Battle of Atlanta - wikipedia Battle of Atlanta Coordinates : 33 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 84 ° 20 ′ 56 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 33.7459 ° N 84.3488 ° W ﻿ / 33.7459 ; - 84.3488 Battle of Atlanta Part of the American Civil War Battle of Atlanta, by Kurz and Allison ( 1888 ). Date July 22, 1864 ( 1864 - 07 - 22 ) Location Fulton County, Georgia Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders William T. Sherman James B. McPherson † John Bell Hood William J. Hardee Units involved Military Division of the Mississippi : Army of the Tennessee Army of Tennessee Strength 34,863 40,438 Casualties and losses 3,641 5,500, at least 1000 killed Atlanta Campaign Rocky Face Ridge Resaca Adairsville New Hope Church Pickett 's Mill Dallas Kolb 's Farm Kennesaw Mountain Marietta Noonday Creek Pace 's Ferry Peachtree Creek Atlanta Ezra Church Brown 's Mill Utoy Creek Second Dalton Lovejoy 's Station Jonesborough The Battle of Atlanta was a battle of the Atlanta Campaign fought during the American Civil War on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply center of Atlanta, Union forces commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman overwhelmed and defeated Confederate forces defending the city under John Bell Hood. Union Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson was killed during the battle. Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred midway through the campaign, and the city did not fall until September 2, 1864, after a Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta. After taking the city, Sherman 's troops headed south - southeastward toward Milledgeville, the state capital, and on to Savannah with the March to the Sea. The fall of Atlanta was especially noteworthy for its political ramifications. In the 1864 election, former Union general George B. McClellan, a Democrat, ran against President Lincoln, on a peace platform calling for a truce with the Confederacy. The capture of Atlanta and Hood 's burning of military facilities as he evacuated were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, significantly boosting Northern morale, and Lincoln was re-elected by a significant margin. Contents 1 Background 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union forces 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 4 Siege and closure 5 Aftermath 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Memoirs and primary sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background In the Atlanta Campaign, Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman commanded the Union forces of the Western Theater. The main Union force in this battle was the Army of the Tennessee, under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson. He was one of Sherman 's and Grant 's favorite commanders, as he was very quick and aggressive. Within Sherman 's army, the XV Corps was commanded by Maj. Gen. John A. Logan, the XVI Corps was commanded by Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, and Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair Jr. commanded the XVII Corps. During the months leading up to the battle, Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had repeatedly retreated from Sherman 's superior force. All along the Western and Atlantic Railroad line, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Marietta, Georgia, a pattern was played and replayed : Johnston took up a defensive position, Sherman marched to outflank the Confederate defenses, and Johnston retreated again. After Johnston 's withdrawal following the Battle of Resaca, the two armies clashed again at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, but the Confederate senior leadership in Richmond was unhappy with Johnston 's perceived reluctance to fight the Union army, even though he had little chance of winning. Thus, on July 17, 1864, as he was preparing for the Battle of Peachtree Creek, Johnston was relieved of his command and replaced by Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood. The dismissal and replacement of Johnston remains one of the most controversial decisions of the civil war. Hood, who was fond of taking risks, lashed out at Sherman 's army at Peachtree Creek, but the attack failed with more than two thousand five hundred Confederate casualties. Hood needed to defend the city of Atlanta, which was an important rail hub and industrial center for the Confederacy, but his army was small in comparison to the armies that Sherman commanded. He decided to withdraw, enticing the Union troops to come forward. McPherson 's army closed in from Decatur, Georgia, to the east side of Atlanta. Opposing forces Army Commanders at Atlanta Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, USA Gen. John B. Hood, CSA Union forces Further information : Atlanta Union order of battle Confederate Further information : Atlanta Confederate order of battle Battle Palisades and chevaux de frise in front of the Potter ( or Pondor ) House, Atlanta, Georgia, 1864 ATLANTA CAMPAIGN : Atlanta and Vicinity ( Summer 1864 ). A sketch of the Battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Meanwhile, Hood ordered Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee 's corps on a march around the Union left flank, had Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler 's cavalry march near Sherman 's supply line, and had Maj. Gen. Benjamin Cheatham 's corps attack the Union front. However, it took longer than expected for Hardee to get his men into position, and, during that time, McPherson had correctly deduced a possible threat to his left flank, and sent XVI Corps, his reserve, to help strengthen it. Hardee 's men met this other force, and the battle began. Although the initial Confederate attack was repulsed, the Union left flank began to retreat. About this time, McPherson, who had ridden to the front to observe the battle, was shot and killed by Confederate infantry. Near Decatur, Brig. Gen. John W. Sprague, in command of the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division of the XVI Corps, was attacked by Wheeler 's cavalry. Wheeler had taken the Fayetteville Road, while Hardee 's column took the Flat Shoals Road toward McPherson 's position. The Federals fled the town in a stampede, but managed to save the ordnance and supply trains of the XV, XVI, XVII, and XX corps. With the failure of Hardee 's assault, Wheeler was in no position to hold Decatur, and fell back to Atlanta that night. Sprague was later awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. The main lines of battle now formed an `` L '' shape, with Hardee 's attack forming the lower part of the `` L, '' and Cheatham 's attack on the Union front as the vertical member of the `` L ''. Hood intended to attack the Union troops from both east and west. The fighting centered on a hill east of the city known as Bald Hill. The Federals had arrived two days earlier, and began to shell the city proper, killing several civilians. A savage struggle, sometimes hand - to - hand, developed around the hill, lasting until just after dark. The Federals held the hill while the Confederates retired to a point just south of there. Meanwhile, two miles to the north, Cheatham 's troops had broken through the Union lines at the Georgia railroad. In response, twenty artillery pieces were positioned near Sherman 's headquarters at Copen Hill, and shelled the Confederates, while Logan 's XV Corps regrouped and repulsed the Southern troops. The Union had suffered 3,400 casualties, including Maj. Gen. McPherson, to the Confederate 's 5,500. This was a devastating loss for the already reduced Confederate army, but they still held the city. Siege and closure Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the avenues of approach to Atlanta. The artillery in this fortification overlooks Peachtree Street. Sherman settled into a siege of Atlanta, shelling the city and sending raids west and south of the city to cut off the supply lines from Macon, Georgia. Both of Sherman 's cavalry raids were defeated by superior southern horsemen. Following the failure to break the Confederates ' hold on the city, Sherman began to employ a new strategy. He swung his entire army in a broad flanking maneuver to the west. Finally, on August 31, at Jonesborough, Georgia, Sherman 's army captured the railroad track from Macon, pushing the Confederates to Lovejoy 's Station. With his supply lines fully severed, Hood pulled his troops out of Atlanta the next day, September 1, destroying supply depots as he left to prevent them from falling into Union hands. He also set fire to eighty - one loaded ammunition cars, which led to a conflagration watched by hundreds. On September 2, Mayor James Calhoun, along with a committee of Union - leaning citizens including William Markham, Jonathan Norcross, and Edward Rawson, met a captain on the staff of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, and surrendered the city, asking for `` protection to non-combatants and private property ''. Sherman, who was in Jonesborough at the time of surrender, sent a telegram to Washington on September 3, reading, `` Atlanta is ours, and fairly won ''. He then established his headquarters there on September 7, where he stayed for over two months. On November 15, the army departed east toward Savannah, on what became known as `` Sherman 's March to the Sea ''. Aftermath Ruins of Atlanta Union Depot after burning by Sherman 's troops, 1864 The fall of Atlanta and the success of the overall Atlanta Campaign were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, and were a boon to Northern morale and to President Lincoln 's political standing. The 1864 election was between General George B. McClellan and Abraham Lincoln. McClellan ran a conflicted campaign - McClellan was a Unionist who advocated continuing the war until the defeat of the Confederacy, but the Democratic platform included calls for negotiations with the Confederacy on the subject of a potential truce. The capture of Atlanta and Hood 's burning of military facilities as he evacuated showed that a successful conclusion of the war was in sight, weakening support for a truce. Lincoln was reelected by a comfortable margin, with 212 out of 233 electoral votes. Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson, who was one of the highest - ranking Union officers killed in action during the Civil War, was mourned and honored by Sherman, who declared in his official report : His public enemies, even the men who directed the fatal shot, never spoke or wrote of him without expressions of marked respect ; those whom he commanded loved him even to idolatry ; and I, his associate and commander, fail in words adequate to express my opinion of his great worth. I feel assured that every patriot in America, on hearing this sad news, will feel a sense of personal loss, and the country generally will realize that we have lost, not only an able military leader, but a man who, had he survived, was qualified to heal the national strife which has been raised by designing and ambitious men. Despite the damage caused by the war, Atlanta recovered from its downfall relatively quickly ; as one observer noted as early as November 1865, `` A new city is springing up with marvelous rapidity ''. Legacy The Potter ( or Ponder ) House in Atlanta housed Confederate sharpshooters until Union artillery made a special target of it This historic gas lamp, located in the Underground Atlanta, was shelled by Union artillery prior to the Battle of Atlanta. There are two bronze plaques mounted on it, one of which commemorates Solomon ( Sam ) Luckie, 1 of 40 free blacks, who died from the wounds that he received from the shell that struck the lamp. Commemorated on the other plaque are the Confederacy, the Battle of East Atlanta, and one of the local men who fought in that battle. Map of Atlanta Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program. In 1880, Atlanta ranked among the fifty largest cities in the United States. The battlefield is now urban, residential, and commercial land, with many markers memorializing notable events of the battle, including McPherson 's place of death. The marker was erected in 1956 by the Georgia Historical Commission. To commemorate the 140th anniversary of the battle, in 2004, two new markers were erected in the Inman Park neighborhood. The Atlanta Cyclorama building, built in 1921 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a museum located in Grant Park containing a panoramic painting of the battle. One notable establishment destroyed by Union soldiers was the Potter ( or Ponder ) House, built in 1857, and owned by Ephraim G. Ponder, a holder of 65 slaves before the war. In the battle, it was used by Confederate sharpshooters until Union artillery inflicted heavy damage. It was never rebuilt. One of Ponder 's slaves, Festus Flipper, was the father of Henry Ossian Flipper, who later became the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point. In 1962, two years short of the centennial of the battle, the country music singer / songwriter Claude King of Shreveport, Louisiana, released the hit song, `` The Burning of Atlanta ''. See also Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Atlanta in the American Civil War George Pomutz Bibliography of the American Civil War Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Battle Summary : Atlanta, GA ''. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Livermore ( p. 122 - 123, 142 ) cites values of Union troops as 34,863 present for duty and 30,477 effective, and Confederate troops as 40,438 present for duty and 36,934 effective. Bodart ( 1908 ) ( p. 538 ) gives the strength of the Union forces as circa 70,000 and the Confederate forces as circa 40,000. Jump up ^ Kennedy 1998, p. 340. ^ Jump up to : Bonds 2009, p. 172. ^ Jump up to : Ecelbarger 2010, p. 233. Jump up ^ Ecelbarger 2010, p. 237. ^ Jump up to : Boyer et al. 2007, p. 457. Jump up ^ Symonds 1994, p. 326. Jump up ^ Bonds 2009, p. 106. Jump up ^ Ecelbarger 2010, p. 115. Jump up ^ Ecelbarger 2010, p. 236. ^ Jump up to : Garrett 1987. Jump up ^ `` Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients - ( M-Z ) ''. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Garrett 1987, p. 633 -- 638. Jump up ^ `` Surrender of Atlanta, September 2, 1864 ''. Marietta Street Artery Association. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2011. Jump up ^ Cox 1994, p. xv. Jump up ^ `` Today in History : September 1 ''. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011. Jump up ^ Reid 1868, p. 587 - 588. ^ Jump up to : `` Industrial Atlanta ''. National Park Service. Retrieved February 21, 2011. Jump up ^ Cooper, Jr., William J. ; Terrill, Thomas E. ( 2008 ). The American South : A History, Volume 2. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 468. Jump up ^ Underground Atlanta Walking Tour Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Markers - The Historical Marker Database ''. The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved February 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Death of McPherson Marker ''. The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved February 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Grant Park Historic District ''. National Park Service. Retrieved December 28, 2010. Jump up ^ `` THE POTTER HOUSE ATLANTA Photo from nature By G.N. Barnard ''. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved February 26, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Burning of Atlanta ''. pandora.com. Retrieved March 12, 2013. References Bonds, Russell S. ( 2009 ). War Like the Thunderbolt : The Battle and Burning of Atlanta. Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 100 - 1. Boyer, Paul ; Clark, Jr., Clifford ; Kett, Joseph ; Salisbury, Neal ; Sitkoff, Harvard ; Woloch, Nancy ( 2007 ). The Enduring Vision ( 6th AP ed. ). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 80163 - 3. Cox, Jacob D. ( 1994 ). Sherman 's Battle for Atlanta. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80588 - 2. Ecelbarger, Gary ( 2010 ). The Day Dixie Died : The Battle of Atlanta. Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 56399 - 8. Garrett, Franklin ( 1987 ). Atlanta and Environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events, Volume 1. University of Georgia Press. OCLC 191446. Golden, Randy. `` The Battle of Atlanta ''. About North Georgia. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2010. Hood, John Bell. Advance and Retreat : Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1996. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 7285 - 9. First published 1880 for the Hood Orphan Memorial Fund by G.T. Beauregard. Hood, Stephen M. John Bell Hood : The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General. El Dorado Hills, CA : Savas Beatie, 2013. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 140 - 5. Kennedy, Frances H. ( 1998 ). The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2nd ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6. Reid, Whitelaw ( 1868 ). Ohio in the War : Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers. Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin. Swan, James B. ( 2009 ). Chicago 's Irish Legion : the 90th Illinois Volunteers in the Civil War. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0809328909. OCLC 232327691. Symonds, Craig ( 1994 ). Joseph E. Johnston : A Civil War Biography. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31130 - 3. Livermore, Thomas Leonard ( 1900 ). Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861 - 1865. Houghton, Mifflin and company. Bodart, Gaston ( 1908 ). Militär - historisches kreigs - lexikon, ( 1618 - 1905 ). Stern. Memoirs and primary sources Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman, 2nd ed., D. Appleton & Co., 1913 ( 1889 ). Reprinted by the Library of America, 1990, ISBN 978 - 0 - 940450 - 65 - 3. U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880 -- 1901. Further reading Cozzens, Peter ( 2002 ). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02404 - 7. Foote, Shelby ( 1974 ). The Civil War, A Narrative : Red River to Appomattox. Random House. ISBN 0 - 394 - 74913 - 8. McDonough, James Lee. William Tecumseh Sherman, In the Service of my Country, A Life. W.W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN 978 - 0 - 3932 - 4212 - 6. Dodge, Grenville Mellen ( 1910 ). The Battle of Atlanta and Other Campaigns, Addresses, Etc. The Monarch Printing Company. Secrist, Philip L. ( 2006 ). Sherman 's 1864 Trail of Battle to Atlanta. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 745 - 2. Ecelbarger, Gary ( 2010 ). The Day Dixie Died -- The Battle of Atlanta. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 56399 - 8. External links Russell Bonds discusses War Like the Thunderbolt : The Battle and Burning of Atlanta at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library History of Atlanta Origins Standing Peachtree Buildings Historic districts Buildings listed on National Register : ( Atlanta in Fulton Co. ) ( Atlanta in DeKalb Co. ) Demolished buildings Demolished public housing projects Civil War Atlanta Campaign Atlanta in the Civil War Battle of Atlanta Battle of Ezra Church Battle of Jonesborough Battle of Kennesaw Mountain Battle of Peachtree Creek Battle of Utoy Creek Crime Atlanta race riot ( 1906 ) Atlanta Ripper ( 1911 ) Leo Frank lynching ( 1915 ) Bombing of `` The Temple '' ( 1958 ) Child murders ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Prison riots ( 1987 ) Centennial Olympic Park bombing ( 1996 ) Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal ( 2009 -- ) Culture Opera in Atlanta Disasters Great Atlanta Fire ( 1917 ) Winecoff Hotel fire ( 1946 ) Tornado strikes downtown ( 2008 ) Interstate 85 bridge collapse ( 2017 ) Events Timeline International Cotton Exposition ( 1881 ) Piedmont Exposition ( 1887 ) Cotton States and International Exposition ( 1895 ) Gone with the Wind premiere ( 1939 ) Democratic National Convention ( 1988 ) Summer Olympics ( 1996 ) People Mayors Pioneers History of Hispanics in Atlanta History of African Americans in Atlanta Demographic history Gentrification Racial segregation Places History by neighborhood Former neighborhoods and settlements Annexations and city wards Street names History of Georgia Tech Historic mills Zero Mile Post Transportation Atlanta Transit Company ( 1950 ) Historic bridges Historic ferries Freeway revolts Streetcars Transit strike ( 1950 ) Western and Atlantic Railroad ( 1836 ) Trolleybuses Viaducts History of Atlanta Timeline of Atlanta history Western Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Arkansas 1861 -- 65 Missouri : 1861 Major battles Wilson 's Creek 1862 Campaigns New Mexico New Madrid - Island No. 10 Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers New Orleans Expedition Pea Ridge Iuka - Corinth Kentucky Prairie Grove Stones River Major battles Fort Donelson Island No. 10 Pea Ridge Shiloh New Orleans Siege of Corinth Perryville Prairie Grove Chickasaw Bayou Stones River 1863 Campaigns Vicksburg Tullahoma Little Rock Morgan 's Raid Chickamauga Knoxville Chattanooga Major battles Champion Hill Siege of Vicksburg Siege of Port Hudson Chickamauga Lookout Mountain Missionary Ridge 1864 Campaigns Meridian Expedition Red River Camden Expedition Forrest 's Expedition Atlanta Tupelo Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Savannah ( Sherman 's March to the Sea ) Major battles Kennesaw Mountain Atlanta Mobile Bay Westport Franklin Nashville 1865 Campaigns -- Major battles -- Armies Cumberland Georgia Mississippi Ohio Tennessee Mississippi Tennessee Geography Departments -- Landforms -- Georgia in the American Civil War 1861 Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861 1862 Great Locomotive Chase Siege of Fort Pulaski 1863 First Battle of Fort McAllister Battle of Chickamauga Battle of Davis ' Cross Roads Battle of Ringgold Gap 1864 Battle of Rocky Face Ridge Battle of Resaca First Battle of Dalton Battle of Adairsville Battle of New Hope Church Battle of Dallas Battle of Pickett 's Mill Battle of Marietta Battle of Kolb 's Farm Battle of Pace 's Ferry Battle of Brown 's Mill Battle of Peachtree Creek Battle of Kennesaw Mountain Battle of Atlanta Battle of Ezra Church Battle of Utoy Creek Second Battle of Dalton Battle of Lovejoy 's Station Battle of Jonesborough Battle of Allatoona Battle of Griswoldville Battle of Buck Head Creek Second Battle of Fort McAllister Battle of Altamaha Bridge 1865 Battle of West Point Battle of Columbus Units Confederate Union Places Atlanta Commons American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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Question: when did the battle of atlanta start and end
Answer: July 22, 1864