Harrier Jump Jet - wikipedia Harrier Jump Jet For the video game, see Harrier Jump Jet ( video game ). Harrier Jump Jet A Harrier in hover with downward jet exhaust Role V / STOL strike aircraft National origin United Kingdom Manufacturer Hawker Siddeley British Aerospace / McDonnell Douglas Boeing / BAE Systems First flight 28 December 1967 Introduction 1969 Status In service Primary users United States Marine Corps Royal Air Force ( retired ) Royal Navy ( retired ) Indian Navy ( retired ) Produced 1967 -- 2003 Developed from Hawker P. 1127 Variants Hawker Siddeley Harrier British Aerospace Sea Harrier McDonnell Douglas AV - 8B Harrier II British Aerospace Harrier II The Harrier, informally referred to as the Harrier Jump Jet, is a family of jet - powered attack aircraft capable of vertical / short takeoff and landing operations ( V / STOL ). Named after a bird of prey, it was originally developed by British manufacturer Hawker Siddeley in the 1960s. The Harrier emerged as the only truly successful V / STOL design of the many attempted during that era, despite being a subsonic aircraft, unlike most of its competitors. It was conceived to operate from improvised bases, such as car parks or forest clearings, without requiring large and vulnerable air bases. Later, the design was adapted for use from aircraft carriers. There are two generations and four main variants of the Harrier family, developed by both UK and US manufacturers : Hawker Siddeley Harrier British Aerospace Sea Harrier McDonnell Douglas AV - 8B Harrier II British Aerospace Harrier II The Hawker Siddeley Harrier is the first generation - version and is also known as the AV - 8A Harrier ; it was used by multiple air forces, including the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and the United States Marine Corps ( USMC ). The Sea Harrier is a naval strike / air defence fighter derived from the Hawker Siddeley Harrier ; it was operated by both the Royal Navy and the Indian Navy. During the 1980s, a second generation Harrier emerged ; manufactured in the United States as the AV - 8B and in Britain as the British Aerospace Harrier II respectively. By the start of the 21st century, the majority of the first generation Harriers had been withdrawn, many operators having chosen to procure the second generation as a replacement. In the long term, several operators have announced their intention to supplement or replace their Harrier fleets with the STOVL variant of the F - 35 Lightning II, designated as the F - 35B. Contents 1 Development 1.1 Background 1.2 Requirements and emergence 1.3 First - generation Harriers 1.4 Second - generation Harriers 2 Operation 2.1 Replacement 3 Variants 4 Operators 5 Specifications 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 7.3 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Development Background Throughout the 1950s, particularly in the years following the Korean War, a number of aircraft companies in both Europe and America separately decided to investigate the prospective capabilities and viability of vertical take - off and landing ( VTOL ) aircraft, which would eliminate the requirement for vulnerable runways by taking off and landing vertically as opposed to the conventional horizontal approach. In addition to military applications, the prospect of applying such technology to commercial airliners was also viewed with considerable interest by the mid 1950s, thus the value of developing viable vertical take - off systems was judged to be substantial. However, even during this era, few companies had envisioned that a VTOL aircraft would also be realistically compatible with the characteristics of high performance military aircraft. Underside view of the first prototype P. 1127. The rotating jet nozzles were a key design element of its VTOL capability During 1957, following an approach by the British aero engine manufacturer Bristol Engine Company that they were designing an innovative vectored thrust engine, British aviation conglomerate Hawker Aircraft developed their own design which they proposed for an aeroplane that could meet an existing NATO specification calling for a `` Light Tactical Support Fighter ''. Bristol 's projected vectored thrust engine, which received the name Pegasus, harnessed rotatable cold jets which were positioned on either side of the compressor along with a ' hot ' jet which was directed via a conventional central tailpipe ; this concept had originated from Michel Wibault, a French aviation consultant. Throughout much of the early development work, there was no financial support for the project from HM Treasury, however, support for the engine development portion of the effort was sourced via NATO 's Mutual Weapon Development Program ( MWDP ). Senior project engineer Ralph Hooper at Hawker promptly set about establishing an initial layout for a theoretical aircraft to take advantage of the Pegasus engine, using data provided by Bristol. During March 1959, the newly merged Hawker Siddeley decided to privately fund a pair of prototypes of the design, which had received the internal company designation of P. 1127, to demonstrate the design 's capabilities. During the 1960s, the P. 1127 attracted the attention of the RAF ; this would eventually result in the development and issuing of Requirement ASR 384, which sought a V / STOL aircraft for ground attack operations. During late 1965, the RAF placed an order for six pre-production P. 1127 ( RAF ) aircraft. Requirements and emergence Main articles : Hawker Siddeley P. 1127 and Hawker Siddeley P. 1154 Hawker Siddeley XV - 6A Kestrel in later USAF markings Around the same time as the RAF 's interest in the concept, NATO proceeded to develop their own specification, NBMR - 3, which called for a vertical takeoff and landing ( VTOL ) aircraft ; specific requirements included the expectation for the performance of such an aircraft to be equivalent to the conventional McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom II fighter. Specifications called for a supersonic V / STOL strike fighter with a combat radius of 460 kilometres ( 250 nmi ), a cruise speed of Mach 0.92, and a dash speed of Mach 1.5. During the early 1960s, Hawker commenced work upon developing a supersonic version of the P. 1127, designated as the P. 1150, cumulating in the abortive Hawker P. 1154. NBMR. 3 also attracted ten other contenders, among which was P. 1154 's principal competitor, the Dassault Mirage IIIV. The P. 1154 was ultimately selected to meet NBMR - 3, however this did not lead to orders being placed. On 6 December 1961, prior to the design being submitted to NATO, it was decided that the P. 1154 would be developed with the requirements for use by both the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and Royal Navy ( RN ). Following the cancellation of the NBMR - 3 requirement, HSA focused all its attention onto working upon the British joint requirement. Accordingly, development of the type continued for some time ; however, by October 1963, the Ministry of Aviation was concerned with the project 's progress, and noted that the effort to combine a strike aircraft and a fighter in a single aircraft, and trying to fit that same airframe to both of the services, was `` unsound ''. On 2 February 1965, work on the P. 1154 was cancelled by the new British government on grounds of cost at the point of prototype construction. Irrespective of work on the P. 1154 programme, development had continued on the subsonic P. 1127 evaluation aircraft. A total of nine aircraft, known as the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel, was ordered and manufactured for testing. During 1964, the first of these had commenced flight operations ; the Kestrel was assessed by the multinational `` Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron '', which consisted of British, US and German pilots, to determine how VTOL aircraft could be operated ; the evaluations were finalised in November 1965. During 1966, following the cancellation of the P. 1154, the RAF opted to proceed with ordering a modified derivative of the P. 1127 / Kestrel for service, which was designated as the Harrier GR. 1. First - generation Harriers Main articles : Hawker Siddeley Harrier and British Aerospace Sea Harrier Hawker Siddeley Harrier, in Spanish service British Aerospace Sea Harrier, in Royal Navy service The Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR. 1 / GR. 3 and the AV - 8A Harrier were the first generation of the Harrier series, the first operational close - support and reconnaissance attack aircraft with vertical / short takeoff and landing ( V / STOL ) capabilities. These were developed directly from the Hawker P. 1127 prototype and the Kestrel evaluation aircraft. On 18 April 1969, the Harrier GR. 1 officially entered service with the RAF when the Harrier Conversion Unit at RAF Wittering received its first aircraft. The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) also chose to procure the type, receiving 102 AV - 8A and 8 TAV - 8A Harriers between 1971 and 1976. The British Aerospace Sea Harrier is a naval V / STOL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft ; it was a navalised development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The first version entered service with the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm in April 1980 as the Sea Harrier FRS. 1, and was informally known as the Shar. Sea Harriers played a high - profile role in the Falklands War of 1982, flying from the aircraft carriers HMS Invincible and HMS Hermes. Wartime experiences led to the production of an improved model in the form of the upgraded Sea Harrier FA2 ; this version entered operational service on 2 April 1993. The Sea Harrier was also procured by the Indian Navy, the first Indian Sea Harriers were entered squadron service during December 1983. Second - generation Harriers Main articles : McDonnell Douglas AV - 8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II McDonnell Douglas AV - 8B Harrier II, in United States Marine Corps service British Aerospace Harrier II, in Royal Air Force service As early as 1973, Hawker Siddeley and American aviation manufacturer McDonnell Douglas were jointly working on development of a more capable version of the Harrier. Early efforts concentrated on the development of an improved Pegasus engine, designated the Pegasus 15, which was being tested by Bristol Siddeley. During August 1981, the program received a boost when British Aerospace ( BAe ) and McDonnell Douglas signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ), marking the UK 's re-entry into the program. The Harrier was extensively redeveloped by McDonnell Douglas, and later joined by BAe ( now parts of Boeing and BAE Systems, respectively ), leading to the family of second - generation V / STOL jet multi-role aircraft. The American designation for this was the AV - 8B Harrier II. On 12 December 1983, the first production AV - 8B was delivered to the USMC. The AV - 8B is primarily used for attack or multi-role tasks, typically operated from small aircraft carriers. The RAF also chose to procure the second generation of the British Aerospace - built ( with McDonnell Douglas as subcontractor ) Harrier II GR5 / GR7 / GR9, which entered service in the mid-1980s. This model was also operated by several different NATO countries, including Spain and Italy. In December 1989, the first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Harrier II was declared operational. The British Harrier II was used by the RAF and later by the Royal Navy up to 2010, at which point the Harrier II and the Joint Force Harrier operational unit was disbanded as a cost - saving measure. Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harrier variants were delivered. While the manufacture of new Harriers concluded in 1997, the last remanufactured aircraft ( Harrier II Plus configuration ) was delivered in December 2003, ending the Harrier production line. Operation Rolls - Royce Pegasus engine on display, sections have been cut out to provide an internal view Locations of the four nozzles at the sides of the Pegasus engine. The Harrier Jump Jet, capable of taking off vertically, can only do so at less than its maximum loaded weight. In most cases, a short take off is performed, using forward speed to achieve aerodynamic lift, which uses fuel more economically than a vertical take off. On aircraft carriers, a ski - jump ramp is employed at the bow of the carrier to assist the aircraft in becoming airborne. Landings are typically performed very differently. Although a conventional landing is possible, the range of speeds at which this can be done is narrow due to relatively vulnerable outrigger undercarriage. Operationally, a near - vertical landing with some forward speed is preferred. Rotating the vectored thrust nozzles into a forward - facing position during normal flight is called vectoring in forward flight, or `` VIFFing ''. This is a dog - fighting tactic, allowing for more sudden braking and higher turn rates. Braking could cause a chasing aircraft to overshoot and present itself as a target for the Harrier it was chasing, a combat technique formally developed by the USMC for the Harrier in the early 1970s. The wind direction is a critical factor in VTOL manoeuvres. The procedure for vertical takeoff involves facing the aircraft into the wind. The thrust vector is set to 90 ° and the throttle is brought up to maximum, at which point the aircraft leaves the ground. The throttle is trimmed until a hover state is achieved at the desired altitude. The short - takeoff procedure involves proceeding with normal takeoff and then applying a thrust vector ( less than 90 ° ) at a runway speed below normal takeoff speed ; usually the point of application is around 65 knots ( 120 km / h ). For lower takeoff speeds the thrust vector is greater. The reaction control system involves a thrusters at key points in the aircraft 's fuselage and nose, also the wingtips. Thrust from the engine can be temporarily syphoned to control and correct the aircraft 's pitch and roll during vertical flight. The Harrier has been described by pilots as `` unforgiving '' to fly. The aircraft is capable of both forward flight ( where it behaves in the manner of a typical fixed - wing aircraft above its stall speed ), as well as VTOL and STOL manoeuvres ( where the traditional lift and control surfaces are useless ) requiring skills and technical knowledge usually associated with helicopters. Most services demand great aptitude and extensive training for Harrier pilots, as well as experience in piloting both types of aircraft. Trainee pilots are often drawn from highly experienced and skilled helicopter pilots. In addition to normal flight controls, the Harrier has a lever for controlling the direction of the four vectoring nozzles. It is viewed by senior RAF officers as a significant design success, that to enable and control the aircraft 's vertical flight required only a single lever added in the cockpit. For horizontal flight, the nozzles are directed rearwards by shifting the lever to the forward position ; for short or vertical takeoffs and landings, the lever is pulled back to point the nozzles downwards. Replacement As of June 2015, the STOVL variant of the F - 35 Lightning II ( formerly the Joint Strike Fighter ), designated as the F - 35B, is intended to replace the AV - 8B Harrier II in service with the US Marine Corps while the RAF and Royal Navy are scheduled to introduce the F - 35B in 2016 with their first F35 unit, 617 Squadron. and the Italian Navy in 2018 -- 2019. During 2010, it was announced that the RAF and RN would retire their remaining Harriers by 2011, and in December 2010 the RAF 's Harrier GR9s made their last operational flights. In June 2011, the MoD denied press reports that the aircraft were to be sold to the US Marine Corps for spares to support their AV - 8B fleet. However, at the end of November 2011, the Defence Minister Peter Luff announced the sale of the final 72 Harriers to the US Marine Corps. As many as possible of the 72 Harrier GR9s will be converted to match AV - 8B Night Attack configuration to augment the total AV - 8B end strength ( this will allow the USMC to retire some high - flight - hour F / A-18D aircraft ), while the remaining aircraft will be used as spare parts sources for the airworthy fleet. During the first half of 2016, the Indian Navy retired the last of their remaining 11 Sea Harriers, which had been operating from INS Viraat ( formerly HMS Hermes ), in favour of the conventional Mikoyan MiG - 29K. Variants Main article : List of Harrier variants Hawker P. 1127 ( 1960 ) Kestrel FGA. 1 ( 1964 ) Harrier GR. 1 / 1A / 3 / 3A ( from 1966 ) Harrier T. 2 / 2A / 4 / 4A / 8 / 52 / 60 ( from 1970 ) AV - 8A / C / S Harrier Mk. 50 / 53 / 55 / Matador TAV - 8A / S Harrier Mk. 54 / Matador Sea Harrier FRS. 1 / FRS. 51 / F ( A ). 2 ( from 1978 ) AV - 8B Harrier II / EAV - 8B Matador II / AV - 8B Harrier II Night Attack / AV - 8B Harrier II Plus ( from 1983 ) TAV - 8B Harrier II / ETAV - 8B Matador II / Harrier GR. 5 / 5A / 7 / 7A / 9 / 9A ( from 1985 ) Harrier T. 10 / 12 The Hawker P. 1127, predecessor of the Harrier An RAF Harrier GR3 on display at Bletchley Park, England Royal Navy Sea Harrier FA2s of 801 Naval Air Squadron on the deck of HMS Illustrious in the Persian Gulf US Marine Corps AV - 8B Harrier AV - 8B Harrier landing aboard Principe de Asturias RAF Harrier GR9 arrives at RIAT 2008 Operators Main article : List of Harrier operators Operators of the Harrier ( all variants ) A Spanish Navy AV - 8S Matador aircraft United States Marine Corps AV - 8A of VMA - 231 in 1980 India Indian Navy ( former ) Italy Italian Navy Spain Spanish Navy Thailand Royal Thai Navy ( former ) United Kingdom Royal Air Force ( former ) Royal Navy ( former ) United States United States Marine Corps Specifications An unusual feature of the Harrier family of aircraft is their use of two types of flight control to provide pitch, roll and yaw control : conventional control surfaces for wingborne flight, and a system of reaction control valves directing jets of bleed air from the high - pressure compressor of the engine out through the extremities of the nose, tail, and at the wingtips during vectored thrust -- borne flight and hover modes. The two systems are fully interlinked but air is not supplied to the reaction control valves during conventional wingborne flight. Kestrel FGA. 1 Harrier GR3 / AV - 8A Sea Harrier FA2 Harrier GR9 AV - 8B+ Harrier Crew One ( Two for trainer versions ) Length 42 ft 6 in ( 13.0 m ) 47 ft 2 in ( 14.4 m ) 46 ft 6 in ( 14.2 m ) 46 ft 4 in ( 14.1 m ) 47 ft 8 in ( 14.5 m ) Wingspan 22 ft 11 in ( 6.98 m ) 25 ft 3 in ( 7.70 m ) 25 ft 3 in ( 7.70 m ) 30 ft 4 in ( 9.25 m ) 30 ft 4 in ( 9.25 m ) Height 10 ft 9 in ( 3.28 m ) 11 ft 4 in ( 3.45 m ) 12 ft 4 in ( 3.76 m ) 11 ft 8 in ( 3.56 m ) 11 ft 8 in ( 3.56 m ) Empty Weight 10,000 lb ( 4,540 kg ) 12,200 lb ( 5,530 kg ) 14,052 lb ( 6,370 kg ) 12,500 lb ( 5,670 kg ) ? 13,968 lb ( 6,340 kg ) Maximum take - off weight ( short takeoff ) 17,000 lb ( 7,710 kg ) 26,000 lb ( 11,800 kg ) 26,200 lb ( 11,900 kg ) 31,000 lb ( 14,100 kg ) 31,000 lb ( 14,100 kg ) Max speed 545 mph ( 877.1 km / h ) 731 mph ( 1,176 km / h ) 735 mph ( 1,183 km / h ) 662 mph ( 1,065 km / h ) 662 mph ( 1,065 km / h ) Combat radius 200 nmi ( 370 km ) 300 nmi ( 556 km ) 300 nmi ( 556 km ) Engine Pegasus 6 Pegasus 11 Mk 101 Pegasus 11 Mk 106 Pegasus 11 Mk 107 Pegasus 11 Mk 105 Thrust 15,000 lbf ( 66.7 kN ) 21,800 lbf ( 97.0 kN ) 21,800 lbf ( 97.0 kN ) 24,750 lbf ( 110 kN ) 23,500 lbf ( 105 kN ) Radar None None Blue Fox / Blue Vixen None AN / APG - 65 Sources : Nordeen See also Aviation portal Royal Air Force portal Royal Navy portal British aircraft since World War II portal United States Marine Corps portal Harrier Jump Jet family losses Aircraft in fiction # Harrier family Related development Hawker Siddeley P. 1154 Hawker P. 1127 / Kestrel Hawker Siddeley Harrier McDonnell - Douglas AV - 8B Harrier II British Aerospace Harrier II Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era Bell X-14 Hunting H. 126 Rockwell XFV - 12 Ryan XV - 5 Vertifan Short SC. 1 Yakovlev Yak - 36 Yakovlev Yak - 38 Related lists List of VTOL aircraft List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm List of attack aircraft List of fighter aircraft List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force List of military aircraft of the United States List of Harrier Jump Jet family losses List of active United States military aircraft List of active United Kingdom military aircraft References Notes Jump up ^ The name `` Pegasus '' for the engine was in keeping with Bristol 's tradition of naming engines after figures from classical mythology Jump up ^ In preparation for flying the Kestrel, pilots of the Tripartite Evaluation Squadron were provided with several hours of helicopter piloting tuition, all of whom agreed on the effort being highly worthwhile preparation. Citations Jump up ^ Searle, Adrian ( 29 June 2010 ). `` Fiona Banner 's toys for boys are a turn - on at Tate Britain ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. the Harrier is in any case named after a bird of prey. ^ Jump up to : Mason 1967, p. 3. Jump up ^ Hay Stevens, James ( 20 May 1965 ), `` VTOL Aircraft 1965 '', Flight, 87 ( 2932 ), pp. 769 -- 770 Jump up ^ Jefford 2006, pp. 21 -- 22. Jump up ^ Spick and Gunston 2000, p. 358. Jump up ^ Jefford 2006, p. 13. ^ Jump up to : Jenkins 1998, p. 21. Jump up ^ Wood 1975, p. 215. ^ Jump up to : Wood 1975, p. 216. Jump up ^ Buttler 2000, pp. 118 -- 119. Jump up ^ Buttler 2000, p. 120. Jump up ^ Buttler 2000, p. 121. Jump up ^ Mason 1967, p. 7. Jump up ^ Spick and Gunston 2000, p. 362. Jump up ^ `` VTOL Aircraft 1966 ''. Flight International, 26 May 1966. p. 884. Jump up ^ Evans 1998, pp. 21 -- 22. Jump up ^ Nordeen 2006, p. 31. Jump up ^ Grove 1987, pp. 319 -- 320. Jump up ^ Duffner, Robert W. ( March -- April 1984 ). `` Conflict in the South Atlantic : the impact of air power ''. Air University Review. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama : Department of the Air Force. ISSN 0002 - 2594. Jump up ^ Sloyan, Patrick J ( 23 May 1982 ). `` Sea Harrier changes face of air warfare ''. Tri City Herald. Jump up ^ `` First Flight for Sea Harrier FRS2 ''. 10 ( 13 ). Janes Defense Weekly. 1 November 1988 : 767. Jump up ^ Graves, David ( 2 April 2002 ). `` Sea Harrier cuts leave the fleet exposed The decision to retire the decisive weapon of the Falklands conflict means the Navy will have to rely on America for air support ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 January 2014. Jump up ^ Hiranandani 2000, p. 276. ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2000, p. 26. Jump up ^ Nordeen, Lon O. Harrier II, Validating V / STOL. Annapolis, Maryland : Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1 - 59114 - 536 - 8. Jump up ^ Nordeen 2006, p. 59. Jump up ^ Jenkins 1998, p. 76. Jump up ^ Jefford et al. 2006, pp. 81 -- 82. Jump up ^ Nordeen 2006, p. 68. Jump up ^ `` Last trip for one of Britain 's iconic aircraft ''. BBC News. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010. Jump up ^ Wyatt, Caroline. `` Struggle at the top over decision to scrap UK Harriers. '' BBC News, 15 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` Harrier Projects ''. airforce-technology.com. Retrieved : 21 July 2011. Jump up ^ Nordeen 2006, pp. 33 -- 34. Jump up ^ Spick 2000, pp. 382 -- 383. Jump up ^ Brown 1970, p. 83. ^ Jump up to : Jefford 2006, p. 42. Jump up ^ `` Hawker Harrier reaction control system '' Archived 14 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Centennial of Flight, 2003. Retrieved 28 August 2011. Jump up ^ Nordeen 2006, p. 60. ^ Jump up to : Jefford 2006, p. 41. Jump up ^ Markman and Holder 2000, pp. 74 -- 77. Jump up ^ Jenkins 1998, p. 25. Jump up ^ `` Harrier Production ''. Harrier.org.uk. Retrieved : 21 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` F - 35 Lightning II Program Update & Fast Facts ''. lockheedmartin.com. Retrieved : 26 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Dambusters To Be Next Lightning Ii Squadron ''. RAF MOD. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2015. Jump up ^ Jennings, Gareth ( 18 June 2015 ). `` UK orders first operational F - 35 combat aircraft ''. Janes Defence. Retrieved 23 November 2014. Jump up ^ Chuter, Andrew. `` It 's Official : U.K. To Switch Back to STOVL F - 35 ''. Defense News, 10 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Parliament Act on JSF Program ''. documenti.camera.it. Retrieved : 29 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty : The Strategic Defence and Security Review '' Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine... HM Government, 19 October 2010. Retrieved : 19 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Harrier jump jets make final flight from RAF Cottesmore ''. BBC News, Jump up ^ `` Harrier jump - jets sold ' for peanuts ' ''. The Telegraph, 15 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` MoD denies sale of Harriers to US '' Archived 1 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine... DMJ, 15 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` UK sells 72 retired Harrier jump jets for $180 m to US ''. BBC News, 24 November 2011. Jump up ^ Raghuvanshi, Vivek ( March 21, 2016 ). `` Indian Navy Retires Sea Harriers ''. Defense News. Retrieved 21 May 2017. Jump up ^ Indian Navy Retires Sea Harriers 21 March 2016. Accessed 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Technical '' page on harrier.org.uk website, viewed 2013 - 11 - 24 Jump up ^ Nordeen 2006, Appendix C. Bibliography Brown, Kevin. `` The Plane That Makes Airfields Obsolete ''. Popular Mechanics, 133 ( 6 ), June 1970, pp. 80 -- 83. Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects : Jet Fighters Since 1950. Hinckley, UK : Midland Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1 - 85780 - 095 - 8. Hiranandani, G.M. ( 2000 ). Transition to Triumph : History of the Indian Navy, 1965 -- 1975. New Delhi, India : Lancer Publishers. ISBN 1 - 897829 - 72 - 8. Grove, Eric J ( 1987 ). Vanguard to Trident ; British Naval Policy since World War II. The Bodley Head. ISBN 0 - 370 - 31021 - 7. Jefford, C.G., ed. The RAF Harrier Story. London : Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2006. ISBN 0 - 9530345 - 2 - 6. Jenkins, Dennis R. Boeing / BAe Harrier. North Branch, Minnesota : Specialty Press, 1998. ISBN 1 - 58007 - 014 - 0. Markman, Steve and Bill Holder. Straight Up : A History of Vertical Flight. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0 - 7643 - 1204 - 9. Mason, Francis K. The Hawker P. 1127 and Kestrel ( Aircraft in Profile 93 ). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK : Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. Nordeen, Lon O. ( 2006 ). Harrier II, Validating V / STOL. Annapolis, Maryland : Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1 - 59114 - 536 - 8. Spick, Mike and Bill Gunston. The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. Osceola, WI : MBI Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0893 - 4. Wilson, Stewart. BAe / McDonnell Douglas Harrier. Airlife, 2000. ISBN 1 - 84037 - 218 - 4. Wood, Derek ( 1975 ). Project Cancelled. London : Macdonald and Jane 's. ISBN 0 - 356 - 85109 - 5. Further reading Eden, Paul ( ed. ). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London, UK : Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1 - 904687 - 84 - 9. Bull, Stephen ( 2004 ). Encyclopedia of military technology and innovation. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 1 - 57356 - 557 - 1. Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick ( 1983 ). Modern Air Combat : The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Warfare Today. New York : Crescent Books. ISBN 0 - 517 - 41265 - 9. Cordesman, Anthony H. ( 2003 ). The Iraq War : strategy, tactics, and military lessons. Washington, D.C. : Centre for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN 0 - 89206 - 432 - 3. Epstein, David G. ( 2006 ). Making and Doing Deals : Contracts in Context ( second edition ). Newark, New Jersey : LexisNexis. ISBN 0 - 8205 - 7044 - 3. Evans, Andy ( 1998 ). BAE / McDonnell Douglas Harrier. Ramsbury, UK : The Crowood Press. ISBN 1 - 86126 - 105 - 5. Grove, Eric ( 1990 ). The Future of Sea Power. London, UK : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 00482 - 9. Jackson, Robert ( 1987 ). NATO air power. Shrewsbury, UK : Airlife Publishing. ISBN 0 - 906393 - 80 - 9. Lambert, Mark ( 1993 ). Jane 's All The World 's Aircraft 1993 -- 94. Coulsdon, UK : Jane 's Information Group. ISBN 0 - 7106 - 1066 - 1. Polmar, Norman, and Dana Bell. One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland, USA : Naval Institute Press, 2003. ISBN 1 - 59114 - 686 - 0. Polmar, Norman ( 2005 ). The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet. Annapolis, Maryland : Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1 - 59114 - 685 - 2. Taylor, John W.R. ( 1988 ). Jane 's All The World 's Aircraft 1988 -- 89. Coulsdon, UK : Jane 's Defence Data. ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0867 - 5. Ashley, Stephen ( October 1988 ). `` Jump Jet ''. Popular Science. 233 ( 4 ) : 56 -- 59, 112, 114. Walker, Karen ( 19 July 1986 ). `` V / STOL Comes of Age ''. Flight International : 23 -- 25. Retrieved 22 July 2011. Bishop, Chris and Chris Chant. Aircraft Carriers. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA : Zenith Imprint, 2004. ISBN 0 - 7603 - 2005 - 5. Braybrook, Roy. Battle for the Falklands : Air Forces. Oxford, UK : Osprey Publishing, 1982. ISBN 0 - 85045 - 493 - X. Bull, Stephen. Encyclopedia of Military Rechnology and Innovation. Westport, Connecticut, USA : Greenwood Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1 - 57356 - 557 - 1. Burr, Lawrence and Peter Bull. US Fast Battleships 1938 -- 91 : The Iowa Class. New York, USA : Osprey Publishing, 2010. ISBN 1 - 84603 - 511 - 2. Congress Committee on Appropriations. `` Department of Defense Appropriations for 1979 : Part 5 ''. Washington D.C., USA : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979. Cowan, Charles W. ( ed. ) Flypast 2. Windsor, Berkshire, UK : Profile Publications Ltd., 1972. ISBN 0 - 85383 - 191 - 2. Davies, Peter and Anthony M. Thornborough. The Harrier Story. Annapolis, Maryland, USA : Naval Institute Press, 1997. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 357 - 2. Evans, Andy. BAe / McDonald Douglas Harrier. Ramsbury, UK : The Crowood Press, 1998. ISBN 1 - 86126 - 105 - 5. Farley, John, OBE. A View From The Hover : My Life In Aviation. Bath, UK : Seager Publishing / Flyer Books, 2010, first edition 2008. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9532752 - 0 - 5. Freedman, Lawrence. The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Volume II : War and Diplomacy. London, UK : Routledge, 2007. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41911 - 6. Friedman, Norman. U.S. Aircraft Carriers : an Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland, USA : Naval Institute Press, 1983. ISBN 0 - 87021 - 739 - 9. Gunston, W.T. `` Pegasus updating prospects ''. Flight International, 22 January 1977, pp. 189 -- 191. Hannah, Donald. Hawker FlyPast Reference Library. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK : Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0 - 946219 - 01 - X. Jackson, Paul. `` British Aerospace / McDonnell Douglas Harrier ''. World Air Power Journal, Volume 6, Summer 1991. pp. 46 -- 105. James, Derek N. Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5. New York : Arco Publishing Company, 1973. ISBN 0 - 668 - 02699 - 5. ( First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972 ) Layman, RD and Stephen McLaughlin. The Hybrid Warship. London : Conway, 1991. ISBN 0 - 85177 - 555 - 1. Mason, Francis K. Harrier. Wellingborough, UK : Patrick Stephens Limited, Third edition, 1986. ISBN 0 - 85059 - 801 - X. Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London : Putnam, 1991. ISBN 0 - 85177 - 839 - 9 Miller, David M.O. and Chris Miller. `` Modern Naval Combat ''. Crescent Books, 1986. ISBN 0 - 517 - 61350 - 6. Moxton, Julian. `` Supersonic Harrier : One Step Closer ''. Flight International, 4 December 1982, pp. 1633 -- 1635. Sturtivant, Ray. Fleet Air Arm Fixed - Wing Aircraft since 1946. Tonbridge, Kent, UK : Air - Britain ( Historians ), 2004. ISBN 0 - 85130 - 283 - 1. Sturtivant, Ray. RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK : Air - Britain ( Historians ), 2007. ISBN 0 - 85130 - 365 - X. Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. Putnam Aeronautical, 1990. ISBN 0 - 87021 - 792 - 5. Vann, Frank. Harrier Jump Jet. New York, USA : Bdd Promotional Book Co, 1990. ISBN 0 - 7924 - 5140 - 6. Markman, Steve and Bill Holder ( 2000 ). `` MAC - DAC / BAe AV - 8 Harrier Vectored Thrust VTOL ''. Straight Up : A History of Vertical Flight. Atglen, Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0 - 7643 - 1204 - 9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawker Siddeley Harrier and its derivatives. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harrier II. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The P. 1127 Analysed -- a 1962 Flight International article on the Hawker P. 1127 P. 1127 Development -- a 1963 Flight International article on the development of the Hawker P. 1127 British Aerospace Sea Harrier Sea Harrier Still Alive and Kicking ( archive article ) Harrier history website Harriers lost in the Falklands Harrier development & service, 4 part series Photographs of Harrier GR Mk 7 deployed aboard HMS Illustrious RTP - TV AeroSpace Show : Video of Harrier Hovering AV - 8B Plus product page at Boeing.com AV - 8B Harrier II fact sheet and AV - 8B Harrier II history page at Navy.mil AV - 8B Harrier page at globalsecurity.org McDonnell Douglas / British Aerospace AV - 8B Harrier II Attack Fighter page on Aerospaceweb.org 3D view of Harrier AV - 8B at the National Museum of the Marines Corps site Greg Goebel Harriers Photos of this aircraft on Airliners.net Defense Industry Daily : AV - 8B Harrier finding Success in Iraq ( 30 March 2005 ) Harrier page on globalsecurity.org Hawker and Hawker Siddeley aircraft By project number P. 1000 P. 1001 P. 1002 P. 1003 P. 1004 P. 1005 P. 1006 P. 1007 P. 1008 P. 1009 P. 1010 P. 1011 P. 1012 P. 1013 P. 1014 P. 1015 P. 1016 P. 1017 P. 1018 P. 1019 P. 1020 P. 1021 P. 1022 P. 1023 P. 1024 P. 1025 P. 1027 P. 1028 P. 1029 P. 1030 P. 1031 P. 1032 P. 1033 P. 1034 P. 1035 P. 1036 P. 1037 P. 1038 P. 1039 P. 1040 P. 1041 P. 1042 P. 1043 P. 1044 P. 1045 P. 1046 P. 1047 P. 1048 P. 1049 P. 1050 P. 1051 P. 1052 P. 1053 P. 1054 P. 1055 P. 1056 P. 1057 P. 1058 P. 1059 P. 1060 P. 1061 P. 1062 P. 1063 P. 1064 P. 1065 P. 1067 P. 1068 P. 1069 P. 1070 P. 1071 P. 1072 P. 1073 P. 1074 P. 1075 P. 1076 P. 1077 P. 1078 P. 1079 P. 1080 P. 1081 P. 1082 P. 1083 P. 1084 P. 1085 P. 1087 P. 1088 P. 1089 P. 1090 P. 1091 P. 1092 P. 1093 P. 1094 P. 1095 P. 1096 P. 1097 P. 1098 P. 1099 P. 1100 P. 1101 P. 1102 P. 1103 P. 1104 P. 1105 P. 1106 P. 1107 P. 1108 P. 1109 P. 1114 P. 1115 P. 1116 P. 1118 P. 1120 P. 1121 P. 1122 P. 1123 P. 1124 P. 1125 P. 1126 P. 1127 P. 1128 P. 1129 P. 1130 P. 1131 P. 1132 P. 1134 P. 1136 P. 1137 P. 1139 P. 1140 P. 1141 P. 1143 P. 1149 P. 1150 P. 1152 P. 1154 P. 1155 P.V. 3 P.V. 4 By name Audax P. 1081 ( `` Australian '' ) Cygnet Danecock Demon Duiker Hawker F. 20 / 27 Fury Hardy Harrier Hart Hawfinch Hector Hedgehog Henley Heron Hind Hoopoe Hornbill Hornet Horsley Hotspur Hunter ( variants ) Hurricane ( variants ) Kestrel Nimrod Osprey Sea Fury Sea Hawk Tempest Tomtit Tornado Typhoon Woodcock Hawker Siddeley Andover Buccaneer Harrier ( variants ) Hawk HS. 125 HS. 141 HS. 146 HS. 681 HS. 748 Nimrod Sea Vixen Trident P. 139B P. 1127 Kestrel P. 1154 United States Army VTOL aircraft designations ( 1956 -- 62 ) VZ - 1 VZ - 2 VZ - 3 VZ - 4 VZ - 5 VZ - 6 VZ - 7 VZ - 8 VZ - 9 VZ - 10 VZ - 11 VZ - 12 United States tri-service STOL and VTOL aircraft designations post-1962 OV - 1 CV - 2 XV - 3 XV - 4 XV - 5 V - 6 CV - 7 XV - 8 AV - 8A / B XV - 9 OV - 10 XV - 11 OV - 12 XFV - 12 V - 13 V - 14 XV - 15 AV - 16 V - 17 UV - 18 V - 19 UV - 20 V - 21 V - 22 UV - 23 XV - 24 Not assigned McDonnell and McDonnell Douglas military aircraft and spacecraft Fighters USAAF / US Air Force XP - 67 XF - 85 XF - 88 F - 101 F - 110 F - 4 F - 15 F - 15E YF - 23 US Navy / USMC FH F2H F3H F - 4 F / A-18 F / A-18E / F Export F - 4J ( UK ) / F - 4K / F - 4M CF - 18 / CF - 188 Licensed F - 15J Attack US Navy / USMC A-4M AV - 8B A-12 Export A-4G Trainers US Navy T - 45 Transports US Air Force Model 119 C - 9 KC - 10 YC - 15 C - 17 US Navy C - 9 Licensed Model 188 Helicopters US Army / US Air Force XH - 20 AH - 64 US Navy XHJH XHCH XHRH Export Defender Drones ( UAVs ) US Air Force ADM - 20 Quail US Navy KDH KUD Experimental US Army / US Air Force XV - 1 X-36 F - 15 STOL / MTD Bird of Prey Spacecraft NASA Mercury Gemini Skylab US Air Force Blue Gemini Harrier Jump Jet family and related aircraft Predecessors Hawker P. 1127 Hawker Siddeley Kestrel Hawker Siddeley P. 1154 First generation Hawker Siddeley Harrier British Aerospace Sea Harrier Second generation McDonnell Douglas AV - 8B Harrier II British Aerospace Harrier II Related lists Operators Variants Accidents and incidents United States attack aircraft designations, Army / Air Force and Tri-Service systems Army / Air Force sequence ( 1925 - 1962 ) A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20 A-21 A-22 A-23 A-24 A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28 A-29 A-30 A-31 A-32 A-33 A-34 A-35 A-36 A-37 A-38 A-39 A-40 A-41 A-42 A-43 A-44 A-45 Tri-service sequence ( 1962 - present ) Main sequence A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 / F A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 Non-sequential F / A-18 F / A-18E / F EA - 18G A-26 A-29 A-37 Related designations AV - 8A AV - 8B AC - 130 Not assigned Unofficial designation British Aerospace and BAE Systems aircraft Combat aircraft Harrier Harrier II Hawk 200 Jaguar Sea Harrier Tornado Tornado ADV Typhoon Patrol and surveillance Nimrod Nimrod R1 Nimrod AEW3 Nimrod MRA4 Trainers Hawk Airliners / Transports ATP BAe 125 BAe 146 Concorde Jetstream 31 / 32 Jetstream 41 Jetstream 61 One - Eleven Drones ( UAVs ) Ampersand Corax Demon GA22 HERTI Mantis Phoenix Silver Fox Skylynx II Combat drones ( UCAVs ) Fury Taranis Development / Concept aircraft ATSF P. 125 Replica EAP Tempest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrier_Jump_Jet&oldid=855406208 '' Categories : Harrier Jump Jet British Aerospace aircraft British attack aircraft 1970 -- 1979 British attack aircraft 1980 -- 1989 British experimental aircraft 1960 -- 1969 British fighter aircraft 1960 -- 1969 British fighter aircraft 1970 -- 1979 British fighter aircraft 1980 -- 1989 British inventions Carrier - based aircraft Hawker aircraft Hawker Siddeley aircraft McDonnell Douglas aircraft Single - engined jet aircraft United States attack aircraft 1970 -- 1979 United States attack aircraft 1980 -- 1989 V / STOL aircraft by thrust vectoring History of science and technology in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2014 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk پنجابی Simple English Slovenščina Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018, at 02 : 01 ( UTC ). 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Question: when did the harrier go out of service
Answer: By the start of the 21st century