SS Archimedes - wikipedia SS Archimedes SS Archimedes History Name : Archimedes Namesake : Archimedes of Syracuse Owner : Ship Propeller Company Builder : Henry Wimshurst, Cost : £ 10,500 Launched : 18 October 1838 Completed : 1839 Maiden voyage : 2 May 1839 In service : 2 May 1839 Refit : As a sailing ship, date unknown Fate : Reportedly grounded and sank in the mouth of the Meuse River, 1 March 1864 51 ° 55 ′ 6 '' N 4 ° 3 ′ 2 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 51.91833 ° N 4.05056 ° E ﻿ / 51.91833 ; 4.05056. General characteristics Type : Steam powered schooner Tons burthen : 237 Length : 125 ft ( 38 m ) Beam : 22 ft ( 6.7 m ) Draught : 8 - 9 ft ( 2.4 - 2.7 m ) Depth of hold : 13 ft ( 4.0 m ) Installed power : 2 × 30 HP, 25 - 30 rpm twin - cylinder Rennie vertical steam engines, with 37 - inch cylinders and 3 - foot stroke Propulsion : 1 x full helix, single turn, single threaded iron propeller operating at 130 - 150 rpm, auxiliary sails Sail plan : Three - masted, schooner - rigged Speed : About 10mph ( under steam ) Notes : World 's first screw - propelled steamship SS Archimedes was a steamship built in Britain in 1839. She is notable for being the world 's first steamship to be driven by a screw propeller. Archimedes had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. She also had a direct influence on the design of another innovative vessel, Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's SS Great Britain, then the world 's largest ship and the first screw - propelled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Ericsson and Smith 2 Design and construction 2.1 Machinery 3 Service history 3.1 Breakdowns and propeller redesign 3.2 Dover trials 3.3 Circumnavigation of Britain and other voyages 3.4 Loan to Brunel 3.5 Later career 4 Legacy 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links Background The principle of moving water with a screw has been known since the invention of the Archimedes ' screw, named after Archimedes of Syracuse who lived in the 3rd Century BC. It was not until the 18th century however, and the invention of the steam engine, that a practical means of delivering effective power to a marine screw propulsion system became available, but initial attempts to build such a vessel met with failure. In 1807, the world 's first commercially successful steam - powered vessel, Robert Fulton 's North River Steamboat, made its debut. As this vessel was powered by paddlewheels rather than a propeller, the paddlewheel thereby became the de facto early standard for steamship propulsion. Experimentation with screw propulsion continued in some quarters, however, and between 1750 and the 1830s numerous patents for marine propellers were taken out by various inventors, though few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage, and those that were proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another. Ericsson and Smith In 1835, two inventors in Britain, John Ericsson and Francis Pettit Smith, began working separately on the problem. Smith, a farmer by trade who had entertained a lifelong fascination with screw propulsion, was first to take out a screw propeller patent on 31 May, while Ericsson, a gifted Swedish engineer then working in Britain, filed his patent six weeks later. Smith quickly built a small model boat to test his invention, which was demonstrated first on a pond at his Hendon farm, and later at the Royal Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science in London, where it was seen by the Secretary of the Navy, Sir William Barrow. Having secured the patronage of a London banker named Wright, Smith then built a 30 - foot, 6 - horsepower canal boat of six tons burthen called the Francis Smith, which was fitted with a wooden propeller of his own design and demonstrated on the Paddington Canal from November 1836 to September 1837. By a fortuitous accident, the wooden propeller of two turns was damaged during a voyage in February 1837, and to Smith 's surprise the broken propeller, which now consisted of only a single turn, doubled the boat 's previous speed, from about four miles an hour to eight. Smith would subsequently file a revised patent in keeping with this accidental discovery. In the meantime, Ericsson was conducting his own experiments. In 1837, he built a 45 - foot screw propelled steamboat, Francis B. Ogden, named after his patron, the American consul to Liverpool. In the summer of 1837, Ericsson demonstrated his boat on the River Thames to senior members of the British Admiralty, including Surveyor of the Navy Sir William Symonds. In spite of the boat achieving a speed of 10 miles an hour, comparable with that of existing paddle steamers, Symonds and his entourage were unimpressed. The Admiralty maintained the view that screw propulsion would be ineffective in ocean - going service, while Symonds himself believed that screw propelled ships could not be steered efficiently. Following this rejection, Ericsson built a second, larger screw - propelled boat, the Robert F. Stockton, and had her sailed in 1839 to the United States, where he was soon to gain fame as the designer of the U.S. Navy 's first screw - propelled warship, USS Princeton. Smith 's original 1836 patent for a screw propeller of two full turns. He would later revise the patent, reducing the length to one turn. Apparently aware of the Navy 's view that screw propellers would prove unsuitable for seagoing service, Smith determined to prove this assumption wrong. In September 1837, he took his small vessel ( now fitted with an iron propeller of a single turn ) to sea, steaming from Blackwall, London to Hythe, Kent, with stops at Ramsgate, Dover and Folkestone. On the way back to London on the 25th, Smith 's craft was observed making headway in stormy seas by officers of the Royal Navy. The Admiralty 's interest in the technology was revived, and Smith was encouraged to build a full size ship to more conclusively demonstrate the technology 's effectiveness. He was able to attract a number of investors to provide the necessary capital, including the banker Wright and the engineering firm of J. and G. Rennie, who together formed a new company called the Ship Propeller Company. The company 's proposed vessel was initially tentatively named Propeller, but the name eventually adopted for the ship was Archimedes, after the 3rd century Greek inventor. Design and Construction Archimedes was built 1838, by Henry Wimshurst in London. According to F.P. Smith himself, the ship was constructed of English oak, but a later entry in Lloyd 's Register indicates that parts of the keel at least were of Baltic fir. The ship was 125 feet long, 221⁄2 feet wide, and 237 tons burthen. Built to a schooner pattern, with classic hull lines and a slender, raking funnel and masts, she was considered by contemporaries to be a beautiful vessel. Machinery Smith initially had some difficulty sourcing suitable engines for the ship, as screw propulsion presented some unfamiliar technical challenges. Eventually the leading engineering firm of J. and G. Rennie agreed to design and supply the engines, and the Rennies themselves were persuaded to take a financial interest in the ship and its technology. The twin engines supplied by the Rennies each had two 37 - inch cylinders with a three - foot stroke, delivering a combined nominal horsepower of about 80, and an actual horsepower of about 60. The engines ran at 26 rpm, which through gearing drove the propeller shaft at about 140 rpm. The boilers operated at a pressure of 6 psi. The engines were installed in early 1839, following the ship 's launch in October 1838. Smith 's revised 1836 patent. This is the propeller design originally fitted to Archimedes. Screw propeller of SS Archimedes The gearing provided some additional technical problems. Smith geared the engines to the propeller via spur - wheels and pinions, the largest of which was toothed with hornbeam ( a white timber traditionally used for gearing in windmills ). The gearing arrangement proved to be very noisy, and the ship 's stern was subject to considerable vibration in operation. Smith planned to reduce the noise by the use of spiral gears, but it is unclear whether this modification was ever carried out. The propeller itself was of sheet iron, 5 feet 9 inches in diameter and about 5 feet long, and consisted of a full 360 ° screw, single threaded and of a single turn in keeping with Smith 's revised 1836 patent. Following the ship 's entry into service, the propeller would subsequently undergo a number of modifications, the most important of which were an alteration to a double threaded / half turn format, and a division of the original 360 ° screw into two separate blades. The propeller had the unusual feature of being fully retractable in order to reduce drag when the ship was under sail -- a task that took about 15 minutes. Service History Archimedes under steam at sea Archimedes made her maiden voyage, from London to Sheerness near the mouth of the Thames, commencing 2 May 1839. On the 15th, she commenced her first sea voyage, from Gravesend to Portsmouth, which was completed at the unexpectedly high speed of 10 knots. At Portsmouth, Archimedes was successfully trialed against one of the swiftest vessels then in Admiralty service, HMRC Vulcan, in the presence of some senior Navy officials, who were impressed by Archimedes ' performance. Breakdowns and propeller redesign After this initial trial Archimedes embarked on a return voyage to London, but while in transit the ship 's boiler -- which lacked either a gauge or a safety valve -- exploded, killing the second engineer and scalding several others. The vessel was then laid up for five months for repairs at Wimshurst 's shipyard. On resuming service, Smith received an invitation from the Dutch government to bring the vessel to the Netherlands for a demonstration, which he accepted. On the voyage to the Texel however, Archimedes broke her crankshaft and was forced to return to England for further repairs, which on this occasion were effected by the firm of Miller, Ravenhill & Co. It was during this refit that the original full helix, single turn, single threaded propeller was replaced by a double - threaded, half turn propeller with two distinct blades. The new propeller had the advantage of considerably reducing the ship 's vibration at the stern. Dover trials Following these repairs, the British Admiralty arranged with Smith to undertake a new series of trials for Archimedes at Dover. Captain Edward Chappell, RN, was appointed by the Admiralty to oversee the trials and write a report. From April to May 1840, Archimedes was tested against the Navy 's fastest Dover - Calais mail packets, the paddlewheelers Ariel, Beaver, Swallow and Widgeon. The most telling of these trials were against Widgeon, which was not only the fastest of the mail packets, but also the closest ship in size and horsepower to Archimedes. Widgeon proved to be slightly faster than Archimedes in smooth seas, but Chappell concluded that as the latter had a lower horsepower - to - weight ratio, the screw propeller as a means of propulsion had proven `` equal, if not superior, to that of the ordinary paddle - wheel. '' This finding was more decisive than it may appear, because from a naval perspective, screw propulsion had only to prove itself approximately equal in efficiency to paddlewheel propulsion, as paddlewheels had well recognized shortcomings in military use. These included the exposure of the paddlewheel and its engines to enemy fire, as well as the reduction of space available for the placement of cannon which impinged upon a warship 's broadside firepower. Chappell 's report would later lead to the adoption of screw propulsion by the Navy ( see Legacy section below ). Circumnavigation of Britain and other voyages With the conclusion of the Dover trials, Archimedes was placed at the disposal of Captain Chappell for a circumnavigation of Britain, which took place in July 1840. This voyage presented an opportunity to not only conduct further tests, but also to allow inspection of the technology by shipowners, engineers and scientists in ports throughout the country. Archimedes completed the 2006 - mile voyage at an average speed in excess of 7 mph, and a maximum speed under ideal conditions of 10.9 mph. With the completion of this voyage, Archimedes made a passage from Plymouth to Oporto, Portugal in the record time of 681⁄2 hours. The ship subsequently made further voyages to Antwerp, to Amsterdam via the North Holland Canal, and to various other ports on the continent, exciting interest in the new propulsion method everywhere. Loan to Brunel SS Great Britain in dock at Bristol. The ship was fitted with a screw propeller based on trials with Archimedes. Upon the return of Archimedes to England, Smith agreed to loan Archimedes for several months to the Great Western Steamship Company, which was in the process of constructing the world 's largest steamship, the SS Great Britain. Great Western 's principal engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, took advantage of the loan to test Archimedes with a variety of different propellers in an attempt to find the most efficient design, which was eventually determined to be a new four - bladed model submitted by Smith. Brunel 's experiments led him to recommend to his employers the adoption of screw propulsion for the Great Britain. The advantages of screw propulsion listed by Brunel can be summarized as follows : Screw propulsion machinery was lighter in weight, thus improving fuel economy ; Screw propulsion machinery could be kept lower in the hull, reducing the ship 's centre of gravity and making it more stable in heavy seas ; By taking up less room, propeller engines would allow more cargo to be carried ; Elimination of bulky paddle - boxes would lessen resistance through the water, and also allow the ship to manoeuvre more easily in confined waterways ; The depth of a paddlewheel is constantly changing, depending on the ship 's cargo and the movement of waves, while a propeller stays fully submerged and at full efficiency at all times ; Screw propulsion machinery was cheaper. By these arguments, Brunel in December 1840 was able to persuade the Great Western Steamship Company to adopt screw propulsion for the Great Britain, thus making her the world 's first screw - propelled transatlantic steamer. Unfortunately, instead of using Smith 's proven design, Brunel later decided to install a six - bladed `` windmill '' propeller designed by himself. Brunel 's design was to prove a costly failure for the company. Later career Smith and his fellow investors had originally hoped to sell Archimedes to the Royal Navy, but when this did not occur, the Ship Propeller Company sold the vessel into commercial service. The company, which is estimated to have lost a total of about £ 50,000 on the Archimedes venture, was subsequently wound up. The later career of Archimedes is sketchy. The ship ran aground at Beachy Head in 1840. In 1845, she disappeared from Lloyd 's Register, but appeared again in 1847 following an overhaul. Her engines and machinery were removed on an unspecified date at Sunderland, after which she continued in service as a sailing ship. In 1852, her sails and rigging were renewed, but she disappeared from the Register again a year or two later. Archimedes reportedly grounded on a sandbar and sank in the mouth of the Meuse River, the Netherlands, while attempting to return to port in a storm on 1 March 1864. All her crew were rescued by local lifeguards. Legacy Although the adoption of the screw propeller was an historical inevitability given the work of John Ericsson and others, Archimedes considerably hastened acceptance of the technology. The Dover trials, carried out in April -- May 1840, persuaded the Royal Navy to build a 900 - ton steam sloop - of - war, HMS Rattler, which was trialled from 1843 - 45 against HMS Alecto, a sister ship fitted with paddle propulsion. As a result of these trials, the Navy adopted the screw propeller as its preferred propulsion method. By 1855, 174 ships of the Royal Navy had been fitted with screw propulsion, including 52 ships - of - the - line, 23 frigates, 17 corvettes, 55 sloops, and various other vessels. Some merchants were also quick to adopt screw propulsion. In 1840, Wimshurst built a second propeller - driven vessel, the 300 - ton Novelty, the first screw - propelled cargo ship and the first to make a commercial voyage. In 1841, a small passenger steamer fitted with Smith 's patented propeller, Princess Royal, was built in the north of England, and in 1842, several more screw - propelled vessels were built or launched in Britain, including Bedlington, built at South Shields, Bee, launched at Chatham, and the largest ship built to that date in Ireland, Great Northern, launched at Derry. From this point, screw - propelled merchant ships grew rapidly in number. By the time the Cunard Line built the paddle steamer Persia for transatlantic service in 1856, the paddlewheel was already becoming an anachronism. Though Smith 's Archimedes had played an important role in the introduction of screw propulsion, Smith himself only lost money on the venture, and was forced to return to farming. He would later be recognized for his contribution however. In 1855, he was amongst five inventors awarded £ 4,000 each by the House of Commons for invention of the marine propeller. In 1858, a group of patrons arranged a testimonial dinner at which he was presented with a silver salver, claret - jug and subscription, with an aggregate value of £ 2,678. In 1860, Smith was appointed Curator of the Patent Office Museum in South Kensington, and in 1871 he received a knighthood. Footnotes Jump up ^ The emphasis here is on ship. There were a number of successful propeller - driven vessels prior to Archimedes, including Smith 's own Francis Smith and Ericsson 's Francis B. Ogden and Robert F. Stockton. However, these vessels were boats -- designed for service on inland waterways -- as opposed to ships, built for seagoing service. Jump up ^ `` The type of screw propeller that now propels the vast majority of boats and ships was patented in 1836, first by the British engineer Francis Pettit Smith, then by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson. Smith used the design in the first successful screw - driven steamship, the Archimedes, which was launched in 1839. '' -- Marshall Cavendish, p. 1335. Jump up ^ `` The propeller was invented in 1836 by Francis Pettit Smith in Britain and John Ericsson in the United States. It first powered a seagoing ship, appropriately called the Archimedes, in 1839. '' -- Macauley and Ardley, p. 378. Jump up ^ `` In 1839, the Messrs. Rennie constructed the engines, machinery and propeller, for the celebrated Archimedes, from which may be said to date the introduction of the screw system of propulsion... '' -- Mechanics Magazine, p. 220. Jump up ^ `` It was not until 1839 that the principle of propelling steamships by a screw blade was fairly brought before the world, and for this we are indebted, as almost every adult will remember, to Mr. F.P. Smith of London. He was the man who first made the screw propeller practically useful. Aided by spirited capitalists, he built a large steamer named the `` Archimedes '', and the results obtained from her at once arrested public attention. `` -- MacFarlane, p. 109. Jump up ^ Fincham, pp. 339 - 341. Jump up ^ Smith, pp. 66 - 67. Jump up ^ Fincham, pp. 339 - 344. ^ Jump up to : Bourne, p. 84. Jump up ^ In the case of the Francis B. Ogden, Symonds was correct. Ericsson had made the mistake of placing the rudder forward of the propellers, which made the rudder ineffective. Symonds believed that Ericsson tried to disguise the problem by towing a barge during the test. Jump up ^ Bourne, pp. 87 - 89. ^ Jump up to : Bourne, p. 85. Jump up ^ Herapath, p. 456. Jump up ^ Some sources state that the ship was 106 feet long ; they appear to have mistaken the overall length with the length between perpendiculars. Jump up ^ Schaefer and Hedge, p. 191. ^ Jump up to : Fincham, p. 346. Jump up ^ Smith, p. 70. Jump up ^ Preble, p. 146. ^ Jump up to : Smith, p. 71. Jump up ^ Burgh, p. 11. ^ Jump up to : Fox, p. 146. ^ Jump up to : Fincham, pp. 346 - 348. ^ Jump up to : Bourne, p. 86. ^ Jump up to : Fox, p. 149. Jump up ^ Smith, pp. 71 - 72. Jump up ^ SS Archimedes, wrecksite.eu. Jump up ^ Timbs, p. 270. Jump up ^ Fincham, p. 349. Jump up ^ Kludas, p. 48. Jump up ^ Fox, p. 162. Jump up ^ Timbs, pp. 269 - 270. Jump up ^ `` Blue Plaque for Pioneer of the Screw Propeller '', English Heritage website. References Books Burgh, N.P. ( 1869 ) : A Practical Treatise on Modern Screw Propulsion, p. 11, E. and F.N. Spon, London. Bourne, John ( 1852 ) : A Treatise on the Screw Propeller With Various Suggestions For Improvement, Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, London. Fincham, John ( 1851 ) : A History of Naval Architecture : To Which Is Prefixed, an Introductory Dissertation on the Application of Mathematical Science to the Art of Naval Construction, Whittaker & Co., London. Fox, Stephen ( 2003 ) : Transatlantic : Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships, HarperCollins, ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019595 - 3. Herapath, John Esqu. ( 1839 ) : The Railway Magazine and Steam Navigation Journal, Volume VI, James Wylde, London. Kludas, Arnold ( 2000 ) : Record Breakers of the North Atlantic : Blue Riband Liners 1838 - 1852, Brassey 's Inc., ISBN 1 - 57488 - 328 - 3. Macaulay, David and Ardley, Neil ( 1998 ) : The New Way Things Work, page 378, Houghton Mifflin Books for Children, ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93847 - 8. MacFarlane, Robert ( 1851 ) : History of Propellers and Steam Navigation, George P. Putnam, New York. Marshall Cavendish Corporation ( 2002 ) : How It Works : Science and Technology, Volume 10, page 1335, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7314 - 5. Preble, George Henry ( 1883 ) : A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navigation, L.R. Hamersly & Co., Philadelphia. Schaeffer, George C. and Hedge, Egbert ( 1840 ) : American Railroad Journal and Mechanics ' Magazine, Volume XI, Schaeffer and Hedge, New York. Smith, Edgar C. ( 1905 ) : A Short history of Naval and Marine Engineering, printed for Babcock & Wilcox Ltd. by University Press, Cambridge. Timbs, John ( 1868 ) : Wonderful Inventions : From the Mariner 's Compass to the Electric Telegraph Cable, George Routledge & Sons, London and New York. Journals The Mechanics ' Magazine, and Journal of Engineering, Agricultural Machinery, Manufactures, and Shipbuilding, Volume VI, July -- December 1861, Robertson Brooman and Co., London. External links Media related to SS Archimedes at Wikimedia Commons Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1864 Shipwrecks 3 Jan : Grafton 10 Jan : USS Iron Age 1 Feb : USS Smith - Briggs 2 Feb : USS Underwriter 17 Feb : USS Housatonic, H.L. Hunley 22 Feb : USS Linden 27 Feb : Westward Ho ! 1 Mar : Archimedes 6 Mar : USS Peterhoff 21 Mar : Clifton 28 Mar : USS Kingfisher 1 Apr : Maple Leaf 15 Apr : USS Eastport 19 Apr : USS Southfield 22 Apr : USS Petrel 26 Apr : Homer 30 Apr : Grecian 5 May : USS Covington, USS Signal 6 May : USS Commodore Jones 7 May : CSS Raleigh, USS Shawsheen 11 May : Invercauld 16 May : John Williams 22 May : USS Columbine 12 Jun : USS Lavender 14 Jun : USS Courier 19 Jun : CSS Alabama, Alvin Clark 24 Jun : USS Queen City 27 Jun : Mary Robinson 25 Jul : USS Undine 5 Aug : CSS Gaines, USS Philippi, USS Tecumseh 7 Aug : CSS Phoenix 8 Aug : USS Violet 31 Aug : Mary Bowers August ( unknown date ) : Houqua 3 Sep : USS Brandywine 23 Sep : USS Antelope 27 Sep : CSS North Carolina 7 Oct : USS Aster 27 Oct : CSS Albemarle 4 Nov : USS Elfin, USS Key West, USS Tawah, USS Undine 11 Nov : USS Tulip 28 Nov : CSS Florida 7 Dec : USS Narcissus 9 Dec : USS Bazely, USS Otsego 19 Dec : CSS Water Witch 21 Dec : CSS Georgia, CSS Isondiga, CSS Savannah 24 Dec : USS Louisiana 30 Dec : USS Annie, USS Rattler December ( unknown date ) : J.M. Chapman, USS Monarch Unknown date : Carolina Other incidents 17 Feb : USS St. Clair 7 Oct : CSS Florida ( Bahia incident ) Unknown date : Kingfisher 1863 1865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Archimedes&oldid=803941180 '' Categories : 1838 ships Thames - built ships Experimental ships Victorian - era merchant ships of the United Kingdom Shipwrecks of the Netherlands Maritime incidents in 1864 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 Use British English from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Italiano Русский Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 17 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: world's first steamship driven by a screw propeller
Answer: SS Archimedes