Albinism - wikipedia Albinism `` Albino '' redirects here. For an overview, see Albinism in biology. For other uses, see Albino ( disambiguation ). Albinism Synonyms Achromia, achromasia, achromatosis A boy with albinism Pronunciation albino ( UK : / ælˈbiːnoʊ /, US : / ælˈbaɪnoʊ / ) Specialty Dermatology ( edit on Wikidata ) Albinism in humans is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers. In rare cases such as Chédiak -- Higashi syndrome, albinism may be associated with deficiencies in the transportation of melanin granules. This also affects essential granules present in immune cells leading to increased susceptibility to infection. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. It is due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper - containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. It is the opposite of melanism. Unlike humans, other animals have multiple pigments and for these, albinism is considered to be a hereditary condition characterised by the absence of melanin in particular, in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle. While an organism with complete absence of melanin is called an albino an organism with only a diminished amount of melanin is described as leucistic or albinoid. The term is from the Latin albus, `` white ''. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Visual problems 2 Genetics 2.1 Enzyme 2.2 Evolutionary theories 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 6 Society and culture 6.1 Persecution of people with albinism 6.2 Albinism in popular culture 6.3 International Albinism Awareness Day 7 Other organisms 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms Albino girl from Papua New Guinea In humans, there are two principal types of albinism : oculocutaneous, affecting the eyes, skin and hair, and ocular affecting the eyes only. There are different types of oculocutaneous albinism depending on which gene has undergone mutation. With some there is no pigment at all. The other end of the spectrum of albinism is `` a form of albinism called rufous oculocutaneous albinism, which usually affects dark - skinned people. '' According to the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation, `` With ocular albinism, the color of the iris of the eye may vary from blue to green or even brown, and sometimes darkens with age. However, when an eye doctor examines the eye by shining a light from the side of the eye, the light shines back through the iris since very little pigment is present. ''. Because individuals with albinism have skin that entirely lacks the dark pigment melanin, which helps protect the skin from the sun 's ultraviolet radiation, their skin can burn more easily from overexposure. The human eye normally produces enough pigment to color the iris blue, green or brown and lend opacity to the eye. In photographs, those with albinism are more likely to demonstrate `` red eye, '' due to the red of retina being visible through the iris. Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity. Those afflicted with albinism are generally as healthy as the rest of the population ( but see related disorders below ), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality, although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of melanomas ( skin cancers ) and other problems. Visual problems Malian Mandinka albino singer Salif Keita Development of the optical system is highly dependent on the presence of melanin. For this reason, the reduction or absence of this pigment in people with albinism may lead to : Misrouting of the retinogeniculate projections, resulting in abnormal decussation ( crossing ) of optic nerve fibres Photophobia and decreased visual acuity due to light scattering within the eye ( ocular straylight ) Photophobia is specifically when light enters the eye, unrestricted - with full force. It is painful and causes extreme sensitivity to light. Reduced visual acuity due to foveal hypoplasia and possibly light - induced retinal damage. Eye conditions common in albinism include : Nystagmus, irregular rapid movement of the eyes back and forth, or in circular motion. Amblyopia, decrease in acuity of one or both eyes due to poor transmission to the brain, often due to other conditions such as strabismus. Optic nerve hypoplasia, underdevelopment of the optic nerve. The improper development of the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ), which in normal eyes absorbs most of the reflected sunlight, further increases glare due to light scattering within the eye. The resulting sensitivity ( photophobia ) generally leads to discomfort in bright light, but this can be reduced by the use of sunglasses or brimmed hats. Genetics Oculocutaneous albinism is generally the result of the biological inheritance of genetically recessive alleles ( genes ) passed from both parents of an individual for example OCA1 and OCA2. A mutation in the human TRP - 1 gene may result in the deregulation of melanocyte tyrosinase enzymes, a change that is hypothesized to promote brown versus black melanin synthesis, resulting in a third oculocutaneous albinism ( OCA ) genotype, '' OCA3 ''. Some rare forms are inherited from only one parent. There are other genetic mutations which are proven to be associated with albinism. All alterations, however, lead to changes in melanin production in the body. Some of these are associated with increased risk of skin cancer ( see list of such genetic variations ). The chance of offspring with albinism resulting from the pairing of an organism with albinism and one without albinism is low. However, because organisms ( including humans ) can be carriers of genes for albinism without exhibiting any traits, albinistic offspring can be produced by two non-albinistic parents. Albinism usually occurs with equal frequency in both sexes. An exception to this is ocular albinism, which it is passed on to offspring through X-linked inheritance. Thus, ocular albinism occurs more frequently in males as they have a single X and Y chromosome, unlike females, whose genetics are characterized by two X chromosomes. There are two different forms of albinism : a partial lack of the melanin is known as hypomelanism, or hypomelanosis, and the total absence of melanin is known as amelanism or amelanosis. Enzyme The enzyme defect responsible for OCA1 - type albinism is tyrosine 3 - monooxygenase ( tyrosinase ), which synthesizes melanin from the amino acid tyrosine. Evolutionary theories It is suggested that the early hominin evolved in East Africa around 3 million years ago. The dramatic phenotypic change from primate to early hominin is hypothesized to have involved the extreme loss of body hair -- except for areas most exposed to UV radiation, such as the head -- to allow for more efficient thermoregulation in the early hunter - gatherers. The skin that would have been exposed upon general body hair loss in these early hominins would have most likely been non-pigmented, reflecting the pale skin underlying the hair of our chimpanzee relatives. A positive advantage would have been conferred to early hominids inhabiting the African continent that were capable of producing darker skin -- those who first expressed the eumelanin - producing MC1R allele -- which protected them from harmful epithelium - damaging ultraviolet rays. Over time, the advantage conferred to those with darker skin may have led to the prevalence of darker skin on the continent. The positive advantage, however, would have had to be strong enough so as to produce a significantly higher reproductive fitness in those who produced more melanin. The cause of a selective pressure strong enough to cause this shift is an area of much debate. Some hypotheses include the existence of significantly lower reproductive fitness in people with less melanin due to lethal skin cancer, lethal kidney disease due to excess vitamin D formation in the skin of people with less melanin, or simply natural selection due to mate preference and sexual selection. When comparing the prevalence of albinism in Africa to its prevalence in other parts of the world, such as Europe and the United States, the potential evolutionary effects of skin cancer as a selective force due to its effect on these populations may not be insignificant. The prevalence of albinism in some ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa is around 1 in 5,000, while in Europe and the US it is 1 in 20,000. It would follow, then, that there would be stronger selective forces acting on albino populations in Africa than on albino populations in Europe and the US. Rates as high as 1 in 1,000 have been reported for some populations in Zimbabwe and other parts of Southern Africa. In two separate studies in Nigeria, people with albinism were found to be of reproductively significant age more often than not. One study found that 89 % of people diagnosed with albinism are between 0 and 30 years of age, while the other found that 77 % of albinos were under the age of 20. Diagnosis This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2007 ) Genetic testing can confirm albinism and what variety it is, but offers no medical benefits except in the cases of non-OCA disorders that cause albinism along with other medical problems which may be treatable. There is no ' cure ' for Albinism. The symptoms of albinism can be assisted by various methods. Treatment Since there is no cure for albinism, it is managed through lifestyle adjustments. People with albinism need to take care not to sunburn and should have regular healthy skin checks by a dermatologist. For the most part, treatment of the eye conditions consists of visual rehabilitation. Surgery is possible on the extra-ocular muscles to decrease strabismus. Nystagmus - damping surgery can also be performed, to reduce the `` shaking '' of the eyes back and forth. The effectiveness of all these procedures varies greatly and depends on individual circumstances. Glasses, low vision aids, large - print materials, and bright angled reading lights can help individuals with albinism. Some people with albinism do well using bifocals ( with a strong reading lens ), prescription reading glasses, hand - held devices such as magnifiers or monoculars or wearable devices like eSight and Brainport. Albinism is often associated with the absence of an iris in the eye. Contact lenses may be colored to block light transmission through the aniridic eye. Some use bioptics, glasses which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses, so that they can look through either the regular lens or the telescope. Newer designs of bioptics use smaller light - weight lenses. Some US states allow the use of bioptic telescopes for driving motor vehicles. ( See also NOAH bulletin `` Low Vision Aids ''. ) To support those with albinism, and their families, the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation was set up to provide a network of resources and information. Epidemiology Albinism affects people of all ethnic backgrounds ; its frequency worldwide is estimated to be approximately one in 17,000. Prevalence of the different forms of albinism varies considerably by population, and is highest overall in people of sub-Saharan African descent. Certain ethnic groups and populations in isolated areas exhibit heightened susceptibility to albinism, presumably due to genetic factors. These include notably the Native American Kuna, Zuni and Hopi nations ( respectively of Panama, New Mexico and Arizona ) ; Japan, in which one particular form of albinism is unusually common ; and Ukerewe Island, the population of which shows a very high incidence of albinism. Society and culture In physical terms, humans with albinism commonly have visual problems and need sun protection. Persecution of people with albinism Main article : Persecution of people with albinism Humans with albinism often face social and cultural challenges ( even threats ), as the condition is often a source of ridicule, discrimination, or even fear and violence. It is especially socially stigmatised in many African societies. A study conducted in Nigeria on albino children stated that `` they experienced alienation, avoided social interactions and were less emotionally stable. Furthermore, affected individuals were less likely to complete schooling, find employment, and find partners ''. Many cultures around the world have developed beliefs regarding people with albinism. In African countries such as Tanzania and Burundi, there has been an unprecedented rise in witchcraft - related killings of people with albinism in recent years, because their body parts are used in potions sold by witchdoctors. Numerous authenticated incidents have occurred in Africa during the 21st century. For example, in Tanzania, in September 2009, three men were convicted of killing a 14 - year - old albino boy and severing his legs in order to sell them for witchcraft purposes. Again in Tanzania and Burundi in 2010, the murder and dismemberment of a kidnapped albino child was reported from the courts, as part of a continuing problem. National Geographic estimates that in Tanzania a complete set of albino body parts is worth $75,000. Another harmful and false belief is that sex with an albinistic woman will cure a man of HIV. This has led, for example in Zimbabwe, to rapes ( and subsequent HIV infection ). Albinism in popular culture Main article : Albinism in popular culture Famous people with albinism include historical figures such as Oxford don William Archibald Spooner ; actor - comedian Victor Varnado ; musicians such as Johnny and Edgar Winter, Salif Keita, Winston `` Yellowman '' Foster, Brother Ali, Sivuca, Willie `` Piano Red '' Perryman ; and fashion models Connie Chiu and Shaun Ross. Emperor Seinei of Japan is thought to have been an albino because he was said to have been born with white hair. International albinism Awareness Day International Albinism Awareness Day was established after a motion was accepted on 18 December 2014 by the United Nations General Assembly, proclaiming that as of 2015, 13 June would be known as International Albinism Awareness Day. This was followed by a mandate created by the United Nations Human Rights Council that appointed Ms. Ikponwosa Ero, who is from Nigeria, as the very first Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism. Other organisms Corn plant with albinism Main article : Albinism in biology Albinism and other types of pigment mutations occur in both animals and plants. See also Albinism -- deafness syndrome Amelanism Dyschromia Erythrism, unusually red pigmentation Heterochromia iridum Human variability Isabellinism Leucism Melanism Nevus, or birthmark National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation Piebaldism, patchy alternating loss of and concentrations of dermal pigmentation Vitiligo ( or leukoderma ), patchy loss of dermal pigmentation Xanthochromism and axanthism, unusually yellow pigmentation and lack of yellow pigment, respectively References Jump up ^ `` Albino '' Dictionary.com. Accessed May 11, 2011 Jump up ^ `` Pronunciation of albino '' Macmillan Dictionary. Accessed May 11, 2011 Jump up ^ Kaplan, J. ; De Domenico, I. ; Ward, D.M. ( 2008 ). `` Chediak - Higashi syndrome ''. Current Opinion in Hematology. 15 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 29. PMID 18043242. doi : 10.1097 / MOH. 0b013e3282f2bcce. Jump up ^ `` Albinism ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Tietz, W. ( 1963 ). `` A Syndrome of Deaf - Mutism Associated with Albinism Showing Dominant Autosomal Inheritance ''. American Journal of Human Genetics. 15 : 259 -- 64. PMC 1932384. PMID 13985019. Jump up ^ http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/oculocutaneous-albinism Jump up ^ `` Information Bulletin - Ocular Albinism ''. National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Chen, Harold ( 2006 ). Atlas of genetic diagnosis and counseling. Totowa, NJ : Humana Press. pp. 37 -- 40. ISBN 1 - 58829 - 681 - 4. Retrieved 22 July 2010. ^ Jump up to : Boissy, Raymond E. et al. ( 22 August 2005 ) `` Albinism '', at eMedicine. Retrieved 31 March 2007. Jump up ^ Kruijt, Bastiaan ; Franssen, Luuk ; Prick, Liesbeth J.J.M. ; Van Vliet, Johannes M.J. ; Van Den Berg, Thomas J.T.P. ( 2011 ). `` Ocular Straylight in Albinism ''. Optometry and Vision Science. 88 ( 5 ) : E585. PMID 21358444. doi : 10.1097 / OPX. 0b013e318212071e. Jump up ^ `` How Albinism Affects Vision ''. www.lensshopper.com ( in Swedish ). Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Albinism '' in Handbook of Ocular Disease Management ^ Jump up to : King, Richard. `` Facts about Albinism ''. albinism.med.umn.edu. Jump up ^ Boissy, R.E. ; Zhao, H ; Oetting, W.S. ; Austin, L.M. ; Wildenberg, S.C. ; Boissy, Y.L. ; Zhao, Y ; Sturm, R.A. ; Hearing, V.J. ; King, R.A. ; Nordlund, J.J. ( 1996 ). `` Mutation in and lack of expression of tyrosinase - related protein - 1 ( TRP - 1 ) in melanocytes from an individual with brown oculocutaneous albinism : A new subtype of albinism classified as `` OCA3 '' ``. American Journal of Human Genetics. 58 ( 6 ) : 1145 -- 56. PMC 1915069. PMID 8651291. Jump up ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, at Johns Hopkins University ( see also Mendelian Inheritance in Man for more information about this source ). Jump up ^ Haldeman - Englert, Chad. `` Sex - linked recessive '', Division of Human Genetics, Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA ^ Jump up to : Greaves M. ( 2014 ). `` Was skin cancer a selective force for black pigmentation in early hominin evolution ? ''. Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences. 281 ( 1781 ) : 20132955. PMC 3953838. PMID 24573849. doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2013.2955. ^ Jump up to : Hong ES, Zeeb H, Repacholi MH ( 2006 ). `` Albinism in Africa as a public health issue ''. BMC Public Health. 6 : 212. PMC 1584235. PMID 16916463. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 6 - 212. Jump up ^ Lee J ( May 2002 ). `` Surgical management of nystagmus ''. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 95 ( 5 ) : 238 -- 41. PMC 1279676. PMID 11983764. doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 95.5. 238. Jump up ^ Pardes, Arielle. `` The Wearables Giving Computer Vision to the Blind ''. Wired. Wired. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Jump up ^ Gronskov K, Ek J, Brondum - Nielsen K ( 2 November 2007 ). `` Oculocutaneous albinism ''. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2 : 43. PMC 2211462. PMID 17980020. doi : 10.1186 / 1750 - 1172 - 2 - 43. Jump up ^ Anon ( 2009 ). `` Ukerewe Albino Society ''. southern-africas-children.org.uk/. Southern Africas Children. Retrieved 21 July 2010. Jump up ^ Magna, P ( January 2014 ). `` Biology and genetics of Oculocutaneous albinism and vitiligo - common pigmentation disorders in Southern Africa ''. SAMJ - South African Medical Journal. 103 ( 1 ) : 984 -- 8. PMID 24300644. Jump up ^ `` Africa Living in fear : Tanzania 's albinos ''. BBC News. 2008 - 07 - 21. Retrieved 27 February 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Burundi albino boy ' dismembered ' ''. BBC News. 24 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Burundian albino murders denied ''. BBC News. 2009 - 05 - 19. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Jump up ^ Reportage `` Zeru, Zeru : Being albino in Tanzanie '' by Franck Vogel inside Visura Magazine Jump up ^ `` Man ' tried to sell ' albino wife ''. BBC News. 2008 - 11 - 13. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Tanzania albinos targeted again ''. BBC News. 2008 - 07 - 27. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Jump up ^ Ntetema, Vicky ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ). `` In hiding for exposing Tanzania witchdoctors ''. BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Mothers hacked in albino attacks ''. BBC News. 2008 - 11 - 14. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Death for Tanzania albino killers ''. BBC News. 2009 - 09 - 23. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Pictures : Inside the Lives of Albinos in Tanzania ''. National Geographic. Jump up ^ UNICEF ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ), Tanzanians with albinism targeted for witchcraft UNICEF, retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ Machipisa, Lewis. `` RIGHTS - ZIMBABWE : The Last Minority Group to Find a Voice ''. Inter Press Service News Agency. IPS - Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` International Albinism Awareness Day ''. Jump up ^ `` Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism ''. External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : E70. 3 ICD - 9 - CM : 270.2 OMIM : 203100 MeSH : D000417 DiseasesDB : 318 External resources MedlinePlus : 001479 eMedicine : derm / 12 Patient UK : Albinism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albinism. Look up albinism or albino in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. GeneReview / NCBI / NIH / UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2 GeneReview / NCBI / NIH / UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4 Pigmentation disorders / Dyschromia ( L80 -- L81, 709.0 ) Hypo - / leucism Loss of melanocytes Vitiligo Quadrichrome vitiligo Vitiligo ponctué Syndromic Alezzandrini syndrome Vogt -- Koyanagi -- Harada syndrome Melanocyte development Piebaldism Waardenburg syndrome Tietz syndrome Loss of melanin / amelanism Albinism Oculocutaneous albinism Ocular albinism Melanosome transfer Hermansky -- Pudlak syndrome Chédiak -- Higashi syndrome Griscelli syndrome Elejalde syndrome Griscelli syndrome type 2 Griscelli syndrome type 3 Other Cross syndrome ABCD syndrome Albinism -- deafness syndrome Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis Phylloid hypomelanosis Progressive macular hypomelanosis Leukoderma w / o hypomelanosis Vasospastic macule Woronoff 's ring Nevus anemicus Ungrouped Nevus depigmentosus Postinflammatory hypopigmentation Pityriasis alba Vagabond 's leukomelanoderma Yemenite deaf - blind hypopigmentation syndrome Wende -- Bauckus syndrome Hyper - Melanin / Melanosis / Melanism Reticulated Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures Naegeli -- Franceschetti -- Jadassohn syndrome Dyskeratosis congenita X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder Galli -- Galli disease Revesz syndrome Diffuse / circumscribed Lentigo / Lentiginosis : Lentigo simplex Liver spot Centrofacial lentiginosis Generalized lentiginosis Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons Ink spot lentigo Lentigo maligna Mucosal lentigines Partial unilateral lentiginosis PUVA lentigines Melasma Erythema dyschromicum perstans Lichen planus pigmentosus Café au lait spot Poikiloderma ( Poikiloderma of Civatte Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans ) Riehl melanosis Linear Incontinentia pigmenti Scratch dermatitis Shiitake mushroom dermatitis Other / ungrouped Acanthosis nigricans Freckle Familial progressive hyperpigmentation Pallister -- Killian syndrome Periorbital hyperpigmentation Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Transient neonatal pustular melanosis Other pigments Iron Hemochromatosis Iron metallic discoloration Pigmented purpuric dermatosis Schamberg disease Majocchi 's disease Gougerot -- Blum syndrome Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura / Eczematid - like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis Lichen aureus Angioma serpiginosum Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation Other metals Argyria Chrysiasis Arsenic poisoning Lead poisoning Titanium metallic discoloration Other Carotenosis Tattoo Tar melanosis Dyschromia Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria See also Skin color Skin whitening Tanning ( Sunless ) Human skin color Fitzpatrick scale Albino ( I. ) Light / White / Fair ( I -- III. ) Olive / Beige - Brown / Pardo ( IV -- V. ) Dark / Black ( V -- VI. ) Color terminology for race White Yellow / Amarelo Red / Copper / Caboclo Brown / Pardo Black LCCN : sh85003229 GND : 4304941 - 2 NDL : 00562856 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albinism&oldid=806219708 '' Categories : Albinism Dermatologic terminology Disturbances of pigmentation Skin pigmentation Autosomal recessive disorders Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lingála Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017, at 14 : 52. 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Question: albinism is due to the inability to make
Answer: melanin