCN : sh85001007 NDL : 00560062 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenaline&oldid=853393903 '' Categories : Anxiety Beta - adrenergic agonists Bronchodilators Cardiac stimulants Catecholamines Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis Hormones of the suprarenal medulla Neurotransmitters Norepinephrine releasing agents Stress Sympathomimetic amines Chemical substances for emergency medicine Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from October 2016 Infobox drug with local INN variant ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Drugs missing an ATC code Drugs with no legal status Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018, at 13 : 19 ( UTC ). 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Question: where does adrenaline come from in the body
Answer: the adrenal glands and certain neurons