I before e except after c - wikipedia I before e except after c For other uses, see I before E except after C ( disambiguation ). This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help : IPA. `` I before E, except after C '' is a mnemonic rule of thumb for English spelling. If one is unsure whether a word is spelled with the sequence ei or ie, the rhyme suggests that the correct order is ie unless the preceding letter is c, in which case it is ei. For example : ie in believe, fierce, collie, die, friend ei after c in receive, ceiling, receipt, ceilidh The rule is very well known ; Edward Carney calls it `` this supreme, and for many people solitary, spelling rule ''. However, the short form quoted above has many common exceptions ; for example : ie after c : species, science, sufficient ei not preceded by c : seize, vein, weird, their, feisty, foreign Many more exceptions are listed below. The proportion of exceptions can be reduced by restricting application of the rule based on the sound represented by the spelling. Two common restrictions are : excluding cases where the spelling represents the `` long a '' sound ( the lexical sets of FACE / eɪ / and perhaps SQUARE / ɛər / ). This is commonly expressed by continuing the rhyme `` or when sounding like A, as in neighbor or weigh '' including only cases where the spelling represents the `` long e '' sound ( the lexical sets of FLEECE / iː / and perhaps NEAR / ɪər / and happY / i / ). Some authorities deprecate the rule as having too many exceptions to be worth learning. Contents 1 History 1.1 History of the spellings 1.2 History of the mnemonic 2 Modern views 3 Exceptions 3.1 cie 3.1. 1 With the `` long e '' vowel 3.1. 2 With other sounds 3.2 ei not preceded by c 3.2. 1 With the `` long e '' vowel 3.2. 2 With the `` long a '' vowel 3.2. 3 With other sounds 4 Popular culture 5 Footnote 6 References 6.1 Sources 6.2 Citations History History of the spellings The Middle English language evolved from Old English after the Norman conquest, adding many loanwords from Norman French, whose sounds and spellings changed and were changed by the older English customs. In French loanwords, the digraph < ie > generally represented the sound ( eː ), while < ei > represented ( ɛː ). However, Early Modern English spelling was not fixed ; many words were spelled with < ie > and < ei > interchangeably, in printed works of the seventeenth century and private correspondence of educated people into the nineteenth century. In the Great Vowel Shift, sounds ( eː ) and ( ɛː ) were raised to ( iː ) and ( eː ) respectively, with the latter subsequently becoming the diphthong ( eɪ ). Exceptionally, words in - ceive and their derivatives evolved from ( eː ) to ( iː ) rather than ( eɪ ). History of the mnemonic The mnemonic ( in its short form ) is found as early as 1866, as a footnote in Manual of English Spelling, edited by schools inspector James Stuart Laurie from the work of a Tavistock schoolmaster named Marshall. Michael Quinion surmises the rhyme was already established before this date. An 1834 manual states a similar rule in prose ; others in 1855 and 1862 use different rhymes. Many textbooks from the 1870s on use the same rhyme as Laurie 's book. The restriction to the `` long e '' sound is explicitly made in the 1855 and 1862 books, and applied to the `` I before E except after C '' rhyme in an 1871 manual. Mark Wainwright 's FAQ posting on the alt. usage. English newsgroup characterises this restricted version as British. The restriction may be implicit, or may be explicitly included as an extra line such as `` when the sound is e '' placed before or after the main part of the rhyme. A longer form excluding the `` long a '' sound is found in Rule 37 of Ebenezer Cobham Brewer 's 1880 Rules for English Spelling, along with a list of the `` chief exceptions '' : The following rhymes contain the substance of the last three rules : -- i before e, Except after c, Or when sounded as `` a, '' As in neighbour and weigh. `` Dr Brewer '' is credited as the author by subsequent writers quoting this form of the rhyme, which became common in American schools. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage discusses `` i before e except after c ''. Henry Watson Fowler 's original 1926 edition called the rule `` very useful '', restricting it to words with the `` long e '' sound, stating further that `` words in which that sound is not invariable, as either, neither, inveigle, do not come under it '', and calling seize `` an important exception ''. The entry was retained in Ernest Gowers 's 1965 revision. Robert Burchfield rewrote it for the 1996 edition, stating ' the rule can helpfully be extended `` except when the word is pronounced with / eɪ / '' ', and giving a longer list of exceptions, including words excluded from Fowler 's interpretation. Robert Allen 's 2008 pocket edition states, `` The traditional spelling rule ' i before e except after c ' should be extended to include the statement ' when the combination is pronounced - ee - ' ''. In 1932 Leonard B. Wheat examined the rules and word lists found in various American elementary school spelling books. He calculated that, of the 3,876 words listed, 128 had ei or ie in the spelling ; of these, 83 conformed to I - before - E, 6 to except - after - C, and 12 to sounded - like - A. He found 14 words with i-e in separate syllables, and 2 with e-i in separate syllables. This left 11 `` irregular '' words : 3 with cie ( ancient, conscience, efficiency ) and 8 with ei ( either, foreign, foreigner, height, leisure, neither, seize, their ). Wheat concluded, `` If it were not for the fact that the jingle of the rule makes it easy to remember ( although not necessarily easy to apply ), the writer would recommend that the rule be reduced to ' I usually comes before e, ' or that it be discarded entirely ''. Modern views Sandra Wilde in 1990 claimed the sounded - like - E version of the rule was one of only two sound -- letter correspondence rules worth teaching in elementary schools. The rule was covered by five of nine software programs for spelling education studied by Barbara Mullock in 2012. Edward Carney 's 1994 Survey of English Spelling describes the ( `` long - e '' version of the ) rule as `` peculiar '' : Its practical use is... simply deciding between two correspondences for / iː / that are a visual metathesis of each other. It is not a general graphotactic rule applicable to other phonemes. So, although seize and heinous ( if you pronounce it with / iː / rather than / eɪ / ) are exceptions, heifer, leisure with / e / ≡ < ei > or rein, vein with / eɪ / ≡ < ei > are not exceptions ; < ie > is not a usual spelling of / e / or / eɪ /. As to the usefulness of the rule, he says : Such rules are warnings against common pitfalls for the unwary. Nevertheless, selection among competing correspondences has never been, and could never be, covered by such aids to memory. The converse of the `` except after c '' part is Carney 's spelling - to - sound rule E. 16 : in the sequence < cei >, the < ei > is pronounced / iː /. In Carney 's test wordlist, all eight words with < cei > conform to this rule, which he thus describes as being a `` marginal '' rule with an `` efficiency '' of 100 %. Rarer loanwords not in the wordlist may not conform ; e.g. the Gaelic word ceilidh is pronounced / keɪliː /. Mark Wainwright 's FAQ posting interprets the rule as applying only to the FLEECE vowel, not the NEAR vowel ; he regards it as useful if `` a little common sense '' is used for the exceptions. The FAQ includes a 1996 response to Wainwright by an American, listing variations on the rule and their exceptions, contending that even the restricted version has too many exceptions, and concluding `` Instead of trying to defend the ' rule ' or ' guideline ', `` ' i ' before ' e ' except after ' c ' '', why do n't we all just agree that it is dumb and useless, and be content just to laugh at it ? '' Kory Stamper of Merriam - Webster has said the neighbor - and - weigh version is `` chocked with tons of exceptions '', listing several types. On Language Log in 2006, Mark Liberman suggested that the alternative `` i before e, no matter what '' was more reliable than the basic rule. On the same blog in 2009, Geoff Pullum wrote, ' The rule is always taught, by anyone who knows what they are doing, as `` i before e except after c when the sound is ' ee '. '' ' The 2009 edition of Support for Spelling, by the English Department for Education, suggests an `` Extension activity '' for Year Five ( nine - year - olds ) : Children investigate the rule i before e except after c. Does this always apply ? What sound does ie make in these words ? In the Appendix, after a list of nine `` useful spelling guidelines '', there is a note : The i before e except after c rule is not worth teaching. It applies only to words in which the ie or ei stands for a clear / ee / sound and unless this is known, words such as sufficient, veil and their look like exceptions. There are so few words where the ei spelling for the / ee / sound follows the letter c that it is easier to learn the specific words : receive, conceive, deceive ( + the related words receipt, conceit, deceit ), perceive and ceiling. There were widespread media reports of this recommendation, which generated some controversy. The Oxford Dictionaries website of Oxford University Press states `` The rule only applies when the sound represented is ' ee ', though. It does n't apply to words like science or efficient, in which the -- ie - combination does follow the letter c but is n't pronounced ' ee '. '' David Crystal discusses the rule in his 2012 history of English spelling. He first restricts it to the / iː / vowel, then accounts for several classes of exception. He states that, while the exceptions are fewer and rarer than the words that follow the rule, there are too many to learn by heart ; the factors are `` too great to reduce to a simple rule '', but `` a basic knowledge of grammar and word - history '' can handle them. Exceptions The following sections list exceptions to the basic form ; many are not exceptions to the augmented forms. Words which break both the `` I before E '' part and the `` except after C '' part of the rule include cheiromancies, cleidomancies, eigenfrequencies, obeisancies, oneiromancies. Cie Some large groups of words have cie in the spelling. Few common words have the cei spelling handled by the rule : verbs ending - ceive and their derivatives ( perceive, deceit, transceiver, receipts, etc. ), and ceiling. The BBC trivia show QI claimed there were 923 words spelled cie, 21 times the number of words which conform to the rule 's stated exception by being written with cei. These figures were generated by a QI fan from a Scrabble wordlist. The statistic was repeated by UberFacts. With the `` long e '' vowel The vowel represented by ie in words spelled cie is rarely the `` long e '' vowel of FLEECE ( / iː / ), so few words are exceptions to the version of the rule restricted to that sound. Among them are specie, species. For those with happy - tensing accents, the final y in words ending - cy has the FLEECE vowel, and therefore so do inflected forms ending - cies or - cied ( fancied, policies, etc. ). If the vowel of NEAR ( / ɪər / ) is considered as `` long e '', then words ending - cier may also be exceptions. Possible examples include : fancier, if pronounced with two rather than three syllables ; or financier, if stressed on the final syllable or pronounced with a happy - tensing accent. With other sounds These are exceptions to the basic and `` long a '' versions of the rhyme, but not to the `` long e '' version. Types include : Adding suffix - er to root in - cy, giving a two - syllable ending - cier ; For example, fancier ( adjective `` more fancy '', or noun `` one who fancies '' ) Words of Latin origin with a root ending in c ( i ) followed by a suffix or inflexion starting in ( i ) e ; such as fac or fic `` do ; make '' ( efficient, stupefacient, etc. ) soc `` sharing ; kin '' ( society ) sci `` know '' ( science, prescient, etc. ) Others : ancient, concierge, glacier Ei not preceded by c Many words have ei not preceded by c. In the sections which follow, most derived forms are omitted ; for example, as well as seize, there exist disseize and seizure. Words are grouped by the phonemes ( sounds ) corresponding to ei or ie in the spelling ; each phoneme is represented phonetically as at Help : IPA / English and, where applicable, by the keyword in John C. Wells ' lexical sets. An asterisk * after a word indicates the pronunciation implied is one of several found. Some have an / iː / variant more common in America than Britain ( e.g. sheikh, leisure, either have / eɪ /, / ɛ /, / aɪ / respectively ). With the `` long e '' vowel Words where ei, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of FLEECE ( / iː / ), are the only exceptions to the strictest British interpretation of the `` long e '' version of the rhyme. Less strict interpretations admit as exceptions those words where eir, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of NEAR ( / ɪər / ). Some categories of exception : Many proper names, often because they are adopted from other languages. Fowler says the rule `` is useless with proper names '' ; Carney says `` As one might expect of any rule, there are likely to be even more exceptions in names, many of which are Scottish '' : forenames and surnames Keith, Neil, Sheila, Stein, etc. placenames Leith, Keighley, Rheims, Raleigh, etc. Eid in the names of Muslim holidays ( Eid ul - Fitr, Eid al - Adha, etc. ) others like Cassiopeia Chemical names ending in - ein or - eine ( caffeine, casein, codeine, phthalein, protein, etc. ). Here - ein ( e ) was originally pronounced as two syllables / iː. ɪn / Scottish English words ( deil, deid, weill, etc. ) Mark Wainwright writes `` There are many exceptions in Scots, so speakers with a large Scots vocabulary may as well give up on this rule. '' Other exceptions : / iː / FLEECE either *, heinous *, inveigle *, keister, leisure *, monteith, neither *, obeisance *, seize, seizin, sheikh *, teiid / ɪər / NEAR madeira, weir, weird. ( This sound may also be spelled ier, as in pierce. ) With the `` long a '' vowel There are many words where ei, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of FACE ( / eɪ / ). There are a few where eir, not preceded by c, represents the vowel of SQUARE ( / ɛər / ). These groups of words are exceptions only to the basic form of the rhyme ; they are excluded from both of the common restricted forms. / eɪ / FACE With eigh spelling : eight, freight, heigh - ho *, inveigh, neigh, neighbo ( u ) r, sleigh, weigh Others : abseil, beige, capoeira, cleidoic, deign, dreidel, feign, feint, geisha, glei, greige, greisen, heinous *, inveigle *, nonpareil *, obeisance *, peignoir *, reign, rein, seiche, seidel, seine, sheikh *, skein, surveillance, veil, vein. ( While Carney says this sound is never spelled ie, the last vowel in lingerie * is often the FACE vowel. ). / ɛər / SQUARE heir, their. ( This sound is never spelled ier ) With other sounds These are exceptions to the basic and `` long a '' versions of the rhyme, but not to the `` long e '' version. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. / aɪ / PRICE eider, either *, einsteinium, feisty, gneiss, heigh - ho *, height, heist, kaleidoscope, leitmotiv, neither *, Rottweiler, seismic, sleight, stein, zeitgeist. ( This sound may also be spelled ie, but only at the end of a morpheme as in die, pies, cried. ) / ɪ / or / ə / ( see weak - vowel merger ) counterfeit, foreign, forfeit, reveille *, sovereign, surfeit / ɛ / DRESS heifer, leisure *, nonpareil *, peignoir *. ( This sound is spelled ie in the word friend. ) / æ / TRAP reveille * / ɜ / NURSE O'Beirne e and i in separate segments ( and often separate syllables or morphemes ) Prefixes de - or re - before words starting with i ( deindustrialize, reignite, etc. ) Inflection - ing of those verbs with roots ending in - e which do not drop the e ( being, seeing, swingeing, etc. ) Others : albeit, atheism, deify, deity, herein, nuclei, onomatopoeia Popular culture The rhyme is mentioned in several films and TV episodes about spelling bees, including A Boy Named Charlie Brown, The Simpsons episode `` I 'm Spelling as Fast as I Can '', and an episode of Arthur ; and also in the musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, when Huck Finn is being taught how to read. The rhyme was used as a climactic plot device in the 1990 TaleSpin episode `` Vowel Play '' when Kit corrects Baloo 's spelling by reciting the second half ( `` or when sounding like A, as in neighbour or weigh '' ) of the mnemonic. I Before E ( Except After C ) : Old - School Ways To Remember Stuff was a miscellany released in the UK for the Christmas 2007 `` stocking filler '' market, which sold well. `` I Before E Except After C '' is a song on Yazoo 's 1982 album Upstairs at Eric 's. The Jackson 5 's 1970 hit `` ABC '' has the lyric `` I before E except after C ''. `` I before E except after C '' was a 1963 episode of the TV series East Side / West Side. I Before E is the name of both a short - story collection by Sam Kieth and a music album by Carissa 's Wierd, in each case alluding to the unusual spelling of the creator 's name. Until the 1930s, Pierce City, Missouri was named `` Peirce City '', after Andrew Peirce. A 1982 attempt to revert to the original spelling was rejected by the United States Census Bureau. Comedian Brian Regan employs the rule in a joke on his debut CD Live in the track Stupid in School. Footnote ^ Jump up to : The labels `` long a '' and `` long e '', discredited among educators, are used here as umbrella terms for multiple lexical sets and diaphonemes. References Sources Carney, Edward ( 1994 ). A survey of English spelling. Psychology Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09270 - 8. Retrieved 25 February 2011. Upward, Christopher ; Davidson, George ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ). The History of English Spelling. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444342970. Retrieved 24 March 2016. Citations ^ Jump up to : Carney 1994, § 2.8. 2 pp. 67 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : Wheat, Leonard B. ( May 1932 ). `` Four Spelling Rules ''. The Elementary School Journal. University of Chicago Press. 32 ( 9 ) : 697 -- 706. doi : 10.1086 / 456796. JSTOR 996052. ^ Jump up to : Stamper, Kory. `` I before E '' ( Adobe Flash ). Ask the Editor. Merriam - Webster. Retrieved 25 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Liberman, Mark ( 18 November 2006 ). `` Mrs. Olsen gets a D ''. Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 25 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Support for Spelling '' ( PDF ). The National Strategies : Primary Framework : Literacy Framework. Department for Education. February 2010. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Jump up ^ Scragg, D.G. ( 1974 ). A History of English Spelling. Manchester University Press. pp. 49 ( text and fn. 1 ). ISBN 9780719005534. Retrieved 24 March 2016. Jump up ^ Upward and Davidson 2011, pp. 127 -- 8 Jump up ^ Laurie, James Stuart ( 1866 ). Manual of English spelling. London : Simpkin, Marshall & Co. p. 59. OCLC 266992241. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Laurie 's book erroneously lists conscience, seine, seize, and seizure under `` ei '' rather than under `` exceptions ''. Jump up ^ `` Laurie 's Manual of English Spelling ''. The Bookseller. J. Whitaker ( 109 ) : 15. 31 January 1867. Retrieved 25 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Quinion, Michael ( 4 July 2009 ). `` I before E except after C ''. World Wide Words. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Jump up ^ Tallant, Anne ( 1834 ). The practice book ; containing lessons in dictating, with questions, intended to remove difficulties in English instruction, and to communicate interesting historical and natural facts ( 2nd ed. ). London : J. Hatchard & Son. p. 68, fn. Retrieved 27 February 2011. As a little confusion is experienced by scholars, when spelling dissyllable verbs ending in ie, it is well to remember that when the diphthong is preceded by c, it is invariably ei, -- ex : perceive, deceive, conceive, &c, and when preceded by any other consonant, ie, ex : -- believe, reprieve, retrieve, &c. Jump up ^ Michôd, John ( 1855 ). `` Vowels : Rule 5 ''. Orthographic aids ; or, Mnemonics for spelling and exercises in derivation. London : Longman. p. 9. Retrieved 25 February 2011. The Diphthong ei when it sounds like long e, Most frequently follows the consonant c ; Reverse it, and then if it still sound the same, It follows a consonant not c by name, Except in such words as -- counterfeit, seizure, Plebeian and Proper Names such as Madeira. Jump up ^ Mongan, James Roscoe ( 1862 ). The practical spelling book ( 2nd ed. ). London : Simpkin, Marshall & Co. pp. 13, fn. Retrieved 27 February 2011. Unless preceded by a c, / The i is placed before the e. Jump up ^ Colquhoun, John Stuart ( 1871 ). `` Rules for Spelling English Words ''. A compendious grammar and philological hand - book of the English language. Griffith & Farran. p. 15. Retrieved 27 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Wainwright, Mark ( September 1997 ). `` I before E except after C ''. alt. english. usage. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Pullum, Geoff ( 22 June 2009 ). `` I before E ''. Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 25 February 2011. Jump up ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham ( 1880 ). Rules for English spelling. p. 48. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Jump up ^ Reed, Alonzo ( 1884 ). Word lessons : A complete speller adapted for use in the higher primary, intermediate, and grammar grades. Clark & Maynard. pp. 101 -- 102 : § § 143 -- 146. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Jump up ^ California State Board of Education ( 1886 ). Speller. State Printing Office. p. 127. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Jump up ^ Gillingham, Anna ; Stillman, Bessie Whitmore ( 1970 ). Remedial training for children with specific disability in reading, spelling, and penmanship. Educators Publishing Service. p. 173. Retrieved 24 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Fowler, Henry Watson ( 1926 ). `` Spelling points ; § 4 : Miscellaneous ''. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage ( 1st ed. ). Oxford : Clarendon Press. OCLC 318492. Jump up ^ Fowler, Henry Watson ( 1965 ). `` Spelling points ; § 4 : Miscellaneous ''. Fowler 's Modern English Usage. Edited by Sir Ernest Gowers ( 2nd ed. ). Great Britain : Oxford University Press. OCLC 318483. Jump up ^ Burchfield, Robert William ( 1996 ). `` i before e except after c ''. The New Fowler 's Modern English Usage ( 3rd ed. ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 869126 - 2. OCLC 36063311. Jump up ^ Allen, Robert ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ). `` i before e ''. Pocket Fowler 's Modern English Usage. OUP Oxford. p. 348. ISBN 9780199232581. Retrieved 24 March 2016. ^ Jump up to : Mullock, Barbara ( 2012 ). `` An Examination of Commercial Spelling Programs for Upper Primary Level students ''. Australasian Journal of Special Education. 36 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 195. doi : 10.1017 / jse. 2012.14. ISSN 1030 - 0112. Jump up ^ Wilde, Sandra ( 1990 ). `` Spelling textbooks : A critical review ''. Linguistics and Education. 2 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 280. doi : 10.1016 / S0898 - 5898 ( 05 ) 80022 - 1. ISSN 0898 - 5898. cited in Mullock. Jump up ^ Carney 1994, p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Carney 1994, p. 314 Jump up ^ Cunningham, Bob ( 23 February 2002 ). `` Exceptions to the rule ' I before E except after C ' ''. FAQ. alt. usage. english. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` i before e except after c ''. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Crystal, David ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ). `` Ch. 24 : Spelling ' rules ' ''. Spell It Out : The singular story of English spelling. Profile Books. pp. 177 -- 186. ISBN 1846685680. Retrieved 31 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` I Before E Except After C ''. QI Series 8 Ep 14 Hocus Pocus Preview. YouTube. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Series H, Episode 14 : Hocus Pocus ''. QI Talk Forum. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Jump up ^ UberFacts ( 6 July 2014 ). `` Tweet 485804692292009985 ''. Twitter. Retrieved 9 November 2016. There are 923 words in the English language that break the `` I before E '' rule. Only 44 words actually follow that rule. Jump up ^ Carney 1994, § 3.3. 2.2 p. 161 Jump up ^ `` Definition of capoeira ''. Collins English Dictionary. Collins. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Jump up ^ Carney 1994, p. 168 Jump up ^ Carney 1994, § 3.3. 2.1 pp. 151 -- 2 Jump up ^ `` Mnemony clever ways to remember stuff ''. The Daily Telegraph. 12 December 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` BA book prize lists 20 ''. The Bookseller. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2011. Jump up ^ United Press International ( 1 September 1982 ). `` Bureau sticks with ' i ' before ' e ' ''. The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon. p. 15. Retrieved 28 February 2011. Jump up ^ Wikiquote : Brian Regan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_before_E_except_after_C&oldid=815443247 '' Categories : English spelling Mnemonics Rules of thumb Hidden categories : Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 21 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what words break the i before e rule
Answer: except after C