Western pattern diet - Wikipedia Western pattern diet `` Meat - sweet '' redirects here. It is not to be confused with Sweet meat, Sweetbread, or Meat sweats. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources, specifically : article. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2012 ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( November 2012 ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( July 2011 ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( July 2017 ) Fast food is a typical example of food consumed in standard American diet. The Western pattern diet or Standard American Diet ( SAD ) is a modern dietary pattern that is generally characterized by high intakes of red and processed meat, butter, fried foods, high - fat dairy products, eggs, refined grains, potatoes, and high - sugar drinks. The modern standard American diet was brought about by fundamental lifestyle changes following the Neolithic Revolution, and, later, the Industrial Revolution. By contrast, a healthy diet has higher proportions of fruits, nuts, vegetables, whole - grain foods, poultry, and fish. Contents 1 Elements 2 Health concerns 2.1 Crohn 's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2.2 Obesity 2.3 Diabetes 2.4 Cancer 2.5 Heart disease 3 Prevalence 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Elements Food available to Americans since 1910. Consumption of meat, grain, fruits, and vegetables has risen ; consumption of dairy has fallen. Consumption of beef in the US has fallen since the 1970s, while chicken consumption has grown dramatically. Fish and pork remain constant. This diet is `` rich in red meat, dairy products, processed and artificially sweetened foods, and salt, with minimal intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes, and whole grains. '' Various foods and food processing procedures that had been introduced during the Neolithic and Industrial Periods had fundamentally altered 7 nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets : glycemic load, fatty acid composition, macronutrient composition, micronutrient density, acid - base balance, sodium - potassium ratio, and fiber content. The typical American diet is about 50 % carbohydrate, 15 % protein, and 35 % fat. These macronutrient intakes fall within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges ( AMDR ) for adults identified by the Food and Nutrition Board of the United States Institute of Medicine as `` associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients, '' which are 45 - 65 % carbohydrate, 10 - 35 % protein, and 20 - 35 % fat as a percentage of total energy. However, the nutritional quality of the specific foods comprising those macronutrients is often poor, as with the `` Western '' pattern discussed above. Complex carbohydrates such as starch are believed to be more healthy than the sugar so frequently consumed in the Standard American Diet. A review of eating habits in the United States in 2004 found that about 75 % of restaurant meals were from fast - food restaurants. Nearly half of the meals ordered from a menu were hamburger, French fries, or poultry -- and about one third of orders included a carbonated beverage drink. From 1970 to 2008, the per capita consumption of calories increased by nearly one - quarter in the United States and about 10 % of all calories were from high - fructose corn syrup. Americans consume more than 13 % of their daily calories in the form of added sugars. Beverages such as flavored water, soft drinks, and sweetened caffeinated beverages make up 47 % of these added sugars. Americans ages 1 and above consume significantly more added sugars, oils, saturated fats, and sodium than recommended in the Dietary Guidelines outlined by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 89 % of Americans consume more sodium than recommended. Additionally, excessive consumption of oils, saturated fats, and added sugars is seen in 72 %, 71 %, and 70 % of the American population, respectively. Consumers began turning to margarine due to concerns over the high levels of saturated fats found in butter. By 1958, margarine had become more commonly consumed than butter, with the average American consuming 8.9 pounds of margarine per year. Margarine is produced by refining vegetable oils, a process that introduces trans elaidic acid not found naturally in food. The consumption of trans fatty acids such as trans elaidic acid has been linked to cardiovascular disease. By 2005, margarine consumption had fallen below butter consumption due to the risks associated with trans fat intake. Vegetable consumption is low among Americans, with only 13 % of the population consuming the recommended amounts. Boys ages 9 to 13 and girls ages 14 to 18 consume the lowest amounts of vegetables relative to the general population. Potatoes and tomatoes, which are key components of many meals, account for 39 % of the vegetables consumed by Americans. 60 % of vegetables are consumed individually, 30 % are included as part of a dish, and 10 % are found in sauces. Whole grains should consist of over half of total grain consumption, and refined grains should not exceed half of total grain consumption. However, 85.3 % of the cereals eaten by Americans are produced with refined grains, where the germ and bran are removed. Grain refining increases shelf life and softens breads and pastries ; however, the process of refining decreases its nutritional quality. Health concerns Based on epidemiological studies, compared to a healthy diet, the Western pattern diet is positively correlated with an elevated incidence of obesity, death from heart disease, cancer ( especially colon cancer ), and other `` Western pattern diet '' - related diseases. There is an evolutionary mismatch between the ancient physiology of humans and a Western pattern diet ; this underlies diseases of civilization, which include Type II diabetes, epithelial cell cancers, autoimmune disease, osteoporosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and obesity. There is also a correlation between a Western pattern diet and an increase in inflammatory diseases, which is particularly evident in relation to fiber and fat - content. The high level of omega - 6 fatty acids compared to omega - 3 fatty acids in the Western diet is believed to contribute to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Crohn 's disease and inflammatory bowel disease A Western pattern diet consisting of refined sugars and polyunsaturated fatty acids has been associated with Crohn 's disease. Crohn 's disease has its effects on the symbiotic bacteria within the human gut that show a positive correlation with a Western pattern diet. Crohn 's is an inflammatory disease that is associated with immunological responses. Symptoms can range from severe abdominal pain to diarrhea and fever Inflammatory bowel disease has shown increased development with the Western pattern diet, and high consumption of sugar and low plant - based intake is directly correlated with an increase Crohn 's disease. Inflammatory bowel disease showed no increase in risk factors only in relation to development of disease associated with the Western pattern diet. Obesity Obesity among various developed countries A Western pattern diet is associated with an increased risk of obesity. There is a positive correlation between a Western pattern diet and several plasma biomarkers that may be mediators of obesity, such as HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and leptin. Meta - analyses have also shown that, compared to a healthy diet, a Western pattern diet is linked to increased weight gain among females. Relative to a diet high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish, a Western diet is associated with increased risk of being overweight among adolescents. Diabetes Several studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between adoption of a Western pattern diet and incidence of type 2 diabetes among both men and women. A strong adoption of a Western pattern diet, when coupled with obesity and decreased physical activity, is associated with an especially elevated risk of type 2 diabetes. In addition, genetic predisposition to diabetes interacts cooperatively with a Western pattern diet to increase risk of diabetes. Cancer The Western pattern diet has been generally linked to increased risk for cancer. Meta - analyses have found that diet patterns consistent with those of the Western pattern diet are positively correlated with risk for prostate cancer. Additionally, a 1998 case review found that the Western pattern diet is directly associated to heightened risks for colon cancer ( 2 ). This conclusion has been verified by several other studies, which also indicate an increased rate of rectal cancer in cases who maintained a primarily Western pattern diet. No significant relation has been established between the Western pattern diet and breast cancer. Breast cancer epidemiologists have found that women with a more Western diet have a nominally increased risk of breast cancer that is not statistically significant. A recent study led by the National Institute of Health indicates that the Western pattern diet can actually lead to increased levels of free estradiol in women, which has benefits in regards to breast cancer prevention. Heart disease There are multiple studies associating the Western pattern diet with heart disease. In 2008, the INTERHEART study, funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, concluded that risk of a myocardial infarction is 30 % higher for individuals who consume a Western pattern diet than individuals who consume a prudent diet. A second study conducted in 2008 by Circulation also concluded that the Western pattern diet increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality in healthy US women. With that, meta - analyses and surveys in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology have associated cardiovascular disease and / or coronary heart disease with refined carbohydrates, sugar - sweetened beverages, and red and processed meats, three major components of the Western pattern diet. Prevalence The western - versus - eastern dichotomy has become less relevant as such a diet is no longer `` foreign '' to any global region ( just as traditional East Asian cuisine is no longer `` foreign '' to the west ), but the term is still a well - understood shorthand in medical literature, regardless of where the diet is found. Other dietary patterns described in the medical research include `` drinker '' and `` meat - eater '' patterns. Because of the variability in diets, individuals are usually classified not as simply `` following '' or `` not following '' a given diet, but instead by ranking them according to how closely their diets line up with each pattern in turn. The researchers then compare the outcomes between the group that most closely follows a given pattern to the group that least closely follows a given pattern. History Changes of food supply ( by energy ) Other area ( Yr 2010 ) * Africa, sub-Sahara - 2170 kcal / capita / day * N.E. and N. Africa - 3120 kcal / capita / day * South Asia - 2450 kcal / capita / day * East Asia - 3040 kcal / capita / day * Latin America / Caribbean - 2950 kcal / capita / day * Developed countries - 3470 kcal / capita / day The Western diet present in today 's world is a consequence of the Neolithic revolution and Industrial revolutions. The Neolithic revolution introduced the staple foods of the western diet, including domesticated meats, sugar, alcohol, salt, cereal grains, and dairy products. The modern Western diet emerged after the Industrial Revolution, which introduced new methods of food processing including the addition of cereals, refined sugars, and refined vegetable oils to the Western diet, and also increased the fat content of domesticated meats. More recently, food processors began replacing sugar with high - fructose corn syrup. See also European cuisine Fast food Healthy diet Junk food Mediterranean diet Metabolic syndrome Nutritional gatekeeper References Jump up ^ Halton, Thomas L ; Willett, Walter C ; Liu, Simin ; Manson, JoAnn E ; Stampfer, Meir J ; Hu, Frank B ( 2006 ). `` Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women ''. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 90. PMID 16469985. ^ Jump up to : Carrera - Bastos, Pedro ; Fontes ; O'Keefe ; Lindeberg ; Cordain ( March 2011 ). `` The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization ''. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology : 15. doi : 10.2147 / RRCC. 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Jump up ^ `` A Closer Look at Current Intakes and Recommended Shifts - 2015 - 2020 Dietary Guidelines - health.gov ''. health.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Whole Grains ''. The Nutrition Source. 2014 - 01 - 24. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09. ^ Jump up to : Kesse, E ; Clavel - Chapelon, F ; Boutron - Ruault, M. ( 2006 ). `` Dietary Patterns and Risk of Colorectal Tumors : A Cohort of French Women of the National Education System ( E3N ) ''. American Journal of Epidemiology. 164 ( 11 ) : 1085 -- 93. doi : 10.1093 / aje / kwj324. PMC 2175071. PMID 16990408. Jump up ^ Heidemann, C. ; Schulze, M.B. ; Franco, O.H. ; Van Dam, R.M. ; Mantzoros, C.S. ; Hu, F.B. ( 2008 ). `` Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in a Prospective Cohort of Women ''. Circulation. 118 ( 3 ) : 230 -- 7. doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 108.771881. PMC 2748772. PMID 18574045. Jump up ^ Thorburn, AN ; Macia, L ; Mackay, CR ( 19 June 2014 ). `` Diet, metabolites, and `` western - lifestyle '' inflammatory diseases ``. Immunity. 40 ( 6 ) : 833 -- 42. doi : 10.1016 / j. immuni. 2014.05. 014. PMID 24950203. Jump up ^ Simopoulos, Artemis P. ( 2008 ). `` The Importance of the Omega - 6 / Omega - 3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases ''. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 233 ( 6 ) : 674 -- 88. doi : 10.3181 / 0711 - MR - 311. PMID 18408140. ^ Jump up to : Baumgart, Daniel C ; Sandborn, William J ( 2012 ). `` Crohn 's disease ''. The Lancet. 380 ( 9853 ) : 1590 -- 1605. doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 60026 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Dolan, Kyle T. ; Chang, Eugene B. ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ). `` Diet, gut microbes, and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases ''. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 61 ( 1 ) : n / a -- n / a. doi : 10.1002 / mnfr. 201600129. ISSN 1613 - 4133. ^ Jump up to : Kant, Ashima K. ( 2004 ). `` Dietary patterns and health outcomes ''. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 104 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 635. doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2004.01. 010. Jump up ^ Drewnowski, Adam ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ). `` The Real Contribution of Added Sugars and Fats to Obesity ''. Epidemiologic Reviews. 29 ( 1 ) : 160 -- 171. doi : 10.1093 / epirev / mxm011. ISSN 0193 - 936X. Jump up ^ Yang, Wai Yew ; Williams, Lauren T ; Collins, Clare ; Swee, Chee Winnie Siew ( 2012 ). `` The relationship between dietary patterns and overweight and obesity in children of Asian developing countries : A Systematic Review ''. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 10 ( 58 ) : 4568 -- 4599. doi : 10.11124 / jbisrir - 2012 - 407. ^ Jump up to : Hu, Frank B. ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ). `` Globalization of Diabetes : The role of diet, lifestyle, and genes ''. Diabetes Care. 34 ( 6 ) : 1249 -- 1257. doi : 10.2337 / dc11 - 0442. ISSN 0149 - 5992. PMC 3114340. 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ISSN 0003 - 9926. ^ Jump up to : Sánchez - Zamorano, Luisa María ; Flores - Luna, Lourdes ; Angeles - Llerenas, Angélica ; Ortega - Olvera, Carolina ; Lazcano - Ponce, Eduardo ; Romieu, Isabelle ; Mainero - Ratchelous, Fernando ; Torres - Mejía, Gabriela ( August 2016 ). `` The Western dietary pattern is associated with increased serum concentrations of free estradiol in postmenopausal women : implications for breast cancer prevention ''. Nutrition Research ( New York, N.Y. ). 36 ( 8 ) : 845 -- 854. doi : 10.1016 / j. nutres. 2016.04. 008. ISSN 1879 - 0739. PMID 27440539. Jump up ^ Brennan, S.F. ; Cantwell, M.M. ; Cardwell, C.R. ; Velentzis, L.S. ; Woodside, J.V. ( 10 March 2010 ). `` Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk : a systematic review and meta - analysis ''. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 ( 5 ) : 1294 -- 1302. doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2009.28796. PMID 20219961. ^ Jump up to : Baumgart, Daniel C ; Sandborn, William J ( 2012 ). `` Crohn 's disease ''. The Lancet. 380 ( 9853 ) : 1590 -- 1605. doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 60026 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Simopoulos, Artemis P. ( 2002 - 12 - 01 ). `` Omega - 3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases ''. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 21 ( 6 ) : 495 -- 505. doi : 10.1080 / 07315724.2002. 10719248. ISSN 0731 - 5724. PMID 12480795. ^ Jump up to : Heidemann, Christin ; Schulze, Matthias B. ; Franco, Oscar H. ; van Dam, Rob M. ; Mantzoros, Christos S. ; Hu, Frank B. ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ). `` Dietary patterns and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in a prospective cohort of women ''. Circulation. 118 ( 3 ) : 230 -- 237. doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 108.771881. ISSN 1524 - 4539. PMC 2748772. PMID 18574045. Jump up ^ FAO FAOSTAT Jump up ^ These are supplied energy, intake energy are about 60 - 80 % of supply. FAO estimates food supply of 2700 kcal to be satisfactory. Jump up ^ FAO Food Security ^ Jump up to : Cordain, Loren ; Eaton, S. Boyd ; Sebastian, Anthony ; Mann, Neil ; Lindeberg, Staffan ; Watkins, Bruce A. ; O'Keefe, James H. ; Brand - Miller, Janette ( 2005 - 02 - 01 ). `` Origins and evolution of the Western diet : health implications for the 21st century ''. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 81 ( 2 ) : 341 -- 354. doi : 10.1093 / ajcn. 81.2. 341. ISSN 0002 - 9165. PMID 15699220. Jump up ^ Carrera - Bastos, Pedro ; Fontes ; O'Keefe ; Lindeberg ; Cordain ( 2011 - 03 - 09 ). `` The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization ''. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology. 2 : 15. doi : 10.2147 / rrcc. s16919. External links Report on Obesity 2014 USQ Obesity Study 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_pattern_diet&oldid=834099573 '' Categories : Diets Western cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional medical references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with obsolete information from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2017 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Suomi தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 22 : 50. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: a majority of calories in the average american diet come from what macronutrient
Answer: carbohydrate