Ovulation - wikipedia Ovulation Ovulation Following a surge of luteinizing hormone ( LH ), an oocyte ( immature egg cell ) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male 's sperm. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase. Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells. After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm. In addition, the uterine lining ( endometrium ) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed during menstruation. Contents 1 In humans 1.1 Follicular phase 1.2 Ovulation 1.3 Luteal phase 2 Clinical presentation 3 Disorders 4 Induction and suppression 4.1 Induced ovulation 4.2 Suppressed ovulation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links In humans Ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase, and is followed by the luteal phase. Note that ovulation is characterized by a sharp spike in levels of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ), resulting from the peak of estrogen levels during the follicular phase. This diagram shows the hormonal changes around the time of ovulation, as well as the inter-cycle and inter-female variabilities in its timing. In humans, ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase. The few days surrounding ovulation ( from approximately days 10 to 18 of a 28 - day cycle ), constitute the most fertile phase. The time from the beginning of the last menstrual period ( LMP ) until ovulation is, on average, 14.6 days, but with substantial variation between females and between cycles in any single female, with an overall 95 % prediction interval of 8.2 to 20.5 days. The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ). In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle will undergo a series of transformations called cumulus expansion, which is stimulated by FSH. After this is done, a hole called the stigma will form in the follicle, and the secondary oocyte will leave the follicle through this hole. Ovulation is triggered by a spike in the amount of FSH and LH released from the pituitary gland. During the luteal ( post-ovulatory ) phase, the secondary oocyte will travel through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized secondary oocyte or ovum may implant there 6 -- 12 days later. Follicular phase See also : Folliculogenesis The follicular phase ( or proliferative phase ) is the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature. The follicular phase lasts from the beginning of menstruation to the start of ovulation. For ovulation to be successful, the ovum must be supported by the corona radiata and cumulus oophorous granulosa cells. The latter undergo a period of proliferation and mucification known as cumulus expansion. Mucification is the secretion of a hyaluronic acid - rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum after ovulation and has been shown to be necessary for fertilization. An increase in cumulus cell number causes a concomitant increase in antrum fluid volume that can swell the follicle to over 20 mm in diameter. It forms a pronounced bulge at the surface of the ovary called the blister. Ovulation Estrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary via the oviduct. Through a signal transduction cascade initiated by LH, proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the follicle that degrade the follicular tissue at the site of the blister, forming a hole called the stigma. The secondary oocyte leaves the ruptured follicle and moves out into the peritoneal cavity through the stigma, where it is caught by the fimbriae at the end of the fallopian tube ( also called the oviduct ). After entering the oviduct, the oocyte is pushed along by cilia, beginning its journey toward the uterus. By this time, the oocyte has completed meiosis I, yielding two cells : the larger secondary oocyte that contains all of the cytoplasmic material and a smaller, inactive first polar body. Meiosis II follows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and will so remain until fertilization. The spindle apparatus of the second meiotic division appears at the time of ovulation. If no fertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation. Approximately 1 - 2 % of ovulations release more than one oocyte. This tendency increases with maternal age. Fertilization of two different oocytes by two different spermatozoa results in fraternal twins. The mucous membrane of the uterus, termed the functionalis, has reached its maximum size, and so have the endometrial glands, although they are still non-secretory. Luteal phase Main article : Luteal phase The follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum ( pl. corpora lutea ), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs. The action of progesterone increases basal body temperature by one - quarter to one - half degree Celsius ( one - half to one degree Fahrenheit ). The corpus luteum continues this paracrine action for the remainder of the menstrual cycle, maintaining the endometrium, before disintegrating into scar tissue during menses. Clinical presentation Further information : Concealed ovulation, Fertility awareness, and Mittelschmerz The start of ovulation can be detected by signs. Because the signs are not readily discernible by people other than the female, humans are said to have a concealed ovulation. In many animal species there are distinctive signals indicating the period when the female is fertile. Several explanations have been proposed to explain concealed ovulation in humans. Females near ovulation experience changes in the cervical mucus, and in their basal body temperature. Furthermore, many females experience secondary fertility signs including Mittelschmerz ( pain associated with ovulation ) and a heightened sense of smell, and can sense the precise moment of ovulation. Many females experience heightened sexual desire in the several days immediately before ovulation. One study concluded that females subtly improve their facial attractiveness during ovulation. Symptoms related to the onset of ovulation, the moment of ovulation and the body 's process of beginning and ending the menstrual cycle vary in intensity with each female but are fundamentally the same. The charting of such symptoms -- primarily basal body temperature, mittelschmerz and cervical position -- is referred to as the sympto - thermal method of fertility awareness, which allow auto - diagnosis by a female of her state of ovulation. Once training has been given by a suitable authority, fertility charts can be completed on a cycle - by - cycle basis to show ovulation. This gives the possibility of using the data to predict fertility for natural contraception and pregnancy planning. The moment of ovulation has been photographed. Disorders Disorders of ovulation are classified as menstrual disorders and include oligoovulation and anovulation : Oligoovulation is infrequent or irregular ovulation ( usually defined as cycles of greater than 36 days or fewer than 8 cycles a year ) Anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected ( in a post-menarchal, premenopausal female ). Anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding. Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods ( secondary amenorrhea ) or excessive bleeding ( dysfunctional uterine bleeding ). The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has developed the following classification of ovulatory disorders : WHO group I : Hypothalamic -- pituitary - gonadal axis failure WHO group II : Hypothalamic -- pituitary - gonadal axis dysfunction. WHO group II is the most common cause of ovulatory disorders, and the most common causative member is polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ). WHO group III : Ovarian failure WHO group IV : Hyperprolactinemia Induction and suppression Induced ovulation Main article : Ovulation induction Ovulation induction is a promising assisted reproductive technology for patients with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) and oligomenorrhea. It is also used in in vitro fertilization to make the follicles mature before egg retrieval. Usually, ovarian stimulation is used in conjunction with ovulation induction to stimulate the formation of multiple oocytes. Some sources include ovulation induction in the definition of ovarian stimulation. A low dose of human chorionic gonadotropin ( HCG ) may be injected after completed ovarian stimulation. Ovulation will occur between 24 -- 36 hours after the HCG injection. By contrast, induced ovulation in some animal species occurs naturally, ovulation can be stimulated by coitus. Suppressed ovulation Contraception can be achieved by suppressing the ovulation. The majority of hormonal contraceptives and conception boosters focus on the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle because it is the most important determinant of fertility. Hormone therapy can positively or negatively interfere with ovulation and can give a sense of cycle control to the female. Estradiol and progesterone, taken in various forms including combined oral contraceptive pills, mimics the hormonal levels of the menstrual cycle and engage in negative feedback of folliculogenesis and ovulation. See also Anovulatory cycle Corpus luteum Folliculogenesis Menstrual cycle Oogenesis Mittelschmerz Notes Jump up ^ Ovulation Test at Duke Fertility Center. Retrieved July 2, 2011 Jump up ^ Young, Barbara ( 2006 ). Wheater 's Functional Histology : A Text and Colour Atlas ( 5th ed. ). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 359. ISBN 9780443068508. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Chaudhuri, S.K. ( 2007 ). `` Natural Methods of Contraception ''. Practice of Fertility Control : A Comprehensive Manual, 7 / e. Elsevier India. p. 49. ISBN 9788131211502. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Allen, Denise ( 2004 ). Managing Motherhood, Managing Risk : Fertility and Danger in West Central Tanzania. University of Michigan Press. pp. 132 -- 133. ISBN 9780472030279. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Martha ( 2012 ). Human Sexuality : From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. p. 322. ISBN 9780618755714. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Nichter, Mark ; Nichter, Mimi ( 1996 ). `` Cultural Notions of Fertility in South Asia and Their Influence on Sri Lankan Family Planning Practices ''. In Nichter, Mark ; Nichter, Mimi. Anthropology & International Health : South Asian Case Studies. Psychology Press. pp. 8 -- 11. ISBN 9782884491716. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Geirsson RT ( 1991 ). `` Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment ''. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 9. PMID 12797075. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 0705.1991. 01030212. x. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Marieb, Elaine ( 2013 ). Anatomy & physiology. Benjamin - Cummings. p. 915. ISBN 9780321887603. Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR ( 1999 ). `` Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy ''. New England Journal of Medicine. 340 ( 23 ) : 1796 -- 1799. PMID 10362823. doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199906103402304. Jump up ^ Littleton, Lynna A. ; Engebretson, Joan C. Maternity Nursing Care. Cengage Learning. p. 195. ISBN 9781401811921. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Gupta, Ramesh C. ( 2011 ). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780123820334. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Can You Get Pregnant after Ovulation ? ''. coveville.com. Retrieved 3 Feb 2015. Jump up ^ `` Fertilization : your pregnancy week by week ''. medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016. Jump up ^ Watson, Stephanie & Stacy, Kelli Miller ( 2010 ). `` The Endocrine System ''. In McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems. Greenwood. pp. 201 -- 202. ISBN 9780313391750. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Depares J, Ryder RE, Walker SM, Scanlon MF, Norman CM. `` Ovarian ultrasonography highlights precision of symptoms of ovulation as markers of ovulation ''. Br Med J ( Clin Res Ed ). 292 : 1562. PMC 1340563. PMID 3087519. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 292.6535. 1562. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Usually, it occurs between the 10th and 20th day of your menstrual cycle ''. momjunction. Retrieved 26 July 2016. Jump up ^ Navarrete - Palacios E, Hudson R, Reyes - Guerrero G, Guevara - Guzmán R ( July 2003 ). `` Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle ''. Biol Psychol. 63 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 79. PMID 12853171. doi : 10.1016 / S0301 - 0511 ( 03 ) 00076 - 0. Jump up ^ Beckmann, Charles R.B., ed. ( 2010 ). Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 306 -- 307. ISBN 9780781788076. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Susan B. Bullivant ; Sarah A. Sellergren ; Kathleen Stern ; et al. ( February 2004 ). `` Female 's sexual experience during the menstrual cycle : identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone ''. Journal of Sex Research. 41 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 93 ( in online article, see pp. 14 -- 15, 18 -- 22 ). PMID 15216427. doi : 10.1080 / 00224490409552216. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007. Jump up ^ Roberts S, Havlicek J, Flegr J, Hruskova M, Little A, Jones B, Perrett D, Petrie M ( August 2004 ). `` Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle ''. Proc Biol Sci. 271 ( Suppl 5 : S ) : 270 -- 2. PMC 1810066. PMID 15503991. doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2004.0174. Jump up ^ `` article in BBC News ''. BBC. 2008 - 06 - 12. Jump up ^ Page 54 in : Guillebaud, John ; Enda McVeigh ; Roy Homburg ( 2008 ). Oxford handbook of reproductive medicine and family planning. Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 920380 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory female ''. Human Reproduction Update. 18 ( 5 ) : 586 -- 599. 2012. PMID 22611175. doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dms019. ^ Jump up to : IVF.com > Ovulation Induction Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010 Jump up ^ Bakker, J. ; Baum, M.J. ( July 2000 ). `` Neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH release in induced ovulators ''. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 21 ( 3 ) : 220 -- 262. ISSN 0091 - 3022. PMID 10882541. doi : 10.1006 / frne. 2000.0198. Further reading Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA ( July 2003 ). `` A new model for ovarian follicular development during the human menstrual cycle ''. Fertil. Steril. 80 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 22. PMID 12849812. doi : 10.1016 / S0015 - 0282 ( 03 ) 00544 - 2. Chabbert Buffet N, Djakoure C, Maitre SC, Bouchard P ( July 1998 ). `` Regulation of the human menstrual cycle ''. Front Neuroendocrinol. 19 ( 3 ) : 151 -- 86. PMID 9665835. doi : 10.1006 / frne. 1998.0167. Fortune JE ( February 1994 ). `` Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals ''. Biol. Reprod. 50 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 32. PMID 8142540. doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod50. 2.225. Guraya SS, Dhanju CK ( November 1992 ). `` Mechanism of ovulation -- an overview ''. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30 ( 11 ) : 958 -- 67. PMID 1293040. Klowden, Marc J. ( 2009 ). `` Oviposition Behavior ''. In Resh, Vincent H. & Carde, Ring T. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080920900. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09. CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) External links Human egg makes accidental debut on camera Ovulation moment caught on camera Human physiology and endocrinology of sexual reproduction Tanner scale Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Menstrual cycle Events and phases Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Life stages Menarche Menopause Tracking Signs Basal body temperature Cervical mucus Mittelschmerz Systems Fertility awareness Calendar - based methods Billings Ovulation Method Creighton Model Suppression Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive Lactational amenorrhea Disorders Amenorrhea Anovulation Dysmenorrhea Hypomenorrhea Irregular menstruation Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Related events Folliculogenesis Menstrual synchrony Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Sexual activity In culture and religion Chhaupadi Menstrual taboo Niddah NDL : 00575224 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovulation&oldid=803340952 '' Categories : Menstrual cycle Human reproduction Midwifery Human female endocrine system Theriogenology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017, at 22 : 38. 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Question: failure of the ovaries to release a mature ovum at the time of ovulation is called
Answer: Anovulation