Name of Iran - wikipedia Name of Iran In the Western world, Persia ( or one of its cognates ) was historically the common name for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word `` Iran '' has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from `` Persian '' to `` Iranian ''. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi 's son, announced that both `` Persia '' and `` Iran '' could officially be used interchangeably. However the issue is still debated today. Contents 1 Etymology of `` Iran '' 2 Etymology of `` Persia '' 3 Two names in the West 4 Recent debate 5 See also 6 Bibliography 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Etymology of `` Iran '' Main article : Iran ( word ) The name `` Irān '' is first attested in the Avesta as airyānąm ( the text of which is composed in Avestan, an old Iranian language spoken in northeastern Greater Iran, or in what are now Turkmenistan and Tajikistan ). The Modern Persian word Īrān ( ایران ) derives immediately from Middle Persian Ērān ( Pahlavi spelling : ʼyrʼn ), first attested in an inscription that accompanies the investiture relief of the first Sassanid king Ardashir I at Naqsh - e Rustam. In this inscription, the king 's Middle Persian appellation is ardašīr šāhān šāh ērān while in the Parthian language inscription that accompanies the Middle Persian one the king is titled ardašīr šāhān šāh aryān ( Pahlavi :... ʼryʼn ) both meaning king of kings of Iranians. The gentilic ēr - and ary - in ērān and aryān derives from Old Iranian * arya - ( Old Persian airya -, Avestan airiia -, etc. ), meaning `` Aryan '', in the sense of `` of the Iranians ''. This term is attested as an ethnic designator in Achaemenid inscriptions and in Zoroastrianism 's Avesta tradition, and it seems `` very likely '' that in Ardashir 's inscription ērān still retained this meaning, denoting the people rather than the empire. Notwithstanding this inscriptional use of ērān to refer to the Iranian peoples, the use of ērān to refer to the empire ( and the antonymic anērān to refer to the Roman territories ) is also attested by the early Sassanid period. Both ērān and anērān appear in 3rd century calendrical text written by Mani. In an inscription of Ardashir 's son and immediate successor, Shapur I `` apparently includes in Ērān regions such as Armenia and the Caucasus which were not inhabited predominantly by Iranians ''. In Kartir 's inscriptions ( written thirty years after Shapur 's ), the high priest includes the same regions ( together with Georgia, Albania, Syria and the Pontus ) in his list of provinces of the antonymic Anērān. Ērān also features in the names of the towns founded by Sassanid dynasts, for instance in Ērān - xwarrah - šābuhr `` Glory of Ērān ( of ) Shapur ''. It also appears in the titles of government officers, such as in Ērān - āmārgar `` Accountant - General ( of ) Ērān '' or Ērān - dibirbed `` Chief Scribe ( of ) Ērān ''. Etymology of `` Persia '' Further information : Persis Modern reconstruction of the ancient world map of Eratosthenes from c. 200 BC, using the names Ariana and Persis The Greeks ( who had previously tended to use names related to `` Median '' ) began to use adjectives such as Pérsēs ( Πέρσης ), Persikḗ ( Περσική ) or Persís ( Περσίς ) in the fifth century BC to refer to Cyrus the Great 's empire ( a word understood to mean `` country '' ). Such words were taken from the Old Persian Pārsa -- the name of the people from whom Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty stemmed and over whom he first ruled ( before he inherited or conquered other Iranian Kingdoms ). Thus, the term Persian is an exonym and Iranians never historically referred to Iran by that exonym. The Pars tribe gave its name to the region where they lived ( the modern day province is called Fars / Pars ) but the province in ancient times was smaller than its current area. In Latin, the name for the whole empire was Persia, while the Iranians knew it as Iran or Iranshahr. In the later parts of the Bible, where this kingdom is frequently mentioned ( Books of Esther, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah ), it is called Paras ( Biblical Hebrew : פרס ‎ ), or sometimes Paras u Madai ( פרס ומדי ), i.e. `` Persia and Media ''. The Arabs used to likewise refer to Iran and the Persian ( Sassanian ) Empire as Bilād Fāris ( Arabic : بلاد فارس ‎ ), i.e. `` Lands of Persia '', which would become the popular name for the region in Muslim literature. Two names in the West The exonym Persia was the official name of Iran in the Western world before March 1935, but the Iranian people inside their country since the time of Zoroaster ( probably circa 1000 BC ), or even before, have called their country Arya, Iran, Iranshahr, Iranzamin ( Land of Iran ), Aryānām ( the equivalent of Iran in the proto - Iranian language ) or its equivalents. The term Arya has been used by the Iranian people, as well as by the rulers and emperors of Iran, from the time of the Avesta. Evidently from the time of the Sassanids ( 226 -- 651 CE ) Iranians have called it Iran, meaning `` the land of Aryans '' and Iranshahr. In Middle Persian sources, the name Arya and Iran is used for the pre-Sassanid Iranian empires as well as the Sassanid empire. As an example, the use of the name `` Iran '' for Achaemenids in the Middle Persian book of Arda Viraf refers to the invasion of Iran by Alexander the Great in 330 BC. The Proto - Iranian term for Iran is reconstructed as * Aryānām ( the genitive plural of the word * Arya ) ; the Avestan equivalent is Airyanem ( as in Airyanem Vaejah ). The internal preference for `` Iran '' was noted in some Western reference books ( e.g. the Harmsworth Encyclopaedia, circa 1907, entry for Iran : `` The name is now the official designation of Persia. '' ) but for international purposes, Persia was the norm. In the mid 1930s, the ruler of the country, Reza Shah Pahlavi, moved towards formalising the name Iran instead of Persia for all purposes. In the British House of Commons the move was reported upon by the United Kingdom Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs as follows : On the 25th December ( 1934 ) the Persian Ministry for Foreign Affairs addressed a circular memorandum to the Foreign Diplomatic Missions in Tehran requesting that the terms `` Iran '' and `` Iranian '' might be used in official correspondence and conversation as from the 21st March next instead, of the words `` Persia '' and `` Persian '' hitherto in current use. His Majesty 's Minister in Tehran has been instructed to accede to this request. The decree of Reza Shah Pahlavi affecting nomenclature duly took effect on 21 March 1935. To avoid confusion between the two neighboring countries Iran and Iraq, which were both involved in WWII and occupied by the Allies, Winston Churchill requested from the Iranian government during the Teheran Conference for the old and distinct name `` Persia to be used by the United Nations ( i.e., the Allies ) for the duration of the common War ''. His request was approved immediately by the Iranian Foreign Ministry. The American side, however, continued using Iran as it had at the time little involvement in Iraq to cause any such confusion. In the summer of 1959, following concerns that the native name had, as one politician put it, `` turned a known into an unknown '', a committee was formed, led by noted scholar Ehsan Yarshater, to consider the issue again. They recommended a reversal of the 1935 decision, and Mohammad Reza Shah approved this. However, the implementation of the proposal was weak, simply allowing Persia and Iran to be used interchangeably. Nowadays both terms are common ; Persia mostly in historical and cultural contexts, `` Iran '' mostly in political contexts. In recent years most exhibitions of Persian history, culture and art in the world have used the exonym Persia ( e.g., `` Forgotten Empire ; Ancient Persia '', British Museum ; `` 7000 Years of Persian Art '', Vienna, Berlin ; and `` Persia ; Thirty Centuries of Culture and Art '', Amsterdam ). In 2006, the largest collection of historical maps of Iran, entitled Historical Maps of Persia, was published in the Netherlands. Recent debate In the 1980s, Professor Ehsan Yarshater ( editor of the Encyclopædia Iranica ) started to publish articles on this matter ( in both English and Persian ) in Rahavard Quarterly, Pars Monthly, Iranian Studies Journal, etc. After him, a few Iranian scholars and researchers such as Prof. Kazem Abhary, and Prof. Jalal Matini followed the issue. Several times since then, Iranian magazines and Web sites have published articles from those who agree or disagree with usage of Persia and Persian in English. It is the case in many countries that the country 's native name is different from its international name ( see Exonym ), but for Persians and Iranians this issue has been very controversial. Main points on this matter : Persia is the Western name of the country, and Iranians were calling their country Iran for over a millennium. Persia only represents ethnic Persians and not other Iranian ethnicities. Persia and the name of a province of Iran ( viz., Pars ) are from the same root, and may cause confusion. The exonym Persia comes from Pars but the meaning shifted to refer to the whole country. In Western languages, all famous cultural aspects of Iran have been recorded as Persian ( e.g., Persian carpet, Persian Gulf, Persian cat, Persian New Year, Persian language, Persian cuisine, Persian literature, Persian melon, Persian Empire, etc. ) There are many Iranians in the West who prefer Persia and Persian as the English names for the country and nationality, similar to the usage of La Perse / persan in French. According to Hooman Majd, the popularity of the term Persia among the Persian diaspora stems from the fact that `` ' Persia ' connotes a glorious past they would like to be identified with, while ' Iran ' since 1979 revolution... says nothing to the world but Islamic fundamentalism. '' See also Iran ( word ) Bibliography The History of the Idea of Iran, A. Shapur Shahbazi in Birth of the Persian Empire by V.S. Curtis and S. Stewart, 2005, ISBN 1 - 84511 - 062 - 5 Notes Jump up ^ In the Avesta the airiia - are members of the ethnic group of the Avesta - reciters themselves, in contradistinction to the anairiia -, the `` non-Aryas ''. The word also appears four times in Old Persian : One is in the Behistun inscription, where ariya - is the name of a language or script ( DB 4.89 ). The other three instances occur in Darius I 's inscription at Naqsh - e Rustam ( DNa 14 - 15 ), in Darius I 's inscription at Susa ( DSe 13 - 14 ), and in the inscription of Xerxes I at Persepolis ( XPh 12 - 13 ). In these, the two Achaemenid dynasts describe themselves as pārsa pārsahyā puça ariya ariyaciça `` a Persian, son of a Persian, an Ariya, of Ariya origin ''. `` The phrase with ciça, `` origin, descendance '', assures that it ( i.e. ariya ) is an ethnic name wider in meaning than pārsa and not a simple adjectival epithet. '' References ^ Jump up to : Yarshater, Ehsan Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi Archived 2010 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine., Iranian Studies, vol. XXII no. 1 ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : Majd, Hooman, The Ayatollah Begs to Differ : The Paradox of Modern Iran, by Hooman Majd, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, September 23, 2008, ISBN 0385528426, 9780385528429. p. 161 Jump up ^ William W. Malandra ( 2005 - 07 - 20 ). `` ZOROASTRIANISM i. HISTORICAL REVIEW ''. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ Nicholas Sims - Williams. `` EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES ''. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ `` IRAN ''. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ K. Hoffmann. `` AVESTAN LANGUAGE I - III ''. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14. ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie, David Niel ( 1998 ). `` Ērān, Ērānšahr ''. Encyclopedia Iranica. 8. Costa Mesa : Mazda. Jump up ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger ( 1987 ). `` Aryans ''. Encyclopedia Iranica. 2. New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 684 -- 687. ^ Jump up to : Bailey, Harold Walter ( 1987 ). `` Arya ''. Encyclopedia Iranica. 2. New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 681 -- 683. ^ Jump up to : Gignoux, Phillipe ( 1987 ). `` Anērān ''. Encyclopedia Iranica. 2. New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 30 -- 31. Jump up ^ Liddell and Scott, Lexicon of the Greek Language, Oxford, 1882, p 1205 Jump up ^ Arda Viraf ( 1 : 4 ; 1 : 5 ; 1 : 9 ; 1 : 10 ; 1 : 12 ; etc. ) Jump up ^ HC Deb 20 February 1935 vol 298 cc350 - 1 351 Jump up ^ Hermitage ( 2007 - 09 - 20 ). `` '' Persia ``, Hermitage Amsterdam ''. Hermitage. Hermitage. Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 28. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03. Persian objects at Hermitage Jump up ^ Brill ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ). `` General Maps of Persia 1477 - 1925 ''. Brill website. Brill. Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 21. Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 03. Iran, or Persia as it was known in the West for most of its long history, has been mapped extensively for centuries but the absence of a good cartobibliography has often deterred scholars of its history and geography from making use of the many detailed maps that were produced. This is now available, prepared by Cyrus Alai who embarked on a lengthy investigation into the old maps of Persia, and visited major map collections and libraries in many countries... Jump up ^ Merriam Webster ( 2008 - 01 - 05 ). `` Persian ''. MW. MW. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05. Persian Carpet, Cat, melon... External links Publication of General Maps of Persia ( Iran ) in The Netherlands the names of Iran in the course of history ( 1 ) Name of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Asia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_of_Iran&oldid=863890962 '' Categories : Geographical naming disputes History of Iran Country name etymology 1935 in international relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Persian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles containing Biblical Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Hrvatski မြန်မာဘာသာ Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018, at 19 : 12 ( UTC ). 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Question: what is the name of modern day persia
Answer: Iran