Musical instrument classification - wikipedia Musical instrument classification This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. The specific problem is : broad subject covering various classifications through history. Consider associating this request with a WikiProject. ( May 2014 ) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( September 2015 ) Throughout history, various methods of musical instrument classification have been used. The most commonly used system divides instruments into string instruments, woodwind instruments, brass instruments and percussion instruments ; however, other schemes have been devised. Contents 1 Chinese classification 2 Western classification 3 Mahillon and Hornbostel - Sachs systems 4 André Schaeffner 4.1 Elementary organology 5 Range 6 Other classifications 6.1 Indonesian instruments 6.2 West African instruments 6.3 Kurt Reinhard 6.4 Persia 7 See also 8 References Chinese classification The oldest known scheme of classifying instruments is Chinese and dates from the 3rd millennium BC. It grouped instruments according to the materials they are made of. Instruments made of stone were in one group, those of wood in another, those of silk are in a third, and those of bamboo in a fourth, as recorded in the Yo Chi ( record of ritual music and dance ), compiled from sources of the Chou period ( 9th - 5th centuries BC ) and corresponding to the four seasons and four winds. The eight-fold system of pa yin ( 八 音 `` eight sounds '', `` octave '' ), from the same source, occurred gradually, and in the legendary Emperor Zhun 's time ( 3rd millennium BC ) it is believed to have been presented in the following order : metal ( chin ), stone ( shih ), silk ( ssu ), bamboo ( che ), gourd ( piao ), clay ( t'u ), leather ( hoes ), and wood ( mutt ) classes, and it correlated to the eight seasons and eight winds of Chinese culture, autumn and west, autumn - winter and NW, summer and south, spring and east, winter - spring and NE, summer - autumn and SW, winter and north, and spring - summer and SE, respectively. However, the Chou - Li ( Rites of Chou ), an anonymous treatise compiled from earlier sources in about the 2nd century BC, had the following order : metal, stone, clay, leather, silk, wood, gourd, and bamboo. The same order was presented in the Tso Chuan ( Commentary of Tso ), attributed to Tso Chiu - Ming, probably compiled in the 4th century BC. Much later, Ming dynasty ( 14th - 17th century ) scholar Chu Tsai Yu recognized three groups : those instruments using muscle power or used for musical accompaniment, those that are blown, and those that are rhythmic, a scheme which was probably the first scholarly attempt, while the earlier ones were traditional, folk taxonomies. More usually, instruments are classified according to how the sound is initially produced ( regardless of post-processing, i.e., an electric guitar is still a string - instrument regardless of what analog or digital / computational post-processing effects pedals may be used with it ). Western classification The modern system divides instruments into wind, strings and percussion. It is of Greek origin ( in the Hellenistic period, prominent proponents being Nicomachus and Porphyry ). The scheme was later expanded by Martin Agricola, who distinguished plucked string instruments, such as guitars, from bowed string instruments, such as violins. Classical musicians today do not always maintain this division ( although plucked strings are grouped separately from bowed strings in sheet music ), but distinguish between wind instruments with a reed ( woodwinds ) and those where the air is set in motion directly by the lips ( brass instruments ). Many instruments do not fit very neatly into this scheme. The serpent, for example, ought to be classified as a brass instrument, as a column of air is set in motion by the lips. However, it looks more like a woodwind instrument, and is closer to one in many ways, having finger - holes to control pitch, rather than valves. Keyboard instruments do not fit easily into this scheme. For example, the piano has strings, but they are struck by hammers, so it is not clear whether it should be classified as a string instrument or a percussion instrument. For this reason, keyboard instruments are often regarded as inhabiting a category of their own, including all instruments played by a keyboard, whether they have struck strings ( like the piano ), plucked strings ( like the harpsichord ) or no strings at all ( like the celesta ). It might be said that with these extra categories, the classical system of instrument classification focuses less on the fundamental way in which instruments produce sound, and more on the technique required to play them. Various names have been assigned to these three traditional Western groupings : Boethius ( 5th and 6th centuries ) labelled them intensione ut nervis, spiritu ut tibiis ( `` breath in the tube '' ), and percussione ; Cassiodorus, a younger contemporary of the above, used the names tensibilia, percussionalia, and inflatilia ; Roger Bacon ( 13th century ) dubbed them tensilia, inflativa, and percussionalia ; Ugolino da Orvieto ( 14th and 15th centuries ) called them intensione ut nervis, spiritu ut tibiis, and percussione ; Sebastien de Brossard ( 1703 ) referred to them as enchorda or entata ( but only for instruments with several strings ), pneumatica or empneousta, and krusta ( from the Greek for hit or strike ) or pulsatilia ( for percussives ) ; Filippo Bonanni ( 1722 ) used vernacular names : sonori per il fiato, sonori per la tensione, and sonori per la percussione ; Joseph Majer ( 1732 ) called them pneumatica, pulsatilia ( percussives including plucked instruments ), and fidicina ( from fidula, fiddle ) ( for bowed instruments ) ; Johann Eisel ( 1738 ) dubbed them pneumatica, pulsatilia, and fidicina ; Johannes de Muris ( 1784 ) used the terms chordalia, foraminalia ( from foramina, `` bore '' in reference to the bored tubes ), and vasalia ( for `` vessels '' ) ; Regino of Prum ( 1784 ) called them tensibile, inflatile, and percussionabile. Ottoman encyclopedist Hadji Khalifa ( 17th century ) also recognized the same three classes in his Kashf al - Zunun an Asami al - Kutub wa al - Funun ( `` Clarification and Conjecture About the Names of Books and Sciences '' ), a treatise on the origin and construction of musical instruments. but this was exceptional for Near Eastern writers as they mostly ignored the percussion group as did early Hellenistic Greeks, the Near Eastern culture traditionally and that period of Greek history having low regard for that group. The T'boli of Mindanao use the same three categories as well, but group the strings ( t'duk ) with the winds ( nawa ) together based on a gentleness - strength dichotomy ( lemnoy - megel, respectively ), regarding the percussion group ( tembol ) as strong and the winds - strings group as gentle. The division pervades T'boli thought about cosmology, social characters of men and women, and artistic styles. Mahillon and Hornbostel - Sachs systems An ancient system of Indian origin, dating from the 4th or 3rd century BC, in the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on music and dramaturgy, by Bharata Muni, divides instruments into four main classification groups : instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating strings ( tata vadya, `` stretched instruments '' ) ; instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air ( susira vadya, `` hollow instruments '' ) ; percussion instruments made of wood or metal ( Ghana vadya, `` solid instruments '' ) ; and percussion instruments with skin heads, or drums ( avanaddha vadya, `` covered instruments '' ). Victor - Charles Mahillon later adopted a system very similar to this. He was the curator of the musical instrument collection of the conservatoire in Brussels, and for the 1888 catalogue of the collection divided instruments into four groups : strings, winds, drums, and other percussion. This scheme was later taken up by Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs who published an extensive new scheme for classication in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. Their scheme is widely used today, and is most often known as the Hornbostel - Sachs system ( or the Sachs - Hornbostel system ). The original Sachs - Hornbostel system classified instruments into four main groups ; the fifth group, electrophones, was added later by Sachs : idiophones, such as the xylophone, which produce sound by vibrating themselves ; membranophones, such as drums or kazoos, which produce sound by a vibrating membrane ; chordophones, such as the piano or cello, which produce sound by vibrating strings ; aerophones, such as the pipe organ or oboe, which produce sound by vibrating columns of air. electrophones, such as the electric guitar or electric bass, which produce sound through electricity and is required to be plugged into an amplifier. In the Hornbostel - Sachs classification of musical instruments, lamellophones are considered plucked idiophones, a category that includes various forms of jaw harp and the European mechanical music box, as well as the huge variety of African and Afro - Latin thumb pianos such as the mbira and marimbula. Later Sachs added a fifth category, electrophones, such as theremins, which produce sound by electronic means. Modern synthesizers and electronic instruments fall in this category. Within each category are many subgroups. The system has been criticised and revised over the years, but remains widely used by ethnomusicologists and organologists. André Schaeffner In 1932, comparative musicologist ( ethnomusicologist ) André Schaeffner developed a new classification scheme that was `` exhaustive, potentially covering all real and conceivable instruments ''. Schaeffner 's system has only two top - level categories which he denoted by Roman numerals : I : instruments that make sound from vibrating solids : I.A : no tension ( free solid, for example, xylophones, cymbals, or claves ) ; I.B : linguaphones ( lamellophones ) ( solid fixed at only one end, such as a kalimba or thumb piano ) ; I.C : chordophones ( solid fixed at both ends, i.e. strings such as piano or harp ) ) ; plus drums II : instruments that make sound from vibrating air ( such as clarinets, trumpets, or bull - roarers. ) The system agrees with Mahillon and Hornbostel - Sachs for chordophones, but groups percussion instruments differently. 2nd - century Greek grammarian, sophist, and rhetoritician Julius Pollux, in the chapter called De Musica of his ten - volume Onomastikon, presented the two - class system, percussion ( including strings ) and winds, which persisted in medieval and postmedieval Europe. It was used by St. Augustine ( 4th and 5th centuries ), in his De Ordine, applying the terms rhythmic ( percussion and strings ), organic ( winds ), and adding harmonic ( the human voice ) ; Isidore of Seville ( 6th to 7th centuries ) ; Hugh of Saint Victor ( 12th century ), also adding the voice ; Magister Lambertus ( 13th century ), adding the human voice as well ; and Michael Praetorius ( 17th century ). The Kpelle of West Africa also use this system. They distinguish the struck ( yàle ), including both beaten and plucked, and the blown ( fêe ). The yàle group is subdivided into five categories : instruments possessing lamellas ( the sanzas ) ; those possessing strings ; those possessing a membrane ( various drums ) ; hollow wooden, iron, or bottle containers ; and various rattles and bells. The Hausa, also of West Africa, classify drummers into those who beat drums and those who beat ( pluck ) strings ( the other four player classes are blowers, singers, acclaimers, and talkers ), Kartomi does not specify if these two classifications pre-date Schaeffner or Pollux. The concept, the way the person produces the sound, is human - centered, which is part of their traditional culture so presumably they at least pre-date Schaeffner. The MSA ( Multi-Dimensional Scalogram Analysis ) of René Lysloff and Jim Matson, using 37 variables, including characteristics of the sounding body, resonator, substructure, sympathetic vibrator, performance context, social context, and instrument tuning and construction, corroborated Schaeffner, producing two categories, aerophones and the chordophone - membranophone - idiophone combination. Elementary organology Another similar system is the five - class, physics - based organology that was presented by Steve Mann in 2007, comprises Gaiaphones ( Chordophones, Membranophones, and Idiophones ), Hydraulophones, Aerophones, Plasmaphones, and Quintephones ( electrically and optically produced music ), the names referring to the five essences, earth, water, wind, fire and the quintessence, thus adding three new categories to the Schaeffner taxonomy. Elementary organology, also known as physical organology, is a classification scheme based on the elements ( i.e. states of matter ) in which sound production takes place. `` Elementary '' refers both to `` element '' ( state of matter ) and to something that is fundamental or innate ( physical ). The elementary organology map can be traced to Kartomi, Schaeffner, Yamaguchi, and others, as well as to the Greek and Roman concepts of elementary classification of all objects, not just musical instruments. Elementary organology categorizes musical instruments by their classical element, i.e. Element State Earth solids gaiaphones the first category proposed by Andre Schaeffner Water liquids hydraulophones Air gases aerophones the second category proposed by Andre Schaeffner Fire plasmas plasmaphones 5 Quintessence / Idea informatics quintephones Musical instrument classification in physics - based organology. Range Instruments can be classified by their musical range in comparison with other instruments in the same family. These terms are named after singing voice classifications : Soprano instruments : flute, clarinet, recorder, violin, trumpet, oboe, soprano saxophone Alto instruments : alto flute, viola, French horn, natural horn, alto horn, alto saxophone, English horn Tenor instruments : trombone, tenor saxophone Baritone instruments : cello, baritone horn, bass clarinet, bassoon, baritone saxophone Bass instruments : double bass, tuba, bass saxophone Some instruments fall into more than one category : for example, the cello may be considered either tenor or bass, depending on how its music fits into the ensemble, and the trombone may be alto, tenor, or bass and the French horn, bass, baritone, tenor, or alto, depending on which range it is played. In a typical concert band setting, the first alto saxophone covers soprano parts, while the second alto saxophone covers alto parts. Many instruments include their range as part of their name : soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, baritone horn, alto flute, bass flute, alto recorder, bass guitar, etc. Additional adjectives describe instruments above the soprano range or below the bass, for example : sopranino saxophone, contrabass clarinet. When used in the name of an instrument, these terms are relative, describing the instrument 's range in comparison to other instruments of its family and not in comparison to the human voice range or instruments of other families. For example, a bass flute 's range is from C to F ♯, while a bass clarinet plays about one octave lower. Other classifications Instruments can be categorized according to a common use, such as signal instruments, a category that may include instruments in different Hornbostel - Sachs categories such as trumpets, drums, and gongs. An example based on this criterion is Bonanni ( e.g., festive, military, and religious ). He separately classified them according to geography and era. Jean - Benjamin de la Borde ( 1780 ) classified instruments according to ethnicity, his categories being black, Abyssinian, Chinese, Arabic, Turkisk, and Greek. Instruments can be classified according to the ensemble in which they play, or the role they play in the ensemble. For example, the horn section in popular music typically includes both brass instruments and woodwind instruments. The symphony orchestra typically has the strings in the front, the woodwinds in the middle, and the basses, brass, and percussion in the back. Indonesian instruments Classifications done for the Indonesian ensemble, the gamelan, were done by Jaap Kunst ( 1949 ), Martopangrawit, Poerbapangrawit, and Sumarsam ( all in 1984 ). Kunst described five categories : nuclear theme ( cantus firmus in Latin and balungan ( `` skeletal ramework '' ) in Indonesian ) ; colotomic ( a word invented by Kunst ) ( interpunctuating ), the gongs ; countermelodic ; paraphrasing ( panerusan ), subdivided as close to the nuclear theme and ornamental filling ; agogic ( tempo - regulating ), drums. R. Ng. Martopangrawit has two categories, irama ( the rhythm instruments ) and lagu ( the melodic instruments ), the former corresponds to Kunst 's classes 2 and 5, and the latter to Kunst 's 1, 3, and 4. Kodrat Poerbapangrawit, similar to Kunst, derives six categories : balungan, the saron, demung, and slenthem ; rerenggan ( ornamental ), the gendèr, gambang, and bonang ) ; wiletan ( variable formulaic melodic ), rebab and male chorus ( gerong ) ; singgetan ( interpunctuating ) ; kembang ( floral ), flute and female voice ; jejeging wirama ( tempo regulating ), drums. Sumarsam 's scheme comprises : an inner melodic group ( lagu ) ( with a wide range ), divided as elaborating ( rebab, gerong, gendèr ( a metallophone ), gambang ( a xylophone ), pesindhen ( female voice ), celempung ( plucked strings ), suling ( flute ) ) ; mediating ( between the 1st and 3rd subdivisions ( bonang ( gong - chimes ), saron panerus ( a loud metallophone ) ; and abstracting ( balungan, `` melodic abstraction '' ) ( with a 1 - octave range ), loud and soft metallophones ( saron barung, demung, and slenthem ) ; an outer circle, the structural group ( gongs ), which underlines the structure of the work ; and occupying the space outside the outer circle, the kendang, a tempo - regulating group ( drums ). The gamelan is also divided into front, middle, and back, much like the symphony orchestra. An orally - transmitted Javanese taxonomy has 8 groupings : ricikan dijagur ( `` instruments beaten with a padded hammer, '' e.g., suspended gongs ) ; ricikan dithuthuk ( `` instruments knocked with a hard or semihard hammer, '' e.g., saron ( similar to the glockenspiel ) and gong - chimes ) ; ricikan dikebuk ( `` hand - beaten instruments '', e.g., kendhang ( drum ) ; ricikan dipethik ( `` plucked instruments '' ) ; ricikan disendal ( `` pulled instruments, '' e.g., trump harp with string mechanism ) ; ricikan dikosok ( `` bowed instruments '' ) ; ricikan disebul ( `` blown instruments '' ) ; ricikan dikocok ( `` shaken instruments '' ). A Javanese classification transmitted in literary form is as follows : ricikan prunggu / wesi ( `` instruments made of bronze or iron '' ) ; ricikan kulit ( `` leather instruments '', drums ) ; ricikan kayu ( `` wooden instruments '' ) ; ricikan kawat / tali ( `` string instruments '' ) ; ricikan bambu pring ( `` bamboo instruments '', e.g., flutes ). This is much like the pa yin. It is suspected of being old but its age is unknown. Minangkabau musicians ( of West Sumatra ) use the following taxonomy for bunyi - bunyian ( `` objects that sound '' ) : dipukua ( `` beaten '' ), dipupuik ( `` blown ), dipatiek ( '' plucked `` ), ditariek ( '' pulled `` ), digesek ( '' bowed `` ), dipusiang ( '' swung `` ). The last one is for the bull - roarer. They also distinguish instruments on the basis of origin because of sociohistorical contacts, and recognize three categories : Mindangkabau ( Minangkabau asli ), Arabic ( asal Arab ), and Western ( asal Barat ), each of these divided up according to the five categories. Classifying musical instruments on the basis sociohistorical factors as well as mode of sound production is common in Indonesia. The Batak of North Sumatra recognize the following classes : beaten ( alat pukul or alat palu ), blown ( alat tiup ), bowed ( alat gesek ), and plucked ( alat petik ) instruments, but their primary classification is of ensembles. West African instruments In West Africa, tribes such as the Dan, Gio, Kpelle, Hausa, Akan, and Dogon, use a human - centered system. It derives from 4 myth - based parameters : the musical instrument 's nonhuman owner ( spirit, mask, sorcerer, or animal ), the mode of transmission to the human realm ( by gift, exchange, contract, or removal ), the making of the instrument by a human ( according to instructions from a nonhuman, for instance ), and the first human owner. Most instruments are said to have a nonhuman origin, but some are believed invented by humans, e.g., the xylophone and the lamellophone. Kurt Reinhard In 1960, German musicologist Kurt Reinhard presented a stylistic taxonomy, as opposed to a morphological one, with two divisions determined by either single or multiple voiced playing. Each of these two divisions was subdivided according to pitch changeability ( not changeable, freely changeable, and changeable by fixed intervals ), and also by tonal continuity ( discontinuous ( as the marimba and drums ) and continuous ( the friction instruments ( including bowed ) and the winds ), making 12 categories. He also proposed classification according to whether or not they had dynamic tonal variability, a characteristic that separates whole eras ( e.g., the baroque from the classical ) as in the transition from the terraced dynamics of the harpsichord to the crescendo of the piano, grading by degree of absolute loudness, timbral spectra, tunability, and degree of resonance. Persia Al - Farabi, Persian scholar of the 10th century, also distinguished tonal duration. In one of his four schemes, in his two - volume Kitab al - Musiki al - Kabir ( Great Book of Music ) he identified five classes, in order of ranking, as follows : the human voice, the bowed strings ( the rebab ) and winds, plucked strings, percussion, and dance, the first three pointed out as having continuous tone. Ibn Sina, Persian scholar of the 11th century, presented a scheme in his Kitab al - Najat ( Book of the Delivery ), made the same distinction. He used two classes. In his Kitab al - Shifa ( Book of Soul Healing ), he proposed another taxonomy, of five classes : fretted instruments, unfretted ( open ) stringed, lyres and harps, bowed stringed, wind ( reeds and some other woodwinds, such as the flute and bagpipe ), other wind instruments such as the organ, and the stick - struck santur ( a board zither ). The distinction between fretted and open was in classic Persian fashion. See also Organology Hornbostel -- Sachs Category : Hornbostel - Sachs List of musical instruments Classification of percussion instruments Musical instrument # Classification Signal instrument References ^ Jump up to : Kartomi, Margaret J. ( 1990 - 11 - 01 ). On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology. University of Chicago Press. Jump up ^ Rowell, Lewis Eugene ( 1992 ). Three Ancient Conceptions of Musical Sound. Music and Musical Thought in Early India. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. Jump up ^ Margaret Kartomi, 2011, Upward and Downward Classifications of Musical Instruments - musicology. ff, cuni.cz ) Jump up ^ The History of Musical Instruments, C. Sachs, Norton, New York, 1940 Jump up ^ Ruth Stone, `` Let the Inside Be Sweet : the interpretation of music among the Kpelle of Liberia '', 1982, Indiana U. Press Jump up ^ Ames and King. Glossary of Hausa Music and its Social Contexts, 1971, Northwestern U. Press. Jump up ^ A New Approach to the Classification of Sound - Producing Instruments, Ethnomusicology, Spring / Summer, 1985, also at mywebspace.wisc.edu Jump up ^ Mann, Steve ( 2007 ). Natural Interfaces for Musical Expression, Proceedings of the Conference on Interfaces for Musical Expression. New Interfaces for Musical Expression. pp. 118 -- 23. Jump up ^ Computer Music Journal Fall 2008, Vol. 32, No. 3, Pages 25 - 41 Posted Online August 15, 2008. doi : 10.1162 / comj. 2008.32. 3.25 Jump up ^ The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments ( 2 ed. ), Oxford University Press, Print ISBN 9780199743391, 2016, Edited by Laurence Libin. ^ Jump up to : Physiphones, NIME 2007, New York, pp118 - 123 Jump up ^ Computer Music Journal Fall 2008, Vol. 32, No. 3, Pages 25 - 41 ^ Jump up to : Kartomi, page 176, `` On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments '', by Margaret J. Kartomi, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology ( CSE ), 1990 Hornbostel -- Sachs system 1. Idiophone ( list ) 11. Struck 111. Directly 111.1. Concussion 111.2. Percussion 112. Indirectly 112.1. Shaken / rattle 112.2. Scraped / rasp 12. Plucked 121. Frame 121.1. Clack 121.2. Guimbarde 122. Comb 122.1. Lace ( Mbira ) 122.2. Cut out 13. Friction 131. Stick Nail violin 132. Plaque Musical saw Daxophone 133. Vessel Glass harmonica 14. Blown 141. Stick 142. Plaque 2. Membran - ophone ( list ) 21. Struck 211. Directly 211.1. Bowl 211.2. Tubular 211.3. Frame 212. Shaken 22. Plucked Nyatiti 23. Friction 231. Stick 232. Cord 233. Hand 24. Kazoo 241. Free 242. Tube / vessel 3. Chordophone ( list ) 31. Simple / zither 311. Bar / stick Musical bow Stick zither 312. Tube Whole Half 313. Raft Idiochord Heterochord 314. Board 315. Trough 316. Frame 32. Composite 321. Lute 321.1. Bow 321.2. Yoke 322. Harp 322.1. Open 322.2. Frame 323. Harp lute 4. Aerophone ( list ) 41. Free 411. Displacement Whip 412. Interruptive 412.1. Idiophonic / reed 412.2. Non-idiophonic 413. Plosive 42. Non-free 421. Flute 421.1. Non-fipple 421.2. Fipple 422. Reed 422.1. Double reed 422.2. Single reed 422.3. Reedpipe 423. Brass 423.1 Natural 423.2 Chromatic 5. Electrophone ( list ) 51. Action 52. Amplification 53. Radioelectric Theremin List of musical instruments by Hornbostel - Sachs number Musical instrument classification Elementary organology Aerophone Gaiaphone Chordophone Idiophone Membranophone Hydraulophone Plasmaphone Quintephone Musical instruments Strings Acoustic guitar Balalaika Banjo Bass guitar ( electric bass ) Bass amplifier Cavaquinho Classical guitar Electric guitar Guitar amplifier Guitar Harp Hurdy gurdy Guitarrón Guitarra de golpe Lute Mandolin Musical bow Rajão Slack - key guitar Steel guitar String section ( Classical strings ) Violin Viola Cello Double bass Theorbo Timple Ukulele Vihuela Viol Washtub bass Zither Brass Trumpet Trombone Cornet Saxhorn Flugelhorn Tenor horn Baritone horn Euphonium Tuba French horn Sousaphone Mellophone Alphorn Buccina Bugle Contrabass bugle Carnyx Cornett Cornu Dord ( instrument ) German horn Horn Nabal Nyele Ophicleide Post horn Serpent Shofar Sringa Tibetan horn Vienna horn Wagner tuba Wazza Woodwind Piccolo Flute Oboe English horn Bassoon Clarinet Saxophone Recorder Bagpipes Musette de cour Nose flute Sring Tárogató Keyboard Accordion Calliope Carillon Celesta Clavichord Harpsichord Organ Hammond organ Pipe organ Pump organ Pedal keyboard Piano Digital piano Electric piano Electronic piano Synthesizer Percussion Bell Bell tree Cajon Cymbals Djembe Drum Bass drum Snare drum Tenor drum Drum kit Gong Hammered dulcimer Marimba Tambourine Timpani Triangle Vibraphone Xylophone Friction Cristal baschet Glass harmonica Friction drum Lion 's roar Musical saw Nail violin Verrophone Rhythm section Acoustic guitar Bass guitar Double bass Drum kit Drum machine Electric guitar Guitar amplifier Electric piano Hammond organ Leslie speaker Piano Synthesizer Miscellaneous Digereedoo Turntables used as instrument Harmonica Studio as an instrument Melodica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&oldid=802308426 '' Categories : Organology Classification systems Hidden categories : Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from May 2014 All articles needing expert attention Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français עברית 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 10 : 05. 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Question: what category of instruments do synthesizers fall in
Answer: electrophones