Petroleum in the United States - Wikipedia Petroleum in the United States Top 5 oil - producing states in the US in 2011 US energy consumption, by source, 1775 - 2010. Vertical axis is in quadrillion BTU. This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information. In particular : Most graphs end 3 - 7 years ago. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( August 2018 ) Petroleum in the United States has been a major industry since shortly after the oil discovery in the Oil Creek area of Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859. The petroleum industry includes exploration for, production, processing ( refining ), transportation, and marketing of natural gas and petroleum products. As of 2008, the U.S. was the world 's third - largest oil producer ( after Saudi Arabia and Russia ), producing 8.5 million barrels of oil and natural gas liquids per day. The leading oil - producing area in the United States in 2014 was Texas ( 3.17 million barrels ( 504,000 m ) per day ), followed by the federal zone of the Gulf of Mexico ( 1.40 million barrels ( 223,000 m ) per day ), followed by North Dakota ( 1.09 million barrels ( 173,000 m ) per day ) and California ( 0.50 million barrels ( 79,000 m ) per day ). In 2015, US production of crude oil rose to 9.48 million barrels per day, the highest annual rate since 1972, and an increase of 90 % from the 2008 production of 5.00 million barrels per day. On a monthly basis, however, US production peaked in April 2015 at 9.63 million barrels per day, then declined due to lower oil prices to 8.74 million barrels per day in August 2016. US Natural gas production achieved new record highs for each year from 2011 through 2014. Marketed natural gas production in 2014 was 74.7 billion cubic feet per day, a 44 % increase over the rate of 51.9 billion cubic feet per day in 2005. Over the same time period, production of natural gas liquids increased 70 %, from 1.74 million barrels per day in 2005 to 2.96 million barrels per day in 2014. In April 2015, natural gas was produced at the rate of 79.4 billion cubic feet per day. In 2014, petroleum and natural gas were the two largest sources of energy in the U.S., together providing 63 percent of the energy consumed ( oil provided 35 percent and gas 28 percent ). In 2008 the United States consumed 19.5 million barrels ( 3,100,000 m ) per day of petroleum products, of which 46 percent was gasoline, 20 percent diesel fuel and heating oil, and 10 percent liquefied petroleum gas. In 2015, the U.S. imported 24 % of the petroleum it used, the lowest since 1970. The largest sources of U.S. imported oil were : Canada ( 40 % ), Saudi Arabia ( 11 % ), Venezuela ( 9 % ), Mexico ( 8 % ), and Colombia ( 4 % ). According to the American Petroleum Institute, the oil and natural gas industry supports nine million U.S. jobs and makes up seven percent of the nation 's gross domestic product. Contents 1 Industry structure 1.1 Majors 1.2 Independents 1.3 Service companies 2 Exploration 3 Top oil fields in the U.S. 3.1 Produced water 4 Crude oil transportation 4.1 Pipeline 4.2 Water 4.3 Truck 4.4 Railroad 5 Refining 6 Petroleum product distribution and marketing 7 Price 8 Consumption and production 9 Policy 10 History 11 Statistics 12 Politics 13 Environmental issues 14 Organizations 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Industry structure See also : List of oil exploration and production companies § North America The United States oil industry is made up of thousands of companies, engaged in exploration and production, transportation, refining, distribution, and marketing of oil. The industry is often informally divided into `` upstream '' ( exploration and production ), `` midstream '' ( transportation and refining ), and `` downstream '' ( distribution and marketing ). The industry sector involved in oil exploration and production is for all practical purposes identical with the sector exploring and producing natural gas, but oil and natural gas have different midstream and downstream sectors ( see : Natural gas in the United States ). Majors The term major oil company has no formal definition, but usually refers to a large vertically integrated company, with operations in all or most of the industry phases, from exploration to marketing. Many majors have international operations. The largest of the majors are sometimes called supermajors. This term is often applied to BP, Shell, Exxon Mobil, Chevron, and Total, all of which operate in the US. Independents An independent is a company which has all or almost all of its operations in a limited segment of the industry, such as exploration and production, refining, or marketing. Although most independents are small compared to the majors, there are some very large companies which are not vertically integrated, and so are classed as independents. Service companies Service companies contract to oil companies to perform specialized services. Examples are companies that do well logging ( Schlumberger ), seismic surveys ( WesternGeco, CGG ( company ) ), drilling ( Nabors Industries, Helmerich & Payne ), or well completion ( Baker Hughes, Halliburton ). Top oil producers in the United States, 2009 Rank Company Million Bbl / Year BP 237.0 Chevron 177.0 ConocoPhillips 153.0 Exxon Mobil 112.0 5 Occidental Petroleum 99.0 6 Shell Oil 71.0 7 Anadarko Petroleum 63.0 8 Apache Corporation 34.8 9 XTO Energy 31.7 10 Amerada Hess 26.0 Annual owned production, 2009. Source : In 2009, the production owned by the top ten companies was 52 % of total US oil production. Exploration Number of wells drilled for oil and gas through 2009. See also : Offshore oil and gas in the United States Each year, tens of thousands of wells are drilled in search of oil and gas in the U.S. In 2009, 36,243 wells were drilled. Oil & natural gas oil rig count Top oil fields in the US Top producing oil fields in the United States, 2013 Rank Field State Discovery Year Million Bbl / Year Eagle Ford Formation Texas 1962 308.3 Bakken formation North Dakota and Montana 1953 123.8 Spraberry Trend Texas 1949 99.8 Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Alaska 1967 79.1 5 Wattenberg Gas Field Colorado 1970 47.3 6 Shenzi Federal Gulf of Mexico 2002 35.3 7 Kuparuk River oil field Alaska 1969 29.5 8 Midway - Sunset Oil Field California 1901 28.8 9 Atlantis Oil Field Federal Gulf of Mexico 1998 27.3 10 Sugarkane Texas 2009 25.8 Annual production 2013. Source : Produced water Oil and gas wells commonly produce water along with the oil and gas. Known as produced water, the water is usually highly saline, and must be disposed of by injecting it into EPA - permitted Class II water disposal wells. Some produced water contains sufficient iodine to be recovered as a byproduct. Crude oil transportation The product extracted at the wellhead, usually a mixture of oil / condensate, gas, and water, goes through equipment on the lease to separate the three components. The oil and produced water are in most cases stored in separate tanks at the site, and periodically removed by truck. Over the decade 2005 - 2014, the volume of oil carried to the refinery by tanker ship has decreased. The oil volumes delivered to US refineries by all other modes has increased. Pipeline Most crude oil shipped long distances in the US goes by oil pipeline. In 2014, 58 percent of the petroleum arriving at refineries came by pipeline, up from 48 percent in 2005. In 2014, the United States had 161 thousand miles of interstate oil pipelines, an increase of 29 thousand miles since 2005. The interstate pipelines are connected to 4.2 million miles of trunk oil pipelines. The top US oil pipeline companies in 2014 were, in order of decreasing interstate pipeline mileage : Magellan Pipeline Company, Mid-America Pipeline Company, and Plains All American Pipeline. Water Petroleum can be transported cheaply for long distances by oceangoing oil tankers. Tankers supplied 31 percent of the oil arriving at US refineries in 2014, down from 48 percent in 2005 ; the decline reflects decreased oil imports since 2005. For shorter - distance water transport, oil is shipped by barge, which accounted for 5.7 percent of oil arriving at refineries in 2014, up from 2.9 percent in 2005. Truck Most oil is initially carried off the site by tanker truck. The truck may take the oil directly to a nearby refinery. In 2014, 2.6 percent of oil arrived at refineries by truck, up from 2.6 percent in 2005. If the refinery is not close, the tanker truck will take the crude oil to a pipeline, barge, or railroad for long - distance transport. Railroad Schematic map of crude oil shipments by rail in the US in 2014 ( US EIA ) Before the common availability of long - distance pipelines, most crude oil was shipped by rail. It is for this historical reason that in Texas, oil and gas production came to be regulated by the Texas Railroad Commission. Rail transport of crude oil has made a resurgence since 2005, largely due to the lack of pipeline capacity to transport the increased oil volumes from North Dakota. In 2014, 2.7 percent of crude oil arriving at refineries came by rail, up from 0.1 percent in 2005. Since 2012, oil shipped by rail from the Bakken fields in North Dakota has progressively replaced overseas ( non-Canadian ) imported oil used by East Coast US refineries. In February 2015, railroads supplied 52 percent of all crude oil delivered to US refineries on the East Coast. Refining Main article : Petroleum refining in the United States Location of United States petroleum refineries, 2012 The United States petroleum refining industry, the world 's largest, is most heavily concentrated along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. In 2012, US refiners produced 18.5 million barrels per day of refined petroleum products. Of this amount, 15 percent was exported. As of 2012 the US was the world 's second largest net exporter of refined petroleum products. Petroleum product distribution and marketing Refined petroleum products destined for retail consumption is transferred to bulk terminals by pipeline, barge, or rail. From the bulk terminal, the product is usually trucked to the retail outlets. As of February 2014, there were 153,000 service stations selling motor fuel in the US, including garages, truck stops, convenience stores, and marinas. Although many stations carry the brands of major integrated oil companies, only 2 % of US stations are owned by major oil companies ; most stations labeled with major brands are operated under franchise agreements. A total of 58 % of the service stations are single - store operations run by an individual or family. Price Crude oil prices to gas prices Except for one, every US recession since World War II experienced a sharp increase in the price of oil. This correlation strongly signifies the US dependency of oil for the economy and oil 's importance in US development for most of the time since the war. Many of the key cases of crude oil price increases in the post-war period were associated with political upheaval from oil rich countries. Domestic production and consumption were outpaced by US demand toward the late 1960s, and Middle Eastern nations gained a significant amount of political leverage in controlling prices based on their production. Price increases have been directly related to increased investment and subsequent oil production. After World War II, European reconstruction was the primary objective of the American economy, and investment eventually rose after a long - term price increase at the end of the war. In the 1950s, there were strikes by oil workers, production restrictions imposed by the Texas Railroad Commission, as well as the Suez Crisis and Korean War -- all creating steep price increases, with prices only falling after production could meet demand. Peak Oil in the US caused a definite decline of American reserves and several more strikes by oil workers. Additional singular events such as the OPEC embargo, the rupture of the Trans - Arabian Pipeline, and Iranian Nationalization of the oil industry resulted in further never - before - seen price increases. Each case was followed by a marked recession in the US economy. In 2008, oil prices rose briefly, to as high as $145 per barrel, and U.S. gasoline prices jumped from $1.37 to $2.37 per gallon in 2005, causing a search for alternate sources, and by 2012, less than half the US oil consumption was imported. However, as of January 2015, the price of oil has decreased to around $50 per barrel. Consumption and production In the twentieth century, oil production became of more value, as the US industrialized and developed commercial transportation, such as railroads and motor vehicles. Furthermore, oil consumption also increased because of electricity. After electricity, oil became more important in commercial, manufacturing, and residential sectors such as heating and cooking. Therefore, during this period, the growth of oil consumption indicates that the US was becoming dependent on oil and that it helped the domestic oil industry to grow. However, U.S oil domestic production could not cover the growing demand in the nation 's market, which allowed the U.S. to look for a new supply internationally. The nation 's consumption of oil increased 53 % between 1915 and 1919, followed by another increase of 27 % in 1920. The first shock of the transportation era occurred in 1920 and lasted for about a year. The shortage of oil devastated the entire West Coast with hour - long lines for gasoline. Also, in many places, fuel was not available for at least a week. Finally, big production from Texas, California, and Oklahoma took the shortage of oil away, causing oil prices to fall 40 % between 1920 and 1926. During the Great Depression, both growing supply and falling demand caused the price of oil to decrease to about 66 % between 1926 and 1931. Toward the end of World War II, the automotive era settled rapidly, and the nation 's demand of oil increased 12 % between 1945 and 1947 while motor vehicle registrations did so by 22 %. Around 1948, demand of oil exceeded the supply of oil, allowing the U.S. to start importing oil. Therefore, the nation quickly became a major importer of oil, rather than being the major exporter for it. In 1952, due to a strike by US oil refinery workers, both the US and the United Kingdom cut 30 % of fuel delivery to civilian flights, while Canada postponed all private flights. Until the 1960s, the price of oil was relatively stable, and the world market could cover the excess demand of oil in the U.S. However, in 1973, the price of oil increased due to the Arab oil embargo against the U.S., following the nation 's support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. During that time, Arab oil producers reduced production by 4.4 mb / d for two months, 7.5 % of global output. During this time, people reduced their consumption of oil by turning down thermostats and carpooling to work, which together with the lower demand due to the 1973 - 75 recession, resulted in a reduction in oil consumption. After the oil crisis of 1973, the price of oil increased again between 1979 and 1980 due to the Iranian revolution. This crisis was related to political instability in a major oil - exporting region. During this period, oil consumption decreased because of new efficiency. At that time, cars were developed so less oil was required and industrialization was also advanced to reduce oil consumption. This caused a decline in U.S. demand of oil and reduced the amount of international imports. The last energy crises in the U.S occurred in 1990. This occurred due to Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait. Similar to the previous crisis, price of oil increased and oil consumption decreased but by a smaller amount and had a smaller effect. In 2010, 70.5 % of petroleum consumption in the U.S. was for transportation. Approximately 2 / 3 of transportation consumption was gasoline. Today, the U.S is still dependent on oil, as oil plays an important role socially, economically, and politically. The nation 's demand of oil is increasing exponentially causing the U.S. to continue to rely on foreign countries. Policy Regulation of the oil market has played a major role in the substance 's history. Policies affect the market in several ways, such as price, production, consumption, supply and demand. The oil market has had a history of booms and troughs, which have caused producers to demand government intervention. Usually, this government involvement only made the situation worse. Furthermore, many of the regulations were quickly ruled illegal and removed. Prior to World War II, many of the issues within the oil market had to do to with changing prices. During the 1920s, oil prices were beginning peaking fears of oil depletion. In response to these fears, during Coolidge 's administration, U.S. Congress enacted a depletion allowance to producers which led to a surge of investment in the oil business and the discovery of many new, large oil reservoirs. The next decade featured falling prices caused by the new investment and overproduction. The declining prices allowed producers to demand a price support system. For example, the way prices were propped up was a pro-rationing order made by the Texas Railroad Commission, which restricted oil production and increased price. This order was soon ruled illegal by federal district court in 1931. The 1930s marked the beginning of large federal intervention in the oil industry and began by creating the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, which allowed for natural price competition, instead of agreements between the major producers. However, this act was ruled unconstitutional a year later. While the time before World War II was filled with issues regarding price, the post-war era had increasing oil imports partly due to the price support established between the 1920s and ' 30s. The artificially high domestic prices caused a surge of imports from lower priced foreign producers. In 1955, a clause was added to the Reciprocal Trade Act Amendments, which gave the president the power to limit imports of a specific commodity, if that particular commodity was harmful to the nation 's security. This clause allowed President Eisenhower to enact oil import quotas in 1959, which ultimately allowed international oil prices to decline. These import quotas restricted international oil companies from the US market, and allowed them to form the OPEC. During the 1970s, President Nixon put many phrases of price controls into place. After many new regulations altering the original price control system, President Carter eventually began removing these controls in 1979. During his administration, in response to an energy crisis and hostile Iranian and Soviet Union relations, President Carter announced the Carter Doctrine, which declared that any interference with the nation 's interests in the Persian Gulf would be considered an attack on its vital interests. Ronald Reagan later expanded this doctrine. Since the 1990s, the oil market has been free of most regulations. History U.S. field production of crude oil Crude oil exports by the United States 1920 to 2017 Crude oil production and imports, 1910 - 2012. Main article : History of the petroleum industry in the United States See also : History of petroleum Although some oil was produced commercially before 1859 as a byproduct from salt brine wells, the American oil industry started on a major scale with the discovery of oil at the Drake Well in western Pennsylvania in 1859. US crude oil production peaked in 1970 at 9.64 million barrels ( 1,533,000 m ) per day. 2013 production was 7.44 million barrels ( 1,183,000 m ) per day of crude oil ( not including natural gas liquids ). Pennsylvanian oil rush Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves Petroleum Administration for Defense District Texas wildcatters Statistics The Energy Information Administration of the United States Department of Energy publishes extensive statistics on the production, importation, and uses of petroleum in the United States. In 1913, the United States was extracting 65 percent of the world 's petroleum. In 1989, the United States contained 5 percent of the world 's oil reserves. Politics See also : Energy policy of the United States In 2007, state severance taxes amounted to $10.7 billion, mostly from oil, gas, and coal. States also received 50 percent of federal onshore oil and gas lease revenues within their borders, and 27 percent of federal offshore oil and gas revenues adjacent to their shorelines ; the state share of federal revenues totalled $2.0 billion in 2007. Environmental issues See also : Environmental issues with petroleum Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Organizations American Association of Petroleum Geologists American Petroleum Institute Nevada Petroleum Society See also Energy conservation in the United States Energy in the United States History of the petroleum industry in the United States Natural gas in the United States Offshore oil and gas in the United States The Petroleum Dictionary ( book ) Shale gas in the United States By State : California Ohio Oklahoma References Jump up ^ American Petroleum Institute, ( 1 ), accessed 20 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` International - U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) ''. tonto.eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Crude Oil Production ''. tonto.eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2018. Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration, Crude oil production in 2015 was the highest since 1972, but has since declined, 7 Nov. 2016. 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Smith, `` Oil pipelines lead way in strong 2014, '' Oil & Gas Jolurnal, 7 September 2015, p. 110 - 128. Jump up ^ Crude by rail accounts for more than half of East Coast refinery supply in February, Today in Energy, US EIA, 5 May 2015. Jump up ^ OPEC, `` World production of petroleum products by country. '' Table 3.14, accessed 7 Mar. 2014. Jump up ^ OPEC, `` World exports of petroleum products by country, '' Table 3.20, accessed 7 Mar 2014. Jump up ^ OPEC, `` World imports of petroleum products by country, ( Figure from Table 3.20, minus figure from Table 3.24 ) accessed 7 Mar. 2014. Jump up ^ American Petroleum Institute, Service station FAQs, accessed 2 August 2015. Jump up ^ Painter, David S. Oil and the American Century. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins UP, 1986. June 2012. Web. 11 May 2017. ^ Jump up to : Hamilton, James D. `` Oil and the Macroeconomy since World War II ''. The Journal of Political Economy. The University of Chicago Press. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cleveland, Cutler J. ; Costanza, Robert ; Hall, Charles A.S. ; Kaufmann, Robert. `` Energy and the U.S. Economy : A Biophysical Perspective '' ( PDF ). oilcrisis. Science. Retrieved 22 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` History and Analysis - Crude Oil Prices ''. Wtrg.com. Retrieved 14 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` GAO - 05 - 525SP, Motor Fuels : Understanding the Factors That Influence the Retail Price of Gasoline ''. Gao.gov. 2 May 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2017. Jump up ^ Moore, Stephen ( 2011 - 10 - 01 ). `` How North Dakota Became Saudi Arabia : Harold Hamm, discoverer of the Bakken fields of the northern Great Plains, on America 's oil future and why OPEC 's days are numbered ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01. When OPEC was at its peak in the 1990s, the U.S. imported about two - thirds of its oil. Now we import less than half of it, and about 40 % of what we do import comes from Mexico and Canada. ^ Jump up to : Hamilton, James. `` Historical Oil Shocks '' ( PDF ). Econweb. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 22 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Petroleum Flow 2010 '' ( PDF ). Eia.gov. Retrieved 14 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : Van Doren, Peter. `` A Brief History of Energy Regulations '' ( PDF ). downsizinggovernment. CATO Institute. Retrieved 22 June 2014. Jump up ^ Carter, Jimmy ( 1980 - 01 - 23 ). `` Third State of the Union Address ''. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ Dumbrell, John ( 1996 ). American Foreign Policy : Carter to Clinton. MacMillan. p. 81. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16395 - 2. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil ( Thousand Barrels per Day ) ''. www.eia.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Petroleum and Other Liquids ''. Energy Information Administration, United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08. Jump up ^ Judy Zelio and Lisa Houlihan, State Energy Revenues Update, National Conference of State Legislatures, June 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petroleum in the United States. Energy Charts : Consumption, Oil Production & Imports Interactive United States energy comparisons Newspaper clippings about Petroleum in the United States in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) Oil in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Energy in the United States Politics and law Energy Lobby Energy policy Energy Policy Act ( 1992 ) ( 2005 ) Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act Energy subsidies Federal Power Act Offshore drilling debate Renewable portfolio standard Secretary of Energy Energy law of the United States North American energy independence Energy by state Arkansas California Hawaii Idaho Ohio Oregon Vermont Sources Material Biofuel Coal Geothermal Hydroelectric Nuclear Petroleum Renewable Solar by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington D.C. 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Question: where does the united states buy oil from
Answer: Canada