Aedes albopictus - wikipedia Aedes albopictus Asian tiger mosquito Female at the start of feeding Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Family : Culicidae Genus : Aedes Species : A. albopictus Binomial name Aedes albopictus ( Skuse, 1894 ) Global Aedes albopictus predicted distribution in 2015. ( blue = absent, red = present ). Synonyms Culex albopictus Skuse, 1894 Aedes albopictus ( Stegomyia albopicta ), from the mosquito ( Culicidae ) family, also known as ( Asian ) tiger mosquito or forest mosquito, is a mosquito native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia ; however, in the past few decades, this species has spread to many countries through the transport of goods and international travel. It is characterized by the white bands on its legs and body. This mosquito has become a significant pest in many communities because it closely associates with humans ( rather than living in wetlands ), and typically flies and feeds in the daytime in addition to at dusk and dawn. The insect is called a tiger mosquito for its striped appearance, which resembles that of the tiger. Ae. albopictus is an epidemiologically important vector for the transmission of many viral pathogens, including the yellow fever virus, dengue fever, and Chikungunya fever, as well as several filarial nematodes such as Dirofilaria immitis. Aedes albopictus is capable of hosting the Zika virus and is considered a potential vector for Zika transmission among humans. Contents 1 Description 1.1 Name and systematics 1.2 Characteristics 1.3 Similar species 1.4 Diet and host location 1.5 Natural enemies 2 Distribution 2.1 Climatic adaptations 2.2 Invasive species 2.3 Competition with established species 3 Role as disease vector 3.1 For humans 3.2 For animals 3.3 For arthropods 3.3. 1 Cytoplasmic incompatibility 3.3. 2 Unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility 3.3. 3 Bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility 4 Control and suppression 5 Public health benefits 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Description Name and Systematics. In 1894, a British - Australian entomologist, Frederick A. Askew Skuse, was the first to scientifically describe the Asian tiger mosquito, which he named Culex albopictus ( lat. culex `` gnat '', `` midge '' and albopictus `` white - painted '' ). Later, the species was assigned to the genus Aedes ( gr. άηδής, `` unpleasant '' ) and referred to as Aedes albopictus. Like the yellow fever mosquito, it belongs to the subgenus Stegomyia ( Gr. στέγος, `` covered, roofed '', referring to the scales that completely cover the dorsal surface in this subgenus, and μυία, `` fly '' ) within the genus Aedes. In 2004, scientists explored higher - level relationships and proposed a new classification within the genus Aedes and Stegomyia was elevated to the genus level, making Aedes albopictus now Stegomyia albopicta. This is, however, a controversial matter, and the use of Stegomyia albopicta versus Aedes albopictus is continually debated. Characteristics Aedes albopictus The Asian tiger mosquito is about 2 to 10 mm length with a striking white and black pattern. The variation of the body size in adult mosquitoes depends on the density of the larval population and food supply within the breeding water. Since these circumstances are seldom optimal, the average body size of adult mosquitoes is considerably smaller than 10 mm. For example, the average length of the abdomen was calculated to be 2.63 mm, the wings 2.7 mm, and the proboscis 1.88 mm. The males are roughly 20 % smaller than the females, but they are morphologically very similar. However, as in all mosquito species, the antennae of the males in comparison to the females are noticeably bushier and contain auditory receptors to detect the characteristic whine of the female. The maxillary palps of the males are also longer than their proboscis, whereas the females ' maxillary palps are much shorter. ( This is typical for the males of the Culicinae. ) In addition, the tarsus of the hind legs of the males is more silvery. Tarsomere IV is roughly 75 % silver in the males whereas the females ' is only about 60 % silver. The other characteristics do not differentiate between sexes. A single silvery - white line of tight scales begins between the eyes and continues down the dorsal side of the thorax. This characteristic marking is the easiest and surest way to identify the Asian tiger mosquito. The proboscis is dark colored, the upper surface of the end segment of the palps is covered in silvery scales, and the labium does not feature a light line on its underside. The compound eyes are distinctly separated from one another. The scute, the dorsal portion of an insect 's thoracic segment, is black alongside the characteristic white midline. On the side of the thorax, the scutellum, and the abdomen are numerous spots covered in white - silvery scales. Such white - silvery scales can also be found on the tarsus, particularly on the hind legs that are commonly suspended in the air. The bases of tarsomeres I through IV have a ring of white scales, creating the appearance of white and black rings. On the fore legs and middle legs, only the first three tarsomeres have the ring of white scales, whereas tarsomere V on the hind legs is completely white. The femur of each leg is also black with white scales on the end of the `` knee ''. The femora of the middle legs do not feature a silver line on the base of the upper side, whereas, the femora on the hind legs have short white lines on base of the upper side. The tibiae are black on the base and have no white scales. The terga on segments II through VI of the abdomen are dark and have an almost triangular silvery - white marking on the base that is not aligned with the silvery bands of scales on the ventral side of the abdomen. The triangular marking and the silvery band are only aligned on abdominal segment VII. The transparent wings have white spots on the base of the costae. With older mosquito specimens, the scales could be partially worn off, making these characteristics not stand out as much. The typical Ae. albopictus individual has a length around 2 to 10 mm. As with other members of the mosquito family, the female is equipped with an elongated proboscis that she uses to collect blood to feed her eggs. The Asian tiger mosquito has a rapid bite that allows it to escape most attempts by people to swat it. By contrast, the male member of the species primarily feeds on nectar. The female lays her eggs near water, not directly into it as other mosquitoes do, but typically near a stagnant pool. However, any open container containing water will suffice for larvae development, even with less than an ounce ( 30 ml ) of water. It can also breed in running water, so stagnant pools of water are not its only breeding sites. It is more likely to lay eggs in water sources near flowers than in water sources without flowers. It has a short flight range ( less than 200 m ), so breeding sites are likely to be close to where this mosquito is found. Identifying tiger mosquitoes can seem easy with the above description, but many people mistakenly identify it. The best way to be sure is to compare the specimen with several approved pictures of the tiger mosquito. Similar species Some mosquitoes in North America, such as Ochlerotatus canadensis, have a similar leg pattern. In Europe, the mosquito Culiseta annulata, which is very common, but does not occur in high densities, can be mistaken for an Asian tiger mosquito because of its black - and - white - ringed legs. However, this species is missing the distinctive white line that runs from the middle of its head and down the thorax. It is also considerably larger than Ae. albopictus, is not black and white, but rather beige and grey striped, and has wings with noticeable veins and four dark, indistinct spots. In the eastern Mediterranean area, Ae. albopictus species can be mistaken for Aedes cretinus, which also belongs to the subgenus Stegomyia and uses similar breeding waters. Aedes cretinus also has a white stripe on the scute, but it ends shortly before the abdomen, and also has two additional stripes to the left and right of the middle stripe. So far Aedes cretinus is only located in Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, Georgia and Turkey. In Asia, the Asian tiger mosquito can be mistaken for other members of the subgenus Stegomyia, particularly the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti ( the most prevalent species in the tropics and subtropics ), because both species display a similar black and white pattern. It can be hard to distinguish Ae. albopictus from the closely related Aedes scutellaris ( India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines ), Aedes pseudoalbopictus ( India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam ) and Aedes seatoi ( Thailand ). Diet and host location Bloated female at the end of a meal Like other mosquito species, only the females require a blood meal to develop their eggs. Apart from that, they feed on nectar and other sweet plant juices just as the males do. In regards to host location, carbon dioxide and organic substances produced from the host, humidity, and optical recognition play important roles. The search for a host takes place in two phases. First, the mosquito exhibits a nonspecific searching behavior until it perceives host stimulants, whereupon it secondly takes a targeted approach. For catching tiger mosquitoes with special traps, carbon dioxide and a combination of chemicals that naturally occur in human skin ( fatty acids, ammonia, and lactic acid ) are the most attractive. The Asian tiger mosquito particularly bites in forests during the day, so has been known as the forest day mosquito. Depending upon region and biotype, activity peaks differ, but for the most part, they rest during the morning and night hours. They search for their hosts inside and outside of human dwellings, but are particularly active outside. The size of the blood meal depends upon the size of the mosquito, but it is usually around 2 μl. Their bites are not necessarily painful, but they are more noticeable than those from other kinds of mosquitoes. Tiger mosquitoes generally tend to bite a human host more than once if they are able to. Ae. albopictus also bites other mammals besides humans, as well as birds. The females are always on the search for a host and are persistent but cautious when it comes to their blood meal and host location. Their blood meal is often broken off before enough blood has been ingested for the development of their eggs, so Asian tiger mosquitoes bite multiple hosts during their development cycle of the egg, making them particularly efficient at transmitting diseases. The mannerism of biting diverse host species enables the Asian tiger mosquito to be a potential bridge vector for certain pathogens that can jump species boundaries, for example the West Nile virus. Natural enemies Primarily, other mosquito larvae, flatworms, swimming beetles, fungi, ciliates, paramecia, protozoans which act as parasites, predatory copepods, and spiders are natural enemies of the larval stage of Asian tiger mosquitoes. Toxorhynchites speciosus larvae ( an adult is shown here ) feed on the larvae of Aedes albopictus. Toxorhynchites larvae, a mosquito genus that does not suck blood, feeds upon other mosquito larvae and are often found with tiger mosquito larvae. Flatworms and small swimming beetles are considered natural predators. Fungi from the genus Coelomomyces ( order Blastocladiales ) develop inside the visceral cavity of mosquito larvae. The species Coelomomyces stegomyiae was first found on the Asian tiger mosquito. Paramecia, or ciliates, can also affect Ae. albopictus larvae, and the first detected species was Lambornella stegomyiae ( Hymenostomatida : Tetrahymenidae ). The virulence, mortality rate, and subsequent possibilities of Lambornella being implemented as a biological remedy to control Ae. albopictus, however, has conflicting views. Sporozoans of the genus Ascogregarina ( Lecudinidae ) infect the larval stage of mosquitoes. The species Ascogregarina taiwanensis was found in Asian tiger mosquitoes. When the adult mosquitoes emerge from their pupal case, they leave the infectious intermediary stage of parasites in the water and close off the infection cycle. Infected adults are generally smaller than non-infected adults and have an insignificantly higher mortality rate ; therefore, food supply and larval density apparently play a role. In competitive situations, an infection with sporozoans can also reduce the biological fitness of other uninfected mosquitoes. However, the use of the parasites as an effective biological remedy to control mosquito populations is implausible because the host must reach the adult stage for the transmission of the parasites. Though they do not commonly occur in the natural habitats of Asian tiger mosquitoes, predatory copepods from the family Cyclopidae seem to willingly feed on them given the opportunity. Relatives of different genera could therefore present a possibility in the control of tiger mosquitoes. Predators of adult Ae. albopictus in Malaysia include various spider species. Up to 90 % of the gathered spiders from rubber plantations and a cemetery fed upon Asian tiger mosquitoes. Whether the spiders would have an effect on the mosquito population is still unclear. Tiger mosquitoes were abundantly present despite the existence of the spiders. Distribution Estimated distribution of Ae. albopictus in the United States, CDC 2016 Climatic adaptations Ae. albopictus eggs The Asian tiger mosquito originally came from Southeast Asia. In 1966, parts of Asia and the island worlds of India and the Pacific Ocean were denoted as the area of circulation for the Asian tiger mosquito. Ae. albopictus as a native to tropical and subtropical regions with warm and humid climate, is active all year long ; however, it has been adapting successfully to cooler, temperate regions, where they hibernate over winter. Eggs from strains in the temperate zones are more tolerant to the cold than ones from warmer regions. The species can even tolerate snow and temperatures under freezing. Adult tiger mosquitoes can survive throughout winter in suitable microhabitats. Invasive species Since the mid 1960s, the tiger mosquito has spread to Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East. As of 2008 Ae. albopictus was one of the 100 world 's worst invasive species according to the Global Invasive Species Database. As of 2006, Ae. albopictus was not native to Australia and New Zealand. The species was introduced there multiple times, but has yet to establish itself. This is due to the well - organized entomological surveillance programs in the harbors and airports of these countries. Nevertheless, as of 2006 it has become domestic on the islands in the Torres Strait between Queensland, Australia, and New Guinea. In Europe, Asian tiger mosquitos first emerged in Albania in 1979, introduced through a shipment of goods from China. In 1990 -- 1991, they were most likely brought to Italy in used tires from Georgia ( USA ), and since then have spread throughout the entire mainland of Italy, as well as parts of Sicily and Sardinia. Since 1999, they have established themselves on the mainland of France, primarily southern France. In 2002, they were also discovered in a vacation town on the island of Corsica, but did not completely establish themselves there until 2005. In Belgium, they were detected in 2000 and 2013, in 2001 in Montenegro, 2003 in Canton Ticino in southern Switzerland, and Greece, 2004 in Spain and Croatia, 2005 in the Netherlands and Slovenia, and 2006 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the fall of 2007, the first tiger mosquito eggs were discovered in Rastatt ( Baden - Wuerttemberg, Germany ). Shortly before, they were found in the northern Alps of Switzerland in Canton Aargau. since 2010, it has also been sighted increasingly in Malta during summer. In September 2016, Public Health England found eggs, though no mosquitos, in a lorry park at Folkestone service station on the M20, near Westenhanger, which is 6 miles West of the Eurotunnel. In the United States, it was initially found in 1983 in Memphis, Tennessee. then at the Port of Houston in a 1985 shipment of used tires, and spread across the South up the East Coast to become prevalent in the Northeast. It was not discovered in Southern California until 2001, then eradicated for over a decade ; however, by 2011, it was again being found in Los Angeles County traps, then over the next two years expanded its range to Kern County and San Diego County. As of 2013, North American land favoring the environmental conditions of the Asian tiger mosquito was expected to more than triple in size in the coming 20 years, especially in urban areas. As of 2017 Aedes albopictus mosquitoes have been identified in 1,368 counties in 40 U.S states. In Latin America, the Asian tiger mosquito was first discovered 1986 in Brazil and in 1988 in Argentina and Mexico, as well. Other parts of Latin America where the Asian tiger mosquito was discovered are the Dominican Republic in 1993, Bolivia, Cuba, Honduras, and Guatemala in 1995, El Salvador in 1996, Paraguay in 1999, Panama in 2002, and Uruguay and Nicaragua in 2003. In Africa, the species was first detected in 1990 in South Africa. In Nigeria, it has been domestic since at least 1991. It spread to Cameroon in 1999 / 2000, to the Bioko Island of Equatorial Guinea in 2001, and to Gabon in 2006. In the Middle East, the species was detected in Lebanon in 2003 and in Syria in 2005 ; the first record in Israel was published in 2003. Competition with established species Ae. albopictus Ae. albopictus can outcompete and even eradicate other species with similar breeding habitats from the very start of its dispersal to other regions and biotopes. In Kolkata, for example, it was observed in the 1960s that egg depositing containers were being settled by the Asian tiger mosquito in city districts where the malaria mosquito ( genus Anopheles ) and yellow fever mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ) had both been eliminated by the application of DDT. This may be because primarily the inner walls of the houses were treated with DDT to kill the mosquitoes resting there and fight the malaria mosquito. The yellow fever mosquito also lingers particularly in the inside of buildings and would have been also affected. The Asian tiger mosquito rests in the vicinity of human dwellings would therefore have an advantage over the other two species. In other cases, where the yellow fever mosquito was repressed by the Asian tiger mosquito, for instance in Florida, this explanation does not fit. Other hypotheses include competition in the larval breeding waters, differences in metabolism and reproductive biology, or a major susceptibility to sporozoans ( Apicomplexa ). Another species, which was suppressed by the migrating Ae. albopictus was Ae. guamensis in Guam. The Asian tiger mosquito is similar, in terms of its close socialization with humans, to the common house mosquito ( Culex pipiens ). Among other differences in their biology, Culex pipiens prefers larger breeding waters and is more tolerant to cold. In this respect, no significant competition or suppression between the two species likely occurs. A possible competition among mosquito species that all lay their eggs in knotholes and other similar places ( Ae. cretinus, Ae. geniculatus, and Anopheles plumbeus ) has yet to be observed. In Europe, the Asian tiger mosquito apparently covers an extensive new niche. This means that no native, long - established species conflict with the dispersal of Ae. albopictus. Role as disease vector For humans Ae. albopictus is known to transmit pathogens and viruses, such as the yellow fever virus, dengue fever, Chikungunya fever, and Usutu virus. There is some evidence supporting the role of Ae. albopictus in the transmission of Zika virus, which is primarily transmitted by the related Ae. aegypti. The Asian tiger mosquito was responsible for the Chikungunya epidemic on the French Island La Réunion in 2005 -- 2006. By September 2006, an estimated 266,000 people were infected with the virus, and 248 fatalities occurred on the island. The Asian tiger mosquito was also the transmitter of the virus in the first and only outbreak of Chikungunya fever on the European continent. This outbreak occurred in the Italian province of Ravenna in the summer of 2007, and infected over 200 people. Evidently, mutated strains of the Chikungunya virus are being directly transmitted through Ae. albopictus particularly well and in such a way that another dispersal of the disease in regions with the Asian tiger mosquito is feared. On the basis of experimental evidence and probability estimates, the likelihood of mechanical or biological transmission of HIV by insects is virtually nonexistent. For animals The tiger mosquito is relevant to veterinary medicine. For example, tiger mosquitoes are transmitters of Dirofilaria immitis, a parasitic roundworm that causes heartworm in dogs and cats. For arthropods The Asian tiger mosquito is known for transmitting the Wolbachia infection. This bacterial genus is the most common infection in arthropods today, and over 40 % of arthropods have contracted it. Wolbachia can be transmitted from parent to offspring or between breeding individuals. Wolbachia is easily transmitted within the Ae. albopictus mosquito due to the effects it has on fecundity in females. Once female Asian tiger mosquitos have contracted the infection, they produce more eggs, give birth more frequently, and live longer than uninfected females. In this way, Wolbachia provides a fitness advantage to the infected females and prevents uninfected females from reproducing. This allows control of the spread of diseases that many species carry by suppressing reproduction of the individuals with the harmful disease, but without the Wolbachia infection. Wolbachia can also be used to transfer certain genes into the population to further control the spread of diseases. Cytoplasmic incompatibility In the natural environment, Wolbachia and the Asian tiger mosquito are in a symbiotic relationship, so both species benefit from each other and can evolve together. The relationship between Wolbachia and its host might not have always been mutualistic, as Drosophila populations once experienced decreased fecundity in infected females, suggesting that Wolbachia evolved over time so that infected individuals would actually reproduce much more. The mechanism by which Wolbachia is inherited through maternal heredity is called cytoplasmic incompatibility. This changes the gamete cells of males and females, making some individuals unable to mate with each other. Although little is known about why cytoplasmic incompatibility exists, Wolbachia infection creates a fitness advantage for infected females, as they can mate with either infected or uninfected males. Despite this, infected males can not reproduce with uninfected females. Therefore, over time, a population exposed to Wolbachia transitions from a few infected individuals to all individuals becoming infected, as the males that can not reproduce successfully do not contribute to future generations. This is called population replacement, where the population 's overall genotype is replaced by a new genotype. This shows how populations of Asian tiger mosquitoes can vary in number of Wolbachia - infected individuals, based on how often the infection is transmitted. Due to Wolbachia 's ability to transmit from one host to the next, it can change the average genotype of a population, potentially reducing the population 's gene flow with other nearby populations. Unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility This type of cytoplasmic incompatibility where an infected male can not reproduce successfully with an uninfected female is called unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. It occurs because Wolbachia modifies the paternal chromosomes during sperm development, leading to complications for these offspring during embryonic development. Bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility Also, bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility occurs when an infected male carrying one strain of Wolbachia reproduces with an infected female carrying a different strain of Wolbachia. This also results in failed reproduction. Bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility also has evolutionary implications for populations of Ae. albopictus and other vectors of the infection. This is because bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility in Wolbachia creates unviable offspring, reducing gene flow between two populations, which can eventually lead to speciation. Control and suppression Litter in roadside ditches makes an ideal breeding ground for the Asian tiger mosquito. Ae. albopictus is very difficult to suppress or to control due to its remarkable ability to adapt to various environments, its close contact with humans, and its reproductive biology. An Ovitrap, a tool for the detection of Asian tiger mosquitoes : Their presence is confirmed through the eggs they lay on the wooden paddle. The brown granules in the water are a Bti preparation that kills hatching mosquito larvae. The containment of infestations is generally operated by public health services through area - wide integrated control plans, which aim to reduce the nuisance perceived by populations and the risks of viraemic transmission. Such plans consist of different activities that include entomological surveillance, larvicide treatments in public and private areas, information campaigns, and treatments against adult mosquitoes in the zones affected by suspected cases of transmissible viroses. Efficient monitoring or surveillance is essential to prevent the spread and establishment of this species. In addition to the monitoring of ports, warehouses with imported plants, and stockpiles of tires, rest areas on highways and train stations should be monitored with appropriate methods. The control of Asian tiger mosquitoes begins with destroying the places where they lay their eggs, which are never far from where people are being bitten, since they are weak fliers, with only about a 180 - m ( 650 - ft ) lifetime flying radius. Puddles that last more than three days, sagging or plugged roof gutters, old tires holding water, litter, and any other possible containers or pools of standing water should be drained or removed. Bird baths, inlets to sewers and drainage systems holding stagnant water, flower pots, standing flower vases, knotholes, and other crevices that can collect water should be filled with sand or fine gravel to prevent mosquitoes from laying their eggs in them. Any standing water in pools, catchment basins, etc., that can not be drained, or dumped, can be periodically treated with properly labeled insecticides or Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis ( Bti ), often formed into doughnut - shaped `` mosquito dunks ''. Bti produces toxins which are effective in killing larvae of mosquitoes and certain other dipterans, while having almost no effect on other organisms. Bti preparations are readily available at farm, garden, and pool suppliers. Flowing water will not be a breeding spot, and water that contains minnows is not usually a problem, because the fish eat the mosquito larvae. Dragonflies are also an excellent method of imposing control. Dragonfly larvae eat mosquito larvae in the water, and adults snatch adult mosquitoes as they fly. In any case, an efficient surveillance is essential to monitor the presence of tiger mosquitoes and the effect of control programs. Ovitraps are normally used for the monitoring of Ae. albopictus. They are black water containers with floating Styrofoam blocks or small wooden paddles that are in contact with the surface of the water. Female tiger mosquitoes lay their eggs on these surfaces. Through the identification of these eggs or of the larvae that hatch from these eggs in the laboratory, the presence and abundance of mosquito species can be estimated. Versions of these traps with an adhesive film ( sticky traps ) that catch the egg - depositing mosquitoes make the analysis much easier and quicker, but are more complicated in terms of handling. The results of ovitraps are often variable and depend on the availability of alternative egg - depositing waters. Due to this, it is best to use them in large numbers and in conjunction with other monitoring methods. To date, few effective traps for adult Asian tiger mosquitoes are available. Those traps that catch other species of mosquitoes do not catch tiger mosquitoes efficiently. A form of an ovitrap called a lethal ovitrap mimics the breeding site for Ae. albopictus just like the monitoring tool, but it has the added benefit of contained chemicals that are toxic to the mosquitoes when they enter, but do not harm humans. These traps have had success in some countries to control Aedes mosquito populations. A new trap type has now been shown to catch significant numbers of Ae. albopictus. This device, with the help of a ventilator, produces an upward air current of ammonia, fatty acids, and lactic acids that takes a similar form and smell of a human body. With the addition of carbon dioxide, the efficacy of the trap is increased. This means a suitable tool is available for trapping adult tiger mosquitoes, and for example, examining the existence of viruses in the trapped mosquitoes. Previously, the mosquitoes had to be collected from volunteers to be studied, which is ethically questionable, especially during epidemics. Recent research also indicates this trap type may also have a use as a control tool ; in a study in Cesena, Italy, the number of biting tiger mosquitoes was reduced in places where traps were installed. Public Health benefits Although the Wolbachia infection is prevalent in arthropod species, especially the Asian tiger mosquito, it is a useful mechanism for inhibiting the spread of dengue. Ae. aegypti individuals, a close relative of Ae. albopictus, with an artificial Wolbachia infection, can not transmit dengue, an infectious virus, but they can pass on the Wolbachia infection to other populations. This could lead to many more discoveries in disease control for Ae. albopictus and other mosquito species. In addition, due to the cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by Wolbachia, the artificial infection of males can serve as a biological control as they are unable to reproduce successfully with uninfected females ( unidirectional CI ). 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( 2007 ). `` Ascogregarine parasites as possible biocontrol agents of mosquitoes ''. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 23 ( 2 Suppl ) : 30 -- 4. doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971x ( 2007 ) 23 ( 30 : apapba ) 2.0.co ; 2. PMID 17853595. Jump up ^ Marten, G.G. ; Reid, J.W. ( 2007 ). `` Cyclopoid Copepods ''. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 23 ( 2 Suppl ) : 65 -- 92. doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971X ( 2007 ) 23 ( 65 : CC ) 2.0.CO ; 2. PMID 17853599. Jump up ^ Sulaiman, S. ; et al. ( 1995 ). `` Serological Identification of the Predators of Adult Aedes albopictus ( Skuse ) ( Diptera : Culicidae ) in Rubber Plantations and a Cemetery in Malaysia ''. Journal of Vector Ecology. 21 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 25. Jump up ^ Watson, M.S. ( 1967 ) : Aedes ( Stegomyia ) albopictus : a literature review Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine... Dep. Army, Ft. Detrick, MD, Misc. 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( 2005 ). `` Aedes ( Stegomyia ) albopictus -- A Dengue Threat for Southern Australia ? '' ( PDF ). Commun. Dis. Intell. 29 ( 3 ) : 296 -- 298. Jump up ^ Derraik, J.G.B. ( 2006 ). `` A Scenario for Invasion and Dispersal of Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) in New Zealand ''. Journal of Medical Entomology. 43 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8. doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 ( 2006 ) 043 ( 0001 : asfiad ) 2.0.co ; 2. PMID 16506441. Jump up ^ Ritchie, S.A. ; Moore, P ; Carruthers, M ; Williams, C ; Montgomery, B ; Foley, P ; Ahboo, S ; Van Den Hurk, AF ; et al. ( 2006 ). `` Discovery of a Widespread Infestation of Aedes albopictus in the Torres Strait ''. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 22 ( 3 ) : 358 -- 65. doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971X ( 2006 ) 22 ( 358 : DOAWIO ) 2.0.CO ; 2. PMID 17067032. Jump up ^ Boukraa, Slimane ; Raharimalala, Fara N. ; Zimmer, Jean - Yves ; Schaffner, Francis ; Bawin, Thomas ; Haubruge, Eric ; Francis, Frédéric ( 2013 ). `` Reintroduction of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in Belgium in July 2013 ''. Parasite. 20 : 54. doi : 10.1051 / parasite / 2013054. ISSN 1776 - 1042. PMC 3859031. PMID 24325893. Jump up ^ Pluskota, B. ; et al. ( 2008 ). `` First record of Stegomyia albopicta ( Skuse ) ( Diptera : Culicidae ) in Germany '' ( PDF ). Eur Mosq Bull. 26 : 1 -- 5. Jump up ^ Asiatische Tigermücke erstmals nördlich der Alpen gefunden. Welt ( 28 November 2007 ). Jump up ^ Jolyon M Medlock, Alexander GC Vaux, Benjamin Cull, Francis Schaffner, Emma Gillingham, Valentin Pfluger, Steve Leach Detection of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in southern England Lancet Volume 17, No. 2, p140, February 2017 ; 31 January 2017. Jump up ^ P. Reiter, R.F. Darsie : `` Aedes albopictus '' in Memphis, Tennessee ( USA ) : an achievement of modern transportation ? In : Mosquito News. vol44 ( 3 ) 1984, p. 296 -- 399. Jump up ^ D. Sprenger, T. Wuithiranyagool : The discovery and distribution of Aedes albopictus in Harris County, Texas. In : J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2 ( 2 ), 1985, S. 217 -- 219. Jump up ^ `` Asian Tiger Mosquito ''. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2007. Jump up ^ `` Disease - Carrying Asian Tiger Mosquitos Returning To San Diego ''. ABC 10 News KGTV San Diego. 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015. The Asian tiger mosquito... was first found in Southern California in 2001 and was believed to have hitchhiked its way in on imported nursery items. San Diego County officials believed they had eradicated it here in 2001 until the recent find. The pest has infested communities in Los Angeles County and has been spreading in the last year and a half. Jump up ^ `` State Public Health Officer Warns of Invasive Mosquitoes Detected in California ''. California Department of Public Health. State of California. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015. Also in September, Aedes albopictus, was detected in Kern and San Diego Counties and has expanded in regions of Los Angeles County. Jump up ^ `` Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes Detection Sites in California, 2011 - 2015 '' ( PDF ). California Department of Public Health. State of California. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Jump up ^ Rochlin, Ilia ; Ninivaggi, Dominick ; Hutchinson, Michael ; Farajollahi, Ary ( April 2, 2013 ). `` Climate Change and Range Expansion of the Asian Tiger Mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) in Northeastern USA : Implications for Public Health Practitioners ''. 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Emerging Infectious Diseases. 7 ( 6 ) : 1066 -- 7. doi : 10.3201 / eid0706. 010631. PMC 2631913. PMID 11747746. Jump up ^ Toto, JC ; Abaga, S ; Carnevale, P ; Simard, F ( 2003 ). `` First report of the oriental mosquito Aedes albopictus on the West African island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea ''. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 17 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 6. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2915.2003. 00447. x. PMID 12941021. Jump up ^ Andreas Krueger ; Ralf M. Hagen ( 2007 ). `` Short communication : First record of Aedes albopictus in Gabon, Central Africa ''. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 12 ( 9 ) : 1105 -- 7. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3156.2007. 01893. x. PMID 17714432. Jump up ^ Haddad, N ; Harbach, RE ; Chamat, S ; Bouharoun - Tayoun, H ( 2007 ). `` Presence of Aedes albopictus in Lebanon and Syria '' ( PDF ). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 23 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 8. doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971x ( 2007 ) 23 ( 226 : poaail ) 2.0.co ; 2. PMID 17847859. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2014. Jump up ^ Lounibos, L.P. ( 2007 ). `` Competitive displacement and reduction ''. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 23 ( 2 Suppl ) : 276 -- 82. doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971x ( 2007 ) 23 ( 276 : cdar ) 2.0.co ; 2. PMC 2212597. PMID 17853612. Jump up ^ Gilotra, SK ; Rozeboom, LE ; Bhattacharya, NC ( 1967 ). `` Observations on possible competitive displacement between populations of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopictus Skuse in Calcutta ''. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 37 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 46. PMC 2554274. PMID 5301385. Jump up ^ Hornby, JA ; Moore, DE ; Miller Jr, TW ( 1994 ). `` Aedes albopictus distribution, abundance, and colonisation in Lee County, Florida, and its effect on Aedes aegypti ''. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 10 ( 3 ) : 397 -- 402. PMID 7807083. Jump up ^ O'Meara, GF ; Evans Jr, LF ; Gettman, AD ; Cuda, JP ( 1995 ). `` Spread of Aedes albopictus and decline of Ae. aegypti ( Diptera : Culicidae ) in Florida ''. Journal of Medical Entomology. 32 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 62. doi : 10.1093 / jmedent / 32.4. 554. PMID 7650719. ^ Jump up to : Carrieri, Marco ; Bacchi, Marta ; Bellini, Romeo ; Maini, Stefano ( 2003 ). `` On the Competition Occurring Between Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens ( Diptera : Culicidae ) in Italy ''. Environmental Entomology. 32 ( 6 ) : 1313 -- 1321. doi : 10.1603 / 0046 - 225X - 32.6. 1313. Jump up ^ Rozeboom, LE ; Bridges, JR ( 1972 ). `` Relative population densities of Aedes albopictus and A. guamensis on Guam '' ( PDF ). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 46 ( 4 ) : 477 -- 83. PMC 2480762. PMID 4538192. Jump up ^ Calzolari M, Gaibani P, Bellini R, Defilippo F, Pierro A, Albieri A, et al. ( 2012 ) Mosquito, Bird and Human Surveillance of West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Emilia - Romagna Region ( Italy ) in 2010. PLoS ONE 7 ( 5 ) : e38058 ; http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038058. Jump up ^ ProMED - mail ( 2006 ) Chikungunya -- Indian Ocean update ( 32 ) -- 14 October 2006 -- Archive Number 20061014.2953 Jump up ^ ECDC / WHO ( 2007 ) Mission Report -- Chikungunya in Italy PDF 1, 46 MB Jump up ^ Angelini, R ; Finarelli, AC ; Angelini, P ; Po, C ; Petropulacos, K ; Silvi, G ; MacIni, P ; Fortuna, C ; et al. ( 2007 ). `` Chikungunya in north - eastern Italy : a summing up of the outbreak ''. Euro Surveillance. 12 ( 11 ) : E071122. 2. PMID 18053561. Jump up ^ Tsetsarkin, KA ; Vanlandingham, DL ; McGee, CE ; Higgs, S ( 2007 ). `` A Single Mutation in Chikungunya Virus Affects Vector Specificity and Epidemic Potential ''. PLOS Pathogens. 3 ( 12 ) : e201. doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 0030201. PMC 2134949. PMID 18069894. Jump up ^ Iqbal, MM ( 1999 ). `` Can we get AIDS from mosquito bites ? ''. J La State Med Soc. 151 : 429 -- 33. PMID 10554479. Jump up ^ Gratz, N.G. ( 2004 ). `` Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus ''. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 18 ( 3 ) : 215 -- 27. doi : 10.1111 / j. 0269 - 283X. 2004.00513. x. PMID 15347388. Jump up ^ Zug, Roman ; Hammerstein, Peter. `` Still a Host of Hosts for Wolbachia : Analysis of Recent Data Suggests That 40 % of Terrestrial Arthropod Species Are Infected ''. PLoS ONE. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0038544. Retrieved 10 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : Dobson, SL ; Rattanadechakul, W ; Marsland, EJ ( 5 May 2004 ). `` Fitness advantage and cytoplasmic incompatibility in Wolbachia single - and superinfected Aedes albopictus ''. Heredity. 93 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 142. doi : 10.1038 / sj. hdy. 6800458. PMID 15127087. Jump up ^ Xi, Z ; Dean, JL ; Khoo, C ; Dobson, SL ( August 2005 ). `` Generation of a novel Wolbachia infection in Aedes albopictus ( Asian tiger mosquito ) via embryonic microinjection ''. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 35 ( 8 ) : 903 -- 910. doi : 10.1016 / j. ibmb. 2005.03. 015. PMC 1410910. PMID 15944085. Jump up ^ Weeks, Andrew ; Turelli, Michael ; Harcombe, William ; Reynolds, K ; Hoffmann, Ary ( 17 April 2007 ). `` From parasite to mutualist : rapid evolution of Wolbachia in natural populations of Drosophila ''. PLOS Biology. 5 : e114. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0050114. Jump up ^ Dobson, Stephen ; Marsland, Eric ; Rattanadechakul, Wanchai ( 1 March 2002 ). `` Mutualistic Wolbachia Infection in Aedes albopictus : Accelerating Cytoplasmic Drive ''. Genetic Society of America. 160 ( 3 ) : 1087 -- 1094. ^ Jump up to : Zabalou, Sofia ; Riegler, Markus ; Theodorakopoulou, Marianna ( 9 September 2004 ). `` Wolbachia - induced cytoplasmic incompatibility as a means for insect pest population control ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 ( 42 ) : 15042 -- 15045. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0403853101. PMC 524042. PMID 15469918. Jump up ^ Werren, John ( 1997 ). `` Biology of Wolbachia '' ( PDF ). Annual Review of Entomology. 42 : 587 -- 609. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 42.1. 587. PMID 15012323. Jump up ^ Canali, M ; Rivas Morales, S ; Beutels, P ; Venturelli, C ( 2017 ). `` The Cost of Arbovirus Disease Prevention in Europe : Area - Wide Integrated Control of Tiger Mosquito, `` Aedes albopictus '', in Emilia - Romagna, Northern Italy ``. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 ( 4 ) : 444. doi : 10.3390 / ijerph14040444. PMC 5409644. PMID 28425959. Jump up ^ ti.ch Archived 31 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. : Flacio et al. ( 2006 ) : `` Bericht 2006 zur Überwachung und Bekämpfung der asiatischen Tigermücke, Aedes albopictus, im Kanton Tessin. '' Jump up ^ Facchinelli, L ; Valerio, L ; Pombi, M ; Reiter, P ; Costantini, C ; Della Torre, A ( 2007 ). `` Development of a novel sticky trap for container - breeding mosquitoes and evaluation of its sampling properties to monitor urban populations of Aedes albopictus ''. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 21 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 95. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.2007. 00680. x. PMID 17550438. Jump up ^ Gama, Renata A. ; Silva, Eric M. ; Silva, Ivoneide M. ; Resende, Marcelo C. ; Eiras, Álvaro E. ( 2007 ). `` Evaluation of the sticky MosquiTRAP for detecting Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti ( L. ) ( Diptera : Culicidae ) during the dry season in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ''. Neotropical Entomology. 36 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 302. doi : 10.1590 / S1519 - 566X2007000200018. PMID 17607465. Jump up ^ Zeichner, Brian C. 2011 The lethal ovitrap : a response to the resurgence of dengue and chikungunya The Free Library ( July, 1 ), http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The lethal ovitrap : a response to the resurgence of dengue and... - a0267030676 ( accessed February 27, 2014 ) Jump up ^ Wilhelmine H. Meeraus ; Jennifer S. Armistead ; Jorge R. Arias ( 2008 ). `` Field comparison of novel and gold standard traps for collecting Aedes albopictus in Northern Virginia ''. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 24 ( 2 ) : 244 -- 248. doi : 10.2987 / 5676.1. PMID 18666532. Jump up ^ Foley, K. ( 2007 ). `` The BG - Sentinel Trap '' ( PDF ). Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Virginia Mosquito Control Association. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 October 2007. Jump up ^ Engelbrecht et al. ( 2009 ) Continuous trapping of adult Asian tiger mosquitoes ( Aedes albopictus ) with BG - Sentinel traps reduced the human landing rate and density indices in an urban environment in Cesena, Italy. Oral presentation at the 5th European Mosquito Control Association Workshop, Turin, Italy, 12 March 2009. Session 10.5. ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann, AA ; Montgomery, BL ; Popovici, J ( 25 August 2011 ). `` Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission ''. Nature. 476 ( 7361 ) : 454 -- 457. doi : 10.1038 / nature10356. PMID 21866160. Further reading Anosike, Jude C. ; Nwoke, Bertram E. ; Okere, Anthony N. ; Oku, Ene E. ; Asor, Joe E. ; Emmy - Egbe, Ifeyinwa O. ; Adimike, Desmond A. ( 2007 ). `` Epidemiology of tree - hole breeding mosquitoes in the tropical rainforest of Imo State, south - east Nigeria '' ( PDF ). Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 14 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 2007 ) : Information on Aedes albopictus. Version of 7 November 2005. Retrieved 31 October 2007. Enserink, Martin ( 2007 ). `` Tropical Disease Follows Mosquitoes to Europe ''. Science. 317 ( 5844 ) : 1485. doi : 10.1126 / science. 317.5844. 1485a. PMID 17872417. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ( ECDC ) ( 2007 ) : Mission Report -- Chikungunya in Italy, 17 -- 21 September 2007. PDF fulltext Nishida, G.M. & Tenorio, J.M. ( 1993 ) : What Bit Me ? Identifying Hawaiʻi 's Stinging and Biting Insects and Their Kin. University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu. Novak R ( 1992 ). `` The asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus ''. Wing Beats. 3 ( 3 ) : 6. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Kollars, Thomas M. ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ). `` Potential for the Invasive Species Aedes Albopictus and Arboviral Transmission through the Chabahar Port in Iran ''. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences. 43 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 400. ISSN 1735 - 3688. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aedes albopictus. Scholia has a topic profile for Aedes albopictus. `` The Tiger Mosquito - The Film '' Under a funny - yet scientifically accurate - angle, this film deals with the biology of the tiger mosquito, and gives recommendations to protect oneself Tiger mosquitos in Italy Tiger mosquitoes in Spain Asian tiger mosquito on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website CISR : Asian Tiger Mosquito Center for Invasive Species Research page on Asian tiger mosquito Species Profile - Asian Tiger Mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Asian Tiger Mosquito. eprints.usm.my : The ecology and biology of Aedes aegypti ( L. ) and Aedes albopictus ( Skuse ) ( diptera : culicidae ) and the persistent status of Aedes albopictus ( field strain ) against organophsphates in Penang, Malaysia. biology.clc.uc.edu : Illustrated report of the first spread of A. albopictus into the midwest. Atrapa el Tigre : Citizen - science project for the research, surveillance, and control of tiger mosquitoes. Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q477918 Wikispecies : Aedes albopictus ADW : Aedes_albopictus BioLib : 116593 BugGuide : 7644 EoL : 764100 EPPO : AEDSAO Fauna Europaea : 134977 GBIF : 1651430 iNaturalist : 62984 IRMNG : 10954670 ITIS : 126244 NCBI : 7160 uBio : 2261161 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aedes_albopictus&oldid=863615529 '' Categories : Aedes Biting insects Insect vectors of human pathogens Insects described in 1894 Nepenthes infauna Chikungunya Invasive insect species Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018, at 22 : 16 ( UTC ). 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Question: where did the asian tiger mosquito come from
Answer: the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia