Vatican City - Wikipedia Vatican City Not to be confused with Holy See. Vatican City State Status Civitatis Vaticanae ( Latin ) Stato della Città del Vaticano ( Italian ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Inno e Marcia Pontificale ( Italian ) `` Pontifical Anthem and March '' Location of Vatican City ( green ) in Europe ( dark grey ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Vatican City ( city - state ) 41 ° 54.2 ′ N 12 ° 27.2 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 41.9033 ° N 12.4533 ° E ﻿ / 41.9033 ; 12.4533 Coordinates : 41 ° 54.2 ′ N 12 ° 27.2 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 41.9033 ° N 12.4533 ° E ﻿ / 41.9033 ; 12.4533 Official languages Italian Latin Religion Roman Catholicism Government Unitary absolute monarchy under an ecclesiastical and elective theocracy Sovereign Francis Secretary of State Pietro Parolin President of the Governorate Giuseppe Bertello Legislature Pontifical Commission Independence from the Kingdom of Italy Lateran Treaty 11 February 1929 Area Total 0.44 km ( 0.17 sq mi ) ( 196th ) Population 2017 estimate 1,000 ( 236th ) Density 2,272 / km ( 5,884.5 / sq mi ) ( 6th ) Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone UTC + 1 ( CET ) Summer ( DST ) UTC + 2 ( CEST ) Driving side right Calling code + 379 ISO 3166 code VA Internet TLD. va UNESCO World Heritage site Criteria Cultural : i, ii, iv, vi Reference 286 Inscription 1984 ( 8th Session ) Vatican City ( / ˈvætɪkən / ( listen ) ), officially Vatican City State ( Italian : Stato della Città del Vaticano ; Latin : Status Civitatis Vaticanae ), is an independent city - state enclaved within Rome, Italy. Established with the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ), it is distinct from yet under `` full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction '' of the Holy See ( Latin : Sancta Sedes ). With an area of 44 hectares ( 110 acres ), and a population of about 1,000, it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. The Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal - monarchical state ( a type of theocracy ) ruled by the pope who is, religiously speaking, the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. Since the return of the popes from Avignon in 1377, they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere. The Holy See dates back to early Christianity, and is the primate episcopal see of the Catholic Church, with 1.3 billion Catholics around the world distributed in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. The independent Vatican City - state, on the other hand, came into existence in 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States ( 756 -- 1870 ), which had previously encompassed much of central Italy. Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs, fees for admission to museums, and sales of publications. Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Papal States 2.3 Italian unification 2.4 Lateran treaties 2.5 World War II 2.6 Post-war history 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Gardens 4 Governance 4.1 Political system 4.2 Head of state and government 4.3 Administration 4.4 Defense and security 4.5 Foreign relations 5 Economy 6 Demographics 6.1 Population and languages 6.2 Citizenship 6.3 Wine consumption 7 Culture 8 Sport 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 9.3 Recycling 10 Crime 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Footnotes 12.2 Citation notes 12.3 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Official websites 13.2 Other websites Name The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. `` Vatican '' is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager, `` Vatican territory ''. The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, meaning `` Vatican City State ''. Although the Holy See ( which is distinct from the Vatican City ) and the Catholic Church use Ecclesiastical Latin in official documents, the Vatican City officially uses Italian. The Latin name is Status Civitatis Vaticanæ ; this is used in official documents by not just the Holy See, but in most official Church and Papal documents. History View of St. Peter 's Square from the top of Michelangelo 's dome Early History The Vatican obelisk, originally taken from Egypt by Caligula This article is part a series on the Vatican City History Duchy of Rome 533 -- 751 Donation of Pepin 750s Papal States 754 -- 1870 Annates Congregation for Borders Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church Capture of Rome 1870 `` Prisoner in the Vatican '' 1870 -- 1929 Lateran Treaty 1929 Vatican City 1929 -- present 2010 Vatican sex scandal History of the Catholic Church since 1962 History of the Papacy Roman Historical Institutes Savoyard Era Vatileaks scandal Vatican Historical Museum Vatican City during World War II Law Acta Apostolicae Sedis Fundamental Law of Vatican City State Capital punishment in Vatican City Crime in Vatican City Lateran Treaty Legal status of the Holy See Temporal power of the papacy Tribunal of Vatican City State ( Alperin v. Vatican Bank ) ( Doe v. Holy See ) LGBT rights in Vatican City Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City Politics and government Archives Association of Vatican Lay Workers Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State President Pontifical Commission Secretariat for Communications Holy See Press Office L'Osservatore Romano ( Vatican City newspaper ) L'Osservatore della Domenica List of newspapers in Vatican City Vatican Radio lawsuit Vatican Information Service. va ( Vatican City internet sites ) Vatican Publishing House Vatican Radio Vatican Television Center Secretariat of State Cardinal Secretary of State Fabric of Saint Peter Foreign relations of the Holy See List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Holy See -- Israel relations Holy See -- Italy relations Holy See -- Palestine relations Papal apocrisiarius Governorate of Vatican City Governor of Vatican City Military of Vatican City Noble Guard College of Cardinals Vical General Culture Vatican Museums Vatican Library Music of Vatican City Sistine Chapel Choir Languages of Vatican City Women in Vatican City Vatican Christmas Tree Vatican City football team Vatican Cricket Team Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Pontifical Academy of Sciences Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences The Story of the Vatican, 1941 documentary Symbols Flag List of Papal Flags Anthem Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City 00120 ( Vatican postcode ) Papal tiara Papal coronation Buildings / Geography Apostolic Nunciature Apostolic Palace Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Borgia Apartments Bramante Staircase Domus Sanctae Marthae Fountains of St. Peter 's Square Gardens of Vatican City Geography of Vatican City Gregorian Tower Mater Ecclesiae ( monastery ) Monument to the Royal Stuarts Palace of the Holy Office Palazzi Pontifici Papal Apartments Saint Peter 's Basilica Saint Peter 's Square Saint Peter 's tomb Lateran Basilica Lateran Palace Leonine City Niccoline Chapel Old St. Peter 's Basilica Papal tombs Papal tombs in Old St. Peter 's Basilica Paul VI Audience Hall Tomb of the Julii Torre San Giovanni Scala Regia Via della Conciliazione Vatican Climate Forest Vatican Heliport Vatican Hill Vatican Necropolis Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City Public holidays in Vatican City Vatican Secret Archives St. Peter 's Baldachin Sala Regia San Pellegrino in Vaticano Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope Vatican Observatory Vatican Pharmacy Bibliotheca Palatina Cappella Giulia Cappella Paolina Cardinal Secretary of State Casina Pio IV Circus of Nero Redemptoris Mater Chapel Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss Santo Stefano degli Abissini Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi Teutonic Cemetery Cortile del Belvedere Passetto di Borgo Porta San Pellegrino Vatican Museums Vatican Museums Gallery of Maps Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling Collection of Modern Religious Art Raphael Rooms Redemptoris Mater Chapel Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes Sistine Chapel Sistine Chapel ceiling The Last Judgment by Michelangelo Economy Institute for the Works of Religion Telephone numbers in Vatican City Tourism in Vatican City Transport in Vatican City Rail transport in Vatican City Secretariat for the Economy Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See Vatican euro coins Vatican lira Properties of the Holy See Papacy Pope Popemobile Catholic Church Latin Church Holy See Diocese of Rome Roman Curia Universi Dominici Gregis Papal conclave ( Papal elections ) Papal household Papal Gentleman Prefecture of the Pontifical Household Outline Index Vatican City portal Catholicism portal The name `` Vatican '' was already in use in the time of the Roman Republic for a marshy area on the west bank of the Tiber across from the city of Rome. Under the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder ( 14 BC -- 18 October AD 33 ) drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early 1st century AD. In AD 40, her son, Emperor Caligula ( 31 August AD 12 -- 24 January AD 41 ; r. 37 -- 41 ) built in her gardens a circus for charioteers ( AD 40 ) that was later completed by Nero, the Circus Gaii et Neronis, usually called, simply, the Circus of Nero. Even before the arrival of Christianity, it is supposed that this originally uninhabited part of Rome ( the ager vaticanus ) had long been considered sacred, or at least not available for habitation. A shrine dedicated to the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis remained active long after the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter was built nearby. The particularly low quality of Vatican water, even after the reclamation of the area, was commented on by the poet Martial ( 40 -- between 102 and 104 AD ). Tacitus wrote, that in AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, when the northern army that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, `` a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery ; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the stream weakened their bodies, which were already an easy prey to disease ''. The Vatican Obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis in Egypt to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant. This area became the site of martyrdom of many Christians after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Ancient tradition holds that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside - down. Opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Funeral monuments and mausoleums and small tombs as well as altars to pagan gods of all kinds of polytheistic religions were constructed lasting until before the construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter 's in the first half of the 4th century. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Constantinian basilica was built in 326 over what was believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, buried in that cemetery. From then on, the area became more populated in connection with activity at the basilica. A palace was constructed nearby as early as the 5th century during the pontificate of Pope Symmachus ( reigned 498 -- 514 ). Papal States Main article : Papal States See also : History of the Papacy The Italian peninsula in 1796. The shaded yellow territory in central Italy is the Papal State. Popes gradually came to have a secular role as governors of regions near Rome. They ruled the Papal States, which covered a large portion of the Italian peninsula, for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when all the territory belonging to the papacy was seized by the newly created Kingdom of Italy. For most of this time the popes did not live at the Vatican. The Lateran Palace, on the opposite side of Rome was their habitual residence for about a thousand years. From 1309 to 1377, they lived at Avignon in France. On their return to Rome they chose to live at the Vatican. They moved to the Quirinal Palace in 1583, after work on it was completed under Pope Paul V ( 1605 -- 1621 ), but on the capture of Rome in 1870 retired to the Vatican, and what had been their residence became that of the King of Italy. Italian unification Main article : Roman Question In 1870, the Pope 's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by the Piedmont - led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the `` Roman Question ''. Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, it confiscated church property in many places. In 1871 the Quirinal Palace was confiscated by the king of Italy and became the royal palace. Thereafter the popes resided undisturbed within the Vatican walls, and certain papal prerogatives were recognized by the Law of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the Popes did not recognise the Italian king 's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929 ; Pope Pius IX ( 1846 -- 1878 ), the last ruler of the Papal States, was referred to as a `` prisoner in the Vatican ''. Forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues. Lateran treaties Main article : Lateran Treaty This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI. The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the special status of Catholicism in Italy. World War II Main article : Vatican City during World War II Bands of the British army 's 38th Brigade playing in front of St Peter 's Basilica, June 1944. The Holy See, which ruled Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although German troops occupied the city of Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, and the Allies from 1944, they respected Vatican City as neutral territory. One of the main diplomatic priorities of the bishop of Rome was to prevent the bombing of the city ; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city - state violated the Vatican 's neutrality. The British policy, as expressed in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting, was : `` that we should on no account molest the Vatican City, but that our action as regards the rest of Rome would depend upon how far the Italian government observed the rules of war ''. After the American entry into the war, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of offending Catholic members of its military forces, but said that `` they could not stop the British from bombing Rome if the British so decided ''. The British uncompromisingly said `` they would bomb Rome whenever the needs of the war demanded ''. In December 1942, the British envoy suggested to the Holy See that Rome be declared an `` open city '', a suggestion that the Holy See took more seriously than was probably meant by the British, who did not want Rome to be an open city, but Mussolini rejected the suggestion when the Holy See put it to him. In connection with the Allied invasion of Sicily, 500 American aircraft bombed Rome on 19 July 1943, aiming particularly at the railway hub. Some 1,500 people were killed ; Pius XII himself, who had been described in the previous month as `` worried sick '' about the possible bombing, went to the scene of the tragedy. Another raid took place on 13 August 1943, after Mussolini had been ousted from power. On the following day, the new government declared Rome an open city, after consulting the Holy See on the wording of the declaration, but the British had decided that they would never recognize Rome as an open city. Post-war History Pius XII had refrained from creating cardinals during the war. By the end of World War II, there were several prominent vacancies : Cardinal Secretary of State, Camerlengo, Chancellor, and Prefect for the Congregation for the Religious among them. Pius XII created 32 cardinals in early 1946, having announced his intentions to do so in his preceding Christmas message. The Pontifical Military Corps, except for the Swiss Guard, was disbanded by will of Paul VI, as expressed in a letter of 14 September 1970. The Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a civilian police and security force. In 1984, a new concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain provisions of the earlier treaty, including the position of Catholicism as the Italian state religion, a position given to it by a statute of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848. Construction in 1995 of a new guest house, Domus Sanctae Marthae, adjacent to St Peter 's Basilica was criticised by Italian environmental groups, backed by Italian politicians. They claimed the new building would block views of the Basilica from nearby Italian apartments. For a short while the plans strained the relations between the Vatican and the Italian government. The head of the Vatican 's Department of Technical Services robustly rejected challenges to the Vatican State 's right to build within its borders. Geography This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2018 ) Main article : Geography of Vatican City Map of Vatican City, highlighting notable buildings and the Vatican gardens. The name `` Vatican '' predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount. The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that St. Peter 's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the river Tiber, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV ( 847 -- 855 ), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under Paul III ( 1534 -- 1549 ), Pius IV ( 1559 -- 1565 ) and Urban VIII ( 1623 -- 1644 ). Territory of Vatican City State according to the Lateran Treaty. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed. The territory includes St. Peter 's Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter 's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione which runs from close to the Tiber to St. Peter 's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty. According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies. These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See. Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State and not by Italian police. According to the Lateran Treaty ( Art. 3 ) St. Peter 's Square, up to but not including the steps leading to the basilica, is normally patrolled by the Italian police. There are no passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City from the surrounding Italian territory. There is free public access to Saint Peter 's Square and Basilica and, on the occasion of papal general audiences, to the hall in which they are held. For these audiences and for major ceremonies in Saint Peter 's Basilica and Square, tickets free of charge must be obtained beforehand. The Vatican Museums, incorporating the Sistine Chapel, usually charge an entrance fee. There is no general public access to the gardens, but guided tours for small groups can be arranged to the gardens and excavations under the basilica. Other places are open to only those individuals who have business to transact there. St. Peter 's Square, the basilica and obelisk, from Piazza Pio XII Climate Vatican City 's climate is the same as Rome 's : a temperate, Mediterranean climate Csa with mild, rainy winters from October to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to September. Some minor local features, principally mists and dews, are caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter 's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains and the size of the large paved square. hide Climate data for Vatican City Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 38.4 ( 101.1 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 11.0 ( 12.2 ) − 4.4 ( 24.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) − 5.2 ( 22.6 ) − 4.8 ( 23.4 ) − 11 ( 12.2 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 67 ( 2.64 ) 73 ( 2.87 ) 58 ( 2.28 ) 81 ( 3.19 ) 53 ( 2.09 ) 34 ( 1.34 ) 19 ( 0.75 ) 37 ( 1.46 ) 73 ( 2.87 ) 113 ( 4.45 ) 115 ( 4.53 ) 81 ( 3.19 ) 804 ( 31.65 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 7.0 7.6 7.6 9.2 6.2 4.3 2.1 3.3 6.2 8.2 9.7 8.0 79.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 120.9 132.8 167.4 201.0 263.5 285.0 331.7 297.6 237.0 195.3 129.0 111.6 2,472.8 Source : Servizio Meteorologico, data of sunshine hours In July 2007, the Vatican accepted a proposal by two firms based respectively in San Francisco and Budapest, whereby it would become the first carbon neutral state by offsetting its carbon dioxide emissions with the creation of a Vatican Climate Forest in Hungary, as a purely symbolic gesture to encourage Catholics to do more to safeguard the planet. Nothing came of the project. On 26 November 2008, the Vatican itself put into effect a plan announced in May 2007 to cover the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall with solar panels. Gardens Main article : Gardens of Vatican City Within the territory of Vatican City are the Vatican Gardens ( Italian : Giardini Vaticani ), which account for more than half of this territory. The gardens, established during the Renaissance and Baroque era, are decorated with fountains and sculptures. The gardens cover approximately 23 hectares ( 57 acres ) which is most of the Vatican Hill. The highest point is 60 metres ( 200 ft ) above mean sea level. Stone walls bound the area in the North, South and West. The gardens date back to medieval times when orchards and vineyards extended to the north of the Papal Apostolic Palace. In 1279 Pope Nicholas III ( Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 1277 -- 1280 ) moved his residence back to the Vatican from the Lateran Palace and enclosed this area with walls. He planted an orchard ( pomerium ), a lawn ( pratellum ) and a garden ( viridarium ). Panorama of the gardens from atop St. Peter 's Basilica Governance Vatican City This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Vatican City Sovereign Pope ( list ) Francis Law Constitution Law of Vatican City Fundamental Law Lateran Treaty Executive Governorate President : Giuseppe Bertello Secretariat of State Secretary : Pietro Parolin Legislature Pontifical Commission President : Giuseppe Bertello Judiciary Court of Cassation President : Dominique Mamberti Court of Appeals President : Pio Vito Pinto Tribunale President : G. di Sanguinetto Elections Conclave Recent conclaves 2013 2005 1978 ( Oct ) See also Foreign relations Financial Information Authority Military Corps of Gendarmerie Other countries Atlas Main article : Politics of Vatican City The politics of Vatican City takes place in an absolute elective monarchy, in which the head of the Roman Catholic Church takes power. The Pope exercises principal legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of Vatican City ( an entity distinct from the Holy See ), which is a rare case of a non-hereditary monarchy. Vatican City is one of the few widely recognized independent states that has not become a member of the United Nations. The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status with all the rights of a full member except for a vote in the UN General Assembly. Political system The government of Vatican City has a unique structure. The pope is the sovereign of the state. Legislative authority is vested in the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the pope for five - year periods. Executive power is in the hands of the President of that commission, assisted by the general secretary and deputy general secretary. The state 's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See 's Secretariat of State and diplomatic service. Nevertheless, the pope has absolute power in the executive, legislative and judicial branches over Vatican City. He is currently the only absolute monarch in Europe. There are specific departments that deal with health, security, telecommunications, etc. The Cardinal Camerlengo presides over the Apostolic Camera to which is entrusted the administration of the property and protection of other papal temporal powers and rights of the Holy See during the period of the empty throne or Sede Vacante ( papal vacancy ). Those of the Vatican State remain under the control of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. Acting with three other cardinals chosen by lot every three days, one from each order of cardinals ( cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon ), he in a sense performs during that period the functions of head of state of Vatican City. All the decisions these four cardinals take must be approved by the College of Cardinals as a whole. The nobility that was closely associated with the Holy See at the time of the Papal States continued to be associated with the Papal Court after the loss of these territories, generally with merely nominal duties ( see Papal Master of the Horse, Prefecture of the Pontifical Household, Hereditary officers of the Roman Curia, Black Nobility ). They also formed the ceremonial Noble Guard. In the first decades of the existence of the Vatican City State, executive functions were entrusted to some of them, including that of delegate for the State of Vatican City ( now denominated president of the Commission for Vatican City ). But with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968, Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster general and Master of the Horse. Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognized as a powerful and independent sovereign entity since Late Antiquity to the present, without interruption even at times when it was deprived of territory ( e.g. 1870 to 1929 ). The Holy See has the oldest active continuous diplomatic service in the world, dating back to at least AD 325 with its legation to the Council of Nicea. Head of State and government Main articles : Pope and President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State See also : List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State The Apostolic Palace ( Palazzo Apostolico ), the official residence of the Pope. Here, Benedict XVI is at the window marked by a maroon banner hanging from the windowsill at centre. The Pope is ex officio head of state of Vatican City since the 1860s, functions dependent on his primordial function as bishop of the diocese of Rome. The term `` Holy See '' refers not to the Vatican state but to the Pope 's spiritual and pastoral governance, largely exercised through the Roman Curia. His official title with regard to Vatican City is Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City. Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was elected on 13 March 2013. His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City as well as the country 's head of government is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the president of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of president of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The current president is Italian Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, who was appointed on 1 October 2011. Administration Main article : Law of Vatican City Legislative functions are delegated to the unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, led by the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Its seven members are cardinals appointed by the Pope for terms of five years. Acts of the commission must be approved by the Pope, through the Holy See 's Secretariat of State, and before taking effect must be published in a special appendix of the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. Most of the content of this appendix consists of routine executive decrees, such as approval for a new set of postage stamps. Executive authority is delegated to the Governorate of Vatican City. The Governorate consists of the President of the Pontifical Commission -- using the title `` President of the Governorate of Vatican City '' -- a general secretary, and a Vice general secretary, each appointed by the Pope for five - year terms. Important actions of the Governorate must be confirmed by the Pontifical Commission and by the Pope through the Secretariat of State. The Governorate oversees the central governmental functions through several departments and offices. The directors and officials of these offices are appointed by the Pope for five - year terms. These organs concentrate on material questions concerning the state 's territory, including local security, records, transportation, and finances. The Governorate oversees a modern security and police corps, the Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano. Judicial functions are delegated to a supreme court, an appellate court, a tribunal ( Tribunal of Vatican City State ), and a trial judge. At the Vatican 's request, sentences imposed can be served in Italy ( see the section on crime, below ). The international postal country code prefix is SCV, and the only postal code is 00120 -- altogether SCV - 00120. Defense and security A guard of the Vatican at his sentry box. Pontifical Swiss Guard in his traditional uniform. Gendarmerie car. Main articles : Military in Vatican City, Pontifical Swiss Guard, Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City, and Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State As the Vatican City is an enclave within Italy, its military defence is provided by the Italian armed forces. However, there is no formal defence treaty with Italy, as the Vatican City is a neutral state. Vatican City has no armed forces of its own, although the Swiss Guard is a military corps of the Holy See responsible for the personal security of the Pope, and resident in the state. Soldiers of the Swiss Guard are entitled to hold Vatican City State passports and nationality. Swiss mercenaries were historically recruited by Popes as part of an army for the Papal States, and the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the pope 's personal bodyguard and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under `` Holy See '', not under `` State of Vatican City ''. At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 174 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) in height. Members are equipped with small arms and the traditional halberd ( also called the Swiss voulge ), and trained in bodyguarding tactics. The Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, the last armed forces of the Vatican City State, were disbanded by Pope Paul VI in 1970. As Vatican City has listed every building in its territory on the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict theoretically renders it immune to armed attack. Civil defence is the responsibility of the Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, the national fire brigade. Dating its origins to the early nineteenth century, the Corps in its present form was established in 1941. It is responsible for fire fighting, as well as a range of civil defence scenarios including flood, natural disaster, and mass casualty management. The Corps is governmentally supervised through the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence, which is also responsible for the Gendarmerie ( see below ). The Gendarmerie Corps ( Corpo della Gendarmeria ) is the gendarmerie, or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See. The corps is responsible for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties in Vatican City including providing security for the Pope outside of Vatican City. The corps has 130 personnel and is a part of the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence ( which also includes the Vatican Fire Brigade ), an organ of the Governorate of Vatican City. Foreign relations See also : Foreign relations of the Holy See and List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See Palace of the Governorate of Vatican City State. The Ingresso di Sant'Anna, an entrance to Vatican City from Italy. Vatican City State is a recognized national territory under international law, but it is the Holy See that conducts diplomatic relations on its behalf, in addition to the Holy See 's own diplomacy, entering into international agreements in its regard. Vatican City thus has no diplomatic service of its own. Because of space limitations, Vatican City is one of the few countries in the world that is unable to host embassies. Foreign embassies to the Holy See are located in the city of Rome ; only during the Second World War were the staff of some embassies accredited to the Holy See given what hospitality was possible within the narrow confines of Vatican City -- embassies such as that of the United Kingdom while Rome was held by the Axis Powers and Germany 's when the Allies controlled Rome. The size of Vatican City is thus unrelated to the large global reach exercised by the Holy See as an entity quite distinct from the state. However, Vatican City State itself participates in some international organizations whose functions relate to the state as a geographical entity, distinct from the non-territorial legal persona of the Holy See. These organizations are much less numerous than those in which the Holy See participates either as a member or with observer status. They include the following eight, in each of which Vatican City State holds membership : European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations ( CEPT ) European Telecommunications Satellite Organization ( Eutelsat IGO ) International Grains Council ( IGC ) International Institute of Administrative Sciences ( IIAS ) International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ( ITSO ) Interpol Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) It also participates in : World Medical Association World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) Economy Main article : Economy of Vatican City The Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican Museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals and tourist mementos ; by fees for admission to museums ; and by publications sales. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome. Other industries include printing, the production of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms. There is a Vatican Pharmacy. The Institute for Works of Religion ( IOR, Istituto per le Opere di Religione ), also known as the Vatican Bank, is a financial agency situated in the Vatican that conducts worldwide financial activities. It has multilingual ATMs with instructions in Latin, possibly the only ATM in the world with this feature. Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps. It has used the euro as its currency since 1 January 1999, owing to a special agreement with the European Union ( council decision 1999 / 98 ). Euro coins and notes were introduced on 1 January 2002 -- the Vatican does not issue euro banknotes. Issuance of euro - denominated coins is strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy. Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors. Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own Vatican lira currency, which was on par with the Italian lira. Vatican City State, which employs nearly 2,000 people, had a surplus of 6.7 million euros in 2007 but ran a deficit in 2008 of over 15 million euros. In 2012, the U.S. State Department 's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report listed Vatican City for the first time among the nations of concern for money - laundering, placing it in the middle category, which includes countries such as Ireland, but not among the most vulnerable countries, which include the United States itself, Germany, Italy and Russia. On 24 February 2014 the Vatican announced it was establishing a secretariat for the economy, to be responsible for all economic, financial and administrative activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State, headed by Cardinal George Pell. This followed the charging of two senior clerics including a monsignor with money laundering offenses. Pope Francis also appointed an auditor - general authorized to carry out random audits of any agency at any time, and engaged a US financial services company to review the Vatican 's 19,000 accounts to ensure compliance with international money laundering practices. The pontiff also ordered that the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See would be the Vatican 's central bank, with responsibilities similar to other central banks around the world. Demographics See also : Women in Vatican City Population and languages Further information : Languages of Vatican City The Seal of Vatican City. Note the use of the Italian language. Almost all of Vatican City 's more than 450 citizens either live inside the Vatican 's walls or serve in the Holy See 's diplomatic service in embassies ( called `` nunciature '' ; a papal ambassador is a `` nuncio '' ) around the world. The Vatican citizenry consists almost entirely of two groups : clergy, most of whom work in the service of the Holy See, and a very few as officials of the state ; and the Swiss Guard. Most of the 2,400 lay workers who comprise the majority of the Vatican workforce reside outside the Vatican and are citizens of Italy, while a few are citizens of other nations. As a result, all of the City 's actual citizens are Catholic as are all the places of worship. Vatican City has no formally enacted official language, but, unlike the Holy See which most often uses Latin for the authoritative version of its official documents, Vatican City uses only Italian in its legislation and official communications. Italian is also the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state. In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages : German, French, Romansh or Italian. Vatican City 's official website languages are Italian, English, French, German, and Spanish. ( This site should not be confused with that of the Holy See, which uses all these languages, along with Portuguese, with Latin since 9 May 2008 and Chinese since 18 March 2009. ) Citizenship Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis ( birth from a citizen, even outside the state 's territory ) or on jus soli ( birth within the territory of the state ), citizenship of Vatican City is granted jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is extended also to the spouse, parents and descendants of a citizen, provided they are living with the person who is a citizen. The Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues normal passports for its citizens. Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an Italian citizen as provided in the Lateran Treaty. As of 31 December 2011, other than the pope, there were 594 persons possessing Vatican citizenship, of which : 72 % were clergy, including : 71 cardinals residing in Rome, 307 titular bishops and other clergy serving as papal diplomats, 51 other members of the clergy. 28 % were laity, including : 1 religious sister, 109 members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard 55 other lay persons. The persons authorized to reside in the Vatican City maintaining their original citizenship were 238, of the aforementioned numbers. The persons residing in buildings outside of the Vatican City in buildings exempt from expropriation and taxation were 3,500 on the above - mentioned date. On 22 February 2011, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated a new `` Law concerning citizenship, residency and access '' to Vatican City, which became effective on 1 March. It replaced the 1929 `` Law concerning citizenship and residence ''. There are 16 articles in the new law, whereas the old law had 33 articles. It updated the old law by incorporating changes made after 1929, such as the 1940 granting of Vatican City citizenship, durante munere, to the members of the Holy See 's diplomatic service. It also created a new category, that of official Vatican `` residents '', i.e., people living in Vatican City ; these are not necessarily Vatican citizens. On 1 March 2011, only 220 of the over 800 people living in Vatican City were citizens. There was a total of 572 Vatican citizens, of whom 352 were not residents, mainly apostolic nuncios and diplomatic staff. As of 2013, there were about 30 female citizens. Wine consumption More wine is drunk per person in the Vatican City than in any other country in the world, according to statistics released by the California Wine Institute. The figures show that residents of the Vatican consume 74 litres of wine on average -- roughly equivalent to 105 bottles over the course of a year. That amount is around double the amount drunk by the average person in France or Italy as a whole, and triple the quantity consumed in the UK. 360 - degree view from the dome of St. Peter 's Basilica, looking over the Vatican 's Saint Peter 's Square ( centre ) and out into Rome, showing Vatican City in all directions. Culture Main article : Culture of Vatican City See also : Music of Vatican City The Vatican Museums ( Musei Vaticani ) display works from the extensive collection of the Catholic Church. Vatican City is home to some of the most famous art in the world. St. Peter 's Basilica, whose successive architects include Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Maderno and Bernini, is a renowned work of Renaissance architecture. The Sistine Chapel is famous for its frescos, which include works by Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Botticelli as well as the ceiling and Last Judgment by Michelangelo. Artists who decorated the interiors of the Vatican include Raphael and Fra Angelico. The Vatican Apostolic Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites ; it is the only one to consist of an entire state. Furthermore, it is the only site to date registered with the UNESCO as a centre containing monuments in the `` International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection '' according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Michelangelo 's Pietà, in the Basilica, is one of the Vatican 's best known artworks. Michelangelo 's frescos on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, `` an artistic vision without precedent ''. The elaborately decorated Sistine Hall in the Vatican Library. Main courtyard of the Vatican Museums Sport There is a football championship, called the Vatican City Championship, with eight teams, including, for example, the Swiss Guard 's FC Guardia and police and museum guard teams. Infrastructure Transport Main article : Transport in Vatican City The shortest national railway system in the world. Vatican City has a reasonably well - developed transport network considering its size ( consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways ). A state that is 1.05 kilometres ( 0.65 miles ) long and 0.85 kilometres ( 0.53 miles ) wide, it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport. There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected to Italy 's network at Rome 's Saint Peter 's station by an 852 - metre - long ( 932 yd ) spur, 300 metres ( 330 yd ) of which is within Vatican territory. Pope John XXIII was the first Pope to make use of the railway ; Pope John Paul II rarely used it. The closest metro station is Ottaviano -- San Pietro -- Musei Vaticani. Communications The Vatican 's post office was established on the 11 February 1929. The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system named the Vatican Telephone Service, and a postal system that started operating on 13 February 1929. On 1 August, the state started to release its own postal stamps, under the authority of the Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State. The City 's postal service is sometimes said to be `` the best in the world '', and faster than the postal service in Rome. The Vatican also controls its own Internet TLD, which is registered as (. va ). Broadband service is widely provided within Vatican City. Vatican City has also been given a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators. Vatican Radio, which was organized by Guglielmo Marconi, broadcasts on short - wave, medium - wave and FM frequencies and on the Internet. Its main transmission antennae are located in Italian territory, and exceed Italian environmental protection levels of emission. For this reason, the Vatican Radio has been sued. Television services are provided through another entity, the Vatican Television Center. L'Osservatore Romano is the multilingual semi-official newspaper of the Holy See. It is published by a private corporation under the direction of Roman Catholic laymen, but reports on official information. However, the official texts of documents are in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official gazette of the Holy See, which has an appendix for documents of the Vatican City State. Vatican Radio, the Vatican Television Center, and L'Osservatore Romano are organs not of the Vatican State but of the Holy See, and are listed as such in the Annuario Pontificio, which places them in the section `` Institutions linked with the Holy See '', ahead of the sections on the Holy See 's diplomatic service abroad and the Diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See, after which is placed the section on the State of Vatican City. Recycling In 2008, the Vatican began an `` ecological island '' for renewable waste and has continued the initiative throughout the papacy of Francis. Crime Main article : Crime in Vatican City Crime in Vatican City consists largely of purse snatching, pickpocketing and shoplifting by outsiders. The tourist foot - traffic in St. Peter 's Square is one of the main locations for pickpockets in Vatican City. If crimes are committed in Saint Peter 's Square, the perpetrators may be arrested and tried by the Italian authorities, since that area is normally patrolled by Italian police. Under the terms of article 22 of the Lateran Treaty, Italy will, at the request of the Holy See, punish individuals for crimes committed within Vatican City and will itself proceed against the person who committed the offense, if that person takes refuge in Italian territory. Persons accused of crimes recognized as such both in Italy and in Vatican City that are committed in Italian territory will be handed over to the Italian authorities if they take refuge in Vatican City or in buildings that enjoy immunity under the treaty. Vatican City has no prison system, apart from a few detention cells for pre-trial detention. People convicted of committing crimes in the Vatican serve terms in Italian prisons ( Polizia Penitenziaria ), with costs covered by the Vatican. See also Italy portal Vatican City portal Index of Vatican City - related articles Law of Vatican City News.va Outline of Vatican City References Footnotes Jump up ^ Many other languages are used by institutions situated within the state, such as the Holy See, the Pontifical Swiss Guard, and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. The Holy See uses Latin as its main official language, Italian as its main working language and French as its main diplomatic language ; in addition, its Secretariat of State uses English, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. The Swiss Guard, in which commands on parade are given in German, also uses French and Italian, the other two official Swiss languages, in its official ceremonies, such as the annual swearing in of the new recruits on 6th May. Jump up ^ Visitors and tourists are not permitted to drive inside the Vatican without specific permission, which is normally granted only to those on official business in the Vatican. Jump up ^ ITU - T assigned code 379 to Vatican City. However, Vatican City is included in the Italian telephone numbering plan and uses the Italian country code 39, followed by 06 ( for Rome ) and 698. Jump up ^ Stato della Città del Vaticano ( Italian pronunciation : ( ˈstaːto della tʃitˈta ddel vatiˈkaːno ) ) is the name used in the text of the state 's Fundamental Law and in the state 's official website. Jump up ^ The Ecclesiastical, and therefore official, pronunciation is ( ˈstatus tʃiviˈtatis vatiˈkane ), the Classical one is ( ˈstatʊs kiːwɪˈtaːtɪs waːtɪˈkaːnae̯ ). Jump up ^ In the languages used by the Secretariat of State of the Holy See ( except English and Italian as already mentioned above ) : French : Cité du Vatican -- État de la Cité du Vatican German : Vatikanstadt, cf. Vatikan -- Staat Vatikanstadt ( in Austria : Staat der Vatikanstadt ) Polish : Miasto Watykańskie, cf. Watykan -- Państwo Watykańskie Portuguese : Cidade do Vaticano -- Estado da Cidade do Vaticano Spanish : Ciudad del Vaticano -- Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano Jump up ^ The Holy See is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and a sovereign entity recognized by international law, consisting of the Pope and the Roman Curia. It is also commonly referred to as `` the Vatican '', especially when used as a metonym for the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Jump up ^ The Holy See 's budget, which is distinct from that of Vatican City State, is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions ; these help fund the Roman Curia ( Vatican bureaucracy ), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund known as Peter 's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief and aid to churches in developing nations. Citation notes Jump up ^ Solemn oath of the Vatican Swiss guards. 6 May 2014 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Internet portal of Vatican City State ''. Vatican City State. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Holy See ( Vatican City ) ''. CIA -- The World Factbook. Jump up ^ Robbers, Gerhard ( 2006 ) Encyclopedia of World Constitutions. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 81606078 - 8. p. 1009 Jump up ^ Nick Megoran ( 2009 ) `` Theocracy '', p. 226 in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, vol. 11, Elsevier ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 044911 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Governorate ''. Vaticanstate.va. Retrieved 12 August 2013. Jump up ^ città in DOP Jump up ^ Città del Vaticano in DiPI Online Jump up ^ `` Vatican country profile ''. BBC News. 2018. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` Text of the Lateran Treaty of 1929 ''. Jump up ^ `` Vatican City ''. Catholic-Pages.com. Retrieved 12 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Preamble of the Lateran Treaty '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Constitution '' ( in Latin ). Jump up ^ Pope Francis ( 8 September 2014 ). `` Letter to John Cardinal Lajolo '' ( in Latin ). The Vatican. Retrieved 28 May 2015. Jump up ^ Lanciani, Rodolfo ( 1892 ). Pagan and Christian Rome Houghton, Mifflin. Jump up ^ `` Vatican City in the Past ''. Jump up ^ `` Altar dedicated to Cybele and Attis ''. Vatican Museums. Retrieved 26 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` Damien Martin, `` Wine and Drunkenness in Roman Society '' '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Tacitus, The Histories, II, 93, translation by Clifford H. Moore ( The Loeb Classical Library, first printed 1925 ) Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History XVI. 76. Jump up ^ `` St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 August 2013. Jump up ^ Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner 's Art through the Ages ( Cengage Learning 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 13395479 - 8 ), p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Vatican ''. Columbia Encyclopedia ( Sixth ed. ). 2001 -- 2005. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006. Jump up ^ Wetterau, Bruce ( 1994 ). World History : A Dictionary of Important People, Places, and Events, from Ancient Times to the Present. New York : Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 978 - 0805023503. Jump up ^ Trattato fra la Santa Sede e l'Italia ^ Jump up to : `` Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 -- Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri ''. vatican.va. Jump up ^ `` Rome ''. Ushmm.org. Retrieved 12 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Chadwick, 1988, pp. 222 -- 32 Jump up ^ Chadwick, 1988, pp. 232 -- 36 Jump up ^ Chadwick, 1988, pp. 236 -- 44 Jump up ^ Chadwick, 1988, pp. 244 -- 45 Jump up ^ Chadwick 1988, p. 304 ^ Jump up to : `` Vatican City Today ''. Vatican City Government. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2007. ^ Jump up to : Thavis, John ( 2013 ). The Vatican Diaries : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Power, Personalities and Politics at the Heart of the Catholic Church. NY : Viking. pp. 121 -- 2. ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02671 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Vatican ( search ) ''. Online Dictionary. Retrieved 28 November 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` Patti Lateranensi ''. vatican.va. Retrieved 6 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : Lateran Treaty of 1929, Articles 13 -- 16 Jump up ^ Tabelle climatiche 1971 -- 2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma - Ciampino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971 -- 2000 -- Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare Jump up ^ `` Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino ''. Retrieved 13 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Vatican footprint wrong - footed ''. The Global Warming Policy Forum. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Vatican to go carbon neutral ''. United Press International. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2009. Jump up ^ Vatican signs up for a carbon offset forest, Catholic News Service, published 13 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007 Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Climate forest makes Vatican the first carbon - neutral state, Western Catholic Reporter, published 23 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007 Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Carbon offsets : How a Vatican forest failed to reduce global warming ''. The Christian Science Monitor Jump up ^ `` Dangers lurk in offset investments '', Ethical Corporation published 19 September 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012 Archived 27 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Going green : Vatican expands mission to saving planet, not just souls '', Catholic News Service, published 25 May 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007 Jump up ^ Glatz, Carol ( 26 November 2008 ) `` Vatican wins award for creating rooftop solar - power generator '', Catholic News Service. Jump up ^ `` Map of Vatican City ''. saintpetersbasilica.org. Retrieved 11 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Al Pellegrino Cattolico : The Vatican Gardens ''. 2008 Al Pellegrino Cattolico s.r.l. Via di Porta Angelica 81 83 ( S. Pietro ) I - 00193 Roma, Italy. Archived from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Official Vatican City State Website : A Visit to the Vatican Gardens ''. 2007 -- 08 Uffici di Presidenza S.C.V. Archived from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Vatican City ( Politics, government, and taxation ) ''. Nations Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 November 2007. Jump up ^ Section, United Nations News Service ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ). `` UN News - FEATURE : Diplomacy of the conscience -- The Holy See at the United Nations ''. UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Vatican City ''. Catholic-Pages.com. Retrieved 4 March 2007. Jump up ^ Pontificalis Domus, 3 Jump up ^ The site `` Hereditary Officers of the Papal Court '' continues to present these functions and titles as still in use, several decades after their abolition. Archived 13 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Vatican Diplomacy ''. Catholic-Pages.com. Retrieved 15 March 2007 Jump up ^ One of the titles of the Pope listed in the Annuario Pontificio is `` Sovereign of Vatican City State '' ( page 23 * in recent editions ). Jump up ^ `` Why is Vatican City considered a country ? ''. Quora. Retrieved April 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Code of Canon Law : text -- IntraText CT ''. Jump up ^ `` International postal code : SCV - 00120. '' www.vatican.va Holy See Press Office -- General Information. Retrieved 23 October 2009. Jump up ^ Duursma, Jorri C. ( 1996 ). Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-states : Self - determination and Statehood. Cambridge University Press. p. 396. ISBN 9780521563604. Jump up ^ `` Corpo della Gendarmeria '' ( in Italian ). Stato della Città del Vaticano. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Gendarme Corps ''. Office of the President of Vatican City State. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007. Jump up ^ `` Administrations and Central Offices ''. Office of the President of Vatican City State. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Holy See and Diplomacy '', Foreign and Commonwealth Office Archived 21 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : `` Vatican City State : Participation in International Organizations ''. Vatican City State. Archived 10 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ See also appendix at end of `` Bilateral Relations of the Holy See ''. vatican.va Jump up ^ `` Membership Vatican City State ''. Interpol. Retrieved 5 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Holy See ( Vatican City ) : Economy ''. CIA -- The World Factbook. Retrieved 10 October 2010. Jump up ^ O'Malley, Seán P. ( 28 September 2006 ). `` A Glimpse Inside the Vatican & Msgr. Robert Deeley 's Guest Post ''. Retrieved 30 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Agreements on monetary relations ( Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra ) ''. Activities of the European Union : Summaries of legislation. Retrieved 23 February 2007. Jump up ^ `` Benedict Vatican euros set for release ''. Catholic News. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2014. Jump up ^ Holy See 's budget shortfall shrinks in 2008. Christian Telegraph. The report quoted deals mainly with the revenues and expenses of the Holy See and mentions only briefly the finances of Vatican City. Jump up ^ Pullella, Philip ( 8 March 2012 ). `` U.S. adds Vatican to money - laundering ' concern ' list. '' Reuters. Jump up ^ `` Vatican financial system restructuring begins with new secretariat ''. The Italy News.Net. 25 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Vatican City State : Population ''. Vatican City State. Presidency of the Governorate of Vatican City State. 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017. Jump up ^ Vatican City State appendix to the Acta Apostolicae Sedis is entirely in Italian. Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( 7 June 1992 ). `` Law on Citizenship and Residence, 7 June 1992 ''. Unhcr.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cittadinanza vaticana ''. Vatican.va. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 15 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Vatican citizenship ''. Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 3 December 2006. ^ Jump up to : `` Law Now Allows for Vatican Residents : 1929 Code Replaced ''. ZENIT. Innovative Media, Inc. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011. Jump up ^ `` Law on Citizenship, Residency and Access to the Vatican ''. VIS -- Vatican Information Service. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011. Jump up ^ `` Stato Città del Vaticano : Nuova legge sulla cittadinanza '' in Toscana Oggi, 3 January 2011 Jump up ^ Mrowińska, Alina. `` Behind The Walls : What It 's Like To Live Inside The Vatican, For A Woman '' Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Gazeta Wyborcza / Worldcrunch, 26 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Vatican City drinks more wine per person than anywhere else in the world ''. The Independent. 2014 - 02 - 25. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Vatican City -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre ''. UNESCO. Retrieved 10 October 2009. Jump up ^ König, Gabriele Bartz, Eberhard ( 1998 ). Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1475 -- 1564 ( English ed. ). Cologne : Könemann. ISBN 978 - 3 - 8290 - 0253 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Life in the Guard ''. Pontifical Swiss Guard. Retrieved 10 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Holy See -- State of the Vatican City ''. Vatican Papal Conclave. Retrieved 28 November 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` Railways of the World ''. Sinfin.net. Retrieved 8 August 2006. Jump up ^ `` The Vatican Museums & St Peter 's, Rome ; gettting there - ''. www.rometoolkit.com. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ On call 24 / 7 : Vatican phone system directs thousands of call each day Archived 19 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine., 24 July 2006. Jump up ^ `` The Early Definitives ''. Vatican Philatelic Society. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2007. ^ Jump up to : Baker, Al ( 27 June 2004 ). `` Hail Marys Not Needed : Vatican Mail Will Deliver ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 28 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Vatican Radio -- Index ''. Vatican.va. 2 September 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Vatican Television Center -- Index ''. Vatican.va. Retrieved 6 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Vatican crime rate ' soars ' ''. BBC. 8 January 2003. Retrieved 28 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Vatican surpasses all nations... in pickpockets ? '' Archived 15 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine... Rome Reports, 14 February 2011. Jump up ^ Glatz, Carol ( 19 December 2013 ) `` Man seriously injured after setting self on fire in St. Peter 's Square ''. Catholic News Service ^ Jump up to : `` INTER SANCTAM SEDEM ET ITALIAE REGNUM CONVENTIONES * INITAE DIE 11 FEBRUARII 1929 '' ( in Italian ). Vatican.va. Retrieved 12 July 2013. Jump up ^ Shea, Alison ( 2009 ). `` Researching the Law of the Vatican City State ''. Hauser Global Law School Program. New York University School of Law. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Jump up ^ How Does Vatican City Deal With Criminals ? Slate. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Is the Vatican a Rogue State ? '' Spiegel Online. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Bibliography Chadwick, Owen ( 1988 ). Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 36825 - 4. Kent, Peter C. ( 2002 ). The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII : The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943 -- 1950. Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2326 - 5. Morley, John F. ( 1980 ). Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust, 1939 -- 1943. New York : Ktav Pub. House. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87068 - 701 - 3. Nichols, Fiona ( 2006 ). Rome and the Vatican. London : New Holland. pp. 85 -- 96. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84537 - 500 - 3. Ricci, Corrado ; Begni, Ernesto ( 2003 ) ( 1914 ). The Vatican : Its History, Its Treasures. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 3941 - 1. External links Find more aboutVatican Cityat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official websites Official website Official website of the Holy See Other websites Media related to Vaticano at Wikimedia Commons The Vatican travel guide from Wikivoyage Wikimedia Atlas of Vatican City Geographic data related to Vatican City at OpenStreetMap Inside the Vatican on National Geographic YouTube channel Vatican Chief of State and Cabinet Members `` Holy See ( Vatican City ) ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 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Amsterdam, Netherlands Andorra la Vella, Andorra Ankara, Turkey Astana, Kazakhstan Athens, Greece Baku, Azerbaijan Belgrade, Serbia Berlin, Germany Bern, Switzerland Bratislava, Slovakia Brussels, Belgium Bucharest, Romania Budapest, Hungary Chișinău, Moldova San Marino, San Marino Copenhagen, Denmark Douglas, Isle of Man ( UK ) Dublin, Ireland Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) Gibraltar, Gibraltar ( UK ) Helsinki, Finland Kiev, Ukraine Lisbon, Portugal Ljubljana, Slovenia London, United Kingdom Longyearbyen, Svalbard ( Norway ) Luxembourg, Luxembourg Madrid, Spain Mariehamn, Åland Islands ( Finland ) Minsk, Belarus Monaco, Monaco Moscow, Russia Nicosia, Cyprus North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus Oslo, Norway Paris, France Podgorica, Montenegro Prague, Czech Republic Pristina, Kosovo Reykjavík, Iceland Riga, Latvia Rome, Italy Saint Helier, Jersey ( UK ) Saint Peter Port, Guernsey ( UK ) Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh Stockholm, Sweden Sukhumi, Abkhazia Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia Tirana, Albania Tiraspol, Transnistria Tórshavn, Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) Tskhinvali, South Ossetia Vaduz, Liechtenstein Valletta, Malta Vatican City, Vatican City Vienna, Austria Vilnius, Lithuania Warsaw, Poland Yerevan, Armenia Zagreb, Croatia Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union Transcontinental country Entirely in Western Asia but having socio - 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Question: when did vatican city become a sovereign state
Answer: 7 June 1929