High - fructose corn syrup - wikipedia High - fructose corn syrup `` HFCS '' redirects here. It is not to be confused with HFCs ( hydrofluorocarbons ). Structural formulae of fructose ( left ) and glucose ( right ) High - fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) ( also called glucose - fructose, isoglucose and glucose - fructose syrup ) is a sweetener made from corn starch that has been processed by glucose isomerase to convert some of its glucose into fructose. HFCS was first marketed in the early 1970s by the Clinton Corn Processing Company, together with the Japanese Agency of Industrial Science and Technology where the enzyme was discovered in 1965. As a sweetener, HFCS is often compared to granulated sugar, but manufacturing advantages of HFCS over sugar include that it is easier to handle and more cost - effective. The United States Food and Drug Administration has determined that HFCS is a safe ingredient for food and beverage manufacturing. There is debate over whether HFCS presents greater health risks than other sweeteners. Uses and exports of HFCS from American producers have continued to grow during the early 21st century. Contents 1 Food 2 Production 2.1 Process 2.2 Composition and varieties 3 History 3.1 United States 3.2 European Union 3.3 Japan 4 Health 4.1 Nutrition 4.2 Obesity and metabolic disorders 4.3 Safety and manufacturing concerns 5 Other 5.1 Taste difference 5.2 Beekeeping 5.3 Public relations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Food In the U.S., HFCS is among the sweeteners that mostly replaced sucrose ( table sugar ) in the food industry. Factors in the rise of HFCS use include production quotas of domestic sugar, import tariff on foreign sugar, and subsidies of U.S. corn, raising the price of sucrose and lowering that of HFCS, making it cheapest for many sweetener applications. The relative sweetness of HFCS 55, used most commonly in soft drinks, is comparable to sucrose. HFCS ( and / or standard corn syrup ) is the primary ingredient in most brands of commercial `` pancake syrup '', as a less expensive substitute for maple syrup. Because of its similar sugar profile and lower price, HFCS has been used illegally to `` stretch '' honey. Assays to detect adulteration with HFCS use differential scanning calorimetry and other advanced testing methods. Production Process In the contemporary process, corn is milled to extract corn starch and an `` acid - enzyme '' process is used, in which the corn - starch solution is acidified to begin breaking up the existing carbohydrates. It is necessary to carry out the extraction process in the presence of mercuric chloride ( 0.01 M ) in order to inhibit endogenous starch - degrading enzymes. High - temperature enzymes are added to further metabolize the starch and convert the resulting sugars to fructose. The first enzyme added is alpha - amylase, which breaks the long chains down into shorter sugar chains -- oligosaccharides. Glucoamylase is mixed in and converts them to glucose ; the resulting solution is filtered to remove protein, then using activated carbon, and then demineralized using ion - exchange resins. The purified solution is then run over immobilized xylose isomerase, which turns the sugars to ~ 50 -- 52 % glucose with some unconverted oligosaccharides and 42 % fructose ( HFCS 42 ), and again demineralized and again purified using activated carbon. Some is processed into HFCS 90 by liquid chromatography, then mixed with HFCS 42 to form HFCS 55. The enzymes used in the process are made by microbial fermentation. Composition and varieties HFCS is 24 % water, the rest being mainly fructose and glucose with 0 -- 5 % unprocessed glucose oligomers. There are several varieties of HFCS, numbered by the percentage of fructose they contain : HFCS 42 ( ≈ 42 % fructose if water were removed ) is used in beverages, processed foods, cereals, and baked goods. HFCS 55 is mostly used in soft drinks. HFCS 65 is used in soft drinks dispensed by Coca - Cola Freestyle machines. HFCS 90 has some niche uses but is mainly mixed with HFCS 42 to make HFCS 55. History Commercial production of corn syrup began in 1864. In the late 1950s, scientists at Clinton Corn Processing Company of Clinton, Iowa, tried to turn glucose from corn starch into fructose, but the process was not scalable. In 1965 -- 1970 Yoshiyuki Takasaki, at the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology ( AIST ) developed a heat - stable xylose isomerase enzyme from yeast. In 1967, the Clinton Corn Processing Company obtained an exclusive license to a manufacture glucose isomerase derived from Streptomyces bacteria and began shipping an early version of HFCS in February 1967. In 1983, the FDA approved HFCS as Generally Recognized as Safe ( GRAS ), and that decision was reaffirmed in 1996 Prior to the development of the worldwide sugar industry, dietary fructose was limited to only a few items. Milk, meats, and most vegetables, the staples of many early diets, have no fructose, and only 5 -- 10 % fructose by weight is found in fruits such as grapes, apples, and blueberries. Most traditional dried fruits, however, contain about 50 % fructose. From 1970 to 2000, there was a 25 % increase in `` added sugars '' in the U.S. After being classified as generally recognized as safe ( GRAS ) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1976, HFCS began to replace sucrose as the main sweetener of soft drinks in the United States. At the same time, rates of obesity rose. That correlation, in combination with laboratory research and epidemiological studies that suggested a link between consuming large amounts of fructose and changes to various proxy health measures, including elevated blood triglycerides, size and type of low - density lipoproteins, uric acid levels, and weight, raised concerns about health effects of HFCS itself. United States Consumption of sugar and corn - based sweeteners in the United States from 1966 to 2013, in dry - basis pounds per capita In the U.S., sugar tariffs and quotas keep imported sugar at up to twice the global price since 1797, while subsidies to corn growers cheapen the primary ingredient in HFCS, corn. Industrial users looking for cheaper replacements rapidly adopted HFCS in the 1970s. HFCS is easier to handle than granulated sucrose, although some sucrose is transported as solution. Unlike sucrose, HFCS can not be hydrolyzed, but the free fructose in HFCS may produce hydroxymethylfurfural when stored at high temperatures ; these differences are most prominent in acidic beverages. Soft drink makers such as Coca - Cola and Pepsi continue to use sugar in other nations but transitioned to HFCS for U.S. markets in 1980 before completely switching over in 1984. Large corporations, such as Archer Daniels Midland, lobby for the continuation of government corn subsidies. Consumption of HFCS in the U.S. has declined since it peaked at 37.5 lb ( 17.0 kg ) per person in 1999. The average American consumed approximately 27.1 lb ( 12.3 kg ) of HFCS in 2012, versus 39.0 lb ( 17.7 kg ) of refined cane and beet sugar. This decrease in domestic consumption of HFCS resulted in a push in exporting of the product. In 2014, exports of HFCS were valued at $436 million, a decrease of 21 % in one year, with Mexico receiving about 75 % of the export volume. In 2010, the Corn Refiners Association petitioned the FDA to call HFCS `` corn sugar '', but the petition was denied. European Union In the European Union ( EU ), HFCS, known as isoglucose in sugar regime, is subject to a production quota. In 2005, this quota was set at 303,000 tonnes ; in comparison, the EU produced an average of 18.6 million tonnes of sugar annually between 1999 and 2001. Japan In Japan, HFCS is manufactured mostly from imported U.S. corn, and the output is regulated by the government. For the period from 2007 to 2012, HFCS had a 27 -- 30 % share of the Japanese sweetener market. Health High - fructose corn syrup Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 1,176 kJ ( 281 kcal ) Carbohydrates 76 g Dietary fiber 0 g Fat 0 g Protein 0 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Riboflavin ( B2 ) 2 % 0.019 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 0 % 0 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 0 % 0.011 mg Vitamin B6 2 % 0.024 mg Folate ( B9 ) 0 % 0 μg Vitamin C 0 % 0 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 1 % 6 mg Iron 3 % 0.42 mg Magnesium 1 % 2 mg Phosphorus 1 % 4 mg Potassium 0 % 0 mg Sodium 0 % 2 mg Zinc 2 % 0.22 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 24 g Full report from USDA National Nutrient Database Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source : USDA Nutrient Database Health concerns have been raised about a relationship between HFCS and metabolic disorders, and with regard to manufacturing contaminants. In general, however, the United States Food and Drug Administration has declared HFCS as a safe ingredient in food manufacturing, and there is no evidence that retail HFCS products contain harmful compounds or cause diseases. Nutrition. HFCS is composed of 76 % carbohydrates and 24 % water, containing no fat, no protein, and no essential nutrients in significant amounts ( table ). In a 100 gram serving, it supplies 281 calories, whereas in one tablespoon of 19 grams, it supplies 53 calories ( table link ). Obesity and metabolic disorders In the 1980s and 1990s were publications cautioning consumption of sucrose and of HFCS. In subsequent interviews, two of the study 's authors stated the article was distorted to place emphasis solely on HFCS when the actual issue was the overconsumption of any type of sugar. While fructose absorption and modification by the intestines and liver does differ from glucose initially, the majority of the fructose molecules are converted to glucose or metabolized into byproducts identical to those produced by glucose metabolism. Consumption of moderate amounts of fructose has also been linked to positive outcomes, including reducing appetite if consumed before a meal, lower blood sugar increases compared to glucose, and ( again compared to glucose ) delaying exhaustion if consumed during exercise. In 2007, an expert panel assembled by the University of Maryland 's Center for Food, Nutrition and Agriculture Policy reviewed the links between HFCS and obesity and concluded there was no ecological validity in the association between rising body mass indexes ( a measure of obesity ) and the consumption of HFCS. The panel stated that since the ratio of fructose to glucose had not changed substantially in the United States since the 1960s when HFCS was introduced, the changes in obesity rates were probably not due to HFCS specifically, but rather a greater consumption of calories overall. In 2009 the American Medical Association published a review article on HFCS and concluded it was unlikely that HFCS contributed more to obesity or other health conditions than sucrose, and there was insufficient evidence to suggest warning about or restricting use of HFCS or other fructose - containing sweeteners in foods. The review did report that while some studies found direct associations between high intakes of fructose and other sugars and adverse health outcomes, including obesity and the metabolic syndrome, there was insufficient evidence to ban or restrict use of HFCS in the food supply or to require warning labels on products containing HFCS. Epidemiological research has suggested that the increase in metabolic disorders like obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is linked to increased consumption of sugars and / or calories in general and not due to any special effect of HFCS. A 2014 systematic review found little evidence for an association between HFCS consumption and liver diseases, enzyme levels or fat content. A 2012 review found that fructose did not appear to cause weight gain when it replaced other carbohydrates in diets with similar calories. One study investigating HFCS as a possible contributor to diabetes and obesity states that, `` As many of the metabolic consequences of a diet high in fructose - containing sugars in humans can also be observed with high - fat or high - glucose feeding, it is possible that excess calories may be the main culprit in the development of the metabolic syndrome. '' Another study compared similar intakes of honey, white cane sugar, and HFCS, showing similar rises in both blood sugar level and triglycerides. High fructose consumption has been linked to high levels of uric acid in the blood, though this is only thought to be a concern for patients with gout. Numerous agencies in the United States recommend reducing the consumption of all sugars, including HFCS, without singling it out as presenting extra concerns. The Mayo Clinic cites the American Heart Association 's recommendation that women limit the added sugar in their diet to 100 calories a day ( ~ 6 teaspoons ) and that men limit it to 150 calories a day ( ~ 9 teaspoons ), noting that there is not enough evidence to support HFCS having more adverse health effects than excess consumption of any other type of sugar. The United States departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services recommendations for a healthy diet state that consumption of all types of added sugars be reduced. People with fructose malabsorption should avoid foods containing HFCS. Safety and manufacturing concerns Since 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has declared HFCS to be safe as a food ingredient. In 2015, production of HFCS in the United States was 8.5 million tons from some 500 million bushels of corn. One consumer concern about HFCS is that processing of corn is more complex than used for `` simpler '' or `` more natural '' sugars, such as fruit juice concentrates or agave nectar, but all sweetener products derived from raw materials involve similar processing steps of pulping, hydrolysis, enzyme treatment, and filtration, among other common steps of sweetener manufacturing from natural sources. In the contemporary process to make HFCS, an `` acid - enzyme '' step is used in which the cornstarch solution is acidified to digest the existing carbohydrates, then enzymes are added to further metabolize the cornstarch and convert the resulting sugars to their constituents of fructose and glucose. Analyses published in 2014 showed that HFCS content of fructose was consistent across samples from 80 randomly selected carbonated beverages sweetened with HFCS. One prior concern in manufacturing was whether HFCS contains reactive carbonyl compounds or advanced glycation end - products evolved during processing. This concern was dismissed, however, with evidence that HFCS poses no dietary risk from these compounds. Through the early 21st Century, some factories manufacturing HFCS had used a chlor - alkali corn processing method which, in cases of applying mercury cell technology for digesting corn raw material, left trace residues of mercury in some batches of HFCS. In a 2009 release, The Corn Refiners Association stated that all factories in the American industry for manufacturing HFCS had used mercury - free processing over several previous years, making the prior report outdated. As of 2017, the USDA, FDA and US Centers for Disease Control list HFCS as a safe food ingredient, and do not mention mercury as a safety concern in HFCS products. Other Taste difference Most countries, including Mexico, use sucrose, or table sugar, in soft drinks. In the U.S., soft drinks, including Coca - Cola, are typically made with HFCS. Some Americans seek out drinks such as Mexican Coca - Cola in ethnic groceries because they prefer the taste over that of HFCS - sweetened Coca - Cola. Kosher Coca - Cola, sold in the U.S. around the Jewish holiday of Passover, also uses sucrose rather than HFCS and is highly sought after by people who prefer the original taste. While these are simply opinions, a 2011 study further backed up the idea that people enjoy sucrose ( table sugar ) more than HFCS. The study, conducted by Michigan State University, included a 99 - member panel that evaluated yogurt sweetened with sucrose ( table sugar ), HFCS, and different varieties of honey for likeness. The results showed that, overall, the panel enjoyed the yogurt with sucrose ( table sugar ) added more than those that contained HFCS or honey. Beekeeping Main article : Colony collapse disorder In apiculture in the United States, HFCS is a honey substitute for some managed honey bee colonies during times when nectar is in low supply. However, when HFCS is heated to about 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ), hydroxymethylfurfural, which is toxic to bees, can form from the breakdown of fructose. Although some researchers cite honey substitution with HFCS as one factor among many for colony collapse disorder, there is no evidence that HFCS is the only cause. Compared to hive honey, HFCS may be a deficiency in the diet for developing genes associated with protein metabolism and physiological benefits affecting bee health. Public relations Main article : Public relations of high fructose corn syrup There are various public relations concerns with HFCS, including how HFCS products are advertised and labeled as `` natural. '' As a consequence, several companies reverted to manufacturing with sucrose ( table sugar ) from products that had previously been made with HFCS. In 2010, the Corn Refiners Association ( CRA ) applied to allow HFCS to be renamed `` corn sugar '', but that petition was rejected by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2012. In August 2016 in a move to please consumers with health concerns, McDonald 's announced they would be replacing all HFCS in their buns with sucrose ( table sugar ) and would cut out preservatives and other artificial additives from their menu items. Marion Gross, senior vice president of McDonald 's stated, `` We know that they ( consumers ) do n't feel good about high - fructose corn syrup so we 're giving them what they 're looking for instead. '' Over the early 21st century, other companies such as Yoplait, Gatorade, and Hershey 's also phased out HFCS, replacing it with conventional sugar because consumers perceived sugar to be healthier. Companies such as PepsiCo and Heinz have also released products that use sugar in lieu of HFCS, although they still sell HFCS - sweetened products. See also High - maltose corn syrup References Jump up ^ European Starch Association. `` Factsheet on Glucose Fructose Syrups and Isoglucose ''. Jump up ^ `` Glucose - fructose syrup : How is it produced ? ''. European Food Information Council ( EUFIC ). Retrieved 2 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : White J.S. Sucrose, HFCS, and Fructose : History, Manufacture, Composition, Applications, and Production. Chapter 2 in J.M. Rippe ( ed. ), Fructose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose and Health, Nutrition and Health. Springer Science + Business Media New York 2014. ISBN 9781489980779. ^ Jump up to : White, J.S. ( 2009 ). `` Misconceptions about high - fructose corn syrup : Is it uniquely responsible for obesity, reactive dicarbonyl compounds, and advanced glycation endproducts ? ''. Journal of Nutrition. 139 ( 6 ) : 1219S -- 1227S. doi : 10.3945 / jn. 108.097998. PMID 19386820. ^ Jump up to : `` High Fructose Corn Syrup : Questions and Answers ''. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2017. Jump up ^ Lindsay Abrams ( 27 November 2012 ). `` Study : Countries That Use More High Fructose Corn Syrup Have More Diabetes ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Exports of Corn - Based Products Continue to Climb ''. Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2017. Jump up ^ ( Bray, 2004 & U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Sugar and Sweetener Yearbook series, Tables 50 -- 52 ) Jump up ^ Pollan M ( 12 October 2003 ). `` The ( Agri ) Cultural Contradictions Of Obesity ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Engber, Daniel ( 28 April 2009 ). `` The decline and fall of high - fructose corn syrup ''. Slate Magazine. Slate.com. Retrieved 6 November 2010. Jump up ^ Hanover LM, White JS ( 1993 ). `` Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose ''. Am J Clin Nutr. 58 ( suppl 5 ) : 724S -- 732S. PMID 8213603. Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Need to Know About Maple Syrup ''. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Advances in Honey Adulteration Detection ''. Food Safety Magazine. 1974 - 08 - 12. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09. Jump up ^ Everstine K, Spink J, Kennedy S ( April 2013 ). `` Economically motivated adulteration ( EMA ) of food : common characteristics of EMA incidents ''. J Food Prot. 76 ( 4 ) : 723 -- 35. doi : 10.4315 / 0362 - 028X. JFP - 12 - 399. PMID 23575142. Because the sugar profile of high - fructose corn syrup is similar to that of honey, high - fructose corn syrup was more difficult to detect until new tests were developed in the 1980s. Honey adulteration has continued to evolve to evade testing methodology, requiring continual updating of testing methods. ^ Jump up to : Hobbs, Larry ( 2009 ). `` 21. Sweeteners from Starch : Production, Properties and Uses ''. In BeMiller, James N. ; Whistler, Roy L. Starch : chemistry and technology ( 3rd ed. ). London : Academic Press / Elsevier. pp. 797 -- 832. ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 746275 - 2. Jump up ^ Guzman - Maldonado, Horacio ( 1995 ). `` Amylolytic Enzymes and Products Derived from Starch : A Review ''. Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition. 35 : 376 -- 403. doi : 10.1080 / 10408399509527706. ^ Jump up to : Rizkalla, S.W. ( 2010 ). `` Health implications of fructose consumption : A review of recent data ''. Nutrition & Metabolism. 7 : 82. doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 7075 - 7 - 82. PMC 2991323. PMID 21050460. Jump up ^ `` Sugar and Sweeteners : Background ''. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` COCA COLA FREESTYLE DISPENSER Users Manual '' ( PDF ). The Coca - Cola Company. 2010 - 03 - 23. pp. 4, 13. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12. Jump up ^ John S. White ( 2 December 2008 ). `` HFCS : How sweet it is ''. Food Product Design. Retrieved 6 September 2009. Jump up ^ Marshall R.O. ; Kooi E.R. ( 1957 ). `` Enzymatic Conversion of d - Glucose to d - Fructose ''. Science. 125 ( 3249 ) : 648 -- 649. Bibcode : 1957Sci... 125... 648M. doi : 10.1126 / science. 125.3249. 648. PMID 13421660. Jump up ^ High Fructose Corn Syrup A Guide for Consumers Policymakers and the Media ( PDF ). Grocery Manufacturers Association. 2008. pp. 1 -- 14. Jump up ^ Leeper H.A. ; Jones E. ( October 2007 ). `` How bad is fructose ? '' ( PDF ). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 86 ( 4 ) : 895 -- 896. PMID 17921361. Jump up ^ `` Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances ( SCOGS ) Reviews ''. Accessdata.fda.gov. 2006 - 10 - 31. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 06. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sugar Policy ''. SugarCane.org. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Food without Thought : How U.S. Farm Policy Contributes to Obesity ''. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. November 2006. Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Corn Production / Value ''. Allcountries.org. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Understanding High Fructose Corn Syrup ''. Beverage Institute. Jump up ^ Daniels, Lee A. ( 1984 - 11 - 07 ). `` Coke, Pepsi to use more corn syrup ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ James Bovard. `` Archer Daniels Midland : A Case Study in Corporate Welfare ''. cato.org. Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 11. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Table 51. Refined cane and beet sugar : estimated number of per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year ''. Economic Research Service. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Table 50. U.S. per capita caloric sweeteners estimated deliveries for domestic food and beverage use, by calendar year ''. Economic Research Service. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Consumption of Caloric Sweeteners ''. Economic Research Service. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19. Jump up ^ Landa, Michael M ( 30 May 2012 ). `` Response to Petition from Corn Refiners Association to Authorize `` Corn Sugar '' as an Alternate Common or Usual Name for High Fructose Corn Syrup ( HFCS ) ``. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 3 March 2017. Jump up ^ M. Ataman Aksoy ; John C. Beghin, eds. ( 2005 ). `` Sugar Policies : An Opportunity for Change ''. Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries. World Bank Publications. p. 329. ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5863 - 4. Jump up ^ International Sugar Organization March 2012 Alternative Sweeteners in a High Sugar Price Environment. Jump up ^ Samuel VT ( February 2011 ). `` Fructose induced lipogenesis : from sugar to fat to insulin resistance ''. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 22 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 5. doi : 10.1016 / j. tem. 2010.10. 003. PMID 21067942. Jump up ^ Parker - Pope, Tara ( September 20, 2010 ). `` In Worries About Sweeteners, Think of All Sugars ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20. Jump up ^ Warner, M ( 2006 - 07 - 02 ). `` A Sweetener With a Bad Rap ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ Forshee RA ; Storey, ML ; et al. ( 2007 ). `` A critical examination of the evidence relating high - fructose corn syrup and weight gain '' ( pdf ). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 47 ( 6 ) : 561 -- 82. doi : 10.1080 / 10408390600846457. PMID 17653981. Jump up ^ Moeller, S.M. ; Fryhofer, S.A. ; Osbahr Aj, 3rd ; Robinowitz, C.B. ; Council On Science Public Health, American Medical Association ( 2009 ). `` The effects of high fructose syrup ''. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 28 ( 6 ) : 619 -- 26. doi : 10.1080 / 07315724.2009. 10719794. PMID 20516261. Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kimber L. ; Schwarz, Jean - Marc ; Havel, Peter J. ( June 2013 ). `` Adverse metabolic effects of dietary fructose ''. Current Opinion in Lipidology. 24 ( 3 ) : 198 -- 206. doi : 10.1097 / MOL. 0b013e3283613bca. PMC 4251462. PMID 23594708. Jump up ^ Allocca, M ; Selmi C ( 2010 ). `` Emerging nutritional treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ''. In Preedy VR ; Lakshman R ; Rajaskanthan RS. Nutrition, diet therapy, and the liver. CRC Press. pp. 131 -- 146. ISBN 1 - 4200 - 8549 - 2. Jump up ^ Chung, M ; Ma, J ; Patel, K ; Berger, S ; Lau, J ; Lichtenstein, A.H. ( 2014 ). `` Fructose, high - fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or indexes of liver health : A systematic review and meta - analysis ''. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 100 ( 3 ) : 833 -- 849. doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 114.086314. PMC 4135494. PMID 25099546. Jump up ^ Sievenpiper, JL ; de Souza, RJ ; Mirrahimi, A ; Yu, ME ; Carleton, AJ ; Beyene, J ; Chiavaroli, L ; Di Buono, M ; Jenkins, AL ; Leiter, LA ; Wolever, TM ; Kendall, CW ; Jenkins, DJ ( 21 February 2012 ). `` Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials : a systematic review and meta - analysis ''. Annals of Internal Medicine. 156 ( 4 ) : 291 -- 304. doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 156 - 4 - 201202210 - 00007. PMID 22351714. Jump up ^ Cozma, Adrian ( 2013 ). `` The Role of Fructose, Sucrose, and High - fructose Corn Syrup in Diabetes ''. U.S. Endocrinology. 9 : 128 -- 138. Jump up ^ Bliss, Rosalie Marion ( 2016 ). `` The Not - So - Sweet Truth About Sugars ''. Agricultural Research. 64 : 1. Jump up ^ `` High - fructose corn syrup : What are the health concerns ? ''. Mayo Clinic. 2012 - 09 - 27. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 17. At this time, there 's insufficient evidence to say that high - fructose corn syrup is any less healthy than other types of sweeteners. Jump up ^ American Heart Association. Updated : November 19, 2014 Added Sugars Quote : `` The AHA recommendations focus on all added sugars, without singling out any particular types such as high - fructose corn syrup '' Jump up ^ Dietary Guidelines for Americans ( pdf ) ( 7th ed. ). United States Department of Agriculture and United States Department of Health and Human Services. December 2010. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR ( 2006 ). `` Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome : guidelines for effective dietary management '' ( PDF ). Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 106 ( 10 ) : 1631 -- 9. doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2006.07. 010. PMID 17000196. ^ Jump up to : `` Sugar and Sweeteners, Background : High - Fructose Corn Syrup Production and Prices ''. US Department of Agriculture. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` What is Corn Refining ? ''. The Corn Refiners Association. 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Jump up ^ White, J.S. ; Hobbs, L.J. ; Fernandez, S ( 2014 ). `` Fructose content and composition of commercial HFCS - sweetened carbonated beverages ''. International Journal of Obesity. 39 ( 1 ) : 176 -- 182. doi : 10.1038 / ijo. 2014.73. PMC 4285619. PMID 24798032. Jump up ^ `` Soda Warning ? High - fructose Corn Syrup Linked To Diabetes, New Study Suggests ''. ScienceDaily. 23 August 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dufault, Renee ( 2009 ). `` Mercury from chlor - alkali plants : measured concentrations in food product sugar ''. Environmental Health. 8 : 2. doi : 10.1186 / 1476 - 069X - 8 - 2. PMC 2637263. PMID 19171026. Jump up ^ `` High Fructose Corn Syrup Mercury Study Outdated ; Based on Discontinued Technology ''. The Corn Refiners Association. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mercury and Your Health ''. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Jump up ^ Louise Chu ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ). `` Is Mexican Coke the real thing ? ''. The San Diego Union - Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Mexican Coke a hit in U.S. '' The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Jump up ^ Dixon, Duffie ( April 9, 2009 ). `` Kosher Coke ' flying out of the store ' ''. USA Today. Retrieved May 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Popa, Darclee ; Ustunol, Zeynep ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ). `` Sensory attributes of low - fat strawberry yoghurt as influenced by honey from different floral sources, sucrose and high - fructose corn sweetener ''. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 64 ( 3 ) : 451 -- 454. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0307.2011. 00694. x. ISSN 1471 - 0307. ^ Jump up to : Mao, W ; Schuler, M.A. ; Berenbaum, M.R. ( 2013 ). `` Honey constituents up - regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 ( 22 ) : 8842 -- 8846. Bibcode : 2013PNAS... 110.8842 M. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1303884110. PMC 3670375. PMID 23630255. ^ Jump up to : Wheeler, M.M. ; Robinson, G.E. ( 2014 ). `` Diet - dependent gene expression in honey bees : Honey vs. Sucrose or high fructose corn syrup ''. Scientific Reports. 4 : 5726. Bibcode : 2014NatSR... 4E5726W. doi : 10.1038 / srep05726. PMC 4103092. PMID 25034029. Jump up ^ Krainer, S ; Brodschneider, R ; Vollmann, J ; Crailsheim, K ; Riessberger - Gallé, U ( 2016 ). `` Effect of hydroxymethylfurfural ( HMF ) on mortality of artificially reared honey bee larvae ( Apis mellifera carnica ) ''. Ecotoxicology. 25 ( 2 ) : 320 -- 8. doi : 10.1007 / s10646 - 015 - 1590 - x. PMID 26590927. Jump up ^ Leblanc, B.W. ; Eggleston, G ; Sammataro, D ; Cornett, C ; Dufault, R ; Deeby, T ; St Cyr, E ( 2009 ). `` Formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in domestic high - fructose corn syrup and its toxicity to the honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) ''. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 ( 16 ) : 7369 -- 76. doi : 10.1021 / jf9014526. PMID 19645504. Jump up ^ `` Colony collapse disorder ''. US Environmental Protection Agency. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Senapathy, Kavin ( 28 April 2016 ). `` Pepsi, Coke And Other Soda Companies Want You To Think ' Real ' Sugar Is Good For You - It 's Not ''. Forbes. Retrieved 30 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` FDA rejects industry bid to change name of high fructose corn syrup to `` corn sugar '' ``. CBS News. 31 May 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` McDonald 's to remove corn syrup from buns, curbs antibiotics in chicken ''. CNBC. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16. ^ Jump up to : Zmuda, Natalie ( 15 March 2010 ). `` Major Brands No Longer Sweet on High - Fructose Corn Syrup ''. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Hershey considers removing high - fructose corn syrup from products in favor of sugar ''. The Guardian, London, UK. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2018. Further reading Litchfield, Ruth ( 2008 ). High Fructose Corn Syrup -- How Sweet It Is. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01. Maize and corn Varieties Baby Blue Dent Field Flint Flour MON 810 MON 863 Quality Protein Maize Shoepeg Sweet Genetically modified maize Waxy Bolivia varieties Ecuador varieties Italian varieties Sweetcorn varieties Parts Cob Kernel Stover Processing Amylomaize Corn construction Maize milling Nixtamalization Wet - milling Popcorn maker Pathology BBCH - scale Corn allergy Maize streak virus Maize production Raw materials Cornmeal Masa Mielie - meal Oil Samp Starch Steep liquor Syrup Beverages Atole Bourbon Champurrado Chicha Colada morada Pinolillo Pozol Tejate Tejuino Tesgüino Dishes Arepa Bread Conkies Cookie Corn flakes Corn on the cob Cou - cou Fufu Grits Hallaca Hominy Humita Johnnycake Kačamak Kuymak List of maize dishes Mazamorra Mămăligă Milho Frito Mush Nachos Nshima Pamonha Pap Pashofa Piki Polenta Popcorn Pudding corn Pupusa Sadza Sagamite Taco Tamale Tortilla Ugali Corn syrup Glucose syrup High - fructose corn syrup Public relations High - maltose corn syrup Non-food Biofuel Cornstalk fiddle Misc. List of popcorn brands Sugar ( as food commodity ) List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Fructose Galactose Glucose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Xylose Monosaccharide Disaccharide Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High - fructose corn syrup High - maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen 's cane syrup Treacle Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region ( current ) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S. Sugar Program By region ( historical ) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup Production Food safety Adulterants, food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins, poisons, environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal 2017 -- 18 South African listeriosis outbreak Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation, standards, watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-fructose_corn_syrup&oldid=849962934 '' Categories : Agrarian politics Corn - based sweeteners Japanese inventions Starch Sugar substitutes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018, at 16 : 30 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: when did companies start using high fructose corn syrup
Answer: in the early 1970s