Renin - wikipedia Renin For the places in Iran, see Renin, Iran. Not to be confused with rennin, the active enzyme in rennet. REN Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4XX4, 1BBS, 1BIL, 1BIM, 1HRN, 1RNE, 2BKS, 2BKT, 2FS4, 2G1N, 2G1O, 2G1R, 2G1S, 2G1Y, 2G20, 2G21, 2G22, 2G24, 2G26, 2G27, 2I4Q, 2IKO, 2IKU, 2IL2, 2REN, 2V0Z, 2V10, 2V11, 2V12, 2V13, 2V16, 2X0B, 3D91, 3G6Z, 3G70, 3G72, 3GW5, 3K1W, 3KM4, 3O9L, 3OAD, 3OAG, 3OOT, 3OQF, 3OQK, 3OWN, 3Q3T, 3Q4B, 3Q5H, 3SFC, 3VCM, 3VSW, 3VSX, 3VUC, 3VYD, 3VYE, 3VYF, 4AMT, 4GJ5, 4GJ6, 4GJ7, 4GJ8, 4GJ9, 4GJA, 4GJB, 4GJC, 4GJD, 4PYV, 4Q1N, 4RYC, 4RYG, 4RZ1, 4S1G, 4XX3 Identifiers Aliases REN, HNFJ2, renin External IDs OMIM : 179820 MGI : 97898 HomoloGene : 20151 GeneCards : REN Gene location ( Human ) Chr. Chromosome 1 ( human ) Band 1q32. 1 Start 204,154,819 bp End 204,190,324 bp Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr. Chromosome 1 ( mouse ) Band 1 E4 1 57.91 cM Start 133,350,510 bp End 133,360,325 bp Gene ontology Molecular function insulin - like growth factor receptor binding aspartic - type endopeptidase activity endopeptidase activity peptidase activity receptor binding hydrolase activity protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm membrane plasma membrane intracellular extracellular region extracellular space apical part of cell Biological process response to immobilization stress regulation of blood volume by renin - angiotensin male gonad development regulation of MAPK cascade kidney development renin - angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production cell maturation amyloid - beta metabolic process response to organic substance angiotensin maturation proteolysis mesonephros development regulation of blood pressure response to lipopolysaccharide cellular response to drug protein catabolic process drinking behavior hormone - mediated signaling pathway response to cGMP response to cAMP response to drug Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5972 19701 Ensembl ENSG00000143839 ENSMUSG00000070645 UniProt P00797 P06281 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_000537 NM_031192 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_000528 NP_112469 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 1 : 204.15 -- 204.19 Mb Chr 1 : 133.35 -- 133.36 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse renin Identifiers EC number 3.4. 23.15 CAS number 9015 - 94 - 5 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Renin ( etymology and pronunciation ), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is a serine protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body 's renin - angiotensin aldosterone system ( RAAS ) -- also known as the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone axis -- that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid ( blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid ), and arterial vasoconstriction. Thus, it regulates the body 's mean arterial blood pressure. Renin can be referred to as a hormone even though it has no peripheral receptors and rather has an enzymatic activity with which it hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Contents 1 Biochemistry and physiology 1.1 Structure 1.2 Secretion 1.3 Renin - angiotensin system 2 Function 3 Genetics 3.1 Model organisms 4 Clinical applications 4.1 Measurement 5 Discovery and naming 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Biochemistry and physiology Structure The primary structure of renin precursor consists of 406 amino acids with a pre - and a pro-segment carrying 20 and 46 amino acids, respectively. Mature renin contains 340 amino acids and has a mass of 37 kDa. Secretion The enzyme renin is secreted by pericytes ( mural cells ) ( 1 ) in vicinity of the afferent arterioles and similar microvessels of the kidney from specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus -- the juxtaglomerular cells, in response to three stimuli : A decrease in arterial blood pressure ( that could be related to a decrease in blood volume ) as detected by baroreceptors ( pressure - sensitive cells ). This is the most direct causal link between blood pressure and renin secretion ( the other two methods operate via longer pathways ). A decrease in sodium load delivered to the distal tubule. This load is measured by the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Sympathetic nervous system activity, which also controls blood pressure, acting through the β adrenergic receptors. Human renin is secreted by at least 2 cellular pathways : a constitutive pathway for the secretion of the precursor prorenin and a regulated pathway for the secretion of mature renin. Renin - angiotensin system Main article : Renin -- angiotensin system The renin - angiotensin system, showing role of renin at bottom. The renin enzyme circulates in the blood stream and hydrolyzes ( breaks down ) angiotensinogen secreted from the liver into the peptide angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further cleaved in the lungs by endothelial - bound angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) into angiotensin II, the most vasoactive peptide. Angiotensin II is a potent constrictor of all blood vessels. It acts on the smooth muscle and, therefore, raises the resistance posed by these arteries to the heart. The heart, trying to overcome this increase in its ' load ', works more vigorously, causing the blood pressure to rise. Angiotensin II also acts on the adrenal glands and releases aldosterone, which stimulates the epithelial cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase re-absorption of sodium, exchanging with potassium to maintain electrochemical neutrality, and water, leading to raised blood volume and raised blood pressure. The RAS also acts on the CNS to increase water intake by stimulating thirst, as well as conserving blood volume, by reducing urinary loss through the secretion of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. The normal concentration of renin in adult human plasma is 1.98 -- 24.6 ng / L in the upright position. Function Renin activates the renin - angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to yield angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE, the angiotensin - converting enzyme primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Angiotensin II then constricts blood vessels, increases the secretion of ADH and aldosterone, and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, each leading to an increase in blood pressure. Renin 's primary function is therefore to eventually cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure, via stretch receptors in the vascular walls. The juxtaglomerular cells are also stimulated to release renin by signaling from the macula densa. The macula densa senses changes in sodium delivery to the distal tubule, and responds to a drop in tubular sodium load by stimulating renin release in the juxtaglomerular cells. Together, the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells comprise the juxtaglomerular complex. Renin secretion is also stimulated by sympathetic nervous stimulation, mainly through beta - 1 adrenergic receptor ( β adrenoreceptor ) activation. Renin can bind to ATP6AP2, which results in a fourfold increase in the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I over that shown by soluble renin. In addition, renin binding results in phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of ATP6AP2. The level of renin mRNA appears to be modulated by the binding of HADHB, HuR and CP1 to a regulatory region in the 3 ' UTR. Genetics The gene for renin, REN, spans 12 kb of DNA and contains 8 introns. It produces several mRNA that encode different REN isoforms. Mutations in the REN gene can be inherited, and are a cause of a rare inherited kidney disease, so far found to be present in only 2 families. This disease is autosomal dominant, meaning that it is characterized by a 50 % chance of inheritance and is a slowly progressive chronic kidney disease that leads to the need for dialysis or kidney transplantation. Many -- but not all -- patients and families with this disease suffer from an elevation in serum potassium and unexplained anemia relatively early in life. Patients with a mutation in this gene can have a variable rate of loss of kidney function, with some individuals going on dialysis in their 40s while others may not go on dialysis until into their 70s. This is a rare inherited kidney disease that exists in less than 1 % of people with kidney disease. Model organisms Ren1 knockout mouse phenotype Characteristic Phenotype Homozygote viability Normal Fertility Normal Body weight Normal Anxiety Normal Neurological assessment Normal Grip strength Normal Hot plate Normal Dysmorphology Normal Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Abnormal Indirect calorimetry Normal Glucose tolerance test Normal Auditory brainstem response Normal DEXA Normal Radiography Normal Body temperature Normal Eye morphology Normal Clinical chemistry Normal Haematology Normal Micronucleus test Normal Heart weight Normal Skin Histopathology Normal Brain histopathology Normal Salmonella infection Normal Citrobacter infection Abnormal All tests and analysis from Model organisms have been used in the study of REN function. A knockout mouse line, called Ren1 was generated. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty four tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed. Homozygous mutant animals had a decreased heart rate and an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. A more detailed analysis of this line indicated plasma creatinine was also increased and males had lower mean arterial pressure than controls. Clinical applications Main article : Renin inhibitor An over-active renin - angiotension system leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water. These effects lead to hypertension. Therefore, renin inhibitors can be used for the treatment of hypertension. This is measured by the plasma renin activity ( PRA ). In current medical practice, the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system 's overactivity ( and resultant hypertension ) is more commonly reduced using either ACE inhibitors ( such as ramipril and perindopril ) or angiotensin II receptor blockers ( ARBs, such as losartan, irbesartan or candesartan ) rather than a direct oral renin inhibitor. ACE inhibitors or ARBs are also part of the standard treatment after a heart attack. The differential diagnosis of kidney cancer in a young patient with hypertension includes juxtaglomerular cell tumor ( reninoma ), Wilms ' tumor, and renal cell carcinoma, all of which may produce renin. Measurement Further information : Plasma renin activity Renin is usually measured as the plasma renin activity ( PRA ). PRA is measured specially in case of certain diseases that present with hypertension or hypotension. PRA is also raised in certain tumors. A PRA measurement may be compared to a plasma aldosterone concentration ( PAC ) as a PAC / PRA ratio. Discovery and naming The name renin = ren + - in, `` kidney '' + `` compound ''. The most common pronunciation in English is / ˈriːnɪn / ( long e ) ; / ˈrɛnɪn / ( short e ) is also common, but using / ˈriːnɪn / allows one to reserve / ˈrɛnɪn / for rennin. Renin was discovered, characterized, and named in 1898 by Robert Tigerstedt, Professor of Physiology, and his student, Per Bergman, at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. See also Angiotensin - converting enzyme Plasma renin activity Renin inhibitor Renin stability regulatory element ( REN - SRE ) References ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000143839 - Ensembl, May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000070645 - Ensembl, May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : ''. Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : ''. Jump up ^ Imai T, Miyazaki H, Hirose S, Hori H, Hayashi T, Kageyama R, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S, Murakami K ( Dec 1983 ). `` Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for human renin precursor ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 ( 24 ) : 7405 -- 9. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 80.24. 7405. PMC 389959. PMID 6324167. Jump up ^ Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ ( Mar 1988 ). `` Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 ( 7 ) : 3137 -- 41. PMID 2893797. Jump up ^ Boulpaep EL, Boron WF ( 2005 ). `` Integration of Salt and Water Balance ; The Adrenal Gland ''. Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach. St. Louis, MO : Elsevier Saunders. pp. 866 -- 867, 1059. ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3. Jump up ^ Fujino T, Nakagawa N, Yuhki K, Hara A, Yamada T, Takayama K, Kuriyama S, Hosoki Y, Takahata O, Taniguchi T, Fukuzawa J, Hasebe N, Kikuchi K, Narumiya S, Ushikubi F ( Sep 2004 ). `` Decreased susceptibility to renovascular hypertension in mice lacking the prostaglandin I2 receptor IP ''. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114 ( 6 ) : 805 -- 12. doi : 10.1172 / JCI21382. PMC 516260. PMID 15372104. Jump up ^ Brenner & Rector 's The Kidney, 7th ed., Saunders, 2004, pp. 2118 - 2119 Full Text with MDConsult subscription Jump up ^ Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program - Laboratory Reference Centre Manual. ( deadlink ) Jump up ^ Nguyen G, Delarue F, Burcklé C, Bouzhir L, Giller T, Sraer JD ( Jun 2002 ). `` Pivotal role of the renin / prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin ''. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 109 ( 11 ) : 1417 -- 27. doi : 10.1172 / JCI14276. PMC 150992. PMID 12045255. Jump up ^ Adams DJ, Beveridge DJ, van der Weyden L, Mangs H, Leedman PJ, Morris BJ ( Nov 2003 ). `` HADHB, HuR, and CP1 bind to the distal 3 ' - untranslated region of human renin mRNA and differentially modulate renin expression ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 45 ) : 44894 -- 903. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M307782200. PMID 12933794. Jump up ^ Hobart PM, Fogliano M, O'Connor BA, Schaefer IM, Chirgwin JM ( Aug 1984 ). `` Human renin gene : structure and sequence analysis ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81 ( 16 ) : 5026 -- 30. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 81.16. 5026. PMC 391630. PMID 6089171. Jump up ^ Zivná M, Hůlková H, Matignon M, Hodanová K, Vylet'al P, Kalbácová M, Baresová V, Sikora J, Blazková H, Zivný J, Ivánek R, Stránecký V, Sovová J, Claes K, Lerut E, Fryns JP, Hart PS, Hart TC, Adams JN, Pawtowski A, Clemessy M, Gasc JM, Gübler MC, Antignac C, Elleder M, Kapp K, Grimbert P, Bleyer AJ, Kmoch S ( 2009 ). `` Dominant renin gene mutations associated with early - onset hyperuricemia, anemia, and chronic kidney failure ''. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 85 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 13. doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2009.07. 010. PMC 2725269. PMID 19664745. Jump up ^ `` Non-Invasive Blood Pressure data for Ren1 ''. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Jump up ^ `` Salmonella infection data for Ren1 ''. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Jump up ^ `` Citrobacter infection data for Ren1 ''. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. ^ Jump up to : Gerdin AK ( 2010 ). `` The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme : High throughput characterisation of knockout mice ''. Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 : 925 -- 7. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 3768.2010. 4142. x. Jump up ^ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. ^ Jump up to : Adams DJ, Head GA, Markus MA, Lovicu FJ, van der Weyden L, Köntgen F, Arends MJ, Thiru S, Mayorov DN, Morris BJ ( Oct 2006 ). `` Renin enhancer is critical for control of renin gene expression and cardiovascular function ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 ( 42 ) : 31753 -- 61. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M605720200. PMID 16895910. Jump up ^ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW ( 2011 ). `` The mouse genetics toolkit : revealing function and mechanism ''. Genome Biology. 12 ( 6 ) : 224. doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2011 - 12 - 6 - 224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353. Jump up ^ Presentation on Direct Renin Inhibitors as Antihypertensive Drugs Jump up ^ Ram CV ( Sep 2009 ). `` Direct inhibition of renin : a physiological approach to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease ''. Future Cardiology. 5 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 65. doi : 10.2217 / fca. 09.31. PMID 19715410. Jump up ^ Méndez GP, Klock C, Nosé V ( Feb 2011 ). `` Juxtaglomerular cell tumor of the kidney : case report and differential diagnosis with emphasis on pathologic and cytopathologic features ''. International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 19 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 8. doi : 10.1177 / 1066896908329413. PMID 19098017. Jump up ^ Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program - Laboratory Reference Centre Manual. Renin Direct. Jump up ^ Phillips MI, Schmidt - Ott KM ( Dec 1999 ). `` The Discovery of Renin 100 Years Ago ''. News in Physiological Sciences. 14 : 271 -- 274. PMID 11390864. Jump up ^ Tigerstedt R, Bergman PG ( 1898 ). `` Niere und Kreislauf '' ( Kidney and Circulation ). Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie ( Scandinavian Archives of Physiology ) ( in German ). 8 : 223 -- 271. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1716.1898. tb00272. x. ( 1 ) Human kidney pericytes produce renin ; Stefanska A, Kenyon C, Christian HC, Buckley C, Shaw I, Mullins JJ, Péault B. Kidney Int. 2016 Dec ; 90 ( 6 ) : 1251 - 1261 External links GeneReviews / NCBI / NIH / UW entry on Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy Type 2 OMIM entries on Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy Type 2 The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors : A01. 007 Renin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) PDB gallery 2bks : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RENIN - PF00074777 COMPLEX 2g24 : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' Ring 2ren : STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN RENIN, A TARGET FOR CARDIOVASCULAR - ACTIVE DRUGS, AT 2.5 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION 2iko : Crystal Structure of Human Renin Complexed with Inhibitor 2g1y : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' Ring 2g20 : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the C Ring 2g26 : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' Ring 2g1n : Ketopiperazine - based renin inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' ring 1bil : CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE BINDING MODES OF P2 - P3 BUTANEDIAMIDE RENIN INHIBITORS 2iku : Crystal Structure of Human Renin Complexed with Inhibitors 2g1o : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' Ring 2g1r : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the C Ring 1bim : CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE BINDING MODES OF P2 - P3 BUTANEDIAMIDE RENIN INHIBITORS 2fs4 : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the C ring 2il2 : Crystal Structure of Human Renin Complexed with Inhibitor 1hrn : HIGH RESOLUTION CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN RENIN IN COMPLEX WITH POLYHYDROXYMONOAMIDE INHIBITORS 2bkt : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RENIN - PF00257567 COMPLEX 2g27 : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' Ring 1rne : THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT GLYCOSYLATED HUMAN RENIN ALONE AND IN COMPLEX WITH A TRANSITION STATE ANALOG INHIBITOR 2g21 : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' Ring 1bbs : X-RAY ANALYSES OF PEPTIDE INHIBITOR COMPLEXES DEFINE THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF SPECIFICITY FOR HUMAN AND MOUSE RENINS 2g1s : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the C Ring 2i4q : Human renin / PF02342674 complex 2g22 : Ketopiperazine - Based Renin Inhibitors : Optimization of the `` '' C `` '' Ring Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N, N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N, N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Arteries and veins Vessels Arteries Nutrient artery Arteriole Metarteriole Capillaries Types Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Precapillary sphincter Precapillary resistance Veins Vena comitans Superficial vein Deep vein Emissary veins Venous plexus Venule Lymph Lymphatic vessel Lymph Lymph capillary Circulatory system Systemic Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → ( Right heart ) Pulmonary Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart Microanatomy Microcirculation Tunica intima Endothelium Internal elastic lamina Tunica media Tunica externa Vasa vasorum Vasa nervorum Vascular nerves Rete mirabile Circulatory anastomosis Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Proteases : aspartate proteases ( EC 3.4. 23 ) Vertebrate Pepsin Chymosin Renin Signal peptide peptidase Beta secretase Pathogenic Plasmepsin HIV - 1 protease Plant Nepenthesin Cathepsin Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Angiotensin receptor modulators ATR Agonists : Angiotensin II Angiotensin III Angiotensin IV Saralasin Antagonists : Abitesartan Azilsartan Azilsartan medoxomil Candesartan Elisartan Embusartan Eprosartan EXP - 3174 Fimasartan Forasartan Irbesartan Losartan Milfasartan Olmesartan Olmesartan medoxomil Olodanrigan PD123319 Pomisartan Pratosartan Ripisartan Saprisartan Sparsentan Tasosartan Telmisartan Valsartan Zolasartan ACE inhibitors : Alacepril Benazepril Captopril Cilazapril Delapril Enalapril Enalaprilat Fosinopril Gemopatrilat Imidapril Lisinopril Moexipril Omapatrilat Perindopril Quinapril Quinaprilat Ramipril Rentiapril Rescinnamine Spirapril Spiraprilat Temocapril Trandolapril Zofenopril Zofenoprilat Renin inhibitors : Aliskiren Ciprokiren Ditekiren Enalkiren Pepstatin Remikiren Terlakiren Zankiren Propeptides : Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I See also Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin&oldid=815387368 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 1 EC 3.4. 23 Hormones of the kidneys Peptide hormones Renal physiology Genes mutated in mice Hidden categories : CS1 German - 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Question: where is the majority of the renin produced in the kidney
Answer: by pericytes (mural cells) (1) in vicinity of the afferent arterioles and similar microvessels of the kidney from specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus—the juxtaglomerular cells