Third Punic War - wikipedia Third Punic War Third Punic War Part of the Punic Wars The location of the city of Carthage Date 149 -- 146 BC ( 3 years ) Location Tunisia Result Decisive Roman victory Destruction of Carthage Belligerents Roman Republic Carthage Commanders and leaders Scipio Aemilianus Manius Manilius Lucius Marcius Censorius Calpurnius Piso Hasdrubal the Boeotarch Himilco Phameas Bythias Diogenes Strength 80,000 men Casualties and losses 150,000 -- 250,000 killed, 50,000 survivors enslaved Punic Wars First Mercenary Second Third Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage The Third Punic War ( Latin : Tertium Bellum Punicum ) ( 149 -- 146 BC ) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage and the Roman Republic. The Punic Wars were named because of the Roman name for Carthaginians : Punici, or Poenici. This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage 's independent existence. Contents 1 Background 2 Course of the war 3 Aftermath 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Background In the years between the Second and Third Punic War, Rome was engaged in the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east ( see Macedonian Wars, Illyrian Wars, and the Roman -- Seleucid War ) and ruthlessly suppressing the Hispanian peoples in the west, although they had been essential to the Roman success in the Second Punic War. Carthage, stripped of allies and territory ( Sicily, Sardinia, Hispania ), was suffering under a huge indemnity of 200 silver talents to be paid every year for 50 years. According to Appian the senator Cato the Elder usually finished his speeches on any subject in the Senate with the phrase ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, which means `` Moreover, I am of the opinion that Carthage ought to be destroyed ''. Cicero put a similar statement in the mouth of Cato in his dialogue De Senectute. He was opposed by the senator Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, who favoured a different course that would not destroy Carthage, and who usually prevailed in the debates. The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War required that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and required Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, in the 50 intervening years between the Second and Third Punic War, Carthage had to take all border disputes with Rome 's ally Numidia to the Roman Senate, where they were decided almost exclusively in Numidian favour. In 151 BC, the Carthaginian debt to Rome was fully repaid, meaning that, in Punic eyes, the treaty was now expired, though not so according to the Romans, who instead viewed the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome akin to the Roman treaties with its Italian allies. Moreover, the retirement of the indemnity removed one of the main incentives the Romans had to keep the peace with Carthage -- there were no further payments that might be interrupted. The Romans had other reasons to conquer Carthage and her remaining territories. By the middle of the 2nd century BC, the population of the city of Rome was about 400,000 and rising. Feeding the growing populace was becoming a major challenge. The farmlands surrounding Carthage represented the most productive, most accessible and perhaps the most easily obtainable agricultural lands not yet under Roman control. Course of the War Main article : Battle of Carthage ( c. 149 BC ) Arrowheads, remains of a dagger and stones for slingshots exhibited at the National Museum of Carthage In 151 BC Numidia launched another border raid on Carthaginian soil, besieging the Punic town of Oroscopa, and Carthage launched a large military expedition ( 25,000 soldiers ) to repel the Numidian invaders. As a result, Carthage suffered a military defeat and was charged with another fifty year debt to Numidia. Immediately thereafter, however, Rome showed displeasure with Carthage 's decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and told Carthage that in order to avoid a war it had to `` satisfy the Roman People. '' In 149 BC, Rome declared war against Carthage. The Carthaginians made a series of attempts to appease Rome, and received a promise that if three hundred children of well - born Carthaginians were sent as hostages to Rome the Carthaginians would keep the rights to their land and self - government. Even after this was done the allied Punic city of Utica defected to Rome, and a Roman army of 80,000 men gathered there. The consuls then demanded that Carthage hand over all weapons and armor. After those had been handed over, Rome additionally demanded that the Carthaginians move at least 16 kilometres inland, while the city was to be burned. When the Carthaginians learned of this, they abandoned negotiations and the city was immediately besieged, beginning the Third Punic War. After the main Roman expedition landed at Utica, consuls Manius Manilius and Lucius Marcius Censorius launched a two - pronged attack on Carthage, but were eventually repulsed by the army of the Carthaginian Generals Hasdrubal the Boeotarch and Himilco Phameas. Censorius lost more than 500 men when they were surprised by the Carthaginian cavalry while collecting timber around the Lake of Tunis. A worse disaster fell upon the Romans when their fleet was set ablaze by fire ships which the Carthaginians released upwind. Manilius was replaced by consul Calpurnius Piso Caesonius in 149 after a severe defeat of the Roman army at Nepheris, a Carthaginian stronghold south of the city. Scipio Aemilianus 's intervention saved four cohorts trapped in a ravine. Nepheris eventually fell to Scipio in the winter of 147 - 146. In the autumn of 148, Piso was beaten back while attempting to storm the city of Aspis, near Cape Bon. Undeterred, he laid siege to the town of Hippagreta in the north, but his army was unable to defeat the Punics there before winter and had to retreat. When news of these setbacks reached Rome, he was replaced as consul by Scipio Aemilianus. The Carthaginians endured the siege, starting 149 BC to the spring of 146 BC, when Scipio Aemilianus successfully assaulted the city. Though the Punic citizens offered a strong resistance, they were gradually pushed back by the overwhelming Roman military force and destroyed. Aftermath Ruins of Carthage Many Carthaginians died from starvation during the later part of the siege, while many others died in the final six days of fighting. When the war ended, the remaining 50,000 Carthaginians, a small part of the original pre-war population, were sold into slavery by the victors. Carthage was systematically burned for 17 days ; the city 's walls and buildings were utterly destroyed. The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa. The notion that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt to ensure that nothing would grow there again is almost certainly a 19th - century invention. Contemporary accounts show that the land surrounding Carthage was declared ager publicus and that it was shared between local farmers, and Roman and Italian ones. North Africa soon became a vital source of grain for the Romans. Roman Carthage was the main hub transporting these supplies to the capital. Numerous significant Punic cities, such as those in Mauretania, were taken over and rebuilt by the Romans. Examples of these rebuilt cities are Volubilis, Chellah and Mogador. Volubilis, for example, was an important Roman town situated near the westernmost border of Roman conquests. It was built on the site of the previous Punic settlement, but that settlement overlies an earlier neolithic habitation. Utica, the Punic city which changed loyalties at the beginning of the siege, became the capital of the Roman province of Africa. A century later, the site of Carthage was rebuilt as a Roman city by Julius Caesar, and would later become one of the main cities of Roman Africa by the time of the Empire. Ruins of Carthage Ruins of Carthage Ruins of Carthage References ^ Jump up to : Scullard, pages 310 and 316 Jump up ^ Dutton, Donald G. ( 2007 ). The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence : Why `` normal '' People Come to Commit Atrocities. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 9780275990008. Jump up ^ Friedman, Mark ( 2013 ). Genocide ( Hot Topics ). Raintree. p. 58. ISBN 9781406235081. ^ Jump up to : Scullard, Howard Hayes : A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC. Routledge, 2002, page 316. ISBN 0 - 415 - 30504 - 7 Jump up ^ Sidwell, Keith C. ; Jones, Peter V. ( 1997 ). The world of Rome : an introduction to Roman culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0 - 521 - 38600 - 4. Jump up ^ At Senatui quae sint gerenda praescribo et quo modo, Carthagini male iam diu cogitanti bellum multo ante denuntio, de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excissam esse cognovero. Cicero, Marcus Tullius : De senectute. English translation and comments by William Armistead Falconer. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1923, page 26. ISBN 0 - 674 - 99170 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Third Punic War -- To 151 B.C. '' Third Punic War. Anonymous publisher via Wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 06. Retrieved 3 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : French, Peter ( 2010 ). War and Moral Dissonance. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. pp. 302 -- 303. ISBN 0521169038. Jump up ^ Appian. `` History of Rome 66 - 70 ''. Livius.org. Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 13. Retrieved 3 November 2013. Jump up ^ Polybius. `` The Histories ''. Fordham University. Retrieved 3 November 2013. Jump up ^ Appian, Punica Archived 2011 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. 97 - 99 Jump up ^ Appian, Punica Archived 2011 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. 99 Jump up ^ Appian, Punica Archived 2011 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. 102 - 105 Jump up ^ Appian, Punica Archived 2012 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. 126 - 130 Jump up ^ Appian, Punica Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. 110 Jump up ^ Appian, Punica Archived 2011 - 12 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. 112 Jump up ^ Ridley, R.T., `` To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt : The Destruction of Carthage, '' Classical Philology vol. 81, no. 2 ( 1986 ). Jump up ^ `` C. Michael Hogan, Volubilis, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham ( 2007 ) ''. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 30. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01. Further reading Baronowski, Donald Walter. 1995. `` Polybius on the causes of the Third Punic War. '' Classical Philology 90 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 31. Goldsworthy, Adrian. 2000. The Punic Wars. London : Cassell. Hoyos, Dexter, ed. 2011. A companion to the Punic Wars. Malden, MA : Wiley - Blackwell. Miles, Richard. 2011. Carthage must be destroyed : The rise and fall of an ancient superpower. New York : Viking. Purcell, Nicholas. 1995. `` On the sacking of Carthage and Corinth. '' In Ethics and rhetoric : Classical essays for Donald Russell on his seventy fifth birthday. Edited by Doreen Innes, Harry Hine, and Christopher Pelling, 133 -- 48. Oxford : Clarendon. Ridley, Ronald. 1986. `` To be taken with a pinch of salt : The destruction of Carthage. '' Classical Philology 81 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 46. External links Library resources about Third Punic War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Delenda est Carthago Appian of Alexandria, The Punic Wars, `` The Third Punic War '' Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Thermae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus Drepana Lilybaeum Drepana ( siege ) Mount Ercte 1st Mt. Eryx 2nd Mt. Eryx Aegates Mercenary War Utica Bagradas River Hamilcar 's victory with Naravas Carthage `` The Saw '' Tunis Second Punic War Saguntum Crossing of the Alps Lilybaeum Rhone Cissa Ticinus Trebia Ebro River Lake Trasimene Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae Silva Litana 1st Nola Dertosa 2nd Nola Decimomannu 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum Syracuse 1st Tarentum 2nd Beneventum 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia Upper Baetis 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Canusium 2nd Tarentum New Carthage Baecula Petelia Grumentum Metaurus Ilipa Sucro Guadalquivir Carteia Crotona 1st Utica 2nd Utica Great Plains Cirta Insubria Zama Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage Military history Ancient Roman wars Wars of the Roman Republic Roman -- Etruscan Wars Roman - Aequian wars Roman -- Latin wars Roman -- Hernician wars Roman - Volscian wars Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First, Second, Third ) Illyrian Wars ( First, Second, Third ) Macedonian Wars ( First, Second, Third, Fourth ) Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War Galatian War Roman conquest of Hispania ( First Celtiberian War, Lusitanian War, Numantine War, Sertorian War, Cantabrian Wars ) Achaean War Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Servile Wars ( First, Second, Third ) Social War Sulla 's civil wars ( First, Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First, Second, Third ) Gallic Wars Caesar 's invasions of Britain Caesar 's Civil War End of the Republic ( Post-Caesarian, Liberators ', Sicilian, Perusine, Final ) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Teutoburg, Marcomannic, Alemannic, Gothic, Visigothic ) Wars in Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Civil War of 69 Jewish -- Roman wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Persian Wars Civil Wars of the Third Century Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history of ancient Rome GND : 4176368 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Punic_War&oldid=866528616 '' Categories : Third Punic War Military history of Tunisia 140s BC conflicts 2nd century BC in the Roman Republic Genocides Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 22 : 03 ( UTC ). 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Question: who brought the third punic war to a successful conclusion
Answer: Scipio Aemilianus