List of national instruments ( Music ) - wikipedia List of national instruments ( Music ) For the company, see National Instruments. This article is incomplete. This is because some fields are missing from the table. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. ( March 2018 ) This list contains musical instruments of symbolic or cultural importance within a nation, state, ethnicity, tribe or other group of people. In some cases, national instruments remain in wide use within the nation ( such as the Puerto Rican cuatro ), but in others, their importance is primarily symbolic ( such as the Welsh triple harp ). Danish ethnologist Lisbet Torp has concluded that some national instrument traditions, such as the Finnish kantele, are invented, pointing to the `` influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas ''. Governments do not generally officially recognize national instruments ; the only exceptions are the Paraguayan harp, the Japanese koto and the Trinidadian steelpan. This list compiles instruments that have been alleged to be a national instrument by any of a variety of sources, and an instrument 's presence on the list does not indicate that its status as a national instrument is indisputable, only that its status has been credibly argued. Each instrument on this list has a Hornbostel - Sachs number immediately below it. This number indicates the instrument 's classification within the Hornbostel - Sachs system ( H-S ), which organizes instruments numerically based on the manner in which they produce sound. Images and recordings are supplied where available ; note that there are often variations within a national musical tradition, and thus the images and recordings may not be accurate in depicting the entire spectrum of the given nation 's music, and that some images and recordings may be taken from a region outside the core of the national instrument 's home when such distinctions have little relevance to the information present in the image and recordings. A number of countries have more than one instrument listed, each having been described as a national instrument, not usually by the same source ; neither the presence of multiple entries for one nation, nor for multiple nations for one instrument, on this list is reflective of active dispute in any instance. Alternative names and spellings are given. These mostly come from alternative spellings within English or alternative methods of transliterating from a foreign language to English, such as the Chinese yangqin, also transliterated yang ch'in and yang qin. Others reflect regions or subcultures within a given nation, such as the Australian didgeridoo which is or has been called didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi and ihambilbilg in various Australian Aboriginal languages. All non-English words are italicized. Nation Instrument Description Recording H-S number Image Afghanistan rubab rabab Short - necked three - stringed lute with sympathetic and drone strings, fretted and plucked with a plectrum, with a double - chambered body, the lower part of which is covered in skin, and with three main strings 321.321 - 6 Albania Çiftelia Gajde Lahuta Arab oud Pear - shaped fretless stringed instrument, with five courses of two strings and a single eleventh string, a bent back and a bowl - shaped body, often with up to three soundholes, played with a pick 321.321 - 6 -- Argentina bandoneón Button accordion with a box shape, played with both hands using buttons that produce two sets of notes per hand 412.132 Argentina guitar Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and a soundboard 321.322 Armenia duduk daduk Double - reed pipe with wide reeds made from pieces of cane in a duckbill - type assembly, generally diatonic and with a single octave range 421.211. 12 Australian, Indigenous didgeridoo didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi, ihambilbilg Straight trumpet without fingerholes, traditionally made from a trunk or thick branch of a tree, sometimes with a rim of beeswax around the blowing end, requires circular breathing 423.121. 11 -- Azerbaijan balaban Set of cylindrical shawm - like instruments, with an air reservoir like a bagpipe 422.121 - 62 Baganda peoples of Uganda endongo Bowl lyre made of lizardskin with strings tied to a piece of wood inserted into two holes on two arms 321.21 -- Balochs suroz Bowed string instrument with a long neck, similar to a fiddle or sarangi and played vertically 321.322 -- Bangladesh dotara Small stringed instrument, with plucked metal strings, elongated belly as soundboard and narrow neck ending in a pegbox, decorated with carvings of animals and covered with skin 321.322 -- Bashkir kurai Long open endblown flute with five fingerholes 421.111. 12 -- Basotho lesiba Stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with a single string and tuning noose attached both to a bow and a feather quill, with a frame made from a coconut shell 311.121. 222 -- Bavaria zither Volkszither Stringed instrument with a soundbox, with strings stretched across it, originally with four melody strings and no more than fifteen accompaniment strings 314.122 Bhutan dranyen dranyen, dramnyen Seven - stringed lute, fretless, long - necked and double - waisted with rosette - shaped sound hole 321.321 -- Bolivia charango charanga Fretted, hollow - bodied bowl lute, usually with four or five doubled strings, with as many as eleven tunings, traditionally made from an armadillo shell 321.321 - 6 Brazil guitar violão Fretted six - stringed instrument with a soundboard and a hollow body, originally with steel strings, but now more commonly with nylon 321.322 Brazil berimbau Single - stringed musical bow Toque de Angola on unaccompanied berimbau ( help info ) 311.121. 221 Brazil pandeiro Handheld frame drum with metal jingles ( platinelas ) attached, tuned through adjusting the tension of the head, can also be shaken or rasped 211.311 + 112.122 Bulgaria gaida Bagpipe with three types of chanters, one a simple reed, open at one end, another a small, conical tube with eight fingerholes, one of which is the flea - hole ( a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half - step ), and the last is a long, no - holed drone 422.22 - 62 China guqin qin A plucked seven - string zither with open strings and a range of about four octaves 312.22 China guzheng zheng, gu - zheng Half - tube zither, rectangular with three sound holes on the bottom, now with twenty - one strings most typically, pentatonic tuning, strings are plucked by hand 312.22 - 5 China pipa Pear - shaped bowl lute with a neck, played by plucking 321.321 - 5 -- China yangqin yang ch'in, yang qin Hammered dulcimer, with a trapezoidal sounding board and traditionally bronze strings, struck with rubber - tipped bamboo hammers 314.122 - 4 Colombia cuatro Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and with four strings 321.322 Colombia tiple Four - stringed small fretted instrument with a hollow body 321.322 Costa Rica marimba Xylophone - like instrument with gourd resonators, two sets of overlapping keys, struck with mallets 111.222 - 4 Corsica cetera ceterina, cetara A musical instrument of the cittern family, common in Corsica. 111.224 - 4 Crete lyra Three - stringed fretted, pear - shaped instrument with a hollow body and a vaulted back, propped up on the knee 321.21 -- Croatia tamburica and Lijerica tamburitza Lute - like stringed instrument with a long neck, picked or strummed, variable number of strings 321.321 Cuba tres Guitar - like instrument with a neck and three courses of two strings each 321.322 -- Dagara peoples of Ghana gyil Xylophone - like calabash gourd with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame, struck with a hammer 111.222 - 4 Ecuador rondador Set of chorded bamboo panpipes that produces two tones simultaneously, consisting of pieces of cane, placed side by side in order by size and closed at one end, played by blowing across the top of the instrument 421.112. 11 Egypt, Ancient harp Open harp, used in widely varying forms, though originally semi-circular and with five to seven strings, number of strings increased over time, while the size decreased 322.12 -- Egypt, Ancient sistrum U-shaped frame drum with small rings that make sound when shaken 112.112 England Concertina ( ( ( Other names ) ) ) A small free reed instrument from England, usually hexagonal in shape. The instrument is played by moving bellows between the hands to blow air over reeds, each note being sounded by a button. 412.132 -- Etruria kithara Stringed instrument with a deep soundbox made of two tables, connected by ribs, with strings attached to a tuning bar, played with a plectrum 321.22 Finland kantele kannel Zither -- harp, traditionally with five strings, now with up to thirty, held in the lap 314.122 Finland, especially Swedish - speaking Finns violin Four stringed instrument, bowed, hourglass - shape and an arched top and back chords on a violin ( help info ) 321.322 Fula tambin sereendu, fulannu Diagonal diatonic flute without a bell, made from a conical vine, with three finger - holes and a rectangular embouchere with two wings on either side 411.111. 22 -- Galicia gaita gaita de fole, gaita gallega Diatonic bagpipe with a conical chanter and at least one bass drone, used to accompany both spiritual and secular, as well as lyric and dance music, usually accompanied by a drum ( tambour ) 422.211. 2 - 62 Germany waldzither German lute, also applied to the lute guitar Cittern with nine steel strings ; tuned C, GG, CC, EE, GG ; famous for allegedly been played by Martin Luther at the Wartburg 321.322 Greece, Ancient aulos auloi Highly variant double - shawm with a cylindrical bore 422.121 Greece, Ancient lyre Stringed instrument, strummed with a plectrum, with the free hand silencing unwanted strings, traditionally made from a tortoise shell 321.21 Greece, Modern bouzouki String instrument with a pear - shaped body and a long neck, played with plectrum 321.321 Guatemala marimba Xylophone - like instrument with gourd resonators, struck with mallets, with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale 111.222 - 4 Hawaii ukulele String instrument derived from the Portuguese braguinha, from the Hawaiian uku lele, jumping flea, referring to the swift fingerwork the instrument requires chords on a ukulele ( help info ) 321.322 Hungary cimbalom czimbalom, cymbalom, cymbalum, ţambal, tsymbaly, tsimbl, santouri, santur Chromatic hammered dulcimer with four legs 314.122 - 4 India veena vina Semitonically fretted lute with a long, cylindrical shape, resting on two gourds 311.222 Indonesia angklung Two bamboo tubes, closed at one end and with tongues, attached to a square frame, played by shaking from side to side, causing the tongues to vibrate 112.122 Iran tar ( ( ( Description ) ) ) 314.122 - 4 -- Ireland Irish Harp ( Cruit or Cláirseach ) ( ( ( Other names ) ) ) Polychord wire - strung harp with a fore - pillar 322.221 Ireland Great Irish Warpipes Píob Mhór ( ( ( Other names ) ) ) In modern times this instrument is essentially identical to the Great Highland Bagpipe ( ( ( Number ) ) ) -- Ireland Uilleann Pipes Píobaí Uilleann, Union Pipes ( ( ( Other names ) ) ) Pump blown Bagpipe ( ( ( Number ) ) ) -- Israel kinnor David 's harp Biblically described historic instrument, probably a cithara ; in modern Hebrew, refers to the violin 321.22 Italy mandolin Stringed instrument Mandolin performance ( help info ) 321.321 Japan koto Long and hollow thirteen - stringed instrument 312.22 - 7 Jewish shofar Horn, flattened by heat and hollowed, used for more religious than purely secular purposes, made from the horn of an animal, most typically a ram or kudu 423.121. 1 Kazakhstan dombra Fretted, long - necked lute with a round body, played by plucking with a plectrum 321.321 - 6 Kenya nyatiti 3 - foot - long ( 0.91 m ) harp, plucked with both hands, made of wood and goat or antelope skin 321.21 - 5 -- Khoikhoi goura Single stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with the string attached to a coconut shell resonator and with a tension noose wrapped around the string to adjust the pitch 311.121. 222 -- Korea gayageum kayagum, kayago zither - like string instrument, with 12 strings. 312.22 - 5 Kyrgyzstan komuz Three - stringed fretless lute, made from wood with gut strings 321.321 Lanna ( Northern Thailand ) pin pia Chest - resonated stick zither with two to five strings 311.221 -- Laos khene khaen Mouth organ with bamboo tubes, attached in pairs to the mouthpiece, and with fixed free reeds 412.132 Latvia and Latvian - Americans kokles kūkles Diatonic, lute - like string instrument 314.122 Lebanon darbuka debakeh Goblet - shaped hand drum 211.261. 21 Lithuania birbyne Aerophone, can be single - or double - reed, with or without a mouthpiece 422 Lithuania kanklės Stringed instrument 314.122 Lobi peoples of Ghana gyil Keyed calabash gourds with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame 111.222 - 4 Madagascar valiha Tubular zither 312.11 Mandinka of West Africa balo behlanjeh Set of wooden pieces, mounted on gourds, in a frame and played using two rubber - tipped mallets, held in hands with iron cylinders and rings attached to add a jingling sound 111.212 + 112.111 -- Maroons of Jamaica abeng Aerophone made from the end of a cow horn with the tip broken off on the side, which is blown into 423.122. 2 -- Mexico marimba Xylophone - like instrument with wooden square tubes resonators, struck with mallets, with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale 111.222 - 4 Mongolia morin khuur horse - head fiddle, igil Two - stringed instrument, held between the legs, with a trapezoidal body and a horse 's head typically carved on the upper edge of the pegbox 321.322 Montenegro gusle Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg 321.321 - 71 -- Myanmar saung - gauk saung, Burmese harp Arched harp with sixteen strings, attached to the harp with red cotton tassels 322.11 -- Nepal madal Double - headed cylindrical drum, slightly bulging at the waist, held horizontally and played double - handed 211.212. 1 -- Netherlands fiddle Four - stringed instrument, bowed 321.322 -- Nicaragua marimba Xylophone - like instrument with gourd resonators 111.222 - 4 Norway Hardingfele Hardanger fiddle Ornately decorated fiddle with four main strings and four resonating strings beneath them, which are not touched by the bow 321.322 - 71 Norway langeleik Rectangular zither with five or six strings, one melody string and several drone strings 314.122 Pakistan Dafli Daf The dafli, also popularly known as daf, dappler or tambourine, is a must for weddings. Made of wooden ring with a double row of bells and a playing surface with a 10 '' diameter, our dafli is a perfect accompaniment to the dholki. The pleasant sound of the dafli will elevate the tempo and mood of all celebrations. Easy to play with no beforehand practice required - with these daflis anyone can add to the music played in weddings and other celebrations. ? Paraguay harp, Paraguayan Diatonic harp with 32, 36, 38 or 40 strings, made from tropical wood and with songs in the Guarani language, with an exaggerated neck - arch, played with the fingernail 322.211 -- Peru cajón Wooden box with a hole in one side, derived from containers used to transport agricultural products by portworkers 111.221 Peru charango charanga, chillador Guitar - like instrument, most commonly with ten strings in two courses and made from an armadillo back 321.321 - 6 Philippines Rondalla rondalla tradition of ensemble playing of plucked instruments including bandurias, octavinas, laúds, guitars, and basses. 321.321 -- Polynesia nose flute Flute, made from a single piece of bamboo, with three holes to blow into from the nostrils, with fingerholes 421.111. 22 Portugal Portuguese guitar Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body 321.322 Puerto Rico cuatro Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body, derived from the Spanish tiple and other stringed instruments, made from carved wood with strings ( ten, in five sets of two ) of leather strips or dried animal gut 321.322 Rome, Ancient tibiae Double - reed shawm, played paired 422.122 -- Russia Garmon Garmon, bellow - driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow chords on an accordion ( help info ) 412.132 Russia balalaika Family of triangle - shaped lute - type instruments 321.32 Russia gusli Zither - like instrument with between eleven and thirty - six strings, tuned diatonically 314.122 Russia spoons Painted wooden teaspoons, used as a percussion instrument 111.141 -- Ryukyus of Japan sanshin Three stringed banjo - like instrument, covered with snakeskin 321.312 - 6 Sakha khomus jaw harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked 121.221 Scotland bagpipe, highland Bagpipe with a chanter, blowpipe, two tenor drones and a bass drone 422.112. 2 - 62 + 422.221. 1 - 621 Serbia Accordion Accordion, bellow - driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow chords on an accordion ( help info ) 412.132 -- Serbia frula End - blown wooden flute with six fingerholes 421.211. 12 -- Serbia gajda Surle Bagpipe with three types of chanters, one a simple reed, open at one end, another a small, conical tube with eight fingerholes, one of which is the flea - hole ( a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half - step ), and the last is a long, no - holed drone 422.22 - 62 Serbia gusle Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg Serbian gusle ( help info ) 321.321 - 71 Slovakia fujara Endblown long bass diatonic fipple flute 421.211. 12 Slovenia accordion Accordion, bellow - driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow chords on an accordion ( help info ) 412.132 South Africa Vuvuzela Kuduzela Straight plastic natural horn 423.121. 12 -- Spain guitar Fretted stringed instrument, long - necked with a flat soundboard and back, and incurved sides 321.322 Sweden drejelire Hurdy - gurdy that uses a rosined wheel to create sound 321.322 - 72 Sweden nyckelharpa Bowed keyed fiddle 321.322 - 71 Swedish Estonia talharpa Bowed lyre with no fingerboard 321.22 - 71 -- Switzerland alphorn Long wooden conical trumpet, bent at the end, with turned boxwood mouthpieces, traditionally used by herdsmen 423.121. 12 Trinidad and Tobago steelpan Barrel - shaped percussion instruments, tuned chromatically, originally made from discarded 55 gallon drums 111.241. 2 Turkey saz bağlama, kopuz Fretted lute with a long neck, pear - shaped body, and three courses of seven steel strings 321.321 - 6 Turkmenistan dutar Plucked string instrument with two strings and a long neck, strummed or plucked 321.322 -- Tuva igil Horse - head fiddle Small fiddle 321.322 Tuva khomus Jaw harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked 121.221 Tuva morin khuur Horse - head fiddle Large fiddle with a wooden sound box and two strings attached to tuning pegs in the neck 321.322 Ukraine bandura Diatonic, unfretted lute - like string instrument, traditionally carved from a single block of wood 321.321 United States, African American in origin banjo Four or five stringed instrument, plucked with a bare thumb and a forefinger covered by a metal thimble, traditionally with four or five strings, 321.312 - 5 Uzbekistan doira Round, flat drum with shakers made of metal inside and a horse - skin head 211.311 + 112.113 Uzbekistan karnay Long brass trumpet with a mouthpiece 423.121. 12 -- Venezuela cuatro Guitar - like lute with four strings, usually strummed 321.322 Venezuela harp, Venezuelan Diatonic harp, with an exaggerated neck arch, similar to the Paraguayan harp 322.211 Vietnam đàn bầu 321.22 -- Wales crwth Six - stringed instrument with a flat fingerboard, fretless 321.22 Wales harp, triple telyn Harp with no blades or levers, with three rows of strings, the outer two tuned in a diatonic scale and the inner one tuned to the extra semitones of the chromatic scale 322.212. 1 Yugoslavia 's gusle Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg Serbian gusle ( help info ) 321.321 - 71 Zimbabwe mbira thumb piano Plucked lamellophone, consisting of staggered keys attached to a board, with a halved calabash gourd as resonator 122.12 References ^ Jump up to : Grahn, Göran ( April 1999 ). `` Review of Musikkens Tjenere - Instrument - Forsker - Musiker by Mette Müller and Lisbet Torp ''. The Galpin Society Journal. 52 : 367 -- 368. doi : 10.2307 / 842547. JSTOR 842547. One of the most interesting articles is that by Lisbet Torp about invented traditions in creating a national instrument, such as the Highland bagpipe in Scotland, the kantele in Finland, the bouzouki in Greece etc. She takes the reader through a tour of Europe, in a journey through time and space, beginning in the British Isles at the end of the 18th century with the Irish harp and the Scottish highland bagpipe. She then points to the influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas. The conclusion is that Denmark never developed any national instrument, though, ' at the beginning of the 20th century, the prehistoric bronze lurs were treated as a national symbol. ' Jump up ^ `` Study Guide for Quad City Arts ' Visiting Artists Series '' ( PDF ). Quad City Arts. October 2001. Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2018 - 01 - 23. Retrieved December 23, 2007. Jump up ^ `` About the Japanese Koto ''. KotoWorld. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Dudley, Shannon ; Stuempfle, Stephen ( Spring -- Summer 1998 ). `` Review of The Steelband Movement : The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago by Stephen Stuempfle ''. Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 42 ( 2 ) : 366 -- 368. doi : 10.2307 / 3113905. JSTOR 3113905. ( The book ) uses an appropriate approach for the first major work on Trinidad and Tobago 's national instrument. Jump up ^ von Hornbostel, Erich M. ; Curt Sachs ( March 1961 ). `` Classification of Musical Instruments : Translated from the original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann ''. Galpin Society Journal. Galpin Society. 14 : 3 -- 29. doi : 10.2307 / 842168. JSTOR 842168. Jump up ^ Doubleday, Veronica ( 2000 ). `` Afghanistan : Red Light at the Crossroads ''. In Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane ( Eds. ). World Music : The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. pp. 3 -- 7. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0. Afghans have a special feeling for the rubab, describing it as the ' lion ' of instruments and their ' national instrument '. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : ARC music ; Peter McClelland. `` Glossary of Folk Instruments ''. Hobgoblin Music. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Jump up ^ Project Results ( pdf ). The Music Inter-Cultural X-Change : Project for Peace in Israelpublisher = The Boston Conservatory. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Jump up ^ Peiro, Teddy ; Jan Fairley ( 2000 ). `` Argentina : Vertical Expression of Horizontal Desire ''. In Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane ( Eds. ). World Music : The Rough Guide. Rough Guides Ltd. p. 305. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Troop, William ( 2007 ). `` Global Hit : Dino Saluzzi '' ( mp3 ). The World. PRI. Retrieved December 17, 2007. ( Dino Saluzzi ) is a master of Argentina 's national instrument, the button accordion known as the bandoneon. Jump up ^ Fink, Michael ( February 2, 2003 ). `` Assad Duo, guitars with Nadja Salerno - Sonnenberg, violin ''. Archived from the original ( program notes ) on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Another folk element is a reference to the guitar, considered a national instrument associated with the gauchos of the Pampas region. ^ Jump up to : Pinnell, Richard T. ; Ricardo Zavadivker ( 1993 ). The Rioplatense Guitar. Bold Strummer. ISBN 0 - 933224 - 42 - 7. Jump up ^ Neuenfeldt, Karl ; Cited to Moyle, 1981 ( see Further reading ) ( 1998 ). `` The Quest for a `` Magical Island '' : The Convergence of the Didjeridu, Aboriginal Culture, Healing and Cultural Politics in New Age Discourse '' ( Reprint ). Social Analysis. 42 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 102. Retrieved December 17, 2007. It has not been a national instrument until quite recently, the previous range was primarily in the northern third of the continent. Jump up ^ Breen, Marcus ( 2000 ). Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane ( Eds. ), ed. World Music : The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 11. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0. The aura and resonance of the continent the instrument carries means the didgeridoo will never lose its place as the instrument that best reflects the Aboriginals ' 50,000 years of tradition and experience. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Heumann, Michael ( August 16, 2004 ). `` Azerbaijan ''. Almaty or Bust !. Stylus Magazine. Retrieved December 26, 2007. ( T ) he Azeri national instrument is a type of bagpipe called a balaban. Jump up ^ Umid, Aysel ; Translated by Afina Yagizarova. `` Guba : Music ''. Azerbaijan : The Land of Arts. TUTU Children 's Cultural Center. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Jump up ^ Wachsmann, Klaus ( 1964 ). `` The Migration of Musical Instruments : Human Migration and African Harps ''. Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 16 : 84 -- 88. doi : 10.2307 / 835087. JSTOR 835087. Jump up ^ Badalkhan, Sabir ( October 2003 ). `` Balochi Oral Tradition ''. Oral Tradition. 18 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 235. doi : 10.1353 / ort. 2004.0049. Notwithstanding the emergence of a strong nationalistic feeling among the Baloch population both in Iran and Pakistan, the existence of pahlawan ( professional singers of verse narratives ), and the love for suroz ( a bowed instrument played as an accompaniment to narrative songs and considered to be the national instrument of the Baloch ) among the educated classes, there seems to be no future for the oral tradition in Balochistan. Jump up ^ Begum, Rumena Mohima. `` Musicians Stories ''. World on Your Street. BBC. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The dotara is the national instrument of Bangladesh. Jump up ^ Seryogina, Olesya ( October 24, 2007 ). `` Musician 's Seven Kurais ''. Culture. BASHvest. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Music performed on this wonderful Bashkir national instrument is understandable and dear to all. Jump up ^ Belaiev, Victor ( 1963 ). `` The Formation of Folk Modal Systems ''. Journal of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 15 : 4 -- 9. doi : 10.2307 / 836227. JSTOR 836227. Jump up ^ `` Traditional Music & Dance ''. The Drum Cafe. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Discover the sounds of the lesiba, the Basotho national instrument with its harsh, bird - like sounds. Jump up ^ Grove, George ( 1954 ). Dictionary of Music and Musicians. St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 1 - 147 - 22765 - 9. The zither may be considered the national instrument of Bavaria Jump up ^ `` The Concert Zither : A Brief History ''. Zithers - USA. Zither Newsletter USA. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Jump up ^ Broughton, Simon ; Mark Ellingham ( 2000 ). World Music. James McConnachie. Rough Guides. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0. Jump up ^ Baumann, Max Peter ( 1997 ). `` Review of Bolivie : Charangos et guitarrillas du Norte Potosi by Florindo Alvis and Jean - Marc Grassler ''. Yearbook for Traditional Music. 29 ( 1997 ) : 200 -- 201. JSTOR 768327. Among chordophones, the charango has become the Bolivian national instrument par excellence. Jump up ^ `` Chamber Recital Programme ''. The Annual Glebe Music Festival. Glebe Music Festival. November 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Born in Brazil, Murilo Tanouye began his musical pursuit by learning Jazz and Bossa Nova ( sic ) on the guitar, his country 's national instrument. Jump up ^ Graham, Richard ( Spring -- Summer 1991 ). `` Technology and Culture Change : The Development of the `` Berimbau '' in Colonial Brazil ``. Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana. University of Texas Press. 12 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20. doi : 10.2307 / 780049. JSTOR 780049. Although this metamorphosis insured the emerging berimbau a higher social status as a Brazilian national instrument. Jump up ^ Ya Salaam, Kalamu. `` When Brazil Came Calling '' ( Reprint ). The New Black Magazine. Kalamu. Retrieved December 17, 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` Bagpipes : A blast from the past ''. Independent.ie. November 30, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Qin ''. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Endowed with cosmological and metaphysical significance and empowered to communicate the deepest feelings, the qin is the most prestigious of China 's instruments. Jump up ^ Beijing Review, Issues 27 - 52. Beijing Review, original from the University of Michigan. 1981. p. 30. Jump up ^ `` Dong Yi in Zheng Recital at the Great Hall of the People ''. Link Chinese. Retrieved December 21, 2007. As the most popular national instrument in China, zheng ( also known as gu - zheng ) is one of the eldest Chinese string instruments with a history of at least 2,500 years. Jump up ^ Millward, James. `` From Camelback to Carnegie Hall : the Global Journey and Modern Makeover of the Pipa ''. AAS Annual Meeting. Retrieved December 22, 2007. I note the irony of this transformation : the modernization of the pipa as a Chinese national instrument entailed reworking it to fit the musical standards and contexts of polyphonic Western music. ^ Jump up to : Vandervort, Leland. `` Andean Instruments ''. Musica Andina. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The cuatro has a very dry sound and is often strummed in syncopation with the rhythm of many musical forms originating from Colombia and Venezuela. The cuatro is also considered the `` national instrument '' of these two countries. Jump up ^ Pinnell, Richard ; Zuluaga, David Puerta ( Autumn 1993 ). `` Review of Los Caminos del Tiple by David Puerta Zuluaga ''. Ethnomusicology. 37 ( 3 ) : 446 -- 448. doi : 10.2307 / 851728. JSTOR 851728. Jump up ^ Marrs, Stuart. `` Percussion in Costa Rica, 1972 - 82 '' ( PDF ). Percussion Studies. University of Maine. Archived from the original ( pdf ) on September 4, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2007. After all, the marimba is the `` national instrument '' of Costa Rica. Jump up ^ Dawes, Kevin ( October 2003 ). `` Lyres and the body politic : studying musical instruments in the Cretan musical landscape ''. Popular Music and Society. 26.3 ( 21 ) : 263 -- 283. doi : 10.1080 / 0300776032000116950. The island 's `` national '' instrument, the lyra has become emblematic of the struggle that many Cretans experience in their attempt to retain a sense of a local identity. Jump up ^ `` Croatia ''. National Geographic World Music. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The tamburica is a lute - like instrument similar to the turkish saz and is the national instrument of Croatia. Jump up ^ Erdely, Stephen ( 1979 ). `` Ethnic Music in the United States : An Overview ''. Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 11 : 114 -- 137. doi : 10.2307 / 767568. JSTOR 767568. The tamburitza... is the national instrument of the Croatians. Jump up ^ `` Nelson Gonzalez ''. Congahead. Based on an interview with Nelson Gonzalez by Martin Cohenlast = McSweeney. Archived from the original on November 4, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The tres is the national instrument of Cuba, and at first glance you 'd probably call it a guitar. first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` About the Artists ''. El Taller Latino Americano. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Gyil,... the grandmother of the keyboard family, is the national instrument of the Dagara and Lobi nations of Ghana in West Africa. Jump up ^ Bishop, Douglas. `` A Worldwide History of the Panflute ''. Retrieved December 26, 2007. This family of pan flutes has many representatives : antara ( Quechua ) or siku ( Aymara ), chuli, sanka, malta ( the most common variety of siku ), toyo ( bass siku ), and rondador ( Ecuador 's national instrument, a chorded pan flute ). Jump up ^ Sargeant, Winthrop ( April 1934 ). `` Types of Quechua Melody ''. The Musical Quarterly. 20 ( 2 ) : 230 -- 245. doi : 10.1093 / mq / XX. 2.230. JSTOR 738763. Jump up ^ Gilman, Daniel Coit, Harry Thurston Peck and Frank Moore Colby ( Eds. ), eds. ( 1906 ). `` Egyptian Music ''. The New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 712. Although the harp always remained a national instrument, its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre. access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Peck, Harry Thurston ( 1897 ). Harper 's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities. Harper & Brothers. ISBN 0 - 8154 - 0176 - 0. Jump up ^ Lawergren, Bo ( January -- June 1985 ). `` Musikarchäologie als Traditionsforschung - A Lyre Common to Etruria, Greece, and Anatolia : The Cylinder Kithara ''. Acta Musicologica. International Musicological Society. 57 ( Fasc. 1 ) : 25 -- 33. doi : 10.2307 / 932686. JSTOR 932686. ^ Jump up to : Isaacson, Lanae H. ( Winter 1995 ). `` Folk og Kultur : Arbog for Dansk Etnologi og Folkemindevidenskab ''. Scandinavian Studies. 67. n1 ( 2 ) : 142. Mette Muller 's initial essay on the folk musical instruments of Denmark and Scandinavia ( `` Folk - Folkelig - Folkelige musikinstrumenter i Danmark '' ) circles around the central question of why Denmark did not develop a uniquely national instrument in the same way as Norway ( hardingfele and langeleik ), Finland ( kantele ), and Sweden ( nyckelharpa and drejelire ). Jump up ^ Asplund, Anneli ( December 2001 ). `` The Kantele : Finland 's National Instrument ''. Virtual Finland. Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 14. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Archived on May 14, 2008. ( T ) he kantele is an essential part of the power of ( the Kalevala and thus became ), in the 19th century, the Finns ' national instrument. Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moisala, Pirkko ( Autumn 1994 ). `` The Wide Field of Finnish Ethnomusicology ''. Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 38 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 422. doi : 10.2307 / 852108. JSTOR 852108. ( Researchers ) have run a long - term campaign to introduce the kantele, which has been branded the national instrument of Finland, into every school. ^ Jump up to : Andersson, Otto ( October -- December 1911 ). `` On Violinists and Dance - Tunes among the Swedish Country - Population in Finland towards the Middle of the Nineteenth Century ''. Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft. 13 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 114. JSTOR 929299. While in Sweden the hurdy - gurdy occupies the rank of a national instrument, like the kantele among the Finns, the Swedish country - population has not adopted either of these instruments, but has instead chosen the violin. Jump up ^ Nidel, Richard ( 2005 ). World Music : The Basics. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0 - 415 - 96800 - 3. Jump up ^ Rouget, Gilbert ; James Porter ( January 1978 ). `` Review of The Peuls by Simha Arom ''. Ethnomusicology. 22 ( 1 ) : 224 -- 225. JSTOR 851392. This proportion is an accurate reflection of the importance of the flute among the Fula ; it is, in a sense, their national instrument. Jump up ^ Calabash Music. `` Fula Flute ''. National Geographic. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Jump up ^ El - Shawan, Salwa ; Dorothe Schubarth ( 1991 ). `` Review of Galicia : Derradeira Polavila ''. Yearbook for Traditional Music. International Council for Traditional Music. 23 : 157 -- 158. doi : 10.2307 / 768420. JSTOR 768420. The record also features the gaita... which Galicians consider their national instrument Jump up ^ Trend, J.B. ( January 1924 ). `` Music in Spanish Galicia ''. Music & Letters. 5 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 32. doi : 10.1093 / ml / 5.1. 15. JSTOR 726256. Jump up ^ `` Waldzither - Bibliography of the 19th century ''. Studia Instrumentorum. Retrieved March 23, 2014. Es ist eine unbedingte Notwendigkeit, dass der Deutsche zu seinen Liedern auch ein echt deutsches Begleitinstrument besitzt. Wie der Spanier seine Gitarre, der Italiener seine Mandoline, der Engländer das Banjo, der Russe die Balalaika usw. sein Nationalinstrument nennt, so sollte der Deutsche seine Laute, die Waldzither, welche schon von Dr. Martin Luther auf der Wartburg im Thüringer Walde ( daher der Name Waldzither ) gepflegt wurde, zu seinem Nationalinstrument machen. - Liederheft von C.H. Böhm ( Hamburg, March 1919 ) Jump up ^ Herzka, H.S. `` Dissemination and History ''. Instruments and Info. Reed Music Tradition. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2007. For the Greeks, it was the most important of wind instruments, a national instrument. It belonged to the entourage of the god Dionysus, god of fertility, wine, frenzy, ecstasy and rebirth. Jump up ^ `` Review of Midiaeval Music : An Historical Sketch by Robert Charles Hope '' ( pdf ). Saturday Review of Books and Art. New York Times. December 16, 1899. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Jump up ^ Roberts, Helen ( February 1981 ). `` Reconstructing the Greek Tortoise - Shell Lyre ''. Archaeology and Musical Instruments. 12 ( 3 ) : 303 -- 312. doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979805. JSTOR 124242. Jump up ^ Stone, Matthew ( February 6, 2002 ). `` Indigenous Music of Caribbean Central America ''. World Beat : Music From Somewhere Else. PopMatters. Retrieved December 17, 2007. ( T ) he marimba... has become Guatemala 's national instrument. Jump up ^ Yurchenco, Henrietta ( January 1966 ). `` Review of The Marimbas of Guatemala by Vida Chenoweth ''. Ethnomusicology. 10 ( 1, Latin American Issue ) : 105 -- 106. JSTOR 924197. ( The marimba ) is truly a national instrument, enjoyed as much by primitive Indian as by sophisticated urbanite. Jump up ^ Cooper, Mike ( 2000 ). `` Hawaii : Steel and Slide Hula Baloos ''. In Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane ( Eds. ). World Music : The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 56. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0. ( Hawaiian craftsmen ) began to use local kou and koa wood ( in the manufacture of the braguinha ) and before long the ( ukulele ) became a national instrument. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartmann, Arthur ( 1916 ). `` The Czimbalom, Hungary 's National Instrument ''. The Musical Quarterly. II ( 4 ) : 590 -- 600. doi : 10.1093 / mq / II. 4.590. JSTOR 737942. ( The cimbalom ) is the one instrument which so deeply speaks to ( the heart of the Hungarian people ) which translates the melancholy of the deserts and which in every way expresses ( the Hungarian ) world of emotions. Jump up ^ Frishmuth, Sarah S. ( July 1905 ). `` Stringed Instruments ''. Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 3 ( 11 ) : 45 -- 48. doi : 10.2307 / 3793687. JSTOR 3793687. India has an infinite variety of lutes, the vina, her national instrument, having a... Jump up ^ `` Visit by Indonesian Culture and Goodwill Delegate ''. Campus Flash. Kyoto Sangyo University. July 3, 2007. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2007. KSU students also enjoyed a performance with the Indonesian national instrument, the Angklung. Jump up ^ Perris, Arnold B. ( September 1971 ). `` The Rebirth of the Javanese angklung ''. Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 15 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 407. doi : 10.2307 / 850641. JSTOR 850641. Jump up ^ Norouzi, Khateren ( September 16, 2006 ). `` Iranian Music With Norwegian Radio - Television Symphony Orchestra ''. Iran Press Service. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Jump up ^ `` David 's Harp ''. Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved December 21, 2007. In Hebrew kinnor, also known as David 's harp, is the national instrument of Israel. Jump up ^ Jahnel, Franz ; Nicholas Clarke ( 2000 ). Manual of Guitar Technology : Chords Especially for Lefties. Bold Strummer. ISBN 0 - 933224 - 99 - 0. During the 18th Century ( sic ), the mandolin became associated with particular Italian districts or regions, and became the national instrument. Jump up ^ `` Koto ''. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 13, 2008. Jump up ^ Wulstan, David ( May 1973 ). `` The Sounding of the Shofar ''. The Galpin Society Journal. Galpin Society. 26 : 29 -- 46. doi : 10.2307 / 841111. JSTOR 841111. It is clear that the word shofar was not used as the name of the Jewish national instrument until comparatively late. Jump up ^ Levin, Theodore C. `` Kazakhstan ''. National Geographic World Music. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. ( The dombra ) has become the national instrument of Kazakhstan. Jump up ^ Mirseitova, Sapargul ( 2005 ). `` Kazakhstan and Its People '' ( PDF ). WLT Kids. World Literature Today. Archived from the original ( pdf ) on May 25, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2008. Jump up ^ Nidel, Richard ( 2005 ). World Music : The Basics. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 0 - 415 - 96800 - 3. Much of Kenya 's music is derivative of other Afropop forms, most obviously Congolese, but the singing, high - pitched guitar work, use of the national instrument, the nyatiti ( a seven - stringed harp ), and bottle percussion give it a unique, identifiable sound. Jump up ^ Verjee, Zain ( August 30, 1999 ). `` Journey through a rhythm nation ''. Kenya. BBC News. Retrieved February 19, 2008. Jump up ^ Radano, Ronald Michael ; Philip Vilas Bohlman ( 2000 ). Music and the Racial Imagination. Houston A Baker, Jr. and Houston A. Baker. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 70199 - 9. Jump up ^ Balfour, Henry ( January -- June 1902 ). `` The Goura, a Stringed - Wind Musical Instrument of the Bushmen and Hottentots ''. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 32 : 156 -- 176. doi : 10.2307 / 2842910. JSTOR 2842910. Jump up ^ `` Kayagum 3 ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Kayagum ''. University of Washington Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Cobza ''. Eliznik. 2005. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Jump up ^ Golos, George S. ( January 1961 ). `` Kirghiz Instruments and Instrumental Music ''. Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 5 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 48. doi : 10.2307 / 924307. JSTOR 924307. Jump up ^ McGraw, Andrew ( Summer -- Fall 2007 ). `` The Pia 's Subtle Sustain : Contemporary Ethnic Identity and the Revitalization of the Lanna ' Heart Harp ' ''. Asian Music. 38 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 142. doi : 10.1353 / amu. 2007.0035. Jump up ^ Morton, David ; Brunet, Jacques ( September 1974 ). `` Review of Traditional Music of Southern Laos by Jacques Brunet ''. Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 18 ( 3 ) : 472. doi : 10.2307 / 850536. JSTOR 850536. The `` national instrument '' of Laos is the khene. Jump up ^ Sheeter, Laura ( October 29, 2005 ). `` Latvia celebrates national instrument ''. BBC News. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Latvia 's national instrument ( is ) the kokle... ( which ) is reasserting its place at the heart of contemporary Latvian culture. Jump up ^ Erdely, Stephen ( 1979 ). `` Ethnic Music in the United States : An Overview ''. Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 11 : 114 -- 137. doi : 10.2307 / 767568. JSTOR 767568. Its revival was initiated ( among Latvian - Americans in the United States ) in the 1930 's ( sic ) by Latvian folklorists, who claimed it to be their true national instrument. Jump up ^ Kerbaj, Mazen ( March 2006 ). `` Live in Beirut '' ( liner notes ). Peter Brötzmann and Michael Zerang. Al Maslakh Records. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Zerang ensorcelled the crowd, especially when he played hard - core rhythms and extended techniques on the Lebanese national percussion instrument, the darbuka ( or debakeh ). Jump up ^ `` Lithuania ''. Baltic and Finno - Ugric. Digelius Nordic Gallery. February 29, 2004. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Baltic Countries : Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ''. Lithuanian - American Community. August 24, 1998. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2007. A wooden stringed instrument, similar to the zither, is considered a `` national '' instrument for all three countries. The Estonian kannel, the Latvian kokles, and the Lithuanian kankles, though similar in design, have distinctive styles. Jump up ^ `` Afropop Glossary ''. Afropop. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. zither, national instrument of Madagascar, similar in sound to the kora Jump up ^ `` Like a God When He Plays ''. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Behlanjeh, the national musical instrument of the Mandingos ''. Royal Commonwealth Society Library. Cambridge University Library. University of Cambridge. November 5, 2004. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Balo ''. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved April 26, 2008. Jump up ^ DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell ( Spring -- Autumn 1998 ). `` Remembering Kojo : History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons ''. Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College Chicago. 18 ( 1 / 2 ) : 67 -- 120. doi : 10.2307 / 779395. JSTOR 779395. Jump up ^ `` New England Conservatory Presents the World Premiere of Robert Xavier Rodriguez 's El Día de los Muertos ''. Sequenza21. November 15, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Eschewing all drums except timpani, the score `` utilizes a rich assortment of pitched percussion instruments, with prominent use of two marimbas ( the marimba being the national instrument of Mexico as well as an apt musical representation of skeletons ), '' according to the composer. Jump up ^ Pegg, Carole ( 2000 ). `` Mongolia and Tuva : Sixty Horses in My Herd ''. In Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane ( Eds. ). World Music : The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. pp. 191 -- 192. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bayarsaikhan, B. ; Jeremy Stoun. Morinkhuur : The Mongolian Horse - head Fiddle ( Reprint ). Morin Khuur : Self Learning Book. Retrieved December 17, 2007. ( The morin khuur ) is the instrument most associated with Mongolian traditions and culture... ( W ) e hope this book will help foreigners learn to play the Morin Khuur and spread the word about Mongolia 's national instrument throughout the world. Jump up ^ `` Montenegrin Music ''. Visit Montenegro. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The beginnings of vocal -- instrumental music in Montenegro are neither extravagant nor mystical... the warm sound of fife ( reed ), patriotic singing of players of gusle ( Montenegrin national instrument ) or simply a song of the shepherdess in the mountain -- were the first, but for Montenegrin music most significant melodic expression. Jump up ^ `` Arched Harp ''. Annotated Checklist of Musical Instruments From East Asia on Display at the National Music Museum. National Music Museum. Retrieved December 21, 2007. This highly decorative harp, formerly associated with the Buddhist dynasties that ruled Burma for centuries, is the national instrument of Myanmar. Jump up ^ `` Dance & Music ''. Nepal Dance School. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The madal is the national instrument of Nepal. Jump up ^ Dwight, John Sullivan ( 1859 ). Dwight 's Journal of Music : A Paper of Art and Literature. Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua Information ''. World InfoZone. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The marimba, an instrument similar to a xylophone, is the national instrument. Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Hardanger Music and Dance at UMC Feb. 15 ''. UMUC News. University of Minnesota, Crookston. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The Hardanger fiddle is considered Norway 's national instrument. Jump up ^ Bjorndal, Arne ( 1956 ). `` The Hardanger Fiddle : The Tradition, Music Forms and Style ''. Journal of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 8 : 13 -- 15. doi : 10.2307 / 834737. JSTOR 834737. In Norway, the national instrument has come to be the Hardanger fiddle. Jump up ^ `` The Harp : A Latin American Reinvention ''. BBC. July 6, 2001. Retrieved December 17, 2007. In Paraguay, ( the harp ) became the national instrument. Jump up ^ Schechter, John M. ; Daniel E. Sheehy ; Ronald R. Smith ( Spring -- Summer 1985 ). `` The New Grove : Latin America ''. Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 29 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 330. doi : 10.2307 / 852145. JSTOR 852145. The distinctive Paraguayan harp... is featured as lead instrument in hundreds of ensembles in that country, where it is the national instrument. Jump up ^ `` Paraguayan Harp ''. Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved December 21, 2007. ( C ) haracterized by a large soundbox with a rounded base, very light weight, closely spaced light tension strings ( usually nylon ), a relatively flat harmonic curve, and with the strings running up through the centre of the neck, which are tuned with gear - style tuners ( like a guitar ). Almost all harps of this style are played with the fingernails, in very rhythmically intricate music. This is the national instrument of Paraguay, and is commonly found throughout South America, Central America, and in parts of Mexico Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Dan. `` Afro Peruvian ''. Afropop. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. These wooden boxes were soon developed into the cajon, the large wooden box that today is the national instrument of Peru. Jump up ^ Fairley, Jan ( 2000 ). `` Andean Music : Beyond the Ponchos ''. In Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane ( Eds. ). World Music : The Rough Guide. Based on an interview with Susana Baca, a Peruvian singer. Rough Guides Ltd. pp. 284 -- 285. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bennett, Caroline. `` Music in Peru ''. Viva Travel Guides. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Native music consists primarily of stringed instruments reminiscent of mandolins and Spanish guitars, including the charanga -- Peru 's national instrument. Jump up ^ Aning, Jerome ( November 23, 2007 ). `` Rondalla maestro makes strong pitch for banduria ''. Inquirer Entertainment. Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2007. A respected rondalla maestro is pushing for the adoption of the banduria as the country 's national musical instrument to stimulate interest in its study and cultivation. Jump up ^ Person, Adam ; Brant Himes ; Mike Harris. `` Aerophones '' ( PDF ). Ethnic Instruments Catalog. Seattle Pacific University. p. 6. Archived from the original ( pdf ) on June 10, 2011. These flutes are found in other regions but particularly in Polynesia where the nose flute is the `` national '' instrument. Jump up ^ `` Biographical Notes ''. XVII Macao Internacional Music Festival. Instituto Cultural do Governo da R.A.E. de Macau. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2007. His book, The Portuguese Guitar, Lisbon 1999, is the first monograph on this national instrument 's origins and historical evolution, iconography, organological study and repertoire. Jump up ^ Figueroa, Frank M. ( June -- July 2002 ). `` The Cuatro : Puerto Rico 's National Instrument ''. Latin Beat Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. ( F ) irst and foremost, the cuatro is Puerto Rico 's national instrument. Jump up ^ Ginsberg - Klar, Maria E. ( February 1981 ). `` The Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period ''. World Archaeology. 12 ( 3, Archaeology and Musical Instruments ) : 313 -- 320. doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979806. JSTOR 124243. The tibiae ( is ) an instrument that may be characterized as the national instrument of the Romans. Jump up ^ Von Busack, Richard ( August 21 -- 27 ). `` Accordion Manifesto ! '' ( Reprint ). Metroactive. North Bay Bohemian. Retrieved February 17, 2007. In Russia, the accordion is practically the national instrument. Check date values in : date =, year = / date = mismatch ( help ) Jump up ^ Hoerburger, Felix ( 1952 ). `` Proceedings of the Fourth Conference Held at Opatija, Yugoslavia : Correspondence between Eastern and Western Folk Epics ''. Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 4 : 23 -- 26. JSTOR 835837. Jump up ^ `` Spoons as Russian Folk Music Instrument ''. Russia - IC. June 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Jump up ^ Tokita, Alison McQueen ; David Hughes. `` Context and Change in Japanese Music '' ( pdf ). Retrieved December 17, 2007. ( I ) n the Ryukyus... the sanshin -- the Ryukyuan ' national instrument ' and direct ancestor of the shamisen -- will be favoured. Jump up ^ Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam ( June 1996 ). `` Flights of the Sacred : Symbolism and Theory in Siberian Shamanism ''. American Anthropologist. New Series. 98 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 318. doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1996.98. 2.02 a00070. JSTOR 682889. Jump up ^ Moore, John Weeks ( 1880 ) ( 1854 ). `` Bagpipe ''. Complete Encyclopaedia of Music. New York : C.H. Ditson & Company. Jump up ^ Lysloff, René T.A. ; Jim Matson ( Spring -- Summer 1985 ). `` A New Approach to the Classification of Sound - Producing Instruments ''. Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 29 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 236. doi : 10.2307 / 852139. JSTOR 852139. Jump up ^ Broughton, Simon ; Mark Ellingham ; Richard Trillo ( 2000 ). World Music. Rough Guides. p. 274. ISBN 1 - 85828 - 635 - 2. Its place is now occupied by the accordion which has become the foremost national instrument since its introduction. Jump up ^ `` Meeting of the Flute - Frula Festival Of Morava ''. Cultural Corridors of South East Europe. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Indigenous music performed on the frula -- a Serbian national instrument Jump up ^ `` ' Spinning Out of Control ' : Rhetoric and Violent Conflict '' ( pdf ). June 1, 2006. p. 4. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The cartoon shows a minuscule Cosic sitting on Milosevic 's lap, while the latter is playing the gusle, the Serbian national instrument. Jump up ^ `` Presidents of Latvia and Slovakia unveil Detva Folklore Festival ''. Chancery of the President of Latvia. July 8, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2008. van Gasparovič presented Vaira Vike - Freiberga with the Slovakian national instrument fujara that has been included in the UNESCO List of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005. Jump up ^ Randy Raine - Reusch ( May 2002 ). `` Fujara - Slovakia ''. World Instrument Gallery. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Gobetz, Edward. `` Acculturation and Assimilation ''. Slovenian Americans. Multicultural America. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Since the 1970s there has been an unprecedented surge of interest in Slovenian music ( especially the accordion as the national instrument ), language, genealogy, history, culture, customs, folklore, and other aspects of Slovenian heritage. Jump up ^ Jensen, Melton ( September 1994 ). `` Review of Iberia 1990 : Otto fantasie per chitarra di autori spagnoli contemporanei by Alís, Bertomeu Salazar, Fernández Alvez, García Abril, Juliá, Marco, Prieto, Ruiz López, Gabriel Estarellas, Angelo Gilardino ''. Notes. 51 ( 1 ) : 423 -- 426. JSTOR 899279. Jump up ^ Flores, Gypsy ( August 3, 2005 ). `` Swirling and Whirling on the Swedish Dance Floor ''. PopMatters. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The nyckelharpa is considered Sweden 's national instrument. Jump up ^ Andersson, Otto ( August 1970 ). `` The Bowed Harp of Trondheim Cathedral and Related Instruments in East and West ''. The Galpin Society Journal. Galpin Society. 23 : 4 -- 34. doi : 10.2307 / 842060. JSTOR 842060. Jump up ^ Helgelson, Rachel ( April 28, 2003 ). `` Switzerland 's Music : An Annotated Bibliography ''. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The alphorn is considered Switzerland 's national instrument. Jump up ^ `` The Swiss National Instrument ''. Swiss Alpine Music. Retrieved December 21, 2007. In 1827 the musicologist Joseph Fétis pronounced the alphorn to be the Swiss national instrument. Jump up ^ `` NIU Steel Band leaders Teague, Alexis, share honors, dream big about steelpan 's place in music world ''. Northern Illinois University. September 13, 2005. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2007. ( In Trinidad and Tobago ), the steel pan was invented and remains the national instrument. Jump up ^ Montagu, Jeremy ( January -- February 1965 ). `` What is a Gong ? ''. Man. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 65 : 18 -- 21. doi : 10.2307 / 2796036. JSTOR 2796036. Jump up ^ `` Saz ''. Glossary. National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2007. Considered the national instrument of Turkey. Jump up ^ Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad ; Devin DeWeese ( 2006 ). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature. Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff. Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 36686 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Puppet Theatre ''. Washington Folk Festival. June 2, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. There was great admiration for his virtuosity on their national instrument ^ Jump up to : Wilson, Sue ( June 2, 2003 ). `` Yat - Kha, The Ferry, Glasgow ''. London : The Independent. Archived from the original on December 1, 2013. Tiuliush also plays the morinhuur and the igil, daddy and baby versions of the Tuvans ' national instrument, the horse - headed fiddle, held like a small cello and with two strings, each comprising up to 130 hairs from a horse 's tail. Jump up ^ Pareles, John ( July 10, 1993 ). `` Review of From Half a World Away, Tuva 's Unearthly Songs ''. Review / Music. New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2007. The national instrument of Tuva, the khomuz ( jaw harp ), also depends on a drone and virtuosically shaped overtones, as a solo piece demonstrated on Thursday night. Jump up ^ Jarosewich, Irene. `` Roman Hrynkiv hopes to give the bandura international stature ''. Ukraine Weekly. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The bandura will always be known as Ukraine 's national instrument. Jump up ^ Hill, Errol ; James Vernon Hatch ( 2003 ). A History of African American Theatre. Don B. Wilmeth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 62443 - 6. Jump up ^ Bailey, Jay ( January -- March 1972 ). `` Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five - String Banjo ''. Journal of American Folklore. American Folklore Society. 85 ( 335 ) : 58 -- 65. doi : 10.2307 / 539129. JSTOR 539129. Jump up ^ Corneli, Zoe ( February 22, 2007 ). `` Stanford Pan-Asian Musical Festival ''. The World. PRI. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Abbos Kasimov, the premier percussionist from Uzbekistan, is playing his national instrument, the doira. Jump up ^ `` Rhythms of Uzbekistan : Featuring Shod & Lyazgi ''. Event Listings. Festival of World Culture. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008. Jump up ^ IA Jahon ( August 9, 2007 ). `` ' Tashkent ' Musicians Capture Attention In UK, Gain Appraisal ''. Embassy of Uzbekistan in Korea. Retrieved April 26, 2008. the magic sound of karnay ( the Uzbek national music instrument ) Jump up ^ Lloyd, A.L. ( March 1965 ). `` Folklore Tachirense by L.F. Ramon y Rivera and Isabel Aretz ''. Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 17 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 15. JSTOR 942277. This small, four - stringed, guitar - like lute, the national instrument of Venezuela... ^ Jump up to : Nidel, Richard ( 2005 ). World Music : The Basics. Routledge. p. 349. ISBN 0 - 415 - 96800 - 3. The cuatro rivals the harp as the national instrument ^ Jump up to : Edgerly, Beatrice ( 1942 ). From the Hunter 's Bow : The History and Romance of Musical Instruments. G.P. Putnam 's Sons. Jump up ^ Chorley, Henry Fothergill ; Henry G. Hewlett ( May 1, 1880 ). `` The National Music of the World ''. The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular. Musical Times Publications Ltd. 21 ( 447 ) : 240 -- 241. doi : 10.2307 / 3357258. JSTOR 3357258. Much is said... about Welsh airs and the national instrument, the harp Jump up ^ Marson, John ( October 1970 ). `` Reviews of Harp Music ''. The Musical Times. 111 ( 1532 ) : 1029 -- 1030. JSTOR 957286. A people which could cherish the triple harp so long after the rest of the world had dismissed it as obsolete must have more than mere tradition to guide its composers to the national instrument Jump up ^ `` Triple Harp ''. Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Today the triple harp is the national instrument of Wales Jump up ^ Lord, Albert B. ( 1936 ). `` Homer and Huso I : The Singer 's Rests in Greek and Southslavic Heroic Song ''. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 67 : 106 -- 113. doi : 10.2307 / 283230. JSTOR 283230. Jump up ^ `` Music in Zimbabwe ''. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The instrument is, in slightly varying forms, several centuries old and is found in many parts of Africa, but only in Zimbabwe has it risen to become something of a national instrument Jump up ^ Nidel, Richard ( 2005 ). World Music : The Basics. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 0 - 415 - 96800 - 3. The mbira is inextricably associated with Zimbabwean traditional music, and is truly the national instrument. Further reading The following are specifically referenced above or are book - length or extended scholarly works documenting a specific national instrument, not including collections of songs. African American : Conway, Cecelia ( 1995 ). African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia : A Study of Folk Traditions ( 1st ed. ). Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0 - 87049 - 893 - 2. African American : Gura, Philip F. ; James F. Bollman ( 1999 ). America 's Instrument : The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2484 - 4. African American : Linn, Karen ( 1994 ). That Half - Barbaric Twang : The Banjo in American Popular Culture. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 06433 - X. Argentina : Muñoz, R. ( 1952 ). Technology of the Argentina Guitar. Buenos Aires. Argentina : Penón, Arturo ; Javier García Méndez ; Manuel Román ; Marcelle Guertin ( 1988 ). The Bandonion : A Tango History, A Memoir of Arturo Penón ( Petite histoire du bandonéon et du tango ). Translated by Tim Barnard. London, Ontario : Nightwood Editions. ISBN 0 - 88971 - 111 - 9. Argentina : Pinnell, Richard T. ; Ricardo Zavadivker ( 1993 ). The Rioplatense Guitar. Bold Strummer Guitar Study Series : No. 3. Westport, Connecticut : Bold Strummer. ISBN 0 - 933224 - 42 - 7. Arab : Bilezikjian, John ( 2006 ). Hal Leonard Oud Method. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0 - 634 - 07786 - 4. Armenia : Nercessian, Andy ( 2001 ). The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4075 - 8. Australia : Schellberg, Dirk ( 1994 ). Didgeridoo : Ritual Origins and Playing Techniques. Binkey Kok. ISBN 90 - 74597 - 13 - 0. Australia : Moyle, A. ( 1981 ). `` The Australian Didjeridu : A Late Musical Intrusion ''. World Archaeology. 12 ( 3 ) : 321 -- 331. doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979807. Baganda ( Uganda ) : Makubuya, James Kika ( 1995 ). Endongo : The Role and Significance of the Baganda Bowl Lyre of Uganda. Los Angeles : University of California. Bavaria : Alpenfolklorismus, Volksmusik, Bayern - Pop. Niederbayerische Blätter für Volksmusik ; Nr. 7 ( in German ). Dingolfing : Wälischmiller'sche Buchdruckerei. 1986. Brazil : Crowdy, Denis ( 2001 ). `` Hybridity and Segregation in the Guitar Cultures of Brazil ''. In Andy Bennett and Kevin Dawe ( Eds. ). Guitar Cultures. Oxford, New York : Berg. ISBN 1 - 85973 - 429 - 4. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Brazil : Gregory, Jonathan ( 2007 ). A Comprehensive Guide to Brazilian Pandeiro. Booksurge. ISBN 1 - 4196 - 7284 - 3. China : Gao, Ming ( 1980 ). The Lute : Gao Ming 's Pipa Ji ( Pi pa ji ). Translations from the Oriental Classics. Translated by Jean Mulligan. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 0 - 231 - 04760 - 6. China : Myers, John ( 1992 ). The Way of the Pipa : Structure and Imagery in Chinese Lute Music. Kent, Ohio : Kent State University Press. ISBN 0 - 87338 - 455 - 5. Finland : Rahkonen, Carl John ( 1989 ). The Kantele Traditions of Finland. Indiana University. Ancient Greece : Schlesinger, Kathleen ; J.F. Mountford ( 1970 ). The Greek Aulos. Groningen : Bouma 's Boekhuis. ISBN 90 - 6088 - 027 - 7. Guatemala : Armas Lara, Marcial ( 1964 ). El renacimiento de la danza guatemalteca y el origen de la marimba. José de Pineda Ibarra ( in Spanish ). Guatemala, Centro Editorial : Ministerio de Educación Pública. Guatemala : Chenoweth, Vida ( 1964 ). The Marimbas of Guatemala. Lexington : University of Kentucky Press. Guatemala : Pellicer, Sergio Navarrete ( 2005 ). Maya Achi Marimba Music in Guatemala. Temple University Press. ISBN 1 - 59213 - 292 - 8. Hawaii : Beloff, Jim ( 1997 ). The Ukulele : A Visual History. Emeryville, California : Miller Freeman Books. ISBN 0 - 87930 - 454 - 5. India : Annapoorna, L. ( 1996 ). Veena Tradition in Indian Music. Kanishka. ISBN 81 - 7391 - 140 - 1. Ireland : Armstrong, Robert Bruce ( 1970 ). The Irish and Highland Harps. Introduction by Seóirse Bodley. New York : Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0 - 7165 - 0073 - 6. Ireland : Clark, Nora Joan ( 2003 ). The Story of the Irish Harp : Its History and Influence. North Creek Press. ISBN 0 - 9724202 - 0 - 7. Ireland : Rimmer, Joan ( 1969 ). The Irish Harp. Cork : Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee. ISBN 0 - 85342 - 151 - X. Japan : Adriaansz, Willem ( 1973 ). The Kumiuta and Danmono Traditions of Japanese Koto Music. Los Angeles : University of California. ISBN 0 - 520 - 01785 - 4. Japan : Johnson, Henry ( 2004 ). The Koto : A Traditional Instrument in Contemporary Japan. Hotei. ISBN 90 - 74822 - 63 - 0. Japan : Kubota, Hideki ( 1986 ). Yakumogoto no shirabe : Shinwa to sono kokoro ( 八雲 琴 の 調べ : 神話 と その 心 / 窪田 英樹 ) ( in Japanese ). Ōsaka - shi : Tōhō Shuppan. ISBN 4 - 88591 - 144 - 3. Japan : Wade, Bonnie C. ( 1976 ). Tegotomono : Music for the Japanese Koto. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press. ISBN 0 - 8371 - 8908 - X. Latvia : Niles, Christina Jaremko ( 1980 ). The Baltic Folk Zithers : An Ethnological and Structural Analysis ( Thesis ( M.A. ) ) format = requires url = ( help ). UCLA. Lithuania : Niles, Christina Jaremko ( 1980 ). The Baltic Folk Zithers : An Ethnological and Structural Analysis ( Thesis ( M.A. ) ) format = requires url = ( help ). UCLA. Mexico : Kaptain, Laurence ( 1992 ). The Wood That Sings : The Marimba in Chiapas, Mexico. Everett, Pennsylvania : HoneyRock. ISBN 0 - 9634060 - 0 - 0. Mexico : Solís, Ted ( 1983 ). The Marimba in Mexico City : Contemporary Contexts of a Traditional Regional Ensemble ( Thesis ( Ph. D. ) ) format = requires url = ( help ). University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. Mongolia : Marsh, Peter K. ( 2004 ). Horse - Head Fiddle and the Cosmopolitan Reimagination of Mongolia. Routledge. ISBN 0 - 203 - 00551 - 1. Mongolia : Santaro, Mikhail ( 2005 ). Strings That Conquered the World : Morin Khuur, the Mongolian Horse - head Fiddle. Admon. ISBN 99929 - 0 - 376 - 7. Norway : Een, Andrea Ruth ( 1977 ). Comparison of Melodic Variants in the Hardingfele Repertoire of Norway. University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. Norway : Goertzen, Chris ( 1997 ). Fiddling for Norway : Revival and Identity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 30049 - 8. Norway : Hopkins, Pandora ( 1986 ). Aural Thinking in Norway : Performance and Communication With the Hardingfele. Foreword by Jan - Petter Blom. Appendix by Magne Myhren. New York : Human Sciences Press. ISBN 0 - 89885 - 253 - 6. Portugal : Cabral, Pedro Caldeira ( 1999 ). The Portuguese Guitar. Lisbon. Sardinia : Bentzon, Andreas Fridolin Weis ( 1969 ). The Launeddas : A Sardinian Folk - music Instrument. University of Michigan. Akademisk forlag. Scotland : Cannon, Roderick David ( 2002 ). The Highland Bagpipe and Its Music. John Donald. ISBN 0 - 85976 - 549 - 0. Scotland : Donaldson, William ( 2000 ). The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society, 1750 - 1950 : Transmission, Change and the Concept of Tradition. East Linton, East Lothian, Scotland : Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1 - 86232 - 075 - 6. Scotland : MacNeill, Seumas ; Frank Richardson ( 1987 ). Piobaireachd and Its Interpretation : Classical Music of the Highland Bagpipe. Donald. ISBN 0 - 85976 - 176 - 2. Scotland : Manson, Wiliam Laird ( 1901 ). The Highland Bagpipe : Its History, Literature, and Music. Harvard University. A. Gardner. ISBN 0 - 7158 - 1213 - 0. Spain : Schirmer, G. ( 1986 ). Spanish Guitar Music : Guitar Solo. Hal Leonard. ISBN 0 - 7935 - 3583 - 2. Spain : Gupta, Rahul ( 2001 ). The Symphony Spanish Guitar Book. Gyan Sagar Publication. ISBN 81 - 7685 - 015 - 2. Sweden : Ling, Jan ( 1979 ). Nyckelharpan : studier i ett folkligt musikinstrument ( in Swedish ). Prisma. Switzerland : Bachmann - Geiser, Brigitte ( 1999 ). Das Alphorn : vom Lock - zum Rockinstrument ( in German ). Bern : P. Haupt. ISBN 3 - 258 - 05640 - 4. Trinidad and Tobago : Adams, Norman Darway ; Austin O Agho ( 2005 ). Stories in Steel : The True Account of the Invention of the Steelpan. Morvant, Trinidad : Jhullian Graphics. ISBN 976 - 8194 - 50 - 2. Trinidad and Tobago : Hayward, Rachel ( 1993 ). The Steelpan Handbook. Piper Publications. Wales : Andersson, Otto Emanuel ( 1973 ). The Bowed - Harp : A Study in the History of Early Musical Instruments. Additional footnotes by Kathleen Schlesinger. New York : AMS Press. ISBN 0 - 404 - 56503 - 4. Wales : Ellis, Osian ( 1991 ). The Story of the Harp in Wales. Cardiff : University of Wales. ISBN 0 - 7083 - 1104 - 0. Zimbabwe : Berliner, Paul ( 1981 ). The Soul of Mbira : Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe. Berkeley, California : University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 04379 - 7. Zimbabwe : Brenner, Klaus - Peter ( 1997 ). Chipendani und Mbira : Musikinstrumente, nicht - begriffliche Mathematik und die Evolution der harmonischen Progressionen in der Musik der Shona in Zimbabwe. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch - Historische Klasse : 3. Folge, Nr. 221 ( in German ). Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3 - 525 - 82372 - X. 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Question: what is the national instrument of the united states
Answer: banjo