List of ethnic cleansing campaigns - wikipedia List of ethnic cleansing campaigns This article lists incidents that have been termed ethnic cleansing by some academic or legal experts. Not all experts agree on every case, particularly since there are a variety of definitions for the term ethnic cleansing. Where claims of ethnic cleansing originate from non-experts ( e.g., journalists or politicians ) this is noted. Contents 1 Ancient and Medieval periods 2 19th century 3 20th century 3.1 1900s -- 1910s 3.2 1920s -- 1930s 3.3 1940s 3.4 1950s 3.5 1960s 3.6 1970s 3.7 1980s 3.8 1990s 4 21st century 4.1 2000s 4.2 2010s 5 References Ancient and medieval periods c. 149 BC : The Battle of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War between the Punic city of Carthage in Africa and the Roman Republic. It was a siege operation, starting sometime between 149 and 148 BC, and ending in spring 146 BC with the sack and complete destruction of the city of Carthage. In spring 146 BC, the Romans broke through the city wall, eventually after hours upon hours of house - to - house fighting, the Carthaginians surrendered. An estimated 50,000 surviving inhabitants were sold into slavery. The city was then leveled. The land surrounding Carthage was eventually declared ager publicus ( public land ), and it was shared between local farmers, and Roman and Italian ones. c. 350 AD : Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei -- Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high - bridged noses and bushy beards were killed ; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred. c. 1290 AD : Edward I of England expelled all Jews living in England in 1290. Hundreds of Jewish elders were executed. c. 1282 Sicilian Vespers ( Italian : Vespri siciliani ; Sicilian : Vespiri siciliani ) is the name given to the successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out on the Easter of 1282 against the rule of the French / Capetian king Charles I, who had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since 1266. Within six weeks, three thousand French men and women were slain by the rebels, and the government of King Charles lost control of the island. It was the beginning of the War of the Sicilian Vespers. c. 1250 -- 1500 AD : From the 13th to the 16th centuries many European countries expelled the Jews from their territory on at least 15 occasions. Spain was preceded by England, France and some German states, among many others, and succeeded by at least five more expulsions. c. 1492 -- 1614 AD : As a result of religious persecution, up to a quarter million Jews in Spain converted to Catholicism, those remaining ( between 40,000 and 70,000 ) were expelled in 1492 following the Alhambra Decree. Shortly after the practice of Islam was outlawed and all of Spain 's Muslims became nominally Christian. The descendants of these converted Muslims were called Moriscos. After the 1571 suppression of the Morisco Revolt in the Alpujarras region, almost 80,000 Moriscos were relocated to other parts of Spain and some 270 villages and hamlets were repopulated with settlers brought from other regions. This was followed by a general Expulsion of the Moriscos between 1609 -- 1614 which was nominally applied to the entire Spanish realm, but was carried out most thoroughly in the eastern region of Valencia. Although its overall success in terms of implementation is subject to academic debate and did not involve widespread violence, it is considered one of the first episodes of state - sponsored ethnic cleansing in the modern western world. 1556 -- 1620 : Plantations of Ireland. Land in Laois, Offaly, Munster and parts of Ulster was seized by the English crown and colonised with English settlers. Ireland has been described as a `` testing ground '' for British colonialism, with the confiscation of land and expulsion of native Irish from their homelands being a rehearsal for the expulsion of the native Americans by British settlers. c. 1652 AD : After the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and Act of Settlement in 1652, the whole post-war Cromwellian settlement of Ireland has been characterised by historians such as Mark Levene and Alan Axelrod as ethnic cleansing, in that it sought to remove Irish Catholics from the eastern part of the country, but others such as the historian Tim Pat Coogan have described the actions of Cromwell and his subordinates as genocide. c. 1740 AD : In the 1740s, the British government, following the Jacobite rising of 1745, instituted the `` Highland Clearances '' in Scotland which essentially depopulated much of the Scottish Highlands. 1755 -- 1764 AD : During the French and Indian War, the Nova Scotia colonial government aided by New England troops, instituted a systematic removal of the French Catholic Acadian population of Nova Scotia -- eventually removing thousands of settlers from the region and relocating them to areas in the Thirteen Colonies, Britain and France. Many eventually moved and settled in Louisiana and became known as Cajuns. Many scholars have described the subsequent death of over 50 % of the deported Acadian population as an ethnic cleansing. 19th century Jean - Jacques Dessalines, the first ruler of an independent Haiti, ordered the killing of the remaining white population of French creoles on Haiti by instigating the 1804 Haiti Massacre. On 26 May 1830, president Andrew Jackson of the United States signed the Indian Removal Act which resulted in the Trail of Tears. Michael Mann, basing his figures on those provided by Justin McCarthy, states that between 1821 and 1922, a large number of Muslims were expelled from Southeast Europe as Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia gained their independence from the Ottoman Empire. Mann describes these events as `` murderous ethnic cleansing on a stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe ''. These countries sought to expand their territory against the Ottoman Empire, which culminated in the Balkan Wars of the early 20th century. After each Russo - Turkish War, the Russians engaged in ethnic cleansing in the Caucasus. After the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) some 750,000 Ottoman Muslims disappeared from their native places. Some 210,000 - 310,000 civilian Bulgarians were slaughtered during the same war and the Bulgarian Horrors in 1876, and 100,000 fled. In the previous Russo - Turkish Wars as a result of voluntary migration and ethnic cleansing an emigrant community of Bessarabian Bulgarians was formed. Some 200,000 Bulgarians had emigrated from the Ottoman Empire between 1768 and 1812, until 1870 another 400,000 Bulgarians emigrated, mainly prompted by terror and ethnic cleansing in Thrace, while 200,000 were killed. Partly as a result of ethnic cleansing some 250,000 Bulgarians immigrated to Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire between 1878 -- 1912. In 2005, the historian Gary Clayton Anderson of the University of Oklahoma published The Conquest of Texas : Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1830 -- 1875. This book repudiates traditional historians, such as Walter Prescott Webb and Rupert N. Richardson, who viewed the settlement of Texas by the displacement of the native populations as a healthful development. Anderson writes that at the time of the outbreak of the American Civil War, when the population of Texas was nearly 600,000, the still - new state was `` a very violent place... Texans mostly blamed Indians for the violence -- an unfair indictment, since a series of terrible droughts had virtually incapacitated the Plains Indians, making them incapable of extended warfare. '' The Conquest of Texas was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. The nomadic Roma people have been expelled from European countries several times. From 1894 -- 1896, in an effort to islamize the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II ordered the killing of ethnic Armenians ( along with other Christian minorities ) living in the Ottoman Empire, based on their religion. These killings later became known as the Hamidian massacres, named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II. It has been estimated that the total number of people killed ranges from 80,000 to 300,000. Beginning from about 1848, and extending into the 20th century, the residents of Silesia have been expelled by various governments as their homeland has come under the rule of different states. 20th century This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( May 2009 ) Deportation of the Armenians in the Baghdad railway, 1910s 1900s -- 1910s The Herero and Namaqua genocide was a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the German Empire undertook in German South West Africa ( modern - day Namibia ) against the Herero, Nama and San people. It is considered the first genocide of the 20th century. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) It took place between 1904 and 1907 during the Herero Wars. During the Balkan Wars ethnic cleansings were carried out in Kosovo, Macedonia, Sanjak and Thrace, at first directed against the Muslim population, but later extended towards Christians, involving villages burnt and people massacred. The Bulgarians, Serbs and Greeks burned villages and massacred civilians of Turks, although Turkish majority areas in Bulgarian - occupied areas have still remained almost unchanged. The Turks usually massacred the male population of Bulgarians and Greeks they reoccupied, but not the Greeks during the Second Balkan War, the women and children were also raped in each massacre and frequently slaughtered. During the Second Balkan War, an ethnic cleansing campaign carried out by the Ottoman Army and Turkish Bashi - bazouks exterminated the whole Bulgarian population of Ottoman Adrianople Vilayet ( estimated 300,000 before the war ) by either killing ( 60,000 ) or displacement. Bulgarian Macedonians under Greek occupation were subjected to genocide, involving ethnic cleansing and systematic killing against them. 160 Bulgarian villages were burnt down there, including the complete cleansing of the ' purely ' Bulgarian district Kilkis. 260 rebellious Bulgarian villages were burnt in Serbian Macedonia. The Bulgarians had expelled 100,000 Greeks from Macedonia and West Thrace before the territories have ultimately been returned to Greece. Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars killed 25,000 of them. 18,000 Bulgarian civilians were killed in Macedonia, whereas in Greek Macedonia a quarter of the previous Muslim and Bulgarian population remained. In addition to the dead, the aftermath counts 890,000 people who permanently left their homes, of which 400,000 fled to Turkey, 170,000 to Greece, 150,000 or 280,000 to Bulgaria. The population size of Bulgarians in Macedonia was mostly reduced by forceful assimilation campaigns through terror, following the ban of the use of the Bulgarian language and declarations named `` Declare yourself a Serb or die. '', signers were required to renounce their Bulgarian identity on paper in Serbia and Greece. German Empire during First World War plans to annex up to 35,000 square kilometers of pre-war Congress Poland and ethnically cleanse between 2 and 3 million Poles and Jews out of these territories to make room for German settlers. The Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Don Cossacks during the Russian Civil War, in 1919 -- 1920. Geoffrey Hosking stated `` It could be argued that the Red policy towards the Don Cossacks amounted to ethnic cleansing. It was short - lived, however, and soon abandoned because it did not fit with normal Leninist theory and practice ''. The Armenian Genocide took place both during and after World War I and it was implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able - bodied male population through massacre and forced labor, and the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches to the Syrian Desert. The total number of people killed as a result of the genocide is most commonly reported to be 1.5 million, however, estimates range from 800,000 to 1,800,000. In the course of several Armenian - Azerbaijani conflicts ( 1905 -- 07, 1918 -- 20 ), hundreds of thousands of Armenians and Azerbaijanis were resettled by force and / or many of them were killed and injured. 1920s -- 1930s The Iraqi army launches a campaign against Assyrian villages in northern Iraq with the help of Kurdish and Arab tribes. The number of deaths ranged from 600 -- 3,000. Around one third of the Assyrians later sought refuge in Syria. During 1920 -- 21, The Greek army in the Yalova - Gemlik Peninsula burned dozens of Turkish / Muslim villages with large scale violence and ethnic cleansing The Population exchange between Greece and Turkey has been described as ethnic cleansing In 1928 there were 1,104,216 Ottoman refugees in Greece. 400,000 Muslims left Greece. The Greek genocide refers to 450,000 - 750,000 victims. Greek refugees from Smyrna, 1922 Second Sino - Japanese War, in which the Imperial Japanese Army invaded China in the 1930s. Millions of Chinese were killed, civilians and military personnel alike. The Three Alls Policy that was used by the Imperial Japanese Army resulted in the deaths of many of these Chinese. The Three Alls Policy was Kill all, Burn all, Seize all. Pacification of Libya, Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing in the Cyrenaica region of Libya by forcibly removing and relocating 100,000 people of the Cyrenaican indigenous population from their valuable land property that was slated to be given to Italian settlers. The Chinese Kuomintang Generals Ma Qi and Ma Bufang launched campaigns of expulsion in Qinghai and Tibet against ethnic Tibetans. The actions of these Generals have been called Genocidal by some authors. However, that was not the last Labrang saw of General Ma. Ma Qi launched a war against the Tibetan Ngoloks, which author `` Dinesh Lal '' calls `` genocidal '', in 1928, inflicting a defeat upon them and seizing the Labrang Buddhist monastery. The Muslim forces looted and ravaged the monastery again. Authors Uradyn Erden Bulag called the events that follow genocidal and David Goodman called them ethnic cleansing : The Republic of China government supported Ma Bufang when he launched seven extermination expeditions into Golog, eliminating thousands of Tibetans. Some Tibetans counted the number of times he attacked them, remembering the seventh attack which made life impossible. Ma was highly anti-communist, and he and his army wiped out many Tibetans in the northeast and eastern Qinghai, and also destroyed Tibetan Buddhist Temples. The Holodomor ( 1932 -- 1933 ) is considered by many historians as a genocidal famine perpetrated on the orders of Josef Stalin that involved widespread ethnic cleansing of ethnic Ukrainians in Soviet Ukraine. Food and grain were forcibly seized from villages, internal borders between Soviet Ukraine and the Russian SSR were sealed to prevent population movement ; movement was also restricted between villages and urban centers. Stalin 's destruction of ethnic Ukrainians also extended to a wide - scale purge of Ukrainian intelligentsia, political elite and Party officials before and after the famine. A ban on the Ukrainian language and widespread Russification was also instilled. An estimated 2.5 to 8 million Ukrainians were exterminated in the famine. After liquidation, Stalin repopulated the territory with ethnic Russians. The Mexican Repatriation from 1929 - 1936 in which mass deportations of Mexicans and Mexican - Americans occurred due to nativist fears caused by the Great Depression in the United States. An estimated sixty percent of the 2 million deported were birthright U.S. citizens. Because the forced movement was based on race, and ignored citizenship, the process arguably meets modern definitions of ethnic cleansing. 1940s Westward shift of Poland after World War II. The respective German, Polish and Ukrainian populations were expelled, or ethnically cleansed. The Generalplan Ost The World War II casualties of the Soviet Union The Population transfers in the Soviet Union The Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union following the defeat of Poland in the September Campaign The deportation of Romanians from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina ( 1940 -- 1941, 1944 -- 1951 ), by the USSR to Siberia and Central Asia. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, The United States government forced the Japanese residing in the United States, including American citizens, to be brought to internment camps. Approximately 110,000 to 120,000 Japanese were relocated and incarcerated during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the deportation and incarceration with Executive Order 9066, issued on 19 February 1942, which allowed local military commanders to designate `` military areas '' from which `` any or all persons may be excluded. '' The Deportation of the Crimean Tatars on 18 May 1944 to the Uzbek SSR and other parts of the Soviet Union. The expulsion of 14 million ethnic Germans from the Former eastern territories of Germany after World War II. This policy was decided at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious powers. The Nazi German government 's persecutions and expulsions of Jews in Germany, Austria and other Nazi - controlled areas prior to the initiation of mass genocide. The estimated number of those who died in the process is approximately 6 million Jews. In the last months of the Second World War, ethnic Germans were ethnically cleansed from Yugoslavia, Poland and Czechoslovakia, beginning in the fall of 1944 and going through the spring and summer of 1945. At the Potsdam Conference July 17 -- 2 August 1945 the Allies agreed to transferring the rest ( article XIII of the Potsdam communiqué ). In all 14 million ethnic Germans were expelled and it has been asserted that as many as two million might have perished in the process. Due to the horrifying revelations of Nazi genocidal practices during the same period, and the collaboration of many ethnic Germans with the Nazi occupation in various countries, their expulsion was mostly tolerated by international public opinion at the time. Historians such as Thomas Kamusella, Piotr Pikle, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees all describe it as ethnic cleansing. Kamusella links it to the development of ethnic nationalism in central and eastern Europe. At least 330,000 Serbs, 30,000 Jews and 30,000 Roma, and 12,000 Croats and Bosniaks were killed during the NDH ( see Jasenovac concentration camp ) ( today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina ). The same number of Serbs were forced out of the NDH, from May 1941 to May 1945. The Croatian Fascist regime managed to kill more than 45 000 Serbs, 12 000 or more Jews and approximately 16,000 Roma at the Jasenovac Concentration Camp. Serbian Chetnik atrocities against Bosniaks and Croats in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1941 -- 1945, under the command of Draza Mihailovic, have been characterised as organised ethnic cleansing. It is estimated that around 32,000 Croats ( 20,000 from Croatia, and 12,000 from Bosnia ) and 33,000 Bosniaks were killed. At least 40,000 Hungarian civilians were killed by Serbians in Vojvodina in an act of revenge ( the so - called `` Cold Days '' ), in 1944. Massacres of Poles in Volhynia in 1943. Most Poles of Volhynia ( now in Ukraine ) had either been murdered or had fled the area. During World War II, in Kosovo & Metohija, approximately 10,000 Serbs were killed by Nazi German soldiers and Albanian colloborators, and about 80 to 100,000 or more were ethnically cleansed. After World War II, the new communist authorities of Yugoslavia banned Serbians and Montenegrins expelled during the war from returning to their abandoned estates. During the four years of wartime occupation from 1941 -- 1944, the Axis ( German, Hungarian and NDH ) forces committed numerous war crimes against the civilian population of Serbs, Roma and Jews in the former Yugoslavia : about 50,000 people in Vojvodina ( north Serbia ) ( see Occupation of Vojvodina, 1941 -- 1944 ) were murdered and about 280,000 were arrested, raped or tortured. The total number of people killed under Hungarian occupation in Bačka was 19,573, in Banat 7,513 ( under German occupation ) and in Syrmia 28,199 ( under Croatian occupation ). During the Axis occupation of Albania ( 1943 -- 1944 ), the Albanian collaborationist organization Balli Kombëtar with Nazi German support mounted a major offensive in southern Albania ( Northern Epirus ) with devastating results : over 200 Greek populated towns and villages were burned down or destroyed, 2,000 ethnic Greeks were killed, 5,000 imprisoned and 2,000 forced to concentration camps. Moreover, 30,000 people had to flee to nearby Greece during and after this period. Towards the end of World War II, nearly 30,000 ethnic Albanian Muslims were expelled from the coastal region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. During the Partition of India 6 million Muslims fled ethnic violence taking place in India to settle in what became Pakistan ( and by 1971, Bangladesh ) and 5 million Hindus and Sikhs fled from what became Pakistan and Bangladesh, to settle in India. The events which occurred during this time period have been described as ethnic cleansing by Ishtiaq Ahmed and by Barbara and Thomas R. Metcalf. After the Republic of Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949, around 300,000 people, predominantly Indos, or people of mixed Indonesian and Dutch ancestry, fled or were expelled. In the aftermath of the 1949 Durban Riots ( an inter-racial conflict between Zulus and Asians in South Africa ), hundreds of Indians fled Cato Manor. In Ethiopia the Harari Muslims peacefully protested against religious oppression, however the state responded violently. Hundreds were arrested and the entire town of Harar was put under house arrest. The government also took control of many assets and estates belonging to the people. These events broke the Harari control of the city of Harar and 10,000 Hararis left the city. Mario Roatta 's war on the ethnic Slovene civil population in the Province of Ljubljana during Fascist Italy 's occupation of Yugoslavia in accord with the 1920s speech by Benito Mussolini 's speech : When dealing with such a race as Slavic -- inferior and barbarian -- we must not pursue the carrot, but the stick policy... We should not be afraid of new victims... The Italian border should run across the Brenner Pass, Monte Nevoso and the Dinaric Alps... I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians... -- Benito Mussolini, speech held in Pula, 22 February 1922 Foibe massacres against Italians 1950s On 5 and 6 September 1955 the Istanbul Pogrom or `` Septembrianá '' / `` Σεπτεμβριανά '', secretly backed by the Turkish government, was launched against the Greek population of Istanbul. The mob also attacked some Jewish and Armenian residents of the city. The event contributed greatly to the gradual extinction of the Greek minority in the city and throughout the entire country, which numbered 100,000 in 1924 after the Turko - Greek population exchange treaty. By 2006 there were only 2,500 Greeks living in Istanbul. 1960s On 5 July 1960, five days after the Congo gained independence from Belgium, the Force Publique garrison near Léopoldville mutinied against its white officers and attacked numerous European targets. This caused fear amongst the approximately 100,000 whites still resident in the Congo and led to their mass exodus from the country. Ne Win 's rise to power in 1962 and his relentless persecution of `` resident aliens '' ( immigrant groups not recognised as citizens of the Union of Burma ) led to an exodus of some 300,000 Burmese Indians. They migrated to escape racial discrimination and wholesale nationalisation of private enterprises a few years later in 1964. As the FLN fought for the independence of Algeria from France, it expelled the pied - noir population of European descent and Jews ; most fled to France, where they had citizenship. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 of these European descendants and native Jewish people left the country. Zanzibar expelled Arabs and Indians from the nation in 1964. In 1966, there was unrest in the northern part of Nigeria that led to the death of about 80,000 people. Those killed were originally from the South Eastern region of the country and this act was seen as an attack on the Igbo people. This led C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, the military governor of the Eastern region, to declare that region a Sovereign state, Biafra. The Nigerian Civil War began on 6 July 1967, but ended in 1970 with the help of the United Kingdom and China. Although there is relative peace in Nigeria, today, there is still some religious unrest in the North being caused by the Boko Haram group. 1970s Shortly after Muammar Gaddafi gained power in Libya, the Libyan government forcibly expelled some 150,000 Italians living in the country on 7 October 1970, in retaliation for Italy 's 1911 colonization of the country. The expulsion is known in Libya as the `` Day of Vengeance ''. During the Bangladesh War of Independence of 1971, the military of Pakistan carried out genocide killing between 100,000 and 3 million people and around 10 million Bengalis, mainly Hindus, fled the country. Furthermore, many intellectuals and other religious minorities were targeted by death squads and razakars. Thousands of temples were desecrated and thousands of women were raped. ( see 1971 Bangladesh atrocities ) Idi Amin 's regime forced the expulsion in 1972 of Uganda 's entire ethnic Asian population, mostly of Indian descent. The ethnic cleansing in 1974 -- 76 of the Greek population of the areas under Turkish military occupation in Cyprus during and after the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus. Following the U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam in 1973 and the communist victory two years later, the Kingdom of Laos 's coalition government was overthrown by the communists. The Hmong people, who had actively supported the anti-communist government, became targets of retaliation and persecution. The government of Laos has been accused of committing genocide against the Hmong, with up to 100,000 killed. The Communist Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia disproportionately targeted ethnic minority groups, including ethnic Chinese, Vietnamese and Thais. In the late 1960s, an estimated 425,000 ethnic Chinese lived in Cambodia ; by 1984, as a result of Khmer Rouge genocide and emigration, only about 61,400 Chinese remained in the country. The small Thai minority along the border was almost completely exterminated, only a few thousand managing to reach safety in Thailand. The Cham Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as 80 % of their population exterminated. The Khmer 's racial supremacist ideology was responsible to this ethnic purge. A Khmer Rouge order stated that henceforth `` The Cham nation no longer exists on Kampuchean soil belonging to the Khmers '' ( U.N. Doc. A. 34 / 569 at 9 ). Subsequent waves of hundreds of thousands of Rohingya fled Burma and many refugees inundated neighbouring Bangladesh including 250,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan. The Sino - Vietnamese War resulted in the discrimination and consequent migration of Vietnam 's ethnic Chinese. Many of these people fled as `` boat people ''. In 1978 -- 79, some 250,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees ( many officially encouraged and assisted ) or were expelled across the land border with China. 1980s In 1983, in Sri Lanka, there were anti-Tamil riots targeting Tamil businessmen in Colombo. In the aftermath of Indira Gandhi 's assassination in 1984, the ruling party Indian National Congress supporters formed large mobs and killed around 3000 Sikhs around Delhi in what is known as the 1984 anti-Sikh riots during the next four days. The mobs acting with the support of ruling party leaders used the Election voting list to identify Sikhs and kill them. In the 1987 and 1988 Al - Anfal Campaign, the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein and headed by Ali Hassan al - Majid launched Al - Anfal against Kurdish civilians in Northern Iraq. The Iraqi government Massacred 100,000 to 182,000 non-combatant civilians including women and children, and destroyed about 4,000 villages ( out of 4,655 ) in Iraqi Kurdistan. Between April 1987 and August 1988, 250 towns and villages - were exposed to chemical weapons ;, 1,754 schools were destroyed, along with 270 hospitals, 2,450 mosques, 27 churches ; and around 90 % of all Kurdish villages in the targeted areas were wiped out. Between 16 -- 17 March 1988, the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein carried out a poison gas attack in the Kurdish town of Halabja in Iraqi Kurdistan. Between 3,200 and 5,000 civilians died instantly, and between 7,000 and 10,000 civilians were injured, and thousands more would die in the following years from complications, diseases, and birth defects caused by the attack. The forced assimilation campaign during 1984 -- 1985 directed against ethnic Turks by the Bulgarian State resulted in the mass emigration of some 360,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey in 1989 has been characterized as ethnic cleansing. The Nagorno Karabakh conflict has resulted in the displacement of populations from both sides. Among the displaced are 700,000 Azerbaijanis and several Kurds from ethnic Armenian - controlled territories including Armenia and areas of Nagorno - Karabakh, more than 353,000 Armenians were forced to flee from territories controlled by Azerbaijan plus some 80,000 had to flee Armenian border territories. Since April 1989, some 70,000 black Mauritanians -- members of the Fula, Toucouleur, Wolof, Soninke and Bambara ethnic groups -- have been expelled from Mauritania by the Mauritanian government. In 1989, after bloody pogroms against the Meskhetian Turks by Uzbeks in Central Asia 's Ferghana Valley, nearly 90,000 Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan. 1990s The cemetery at the Srebrenica - Potočari Memorial and Cemetery to Genocide Victims A boy at a grave during the 2006 funeral of genocide victims Bhutanese refugees in Nepal In 1990, inter-ethnic tensions escalated in Bhutan, resulting in the flight of many Lhotshampa, or ethnic Nepalis, from Bhutan to Nepal, many of whom were expelled by the Bhutanese military. By 1996, over 100,000 Bhutanese refugees were living in refugee camps in Nepal. Many have since been resettled in Western nations. One reason for this expulsion was the desire of the Bhutanese government to remove a largely Hindu population and preserve its Buddhist culture and identity. In 1991, as part of the Nagorno - Karabakh conflict, during Operation Ring, Soviet troops and the predominantly Azerbaijani soldiers in the AzSSR OMON and army forcibly uprooted Armenians living in the 24 villages strewn across Shahumyan to leave their homes and settle elsewhere in Nagorno - Karabakh or in the neighboring Armenian SSR. Human rights organizations documented a wide number of human rights violations and abuses committed by Soviet and Azerbaijani forces and many of them properly characterised them as ethnic cleansing. These violations and abuses included forced deportations of civilians, unlawful killings, torture, kidnapping harassment, rape and the wanton seizure or destruction of property. Despite fierce protests, no measures were taken either to prevent the human rights abuses or to punish the perpetrators. Approximately 17,000 Armenians living in twenty - three of Shahumyan 's villages were deported out of the region. In 1991, following a crackdown on Rohingya Muslims in Burma, 250,000 refugees took shelter in the Cox 's Bazar district of neighboring Bangladesh. After the Gulf War in 1991, Kuwait conducted a campaign of expulsion against the Palestinians living in the country, who before the war had numbered 400,000. Some 200,000 who had fled during the Iraqi occupation were banned from returning, while the remaining 200,000 were pressured into leaving by the authorities, who conducted a campaign of terror, violence, and economic pressure to get them to leave. The Palestinians expelled from Kuwait moved to Jordan, where they had citizenship. The policy which partly led to this exodus was a response to the alignment of PLO leader Yasser Arafat with Saddam Hussein. As a result of the 1991 -- 1992 South Ossetia War, about 100,000 ethnic Ossetians fled South Ossetia and Georgia proper, most across the border into North Ossetia. A further 23,000 ethnic Georgians fled South Ossetia and settled in other parts of Georgia. According to Helsinki Watch, the campaign of ethnic - cleansing was orchestrated by the Ossetian militants, during the events of the Ossetian -- Ingush conflict, which resulted in the expulsion of approximately 60,000 Ingush inhabitants from Prigorodny District. Ethnic cleansing of a Croatian home The widespread ethnic cleansing accompanying the Croatian War of Independence that was committed by Serb - led JNA and rebel militia in the occupied areas of Croatia ( self - proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina ) ( 1991 -- 1995 ). Large numbers of Croats and non-Serbs were removed, either by murder, deportation or by being forced to flee. According to the ICTY indictment against Slobodan Milošević, there was an expulsion of around 170,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their home, in addition to an estimated 10,000 Croats that were also killed. In February 1992, hundreds of ethnic Azeris and Meskhetian Turks are massacred as Armenian troops capture the city of Khojaly in Nagorno - Karabakh. Following the abrogation of Krajina, around 200,000 Serbs fled Croatia during or after Operation Storm Widespread ethnic cleansing accompanied the War in Bosnia ( 1992 -- 1995 ). Large numbers of Croats and Bosniaks were forced to flee their homes by the Army of the Republika Srpska, large numbers of Serbs and Bosniaks by the Croatian Defence Council and Serbs and Croats by the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Beginning in 1991, political upheavals in the Balkans displaced about 2,700,000 people by mid-1992, of which over 700,000 sought asylum in other parts of Europe. Ethnic cleansing of non-Croats in the breakaway state the Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia More than 800,000 Kosovo Albanians fled their homes in Kosovo between 1998 and 1999 during the Kosovo War. In the aftermath of Kosovo War between 200,000 and 250,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo. At least one additional thousand of Serbs fled their homes during the 2004 unrest in Kosovo and numerous religious and cultural object were burned down. The forced displacement and ethnic - cleansing of more than 250,000 people, mostly Georgians but some others too, from Abkhazia during the conflict and after in 1993 and 1998. The mass expulsion of southern Lhotshampas ( Bhutanese of Nepalese origin ) by the northern Druk majority in Bhutan in 1990. The number of refugees is approximately 103,000. In October 1990, the militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ), forcibly expelled the entire Muslim population ( approx 65,000 ) from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The Muslims were given 48 hours to vacate the premises of their homes while their properties were subsequently looted by LTTE. Those who refused to leave were killed. This act of ethnic cleansing was carried out so the LTTE could facilitate their goal of creating a mono - ethnic Tamil state in Northern Sri Lanka. In Jammu and Kashmir, a separatist insurgency has targeted the Hindu Kashmiri Pandit minority and 400,000 have been displaced, and 1,200 have been killed since 1991. Islamic terrorists infiltrated the region in 1989 and began an ethnic cleansing campaign to convert Kashmir to a Muslim state. Since that time, over 400,000 Kashmiri Hindus have either been murdered or forced from their homes. This has been condemned and labeled as ethnic cleansing in a 2006 resolution passed by the United States Congress. Also in 2009 the Oregon Legislative Assembly introduced a resolution to recognize 14 September 2007, as Martyrs Day to acknowledge the ethnic cleansing and the campaigns of terror inflicted on the non-Muslim minorities of Jammu and Kashmir by militants seeking to establish an independent Kashmir, and also to recognize the region as Indian territory rather than as a disputed territory -- the resolution failed to pass. The Jakarta riots of May 1998 targeted many Chinese Indonesians. Suffering from looting and arson many Chinese Indonesians fled from Indonesia. There have been serious outbreaks of inter-ethnic violence on the island of Kalimantan since 1997, involving the indigenous Dayak peoples and immigrants from the island of Madura. In 2001 in the Central Kalimantan town of Sampit, at least 500 Madurese were killed and up to 100,000 Madurese were forced to flee. Some Madurese bodies were decapitated in a ritual reminiscent of the headhunting tradition of the Dayaks of old. 21st century 2000s In 2003, Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti Pygmies, told the UN 's Indigenous People 's Forum that during the Congo Civil War, his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals. Both sides of the war regarded them as `` subhuman '' and some say their flesh can confer magical powers. Makelo asked the UN Security Council to recognise cannibalism as a crime against humanity and an act of genocide. From the late 1990s to the early 2000s, Indonesian paramilitaries organized and armed by Indonesian military and police killed or expelled large numbers of civilians in East Timor. After the East Timorese people voted for independence in a 1999 referendum, Indonesian paramilitaries retaliated, murdering some supporters of independence and levelling most towns. More than 200,000 people either fled or were forcibly taken to Indonesia before East Timor achieved full independence. Since the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been trying to move Bushmen out of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. As of October 2005, the government has resumed its policy of forcing all Bushmen off their lands in the Game Reserve, using armed police and threats of violence or death. Many of the involuntarily displaced Bushmen live in squalid resettlement camps and some have resorted to prostitution and alcoholism, while about 250 others remain or have surreptitiously returned to the Kalahari to resume their independent lifestyle. `` How can we continue to have Stone Age creatures in an age of computers ? '' asked Botswana 's president Festus Mogae. Since 2003, Sudan has been accused of carrying out a campaign against several black ethnic groups in Darfur, in response to a rebellion by Africans alleging mistreatment. Sudanese irregular militia known as the Janjaweed and Sudanese military and police forces have killed an estimated 450,000, expelled around two million, and burned 800 villages. A 14 July 2007 article notes that in the past two months up to 75,000 Arabs from Chad and Niger crossed the border into Darfur. Most have been relocated by the Sudanese government to former villages of displaced non-Arab people. Some 450,000 have been killed and 2.5 million have now been forced to flee to refugee camps in Chad after their homes and villages were destroyed. Sudan refuses to allow their return, or to allow United Nations peacekeepers into Darfur. During the Iraq Civil War and consequent Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- present ), entire neighborhoods in Baghdad are being ethnically cleansed by Shia and Sunni militias. Some areas are being evacuated by every member of a particular group due to lack of security, moving into new areas because of fear of reprisal killings. As of 21 June 2007, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 2.2 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries, and 2 million were displaced internally, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month. Assyrian exodus from Iraq from 2003 until present is often described as ethnic cleansing. Although Iraqi Christians represent less than 5 % of the total Iraqi population, they make up 40 % of the refugees now living in nearby countries, according to UNHCR. In the 16th century, Christians constituted half of Iraq 's population. In 1987, the last Iraqi census counted 1.4 million Christians. Following the 2003 invasion and the reusltant growth of militant Islamism, Christians ' total numbers slumped to about 500,000, of whom 250,000 live in Baghdad. Furthermore, the Mandaean and Yazidi communities are at the risk of elimination due to the ongoing atrocities by Islamic extremists. A 25 May 2007 article notes that in the past 7 months only 69 people from Iraq have been granted refugee status in the United States. In October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad. This population numbered about 150,000. Nigerien government forces forcibly rounded up Arabs in preparation for deportation, during which two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger 's government eventually suspended the plan. In 1950, the Karen had become the largest of 20 minority groups participating in an insurgency against the military dictatorship in Burma. The conflict continues as of 2008. In 2004, the BBC, citing aid agencies, estimates that up to 200,000 Karen have been driven from their homes during decades of war, with 120,000 more refugees from Burma, mostly Karen, living in refugee camps on the Thai side of the border. Many accuse the military government of Burma of ethnic cleansing. As a result of the ongoing war in minority group areas more than two million people have fled Burma to Thailand. Civil unrest in Kenya erupted in December 2007. By 28 January 2008, the death toll from the violence was at around 800. The United Nations estimated that as many as 600,000 people have been displaced. A government spokesman claimed that Odinga 's supporters were `` engaging in ethnic cleansing ''. The 2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra began on 3 February 2008. Incidences of violence against North Indians and their property were reported in Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad, Beed, Nashik, Amravati, Jalna and Latur. Nearly 25,000 North Indian workers fled Pune, and another 15,000 fled Nashik in the wake of the attacks. South Africa Ethnic Cleansing erupted on 11 May 2008 within three weeks 80 000 were displaced the death toll was 62, with 670 injured in the violence when South Africans ejected non-nationals in a nationwide ethnic cleansing / xenophobic outburst. The most affected foreigners have been Somalis, Ethiopians, Indians, Pakistanis, Zimbabweans and Mozambiqueans. Local South Africans have also been caught up in the violence. Refugee camps a mistake Arvin Gupta, a senior UNHCR protection officer, said the UNHCR did not agree with the City of Cape Town that those displaced by the violence should be held at camps across the city. During the 2010 FIFA world cup, rumors were reported that xenophobic attacks will be commenced after the final. A few incidents occurred where foreign individuals were targeted, but the South African police claims that these attacks can not be classified as xenophobic attacks but rather as regular criminal activity in the townships. Elements of the South African Army were sent into the affected townships to assist the police in keeping order and preventing continued attacks. In December 2008 200 Turkish intellectuals and academics issued an apology for the ethnic cleansing of Armenians during World War I, an event that most Western historians view as amounting to a genocide. At a conference of Hellenes victims of ethnic cleansing, held in February 2011 in Nicosia, an apology was demanded. In August 2008, the 2008 South Ossetia war broke out when Georgia launched a military offensive against South Ossetian separatists, leading to military intervention by Russia, during which Georgian forces were expelled from the separatist territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. During the fighting, 15,000 ethnic Georgians living in South Ossetia were forced to flee to Georgia proper, and Ossetian militia burned their villages to prevent their return. 2010s Strategic demographic and cultural cleansing by the Sinhala Buddhist majority of the Muslim and Tamil minorities in Sri Lanka. The cultural genocide, forced demographic changes along with a military operations in Pakistan 's Balochistan have been going on since 2001 to present. Various sources report that more than 20,000 Baloch people have been killed by Pakistani forces. It is feared that the already marginalized Baloch people will turn into a minority in their own homeland by 2020. Refugees of the fighting in the Central African Republic, January 19, 2014 The killing of hundreds of ethnic Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan during the 2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots resulting in the flight of thousands of Uzbek refugees to Uzbekistan have been called ethnic cleansing by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and international media. The black Libyan tribe of Tawergha town de-populated by Anti-Gaddafi forces following the Battle of Tawergha in 2011. Members of the Azusa 13 gang, associated with the Mexican Mafia, were accused of attempting a racial cleansing of African Americans in Azusa, California. 2012 Rakhine State riots. An estimated 90,000 people have been displaced in the recent sectarian violence between Rohingya Muslims and Buddhists in Burma 's western Rakhine State. Approximately 400,000 people have been displaced in the 2012 Assam ethnic violence between indigenous Bodos and Bengali - speaking Muslims in Assam, India. Sources inside the Syriac Orthodox Church have reported that an ongoing ethnic cleansing of Syrian Christians is being carried out by anti-government jihadist rebels. Central African Republic conflict ( 2012 -- present ). More than 1 million have been internally displaced. 2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots South Sudanese conflict ( 2013 -- present ). More than 700,000 have been internally displaced. Part of Ethnic violence in South Sudan. In 2017 a new wave of government sanctioned ethnic cleansing against Rohingya Muslims amounting to genocide with thousands killed and many villages burned to the ground with their inhabitants executed has been reported in Myanmar. Even children were reportedly beheaded or burned alive by the Mayanmar military and buddhist vigilantes. References Jump up ^ 《 晉書 卷 一 百 七 》 ( `` Jìnshū Juǎn Yī Bǎi Qī '' ) Jin Shu Original text 閔 躬 率 趙 人 誅 諸 胡 羯, 無 貴賤 男女 少 長 皆 斬 之, 死者 二 十 余 萬, 屍 諸城 外, 悉 為 野犬 豺狼 所 食. 屯 據 四方 者, 所在 承 閔 書 誅 之, 于 時 高鼻 多 須 至 有 濫 死者 半. ( Mǐn gōng lǜ zhào rén zhū zhū hú jié, wú guìjiàn nánnǚ shǎo cháng jiē zhǎn zhī, sǐzhě èrshí yú wàn, shī zhūchéng wài, xī wéi yě quǎn cháiláng suǒ shí. Tún jù sìfāng zhě, suǒzài chéng mǐn shū zhū zhī, yú shí gāo bí duō xū zhì yǒu làn sǐzhě bàn. ) Jump up ^ Richards, Eric ( 2004 ). Britannia 's children : emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 24. ISBN 1 - 85285 - 441 - 3. Jump up ^ A brief History of Ethnic Cleansing, by Andrew Bell - Fialkoff, p. 4 Jump up ^ Rogers, Joe ( 30 April 2018 ). `` From an Irish Market Town ''. Publishamerica Incorporated -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Fasua, Tope ( 1 February 2011 ). `` Crushed ! : Navigating Africa 'S Tortuous Quest for Development -- Myths and Realities ''. AuthorHouse -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Albert Breton ( Editor, 1995 ). Nationalism and Rationality. Cambridge University Press 1995. Page 248. `` Oliver Cromwell offered Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer '' Ukrainian Quarterly. Ukrainian Society of America 1944. `` Therefore, we are entitled to accuse the England of Oliver Cromwell of the genocide of the Irish civilian population... '' David Norbrook ( 2000 ). Writing the English Republic : Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627 -- 1660. Cambridge University Press. 2000. In interpreting Andrew Marvell 's contemporarily expressed views on Cromwell Norbrook says ; `` He ( Cromwell ) laid the foundation for a ruthless programme of resettling the Irish Catholics which amounted to large scale ethnic cleansing... '' Frances Stewart Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. ( 2000 ). War and Underdevelopment : Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict v. 1 ( Queen Elizabeth House Series in Development Studies ), Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 51 `` Faced with the prospect of an Irish alliance with Charles II, Cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the Irish. Then, once Cromwell had returned to England, the English Commissary, General Henry Ireton, adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation, which was responsible for the majority of an estimated 600,000 deaths out of a total Irish population of 1,400,000. '' Alan Axelrod ( 2002 ). Profiles in Leadership, Prentice - Hall. 2002. Page 122. `` As a leader Cromwell was entirely unyielding. He was willing to act on his beliefs, even if this meant killing the king and perpetrating, against the Irish, something very nearly approaching genocide '' Tim Pat Coogan ( 2002 ). The Troubles : Ireland 's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 29418 - 2. p 6. `` The massacres by Catholics of Protestants, which occurred in the religious wars of the 1640s, were magnified for propagandist purposes to justify Cromwell 's subsequent genocide. '' Peter Berresford Ellis ( 2002 ). Eyewitness to Irish History, John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26633 - 4. p. 108 `` It was to be the justification for Cromwell 's genocidal campaign and settlement. '' John Morrill ( 2003 ). Rewriting Cromwell -- A Case of Deafening Silences, Canadian Journal of History. Dec 2003. `` Of course, this has never been the Irish view of Cromwell. Most Irish remember him as the man responsible for the mass slaughter of civilians at Drogheda and Wexford and as the agent of the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe as, within a decade, the percentage of land possessed by Catholics born in Ireland dropped from sixty to twenty. In a decade, the ownership of two - fifths of the land mass was transferred from several thousand Irish Catholic landowners to British Protestants. The gap between Irish and the English views of the seventeenth - century conquest remains unbridgeable and is governed by G.K. Chesterton 's mirthless epigram of 1917, that `` it was a tragic necessity that the Irish should remember it ; but it was far more tragic that the English forgot it. '' James M Lutz Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Brenda J Lutz, ( 2004 ). Global Terrorism, Routledge : London, p. 193 : `` The draconian laws applied by Oliver Cromwell in Ireland were an early version of ethnic cleansing. The Catholic Irish were to be expelled to the northwestern areas of the island. Relocation rather than extermination was the goal. '' Mark Levene ( 2005 ). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State : Volume 2. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 057 - 4 Page 55, 56 & 57. A sample quote describes the Cromwellian campaign and settlement as `` a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population ''. Mark Levene ( 2005 ). Genocide in the Age of the Nation - State, I.B. Tauris : London : ( The Act of Settlement of Ireland ), and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state - sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include ' total ' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state. Jump up ^ `` 1755 Ethnic Cleansing of Acadia ; Who Was Responsible ? ''. Jump up ^ Girard, Philippe R. ( 2011 ). The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801 -- 1804. Tuscaloosa, Alabama : The University of Alabama Press. pp. 319 -- 322. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 4. Jump up ^ Robert E. Greenwood ( 2007 ). Outsourcing Culture : How American Culture has Changed From `` We the People '' Into a One World Government. Outskirts Press. p. 97. Jump up ^ Rajiv Molhotra ( 2009 ). `` American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers ''. In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth. The Challenge of Eurocentrism. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 180, 184, 189, 199. Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon ( 2008 ). Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism. Ohio University Press. pp. 15, 141, 254. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Kiernan ( 2007 ). Blood and Soil : A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. pp. 328, 330. Jump up ^ Michael Mann, The dark side of democracy : explaining ethnic cleansing, pp. 112 -- 4, Cambridge, 2005 ``... figures are derive ( d ) from McCarthy ( 1995 : I 91, 162 -- 4, 339 ), who is often viewed as a scholar on the Turkish side of the debate. Yet even if we reduce his figures by 50 percent, they would still horrify. He estimates that between 1812 and 1922 somewhere around 51⁄2 million Muslims were driven out of Europe and 5 million more were killed or died of either disease or starvation while fleeing... In the final Balkan Wars of 1912 -- 13 he estimates that 62 percent of all Muslims ( 27 percent dead, 35 percent refugees ) disappeared from the lands conquered by Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria. This was murderous ethnic cleansing on a stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe,... '' Jump up ^ Mihcael, Radu. Dangerous Neighborhood : Contemporary Issues in Turkey 's Foreign Relations, p. 78 Jump up ^ Howard, Douglas Arthur ( 2001 ), The history of Turkey, p. 67 Jump up ^ Crampton, RJ ( 1997 ), A Concise History of Bulgaria, Cambridge University Press, p. 426, ISBN 0 - 521 - 56719 - X. Jump up ^ Crowe, D. ( 30 April 2016 ). A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia. Springer -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Statistika ( 54 ed. ). Indiana University. p. 35. Jump up ^ Greene, Francis Vinton ( 1879 ). Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877 -- 1878. D Appleton & Co. p. 204. Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık ; Suraiya Faroqhi ; Donald Quataert. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 650. ISBN 9780521574556. Jump up ^ Statistika. 54. Indiana University. Jump up ^ International Labour Office. Refugees and Labour Conditions in Bulgaria. California University. Jump up ^ The Conquest of Texas : Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1830 -- 1875. University of Oklahoma Press, 2005, p. 9 ( quotation ), ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3698 - 7. 2005. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3698 - 1. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Jump up ^ Donald Kenrick, Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies ( Romanies ) pages xx -- xxiv, Scarecrow, Lanham, 2007 Jump up ^ Kamusella, Tomasz. The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Web open access Archived 24 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Emran Qureshi, Michael A. Sells. The New Crusades : Constructing the Muslim Enemy, p. 180 Jump up ^ Downes. Targeting Civilians in War. Cornell University Press. ^ Jump up to : Lieberman, Benjamin. Terrible Fate : Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 75, 61. ISBN 9781442230385. ^ Jump up to : Mozjes, Paul. Balkan Genocides : Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. p. 34, 35 Jump up ^ Stark, Laura. `` Ethnologia Europaea vol. 46 : 1 ''. Jump up ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Publication No. 4, Washington, D.C., 1914 ( 1 ). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Jump up ^ Despot, Igor. The Balkan Wars in the Eyes of the Warring Parties. pp. 250, 253, 198, 258. ISBN 9781475947038. Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans. The Third Reich at War : 1939 -- 1945, p. 146 Jump up ^ Ther, Philip. The Dark Side of Nation - States : Ethnic Cleansing in Modern Europe, p. 61 Jump up ^ Knight, Robert. Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War, p. 96 Jump up ^ Truth or conjecture ? : German civilian war losses in the East, page 366 Stanisław Schimitzek Zachodnia Agencia Prasowa, 1966 Jump up ^ To the Threshold of Power, 1922 / 33 : Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships, page 151 - 152 Jump up ^ Shatterzone of Empires : Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands by Omer Bartov and Eric D. Weitz page 55 Indiana University Press 2013 Jump up ^ Immanuel Geiss Tzw. polski pas graniczny 1914 -- 1918. Warszawa 1964 Jump up ^ The Red Prince : The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke by Timothy Snyder `` On the annexations and ethnic cleansing, see Geiss, Der Polnische Grenzstreifen '' Jump up ^ Absolute Destruction : Military Culture And The Practices Of War In Imperial Germany Isabel V. Hull page 233 Cornell University Press, 2005 Jump up ^ Kort, Michael ( 2001 ). The Soviet Colossus : History and Aftermath, p. 133. Armonk, New York : M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0396 - 9. Jump up ^ Hosking, Geoffrey A. ( 2006 ). Rulers and Victims : The Russians in the Soviet Union. Harvard University Press. p. ( 2 ) footnote 29. ISBN 0 - 674 - 02178 - 9. The footnote ends with a reference : Holquist, Peter ( 1997 ). `` Conduct Merciless, Mass Terror Decossackization on the Don, 1919 ''. Cahiers di monde Russe ( 38 ) : 127 -- 162. Jump up ^ `` Armenia : The Survival of A Nation '' by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm ( Publisher ) London 1980, pp. 200 -- 203 Jump up ^ The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915 -- 1916 : Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce, James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee, Uncensored Edition. Ara Sarafian ( ed. ) Princeton, New Jersey : Gomidas Institute, 2000. ISBN 0 - 9535191 - 5 - 5, pp. 635 -- 649 Jump up ^ `` Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex ''. Armenian Genocide Museum - Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2016. Jump up ^ Kifner, John ( 7 December 2007 ). `` Armenian Genocide of 1915 : An Overview ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` The forgotten Holocaust : The Armenian massacre that inspired Hitler ''. The Daily Mail ( London ). 11 October 2007. Jump up ^ `` German MPs recognise Armenian ' genocide ' amid Turkish fury ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24. Jump up ^ Auron, Yair ( 2000 ). The banality of indifference : Zionism & the Armenian genocide. Transaction. p. 44. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0881 - 3. Jump up ^ Göçek, Fatma Müge ( 2015 ). Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789 - 2009. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 019933420X. Jump up ^ Forsythe, David P. ( 11 August 2009 ). Encyclopedia of human rights ( Google Books ). Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533402 - 9. Jump up ^ Chalk, Frank Robert ; Jonassohn, Kurt ( 10 September 1990 ). The history and sociology of genocide : analyses and case studies. Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide. Yale University Press. pp. 270 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04446 - 1. Jump up ^ `` '' Черный сад `` : Глава 5. Ереван. Тайны Востока ''. BBC Russian. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Jump up ^ De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden. NYU Press. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Jump up ^ Lowell W. Barrington ( 2006 ). After Independence : Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States. USA : University of Michigan Press. pp. In late 1988, the entire Azerbaijani population ( including Muslim Kurds ) -- some 167000 people -- was kicked out of the Armenian SSR. In the process, dozens of people died due to isolated Armenian attacks and adverse conditions. This population transfer was partially in response to Armenians being forced out of Azerbaijan, but it was also the last phase of the gradual homogenization of the republic under Soviet rule. The population transfer was the latest, and not so `` gentle '', episode of ethnic cleansing that increased Armenia 's homogenization from 90 percent to 98 percent. Nationalists, in collaboration with the Armenian state authorities, were responsible for this exodus. ISBN 0 - 472 - 06898 - 9. Jump up ^ De Waal, Thomas. Black garden : Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York : New York University Press, 2003, ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7, p. 40 Jump up ^ Cornell, Svante E. Small nations and great powers : a study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. London : Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1162 - 7. p. 82 Jump up ^ Remnick, David. `` Hate Runs High in Soviet Union 's Most Explosive Ethnic Feud. '' The Washington Post. 6 September 1989. Jump up ^ Hosking, Geoffrey A. The First Socialist Society : A History of the Soviet Union from Within, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 475. Jump up ^ Kenez, Peter. A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End, 2nd ed. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 272. Jump up ^ Azerbaijan : The status of Armenians, Russians, Jews and other minorities, report, 1993, INS Resource Informacion Center, p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- history -- geography ''. Jump up ^ Makiya, K ( 1998 ) ( 1989 ), Republic of fear : the politics of modern Iraq, University of California Press, pp. 168 -- 172, ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21439 - 2 Jump up ^ url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6DF4dNEjenIC&pg=PA113&dq=Most+Christian+irregulars+involved+in+the+ethnic+cleansing+of+the+Gemlik%E2%80%93Yalova%E2%80%93+%CC%87Izmit+region&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=WXPtUf-kGsTStAb3-YBg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Most%20Christian%20irregulars%20involved%20in%20the%20ethnic%20cleansing%20of%20the%20Gemlik%E2%80%93Yalova%E2%80%93%20%CC%87Izmit%20region&f=falsequote=Most Christian irregulars involved in the ethnic cleansing of the Gemlik -- Yalova -- ̇İzmit region Jump up ^ Sassounian, Harut ( 28 June 2009 ). `` Turkish Prime Minister Admits Ethnic Cleansing ''. Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Geniki Statistiki Ypiresia tis Ellados ( Statistical Annual of Greece ), Statistia apotelesmata tis apografis sou plithysmou tis Ellados tis 15 -- 16 Maiou 1928, pg. 41. Athens : National Printing Office, 1930. Quoted in Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ). Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia : The Forced Settlement of Refugees 1922 -- 1930. Oxford University Press. pp. 96, footnote 56. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927896 - 1. Jump up ^ Anthony L. Cardoza. Benito Mussolini : the first fascist. Pearson Longman, 2006 Pp. 109. Jump up ^ Paul Kocot Nietupski ( 1999 ). Labrang : a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations. Snow Lion Publications. p. 90. ISBN 1 - 55939 - 090 - 5. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Uradyn Erden Bulag ( 2002 ). Dilemmas The Mongols at China 's edge : history and the politics of national unity. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 273. ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1144 - 8. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Chung - kuo fu li hui, Zhongguo fu li hui ( 1961 ). China reconstructs, Volume 10. China Welfare Institute. p. 16. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ David S.G. Goodman ( 2004 ). China 's campaign to `` Open up the West '' : national, provincial, and local perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 0 - 521 - 61349 - 3. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Shail Mayaram ( 2009 ). The other global city. Taylor & Francis US. p. 76. ISBN 0 - 415 - 99194 - 3. Retrieved 30 July 2010. Jump up ^ Shail Mayaram ( 2009 ). The other global city. Taylor & Francis US. p. 77. ISBN 0 - 415 - 99194 - 3. Retrieved 30 July 2010. Jump up ^ Hoffman, Abraham ( 1974 - 01 - 01 ). Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression : Repatriation Pressures, 1929 - 1939. VNR AG. ISBN 9780816503667. Jump up ^ Balderrama, Francisco E. ; Rodriguez, Raymond ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ). Decade of Betrayal : Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. UNM Press. ISBN 9780826339737. Jump up ^ Johnson, Kevin ( Fall 2005 ). `` The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror ''. 26 ( 1 ). Davis, California : Pace Law Review. Jump up ^ Cambridge Journals Online - Central European History - Abstract - National Mythologies and Ethnic Cleansing : The Expulsion of Czechoslovak Germans in 1945. Journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Cambridge Journals Online - The Review of Politics - Abstract - The Expulsion of the Germans from Hungary : A Study in Postwar Diplomacy. Journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants : Germany, Israel, and Post-Soviet Successor... - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Naimark., Norman M. ( 2001 ). Fires of Hatred : Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe. Cambridge and London : : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00994 - 3. Jump up ^ Alfred de Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam, Routledge, London 177 ; `` A Terrible Revenge '' Palgrave / Macmillan 2006 Jump up ^ The Expulsion of ' German ' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004 / 1, Edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees pp. 24, 20, 29 Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum about Jasenovac and Independent State of Croatia Archived 16 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Genocide and Resistance in Hitler 's Bosnia : The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941 -- 1943 pp20 Jump up ^ www.utilis.biz, Utilis d.o.o., Zagreb,. `` JUSP Jasenovac -- LIST OF INDIVIDUAL VICTIMS OF JASENOVAC CONCENTRATION CAMP ''. www.jusp-jasenovac.hr. Jump up ^ JUSP Jasenovac - ENGLISH. Jusp-jasenovac.hr. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Account Suspended. Hungarianhistory.com. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Serge Krizman, Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943. ^ Jump up to : ISBN 86 - 17 - 09287 - 4 : Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer : Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно - математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено - језичког смера, Belgrade, 2002, p. 182. ^ Jump up to : Annexe I Archived 1 March 2003 at the Wayback Machine., by the Serbian Information Centre - London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Jump up ^ Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren. Kosovo.net. Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Enciklopedija Novog Sada, Sveska 5, Novi Sad, 1996 ( page 196 ). Jump up ^ Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996 ( pages 42, 43 ). Jump up ^ Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History : Volume II : Albania in Occupation and War, 1939 -- 45. Owen Pearson. I.B. Tauris, 2006. 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Ethnicity Related concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta - ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber - Netnography Online Person - centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Southwest Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage - bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation - building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat Multiethnic society Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ethnic_cleansing_campaigns&oldid=853922299 '' Categories : Ethnic cleansing Forced migration Human rights abuses Persecution Racism Discrimination Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2010 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles that may contain original research from May 2009 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2009 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with failed verification from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 20 : 42 ( UTC ). 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Question: the principal balkan country in which ethnic cleansing took place in the mid-1990s was
Answer: Bosnia