Zanclean flood - wikipedia Zanclean flood Theoretical refilling of the Mediterranean Sea between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs Artistic interpretation of the flooding of the Mediterranean through the Gibraltar Strait ( A ) and the Strait of Sicily ( F ) about 5.3 million years ago Artistic interpretation of the flooding of the Mediterranean through the Gibraltar Strait Artistic interpretation of the flooding of the Mediterranean through the Gibraltar Strait ( view from the southwest of the strait ) The Zanclean flood or Zanclean Deluge is a flood theorized to have refilled the Mediterranean Sea 5.33 million years ago. This flooding ended the Messinian salinity crisis and reconnected the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, although it is possible that even before the flood there were partial connections to the Atlantic Ocean. The reconnection marks the beginning of the Zanclean age. According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried up basin through the modern - day Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean Basin flooded mostly during a period estimated to have been between several months and two years. Sea level rise in the basin may have reached rates at times greater than ten metres per day ( thirty feet per day ). Based on the erosion features preserved until modern times under the Pliocene sediment, Garcia - Castellanos et al. estimate that water rushed down a drop of more than 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) with a discharge of up to 2 × 10 m / s ( 7.1 × 10 cu ft / s ), about 1,000 times that of the present day Amazon River. Studies of the underground structures at the Gibraltar Strait show that the flooding channel descended in a rather gradual way toward the bottom of the basin rather than forming a steep waterfall. Not all scientific studies have agreed with the catastrophist interpretation of this event. Some researchers have estimated that the reinstallment of a `` normal '' Mediterranean Sea basin following the Messinian `` Lago Mare '' episode took place in a much more gradual way, taking as long as 10,000 years. Contents 1 Background 2 Event 2.1 Timing 3 Consequences 4 Similar megafloods 5 See also 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 6.3 Sources 7 External links Background The geologic history of the Mediterranean is governed by plate tectonics involving the African Plate, the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate which shrank the previously existing Tethys until its western part became the present - day Mediterranean. For reasons not clearly established, during the latest Miocene the Mediterranean was severed from the Atlantic Ocean and partly dried up when the Guadalhorce and Rifian corridors that had previously connected the Mediterranean to the Atlantic closed, triggering the Messinian Salinity Crisis with the formation of thick salt deposits on the former seafloor and erosion of the continental slopes. The Nile and Rhône carved deep canyons during this time. Water levels in the Mediterranean during this time dropped by kilometres ; the exact magnitude of the drop and whether it was symmetric between the Western Mediterranean and the Eastern Mediterranean is unclear ; it is possible that interconnected seas remained on the floor of the Mediterranean. The presence of Atlantic fish in Messinian deposits and the volume of salt deposited during the Messinian Salinity Crisis implies that there was some remnant flow from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean even before the Zanclean flood. Already before the Zanclean flood, increased precipitation and runoff had lowered the salinity of the remnant sea, with some water putatively originating in the Paratethys north of the Mediterranean. Event The Zanclean flood occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar opened. Tectonic subsidence of the Gibraltar region may have lowered the sill until it breached. The exact triggering event is not known with certainty ; faulting or sea level rise are debatable. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that a stream flowing into the Mediterranean eroded through the Strait of Gibraltar until it captured the Atlantic Ocean and that the Strait did not exist before this erosion event. During the flood, a channel formed across the Strait of Gibraltar, which starts at the Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar, splits around the Vizconde de Eza high of the Alboran Sea and eventually connects with the Alboran Channel before splitting into several branches that end in the Algero - Balear basin. The channel has a U-like shape in its starting region, which is consistent with its formation during a giant flood. The sector of the Zanclean channel that passes through the Camarinal Sill may have a different origin, however. Whether the Zanclean flood occurred gradually or as a catastrophic event is controversial. The magnitude of a catastrophic flood has been simulated by modelling. One single - dimensional model assumes a catastrophic flood of more than 10 -- 100 sverdrup. Another estimate assumes that after the first breach of the sill, the flowing water eroded the threshold and forming the channel across the Gibraltar strait, increasing the flow of water which in turn increased the erosion until water levels rose enough in the Mediterranean to slow the flood. Under such a scenario, a peak discharge of over 100,000,000 cubic metres per second ( 3.5 × 10 cu ft / s ) occurred with water velocities of over 40 metres per second ( 130 ft / s ) ; such flow rates are about a thousand times larger than the discharge of the Amazon River and ten times as much as the Missoula Floods. This flood would have descended a relatively gentle ramp into the Mediterranean basin, not as a giant waterfall. Later simulations using more explicit geography constrain the flow to about 100 Sverdrup, which is about 100,000,000 cubic metres per second ( 3.5 × 10 cu ft / s ). They further indicate the formation of large gyres in the Alboran Sea during the flooding and that the flood eroded the Camarinal Sill at a rate of 0.4 -- 0.7 metres per day ( 1.3 -- 2.3 ft / d ). The exact size of the flood is dependent on the pre-flood water levels in the Mediterranean and higher water levels there would result in a much smaller flood. The flood affected only the Western Mediterranean at first, because the Sicily Sill ( located at the present Straits of Sicily ) formed a barrier separating its basin from the Eastern Mediterranean basin ; in addition a sill may have existed in the eastern Alboran Sea at this time. While it was at first assumed that the filling of the eastern Mediterranean would have taken thousands of years, later estimates of the size of the Strait of Gibraltar channel implied that it would have taken much less, potentially less than a year until reconnection. A 2018 study suggested that the Mediterranean reversed water losses in around two years. A large flood is not the only explanation for the reconnection of the Mediterranean with the Atlantic and concomitant environmental changes ; more gradual reflooding of the Mediterranean including reflooding through other water sources is also possible. The absence of a catastrophic flooding event is supported by geological evidence found along the southern margin of the Alboran Sea. A January 2018 study by scientists from the University of Malta, published in the journal Scientific Reports, however, presented geological evidence that the catastrophic megaflood was indeed responsible. The study, led by geoscientist Aaron Micallef, used seafloor data from between Sicily 's eastern coast and Malta to identify a body of sediment which Micallef and his colleagues believe to have been pushed eastwards as the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar caused a massive amount of water to flow from the Atlantic. The collection of sediment Micallef and his colleagues observed was 160 kilometres long, 95 kilometres wide, and as much as 900 metres deep in some areas, abutting an underwater limestone cliff known as the Malta Escarpment. Timing The timing of the Zanclean flood is uncertain, with one possibility being a flood around 5.33 million years ago ; the end of the Messinian / Miocene and beginning of the Zanclean / Pliocene is usually associated with the flood. The main Zanclean flood may have been preceded by an earlier smaller flood event, and the presence of deep sea terraces has been used to infer that the refilling of the Mediterranean occurred in several pulses. Complete refilling of the Mediterranean may have taken about a decade. Consequences The Zanclean flood created the Strait of Gibraltar ; it is questionable that tectonic or volcanic events could have created the strait themselves seeing as the main plate boundaries do not run through the strait and there is little seismic activity in its area. The current morphology of the strait is characterized by two sills, the maximally 284 metres ( 932 ft ) deep Camarinal Sill and the somewhat deeper Spartel Sill farther west ; the narrowest part of the strait is located east of either sill, and this narrowest part is considerably deeper. It is possible that these sills were formed after the flood through gravity - induced movement of neighbouring terrain. The Zanclean flood caused a major change in the environment of the Mediterranean basin ; the continental `` Lago Mare '' facies was replaced by Zanclean deep sea deposits. The flood may have affected global climate, considering that the much smaller flood triggered when Lake Agassiz drained did result in a cold period. Rising sea levels made the deeply incised Nile river become a ria as far inland as Aswan, 900 km from the modern mediterranean coast. The Zanclean flood resulted in the final isolation of numerous Mediterranean islands such as Crete, resulting in speciation of animals found there. On the other hand, the formation of the Gibraltar Strait prevented animals from crossing over between Africa and Europe. Further the reconnection allowed sea animals such as cetaceans and their ancestors and pinnipeds to colonize the Mediterranean from the Atlantic. Evidence of the flooding has been obtained on Zanclean - age sediments, both in boreholes and in sediments that were subsequently uplifted and raised above sea level. A sharp erosional surface separates the pre-Zanclean flood surface from the younger deposits, which are always marine in origin. The rates at which the Mediterranean filled during the flood were more than enough to trigger substantial induced seismicity. Resulting large landslides would have sufficed at creating large tsunamis with waveheights reaching 100 metres ( 330 ft ), evidence of which has been found in the Algeciras Basin. Similar megafloods Similar floods have occurred elsewhere on Earth during history ; examples include the Bonneville flood in North America, during which Lake Bonneville overflowed through Red Rock Pass into the Snake River Basin, as well as the Black Sea deluge hypothesis that postulates a flood from the Mediterranean into the Black Sea through the Bosporus. See also Lake Manych - Gudilo Outburst flood `` Time '' ( xkcd ) -- Long - form xkcd strip Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ 1 sverdrup is 1,000,000 cubic metres per second. Total outflow of all rivers is about 1.2 sverdrup. References Jump up ^ Blanc, P. - L. ( 2002 ). `` The opening of the Plio - Quaternary Gibraltar Strait : assessing the size of a cataclysm ''. Geodinamica Acta. 15 ( 15 ) : 303 -- 317. 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ISSN 0276 - 0460. Garcia - Castellanos, Daniel ; Estrada, F. ; Jiménez - Munt, I. ; Gorini, C. ; Fernàndez, M. ; Vergés, J. ; Vicente, R. De ( 2009 ). `` Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis ''. Nature. 462 ( 7274 ) : 778 -- 781. Bibcode : 2009Natur. 462... 778G. doi : 10.1038 / nature08555. ISSN 1476 - 4687. Just, Janna ; Hübscher, Christian ; Betzler, Christian ; Lüdmann, Thomas ; Reicherter, Klaus ( 1 February 2011 ). `` Erosion of continental margins in the Western Mediterranean due to sea - level stagnancy during the Messinian Salinity Crisis ''. Geo - Marine Letters. 31 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 64. Bibcode : 2011GML... 31... 51J. doi : 10.1007 / s00367 - 010 - 0213 - z. ISSN 0276 - 0460. Periáñez, R. ; Abril, J.M. ( April 2015 ). `` Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the Zanclean catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean ( 5.33 Ma ) ''. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 424 : 49 -- 60. doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.02. 017. ISSN 0031 - 0182. Silva, P.G. ; Elez, Javier ; Huerta, Pedro ; Llovera, Jorge ; Perucha, Maria Angeles ; Roquero, Elvira ; Rodriguez - Pascua, Miguel ; Martínez - Graña, A ; Azcárate, Teresa ; Reicherter, Klaus ( 6 November 2017 ). `` Sedimentary record of pre-Quaternary tsunamis in the Gibraltar Strait area after the Zanclean flooding '' ( PDF ). IX Reunião do Quaternário Ibérico, Faro : 137 -- 140 -- via ResearchGate. Stoica, Marius ; Krijgsman, Wout ; Fortuin, Anne ; Gliozzi, Elsa ( January 2016 ). `` Paratethyan ostracods in the Spanish Lago - Mare : More evidence for interbasinal exchange at high Mediterranean sea level ''. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 441 : 854 -- 870. doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10. 034. ISSN 0031 - 0182. External links Mediterranean portal Media related to Messinian salinity crisis at Wikimedia Commons `` Dramatic flood filled Mediterranean Sea ''. Agence France - Presse. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2010. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zanclean_flood&oldid=864909334 '' Categories : History of the Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea Megafloods Messinian Zanclean Miocene Africa Miocene Europe Pliocene Africa Pliocene Europe Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with short description Use dmy dates from February 2018 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018, at 10 : 05 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: how long did it take for the mediterranean sea to fill
Answer: estimated to have been between several months and two years