Transitional cell carcinoma - wikipedia Transitional cell carcinoma hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. ( September 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2016 ) Transitional cell carcinoma Histopathology of transitional carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Transurethral biopsy. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. Specialty Oncology Transitional cell carcinoma, also urothelial carcinoma, is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system. It is the most common type of bladder cancer and cancer of the ureter, urethra, and urachus. It is the second most common type of kidney cancer, but accounts for only five to 10 percent of all primary renal malignant tumors. Transitional cell carcinomas arise from the transitional epithelium, a tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs. When the term `` urothelial '' is used, it specifically refers to a carcinoma of the urothelium, meaning a transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary system. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Pathology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 5 Treatment 5.1 Localized / early transitional cell carcinomas of bladder 5.2 Advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomas 6 Prostate 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of transitional cell carcinomas depend on the location and extent of the cancer. Causes This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2016 ) Urothelial carcinoma is a prototypical example of a malignancy arising from environmental carcinogenic influences. By far the most important cause is cigarette smoking, which contributes to approximately one - half of the disease burden. Chemical exposure, such as those sustained by workers in the petroleum industry, the manufacture of paints and pigments ( e.g., aniline dyes ), and agrochemicals are known to predispose one to urothelial cancer. The risk is lowered by increased liquid consumption, presumably as a consequence of increased urine production and thus less dwell time on the urothelial surface. Conversely, risk is increased among long - haul truck drivers and others in whom long urine dwell - times are encountered. As with most epithelial cancers, physical irritation has been associated with increased risk of malignant transformation of the urothelium. Thus, urothelial carcinomas are more common in the context of chronic urinary stone disease, chronic catheterization ( as in patients with paraplegia or multiple sclerosis ), and chronic infections. Some particular examples are listed below : Certain drugs, such as cyclophosphamide, via the metabolites acrolein and phenacetin, are predispose to the development of transitional cell carcinomas ( the latter especially with respect to the upper urinary tract ). Radiation exposure Somatic mutation, such as deletion of chromosome 9q, 9p, 11p, 17p, 13q, 14q and overexpression of RAS ( oncogene ) and epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ). Pathology Transitional cell carcinomas are often multifocal, with 30 -- 40 % of patients having more than one tumor at diagnosis. The pattern of growth of transitional cell carcinomas can be papillary, sessile, or carcinoma in situ. The most common site of transitional cell carcinoma metastasis outside the pelvis is bone ( 35 % ) ; of these, 40 percent are in the spine. Diagnosis Bladder diverticula containing stones. Also note that the bladder wall is thickened due to possible transitional cell carcinoma. Transitional refers to the histological subtype of the cancerous cells as seen under a microscope. Classification The 1973 WHO grading system for transitional cell carcinomas ( papilloma, G1, G2 or G3 ) is most commonly used despite being superseded by the 2004 WHO grading ( papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential ( PNLMP ), low grade, and high grade papillary carcinoma ). Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, showing a nested pattern of invasion. Transurethral biopsy. Hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Micrograph of urethral urothelial cell carcinoma. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. Treatment This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards, as section. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. ( September 2016 ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2016 ) Localized / early transitional cell carcinomas of bladder Transitional cell carcinomas can be very difficult to treat. Treatment for localized stage transitional cell carcinomas is surgical resection of the tumor, but recurrence is common. Some patients are given mitomycin into the bladder either as a one - off dose in the immediate post-operative period ( within 24 hrs ) or a few weeks after the surgery as a six dose regimen. Localized / early transitional cell carcinomas can also be treated with infusions of Bacille Calmette - Guérin into the bladder. These are given weekly for either 6 weeks ( induction course ) or 3 weeks ( maintenance / booster dose ). Side effects include a small chance of developing systemic tuberculosis or the patient becoming sensitized to BCG, causing severe intolerance and a possible reduction in bladder volume due to scarring. In patients with evidence of early muscular invasion, radical curative surgery in the form of a cysto - prostatectomy usually with lymph node sampling can also be performed. In such patients, a bowel loop is often used to create either a `` neo-bladder '' or an `` ileal conduit '' which act as a place for the storage of urine before it is evacuated from the body either via the urethra or a urostomy respectively. Advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomas First - line chemotherapy regimens for advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinomas consists of gemcitabine and cisplatin ) or a combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin, and cisplatin. Taxanes or vinflunine have been used as second - line therapy ( after progression on a platinum containing chemotherapy ). Immunotherapy such as pembrolizumab is often used as second - line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma that has progressed despite treatment with GC or MVAC. In May 2016 FDA granted accelerated approval to atezolizumab for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma treatment after failure of cisplatin - based chemotherapy. The confirmatory trial ( to convert the accelerated approval into a full approval ) failed to achieve its primary endpoint of overall survival. Prostate Transitional cell carcinomas can also be associated with the prostate. See also Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary References Jump up ^ `` transitional cell carcinoma '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Colin P, Koenig P, Ouzzane A, Berthon N, Villers A, Biserte J, Roupret M ( November 2009 ). `` Environmental factors involved in carcinogenesis of urothelial cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract ''. BJU International. 104 ( 10 ) : 1436 -- 40. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 410X. 2009.08838. x. PMID 19689473. Jump up ^ Punyavoravut V, Nelson SD ( August 1999 ). `` Diffuse bony metastasis from transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder : a case report and review of literature ''. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 82 ( 8 ) : 839 -- 43. PMID 10511795. Jump up ^ Sauter G, Algaba F, Amin MB, Busch C, Cheville J, Gasser T, Grignon D, Hofstaedter F, Lopez - Beltran A, Epstein JI. Noninvasive urothelial neoplasias : WHO classification of noninvasive papillary urothelial tumors. In World Health Organization classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs. Eble JN, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn I ( eds ) : Lyon, IARCC Press, p. 110, 2004 Jump up ^ von der Maase, H ; Hansen, SW ; Roberts, JT ; Dogliotti, L ; Oliver, T ; Moore, MJ ; Bodrogi, I ; Albers, P ; Knuth, A ; Lippert, CM ; Kerbrat, P ; Sanchez Rovira, P ; Wersall, P ; Cleall, SP ; Roychowdhury, DF ; Tomlin, I ; Visseren - Grul, CM ; Conte, PF ( September 2000 ). `` Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer : results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study ''. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18 ( 17 ) : 3068 -- 77. doi : 10.1200 / jco. 2000.18. 17.3068. PMID 11001674. Jump up ^ Immunotherapy Proceeds to Change Bladder Cancer Treatment 2017 Jump up ^ Syn, Nicholas L ; Teng, Michele WL ; Mok, Tony SK ; Soo, Ross A. `` De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting ''. The Lancet Oncology. 18 ( 12 ) : e731 -- e741. doi : 10.1016 / s1470 - 2045 ( 17 ) 30607 - 1. Jump up ^ `` FDA approves new, targeted treatment for bladder cancer ''. FDA. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Jump up ^ Failed confirmatory trial raises questions about atezolizumab for advanced urothelial cancer. June 2017 Jump up ^ Walsh DL, Chang SS ( 2009 ). `` Dilemmas in the treatment of urothelial cancers of the prostate ''. Urologic Oncology. 27 ( 4 ) : 352 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / j. urolonc. 2007.12. 010. PMID 18439852. Jump up ^ Njinou Ngninkeu B, Lorge F, Moulin P, Jamart J, Van Cangh PJ ( January 2003 ). `` Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate : a clinicopathological retrospective study of 76 cases ''. The Journal of Urology. 169 ( 1 ) : 149 -- 52. doi : 10.1097 / 01. ju. 0000042810.43380. 36. PMID 12478124. External links Classification MeSH : D002295 External resources eMedicine : med / 2003 radio / 711 Glandular and epithelial neoplasms ( ICD - O 8010 - 8589 ) Epithelium Papilloma / carcinoma ( 8010 - 8139 ) Small cell carcinoma Combined small cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma Inverted papilloma Glands Adenomas / adenocarcinomas ( 8140 - 8429 ) Gastrointestinal tract : Linitis plastica Familial adenomatous polyposis pancreas Insulinoma Glucagonoma Gastrinoma VIPoma Somatostatinoma Cholangiocarcinoma Klatskin tumor Hepatocellular adenoma / Hepatocellular carcinoma Urogenital Renal cell carcinoma Endometrioid tumor Renal oncocytoma Endocrine Prolactinoma Multiple endocrine neoplasia Adrenocortical adenoma / Adrenocortical carcinoma Hurthle cell Other / multiple Neuroendocrine tumor Carcinoid Adenoid cystic carcinoma Oncocytoma Clear cell adenocarcinoma Apudoma Cylindroma Papillary hidradenoma Adnexal and skin appendage ( 8390 - 8429 ) sweat gland Hidrocystoma Syringoma Syringocystadenoma papilliferum Cystic, mucinous, and serous ( 8440 - 8499 ) Cystic general Cystadenoma / Cystadenocarcinoma Mucinous Signet ring cell carcinoma Krukenberg tumor Mucinous cystadenoma / Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma Pseudomyxoma peritonei Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Serous Ovarian serous cystadenoma / Pancreatic serous cystadenoma / Serous cystadenocarcinoma / Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma Ductal, lobular, and medullary ( 8500 - 8549 ) Ductal carcinoma Mammary ductal carcinoma Pancreatic ductal carcinoma Comedocarcinoma Paget 's disease of the breast / Extramammary Paget 's disease Lobular carcinoma Lobular carcinoma in situ Invasive lobular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Medullary carcinoma of the breast Medullary thyroid cancer Acinar cell ( 8550 - 8559 ) Acinic cell carcinoma Other Complex epithelial ( 8560 - 8589 ) Warthin 's tumor Thymoma Bartholin gland carcinoma See also Template : Epithelium and epithelial tissue Tumors : urogenital neoplasia : urinary organs ( C64 -- C68 / D30, 188 -- 189 / 223 ) Abdominal Kidney Glandular and epithelial neoplasm : Renal cell carcinoma Renal oncocytoma Complex and mixed tumor : Wilms ' tumor Mesoblastic nephroma Clear - cell sarcoma of the kidney Angiomyolipoma Cystic nephroma Metanephric adenoma by location : Renal medullary carcinoma Juxtaglomerular cell tumor Renal medullary fibroma Ureter Ureteral neoplasm Pelvic Bladder Transitional cell carcinoma Inverted papilloma Squamous - cell carcinoma Urethra Transitional cell carcinoma Squamous - cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Melanoma Retroperitoneum Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Tumors : male urogenital neoplasia ( C60 -- C63 / D29, 185 -- 187 / 222 ) Internal Testicles Sex cord - gonadal stromal Sertoli - Leydig cell tumour Sertoli cell tumour Leydig cell tumour Germ cell Seminoma Spermatocytic seminoma Intratubular germ cell neoplasia NG Embryonal carcinoma Endodermal sinus tumor Gonadoblastoma Teratoma Choriocarcinoma Embryoma Prostate Adenocarcinoma High - grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia HGPIN Small - cell carcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma External Penis Carcinoma Extramammary Paget 's disease Bowen 's disease Bowenoid papulosis Erythroplasia of Queyrat Hirsuties coronae glandis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transitional_cell_carcinoma&oldid=846074540 '' Categories : Urological neoplasia Carcinoma Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018, at 03 : 48. 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Question: what does tcc stand for in the medical field
Answer: Transitional cell carcinoma