Fallen angel - wikipedia Fallen angel This article is about the view of fallen angels in Christianity. For other uses, see Fallen angel ( disambiguation ). `` Rebel angels '' redirects here. For other uses, see Rebel Angels ( disambiguation ). Statue of the Fallen Angel, Retiro Park ( Madrid, Spain ). Statue of `` The Fallen Angels '' ( 1893 ) by Salvatore Albano at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City. In the Abrahamic religions, fallen angels are angels who have sinned against God and were expelled from Heaven. They are former agents of God and the enemies of God and humanity. The term `` fallen angel '' does not appear in the Bible, but it is used of angels who sinned, such as those referred to in 2 Peter 2 : 4 : `` For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell and committed them to chains of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment ''. It is also used to describe angels cast down to the Earth during the War in Heaven, as well as Satan ( who is distinct from Lucifer, particularly in Luciferianism ), demons, and certain Watchers. A similar notion can be found in Nahj al - Balagha, an Islamic collection of sermons, letters, and narrations attributed to Ali : `` Allah, the Glorified One, will not let a human being enter paradise if he does the same thing for which Allah turned an angel from it ''. Al - Tha'alibi related in his Qisas Al - Anbiya a tradition, in which Satan is held to be chained in the lowest hell in the midst of the rebel angels. Mention of angels who physically descended ( and figuratively `` fell '' ) to Mount Hermon is found in the Book of Enoch, which the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church accept as biblical canon ; as well as in various pseudepigrapha. Evil angels, however, are those who have fallen from their first estate ( see Jude 1 : 6 ) since the Creation. The Bible records several different times when angels fell to earth. Some have already fallen ( Genesis 6 : 2 ; Amos 5 : 26 ; Revelation 12 : 4 ) and some will fall in the future ( Revelation 6 : 13, 8 : 10 - 11, 9 : 1 ). It is Satan, the great dragon, who entices them ( Revelation 12 : 4 ), perhaps with promises that they will be worshipped by men as gods or rule over an earthly kingdom. The demons learn wickedness and become servents and followers of their new master Satan. Contents 1 Judaism 1.1 Sons of God 1.2 Watchers 1.3 First Enoch 1.4 Second Enoch 1.5 Tanakh 2 Christianity 2.1 Dragon and his angels 2.2 Fall of Lucifer 2.3 Christian interpretation of Ezekiel 28 3 Islam 3.1 In Quran 3.1. 1 Harut and Marut 3.1. 2 The Devil and Demons 3.2 Further narrations 4 Religious views 4.1 Judaism 4.2 Christianity 4.2. 1 Catholicism 4.2. 2 Universalism 4.2. 3 Unitarianism 4.3 Islam 5 Influence 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Judaism The concept of angels sinning against God and being expelled from Heaven is mainly a Jewish concept, since it was mainly developed and found in Judaism during the Second Temple period, referring to Satan and his followers. This concept is mainly found in Jewish apocrypha, such as the First Book of Enoch, the Second Book of Enoch, and the Book of Jubilees. Sons of God Main article : Sons of God In the period immediately preceding the composition of the New Testament, some sects of Judaism identified the `` sons of God '' ( בני האלהים ‬ ) of Genesis 6 : 1 -- 4 as fallen angels. Some scholars consider it most likely that this Jewish tradition of fallen angels predates, even in written form, the composition of Gen 6 : 1 -- 4. Lester L. Grabbe calls the story of the sexual intercourse between angels and women `` an old myth in Judaism ''. Until the mid-2nd evidence that some early Christians accepted this Jewish Enochic pseudepigraphy and the application of the angelic descent myth to the `` sons of God '' passage in Genesis 6 : 1 -- 4. Its presence not only in the East but also in the Latin - speaking West is attested by the polemic of Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) against the motif of giants born of the union between fallen angels and human women. Rabbinic Judaism and Christian authorities rejected the tradition. Those who adopted the tradition viewed the `` sons of God '' as fallen angels who married human women and begot the Nephilim through unnatural unions. Watchers Main article : Watcher ( angel ) The reference to heavenly beings called `` Watchers '' originates in Daniel 4, in which there are three mentions, twice in the singular ( v. 13, 23 ), once in the plural ( v. 17 ), of `` watchers, holy ones ''. The Ancient Greek word for watchers is ἐγρήγοροι ( egrḗgoroi, plural of egrḗgoros ), literally translated as `` wakeful ''. Note that, beginning by AD 150, the Greek letter eta ( η ) was iotacized to sound the same as iota ( ι ) ; and the Old Slavonic alphabets, both Cyrillic and Glagolitic, made no phonetic distinction between the letters they derived from Greek η and ι. The Greek term was transcribed in the Jewish pseudepigraphon the Second Book of Enoch ( Slavonic Enoch ) as Grigori, referring to the same beings as those called Watchers of the ( First ) Book of Enoch. First Enoch Main article : 1 Enoch The concept of fallen angels is mostly found in the Book of Enoch, verses 6 -- 9 ; the Qumran Book of Giants ; and perhaps in Genesis 6 : 1 -- 4. These Watchers became `` enamored '' with human women ( 1 Enoch 7.2 ), and had intercourse with them. The offspring of these unions, and the knowledge they were given, corrupted human beings and the earth ( 1 Enoch 10.11 -- 12 ). A number of apocryphal works, including 1 Enoch ( 10.4 ), link this transgression with the Great Deluge. This fact was adopted by early Christianity, but abandoned by Rabbinic Judaism and later Christianity. During the period immediately before the rise of Christianity, the intercourse between these Watchers and human women was often seen as the first fall of the angels. Second Enoch Main article : 2 Enoch The concept of fallen angels is also mostly found in the Second Book of Enoch, which is sequel to the First Book of Enoch. 2 Enoch 29 : 3 `` Here Satanail was hurled from the height together with his angels '' -- a probable Christian interpolation according to Charlesworth 's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha The text refers to `` the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light ''. The Grigori are identified with the Watchers of 1 Enoch. The Grigori who `` went down on to earth from the Lord 's throne '', married women and `` befouled the earth with their deeds '', resulting in confinement under earth ( 2 Enoch 18 : 1 -- 7 ) In the longer recension of 2 Enoch, chapter 29 refers to angels who were `` thrown out from the height '' when their leader tried to become equal in rank with the Lord 's power ( 2 Enoch 29 : 1 -- 4 ). Most sources quote 2 Enoch as stating that those who descended to earth were three, but Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting 2 Enoch as saying that three went down to the earth, remarks in a footnote that some manuscripts put them at 200 or even 200 myriads. In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha : Apocalypic Literature and Testaments edited by James H. Charlesworth, manuscript J -- taken as the best representative of the longer recension -- has `` and three of them descended '' ( p. 130 ) ; while manuscript A -- taken as the best representative of the shorter recension -- has `` and they descended '', which might indicate that all the Grigori descended, or 200 princes of them, or 200 princes and 200 followers, since it follows the phrase that `` ( t ) hese are the Grigori, 200 princes of whom turned aside, 200 walking in their train '' ( p. 131 ). Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation ( before the creation of human beings ), says that `` one from out the order of angels '' or, according to other versions of 2 Enoch, `` one of the order of archangels '' or `` one of the ranks of the archangels '' `` conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to ( the Lord 's ) power. And ( the Lord ) threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless. '' In this chapter, the name `` Satanail '' is mentioned only in a heading added in a single manuscript, the GIM khlyudov manuscript, which is a representative of the longer recension and was used in the English translation by R.H. Charles. Tanakh Main article : Satan The Hebrew Bible personifies Satan as a character in only three places, always inferior to God 's power : it portrays him as an accuser ( Zechariah 3 : 1 -- 2 ), a tempter ( 1 Chronicles 21 : 1 ), and a heavenly persecutor ( Job 2 : 1 ). It uses the Hebrew word, which means `` adversary '', elsewhere to speak of human opponents or some evil influence and does not explicitly say that Satan is an angel nor that he is fallen. However, the Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that Satan appears in Jewish pseudepigrapha -- especially apocalypses -- as `` ruler of a demonic host, influencing events throughout the world, cast out of heaven as a fallen angel '', and ascribes the idea of Satan as a fallen angel to a misinterpretation of Isaiah 14 : 12. Some also say that Lucifer is one of the archangels before he fell from Heaven. He thought that God 's order to `` love human kind more than God himself '' was ridiculous, which made him hate humanity and that lead to his fall. Christianity In Christianity, Satan is often seen as the leader of the fallen angels. The New Testament mentions Satan 36 times in 33 verses, and the Book of Revelation tells of `` that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world '', being thrown down to the Earth together with his angels. In Luke 10 : 18, Jesus says : `` I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven. '' While the New Testament thus mentions Satan falling from Heaven, it never says that he was an angel, only that he masquerades as one in 2 Corinthians 11 : 14. The concept of fallen angels is not foreign to the New Testament, though ; both 2 Peter 2 : 4 and Jude 1 : 6 refer to angels who have sinned against God and await punishment on Judgement Day. Dragon and his angels Main article : War in Heaven In the New Testament, Revelation 12 : 3 -- 14 speaks of a great red dragon whose tail swept a third part of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth. In verses 7 -- 9, after defeat in a War in Heaven in which the dragon and his angels fought against Michael and his angels, `` the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world -- he was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him ''. Fall of Lucifer Main article : Lucifer The Fall of Lucifer finds its earliest identification with a fallen angel in Origen, based on an interpretation of Isaiah 14 : 1 -- 17, which describes a king of Babylon as the fallen `` morning star '' ( in Hebrew, הילל ‬ ). This description was interpreted typologically as an angel in addition to its literal application to a human king : the image of the fallen morning star or angel was thereby applied to Satan in both in Jewish pseudepigrapha and by early Christian writers, following the transfer of Lucifer to Satan in the pre-Christian century. Origen and other Christian writers linked the fallen morning star of Isaiah 14 : 12 to Jesus ' statement in Luke 10 : 18 that `` I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven '' and to the mention of a fall of Satan in Revelation 12 : 8 -- 9. In Latin - speaking Christianity, the Latin word `` lucifer '' as employed in the late 4th - century AD Vulgate to translate הילל, gave rise to the name `` Lucifer '' for the person believed to be referred to in the text. Orthodox Judaism does not believe the name Lucifer is a reference to Satan, but rather the text in chapter four indicates that it is a literal taunt against the King of Babylon. Christian interpretation of Ezekiel 28 Indeed, Christian tradition has applied to Satan not only the image of the morning star in Isaiah 14 : 12, but also the denouncing in Ezekiel 28 : 11 -- 19 of the king of Tyre, who is spoken of as having been a `` cherub ''. Rabbinic literature saw these two passages as in some ways parallel, even if it perhaps did not associate them with Satan, and the episode of the fall of Satan appears not only in writings of the early Church Fathers and in apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works, but also in rabbinic sources. However, `` no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 as providing information about the fall of Satan ''. Islam Further information : Angels in Islam In Islam, the concept of fallen angels is the same as the concept in Judaism and Christianity. However Islamic view of the rebellion of fallen angels differs from the Jewish and Christian views, where fallen angels did not try to usurp the throne of God, a concept alien to Islam. Instead they refused to bow down to Adam. In Quran Three entities are mentioned in Qur'an, who are sometimes identified as fallen angels : Iblis, Harut and Marut. The story of their fall are found in Islamic narrations, but not in the Quran. Alternatively Iblis is rather thought as being a Jinni, another entity apart from the angels, supported by the fact, he is created from fire. Those who distinguish between Iblis as a fiery angel and the jinn, differentiate the jinn made out of smokeless fire, and the fire these angels are held to be composed of ( according to Ibn Abbas from the fire of samum ). Those who reject the angelic origin of Harut and Marut prefer to view them as kings ( malikayn ) than angels ( malak ). Harut and Marut The Quranexegete Tabari attributed a story to Ibn Masud and Ibn Abbas about Harut and Marut complaining about the mischievousness of mankind and made a request to destroy them. Consequently, God offered a test determine whether or not the angels would do better than humans for long, then they are endowed with humanlike urges and Satan would have authority over them. However on Earth, they entertained and acted upon sexual desires and were guilty of idol worship, whereupon they even killed an innocent witness. For their deeds, they were not allowed to ascend to Heaven again. The devil and demons Another extra-quranic narrative states that Iblis was once send by God to battle a pre-adamite race, who shed blood and caused corruption on earth. After Iblis defeated them, he returned to heaven. Then God created human, Iblis and some angels argued, why God should create a human being, who will shed blood and confusion like those, whom they had just defeated before, while the angels prostrate before God and sing his glory day and night, never failing God 's orders. Since Iblis insisted on being superior than any other creature, even compared to other angels, his status was reduced and he was turned away from heaven, endowed with the task to lead beings towards evil and wrong actions. Those creatures from heaven, who followed Iblis, became demons, not to be confused with the Jinn ( another creature that is, unlike a demon, accessible to the good ). Further narrations Further references to fallen angels can be found in some Shia accounts. In a narrative from Ja'far al - Sadiq, Idris met an angel, which the wrath of God fell upon, and his wings and hair were cut off ; after Idris prayed for him to God, his wings and hair were restored. In return they become friends and in request the angel took Idris to the Heavens to meet the angel of death. In Umm al - Kitab, a 8th century work of a Ghulat sect, the universe cames into existence because Azazil claims to be like God, but since there can just be one god, Azazil fell into lower spheres until he ends up on earth. Religious views Judaism This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2018 ) Further information : Angels in Judaism The concept of fallen angels originated in Judaism from the Jewish texts from the Second Temple Period, being applied in particular to Satan and his followers. Since the Middle Ages certain Jewish scholars have rejected the belief in fallen angels ; however, the concept of fallen angels persists within Judaism. Christianity This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( March 2018 ) Christianity adopted the concept of fallen angels from Judaism, mainly based on their interpretations of the Book of Revelation Chapter 12, which plainly states that Satan and his team fought against Michael and his team, and Matthew 25 : 41, which states that eternal fire was prepared for Satan and his followers. Catholicism In Catholicism, the Catechism of the Catholic Church speaks of `` the fall of the angels '' not in spatial terms but as a radical and irrevocable rejection of God and his reign by some angels who, though created as good beings, freely chose evil, their sin being unforgivable because of the irrevocable character of their choice, not because of any defect in the infinite divine mercy. Universalism In 19th century Universalism, Universalists such as Thomas Allin ( 1891 ) claimed that Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Gregory of Nyssa taught that even the Devil and fallen angels will eventually be saved. Unitarianism In Unitarianism, Joseph Priestley suggested that the passages refer to the Korah. William Graham ( 1772 ) suggested that they referred to the spies in Canaan. These passages are generally held today to be commentary, positive, neutral, or negative, on Jewish traditions concerning Enoch circulating in the Early Church. Islam In Islamic tradition, the rebellion of Angels rather resulted from their displeasure towards humanity. Accordingly, they held their way of serving God superior to the service of mankind. The Islamic view of the fallen angels ' rebellion against God differs from the Christian views in that the rebellion is seen as Satan 's refusal to prostrate himself before Adam, not as an attempt to usurp God 's throne. Influence In literature, John Milton 's Paradise Lost ( 7.131 -- 134, etc. ), refers to the Devil as being `` brighter once amidst the host of Angels, than the sun amidst the stars ''. Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Davidson 1994, p. 111 Jump up ^ Douglas 2011, p. 350 Jump up ^ Reed 2005, p. 1 Jump up ^ https://www.al-islam.org/nahjul-balagha-part-1-sermons/sermon-192-praise-be-allah-who-wears-apparel-honour-and-dignity Jump up ^ Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits : Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B. Tauris 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 73063 - 3 Jump up ^ Gregory A. Boyd, God at War : The Bible & Spiritual Conflict ( InterVarsity Press 1997 ISBN 9780830818853 ), p. 138 Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe, A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period ( Continuum 2004 ISBN 9780567043528 ), p. 344 Jump up ^ Matthew Black, The Book of Enoch or I Enoch : A New English Edition with Commentary and Textual Notes ( Brill 1985 ISBN 9789004071001 ), p. 14 Jump up ^ Grabbe 2004, p. 101 Jump up ^ Reed 2005, pp. 14, 15 Jump up ^ Heinz Schreckenberg, Kurt Schubert, Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity ( Van Gorcum, 1992, ISBN 9789023226536 ), p. 253 Jump up ^ Reed 2005, p. 218 Jump up ^ Douglas 2011, p. 1384 Jump up ^ ἐγρήγορος. Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek -- English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. p. 474. Available online at the Perseus Project Texts Loaded under PhiloLogic ( ARTFL project ) at the University of Chicago. Jump up ^ W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca : a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek ( third edition ), Cambridge University Press 1987 ISBN 0 - 521 - 33555 - 8 ), pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Andrei A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors : Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology ( SUNY Press 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 43843951 - 8 ), p. 164 Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe, An Introduction to First Century Judaism : Jewish Religion and History in the Second Temple Period ( Continuum International Publishing Group 1996 ISBN 9780567085061 ), p. 101 ^ Jump up to : Laurence, Richard ( 1883 ). `` The Book of Enoch the Prophet ''. Jump up ^ Biblica ( Vol. 58 ed. ). St. Martin 's Press. 1977. p. 586. Jump up ^ Reed 2005, p. 2 Jump up ^ Gregory A. Boyd, God at War : The Bible & Spiritual Conflict, InterVarsity Press 1997 ISBN 9780830818853, p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Orlov 2011, p. 164 Jump up ^ Anderson 2000, p. 64 : `` In 2 Enoch 18 : 3... the fall of Satan and his angels is talked of in terms of the Watchers ( Grigori ) story, and connected with Genesis 6 : 1 -- 4. '' Jump up ^ Sources presenting one version of 2 Enoch and sources using a different version Jump up ^ Andrei A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors SUNY Press 2011 ISBN 9781438439518, p. 93 Jump up ^ `` Most sources ''. Google.com. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ Marc Michael Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Jewish Art and Literature Penn State University Press 1997 ISBN 9780271016054, p. 141 and other sources Jump up ^ James Hastings, A Dictionary of the Bible 1898 edition reproduced 2004 by the University Press of the Pacific ISBN 9781410217288, vol. 4, p. 409 Jump up ^ James H. Charlesworth, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha - set Hendrickson 2010 ISBN 9781598564891, p. 149 Jump up ^ Robert Charles Branden, Satanic Conflict and the Plot of Matthew Peter Lang 2006 ISBN 9780820479163, p. 30 Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2011, pp. 149, 92 ^ Jump up to : Adele Berlin ; Maxine Grossman, eds. ( 2011 ). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780199730049. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ Packer, J.I. ( 2001 ). `` Satan : Fallen angels have a leader ''. Concise theology : a guide to historic Christian beliefs. Carol Stream, Ill. : Tyndale House. ISBN 0842339604. Jump up ^ Revelation 12 : 9 Jump up ^ Revelation 12 : 9 Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2010, p. 149 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2004, p. 108 Jump up ^ `` Lucifer ''. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ John N. Oswalt ( 1986 ). `` The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 1 -- 39 ''. The International Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans. p. 320. ISBN 978 - 0802825292. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ Hector M. Patmore, Adam, Satan, and the King of Tyre ( BRILL 2012 ), ISBN 978 - 9 - 00420722 - 6, pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Paul Peterson, Ross Cole ( editors ), Hermeneutics, Intertextuality and the Contemporary Meaning of Scripture ( Avondale Academic Press 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 92181799 - 1 ), p. 246 Jump up ^ مصباح المنير في تهذيب تفسير إبن كثير Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ṣafī al - Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī / The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an : 1 - 203 Muhammad Saed Abdul - Rahman `` The Story of Harut and Marut, and the Explanation That They Were Angels ( ( God said ) ) Jump up ^ Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran : An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black 2002 ISBN 9780826449566 Page 16 Jump up ^ Al - Saïd Muhammad Badawi Arabic -- English Dictionary of Qurʾanic Usage M.A. Abdel Haleem ISBN 978 - 9 - 004 - 14948 - 9, p. 864 Jump up ^ Amira El - Zein Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 ISBN 9780815650706 page 40 Jump up ^ Hussein Abdul - Raof Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis : A Practical Comparative - Contrastive Analysis Routledge 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 45991 - 7 page 155 Jump up ^ Daniel I. Ilega Studies in World Religions Hamaz Global Publishing ISBN 978 - 9 - 783 - 57580 - 6 page 83 Jump up ^ Stephen J. Vicchio Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith Wipf and Stock Publishers 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 556 - 35304 - 8 page 184 Jump up ^ Hazrat Inayat Khan A Sufi Message of Spiritual Liberty II Library of Alexandria ISBN 978 - 1 - 613 - 10656 - 3 section 8 Jump up ^ name = `` Robert Lebling `` > Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits : Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B. Tauris 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 73063 - 3 page 141 Jump up ^ Muhammad Saed Abdul - Rahman The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an ( Vol 10 ) MSA Publication Limited 2009 ISBN 9781861796707 Page 257 Jump up ^ Muham Sakura Dragon The Great Tale of Prophet Enoch ( Idris ) In Islam Sakura Dragon SPC ISBN 978 - 1 - 519 - 95237 - 0 Jump up ^ Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck The Fall of the Angels BRILL 2004 ISBN 978 - 9 - 004 - 12668 - 8 page 161 Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church, `` The Fall of the Angels '' ( 391 - 395 ) ``. Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 04. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ Allin, Thomas ( 1891 ). Christ Triumphant or Universalism Asserted as the Hope of the Gospel on the Authority of Reason, the Fathers, and Holy Scripture. Jump up ^ Itter on Clement, Crouzel & Norris on Origen, etc. Jump up ^ The theological and miscellaneous works of Joseph Priestley, Vol. 2 Jump up ^ William Graham, An enquiry into the scripture meaning of the word Satan, and its synonymous terms, the devil, or the adversary, and the wicked one. Wherein the notions concerning devils or demons are brought... MA 8vo. is. 6d. Johnson. 1772 Jump up ^ The Jewish apocalyptic heritage in early Christianity p 66 ed. James C. VanderKam, William Adler - 1996 ``... who would not bring forth fruit to God. since the angels that sinned had commingled with them... 206 The translation is from Bauckham, `` The Fall of the Angels ', 320. 207 ' Enoch says that the angels who transgressed taught mankind '' Jump up ^ Sa'diyya Shaikh Sufi Narratives of Intimacy : Ibn Arabi, Gender, and Sexuality Univ of North Carolina Press 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 83533 - 3 page 114 Jump up ^ Christian Krokus The Theology of Louis Massignon CUA Press 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 22946 - 1 page 89 Jump up ^ `` Online-Literature.com ''. Online-Literature.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03. References Anderson, ed. by Gary ( 2000 ). Literature on Adam and Eve. Leiden : Brill. ISBN 9004116001. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bamberger, Bernard J. ( 2006 ). Fallen angels : soldiers of satan 's realm ( first paperback ed. ). Philadelphia, Pa. : Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. ISBN 0827607970. Charlesworth, edited by James H. ( 2010 ). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. Peabody, Mass. : Hendrickson. ISBN 1598564919. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Davidson, Gustav ( 1994 ). A dictionary of angels : including the fallen angels ( 1st Free Press pbk. ed. ). New York : Free Press. p. 111. ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 907052 - 9. DDD, Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst, ( 1998 ). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible ( DDD ) ( 2., extensively rev. ed. ). Leiden : Brill. ISBN 9004111190. Douglas, James D. with Merrill Chapin Tenney, Moisés Silva ( editors ) ( 2011 ). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, Mich. : Zondervan. ISBN 9780310229834. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Orlov, Andrei A. ( 2011 ). Dark mirrors : Azazel and Satanael in early Jewish demonology. Albany : State University of New York Press. ISBN 1438439512. Platt, Rutherford H. ( 2004 ). Forgotten Books of Eden ( Reprint ed. ). Forgotten Books. p. 239. ISBN 1605060976. Reed, Annette Yoshiko ( 2005 ). Fallen angels and the history of Judaism and Christianity : the reception of Enochic literature ( 1. publ. ed. ). Cambridge ( u.a. ) : Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85378 - 1. Schwartz, Howard ( 2004 ). Tree of souls : The mythology of Judaism. New York : Oxford U Pr. ISBN 0195086791. Wright, Archie T. ( 2004 ). The origin of evil spirits the reception of Genesis 6.1 - 4 in early Jewish literature. Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3161486560. Further reading Ashley, Leonard R.N. The complete book of devils and demons. New York : Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 1616083336. Martin, Dale ( 2010 ). `` When Did Angels Become Demons ? ''. Journal of Biblical Literature. Society of Biblical Literature. 129 ( 4 ) : 657 -- 677. JSTOR 25765960. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fallen angels. Catholic Encyclopedia : Angels, see section `` The Evil Angels '' JewishEncyclopedia : Fall of Angels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&oldid=832729968 '' Categories : Fallen angels Angels in Christianity Christian terminology Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 All articles lacking reliable references CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски اردو 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 18 : 01. 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Question: who was the leader of the fallen angels
Answer: In Christianity, Satan