Dugout canoe - wikipedia Dugout canoe A Slavic dugout boat from the 10th century A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed tree trunk. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. Monoxylon ( μονόξυλον ) ( pl : monoxyla ) is Greek -- mono - ( single ) + ξύλον xylon ( tree ) -- and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In Germany they are called einbaum ( `` one tree '' in English ). Some, but not all, pirogues are also constructed in this manner. Dugouts are the oldest boats archaeologists have found, dating back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than, e.g., bark canoes. Along with bark canoe and hide kayak, dugout boats were also used by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Dugouts on the shore of Lake Malawi Photographed in the Historic Center of Quito at the Old Military Hospital are these dug out canoes in the courtyard Building a seagoing dugout canoe 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long. The sides have likely been heated and bent outward. Contents 1 Construction 2 Africa 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 The Americas 6 Pacific Islands 7 John F. Kennedy 's PT - 109 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Construction Construction of a dugout begins with the selection of a log of suitable dimensions. Sufficient wood needed to be removed to make the vessel relatively light in weight and buoyant, yet still strong enough to support the crew and cargo. Specific types of wood were often preferred based on their strength, durability, and density. The shape of the boat is then fashioned to minimize drag, with sharp ends at the bow and stern. First the bark is removed from the exterior. Before the appearance of metal tools, dugouts were hollowed out using controlled fires. The burnt wood was then removed using an adze. Another method using tools is to chop out parallel notches across the interior span of the wood, then split out and remove the wood from between the notches. Once hollowed out, the interior was dressed and smoothed out with a knife or adze. More primitive designs keep the tree 's original dimensions, with a round bottom. However, it is possible to carefully steam the sides of the hollow log until they are pliable, then bend to create a more flat - bottomed `` boat '' shape with a wider beam in the centre. For travel in the rougher waters of the ocean, dugouts can be fitted with outriggers. One or two smaller logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted on either side of the hull. Africa The Dufuna canoe from Nigeria is an 8000 - year - old dugout, the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the third - oldest worldwide. The well - watered tropical rainforest and woodland regions of sub-Saharan Africa provide both the waterways and the trees for dugout canoes, which are commonplace from the Limpopo River basin in the south through East and Central Africa and across to West Africa. African Teak is the timber favoured for their construction, though this comprises a number of different species, and is in short supply in some areas. Dugouts are paddled across deep lakes and rivers or punted through channels in swamps ( see makoro ) or in shallow areas, and are used for transport, fishing and hunting, including, in the past, the very dangerous hunting of hippopotamus. Dugouts are called pirogues in Francophone areas of Africa. Asia Remains of an 8000 - year - old dugout canoe excavated at Kuahuqiao, China Centuries - old unfinished dugout boat ( Philippines ). An 8000 - year - old dugout canoe was found by archaeologists in Kuahuqiao, Zhejiang Province, in east China. This is the earliest canoe found in Asia. The Moken, an ethnic group that lives in Myanmar 's Mergui Archipelago and the north of Thailand as sea nomads, still builds and uses dugout canoes. According to the Moken 's accounts of their people 's origin, a mythical queen punished the forbidden love of their ancestral forefather for his sister - in - law by banishing him and his descendants to life on sea in dugout canoes with indentations fore and aft ( `` a mouth that eats and a rear that defecates '' ), symbolizing the unending cycle of ingestion, digestion and evacuation. A centuries - old unfinished dugout boat, a big banca ( five tons, measuring 8 by 2 by 1.5 meters ) was accidentally retrieved on November, 2010 by Mayor Ricardo Revita at Barangay Casanicolasan, Rosales, Pangasinan, Philippines, in Lagasit River, near Agno River. It is now on display in front of the Municipal Town Hall. Europe In ancient many dugouts were made from linden wood, for several reasons. First, was abundant in the Paleolthic after the melting of the Weichselian glaciation and readily available. Secondly it grew to be one of the tallest trees in the forests of the time, making it easier to build longer boats. Linden wood also lends itself well to carving and does n't split or crack easily. It is lighter and therefore boats made from it have a better cargo capacity and are easier to carry, than most other tree types from the European old - growth forests. The Pesse canoe, found in the Netherlands, is a dugout which is believed to be the world 's oldest boat, carbon dated to between 8040 BCE and 7510 BCE. Dugouts have also been found in Germany. In German, the craft are known as einbaum ( one - tree ). In the old Hanseatic town of Stralsund three log - boats were excavated in 2002. Two of the boats were around 7,000 years old and are the oldest boats found in the Baltic area. The third boat ( 6,000 years old ) was 12 meters long and holds the record as the longest dugout in the region. The finds have partly deteriorated due to poor storage conditions. In 1991, remains of a linden wood log - boat of nearly 6 meters were found at Männedorf - Strandbad in Switzerland at Lake Zürich. The boat has since been dated to be 6,500 years old. In 1902 an oak log boat over 15m long and 1m wide, was found at Addergoole Bog, Lurgan, County Galway, Ireland and delivered to the National Museum of Ireland. The Lurgan boat radiocarbon date was 3940 + / - 25 BP. The boat has holes suggesting that it had an outrigger or was joined to another boat. In 2012, at Parc Glyndwr, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, UK, an excavation by Monmouth Archeological Society, revealed three ditches suggesting a Neolithic dugout trimaran of similar length to the Lurgan log boat, carbon dated 3700 + / - 35 BP. Eastern Europe 20th - century monoxylin The Ukrainian dugout ( dowbanka ) from the end of the 19th century. Radomysl Castle, Ukraine De Administrando Imperio details how the Slavs built monoxyla that they sold to Rus ' in Kiev. These ships were then used against the Byzantine Empire during the Rus ' -- Byzantine Wars of the 9th and 10th centuries. They used dugouts to attack Constantinople and to withdraw into their lands with bewildering speed and mobility. Hence, the name of Δρομίται ( `` people on the run '' ) applied to the Rus in some Byzantine sources. The monoxyla were often accompanied by larger galleys, that served as command and control centres. Each Slavic dugout could hold from 40 to 70 warriors. The Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host were also renowned for their artful use of dugouts, which issued from the Dnieper to raid the shores of the Black Sea in the 16th and 17th centuries. Using small, shallow - draft, and highly maneuverable galleys known as chaiky, they moved swiftly across the Black Sea. According to the Cossacks ' own records, these vessels, carrying a 50 to 70 man crew, could reach the coast of Anatolia from the mouth of the Dnieper River in forty hours. More than 40 pre-historic log - boats have been found in the Czech Republic. The latest discovery was in 1999 of a 10 m long log - boat in Mohelnice ( Šumperk District ). It was cut out of a single oak log and has a width of 1.05 m. The log - boat has been dated to around 1,000 BC and is kept at the ' Mohelnice Muzeum ' ( Museum of National History ). Geographically, Czech log - boat sites and remains are clustered along the Elbe and Morava Rivers. Poland is known for the socalled Lewin - type log - boats, found a Lewin Brzeski, Koźle and Roszowicki Las accordingly. These boats, are characterized by square or trapezoidal cross-section, rectangular hull - ends and low height of the sides in relation to vessel length. In addition, nearly all the Lewin - type boats have a single hole in the bow and two at the stern. The low height is a result of the parent log being split lengthwise in half, in order to obtain two identical timbers from a single trunk. The advantage lies in the resulting identical twin hulls, which are then joined to form a double - hulled raft. The paired hulls were joined by transverse poles, which did not go through the holes in the platform ends but were fastened to the top walls or in special grooves at the hull ends. These vessels were typically 7 -- 12 m in length, and the largest of them could carry up to 1.5 tons of cargo because of the special design. The Lewin type logboats are usually associated with the Przeworsk culture in the early centuries AD. Expanding a dugout canoe at Basecamp Karuskose at Soomaa National Park The Poole Logboat made from a single oak tree is over 2,000 years old. It is currently in the Poole Museum. Many pre-historic dugout boats have been found in Scandinavia. These boats were used for transport on calmer bodies of water, fishing and maybe occasionally for whaling and sealing. Dugouts require no metal parts, and were common amongst the Stone Age people in Northern Europe until large trees suitable for making this type of watercraft became scarce. Length was limited to the size of trees in the old - growth forests -- up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) in length. In Denmark in 2001 and some years prior to that, a few dugout canoes of linden wood, was unearthed in a large scale archaeological excavation project in Egådalen, just north of Aarhus. They have been carbon dated to the years 5210 - 4910 BCE and they are the oldest known boats in Northern Europe. Later models increased freeboard ( and seaworthiness ) by lashing additional boards to the side of the boat. Eventually, the dugout portion was reduced to a solid keel, and the lashed boards on the sides became a Lapstrake hull. In the United Kingdom, two log boats were discovered in Newport, Shropshire and are now on display at Harper Adams University Newport. The Iron Age residents of Great Britain, were known to have used logboats for fishing and basic trade. In 1964, a logboat was uncovered in Poole Harbour, Dorset. The Poole Logboat dated to 300 BC, was large enough to accommodate 18 people and was constructed from a giant oak tree. It is currently located in the Poole Museum. An even older logboat ( the Hanson log boat ) was unearthed in 1998 in Shardlow south of Derby. It has been dated to the Bronze Ages around 1.500 BC and is now exhibited at Derby Museum and Art Gallery. There was another pre-historic boat at the same location, but it was buried in situ. In Northern Europe, the tradition of making dugout canoes survived into the 20th and 21st centuries only in Estonia, where seasonal floods in Soomaa, a 390 km2 wilderness area, make conventional means of transportation impossible. In recent decades a new surge of interest in making dugouts ( Estonian haabjas ) has revitalized the ancient tradition. The Americas Main article : Pacific Northwest canoes A seagoing dugout canoe American Indians making a dugout canoe, 1590 Dugout canoes at Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955 Juju charm protecting dugout canoe on Suriname River bank, Suriname, South America. 1955 Dugout canoes were constructed throughout the Americas, where suitable logs were available. The indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest are very skilled at crafting wood. Best known for totem poles up to 80 feet ( 24 m ) tall, they also construct dugout canoes over 60 feet ( 18 m ) long for everyday use and ceremonial purposes. In 1978, Geordie Tocher and two companions sailed a 3.5 - short - ton ( 3.2 t ), 40 - foot ( 12 m ) dugout canoe ( the Orenda II ), made of Douglas fir, and based on Haida designs ( but with sails ), from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to Hawai ʻi to add credibility to stories that the Haida had travelled to Hawai ʻi in ancient times. Altogether they ventured some 4,500 miles ( 7,242 km ) after two months at sea. The dugout canoes were made mostly of huge cedar logs in the state of Washington for the ocean travellers, but natives that lived on the smaller rivers used smaller cedar logs. Pacific islands See also Māori migration canoes, Waka In the Pacific Islands, dugout canoes are very large, made from whole mature trees and fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean, and were once used for long - distance travel. Such are the very large waka used by Māori who came to New Zealand probably from East Polynesia, about 1280. Such vessels carried 40 to 80 warriors in calm sheltered coastal waters or rivers. It is believed that trans - ocean voyages were made in Polynesian catamarans and one hull, carbon - dated to about 1400, was found in New Zealand in 2011. In New Zealand smaller waka were made from a single log, often Totara, because of its lightness, strength and resistance to rotting. Larger waka were made of about seven parts lashed together with flax rope. All waka are characterized by very low freeboard. In Hawai ʻi, wa ʻa ( canoes ) are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the koa tree. They typically carry a crew of six : one steersman and five paddlers. The Pacific Ocean has been the nursery for many different forms of dugout sailing craft. They differ in their sail plan ( i.e., crab - claw or half - crab - claw, Latin, or triangular ), hull formats ( single, double, catamaran or proa ), the absence or presence of a beam ( a bridge for a double hull ). Hull shapes and end forms vary greatly. Masts can `` be right or made of double spars. '' Hulls can be constructed by assembling boards or digging out tree trunks. Intended use ( fish, war, sea voyage ) and geographical features ( beach, lagoon, reefs ) are reflected in design. Importantly, there is an important dividing line : some craft use a tacking rig ; others `` shunt '' that is change tack `` by reversing the sail from one end of the hull to the other. '' Tacking rigs are similar to those seen in most parts of the world, but shunting rigs change tack by reversing the sail from one end of the hull to the other and sailing in the opposite direction ( the `` Pushmi - pullyu '' of the sailing world ). John F. Kennedy 's PT - 109 The Solomon Islanders have used and continue to use dugout canoes to travel between islands. In World War II these were used during the Japanese occupation - with their small visual and noise signatures these were among the smallest boats used by the Allied forces in World War II. After the sinking of PT - 109, Biuku Gasa reached the shipwrecked John F. Kennedy by dugout. See also Log canoe Traditional fishing boat References Jump up ^ 1000 Inventions and Discoveries, by Roger Bridgman Jump up ^ Leping Jiang & Li Liu, The discovery of an 8000 - year - old dugout canoe at Kuahuqiao in the Lower Yangzi River, China. 2005 antiquity.ac.uk Jump up ^ `` Mergui Archipelago ''. Burma Boating : Sailing Holidays, Yacht Charters and Private Cruises in Myanmar & Beyond. Jump up ^ `` The Mergui Archipelago and The Moken ''. Burma Boating : Sailing Holidays, Yacht Charters and Private Cruises in Myanmar & Beyond. Jump up ^ `` Centuries - old wooden boat retrieved in Pangasinan ''. philstar.com. Jump up ^ Stefanie Klooss. `` The Terminal Mesolithic and Early Neolithic log boats of Stralsund - Mischwasserspeicher ( Hansestadt Stralsund, Fpl. 225 ). Evidence of early waterborne transport on the German Southern Baltic coast ''. Jump up ^ KAUTE, P., G. SCHINDLER & H. LOBKE. 2004. `` Der endmesolithisch / fruhneolithische Fundplatz Stralsund - Mischwasserspeicher -- Zeugnisse fruher Bootsbautechnologie an der Ostseekuste Mecklenburg - Vorpommerns. Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg - Vorpommern '' ( 52 : 221 - 41 ) ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Einbäume aus Zürcher Gewässern - Ulmer Museum '' ( PDF ). 2002. Jump up ^ Clark S, Monmouth Archeological Society. The Lost Lake evidence of Prehistoric Boat Building, 2013 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558242 - 2 - 7 ) Jump up ^ Bogomolets O. Radomysl Castle - Museum on the Royal Road Via Regia ``. -- Kyiv, 2013 ISBN 978 - 617 - 7031 - 15 - 3 Jump up ^ `` 0f the Pechenegs, and how many advantages ''. Jump up ^ Jason Rogers. `` Logboats from Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic ''. Jump up ^ Jason Rogers. `` Czech Logboats : Early Inland Watercraft from Bohemia and Moravia ''. Jump up ^ `` Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological Dating of Logboats from Poland '' RADIOCARBON, Vol 43, Nr 2A, 2001, p 403 -- 415 ( Proceedings of the 17th International 14C Conference ) Jump up ^ `` Arkæologien under motorvejen ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Viking era ' dugout boat found in Norway ''. Jump up ^ `` The Viking Longship ''. Jump up ^ Aivar Ruukel. `` Haabjas - Estonian Dugout Canoe ''. Jump up ^ `` Meadow Lakes Elementary / Overview ''. Jump up ^ Stall, Robert ( 5 March 1979 ). `` A man, a tree and an ocean to cross ''. Maclean 's : 4 -- 6. Jump up ^ Peter Sp Speck, Peter ( 22 November 1978 ). `` Orenda recalled ''. North Shore News. pp. 2 and 12. Jump up ^ Johns D.A., Irwin G.J. and Sung Y.K. ( 2014 ) `` An early sophisticated East Polynesian voyaging canoe discovered on New Zealand 's coast '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 ( 41 ) : 14728 -- 14733. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1408491111 Jump up ^ Louis, Jean. `` Pacific islands sailing canoes ''. webring.com. Retrieved January 18, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to dugout. Fundamental origins of ship types Ship replicas in the world For more information on Tocher 's voyage Types of sailing vessels and rigs Sailing rigs Bermuda rig Crab claw Fore - and - aft rig Gaff rig Junk rig Lateen rig Lug rig Mast aft rig Square rig By sail plan Barque Brig Brigantine Barquentine Catboat Cutter Full - rigged ship Jackass - barque Ketch Mistico Schooner Sloop Snow Yawl Multihull vessels ʻalia Amatasi Baurua Camakau Catamaran Drua Jukung Kaep Kalia Lakatoi Outrigger canoe Pahi Paraw Pentamaran Proa Quadrimaran Takia Tepukei Tipairua Tongiaki Trimaran Ungalawa Va'a - tele Vaka katea Vinta Wa Naval & merchant vessels ( by origin date ) Ancient Boita Dhow Galley Penteconter Bireme Trireme Quadriremes Tessarakonteres Dromon Junk Mtepe Uru Medieval Balinger Birlinn Cog Hulk Knarr Koch Kondura Longship Shitik 15th c. Carrack Chinese treasure ship Caravel Hoy Trabaccolo 16th c. Crommesteven Galiot Galleon Galleass Flyboat Fluyt Full - rigged pinnace Lorcha Man - of - war Patache Square - rigged caravel ( round or de armada ) Xebec 17th c. Bermuda sloop Corvette East Indiaman Frigate Galeas Koff Pinisi Polacca Ship of the line 18th c. Bilander Clipper ( Baltimore Clipper ) Gallivat Grab Gundalow 74 - gun Ship of the line Sloop - of - war Spéronare Trincadour 19th c. Blackwall frigate Dutch clipper Down Easter Elissa Windjammer Fishing vessels Barca - longa Falkuša Felucca Fifie Gableboat Herring buss Jangada Lugger Masula Nordland Sixareen Sgoth Smack Tartane Well smack Yoal Recreational vessels Dinghy Mast aft rig Pocket cruiser Sailing hydrofoil Sportsboat Trailer sailer Wharrams Windsurfer Yacht Special terms Inflatable Razee Sewn Tall ship ULDB Other Floating restaurant Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter Fusta Mersey flat Norfolk punt Norfolk wherry Pausik Pink Pinnace ( ship 's boat ) Pram Scow Thames sailing barge Wherry Fishing vessels Commercial Commercial fishing boats Drifters Factory ships Fishery Protection Squadron Fishing fleet Longliners Research vessels Seiners Trawlers Whalers Traditional Traditional fishing boats Bawley Bokkura Brixham trawler Caïque Cape Islander Chasse - marée Coble Coracle Couta Currach Dhoni Dogger Dugout Falkuša Felucca Fembøring Fifie Friendship sloop Gableboat Galway hooker Herring buss Jangada Jukung Kolae Lugger Luzzu Mackinaw Monterey clipper Nobby Nordland Paraw Peter boat Pirogue Poveiro Pump boat Reed boat Sampan Sgoth Shad boat Sixareen Smack Sneakbox Well smack Yawl Yoal Dories Banks Cape Ann Gloucester McKenzie River Swampscott Oyster boats Bugeye Buy - boat Deadrise Log canoe Pungy Schooners Sharpie Skipjack Recreational Bass boat Farley Builders and designers Philip C. 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Also see Category : Oceanian culture. NDL : 00567495 KulturNav : be4317e1 - 70f4 - 4a8b - 9ca9 - 1c46f4d51bf8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugout_canoe&oldid=816624643 '' Categories : Boat types Indigenous boats Wood products Canoes Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Atikamekw Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017, at 15 : 47. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: what is the advantage of making canoes that are light
Answer: easier to carry