Antipsychotic - wikipedia Antipsychotic Antipsychotic Drug class Olanzapine, an example of a second - generation antipsychotic Class identifiers Use Principally : Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder Clinical data Drugs.com Drug Classes External links MeSH D014150 In Wikidata Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis ( including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought ), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders. Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term. The long - term use of antipsychotics is associated with side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, and metabolic syndrome. They are also associated with increased mortality in elderly people with dementia. First - generation antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics, were discovered in the 1950s. Most second - generation drugs, known as atypical antipsychotics, have been developed more recently, although the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, was discovered in the 1960s and introduced clinically in the 1970s. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain 's dopamine pathways, but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well. Neuroleptic, originating from Greek : `` νεῦρον '' ( neuron ) and `` λαμβάνω '' ( take hold of ) - thus meaning `` which takes the nerve '' - refers to both common neurological effects and side effects. Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Schizophrenia 1.1. 1 Prevention of psychosis and symptom improvement 1.1. 2 First episode psychosis 1.1. 3 Recurrent psychotic episodes 1.1. 4 Maintenance therapy 1.2 Bipolar disorder 1.3 Dementia 1.4 Unipolar depression 1.5 Other 1.6 Typicals versus atypicals 2 Adverse effects 2.1 By rate 2.2 Long term effects 2.3 Withdrawal 3 List of agents 3.1 First - generation ( typical ) 3.1. 1 Butyrophenones 3.1. 2 Diphenylbutylpiperidines 3.1. 3 Phenothiazines 3.1. 4 Thioxanthenes 3.2 Disputed / unknown 3.2. 1 Benzamides 3.2. 2 Tricyclics 3.2. 3 Others 3.3 Second - generation ( atypical ) 3.3. 1 Benzamides 3.3. 2 Benzisoxazoles / benzisothiazoles 3.3. 3 Butyrophenones 3.3. 4 Phenylpiperazines / quinolinones 3.3. 5 Tricyclics 3.3. 6 Others 4 Mechanism of action 5 Comparison of medications 6 History 7 Society and culture 7.1 Terminology 7.2 Sales 7.3 Formulations 7.4 Controversy 8 Special populations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Medical uses Antipsychotics are most frequently used for the following conditions : Schizophrenia Schizoaffective disorder most commonly in conjunction with either an antidepressant ( in the case of the depressive subtype ) or a mood stabiliser ( in the case of the bipolar subtype ). Bipolar disorder ( acute mania and mixed episodes ) may be treated with either typical or atypical antipsychotics, although atypical antipsychotics are usually preferred because they tend to have more favourable adverse effect profiles and, according to a recent meta - analysis, they tend to have a lower liability for causing conversion from mania to depression. Psychotic depression. In this indication it is a common practice for the psychiatrist to prescribe a combination of an atypical antipsychotic and an antidepressant as this practice is best supported by the evidence. Treatment - resistant ( and not necessarily psychotic ) major depression as an adjunct to standard antidepressant therapy. They are not recommended for dementia or insomnia unless other treatments have not worked. They are not recommended in children unless other treatments are not effective or unless the child has psychosis. The World Health Organisation provides a description of recommendations for the prescription of anti-psychotics for the purposes of the treatment of psychosis. Schizophrenia Main article : Schizophrenia Antipsychotic drug treatment is a key component of schizophrenia treatment algorithms recommended by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence ( NICE ), the American Psychiatric Association, and the British Society for Psychopharmacology. The main effect of treatment with antipsychotics is to reduce the so - called `` positive '' symptoms, including delusions and hallucinations. There is mixed evidence to support a significant impact of antipsychotic use on negative symptoms ( such as apathy, lack of emotional affect, and lack of interest in social interactions ) or on the cognitive symptoms ( disordered thinking, reduced ability to plan and execute tasks ) of schizophrenia. In general, the efficacy of antipsychotic treatment in reducing both positive and negative symptoms appears to increase with increasing severity of baseline symptoms. Applications of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia include prophylaxis in those showing symptoms that suggest that they are at high risk of developing psychosis, treatment of first episode psychosis, maintenance therapy, and treatment of recurrent episodes of acute psychosis. Prevention of psychosis and symptom improvement Test batteries such as the PACE ( Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic ) and COPS ( Criteria of Prodromal Syndromes ), which measure low level psychotic symptoms, and others focused on cognitive disturbances ( Basic symptoms `` ), are used to evaluate people with early, low level symptoms of psychosis. Used in combination with family history information, these tests can identify a `` high risk '' group having a 20 -- 40 % risk of progression to frank psychosis within 2 years. These patients are often treated with low doses of antipsychotic drugs with the goal of reducing their symptoms and preventing progression to frank psychosis. While generally useful for reducing symptoms, the clinical trials performed to date provide little evidence that early use of antipsychotics, alone or in combination with cognitive - behavioral therapy, provides improved long term outcomes in those with prodromal symptoms. First episode psychosis NICE recommends that all persons presenting with a first episode of frank psychosis be treated with both an antipsychotic drug and cognitive - behavioral therapy ( CBT ). NICE further recommends that those expressing a preference for CBT alone be informed that combination treatment is more efficacious. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not normally made at this time, as up to 25 % of those presenting with first episode psychosis are eventually found to suffer from bipolar disorder instead. The goals of treatment of these patients include reducing symptoms and potentially improving long - term treatment outcomes. Randomized clinical trials have provided evidence for the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in achieving the former goal, with first - generation and second generation antipsychotics showing about equal efficacy. Evidence that early treatment has a favorable effect on long term outcomes is equivocal. Recurrent psychotic episodes Placebo - controlled trials of both first and second generation antipsychotic drugs consistently demonstrate the superiority of active drug to placebo in suppressing psychotic symptoms. A large meta - analysis of 38 trials of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia acute psychotic episodes showed an effect size of about 0.5. There is little or no difference in efficacy among approved antipsychotic drugs, including both first - and second - generation agents. The efficacy of such drugs is suboptimal. Few patients achieve complete resolution of symptoms. Response rates, calculated using various cutoff values for symptom reduction, are low and their interpretation is complicated by high placebo response rates and selective publication of clinical trial results. Maintenance therapy The majority of patients treated with an antipsychotic drug will experience a response within 4 weeks. The goals of continuing treatment are to maintain suppression of symptoms, prevent relapse, improve quality of life, and support engagement in psychosocial therapy. Maintenance therapy with antipsychotic drugs is clearly superior to placebo in preventing relapse, but is associated with weight gain, movement disorders, and high dropout rates. A 3 - year trial following persons receiving maintenance therapy after an acute psychotic episode found that 33 % obtained long - lasting symptom reduction, 13 % achieved remission, and only 27 % experienced satisfactory quality of life. The effect of relapse prevention on long term outcomes is uncertain, as historical studies show little difference in long term outcomes before and after the introduction of antipsychotic drugs. A significant challenge in the use of antipsychotic drugs for the prevention of relapse is the poor rate of compliance. In spite of the relatively high rates of adverse effects associated with these drugs, some evidence, including higher dropout rates in placebo arms compared to treatment arms in randomized clinical trials, suggest that most patients who discontinue treatment do so because of suboptimal efficacy. Bipolar disorder Main article : Bipolar disorder Antipsychotics are routinely used, often in conjunction with mood stabilisers such as lithium / valproate, as a first - line treatment for manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder. The reason for this combination is the therapeutic delay of the aforementioned mood stabilisers ( for valproate therapeutic effects are usually seen around five days after treatment is commenced whereas lithium usually takes at least a week before the full therapeutic effects are seen ) and the comparatively rapid antimanic effects of antipsychotic drugs. The antipsychotics have a documented efficacy when used alone in acute mania / mixed episodes. Three atypical antipsychotics ( lurasidone, olanzapine and quetiapine ) have also been found to possess efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression as a monotherapy. Whereas only olanzapine and quetiapine have been proven to be effective broad - spectrum ( i.e. against all three types of relapse -- manic, mixed and depressive ) prophylactic ( or maintenance ) treatments in patients with bipolar disorder. A recent Cochrane review also found that olanzapine had a less favourable risk / benefit ratio than lithium as a maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder. The American Psychiatric Association and the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommend antipsychotics for managing acute psychotic episodes in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and as a longer - term maintenance treatment for reducing the likelihood of further episodes. They state that response to any given antipsychotic can be variable so that trials may be necessary, and that lower doses are to be preferred where possible. A number of studies have looked at levels of `` compliance '' or `` adherence '' with antipsychotic regimes and found that discontinuation ( stopping taking them ) by patients is associated with higher rates of relapse, including hospitalization. Dementia An assessment for an underlying cause of behavior is needed before prescribing antipsychotic medication for symptoms of dementia. Antipsychotics in old age dementia showed a modest benefit compared to placebo in managing aggression or psychosis, but this is combined with a fairly large increase in serious adverse events. Thus, antipsychotics should not be used routinely to treat dementia with aggression or psychosis, but may be an option in a few cases where there is severe distress or risk of physical harm to others. Psychosocial interventions may reduce the need for antipsychotics. Unipolar depression A number of atypical antipsychotics have some benefits when used in addition to other treatments in major depressive disorder. Aripiprazole, quetiapine, and olanzapine ( when used in conjunction with fluoxetine ) have received the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) labelling for this indication. There is, however, a greater risk of side effects with their use. Other Besides the above uses antipsychotics may be used for obsessive -- compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, Tourette syndrome, autism and agitation in those with dementia. Evidence however does not support the use of atypical antipsychotics in eating disorders or personality disorder. Risperidone may be useful for obsessive -- compulsive disorder. The use of low doses of antipsychotics for insomnia, while common, is not recommended as there is little evidence of benefit and concerns regarding adverse effects. Low dose antipsychotics may also be used in treatment of impulse - behavioural and cognitive - perceptual symptoms of borderline personality disorder. In children they may be used in those with disruptive behavior disorders, mood disorders and pervasive developmental disorders or intellectual disability. Antipsychotics are only weakly recommended for Tourette syndrome, because although they are effective, side effects are common. The situation is similar for those on the autism spectrum. Much of the evidence for the off - label use of antipsychotics ( for example, for dementia, OCD, PTSD, Personality Disorders, Tourette 's ) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use, especially as there was strong evidence of increased risks of stroke, tremors, significant weight gain, sedation, and gastrointestinal problems. A UK review of unlicensed usage in children and adolescents reported a similar mixture of findings and concerns. A survey of children with pervasive developmental disorder found that 16.5 % were taking an antipsychotic drug, most commonly for irritability, aggression, and agitation. Risperidone has been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of irritability in autistic children and adolescents. Aggressive challenging behavior in adults with intellectual disability is often treated with antipsychotic drugs despite lack of an evidence base. A recent randomized controlled trial, however, found no benefit over placebo and recommended that the use of antipsychotics in this way should no longer be regarded as an acceptable routine treatment. Typicals versus atypicals It is unclear whether the atypical ( second - generation ) antipsychotics offer advantages over older, first generation antipsychotics. Amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone and clozapine may be more effective but are associated with greater side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop - out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages. Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ( `` treatment - resistant '' or `` refractory '' schizophrenia ), but it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis ( lowered white blood cell count ) in less than 4 % of people. Due to bias in the research the accuracy of comparisons of atypical antipsychotics is a concern. In 2005, a US government body, the National Institute of Mental Health published the results of a major independent study ( the CATIE project ). No other atypical studied ( risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone ) did better than the typical perphenazine on the measures used, nor did they produce fewer adverse effects than the typical antipsychotic perphenazine, although more patients discontinued perphenazine owing to extrapyramidal effects compared to the atypical agents ( 8 % vs. 2 % to 4 % ). Compliance has not been shown to be different between the two types. Many researchers question the first - line prescribing of atypicals over typicals, and some even question the distinction between the two classes. In contrast, other researchers point to the significantly higher risk of tardive dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal symptoms with the typicals and for this reason alone recommend first - line treatment with the atypicals, notwithstanding a greater propensity for metabolic adverse effects in the latter. The UK government organization NICE recently revised its recommendation favoring atypicals, to advise that the choice should be an individual one based on the particular profiles of the individual drug and on the patient 's preferences. The re-evaluation of the evidence has not necessarily slowed the bias toward prescribing the atypicals. Adverse effects For more detailed comparison of atypical antipsychotics, see Atypical antipsychotic § Adverse effects. Generally, more than one antipsychotic drug should not be used at a time because of increased adverse effects. Very rarely antipsychotics may cause tardive psychosis. By rate Common ( ≥ 1 % and up to 50 % incidence for most antipsychotic drugs ) adverse effects of antipsychotics include Sedation ( particularly common with asenapine, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, chlorpromazine and zotepine ) Headaches Dizziness Diarrhea Anxiety Extrapyramidal side effects ( particularly common with first - generation antipsychotics ), which include : - Akathisia -- an often distressing sense of inner restlessness. - Dystonia - Parkinsonism - Tremor Hyperprolactinaemia ( rare for those treated with clozapine, quetiapine and aripiprazole ), which can cause : - Galactorrhoea -- unusual secretion of breast milk. - Gynaecomastia - Sexual dysfunction ( in both sexes ) - Osteoporosis Orthostatic hypotension Weight gain ( particularly prominent with clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine and zotepine ) Anticholinergic side - effects ( common for olanzapine, clozapine ; less likely on risperidone ) such as : - Blurred vision - Constipation - Dry mouth ( although hypersalivation may also occur ) - Reduced perspiration Tardive dyskinesia appears to be more frequent with high - potency first - generation antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, and tends to appear after chronic and not acute treatment. It is characterised by slow ( hence the tardive ) repetitive, involuntary and purposeless movements, most often of the face, lips, legs, or torso, which tend to resist treatment and are frequently irreversible. The rate of appearance of TD is about 5 % per year of use of antipsychotic drug ( whatever the drug used ). Rare / Uncommon ( < 1 % incidence for most antipsychotic drugs ) adverse effects of antipsychotics include Blood dyscrasias ( e.g., agranulocytosis, leukopaenia, and neutropaenia ), which is more common in patients on clozapine. Metabolic syndrome and other metabolic problems such as Type II diabetes mellitus -- particularly common with clozapine, olanzapine and zotepine. In American studies African Americans appeared to be at a heightened risk for developing type II diabetes mellitus. Evidence suggests that females are more sensitive to the metabolic side effects of first - generation antipsychotic drugs than males. Metabolic adverse effects appears to be mediated by the following mechanisms : - Causing weight gain by antagonising the histamine H and serotonin 5 - HT receptors and perhaps by interacting with other neurochemical pathways in the central nervous system. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome a potentially fatal condition characterised by : - Autonomic instability, which can manifest with tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, etc. - Hyperthermia -- elevated body temperature. - Mental status change ( confusion, hallucinations, coma, etc. ) - Muscle rigidity - Laboratory abnormalities ( e.g., elevated creatine kinase, reduced iron plasma levels, electrolyte abnormalities, etc. ) Pancreatitis QT interval prolongation -- more prominent in those treated with amisulpride, pimozide, sertindole, thioridazine and ziprasidone. Torsades de Pointes Seizures, particularly in people treated with chlorpromazine and clozapine. Thromboembolism Myocardial infarction Stroke Long term effects Some studies have found decreased life expectancy associated with the use of antipsychotics, and argued that more studies are needed. Antipsychotics may also increase the risk of early death in individuals with dementia. Antipsychotics typically worsen symptoms in people who suffer from depersonalisation disorder. Antipsychotic polypharmacy ( prescribing two or more antipsychotics at the same time for an individual ) is a common practice but not evidence - based or recommended, and there are initiatives to curtail it. Similarly, the use of excessively high doses ( often the result of polypharmacy ) continues despite clinical guidelines and evidence indicating that it is usually no more effective but is usually more harmful. Loss of grey matter and other brain structural changes over time are observed in schizophrenia. Meta - analyses of the effects of antipsychotic treatment on the course of grey matter loss and structural changes have reached conflicting conclusions. A 2012 meta - analysis concluded that grey matter loss is greater in patients treated with first generation antipsychotics relative to those treated with atypicals, and hypothesized a protective effect of atypicals as one possible explanation. A second meta - analysis suggested that treatment with antipsychotics was associated with increased grey matter loss. Subtle, long - lasting forms of akathisia are often overlooked or confused with post-psychotic depression, in particular when they lack the extra pyramidal aspect that psychiatrists have been taught to expect when looking for signs of akathisia. Withdrawal Neuroleptic discontinuation syndrome Classification and external resources Specialty Toxicology, psychiatry ICD - 10 Y49. 3 Phenothiazine antipsychotics and neuroleptics Y49. 4 Butyrophenone and thioxanthene neuroleptics Y49. 5 Other antipsychotics and neuroleptics ( edit on Wikidata ) Withdrawal symptoms from antipsychotics may emerge during dosage reduction and discontinuation. Withdrawal symptoms can include nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgia, paresthesia, anxiety, dysphoria or depression, cognitive dysfunction, worsening of negative symptoms, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. The psychological withdrawal symptoms can be mistaken for a relapse of the underlying disorder. Better management of the withdrawal syndrome may improve the ability of individuals to discontinue antipsychotics. Unexpected psychotic episodes have been observed in patients withdrawing from clozapine. This is referred to as supersensitivity psychosis, not to be equated with tardive psychosis. Tardive dyskinesia may abate during withdrawal from the antispsychotic agent, or it may persist. Withdrawal effects may also occur when switching a person from one antipsychotic to another, ( it is presumed due to variations of potency and receptor activity ). Such withdrawal effects can include cholinergic rebound, an activation syndrome, and motor syndromes including dyskinesias. These adverse effects are more likely during rapid changes between antipsychotic agents, so making a gradual change between antipsychotics minimises these withdrawal effects. The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotic treatment to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse. The process of cross-titration involves gradually increasing the dose of the new medication while gradually decreasing the dose of the old medication. List of agents Chlorpromazine. Haloperidol. Quetiapine. Clinically used antipsychotic medications are listed below by drug group. Trade names appear in parentheses. A 2013 review has stated that the division of antipsychotics into first and second generation is perhaps not accurate. Notes : † indicates drugs that are no longer ( or were never ) marketed in English - speaking countries. ‡ denotes drugs that are no longer ( or were never to begin with ) marketed in the United States. Some antipsychotics are not firmly placed in either first - generation or second - generation classes. # denotes drugs that have been withdrawn worldwide. First - generation ( typical ) Main article : Typical antipsychotic Butyrophenones Main article : Butyrophenones Benperidol Bromperidol Droperidol Haloperidol Moperone ( discontinued ) Pipamperone ( discontinued ) Timiperone Diphenylbutylpiperidines Fluspirilene ‡ Penfluridol ‡ Pimozide Phenothiazines Main article : Phenothiazines Acepromazine -- although it is mostly used in veterinary medicine. Chlorpromazine Cyamemazine Dixyrazine Fluphenazine Levomepromazine Mesoridazine ( discontinued ) Perazine Pericyazine Perphenazine Pipotiazine Prochlorperazine Promazine ( discontinued ) Promethazine Prothipendyl Thioproperazine ( only English - speaking country it is available in is Canada ) Thioridazine ( discontinued ) Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine ( discontinued ) Thioxanthenes Main article : Thioxanthenes Chlorprothixene Clopenthixol Flupentixol Thiothixene Zuclopenthixol Disputed / unknown This category is for drugs that have been called both first and second - generation, depending on the literature being used. Benzamides Sulpiride Sultopride Veralipride Tricyclics Carpipramine Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine Loxapine Mosapramine Others Molindone Second - generation ( atypical ) Main article : Atypical antipsychotic Benzamides Amisulpride -- Selective dopamine antagonist. Higher doses ( greater than 400 mg ) act upon post-synaptic dopamine receptors resulting in a reduction in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as psychosis. Lower doses, however, act upon dopamine autoreceptors, resulting in increased dopamine transmission, improving the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Lower doses of amisulpride have also been shown to have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in non-schizophrenic patients, leading to its use in dysthymia and social phobias. Nemonapride -- Used in Japan. Remoxipride -- Has a risk of causing aplastic anaemia and, hence, has been withdrawn from the market worldwide. It has also been found to possess relatively low ( virtually absent ) potential to induce hyperprolactinaemia and extrapyramidal symptoms, likely attributable to its comparatively weak binding to ( and, hence, rapid dissociation from ) the D receptor. Sultopride -- An atypical antipsychotic of the benzamide chemical class used in Europe, Japan, and Hong Kong for the treatment of schizophrenia. It was launched by Sanofi - Aventis in 1976. Sultopride acts as a selective D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. Benzisoxazoles / benzisothiazoles Iloperidone -- Approved by the US FDA in 2009, it is fairly well tolerated, although hypotension, dizziness, and somnolence were very common side effects. Has not received regulatory approval in other countries, however. Lurasidone -- Approved by the US FDA for schizophrenia and bipolar depression. Given once daily, it has shown mixed Phase III efficacy results but has a relatively well - tolerated side effect profile. It is also licensed for use as schizophrenia treatment in Canada. Not yet licensed elsewhere, however. Has procognitive effects via its antagonism of the 5 - HT receptor. Paliperidone -- Primary Metabolite of risperidone that was approved in 2006. Paliperidone palmitate -- Long - acting version of paliperidone for once - monthly injection. Perospirone -- Has a higher incidence of extrapyramidal side effects than other atypical antipsychotics. Risperidone -- Divided dosing is recommended until initial titration is completed, at which time the drug can be administered once daily. Used off - label to treat Tourette syndrome and anxiety disorder. Ziprasidone -- Approved in 2004 to treat bipolar disorder. Side - effects include a prolonged QT interval in the heart, which can be dangerous for patients with heart disease or those taking other drugs that prolong the QT interval. Butyrophenones Melperone -- Only used in a few European countries. No English - speaking country has licensed it to date. Phenylpiperazines / quinolinones Aripiprazole -- Partial agonist at the D receptor unlike almost all other clinically - utilized antipsychotics. Aripiprazole lauroxil -- Long - acting version of aripiprazole for injection. Brexpiprazole -- Partial agonist of the D receptor. Successor of aripiprazole. Cariprazine -- AD - preferring D / D partial agonist. Tricyclics Asenapine -- Used for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder. Clozapine -- Requires complete blood counts every one to four weeks due to the risk of agranulocytosis. It has unparalleled efficacy in the treatment of treatment - resistant schizophrenia. Olanzapine -- Used to treat psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, acute manic episodes, and maintenance of bipolar disorder. Used as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy, especially to fluoxetine treatment in the form of Symbyax. Quetiapine -- Used primarily to treat bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Also used and licensed in a few countries ( including Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States ) as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in patients with major depressive disorder. It 's the only antipsychotic that 's demonstrated efficacy as a monotherapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It indirectly serves as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor by means of its active metabolite, norquetiapine. Zotepine -- An atypical antipsychotic indicated for acute and chronic schizophrenia. It is still used in Japan and was once used in Germany but it was discontinued. Others Blonanserin -- Approved by the PMDA in 2008. Used in Japan and South Korea. Pimavanserin -- A selective 5 - HT receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of Parkinson 's disease psychosis in 2016. Sertindole -- Developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company H. Lundbeck. Like the other atypical antipsychotics, it is believed to have antagonist activity at dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain. Mechanism of action Antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine tend to block dopamine D receptors in the dopaminergic pathways of the brain. This means that dopamine released in these pathways has less effect. Excess release of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway has been linked to psychotic experiences. Decreased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, and excess dopamine release in other pathways, are associated with psychotic episodes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In addition to the antagonistic effects of dopamine, antipsychotics ( in particular atypical neuroleptics ) also antagonize 5 - HT receptors. Different alleles of the 5 - HT receptor have been associated with schizophrenia and other psychoses, including depression. Higher concentrations of 5 - HT receptors in cortical and subcortical areas, in particular in the right caudate nucleus have been historically recorded. This is the same receptor that psychedelic drugs agonize to various degrees, which explains the correlation between psychedelic drugs and schizophrenia. Typical antipsychotics are not particularly selective and also block dopamine receptors in the mesocortical pathway, tuberoinfundibular pathway, and the nigrostriatal pathway. Blocking D receptors in these other pathways is thought to produce some unwanted side effects that the typical antipsychotics can produce ( see above ). They were commonly classified on a spectrum of low potency to high potency, where potency referred to the ability of the drug to bind to dopamine receptors, and not to the effectiveness of the drug. High - potency antipsychotics such as haloperidol, in general, have doses of a few milligrams and cause less sleepiness and calming effects than low - potency antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine, which have dosages of several hundred milligrams. The latter have a greater degree of anticholinergic and antihistaminergic activity, which can counteract dopamine - related side - effects. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have a similar blocking effect on D receptors, however, most also act on serotonin receptors, especially 5 - HT and 5 - HT receptors. Both clozapine and quetiapine appear to bind just long enough to elicit antipsychotic effects but not long enough to induce extrapyramidal side effects and prolactin hypersecretion. 5 - HT antagonism increases dopaminergic activity in the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to a lowered extrapyramidal side effect liability among the atypical antipsychotics. Comparison of medications Overview Generic name Class Type Brand name ( s ) Launch Developer / Originator ( s ) Refs Amisulpride Benzamide Disputed Solian 1986 Sanofi - Synthélabo Aripiprazole Phenylpiperazine / Quinolinone Atypical Abilify 2002 Otsuka / Bristol - Myers Squibb Aripiprazole lauroxil Phenylpiperazine / Quinolinone Atypical Aristada 2015 Alkermes Asenapine Tricyclic / Dibenzoxapinopyrrole Atypical Saphris / Sycrest 2009 Organon / Merck Benperidol Butyrophenone Typical Anquil 1966 Janssen Blonanserin Pyridinylpiperazine Atypical Lonasen 2008 Sumitomo Dainippon / Mitsubishi Tanabe Brexpiprazole Phenylpiperazine / Quinolinone Atypical Rexulti 2015 Otsuka / Lundbeck Bromperidol Butyrophenone Typical Impromem 1981 Janssen Cariprazine Phenylpiperazine Atypical Vraylar / Reagila 2015 Gedeon Richter / Actavis Carpipramine Tricyclic / Dibenzazepine Disputed Defecton / Prazinil 1977 Pierre Fabre Chlorpromazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Thorazine 1952 Rhône - Poulenc / GlaxoSmithKline Chlorprothixene Tricyclic / Thioxanthene Disputed Truxal 1959 Roche Clocapramine Tricyclic / Dibenzazepine Disputed Clofekton / Padrasen Yoshitomi Clopenthixol Tricyclic / Thioxanthene Typical Sordinol / Ciatyl 1961 Lundbeck Clorotepine Tricyclic / Dibenzothiepin Disputed Clotepin 1971 Spofa Clotiapine Tricyclic / Dibenzothiazepine Disputed Etumine 1966 Sandoz / Wander Clozapine Tricyclic / Dibenzodiazepine Atypical Clozaril 1972 Sandoz - Novartis Cyamemazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Disputed Tercian 1972 Aventis Droperidol Butyrophenone Typical Dridol / Droleptan / Inapsine 1963 Janssen - Cilag Flupentixol Tricyclic / Thioxanthene Typical Fluanxol 1965 Lundbeck Fluphenazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Prolixin 1959 Bristol - Myers Squibb Fluspirilene Diphenylbutylpiperidine Typical Imap 1970 Janssen Haloperidol Butyrophenone Typical Haldol 1959 Janssen Iloperidone Benzisoxazole Atypical Fanapt Novartis Levomepromazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Disputed Nozinan / Levoprome 1957 Rhône - Poulenc Levosulpiride Benzamide Disputed Levopraid Abbott Loxapine Tricyclic / Dibenzoxazepine Disputed Loxitane / Loxapac Wyeth Lurasidone Benzisothiazole Atypical Latuda Sumitomo Dainippon / Sunovion Melperone Butyrophenone Disputed Buronil 1967 Lundbeck Mesoridazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Serentil 1967 Novartis - Boehringer Molindone Dihydroindolone Disputed Moban Abbott Mosapramine Tricyclic / Dibenzazepine Disputed Cremin 1991 Mitsubishi Pharma Nemonapride Benzamide Disputed Emilace / Emirace 1991 Yamanouchi Olanzapine Tricyclic / Thienobenzodiazepine Atypical Zyprexa Lilly Paliperidone Benzisoxazole Atypical Invega 2007 Janssen - Cilag / Johnson & Johnson Paliperidone palmitate Benzisoxazole Atypical Invega Sustenna / Xeplion 2009 Janssen - Cilag / Johnson & Johnson Penfluridol Diphenylbutylpiperidine Typical Semap 1973 Janssen Perazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Taxilan 1958 Promonta Periciazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Neuleptil / Neulactil 1964 Rhône - Poulenc Perospirone Benzisothiazole Atypical Lullan Sumitomo Dainippon / Mitsubishi Tanabe Perphenazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Trilafon 1957 Schering - Plough Pimavanserin Dibenzylpiperidinylurea Atypical Nuplazid 2016 ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Pimozide Diphenylbutylpiperidine Typical Orap 1969 Janssen Pipamperone Butyrophenone Disputed Dipiperon 1961 Janssen Pipotiazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Piportil 1973 Rhône - Poulenc / Aventis Prochlorperazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Compazine 1956 Rhône - Poulenc / GlaxoSmithKline Promazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Sparine 1956 Wyeth Quetiapine Tricyclic / Dibenzothiazepine Atypical Seroquel AstraZeneca Remoxipride Benzamide Disputed Roxiam AstraZeneca Risperidone Benzisoxazole Atypical Risperdal Janssen Sertindole Imidazolidinone Atypical Serdolect Lundbeck Spiperone Butyrophenone Typical Spiropitan 1969 Eisai Sulpiride Benzamide Disputed Dogmatil 1968 Delagrange / Fujisawa Sultopride Benzamide Disputed Barnetil 1976 Delagrange / Sanofi - Synthélabo Thioridazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Melleril 1958 Novartis Tiapride Benzamide Disputed Tiapridal Sanofi - Synthélabo Tiotixene Tricyclic / Thioxanthene Typical Navane 1967 Pfizer Trifluoperazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Stelazine 1958 GlaxoSmithKline Triflupromazine Tricyclic / Phenothiazine Typical Vesprin 1957 Bristol - Myers Squibb Veralipride Benzamide Disputed Agreal 1980 Sanofi - Synthélabo Ziprasidone Benzisothiazole Atypical Geodon 2000 Pfizer Zotepine Tricyclic / Dibenzothiepin Atypical Zoleptil 1982 Fujisawa Zuclopenthixol Tricyclic / Thioxanthene Typical Clopixol / Cisordinol 1978 Lundbeck Tolerability Generic name Discontinuation rate ( OR with 95 % CI in brackets ) Anticholinergic effects Sedation EPSE Weight Gain Metabolic AEs QTc prolongation ( ORs & 95 % CIs ) PE Hypotension Notes ( e.g. notable AEs * ) Amisulpride 0.43 ( 0.32 - 0.57 ) - - + + + / - + + + ( 0.66 ( 0.39 - 0.91 ) ) + + + / + + - Torsades de Pointes common on overdose. Has a comparatively low penetrability of the blood - brain barrier. Amoxapine ? + + + + + / - + + / + + + / + + + / + + + / + + + / + Amoxapine is also an antidepressant. Very toxic in overdose due to the potential for renal failure and seizures. Aripiprazole 0.61 ( 0.51 - 0.72 ) - + + / - ( Akathisia mostly ) + + / - - ( 0.01 ( -- 0.13 - 0 15 ) ) - ( can reduce prolactin levels ) - Only clinically - utilised antipsychotic that does not act by antagonising the D receptor and rather partially agonises this receptor. Asenapine 0.69 ( 0.54 - 0.86 ) - + + + + + / - + + / + ( 0.30 ( -- 0.04 - 0.65 ) ) + + Oral hypoesthesia. Has a complex pharmacologic profile. Blonanserin ~ 0.7 + + + + / + + / - + / - - + + / + + / - Only used in a few East Asian countries. Chlorpromazine 0.65 ( 0.5 - 0.84 ) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + First marketed antipsychotic, sort of the prototypical low - potency first - generation ( typical ) antipsychotic. Clozapine 0.46 ( 0.32 - 0.65 ) + + + + + + - + + + + + + + - + + + Notable AEs : Agranulocytosis, neutropaenia, leukopaenia and myocarditis. Dose - dependent seizure risk. Overall the most effective antipsychotic, on average. Usually reserved for treatment - resistant cases or highly suicidal patients. Droperidol ? + / - + / - + + + + / - + / - ? + + + ? Mostly used for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Flupenthixol ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Also used in lower doses for depression. Fluphenazine 0.69 ( 0.24 - 1.97 ) + + + + + + + + + + + + + High - potency first - generation ( typical ) antipsychotic. Haloperidol 0.8 ( 0.71 - 0.90 ) + + + + + + + / - + ( 0.11 ( 0.03 - 0.19 ) ) + + + + Prototypical high - potency first - generation ( typical ) antipsychotic. Iloperidone 0.69 ( 0.56 - 0.84 ) - + / - + + + + + + + ( 0.34 ( 0.22 - 0.46 ) ) + + / + + ? Levomepromazine ? + + + + + + + + / + + + + + ? + + + + + + Also used as an analgesic, agitation, anxiety and emesis. Loxapine 0.52 ( 0.28 - 0.98 ) + + + + + + + + / - ? + + + + + ? Lurasidone 0.77 ( 0.61 - 0.96 ) - - + + / + - - - ( -- 0.10 ( -- 0.21 - 0.01 ) ) + + / + - May be particularly helpful in ameloriating the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, likely due to its 5 - HT receptor. Melperone ? - + / - - + / - + / - + + - + + / + Several smaller low - quality clinical studies have reported its efficacy in the treatment of treatment - resistant schizophrenia. Only approved for use in a few European countries. It is known that off - licence prescribing of melperone is occurring in the United Kingdom. Is a butyrophenone, low - potency atypical antipsychotic that has been tried as a treatment for Parkinson 's disease psychosis, although with negative results. Molindone ? - + + / + + - - ? + + + + / - Withdrawn from the market. Seems to promote weight loss ( which is rather unusual for an antipsychotic seeing how they tend to promote weight gain ). Olanzapine 0.46 ( 0.41 - 0.52 ) + + + + + + + + + + + ( 0.22 ( 0.11 - 0.31 ) ) + + ? Paliperidone 0.48 ( 0.39 - 0.58 ) - - + + / + ( dose - dependent ) + + + - ( 0.05 ( -- 0.18 - 0.26 ) ) + + + + + Active metabolite of risperidone. Perazine 0.62 ( 0.4 - 1.10 ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Limited data available on adverse effects. Periciazine ? + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + Also used to treat severe anxiety. Not licensed for use in the US. Perospirone ? + / - + + + / + + / - ? - + + / + - Usually grouped with the atypical antipsychotics despite its relatively high propensity for causing extrapyramidal side effects. Perphenazine 0.30 ( 0.04, 2.33 ) + + + + + + + + + + + + Has additional antiemetic effects. Pimozide 1.01 ( 0.30 to 3.39 ) + + + + + + + + + + + + High potency first - generation ( typical ) antipsychotic. Pipotiazine ? + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + Only available in the UK. Prochlorperazine ? ? ? + + + ? ? + + + + ? Primarily used in medicine as an antiemetic. Quetiapine 0.61 ( 0.52 - 0.71 ) + + / + + + - + + + + / + + ( 0.17 ( 0.06 - 0.29 ) ) - + + Binds to the D receptor in a hit and run fashion. That is it rapidly dissociates from said receptor and hence produces antipsychotic effects but does not bind to the receptor long enough to produce extrapyramidal side effects and hyperprolactinaemia. Remoxipride ? - + / - - + / - + / - - - - Removed from the market amidst concerns about an alarmingly high rate of aplastic anaemia. Risperidone 0.53 ( 0.46 - 0.60 ) - + + / + ( dose - dependent ) + + + + + + / + + + ( 0.25 ( 0.15 - 0.36 ) ) + + + + + ? Sertindole 0.78 ( 0.61 - 0.98 ) - - - + + + + / + + + + ( 0.90 ( 0.76 - 1.02 ) ) - + + + Not licensed for use in the US. Sulpiride 1.00 ( 0.25 - 4.00 ) - - + + + / - + + + + / + + - Not licensed for use in the US. Thioridazine 0.67 ( 0.32 - 1.40 ) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Dose - dependent risk for degenerative retinopathies. Found utility in reducing the resistance of multidrug and even extensively resistant strains of tuberculosis to antibiotics. Tiotixene ? - + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + ? Trifluoperazine 0.94 ( 0.59 - 1.48 ) + / - + + + + + + / - ? + + + + ? Ziprasidone 0.72 ( 0.59 to 0.86 ) - + + + - - + + ( 0.41 ( 0.31 to 0.51 ) ) + + / + + ? Zotepine 0.69 ( 0.41 to 1.07 ) + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + Dose - dependent risk of seizures. Not licensed for use in the US. Zuclopenthixol ? + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + Not licensed for use in the US. Note : `` Notable '' is to mean side - effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug. Acronyms used : AE - Adverse effect OR - Odds ratio CI - Confidence Interval EPSE - Extrapyramidal Side Effect QTc - Corrected QT interval PE - Prolactin elevation Legend : - very low propensity for this AE + low propensity / severity for this AE + + moderate propensity / severity for this AE + + + high propensity / severity for this AE Efficacy Generic drug name Schizophrenia Mania Bipolar depression Bipolar maintenance Adjunct in major depression Amisulpride + + + ? ? ? ? ( + + + in dysthymia ) Aripiprazole + + + + - + + ( prevents manic and mixed but not depressive episodes ) + + + Asenapine + + / + + + ? + + ? Chlorpromazine + + ? ? ? ? Clozapine + + + ? ? ? ? Haloperidol + + + + + ? ? ? Iloperidone + ? ? ? ? Loxapine + + + / + + + + + ( only in the treatment of agitation ) ? ? ? Lurasidone + ? + + + ? ? Melperone + + + ? ? ? ? Olanzapine + + + + + + / + + + + + + ( most effective at preventing manic / mixed relapse ) + + Paliperidone + + + + + / + + ? ? ? Perospirone + ? ? ? ? Quetiapine + + + + + + + + + + + + Risperidone + + + + + + - + + + + + Sertindole + + ? ? ? ? Ziprasidone + + / + + ? + ? Zotepine + + ? ? ? ? Binding affinity K ( nM ) toward cloned human receptors ( unless otherwise specified ) Drug name SERT 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT α α α NET 5 - HT / D Amisulpride > 10,000 > 10,000 8,304 > 10,000 4,154 73.5 > 10,000 1,114 1,540 > 10,000 > 10,000 2.2 2.4 2,370 3774.5 > 10,000 > 10,000 > 10,000 Aripiprazole 1,081 5.6 8.7 22.4 642.4 9.97 25.85 74.1 37.63 2091.5 1,173.5 1.64 5.35 514 5.3 27.93 6,778 4,678 Asenapine ND 2.5 0.06 0.03 0.25 0.13 1.2 1.2 1.2 ND 1.4 1.3 0.42 1.1 0.0462 1.0 8,128 8,128 Blonanserin ND 804 0.812 26.4 41.9 183 26.7 ( RB ) 530 ( RC ) ND ND 1,070 0.142 0.494 150 5.72 765 100 ND N - DEBN ND ND 1.28 4.50 5.03 206 ( RC ) ND ND ND ND 1,020 1.38 0.23 ND 0.93 ND ND ND Chlorpromazine 1,296 2,115.5 4.5 15.6 17.0 28.4 0.28 184 46 2,443 76.3 1.40 4.65 5.33 3.21 3.09 32.3 57.0 Clozapine 1,624 123.7 5.35 9.44 13.5 17.95 1.62 37 6.0 3,168 266.3 157 269.1 26.4 0.0341 1.13 6.17 19.25 Norclozapine 316.6 13.9 10.9 11.9 ( RC ) 11.6 60.1 104.8 137.6 117.7 493.9 14.3 94.5 153 63.94 0.115 3.4 67.6 95.7 cis - Flupenthixol ND 8,028 87.5 ( HFC ) 102.2 ( RC ) ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.5 0.35 1.75 66.3 250 0.86 ND ND Fluphenazine 5,950 1,039.9 37.93 982.5 34.67 8.00 6.45 314.1 28.9 3,076 17.33 0.30 1.75 40.0 126.4 14.15 1,095 1,441 Haloperidol 3,256 2,066.83 56.81 4,801 5,133 377.6 12.0 801.5 403 2,112 121.8 0.7 3.96 2.71 81.2 1698 > 10,000 > 10,000 Iloperidone ND 93.21 1.94 147 63.09 112 0.3 160 16.2 1479 129.32 10.86 10.55 13.75 0.179 12 4,898 > 10,000 Loxapine > 10,000 2,456 6.63 13.25 31.0 87.6 31.0 150.9 80.0 5,698 54 28.1 19.33 7.80 0.236 4.90 119.45 211.33 Amoxapine 58 ND 0.5 2.0 ( RC ) 50 40.21 50 ND ND 16 ND 20.8 21.0 21.0 0.0240 25 1,000 1,000 Lurasidone ND 6.8 2.0 415 ND 0.5 48 1.6 10.8 ND 262 1.7 ND ND 1.18 > 10,000 > 10,000 > 10,000 Melperone ND 2,200 ( HB ) 230 2,100 ( HB ) 1,254 ( RC ) 578 ( HB ) 180 ( HB ) 150 ( HB ) ND ND ND 194 8.95 555 1.186 580 > 10,000 > 10,000 Molindone ND 3,797 3773 > 10,000 1,008 3,053 2,612 1,097 172.6 ND ND 6.0 72.5 2,950 628.83 2,130 ND > 10,000 Olanzapine 3,676 2282 3.73 10.2 8.07 105.2 112 314 28.9 > 10,000 70.33 34.23 47.0 14.33 0.109 2.19 2.5 56.33 Paliperidone 3,717 616.6 0.71 48 2,414 2.7 2.5 17.35 7.35 > 10,000 41.04 0.7 0.5 54.3 1.104 18.8 > 10,000 > 10,000 Perphenazine ND 421 5.6 132 17 23 10 810.5 85.2 ND ND 0.14 0.13 17 40 8 1,500 1,848 Pimozide ND 650 48.35 2,112 71 0.5 197.7 1,593 376.5 ND > 10,000 1.45 0.25 1.8 33.34 692.2 800 ( HB ) 1,955 Prochlorperazine ND 5,900 ( HC ) 15 ( HC ) 122 148 ( RC ) 196 ( RC ) 23.8 ( HB ) 1,694.91 ( HB ) ND ND ND 0.65 2.90 5.40 23.1 18.86 ( HB ) 555.55 ( HB ) ND Quetiapine > 10,000 394.2 912 1,843 948.75 307.6 22 3,630 28.85 > 10,000 994.5 379 340 2,019 2.41 6.90 489 1631.5 Norquetiapine ND 45 48 107 ND 76 144 237 ND 12 99.8 ( RC ) 196 ND ND 0.245 3.5 38.3 ( RC ) ND Risperidone > 10,000 422.88 0.17 12 2057.17 6.6 5 16.5 1.3 > 10,000 243.53 3.57 2.0 4.66 0.0476 20.05 > 10,000 > 10,000 Sertindole ND 280 0.39 0.9 5.4 28 1.8 640 450 ND ND 2.35 2.30 4.92 0.166 130 > 5,000 2,692 Sulpiride ND > 10,000 > 10,000 ( RC ) > 10,000 ( RC ) 5,000 ( RC ) 4,000 ( RC ) > 10,000 ( RB ) 4,893 ( RB ) ND ND > 10,000 9.80 8.05 54 > 1,000 > 10,000 ( RB ) > 10,000 ( RB ) > 10,000 ( RB ) Thioridazine 1,259 144.35 27.67 53 57.05 99 3.15 134.15 74.9 842 94.5 2.20 1.50 6.00 12.58 16.5 12.8 29 Tiotixene 3,878 410.2 50 1355.5 245.47 15.25 11.5 79.95 51.95 > 10,000 51 0.12 0.40 203 416.7 8 > 10,000 > 10,000 Trifluoperazine ND 950 74 378 144 290.8 24 653.7 391.5 ND ND 1.12 ND 38.1 66.07 63 ND 1,001 Ziprasidone 112 54.67 0.73 13 60.95 6.31 18 160 68 44 30 4.35 7.85 52.9 0.1678 62.67 > 10,000 > 10,000 Zotepine 151 470.5 2.7 3.2 6 12 7 208 106 530 71 25 6.4 18 0.108 3.21 18 73 Acronyms used : HFC - Human frontal cortex receptor RB - Rat brain receptor RC - Cloned rat receptor ND - No data HB - Human brain receptor HC - Human cortex receptor N - DEBN - N - desethylblonanserin Pharmacokinetics Drug Bioavailability t parent drug ( active metabolite ) Protein binding V Excretion Routes Metabolism enzymes Active metabolites Amisulpride 48 % 12 h 16 % 3 - 4 h 54 ± 4 ng / mL 5.8 L / kg Faeces ( 20 % ), urine ( 50 %, when given IV ) Oral ? None Aripiprazole 87 % ( Oral ), 100 % ( IM ) 75 h ( 94 h ) 99 % 3 - 5 h ? 4.9 L / kg Faeces ( 55 % ), urine ( 25 % ) Oral, IM ( including depot ) CYP2D6, CYP3A4 Dehydroaripiprazole Asenapine 35 % ( sublingual ) 24 h 95 % 0.5 - 1.5 h 4 ng / mL 20 - 25 L / kg Urine ( 50 % ), faeces ( 40 % ) Sublingual CYP1A2, UGT1A4, CYP2D6 None Blonanserin 55 % 10.7 - 16.2 h ( single dosing ), 67.9 h ( repeated dosing ) ≥ 99.7 % 1.5 - 2 h 0.14 - 0.76 ng / mL ( 0.57 ng / mL for repeated dosing ) 8560 - 9500 L Urine ( 59 % ), faeces ( 30 % ) Oral CYP3A4 N - desethylblonanserin Chlorpromazine 20 % 30 h 92 - 97 % ? ? 20 L / kg Urine Oral, IM, IV CYP2D6 Several active metabolites Clozapine 50 - 60 % 12 h 97 % 1.5 - 2.5 h 102 - 771 ng / mL 4.67 L / kg Urine ( 50 % ), faeces ( 30 % ) Oral CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 Norclozapine Droperidol ? 2 h ( 8 - 12 h ) Extensive 60 min ( IM ) ? 2 L / kg ( adults ), 0.58 L / kg ( children ) Urine ( 75 % ), faeces ( 22 % ) IM, IV ? None Flupentixol 40 - 55 % ( Oral ) 35 h ? 7 days ( depot ) ? 12 - 14 L / kg Urine Oral, IM ( including depot ) ? None Fluphenazine 2.7 % ( Oral ) 14 - 16 h, 14 days ( depot ) ? 2 h ( Oral ), 8 - 10 h ( depot ) ? ? Urine, faeces Oral, IM ( including depot ) ? None Haloperidol 60 - 70 % ( Oral ) 10 - 20 h ( short - acting IM ), 3 weeks ( depot ) 92 % 2 - 6 h ( Oral ), 10 - 20 min ( short - acting IM ), 6 -- 7 days ( depot ) ? 8 - 18 L / kg Urine ( 30 % ), faeces ( 15 % ) Oral, IM, IV CYP3A4 None Iloperidone 96 % ? 95 % 2 - 4 h ? 1340 - 2800 L Urine ( 45 - 58 % ), faeces ( 20 - 22 % ) Oral CYP3A4, CYP2D6 None notable. Levomepromazine ? 30 h ? 2 - 3 h ? ? Urine, faeces IM, IV ? Methotrimeprazine sulfoxide Loxapine High 6 - 8 h ( Inhaled ), 4 - 12 h ( Oral ) 96.6 % 2 min ( inhaled ), 2 h ( oral ), 5 h ( IM ) 257 ng / mL ( inhaled ), 6 - 13 ng / mL ( Oral ) ? Urine ( 56 - 70 % ), faeces ( Only oral data available ) Oral, IM, Inhalation CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6 Amoxapine ( a tricyclic antidepressant ), 7 - OH loxapine, 8 - OH loxapine Lurasidone 9 - 19 % 18 h 99 % 1 - 3 h ? 6173 L Urine ( 9 % ), faeces ( 80 % ) Oral CYP3A4 2 active Melperone 54 % ( Oral via syrup ), 65 % ( Oral via tablets ), 87 % ( IM ) 2.1 - 6.4 h ( Oral ), 6.6 ± 3.7 h ( IM ) 50 % 1.6 - 2.4 h ( Oral, tablets ), 1 h ( Oral, syrup ) 1132 ± 814 ng / mL ( 25 mg, orally ), 2228 - 3416 ng / mL ( 50 mg, orally ), 89539 ± 37001 ng / mL ( 100 mg, orally ) 9.9 ± 3.7 L / kg ( 10 mg ), 7 ± 1.61 L / kg ( 20 mg ) Urine ( 70 % as metabolites, 5.5 - 10.4 % as parent drug ) Oral, IM ? None Olanzapine 87 % ( Oral ) 30 h 93 % 6 h ( Oral ), 15 - 45 min ( short - acting IM ), 7 days ( depot ) 4 - 20.4 mg / mL 1000 L Urine ( 57 % ), faeces ( 30 % ) Oral, IM ( including depot ) CYP1A2 None Paliperidone 28 % ( Oral ) 23 h ( Oral ), 25 -- 49 days ( IM ) 74 % 24 h ( Oral ), 13 days ( IM ) 8.85 - 11.7 ng / mL 390 - 487 L Urine ( 80 % ), faeces ( 11 % ) Oral, IM ( depot ) CYP3A4, CYP2D6 None Periciazine ? 12 h ? 2 h 150 ng / mL ? Urine Oral ? ? Perospirone ? 1.9 - 2.5 h 92 % 1.5 h 5.7 ng / mL ? Urine ( 0.4 % as unchanged drug ) Oral ? None Perphenazine ? 9 - 12 h ( 10 - 19 h ) ? 1 - 3 h ; 2 - 4 h ( metabolite ) 0.984 ng / mL ; 0.509 ng / mL ? Urine, faeces Oral CYP2D6 7 - OH perphenazine Pimozide 40 - 50 % 55 h ? 6 - 8 h 4 - 19 ng / mL ( dose - dependent ) ? Urine Oral CYP3A4, CYP2D6 None Prochlorperazine 12.5 % 6.8 - 9 h High ? ? 12.9 - 17.7 L / h Urine, bile Oral, IM, IV ? N - desmethylprochlorperazine Quetiapine 100 % 6 h ( IR ), 7 h ( XR ) ; active metabolite : 12 h 83 % 1.5 h ( IR ), 6 h ( XR ) @ 250 mg q8hr 778 ng / mL ( male ), 879 ng / mL ( female ) 6 - 14 L / kg Urine ( 73 % ), faeces ( 20 % ) Oral CYP3A4 Norquetiapine ( a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and 5 - HT receptor partial agonist ) Risperidone 70 % 3 - 17 h ( 24 h ) 90 % ( active metabolite : 77 % ) 3 - 17 h ? 1 - 2 L / kg Urine ( 70 % ), faeces ( 14 % ) Oral, IM ( including depot ) CYP2D6 Paliperidone Sertindole ? 3 days 99.5 % 10 h ? 20 L / kg Urine ( 4 % ), faeces ( 46 - 56 % ) Oral CYP2D6 None Sulpiride 27 ± 9 % 8 h 40 % 3 - 6 h ? 2.72 ± 0.66 L / kg Urine, faeces Oral ? None Thioridazine ? 24 h 95 % ? ? ? ? Oral CYP2D6 None Tiotixene ? 24 h 90 % ? ? ? ? Oral CYP1A2 None Trifluoperazine ? 24 h ? ? ? ? ? Oral ? None Ziprasidone 60 % ( Oral ), 100 % ( IM ) 7 h ( Oral ), 2 - 5 h ( IM ) 99 % 6 - 8 h ( Oral ), ≤ 60 min ( IM ) ? 1.5 L / kg Faeces ( 66 % ), urine ( 20 % ) Oral, IM CYP3A4, CYP1A2 None Zotepine 7 - 13 % 13.7 - 15.9 h ( 12 h ) 97 % 1 - 4 h 31 - 240 10 L / kg Urine ( 17 % ) Oral CYP1A2, CYP3A4 Norzotepine ( a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ) Zuclopenthixol 49 % 20 h 98 % 2 - 12 h ( mean : 4 h ) ? 20 L / kg Faeces, urine ( 10 % ) Oral, IM ( including depot ) CYP2D6 None History Advertisement for Thorazine ( chlorpromazine ) from the 1950s, reflecting the perceptions of psychosis, including the now - discredited perception of a tendency towards violence, from the time when antipsychotics were discovered The original antipsychotic drugs were happened upon largely by chance and then tested for their effectiveness. The first, chlorpromazine, was developed as a surgical anesthetic. It was first used on psychiatric patients because of its powerful calming effect ; at the time it was regarded as a non-permanent `` pharmacological lobotomy ''. Lobotomy at the time was used to treat many behavioral disorders, including psychosis, although its effect was to markedly reduce behavior and mental functioning of all types. However, chlorpromazine proved to reduce the effects of psychosis in a more effective and specific manner than lobotomy, even though it was known to be capable of causing severe sedation. The underlying neurochemistry involved has since been studied in detail, and subsequent antipsychotic drugs have been discovered by an approach that incorporates this sort of information. The discovery of chlorpromazine 's psychoactive effects in 1952 led to greatly reduced use of restraint, seclusion, and sedation in the management of agitated patients, and also led to further research that resulted in the development of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and the majority of other drugs now used in the management of psychiatric conditions. In 1952, Henri Laborit described chlorpromazine only as inducing indifference towards what was happening around them in nonpsychotic, nonmanic patients, and Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker described it as controlling manic or psychotic agitation. The former claimed to have discovered a treatment for agitation in anyone, and the latter team claimed to have discovered a treatment for psychotic illness. Until the 1970s there was considerable debate within psychiatry on the most appropriate term to use to describe the new drugs. In the late 1950s the most widely used term was `` neuroleptic '', followed by `` major tranquilizer '' and then `` ataraxic ''. The first recorded use of the term tranquilizer dates from the early nineteenth century. In 1953 Frederik F. Yonkman, a chemist at the Swiss - based Cibapharmaceutical company, first used the term tranquilizer to differentiate reserpine from the older sedatives. The word neuroleptic was coined in 1955 by Delay and Deniker after their discovery ( 1952 ) of the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine. It is derived from the Greek : `` νεῦρον '' ( neuron, originally meaning `` sinew '' but today referring to the nerves ) and `` λαμβάνω '' ( lambanō, meaning `` take hold of '' ). Thus, the word means taking hold of one 's nerves. It was often taken to refer also to common side effects such as reduced activity in general, as well as lethargy and impaired motor control. Although these effects are unpleasant and in some cases harmful, they were at one time, along with akathisia, considered a reliable sign that the drug was working. The term `` ataraxy '' was coined by the neurologist Howard Fabing and the classicist Alister Cameron to describe the observed effect of psychic indifference and detachment in patients treated with chlorpromazine. This term derived from the Greek adjective `` ἀτάρακτος '' ( ataraktos ), which means `` not disturbed, not excited, without confusion, steady, calm ''. In the use of the terms `` tranquilizer '' and `` ataractic '', medical practitioners distinguished between the `` major tranquilizers '' or `` major ataractics '', which referred to drugs used to treat psychoses, and the `` minor tranquilizers '' or `` minor ataractics '', which referred to drugs used to treat neuroses. While popular during the 1950s, these terms are infrequently used today. They are being abandoned in favor of `` antipsychotic '', which refers to the drug 's desired effects. Today, `` minor tranquilizer '' can refer to anxiolytic and / or hypnotic drugs such as the benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines, which have some antipsychotic properties and are recommended for concurrent use with antipsychotics, and are useful for insomnia or drug - induced psychosis. They are powerful ( and potentially addictive ) sedatives. Antipsychotics are broadly divided into two groups, the typical or first - generation antipsychotics and the atypical or second - generation antipsychotics. The typical antipsychotics are classified according to their chemical structure while the atypical antipsychotics are classified according to their pharmacological properties. These include serotonin - dopamine antagonists ( see dopamine antagonist and serotonin antagonist ), multi-acting receptor - targeted antipsychotics ( MARTA, those targeting several systems ), and dopamine partial agonists, which are often categorized as atypicals. Society and culture Terminology The term major tranquilizer was used for older antipsychotic drugs. The term neuroleptic is often used as a synonym for antipsychotic, even though - strictly speaking - the two terms are not interchangeable. Antipsychotic drugs are a subgroup of neuroleptic drugs, because the latter have a wider range of effects. Antipsychotics are a type of psychoactive or psychotropic medication. Sales Antipsychotics were once among the biggest selling and most profitable of all drugs, generating $22 billion in global sales in 2008. By 2003 in the US, an estimated 3.21 million patients received antipsychotics, worth an estimated $2.82 billion. Over 2 / 3 of prescriptions were for the newer, more expensive atypicals, each costing on average $164 per year, compared to $40 for the older types. By 2008, sales in the US reached $14.6 billion, the biggest selling drugs in the US by therapeutic class. Formulations Antipsychotics are sometimes administered as part of compulsory psychiatric treatment via inpatient ( hospital ) commitment or outpatient commitment. They may be administered orally or, in some cases, through long - acting ( depot ) injections administered in the dorsgluteal, ventrogluteal or deltoid muscle. Controversy Joanna Moncrieff has argued that antipsychotic drug treatment is often undertaken as a means of control rather than to treat specific symptoms experienced by the patient. Moncreiff has further argued that the evidence for antipsychotics from discontinuation - relapse studies may be flawed, because they do not take into account that antipsychotics may sensitize the brain and provoke psychosis if discontinued, which may then be wrongly interpreted as a relapse of the original condition. Use of this class of drugs has a history of criticism in residential care. As the drugs used can make patients calmer and more compliant, critics claim that the drugs can be overused. Outside doctors can feel under pressure from care home staff. In an official review commissioned by UK government ministers it was reported that the needless use of antipsychotic medication in dementia care was widespread and was linked to 1800 deaths per year. In the US, the government has initiated legal action against the pharmaceutical company Johnson & Johnson for allegedly paying kickbacks to Omnicare to promote its antipsychotic risperidone ( Risperdal ) in nursing homes. There has also been controversy about the role of pharmaceutical companies in marketing and promoting antipsychotics, including allegations of downplaying or covering up adverse effects, expanding the number of conditions or illegally promoting off - label usage ; influencing drug trials ( or their publication ) to try to show that the expensive and profitable newer atypicals were superior to the older cheaper typicals that were out of patent. Following charges of illegal marketing, settlements by two large pharmaceutical companies in the US set records for the largest criminal fines ever imposed on corporations. One case involved Eli Lilly and Company 's antipsychotic Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra. In the Bextra case, the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic, Geodon. In addition, Astrazeneca faces numerous personal - injury lawsuits from former users of Seroquel ( quetiapine ), amidst federal investigations of its marketing practices. By expanding the conditions for which they were indicated, Astrazeneca 's Seroquel and Eli Lilly 's Zyprexa had become the biggest selling antipsychotics in 2008 with global sales of $5.5 billion and $5.4 billion respectively. Harvard medical professor Joseph Biederman conducted research on bipolar disorder in children that led to an increase in such diagnoses. A 2008 Senate investigation found that Biederman also received $1.6 million in speaking and consulting fees between 2000 and 2007 -- some of them undisclosed to Harvard -- from companies including makers of antipsychotic drugs prescribed for children with bipolar disorder. Johnson & Johnson gave more than $700,000 to a research center that was headed by Biederman from 2002 to 2005, where research was conducted, in part, on Risperdal, the company 's antipsychotic drug. Biederman has responded saying that the money did not influence him and that he did not promote a specific diagnosis or treatment. Pharmaceutical companies have also been accused of attempting to set the mental health agenda through activities such as funding consumer advocacy groups. Special populations It is recommended that persons with dementia who exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms should not be given antipsychotics before trying other treatments. When taking antipsychotics this population has increased risk of cerebrovascular effects, parkinsonism or extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, confusion and other cognitive adverse effects, weight gain, and increased mortality. Physicians and caretakers of persons with dementia should try to address symptoms including agitation, aggression, apathy, anxiety, depression, irritability, and psychosis with alternative treatments whenever antipsychotic use can be replaced or reduced. Elderly persons often have their dementia treated first with antipsychotics and this is not the best management strategy. 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External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antipsychotics. Are atypical antipsychotics advantageous ? - the case for, Australian Prescriber 2005 ( note : pharmaceutical company conflict of interest statement at the end ) Are atypical antipsychotics advantageous ? - the case against, Australian Prescriber 2005 First Generation Antipsychotics : An Introduction, Psychopharmacology Institute, 2012 FDA Public Health Advisory - Public Health Advisory for Antipsychotic Drugs used for Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Elderly Patients, fda.gov Antipsychotic Medication - information from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists ( in Portuguese ) FROTA LH. Fifty Years of Antipsychotic Drugs in Psychiatry. `` Cinqüenta Anos de Medicamentos Antipsicóticos em Psiquiatria. '' 1st ed ; Ebook : CD - Rom / On - Line Portuguese, ISBN 85 - 903827 - 1 - 0, File. pdf ( Adobe Acrobat ) 6Mb, Informática, Rio de Janeiro, August 2003, 486pp., medicina.ufrj.br Drug - induced supersensitivity psychosis revisited : characteristics of relapse in treatment - compliant patients, Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 2012 Antipsychotics ( N05A ) Typical Butyrophenones : Benperidol Bromperidol Droperidol Haloperidol Moperone Pipamperone Spiperone Timiperone Trifluperidol Diphenylbutylpiperidines : Fluspirilene Penfluridol Pimozide Phenothiazines : Acetophenazine Butaperazine Carphenazine ( carfenazine ) Chlorpromazine Cyamemazine Dixyrazine Fluphenazine Levomepromazine ( methotrimeprazine ) Mesoridazine Perazine Periciazine Perphenazine Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Prochlorperazine Promazine Sulforidazine Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Thioxanthenes : Chlorprothixene Clopenthixol Flupentixol Tiotixene ( thiothixene ) Zuclopenthixol Disputed Benzamides : Amisulpride Levosulpiride Nemonapride Remoxipride Sulpiride Sultopride Tiapride Veralipride Butyrophenones : Melperone Tricyclics : Carpipramine Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine Loxapine Mosapramine Others : Molindone Atypical Benzisoxazole / benzisothiazoles : Iloperidone Lurasidone Paliperidone Paliperidone palmitate Perospirone Risperidone Ziprasidone Butyrophenones : Lumateperone Phenylpiperazines / quinolinones : Aripiprazole Aripiprazole lauroxil Brexpiprazole Cariprazine RP - 5063 Tricyclics : Asenapine Clozapine Olanzapine Quetiapine Zotepine Others : Blonanserin Pimavanserin Sertindole Others Azacyclonol Cannabidiol Oxypertine Reserpine Tetrabenazine WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin -- angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J, P, QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 -- L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 -- L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles, bones, and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia agents Antidepressants Antimigraine agents Antiparkinson agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - promoting agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics Dopamine receptor modulators D - like Agonists Benzazepines : 6 - Br - APB Fenoldopam SKF - 38,393 SKF - 77,434 SKF - 81,297 SKF - 82,958 SKF - 83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines : Cabergoline CY - 208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK - 8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives : A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide ( ABT - 431, DAS - 431 ) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines : BCO - 001 Deoxyepinephrine ( N - methyldopamine, epinine ) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L - DOPA ( levodopa ) Melevodopa L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine XP21279 Others : A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Nuciferine PF - 6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine SKF - 89,145 SKF - 89,626 Stepholidine Tetrahydropalmatine Antagonists Typical antipsychotics : Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol ( flupenthixol ) ( + melitracen ) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine ( + amitriptyline ) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine ( + tranylcypromine ) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics : Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA - clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine ( + + fluoxetine ) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others : Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Odapipam Perlapine SCH - 23390 D - like Agonists Adamantanes : Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins : 5 - OH - DPAT 7 - OH - DPAT 8 - OH - PBZI Rotigotine UH - 232 Ergolines : Bromocriptine Cabergoline Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Ergocornine Lisuride LSD Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives : 2 - OH - NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N, N - Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines : Deoxyepinephrine ( N - methyldopamine, epinine ) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics : Alentemol ( U-66444B ) Aripiprazole ( + sertraline ) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Cariprazine F - 15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine RP - 5063 Others : 3 - PPP A-412997 ABT - 670 ABT - 724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil BP - 897 Captodiame CP - 226,269 Dizocilpine Esketamine Flibanserin GSK - 789,472 Ketamine Mesulergine Modafinil OSU - 6162 Pardoprunox PD - 128,907 PD - 168,077 PF - 219,061 PF - 592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS - 127 Ro10 - 5824 Ropinirole Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF - 83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY - 100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics : Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol ( flupenthixol ) ( + melitracen ) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine ( methotrimeprazine ) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine ( periciazine ) Perphenazine ( + amitriptyline ) Piflutixol ( pifluthixol ) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone ( spiroperidol ) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine ( + tranylcypromine ) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics : Amisulpride Asenapine BL - 1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine ( clothiapine ) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA - clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine ( + fluoxetine ) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics / gastroprokinetics / sedatives : Aceprometazine AS - 8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants : Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others : 3 - PPP Alpiropride Azapride Buspirone Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F - 15063 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine GSK - 789,472 Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L - 741,626 L - 745,870 Levofenfluramine LEK - 8829 Metergoline Metitepine ( methiothepin ) N - Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU - 99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB - 277,011 - A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV - 293 Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH - 232 Yohimbine See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins Mood disorder ( F30 -- F39, 296 ) History Emil Kraepelin Karl Leonhard John Cade Mogens Schou Frederick K. Goodwin Kay Redfield Jamison Symptoms Hallucination Delusion Emotional dysregulation Anhedonia Dysphoria Suicidal ideation Mood swing sleep disorder Hypersomnia Insomnia Psychosis Racing thoughts Reduced affect display Depression ( differential diagnoses ) Spectrum Bipolar disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia Bipolar NOS Depression ( Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression ) Schizoaffective disorder Mania Mixed affective state Hypomania Major depressive episode Rapid cycling Treatment Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Valproate Sodium valproate Valproate semisodium Sympathomimetics, SSRIs & similar Dextroamphetamine Methylphenidate Bupropion Sertraline Fluoxetine Escitalopram Other mood stabilizers Antipsychotics Lithium Lithium carbonate Lithium citrate Lithium sulfate Atypical antipsychotics Non-pharmaceutical Clinical psychology Electroconvulsive therapy Involuntary commitment Light therapy Psychotherapy Transcranial magnetic stimulation Cognitive behavioral therapy Dialectical behavior therapy NDL : 01037224 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&oldid=835447027 '' Categories : Antipsychotics Psychiatry controversies Drug classes defined by psychological effects Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Articles containing Greek - language text Infobox medical condition Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Portuguese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 19 : 29. 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Question: antipsychotic drugs are also known by what two other names
Answer: neuroleptics or major tranquilizers