Gulf Stream - wikipedia Gulf Stream For other uses, see Gulf Stream ( disambiguation ). Surface temperatures in the western North Atlantic. The North American landmass is black and dark blue ( cold ), while the Gulf Stream is red ( warm ). Source : NASA The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about 40 ° 0 ′ N 30 ° 0 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.000 ° N 30.000 ° W ﻿ / 40.000 ; - 30.000, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa. The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe. Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream. It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation. The Gulf Stream may be slowing down as a result of climate change. The Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) wide and 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) to 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) deep. The current velocity is fastest near the surface, with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second ( 5.6 mph ). Contents 1 History 2 Properties 3 Formation and behavior 4 Localized effects 5 Effect on cyclone formation 6 Possible renewable power source 7 In culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Benjamin Franklin 's map of the Gulf Stream European discovery of the Gulf Stream dates to the 1512 expedition of Juan Ponce de León, after which it became widely used by Spanish ships sailing from the Caribbean to Spain. A summary of Ponce de León 's voyage log, on April 22, 1513, noted, `` A current such that, although they had great wind, they could not proceed forward, but backward and it seems that they were proceeding well ; at the end it was known that the current was more powerful than the wind. '' Its existence was also known to Peter Martyr d'Anghiera. Benjamin Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns. In 1768, while in England, Franklin heard a curious complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs : Why did it take British packets several weeks longer to reach New York from England than it took an average American merchant ship to reach Newport, Rhode Island, despite the merchant ships leaving from London and having to sail down the River Thames and then the length of the English Channel before they sailed across the Atlantic, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall ? Franklin asked Timothy Folger, his cousin twice removed ( Nantucket Historical Society ), a Nantucket Island whaling captain, for an answer. Folger explained that merchant ships routinely crossed the then - unnamed Gulf Stream -- identifying it by whale behavior, measurement of the water 's temperature and the speed of bubbles on its surface, and changes in the water 's color -- while the mail packet captains ran against it. Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough to chart the Gulf Stream and giving it the name by which it is still known today. He offered this information to Anthony Todd, secretary of the British Post Office, but it was ignored by British sea captains. Franklin 's Gulf Stream chart was published in 1770 in England, where it was mostly ignored. Subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U.S. in 1786. Properties The Gulf Stream proper is a western - intensified current, driven largely by wind stress. The North Atlantic Drift, in contrast, is largely thermohaline circulation -- driven. In 1958 the oceanographer Henry Stommel noted that `` very little water from the Gulf of Mexico is actually in the Stream ''. By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be. However, the extent of its contribution to the actual temperature differential between North America and Europe is a matter of dispute, as there is a recent minority opinion within the science community that this temperature difference ( beyond that caused by contrasting maritime and continental climates ) is mainly due to atmospheric waves created by the Rocky Mountains. Formation and behavior Evolution of the Gulf Stream to the west of Ireland continuing as the North Atlantic Current A river of sea water, called the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, flows westward off the coast of Central Africa. When this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America, the current forks into two branches. One passes into the Caribbean Sea, while a second, the Antilles Current, flows north and east of the West Indies. These two branches rejoin north of the Straits of Florida. The trade winds blow westward in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean. The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward. Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the northward - moving winds on the subtropical ridge 's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of northward moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the western boundary current known as the Labrador current. The conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream, which occasionally break off due to a shift in the Gulf Stream 's position, forming separate warm and cold eddies. This overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin, such as the Gulf Stream, to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary. As a consequence, the resulting Gulf Stream is a strong ocean current. It transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second ( 30 sverdrups ) through the Florida Straits. As it passes south of Newfoundland, this rate increases to 150 million cubic metres per second. The volume of the Gulf Stream dwarfs all rivers that empty into the Atlantic combined, which barely total 0.6 million cubic metres per second. It is weaker, however, than the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Given the strength and proximity of the Gulf Stream, beaches along the East Coast of the United States may be more vulnerable to large sea - level anomalies, which significantly impact rates of coastal erosion. The Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) wide and 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) to 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) deep. The current velocity is fastest near the surface, with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second ( 5.6 mph ). As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling. The cooling is wind - driven : Wind moving over the water causes evaporation, cooling the water and increasing its salinity and density. When sea ice forms, salts are left out of the ice, a process known as brine exclusion. These two processes produce water that is denser and colder ( or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature ). In the North Atlantic Ocean, the water becomes so dense that it begins to sink down through less salty and less dense water. ( The convective action is not unlike that of a lava lamp. ) This downdraft of cold, dense water becomes a part of the North Atlantic Deep Water, a southgoing stream. Very little seaweed lies within the current, although seaweed lies in clusters to its east. In April 2018, two studies published in Nature found the Gulf Stream to be at its weakest for at least 1,600 years. Localized effects See also : Climate of Florida The Gulf Stream is influential on the climate of the Florida peninsula. The portion off the Florida coast, referred to as the Florida current, maintains an average water temperature at or above 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) during the winter. East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter. Also, the Gulf Stream 's proximity to Nantucket, Massachusetts adds to its biodiversity, as it is the northern limit for southern varieties of plant life, and the southern limit for northern plant species, Nantucket being warmer during winter than the mainland. The North Atlantic Current of the Gulf Stream, along with similar warm air currents, helps keep Ireland and the western coast of Great Britain a couple of degrees warmer than the east. However, the difference is most dramatic in the western coastal islands of Scotland. A noticeable effect of the Gulf Stream and the strong westerly winds ( driven by the warm water of the Gulf Stream ) on Europe occurs along the Norwegian coast. Northern parts of Norway lie close to the Arctic zone, most of which is covered with ice and snow in winter. However, almost all of Norway 's coast remains free of ice and snow throughout the year. Weather systems warmed by the Gulf Stream drift into Northern Europe, also warming the climate behind the Scandinavian mountains. Effect on cyclone formation Hurricane Sandy intensifying along the axis of the Gulf Stream in 2012. The warm water and temperature contrast along the edge of the Gulf Stream often increase the intensity of cyclones, tropical or otherwise. Tropical cyclone generation normally requires water temperatures in excess of 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ). Tropical cyclone formation is common over the Gulf Stream, especially in the month of July. Storms travel westward through the Caribbean and then either move in a northward direction and curve toward the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north - westward track and enter the Gulf of Mexico. Such storms have the potential to create strong winds and extensive damage to the United States ' Southeast Coastal Areas. Strong extratropical cyclones have been shown to deepen significantly along a shallow frontal zone, forced by the Gulf Stream itself during the cold season. Subtropical cyclones also tend to generate near the Gulf Stream. 75 percent of such systems documented between 1951 and 2000 formed near this warm water current, with two annual peaks of activity occurring during the months of May and October. Cyclones within the ocean form under the Gulf Stream, extending as deep as 3,500 metres ( 11,500 ft ) beneath the ocean 's surface. Possible renewable power source The theoretical maximum energy dissipation from Gulf Stream by turbines is in the range of 20 - 60 GW. One suggestion, which could theoretically supply power comparable to several nuclear power plants, would deploy a field of underwater turbines placed 300 meters ( 980 ft ) under the center of the core of the Gulf Stream. Ocean thermal energy could also be harnessed to produce electricity using the temperature difference between cold deep water and warm surface water. In culture Some of the RMS Titanic 's victims, whose bodies were buoyed by lifebelts but were never found by rescue or recovery ships sent to find them, are surmised to have been carried away in the Gulf Stream. See also Arctic dipole anomaly Boundary current Humboldt Current Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index North Atlantic oscillation Shutdown of thermohaline circulation References Jump up ^ Fernandez - Armesto, Felipe ( 2006 ). Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 194. ISBN 0 - 393 - 06259 - 7. Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Jerry. `` History of the Gulf Stream ''. Keys Historeum. Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys. Retrieved 15 July 2010. ^ Jump up to : Tuchman, Barbara W. The First Salute : A View of the American Revolution New York : Ballantine Books, 1988. pp. 221 -- 222. Jump up ^ Isserman, Maurice ( 2002 ). `` Ben Franklin and the Gulf Stream '' ( PDF ). Study of place. TERC. Retrieved 15 July 2010. Jump up ^ Anon. `` 1785 : Benjamin Franklin 's ' Sundry Maritime Observations ' ''. Ocean Explorer : Readings for ocean explorers. NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. Archived from the original on 18 December 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2010. Jump up ^ Wunsch, Carl ( November 8, 2002 ). `` What Is the Thermohaline Circulation ? ''. Science. 298 ( 5596 ) : 1179 -- 1181. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079329. PMID 12424356. ( see also Rahmstorf. ) Jump up ^ Henry Stommel. ( 1958 ). The Gulf Stream : A Physical and Dynamical Description. Berkeley : University of California Press. p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Barbie Bischof ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan ( 2003 ). `` The North Atlantic Drift Current ''. The National Oceanographic Partnership Program. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ Seager, Richard ( July -- August 2006 ). `` The Source of Europe 's Mild Climate ''. American Scientist Online. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 23. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Rowe ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan. `` The Antilles Current ''. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ). `` trade winds ''. Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ). Westerlies. Archived 2010 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15. Jump up ^ Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey ( 2001 ). Regional Oceanography : an Introduction. Matthias Tomczak, pp. 42. ISBN 81 - 7035 - 306 - 8. Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ Earthguide ( 2007 ). Lesson 6 : Unraveling the Gulf Stream Puzzle - On a Warm Current Running North. University of California at San Diego. Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ Angela Colling ( 2001 ). Ocean Circulation. Butterworth - Heinemann, p. 96. Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ Maurice L. Schwartz ( 2005 ). Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Springer, p. 1037. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1903 - 6. Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service ( 2009 ). Investigating the Gulf Stream Archived 2010 - 05 - 03 at the Wayback Machine... North Carolina State University. Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ Joanna Gyory ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan. `` The Gulf Stream ''. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Ryan Smith ; Melicie Desflots ; Sean White ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan. `` The Antarctic CP Current ''. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Theuerkauf, Ethan J., et al. `` Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion ''. Geophysical Research Letters 41.14 ( 2014 ) : 5139 -- 5147. Jump up ^ Phillips, Pamela. `` The Gulf Stream ''. USNA / Johns Hopkins. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ Russel, Randy. `` Thermohaline Ocean Circulation ''. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Behl, R. `` Atlantic Ocean water masses ''. California State University Long Beach. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Edward and George William Blunt ( 1857 ). The American Coast Pilot. Edward and George William Blunt. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Anomalously weak Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years ''. Nature. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation ''. Nature. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Gulf Stream current at its weakest in 1,600 years, studies show ''. The Guardian. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018. Jump up ^ Geoff Samuels ( 2008 ). `` Caribbean Mean SSTs and Winds ''. Cooperative Institute For Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16. Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center. Climatic Wind Data for the United States. Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02. Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Sarah Oktay. `` Description of Nantucket Island ''. University of Massachusetts Boston. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Professor Hennessy ( 1858 ). Report of the Annual Meeting : On the Influence of the Gulf - stream on the Climate of Ireland. Richard Taylor and William Francis. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Satellites Record Weakening North Atlantic Current Impact ''. NASA. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ Erik A. Rasmussen ; John Turner ( 2003 ). Polar Lows. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. `` Frequently Asked Questions : How do tropical cyclones form ? ''. NOAA. Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) ''. Hurricane Research Division ( Database ). Miami, FL : National Hurricane Center. April 11, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2018. Jump up ^ S. Businger, T.M. Graziano, M.L. Kaplan, and R.A. Rozumalski. Cold - air cyclogenesis along the Gulf - Stream front : investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development, frontal structure, and track. Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ David M. Roth. P 1.43 A FIFTY YEAR HISTORY OF SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ D.K. Savidge and J.M. Bane. Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the Gulf Stream. 1. Description. Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ Ocean Current Energy Assessment for the Gulf Stream Xiufeng Yang *, Kevin A. Haas, Hermann M. Fritz ( 1 ) Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 Jump up ^ The Institute for Environmental Research & Eductation. Tidal. pdf Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2010 - 07 - 28. Jump up ^ Jeremy Elton Jacquot. Gulf Stream 's Tidal Energy Could Provide Up to a Third of Florida 's Power. Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Recovering the Dead ''. titanic-titanic.com. Jump up ^ Walter Lord. The Night Lives On. Jump up ^ Ticehurst, Brian J. ( March 31, 2007 ). `` CLASSified in Death : Recovering the Titanic 's dead ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. Further reading Corona Magazine Issue 124 : Science ( German, Transported amount of power ) Hátún ; Sandø, AB ; Drange, H ; Hansen, B ; Valdimarsson, H ; et al. ( September 16, 2005 ). `` Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermohaline Circulation ''. Science. 309 ( 5742 ) : 1841 -- 1844. Bibcode : 2005Sci... 309.1841 H. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1114777. PMID 16166513. Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 06. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02. ( Increased temperature and salinity in the Nordic Seas. ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf stream. 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American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris, 1783 Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions, other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master, Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90, pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue, Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) GND : 4021572 - 6 NDL : 00567579 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Stream&oldid=837936065 '' Categories : Ocean currents Atlantic Ocean Renewable energy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 22 : 50. 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Question: what is one effect of the gulf stream
Answer: often increase the intensity of cyclones, tropical or otherwise