Containment - wikipedia Containment This article is about the United States policy. For other uses, see Containment ( disambiguation ). A 1962 nuclear explosion as seen through the periscope of a U.S. Navy submarine. The goal of containment was to ' contain ' communism without a nuclear war. Containment is a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as a Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism. As a component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to increase communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. Containment represented a middle - ground position between detente and rollback. The basis of the doctrine was articulated in a 1946 cable by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan during the post-World War II administration of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. As a description of U.S. foreign policy, the word originated in a report Kennan submitted to U.S. Defense Secretary James Forrestal in 1947. It was a report that was later used in a magazine article. It is a translation of the French cordon sanitaire, used to describe Western policy toward the Soviet Union in the 1920s. Although the term `` containment '' was first used for the strategy in the 1940s, there were major historical precedents familiar to Americans and Europeans. In the 1850s anti-slavery forces in the United States developed a containment strategy ( they did not use the word ) for stopping the expansion of slavery and forcing its collapse. Historian James Oakes explains the strategy : `` The federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a ' cordon of freedom ' around slavery, hemming it in until the system 's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery. '' Following the 1917 communist revolution in Russia, there were calls by Western leaders to isolate the Bolshevik government, which seemed intent on promoting worldwide revolution. In March 1919, French Premier Georges Clemenceau called for a cordon sanitaire, or ring of non-communist states, to isolate the Soviet Union. Translating this phrase, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called for a `` quarantine. '' Both phrases compare communism to a contagious disease. The U.S. initially refused to recognize the Soviet Union, but President Franklin D. Roosevelt reversed the policy in 1933, hoping to expand American export markets. The Munich Agreement of 1938 was an attempt to contain Nazi expansion in Europe ; it failed. The U.S. tried to contain Japanese expansion in Asia in 1937 - 41, and Japan reacted with its attack on Pearl Harbor. After Germany invaded the USSR in 1941 during World War II, the U.S. and the Soviet Union found themselves allied in opposition to Germany. The policy was rollback, to defeat Germany, Italy, and Japan. Contents 1 Origin ( 1944 -- 47 ) 2 Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) 3 Alternative strategies 4 Korea 5 Dulles 6 Cuba 7 Vietnam 8 Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 89 ) 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 Further reading 12 External links Origin ( 1944 -- 47 ) Key State Department personnel grew increasingly frustrated with and suspicious of the Soviets as the war drew to a close. Averell Harriman, U.S. ambassador in Moscow, once a `` confirmed optimist '' regarding U.S. - Soviet relations, was disillusioned by what he saw as the Soviet betrayal of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising as well as by violations of the February 1945 Yalta Agreement concerning Poland. Harriman would later have a significant influence in forming Truman 's views on the Soviet Union. In February 1946, the U.S. State Department asked George F. Kennan, then at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, why the Russians opposed the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. He responded with a wide - ranging analysis of Russian policy now called the Long Telegram : `` Soviet power, unlike that of Hitlerite Germany, is neither schematic nor adventuristic. It does not work by fixed plans. It does not take unnecessary risks. Impervious to logic of reason, and it is highly sensitive to logic of force. For this reason it can easily withdraw -- and usually does when strong resistance is encountered at any point. '' According to Kennan : The Soviets perceived themselves to be in a state of perpetual war with capitalism ; The Soviets would use controllable Marxists in the capitalist world as allies ; Soviet aggression was not aligned with the views of the Russian people or with economic reality, but with historic Russian xenophobia and paranoia ; The Soviet government 's structure prevented objective or accurate pictures of internal and external reality. Kennan 's cable was hailed in the State Department as `` the appreciation of the situation that had long been needed. '' Kennan himself attributed the enthusiastic reception to timing : `` Six months earlier the message would probably have been received in the State Department with raised eyebrows and lips pursed in disapproval. Six months later, it would probably have sounded redundant. '' Clark Clifford and George Elsey produced a report elaborating on the Long Telegram and proposing concrete policy recommendations based on its analysis. This report, which recommended `` restraining and confining '' Soviet influence, was presented to Truman on September 24, 1946. In January 1947, Kennan drafted an essay entitled `` The Sources of Soviet Conduct. '' Navy Secretary James V. Forrestal gave permission for the report to be published in the journal Foreign Affairs under the pseudonym `` X. '' Biographer Douglas Brinkley has dubbed Forrestal `` godfather of containment '' on account of his work in distributing Kennan 's writing. The use of the word `` containment '' originates from this so - called `` X Article '' : `` In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of long - term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. '' Kennan later turned against the containment policy and noted several deficiencies in his X Article. He later said that by containment he meant not the containment of Soviet Power `` by military means of a military threat, but the political containment of a political threat. '' Second, Kennan admitted a failure in the article to specify the geographical scope of `` containment '', and that containment was not something he believed the United States could necessarily achieve everywhere successfully. Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) After Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1946 elections, President Truman, a Democrat, made a dramatic speech that is often used to mark the beginning of the Cold War. In March 1947, he requested that Congress appropriate $400 million in aid to the Greek and Turkish governments, then fighting Communist subversion. Truman pledged to, `` support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. '' This pledge became known as the Truman Doctrine. Portraying the issue as a mighty clash between `` totalitarian regimes '' and `` free peoples, '' the speech marks the adoption of containment as official U.S. policy. Congress appropriated the money. Truman 's motives on this occasion have been the subject of considerable scholarship and several schools of interpretation. In the orthodox explanation of Herbert Feis, a series of aggressive Soviet actions in 1945 -- 47 in Poland, Iran, Turkey and elsewhere awakened the American public to this new danger to freedom and Truman responded. In the revisionist view of William Appleman Williams, Truman 's speech was an expression of longstanding American expansionism. In the realpolitik view of Lynn Davis, Truman was a naive idealist who unnecessarily provoked the Soviets by couching disputes in terms like democracy and freedom that were alien to the Communist vision. According to psychological analysis by Deborah Larson, Truman felt a need to prove his decisiveness and feared that aides would make unfavorable comparisons between him and his predecessor, Franklin Roosevelt. `` I am here to make decisions, and whether they prove right or wrong I am going to take them, '' he once said. The drama surrounding the announcement of the Truman Doctrine catered to president 's self - image of a strong and decisive leader, but his real decision - making process was more complex and gradual. The timing of the speech was not a response to any Soviet action, but rather to the fact that the Republican Party had just gained control of Congress. Truman was little involved in drafting the speech and did not himself adopt the hard - line attitude it suggested until several months later. The British, with their own position weakened by economic distress, urgently called on the U.S. to take over the traditional British role in Greece. Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson took the lead in Washington, warning congressional leaders in late February 1947 that if the United States did not take over from the British, the result most probably would be a `` Soviet breakthrough '' that `` might open three continents to Soviet penetration. '' Truman was explicit about the challenge of Communism taking control of Greece. He won wide support from both parties as well as experts in foreign policy inside and outside the government. It was strongly opposed by the Left, as represented by former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who ran against Truman in the 1948 presidential campaign. Truman, under the guidance of Dean Acheson, followed up his speech with a series of measures to contain Soviet influence in Europe, including the Marshall Plan, or European Recovery Program, and NATO, a military alliance between the U.S. and Western European nations created in 1949. Because containment required detailed information about Communist moves, the government relied increasingly on the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ). Established by the National Security Act of 1947, the CIA conducted espionage in foreign lands, some of it visible, more of it secret. Truman approved a classified statement of containment policy called NSC 20 / 4 in November 1948, the first comprehensive statement of security policy ever created by the United States. The Soviet Union 's first nuclear test in 1949 prompted the National Security Council to formulate a revised security doctrine. Completed in April 1950, it became known as NSC 68. It concluded that a massive military buildup was necessary to the deal with the Soviet threat. According to the report, drafted by Paul Nitze and others : `` In the words of the Federalist ( No. 28 ) `` The means to be employed must be proportioned to the extent of the mischief. '' The mischief may be a global war or it may be a Soviet campaign for limited objectives. In either case we should take no avoidable initiative which would cause it to become a war of annihilation, and if we have the forces to defeat a Soviet drive for limited objectives it may well be to our interest not to let it become a global war. '' Alternative Strategies There were three alternative policies to containment under discussion in the late 1940s. The first was a return to isolationism, minimizing American involvement with the rest of the world. This policy was supported by conservative Republicans, especially from the Midwest, including former President Herbert Hoover and Senator Robert A. Taft. However, many other Republicans, led by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, said that policy had helped cause World War II and was thus too dangerous to revive. A second policy was continuation of the détente policies that aimed at friendly relationships with the Soviet Union, especially trade, Roosevelt had been the champion of détente, but he was dead, and most of his inner circle had left the government by 1946. The chief proponent of détente was Henry A. Wallace, a former vice president and the Secretary of Commerce under Truman. Wallace 's position was supported by far left elements of the CIO, but they were purged in 1947 and 1948. Wallace ran against Truman on the Progressive Party ticket in 1948, but his campaign was increasingly dominated by Communists and helped détente be discredited. The third policy was rollback, an aggressive effort to undercut or destroy the Soviet Union itself. Military rollback against the Soviet Union was proposed by James Burnham and other conservative strategists in the late 1940s. After 1954, Burnham and like - minded strategists became editors and regular contributors to William F. Buckley 's magazine, the National Review. Truman himself adopted a rollback strategy in the Korean War after the success of the Inchon landings in September 1950, only to reverse himself after the Chinese counterattack two months later and revert to containment. The theater commander, General Douglas MacArthur, called on Congress to continue the rollback policy ; Truman fired him for insubordination. Under Dwight Eisenhower, a rollback strategy was considered against communism in Eastern Europe from 1953 to 1956. Eisenhower did agree to a propaganda campaign to psychologically rollback the influence of communism, however, he refused to intervene in the Hungarian Uprising of 1956. The main argument against rollback, was that a Soviet response might trigger World War III. Since 1950, the Soviets had been known to possess nuclear weapons. Korea The U.S. entered the Korean War to defend South Korea from a communist invasion ; that is, following containment doctrine. However, the success of the Inchon landing inspired the U.S. and the United Nations to adopt a rollback strategy to overthrow the Communist North Korean regime, thus allowing nationwide elections under U.N. auspices. General Douglas MacArthur then advanced across the 38th parallel into North Korea. The Chinese then sent in a large army and defeated the U.N. forces, pushing them below the 38th parallel. Although the Chinese had been planning to intervene for months, this action was interpreted by Truman 's supporters as a response to U.S. forces crossing the 38th parallel. This interpretation allowed the episode to be used to confirm the wisdom of containment doctrine as opposed to rollback. The Communists were later pushed back, to around the original border. Truman blamed MacArthur 's focus on victory and adopted a `` limited war '' policy. His focus shifted to negotiating a settlement, which was finally reached in 1953. For his part, MacArthur denounced Truman 's `` no - win policy. '' Dulles Many Republicans, including John Foster Dulles, were concerned that Truman had been too timid. In 1952, Dulles called for rollback and the eventual liberation of eastern Europe. Dulles was named secretary of state by incoming President Dwight Eisenhower, but Eisenhower 's decision not to intervene during the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 made containment a bipartisan doctrine. President Eisenhower relied on clandestine CIA actions to undermine hostile governments and used economic and military foreign aid to strengthen governments supporting the American position in the Cold War. Cuba In the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the top officials in Washington debated using rollback to get rid of Soviet nuclear missiles threatening the United States. A deal was reached whereby the Soviets would publicly remove their nuclear weapons, the United States secretly removed some of its missiles, and the United States promised never to invade Cuba. The policy of containing Cuba was put into effect by John F. Kennedy, and continued until 2015. Vietnam Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate for president in 1964, challenged containment and asked, `` Why not victory ? '' President Johnson, the Democratic nominee, answered that rollback risked nuclear war. Johnson explained containment doctrine by quoting the Bible : `` Hitherto shalt thou come, but not further. '' Goldwater lost to Johnson in the general election by a wide margin. Johnson adhered closely to containment during the Vietnam War. Rejecting proposals by General William Westmoreland that U.S. ground forces advance into Laos and cut communist supply lines, Johnson gathered a group of elder statesmen called The Wise Men. This group included Kennan, Acheson and other former Truman advisors. Rallies in support of the troops were discouraged for fear that a patriotic response would lead to demands for victory and rollback. Military responsibility was divided among three generals so that no powerful theater commander could emerge to challenge Johnson as MacArthur had challenged Truman. Nixon, who replaced Johnson in 1969, referred to his foreign policy as détente, or a relaxation of tension. Although it continued to aim at restraining the Soviet Union, it was based on political realism, or thinking in terms of national interest, as opposed to crusades against communism or for democracy. Emphasis was placed on talks with the Soviet Union concerning nuclear weapons called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. Nixon reduced U.S. military presence in Vietnam to the minimum required to contain communist advances, a policy called Vietnamization. As the war continued, it grew less popular. A Democratic Congress forced Nixon, a Republican, to abandon this policy in 1973 by enacting the Case -- Church Amendment. This law ended U.S. military involvement in Vietnam and led to violent communist takeovers of South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. President Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 81 ) came to office committed to a foreign policy that emphasized human rights. But in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, containment was again made a priority. The wording of the Carter Doctrine ( 1980 ) intentionally echoes that of the Truman Doctrine. Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 89 ) Following the communist victory in Vietnam, Democrats began to view further communist advance as inevitable while Republicans returned to rollback doctrine. Ronald Reagan, a long - time advocate of rollback, was elected U.S. president in 1980. Reagan took a more aggressive approach to dealings with the USSR, believing that détente was misguided and peaceful coexistence was tantamount to surrender. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, American policy makers worried that the Soviets were making a run for control of the Persian Gulf. Throughout the 1980s, under a policy that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, the United States provided technical and economic assistance to the Afghan guerrillas fighting against the Soviet army ( Mujahideen ). By sending military aid to anti-communist insurgents in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, and Nicaragua, he confronted existing communist governments and went beyond the limits of containment doctrine. He deployed the Pershing II missile in Europe and promoted research on a Strategic Defense Initiative, which critics called `` Star Wars '', to shoot down missiles fired at the United States. Reagan 's aim was to defeat the Soviets through an expensive arms buildup the Soviets could not match. However, Reagan continued to follow containment doctrine in several key areas. He pursued a comprehensive nuclear disarmament initiative called START I and policy toward Europe continued to emphasize a NATO - based defensive approach. The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked the official end of U.S. containment policy, though it kept its bases in the areas around Russia, such as ones in Iceland, Germany, and Turkey. Also much of the containment policy helped influence U.S. foreign policy in later years, such as during the War on Terror and dealing with post-Cold War dictators. See also Domino theory Détente Marshall Plan Rollback Truman Doctrine China containment policy Dual containment ( Iran - Iraq containment ) Notes and references Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2012 ). Freedom National : The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861 - 1865. W.W. Norton. p. 12. Jump up ^ Sidney Pash, `` Containment, Rollback and the Onset of the Pacific War, 1933 - 1941 '' in G. Kurt Piehler and Sidney Pash, eds. The United States and the Second World War : New Perspectives on Diplomacy, War, and the Home Front ( 2010 ) pp 38 - 67 Jump up ^ Larson, Deborah Welch, Origins of Containment : A Psychological Explanation, p. 69. Jump up ^ Larson, p. 116. Jump up ^ Larson, p. 68. ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan : An American Life ( 2011 ) pp 201 - 24 Jump up ^ Kennan, George, `` The Long Telegram '' ^ Jump up to : Larson, p. 28. Jump up ^ Hechler, Ken ( 1996 ). Working with Truman : a personal memoir of the White House years. University of Missouri Press. p. 44. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1067 - 8. Retrieved 23 September 2011. Jump up ^ Gaddis, George F. Kennan : An American Life ( 2011 ) pp 249 - 75. Jump up ^ `` Driven Patriot : The Life And Times Of James Forrestal '' Jump up ^ Adrian R. Lewis ( 2006 ). The American Culture of War : A History of US Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. Jump up ^ George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925 - 1950 P. 358 Jump up ^ George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925 - 1950 P. 359 ^ Jump up to : President Harry S. Truman 's Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947. ^ Jump up to : Larsen, Deborah Welch, Origins of Containment, p. 9. Jump up ^ Larsen, p. 15. Jump up ^ Larson, p. 147. Jump up ^ Larson, pp 145 - 46. Jump up ^ Larson, p. 302. Jump up ^ Larson, p. xi., p. 303 Jump up ^ Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943 - 1949 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Dean Acheson ( 1987 ). Present at the creation : my years in the State Department. WW Norton. p. 219. Jump up ^ James Chace ( 2008 ). Acheson : The Secretary Of State Who Created The American World. Simon & Schuster. pp. 166 -- 67. Jump up ^ John M. Schuessler, `` Absorbing The First Blow : Truman And The Cold War, '' White House Studies ( 2009 ) 9 # 3 pp 215 - 231. Jump up ^ Efstathios T. Fakiolas, `` Kennan 's Long Telegram and NSC - 68 : A Comparative Theoretical Analysis, '' East European Quarterly ( 1997 ) 31 # 4 pp 415 - 433. Jump up ^ NSC 68 : United States Objectives and Programs for National Security Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2003 ). Truman. Simon & Schuster. p. 631. Jump up ^ Jerel A. Rosati ; James M. Scott ( 2011 ). The Politics of United States Foreign Policy. Cengage Learning. p. 342. Jump up ^ Daniel Kelly, James Burnham and the Struggle for the World : A Life ( 2002 ) p. 155 Jump up ^ James I. Matray, `` Truman 's Plan for Victory : National Self - Determination and the Thirty - Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea. '' Journal of American History ( 1979 ) : 314 - 333. in JSTOR Jump up ^ László Borhi, `` Rollback, Liberation, Containment, or Inaction ? U.S. Policy and Eastern Europe in the 1950s '', Journal of Cold War Studies, 1 # 3 ( 1999 ), pp 67 -- 110 online Jump up ^ Robert R. Bowie and Richard H. Immerman. eds. ( 1998 ). Waging Peace : How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. Oxford University Press. pp. 158 -- 77. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ James I. Matray, `` Truman 's Plan for Victory : National Self - Determination and the Thirty - Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea, '' Journal of American History, Sept. 1979, Vol. 66 Issue 2, pp. 314 -- 333, in JSTOR Jump up ^ Chinese Military Science Academy ( September 2000 ). History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea ( 抗美援朝 战争 史 ) I. Beijing : Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. pp. 35 -- 36. ISBN 7 - 80137 - 390 - 1. On 4 August 1950, with the proposed Chinese invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea as soon as the Taiwan invasion force was reorganized. Jump up ^ Safire, William, Safire 's Political Dictionary, p. 531. Jump up ^ `` Kennan and Containment, 1947 '', Diplomacy in Action, U.S. Department of State, Jump up ^ John Prados, Safe for Democracy : The Secret Wars of the CIA, ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Alice L. George, The Cuban missile crisis : The threshold of nuclear war ( Routledge, 2013 ). Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen, Jon Thares Davidann, Yoneyuki Sugita, Trans - Pacific Relations : America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century, p. 178. ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Jensen, p. 180. The quote is from Job 38 : 11. Jump up ^ Jensen, p. 182. Jump up ^ Olson, James Stuart. Historical dictionary of the 1950s. Westport, Conn : Greenwood P, 2000. Further reading Corke, Sarah - Jane. `` History, historians and the Naming of Foreign Policy : A Postmodern Reflection on American Strategic thinking during the Truman Administration, '' Intelligence and National Security, Autumn 2001, Vol. 16 Issue 3, pp. 146 -- 63. Felix, David. Kennan and the Cold War : An Unauthorized Biography. Piscataway, NJ : Transaction Publishers, 2015. Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment : A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War. 2004. Hopkins, Michael F. `` Continuing Debate And New Approaches In Cold War History, '' Historical Journal ( 2007 ), 50 : 913 - 934 doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X07006437 Kennan, George F., American Diplomacy, The University of Chicago Press. 1984. ISBN 0 - 226 - 43147 - 9 Pieper, Moritz A. ( 2012 ). `` Containment and the Cold War : Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions ''. StudentPulse.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012. Wright, Steven. The United States and Persian Gulf Security : The Foundations of the War on Terror, Ithaca Press, 2007. External links EDSITEment 's Lesson Strategy of Containment 1947 - 1948 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis Syrian Crisis of 1957 Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Bandung Conference Bricker Amendment McCarthyism Operation Gladio Iraqi 14 July Revolution `` We will bury you '' 1960s Congo Crisis Sino - Soviet split 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Revolutions of 1989 Glasnost Perestroika 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Liberal democracy Social democracy White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts GND : 4197406 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Containment&oldid=798037231 '' Categories : Cold War policies Soviet Union -- United States relations Geopolitics Presidency of Harry S. Truman India -- Pakistan relations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017, at 16 : 28. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what was the american policy toward the end of the vietnam war
Answer: Containment