Civil Rights Act of 1866 - wikipedia Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Long title An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights and liberties, and furnish the Means of their Vindication. Acronyms ( colloquial ) CRA 1866 Enacted by the 39th United States Congress Effective April 9, 1866 Citations Public law 14 Stat. 27 - 30 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 61 by Sen. Lyman Trumbull ( R - IL ) on January 5, 1866 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the Senate on February 2, 1866 ( 33 -- 12 ) Passed the House on March 13, 1866 ( 34 `` not voting '' ) ( 111 -- 38 ) Vetoed by President Andrew Johnson on March 27, 1866 Overridden by the Senate on April 6, 1866 ( 33 -- 15 ) Overridden by the House and became law on April 9, 1866 ( 21 `` not voting '' ) ( 122 -- 41 ) Major amendments Civil Rights Act of 1991 ( Section 1981 ) P.L. 102 -- 166 United States Supreme Court cases Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. ( 1968 ) Saint Francis College v. al - Khazraji ( 1987 ) Domino 's Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald ( 2006 ) The Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14 Stat. 27 - 30, enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the U.S., in the wake of the American Civil War. This legislation was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two - thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto and the bill therefore became law. John Bingham and some other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress reenacted the 1866 Act in 1871. Contents 1 Introduction and amendment 2 Content 3 Enactment, constitutionalization, and reenactment 4 Aftermath and consequences 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Introduction and Amendment The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was Senator Lyman Trumbull, who introduced the bill in the Senate. Congressman James F. Wilson summarized what he considered to be the purpose of the act as follows, when he introduced the bill in the House of Representatives : It provides for the equality of citizens of the United States in the enjoyment of `` civil rights and immunities. '' What do these terms mean ? Do they mean that in all things civil, social, political, all citizens, without distinction of race or color, shall be equal ? By no means can they be so construed. Do they mean that all citizens shall vote in the several States ? No ; for suffrage is a political right which has been left under the control of the several States, subject to the action of Congress only when it becomes necessary to enforce the guarantee of a republican form of government ( protection against a monarchy ). Nor do they mean that all citizens shall sit on the juries, or that their children shall attend the same schools. The definition given to the term `` civil rights '' in Bouvier 's Law Dictionary is very concise, and is supported by the best authority. It is this : `` Civil rights are those which have no relation to the establishment, support, or management of government. '' During the subsequent legislative process, the following key provision was deleted : `` there shall be no discrimination in civil rights or immunities among the inhabitants of any State or Territory of the United States on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. '' John Bingham was an influential supporter of this deletion, on the ground that courts might construe the term `` civil rights '' more broadly than people like Wilson intended. Weeks later, Senator Trumbull described the bill 's intended scope : This bill in no manner interferes with the municipal regulations of any State which protects all alike in their rights of person and property. It could have no operation in Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, or most of the States of the Union. The next day, on April 5, 1866, the Senate overrode President Johnson 's veto. This marked the first time that the U.S. Congress ever overrode a president 's veto for a major piece of legislation. Content With an incipit of `` An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and furnish the Means of their vindication '', the act declared that all people born in the United States who are not subject to any foreign power are entitled to be citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. A similar provision ( called the Citizenship Clause ) was written a few months later into the proposed Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 also said that any citizen has the same right that a white citizen has to make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Additionally, the act guaranteed to all citizens the `` full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and... like punishment, pains, and penalties... '' Persons who denied these rights on account of race or previous enslavement were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. The act used language very similar to that of the Equal Protection Clause in the newly proposed Fourteenth Amendment. In particular, the act discussed the need to provide `` reasonable protection to all persons in their constitutional rights of equality before the law, without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted... '' This statute was a major part of general federal policy during Reconstruction, and was closely related to the Second Freedmen 's Bureau Act of 1866. According to Congressman John Bingham, `` the seventh and eighth sections of the Freedmen 's Bureau bill enumerate the same rights and all the rights and privileges that are enumerated in the first section of this ( the Civil Rights ) bill. '' Parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 are still in effect in the 21st century, according to the United States Code : All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other. This section of the United States Code, § 1981, is based on section one of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Enactment, constitutionalization, and reenactment Illustration of the passage of the act Senator Lyman Trumbull was the Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and he argued that Congress had power to enact it in order to eliminate a discriminatory `` badge of servitude '' prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment. Representative John Bingham, principal author of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment, was one of several Republicans who believed ( prior to that Amendment ) that Congress lacked power to pass the 1866 Act. In the 20th century, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately adopted Trumbull 's Thirteenth Amendment rationale for congressional power to ban racial discrimination by states and by private parties, in view of the fact that the Thirteenth Amendment does not require a state actor. To the extent that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 may have been intended to go beyond preventing discrimination, by conferring particular rights on all citizens, the constitutional power of Congress to do that was more questionable. For example, Representative William Lawrence argued that Congress had power to enact the statute because of the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV of the original unamended Constitution, even though courts had suggested otherwise. In any event, there is currently no consensus that the language of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 actually purports to confer any legal benefits upon white citizens. Representative Samuel Shellabarger said that it did not. After the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had been enacted into law over President Andrew Johnson 's veto, some members of Congress voted for the Fourteenth Amendment in order to eliminate doubts about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, or to ensure that no subsequent Congress could later repeal or alter the main provisions of that Act. Thus, the Citizenship Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment parallels citizenship language in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and likewise the Equal Protection Clause parallels nondiscrimination language in the 1866 Act ; the extent to which other clauses in the Fourteenth Amendment may have incorporated elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a matter of continuing debate. Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment was completed in 1868. Two years later, the 1866 Act was reenacted, as Section 18 of the Enforcement Act of 1870. Aftermath and consequences The activities of insurgent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) undermined the act ; and it failed to immediately secure the civil rights of African Americans. Since 1866 it has been illegal in the U.S. to discriminate in jobs and housing on the basis of race. However, federal penalties were not provided for, so that remedies were left to the individuals involved. Because those being discriminated against had limited access to legal help, this left many victims of discrimination without recourse. Since the latter half of the 20th century and passage of related civil rights legislation, there have been an increasing number of remedies provided under this act, including the landmark Jones v. Mayer and Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc. decisions in 1968. See also US labor law Slave Trade Acts References Jump up ^ White, Deborah ( 2012 ). Freedom On My Mind. Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's. p. 391. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64884 - 8. Jump up ^ Text of Civil Rights Act of 1866 http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/the-civil-rights-act-of-1866 Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt. `` The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part II : John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment '', Georgetown Law Journal, Volume 99, p. 361 ( 2011 ). Jump up ^ Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, p. 1117 ( March 1, 1866 ). Jump up ^ Kull, Andrew. The Color - Blind Constitution, pp. 75 - 78 ( Harvard University Press, 1994 ). Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt. `` The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part II : John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment '', Georgetown Law Journal, Volume 99, p. 394 ( 2011 ). This statement by Senator Trumbull was discussed by both the majority as well as by dissenting Justice Harlan in the Supreme Court case of Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ). See the transcript from April 4, 1866. Jump up ^ Zak, Michael ( March 13, 2016 ). `` Republicans passed ' An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and to furnish the means for their Vindication ' ''. Grand Old Partisan. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ( T ) his was the first time Congress had overridden a veto for major legislation. Even so, President Johnson refused to enforce this law. ^ Jump up to : See Civil Rights Act of 1866 ( full text ) via the Online Library of Liberty. Jump up ^ Halbrook, Stephen. Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866 - 1876, page 29 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 1998 ). Jump up ^ Full text of Second Freedmen 's Bureau Bill ( December 4, 1865 ) from the Online Library of Liberty. Jump up ^ Foner, Eric ( December 9, 2015 ). `` Politics of Reconstruction ''. C - SPAN. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 17, 2016. Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 1981 ^ Jump up to : Salzman, Lawrence. `` Civil Rights Act of 1866 '' in Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, by Paul Finkelman, Volume 1, pages 299 - 300 ( CRC Press, 2006 ). Jump up ^ Curtis, Michael Kent. No State Shall Abridge : The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights, p. 80 ( Duke University Press 1986 ). Jump up ^ Bogen, David. Privileges and Immunities : Reference Guide to the United States Constitution, page 43 ( Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003 ). Jump up ^ Lund, Nelson. `` Two Faces of Judicial Restraint ( Or Are There More ? ) in McDonald v. Chicago '', Florida Law Review ( forthcoming ). Jump up ^ Harrison, John. `` Reconstructing the Privileges or Immunities Clause '', 10 Yale Law Journal 1385 ( 1992 ). Jump up ^ Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, page 1293 ( 1866 ). Jump up ^ Johnson, Andrew. `` Veto of the Civil Rights Bill '' ( March 27, 1866 ). Jump up ^ Belz ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Jones v. Mayer Archived 2012 - 07 - 12 at Archive.is, 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ). Jump up ^ Yen, Chin - Yung. Rights of citizens and persons under the Fourteenth amendment, page 7 ( New Era Printing Company 1905 ). Jump up ^ See McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. ( 2010 ). Jump up ^ See Enforcement Act of 1870 ( full text ) via the Online Library of Liberty. Jump up ^ Player ( 2004 ). Further reading Belz, Herman. A New Birth of Freedom : The Republican Party and Freedom Rights, 1861 to 1866 ( 2000 ) Dew, Lee Allen. `` The Reluctant Radicals of 1866, '' Midwest Quarterly ( Spring 1967 ) pp 261 -- 276. Foner, Eric. Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution, 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) Hyman, Harold M. A More Perfect Union ( 1975 ) Player, Mack A. Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell ( 2004 ) Rutherglen, George ( 2013 ). Civil Rights in the Shadow of Slavery : The Constitution, Common Law, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 9780199739707. Tsesis, Alexander. The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History ( 2004 ) External links Texts on Wikisource : Civil Rights Act of 1866 `` Civil Rights Bill ''. New International Encyclopedia. 1905. `` Civil Rights Bills ''. Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era, United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. 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Question: which president vetoed the reconstruction acts in the 14th amendment
Answer: President Andrew Johnson