Strawberry - wikipedia Strawberry For other species of strawberry, see Fragaria. For other uses, see Strawberry ( disambiguation ). Strawberry Fragaria × ananassa Strawberry fruit Strawberry fruit cross section Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Rosales Family : Rosaceae Genus : Fragaria Species : F. × ananassa Binomial name Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne The garden strawberry ( or simply strawberry ; Fragaria × ananassa ) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as the strawberries. It is cultivated worldwide for its fruit. The fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as preserves, juice, pies, ice creams, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in many products like lip gloss, candy, hand sanitizers, perfume, and many others. The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of Fragaria virginiana from eastern North America and Fragaria chiloensis, which was brought from Chile by Amédée - François Frézier in 1714. Cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa have replaced, in commercial production, the woodland strawberry ( Fragaria vesca ), which was the first strawberry species cultivated in the early 17th century. The strawberry is not, from a botanical point of view, a berry. Technically, it is an aggregate accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant 's ovaries but from the receptacle that holds the ovaries. Each apparent `` seed '' ( achene ) on the outside of the fruit is actually one of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it. Contents 1 History 2 Cultivation 2.1 Manuring and harvesting 2.2 Pests 2.3 Diseases 2.4 Production trends 2.5 Domestic cultivation 3 Uses 3.1 Flavor and fragrance 4 Nutrients 4.1 Health effects 5 Phytochemicals 5.1 Color 5.2 Fragrance 6 Genetics 7 Allergy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : Breeding of strawberries Fragaria × ananassa ' Gariguette, ' a cultivar grown in southern France Strawberries on display at Chelsea Flower Show, 2009 The first garden strawberry was grown in Brittany, France during the late 18th century. Prior to this, wild strawberries and cultivated selections from wild strawberry species were the common source of the fruit. The strawberry fruit was mentioned in ancient Roman literature in reference to its medicinal use. The French began taking the strawberry from the forest to their gardens for harvest in the 14th century. Charles V, France 's king from 1364 to 1380, had 1,200 strawberry plants in his royal garden. In the early 15th century western European monks were using the wild strawberry in their illuminated manuscripts. The strawberry is found in Italian, Flemish, and German art, and in English miniatures. The entire strawberry plant was used to treat depressive illnesses. By the 16th century, references of cultivation of the strawberry became more common. People began using it for its supposed medicinal properties and botanists began naming the different species. In England the demand for regular strawberry farming had increased by the mid-16th century. The combination of strawberries and cream was created by Thomas Wolsey in the court of King Henry VIII. Instructions for growing and harvesting strawberries showed up in writing in 1578. By the end of the 16th century three European species had been cited : F. vesca, F. moschata, and F. viridis. The garden strawberry was transplanted from the forests and then the plants would be propagated asexually by cutting off the runners. Two subspecies of F. vesca were identified : F. sylvestris alba and F. sylvestris semperflorens. The introduction of F. virginiana from Eastern North America to Europe in the 17th century is an important part of history because this species gave rise to the modern strawberry. The new species gradually spread through the continent and did not become completely appreciated until the end of the 18th century. When a French excursion journeyed to Chile in 1712, it introduced the strawberry plant with female flowers that resulted in the common strawberry that we have today. The Mapuche and Huilliche Indians of Chile cultivated the female strawberry species until 1551, when the Spanish came to conquer the land. In 1765, a European explorer recorded the cultivation of F. chiloensis, the Chilean strawberry. At first introduction to Europe, the plants grew vigorously but produced no fruit. It was discovered in 1766 that the female plants could only be pollinated by plants that produced large fruit : F. moschata, F. virginiana, and F. ananassa. This is when the Europeans became aware that plants had the ability to produce male - only or female - only flowers. As more large - fruit producing plants were cultivated the Chilean strawberry slowly decreased in population in Europe, except for around Brest where the Chilean strawberry thrived. The decline of the Chilean strawberry was caused by F. ananassa. Cultivation Strawberry field in North Rhine - Westphalia, Germany Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, color, flavor, shape, degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant. On average, a strawberry has about 200 seeds on its external membrane. Some vary in foliage, and some vary materially in the relative development of their sexual organs. In most cases, the flowers appear hermaphroditic in structure, but function as either male or female. For purposes of commercial production, plants are propagated from runners and, in general, distributed as either bare root plants or plugs. Cultivation follows one of two general models -- annual plasticulture, or a perennial system of matted rows or mounds. Greenhouses produce a small amount of strawberries during the off season. Fragaria × ananassa in the UBC Botanical Garden. A field using the plasticulture method Strawberry field at Bedugul, Bali, covered with plastic The bulk of modern commercial production uses the plasticulture system. In this method, raised beds are formed each year, fumigated, and covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants, usually obtained from northern nurseries, are planted through holes punched in this covering, and irrigation tubing is run underneath. Runners are removed from the plants as they appear, in order to encourage the plants to put most of their energy into fruit development. At the end of the harvest season, the plastic is removed and the plants are plowed into the ground. Because strawberry plants more than a year or two old begin to decline in productivity and fruit quality, this system of replacing the plants each year allows for improved yields and denser plantings. However, because it requires a longer growing season to allow for establishment of the plants each year, and because of the increased costs in terms of forming and covering the mounds and purchasing plants each year, it is not always practical in all areas. The other major method, which uses the same plants from year to year growing in rows or on mounds, is most common in colder climates. It has lower investment costs, and lower overall maintenance requirements. Yields are typically lower than in plasticulture. Another method uses a compost sock. Plants grown in compost socks have been shown to produce significantly higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ), flavonoids, anthocyanins, fructose, glucose, sucrose, malic acid, and citric acid than fruit produced in the black plastic mulch or matted row systems. Similar results in an earlier 2003 study conducted by the US Dept of Agriculture, at the Agricultural Research Service, in Beltsville Maryland, confirms how compost plays a role in the bioactive qualities of two strawberry cultivars. Play media Strawberry growth ( video ) Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit. Traditionally, this has consisted of a division between `` June - bearing '' strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer and `` ever - bearing '' strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit throughout the season. Research published in 2001 showed that strawberries actually occur in three basic flowering habits : short - day, long - day, and day - neutral. These refer to the day - length sensitivity of the plant and the type of photoperiod that induces flower formation. Day - neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod. Strawberries may also be propagated by seed, though this is primarily a hobby activity, and is not widely practiced commercially. A few seed - propagated cultivars have been developed for home use, and research into growing from seed commercially is ongoing. Seeds ( achenes ) are acquired either via commercial seed suppliers, or by collecting and saving them from the fruit. Strawberries can also be grown indoors in strawberry pots. Kashubian strawberry ( Truskawka kaszubska or Kaszëbskô malëna ) are the first Polish fruit to be given commercial protection under EU law. They are produced in Kartuzy, Kościerzyna and Bytów counties and in the municipalities of Przywidz, Wejherowo, Luzino, Szemud, Linia, Łęczyce and Cewice in Kashubia. Only the following varieties may be sold as kaszëbskô malëna : Senga Sengana, Elsanta, Honeoye that have been graded as Extra or Class I. Manuring and harvesting A diorama created from beeswax by Dr. Henry Brainerd Wright at the Louisiana State Exhibit Museum in Shreveport, Louisiana, depicts strawberry harvesting. Strawberries are particularly grown in the southeastern portion of the state around Hammond. Harvest Most strawberry plants are now fed with artificial fertilizers, both before and after harvesting, and often before planting in plasticulture. To maintain top quality, berries are harvested at least every other day. The berries are picked with the caps still attached and with at least half an inch of stem left. Strawberries need to remain on the plant to fully ripen because they do not continue to ripen after being picked. Rotted and overripe berries are removed to minimize insect and disease problems. The berries do not get washed until just before consumption. Soil test information and plant analysis results are used to determine fertility practices. Nitrogen fertilizer is needed at the beginning of every planting year. There are normally adequate levels of phosphorus and potash when fields have been fertilized for top yields. In order to provide more organic matter, a cover crop of wheat or rye is planted in the winter before planting the strawberries. Strawberries prefer a pH from 5.5 to 6.5 so lime is usually not applied. The harvesting and cleaning process has not changed substantially over time. The delicate strawberries are still harvested by hand. Grading and packing often occurs in the field, rather than in a processing facility. In large operations, strawberries are cleaned by means of water streams and shaking conveyor belts. Pests See also : List of Lepidoptera that feed on strawberry plants Around 200 species of pests are known to attack strawberries both directly and indirectly. These pests include slugs, moths, fruit flies, chafers, strawberry root weevils, strawberry thrips, strawberry sap beetles, strawberry crown moth, mites, aphids, and others. The caterpillars of a number of species of Lepidoptera feed on strawberry plants. For example, the Ghost moth is known to be a pest of the strawberry plant. The strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, is a bug species found in the United States ( Arizona ), Argentina and Chile. It is a vector of the strawberry mild yellow - edge virus. The amounts of pesticides required for industrial production of strawberries ( 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) in California per acre ) have led to the strawberry leading the list of EWG 's `` Dirty Dozen '' of pesticide - contaminated produce. Diseases See also : List of strawberry diseases Strawberry plants can fall victim to a number of diseases, especially when subjected to stress. The leaves may be infected by powdery mildew, leaf spot ( caused by the fungus Sphaerella fragariae ), leaf blight ( caused by the fungus Phomopsis obscurans ), and by a variety of slime molds. The crown and roots may fall victim to red stele, verticillium wilt, black root rot, and nematodes. The fruits are subject to damage from gray mold, rhizopus rot, and leather rot. To prevent root - rotting, strawberries should be planted every four to five years in a new bed, at a different site. The plants can also develop disease from temperature extremes during winter. When watering strawberries, advice has been given to water only the roots and not the leaves, as moisture on the leaves encourages growth of fungus. Production Trends World strawberry production in tonnes Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 USA 1,090,436 1,109,215 1,148,350 1,270,640 1,294,180 1,312,960 1,526,000 1,382,096 1,371,573 Turkey 211,127 250,316 261,078 291,996 299,940 302,416 353,173 372,498 376,070 Spain 330,485 269,139 281,240 266,772 275,355 262,730 290,843 312,466 291,870 Egypt 128,349 174,414 200,254 242,776 238,432 240,284 242,297 262,432 283,471 Mexico 191,843 176,396 207,485 233,041 226,657 228,900 360,426 379,464 458,972 Russia 227,000 230,400 180,000 185,000 165,000 184,000 174,000 188,000 189,000 Japan 190,700 191,400 190,700 184,700 177,500 177,300 163,200 165,600 164,000 South Korea 205,307 203,227 192,296 203,772 231,803 171,519 192,140 216,803 209,901 Poland 193,666 174,578 200,723 198,907 153,410 166,159 150,151 192,647 202,511 Germany 173,230 158,658 150,854 158,563 156,911 154,418 155,828 149,680 168,791 Italy 143,315 160,558 155,583 163,044 153,875 150,000 132,292 147,185 135,320 Total world * 5,841,237 5,863,228 6,009,730 6,621,803 6,597,733 6,762,262 7,548,931 7,886,315 8,114,373 Strawberries for sale at Mahabaleshwar = Total World numbers are aggregate from all sources, including calculations. Although official numbers are not available, the strawberry production of China in market year 2014 is estimated to be 3,122,036 Tonnes. Domestic cultivation Garden strawberry flower Picking home - grown garden strawberries Strawberries are popular and rewarding plants to grow in the domestic environment, be it for consumption or exhibition purposes, almost anywhere in the world. The best time to plant is in late summer or spring. Plant in full sun or dappled shade, and in somewhat sandy soil. The addition of manure and a balanced fertilizer aids strong growth. Alternatively they can be planted in pots or special planters using compost. Fibre mats placed under each plant will protect fruits from touching the ground, and will act as a weed barrier. Strawberries are tough and will survive many conditions, but during fruit formation, moisture is vital, especially if growing in containers. Moreover, protection must be provided against slugs and snails which attack the ripe fruit. The fruit matures in midsummer ( wild varieties can mature earlier ) and should be picked when fully ripe -- that is, the fruit is a uniform bright red colour. The selection of different varieties can extend the season in both directions. Numerous cultivars have been selected for consumption and for exhibition purposes. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : - ' Cambridge Favourite ' ' Hapil ' ' Honeoye ' ' Pegasus ' ' Rhapsody ' ' Symphony ' Propagation is by runners, which can be pegged down to encourage them to take root, or cut off and placed in a new location. Established plants should be replaced every three years, or sooner if there are signs of disease. When propagating strawberries, one should avoid using the same soil or containers that were previously used for strawberry cultivation. After cultivating strawberries, rotating to another culture is advisable, because diseases that attack one species might not attack another. Uses Chocolate strawberries In addition to being consumed fresh, strawberries can be frozen, made into preserves, as well as dried and used in prepared foods, such as cereal bars. Strawberries and strawberry flavorings are a popular addition to dairy products, such as strawberry - flavored milk, strawberry ice cream, strawberry milkshakes, strawberry smoothies and strawberry yogurts. Strawberries and cream is a dish traditionally consumed at Wimbledon Strawberries and cream is a popular dessert during the British summer, famously consumed at the Wimbledon tennis tournament. In Sweden, strawberries are a traditional dessert served on St John 's Day, also known as Midsummer 's Eve. Depending on area, strawberry pie, strawberry rhubarb pie, or strawberry shortcake are also popular. In Greece, strawberries are usually sprinkled with sugar and then dipped in Metaxa, a famous brandy, and served as a dessert. In Italy, strawberries have been used for various desserts and as a popular flavoring for gelato ( gelato alla fragola ). In the Philippines, strawberries are also popular, in which it is used for making the syrup in taho. Strawberry pigment extract can be used as a natural acid / base indicator due to the different color of the conjugate acid and conjugate base of the pigment. Flavor and fragrance Furaneol is an important component of the fragrance of strawberries. As strawberry flavor and fragrance are popular characteristics for consumers, they are used widely in a variety of manufacturing, including foods, beverages, confections, perfumes and cosmetics. Sweetness, fragrance and complex flavor are favorable attributes. In plant breeding and farming, emphasis is placed on sugars, acids, and volatile compounds, which improve the taste and fragrance of a ripe strawberry. Esters, terpenes, and furans are chemical compounds having the strongest relationships to strawberry flavor and fragrance, with a total of 31 volatile compounds significantly correlated to favorable flavor and fragrance. Nutrients Nutrition Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 136 kJ ( 33 kcal ) Carbohydrates 7.68 g Sugars 4.89 g Dietary fiber 2 g Fat 0.3 g Protein 0.67 g Vitamins Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 2 % ) 0.024 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 2 % ) 0.022 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 3 % ) 0.386 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 3 % ) 0.125 mg Vitamin B6 ( 4 % ) 0.047 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 6 % ) 24 μg Choline ( 1 % ) 5.7 mg Vitamin C ( 71 % ) 58.8 mg Vitamin E ( 2 % ) 0.29 mg Vitamin K ( 2 % ) 2.2 μg Minerals Calcium ( 2 % ) 16 mg Iron ( 3 % ) 0.41 mg Magnesium ( 4 % ) 13 mg Manganese ( 18 % ) 0.386 mg Phosphorus ( 3 % ) 24 mg Potassium ( 3 % ) 154 mg Sodium ( 0 % ) 1 mg Zinc ( 1 % ) 0.14 mg Other constituents Water 90.95 g Fluoride 4.4 μg Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source : USDA Nutrient Database One serving ( 100 g ; see Table ) of strawberries contains approximately 33 kilocalories, is an excellent source of vitamin C, a good source of manganese, and provides several other vitamins and dietary minerals in lesser amounts. Strawberries contain a modest amount of essential unsaturated fatty acids in the achene ( seed ) oil. Health effects Few studies have directly examined the effects of eating strawberries on human health. However, limited research indicates that strawberry consumption may be associated with a decreased cardiovascular disease risk and that phytochemicals present in strawberries have anti-inflammatory or anticancer properties in laboratory studies. Epidemiological studies have associated strawberry consumption with lower rates of hypertension, inflammation, cancer, and death from cardiovascular diseases. Certain studies have suggested that strawberry consumption may have beneficial effects in humans such as lowering blood LDL cholesterol levels, total cholesterol, reducing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, and decreasing the spike in blood sugar after high sugar meals and the spike in blood cholesterol seen after high - fat meals. Phytochemicals Garden strawberries contain the dimeric ellagitannin agrimoniin which is an isomer of sanguiin H - 6. Other polyphenols present include flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and phenolic acids, such as hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid. Strawberries contain fisetin and possess higher levels of this flavonoid than other fruits. Although achenes comprise only about 1 % of total fresh weight of a strawberry, they contribute 11 % of the fruit 's total polyphenols, which, in achenes, include ellagic acid, ellagic acid glycosides, and ellagitannins. Color Pelargonidin - 3 - glucoside is the major anthocyanin in strawberries and cyanidin - 3 - glucoside is found in smaller proportions. Although glucose seems to be the most common substituting sugar in strawberry anthocyanins, rutinose, arabinose, and rhamnose conjugates have been found in some strawberry cultivars. Purple minor pigments consisting of dimeric anthocyanins ( flavanol - anthocyanin adducts : catechin ( 4α → 8 ) pelargonidin 3 - O - β - glucopyranoside, epicatechin ( 4α → 8 ) pelargonidin 3 - O - β - glucopyranoside, afzelechin ( 4α → 8 ) pelargonidin 3 - O - β - glucopyranoside and epiafzelechin ( 4α → 8 ) pelargonidin 3 - O - β - glucopyranoside ) can also be found in strawberries. Fragrance Chemicals present in the fragrance of strawberries include : methyl acetate ( E ) - 2 - hexen - 1 - ol ( E ) - 2 - hexenal ( E ) - 2 - pentenal ( E, E ) - 2, 4 - hexadienal ( Z ) - 2 - hexenyl acetate ( Z ) - 3 - hexenyl acetate 1 - hexanol 2 - heptanol 2 - heptanone 2 - methyl butanoic acid 2 - methylbutyl acetate alpha - terpineol amyl acetate amyl butyrate benzaldehyde benzyl acetate butyl acetate butyl butyrate butyl hexanoate butyric acid octanoic acid decyl acetate decyl butyrate d - limonene ethyl 2 - methylbutanoate ethyl 3 - methylbutanoate ethyl acetate ethyl benzoate ethyl butyrate ethyl decanoate ethyl hexanoate ethyl octanoate ethyl pentanoate ethyl propanoate ethyl - 2 - hexenoate α - farnesene β - farnesene furaneol γ - decalactone γ - dodecalactone heptanoic acid n - hexanal hexanoic acid hexyl acetate isoamyl acetate isoamyl hexanoate isopropyl acetate isopropyl butanoate isopropyl hexanoate linalool mesifurane methyl butyrate methyl hexanoate methyl isovalerate methyl octanoate methyl pentanoate methyl propanoate ( E ) - nerolidol nonanal nonanoic acid ocimenol octyl acetate octyl butyrate octyl hexanoate octyl isovalerate propyl butyrate propyl hexanoate Genetics Modern strawberries have complex octaploid genetics ( 8 sets of chromosomes ), a trait favoring DNA extractions. Strawberries have been sequenced to display 7,096 genes. Strawberries suffer from severe inbreeding depression, and most cultivars are highly heterozygous. Allergy Some people experience an anaphylactoid reaction to eating strawberries. The most common form of this reaction is oral allergy syndrome, but symptoms may also mimic hay fever or include dermatitis or hives, and, in severe cases, may cause breathing problems. Proteomic studies indicate that the allergen may be tied to a protein for the red anthocyanin biosynthesis expressed in strawberry ripening, named Fra a1 ( Fragaria allergen1 ). Homologous proteins are found in birch pollen and apple, suggesting that people may develop cross-reactivity to all three species. White - fruited strawberry cultivars, lacking Fra a1, may be an option for strawberry allergy sufferers. Since they lack a protein necessary for normal ripening by anthocyanin synthesis of red pigments, they do not turn the mature berries of other cultivars red. They ripen but remain white, pale yellow or `` golden '', appearing like immature berries ; this also has the advantage of making them less attractive to birds. A virtually allergen - free cultivar named ' Sofar ' is available. See also Food portal California Strawberry Commission Fraise Tagada ( strawberry - shaped candy popular in France ) List of culinary fruits List of strawberry cultivars List of strawberry dishes List of strawberry topics Musk Strawberry ( hautbois strawberry ) Plant City, Florida ( winter strawberry capital of the world ) Pomology Strawberry cake Pineberry References Jump up ^ Manganaris GA, Goulas V, Vicente AR, Terry LA ( March 2014 ). `` Berry antioxidants : small fruits providing large benefits ''. Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 94 ( 5 ) : 825 -- 33. doi : 10.1002 / jsfa. 6432. PMID 24122646. Jump up ^ `` Strawberry, The Maiden With Runners ''. Botgard.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. ^ Jump up to : Welsh, Martin. `` Strawberries ''. Nvsuk.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. ^ Jump up to : Esau, K. ( 1977 ). Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York. ISBN 0 - 471 - 24520 - 8. ^ Jump up to : `` Wimbledon 's strawberries and cream has Tudor roots ''. BBC. 9 June 2015. Jump up ^ Darrow, George M. `` The Strawberry : History, Breeding and Physiology '' ( PDF ). ^ Jump up to : `` G6135 Home Fruit Production : Strawberry Cultivars and Their Culture ''. University of Missouri. Jump up ^ `` Strawberry Seeds ''. Strawberry Plants. Retrieved 2 August 2016. Jump up ^ Fletcher, Stevenson Whitcomb ( 1917 ) Strawberry Growing, The Macmillan Co., New York, p. 127. ^ Jump up to : `` Strawberry Plasticulture Offers Sweet Rewards ''. Ag.ohio-state.edu. 28 June 2002. Retrieved 5 December 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Strawberry Production Basics : Matted Row '' ( PDF ). newenglandvfc.org. Jump up ^ `` Pritts Greenhouse Berried Treasures ''. Hort.cornell.edu. ^ Jump up to : `` Strawberry Fields Forever ''. Noble.org. Jump up ^ Wang SW. ; Millner P. ( 2009 ). `` Effect of Different Cultural Systems on Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Content, and Fruit Quality of Strawberries ( Fragaria × aranassa Duch. ) ''. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. ACS Publications. 57 ( 20 ) : 9651 -- 9657. doi : 10.1021 / jf9020575. Jump up ^ Wang SY, Lin HS ( November 2003 ). `` Compost as a soil supplement increases the level of antioxidant compounds and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in strawberries ''. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 ( 23 ) : 6844 -- 50. doi : 10.1021 / jf030196x. PMID 14582984. ^ Jump up to : Sagers, Larry A. ( 15 April 1992 ). `` Proper Cultivation Yields Strawberry Fields Forever ''. Deseret News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2007. Jump up ^ Hokanson, S.C. ; Maas, J.L. ( 2001 ). `` Strawberry biotechnology ''. Plant Breeding Reviews : 139 -- 179. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 41847 - 4. Jump up ^ Wilson, D. ; Goodall, A. ; Reeves, J. ( 1973 ). `` An improved technique for the germination of strawberry seeds ''. Euphytica. 22 ( 2 ) : 362. doi : 10.1007 / BF00022647. Jump up ^ Hessayon, D.G. ( 1996 ). The House Plant Expert. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 9780903505352. Jump up ^ `` COUNCIL REGULATION ( EC ) No 510 / 2006 ' TRUSKAWKA KASZUBSKA ' or ' KASZËBSKÔ MALËNA ' EC No : PL - PGI - 0005 - 0593 - 19.03. 2007 ''. European Union. 18 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` HS1116 / HS370 : Nitrogen Fertilization of Strawberry Cultivars : Is Preplant Starter Fertilizer Needed ? ''. Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 6 August 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2009. Jump up ^ Bordelon, Bruce. `` Growing Strawberries '' ( PDF ). Purdue University. Jump up ^ `` Production Guide for Commercial Strawberries '' ( PDF ). Iowa State University. ^ Jump up to : `` Commercial Postharvest Handling of Strawberries ( Fragaria spp. ) ''. Extension.umn.edu. Jump up ^ `` Conveyors improve the fruits of processor 's labors ''. Frexport S.A. de C.V. 1 January 2000. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Insect Pests of Strawberries and Their Management ''. Virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu. 3 May 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Radcliffe 's IPM World Textbook CFANS University of Minnesota ''. Ipmworld.umn.edu. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2009. Jump up ^ Scipioni, Jade ( 12 April 2016 ). `` Strawberries are Now the Most Contaminated Produce ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Strawberry Diseases ''. Extension.umn.edu. Jump up ^ `` Strawberry Diseases ''. Colorado State University. Retrieved March 28, 2018. Jump up ^ Pleasant, Barbara ( 2011 ). `` All About Growing Strawberries ''. Mother Earth News ( 248 ) : 23 -- 25. Jump up ^ Davis, Julie Bawden ( 2009 ). `` Strawberry Success ''. Organic Gardening. 56 ( 5 ) : 52 -- 56. Jump up ^ `` Faostat ''. Faostat.fao.org. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Strawberries Beijing China '' ( PDF ). gain.fas.usda.gov. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2014. Jump up ^ Klein, Carol ( 2009 ). Grow your own fruit. UK : Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84533 - 434 - 5. Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Fragaria × ananassa ' Cambridge Favourite ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening ''. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Fragaria × ananassa ' Hapil ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening ''. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Fragaria × ananassa ' Honeoye ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening ''. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Fragaria × ananassa ' Pegasus ' PBR ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening ''. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Fragaria × ananassa ' Rhapsody ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening ''. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Fragaria × ananassa ' Symphony ' PBR ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening ''. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Jump up ^ `` Propagating Strawberry runners ''. Youtube. 6 June 2012. Jump up ^ Lampe, Dianne. `` Growing Strawberries ''. Retrieved 28 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Giampieri F, Alvarez - Suarez JM, Mazzoni L, Romandini S, Bompadre S, Diamanti J, Capocasa F, Mezzetti B, Quiles JL, Ferreiro MS, Tulipani S, Battino M ( March 2013 ). `` The potential impact of strawberry on human health ''. Natural product research. 27 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 448 -- 55. doi : 10.1080 / 14786419.2012. 706294. PMID 22788743. Jump up ^ Drummond, Ree ( 2011 ). `` Strawberry Oatmeal Bars ''. Food Network. Retrieved 27 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` 9. Acid - Base Indicators and pH ''. in Chemistry 1B Experiment 9 Alameda.peralta.edu Jump up ^ Thompson, J.L. ; Lopetcharat, K ; Drake, M.A. ( 2007 ). `` Preferences for commercial strawberry drinkable yogurts among African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic consumers in the United States ''. Journal of Dairy Science. 90 ( 11 ) : 4974 -- 87. doi : 10.3168 / jds. 2007 - 0313. PMID 17954736. Jump up ^ `` How Flavor Chemists Make Your Food So Addictively Good ''. io9. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2014. Jump up ^ Cassell, D ( 2014 ). `` 2014 Flavor Trends : Yogurt 's Fruitful Union ''. Food Processing. Retrieved 26 April 2014. Jump up ^ Colquhoun TA, et al. ( 2012 ). `` Framing the perfect strawberry : An exercise in consumer - assisted selection of fruit crops '' ( PDF ). Journal of Berry Research. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science. 2 : 45 -- 61. doi : 10.3233 / JBR - 2011 - 027 ( inactive 2017 - 08 - 28 ). ^ Jump up to : Schwieterman, M.L. ; Colquhoun, T.A. ; Jaworski, E.A. ; Bartoshuk, L.M. ; Gilbert, J.L. ; Tieman, D.M. ; Odabasi, A.Z. ; Moskowitz, H.R. ; Folta, K.M. ; Klee, H.J. ; Sims, C.A. ; Whitaker, V.M. ; Clark, D.G. ( 2014 ). `` Strawberry flavor : Diverse chemical compositions, a seasonal influence, and effects on sensory perception ''. PLoS ONE. 9 ( 2 ) : e88446. Bibcode : 2014PLoSO... 988446S. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088446. PMC 3921181. PMID 24523895. Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Strawberries, raw, 100 g ; USDA Nutrient Database, SR - 21 ''. Nutritiondata.com. Conde Nast. 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Giampieri F, Tulipani S, Alvarez - Suarez JM, Quiles JL, Mezzetti B, Battino M ( January 2012 ). `` The strawberry : composition, nutritional quality, and impact on human health ''. Nutrition. 28 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19. doi : 10.1016 / j. nut. 2011.08. 009. PMID 22153122. ^ Jump up to : Basu A, Nguyen A, Betts NM, Lyons TJ ( 2014 ). `` Strawberry as a functional food : an evidence - based review ''. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 54 ( 6 ) : 790 -- 806. doi : 10.1080 / 10408398.2011. 608174. PMID 24345049. Jump up ^ Lipińska L, Klewicka E, Sójka M ( September 2014 ). `` The structure, occurrence and biological activity of ellagitannins : a general review ''. Acta scientiarum polonorum. Technologia alimentaria. 13 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 99. doi : 10.17306 / j. afs. 2014.3. 7. PMID 24887944. ^ Jump up to : Vrhovsek, U. ; Guella, G. ; Gasperotti, M. ; Pojer, E. ; Zancato, M. ; Mattivi, F. ( 2012 ). `` Clarifying the Identity of the Main Ellagitannin in the Fruit of the Strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa Duch ''. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60 ( 10 ) : 2507 -- 2516. doi : 10.1021 / jf2052256. PMID 22339338. Jump up ^ Khan N, Syed DN, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H ( July 2013 ). `` Fisetin : a dietary antioxidant for health promotion ''. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 19 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 62. doi : 10.1089 / ars. 2012.4901. PMC 3689181. PMID 23121441. Jump up ^ Aaby, K ; Skrede, G ; Wrolstad, R.E. ( 2005 ). `` Phenolic composition and antioxidant activities in flesh and achenes of strawberries ( Fragaria ananassa ) ''. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 ( 10 ) : 4032 -- 40. doi : 10.1021 / jf048001o. PMID 15884835. Jump up ^ Fossen, Torgils ; Rayyan, Saleh ; Andersen, Øyvind M ( 2004 ). `` Dimeric anthocyanins from strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa ) consisting of pelargonidin 3 - glucoside covalently linked to four flavan - 3 - ols ''. Phytochemistry. 65 ( 10 ) : 1421 -- 1428. doi : 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2004.05. 003. PMID 15231416. Jump up ^ Jouquand, Celine ; Chandler, Craig ; Plotto, Anne ; Goodner, Kevin ( 2008 ). `` A Sensory and Chemical Analysis of Fresh Strawberries Over Harvest Dates and Seasons Reveals Factors that Affect Eating Quality '' ( PDF ). Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133 ( 6 ) : 859 -- 867. Jump up ^ Hirakawa, H ; Shirasawa, K ; Kosugi, S ; Tashiro, K ; Nakayama, S ; Yamada, M ; Kohara, M ; Watanabe, A ; Kishida, Y ; Fujishiro, T ; Tsuruoka, H ; Minami, C ; Sasamoto, S ; Kato, M ; Nanri, K ; Komaki, A ; Yanagi, T ; Guoxin, Q ; Maeda, F ; Ishikawa, M ; Kuhara, S ; Sato, S ; Tabata, S ; Isobe, S.N. ( 2014 ). `` Dissection of the octoploid strawberry genome by deep sequencing of the genomes of fragaria species ''. DNA Research. 21 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 81. doi : 10.1093 / dnares / dst049. PMC 3989489. PMID 24282021. Jump up ^ Bombarely, A ; Merchante, C ; Csukasi, F ; Cruz - Rus, E ; Caballero, J.L. ; Medina - Escobar, N ; Blanco - Portales, R ; Botella, M.A. ; Muñoz - Blanco, J ; Sánchez - Sevilla, J.F. ; Valpuesta, V ( 2010 ). `` Generation and analysis of ESTs from strawberry ( Fragaria xananassa ) fruits and evaluation of their utility in genetic and molecular studies ''. BMC Genomics. 11 : 503. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 11 - 503. PMC 2996999. PMID 20849591. Jump up ^ `` Children and food allergies ''. California Pacific Medical Center. 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2014. Jump up ^ Patiwael, J.A. ; Vullings, L.G. ; De Jong, N.W. ; Van Toorenenbergen, A.W. ; Gerth Van Wijk, R ; De Groot, H ( 2010 ). `` Occupational allergy in strawberry greenhouse workers ''. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 152 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 65. doi : 10.1159 / 000260084. PMID 19940506. ^ Jump up to : Muñoz, C ; Hoffmann, T ; Escobar, N.M. ; Ludemann, F ; Botella, M.A. ; Valpuesta, V ; Schwab, W ( 2010 ). `` The strawberry fruit Fra a allergen functions in flavonoid biosynthesis ''. Molecular Plant. 3 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 24. doi : 10.1093 / mp / ssp087. PMID 19969523. Jump up ^ Hjernø K, Alm R, Canbäck B, Matthiesen R, Trajkovski K, Björk L, Roepstorff P, Emanuelsson C ( 2006 ). `` Down - regulation of the strawberry Bet v 1 - homologous allergen in concert with the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in colorless strawberry mutant ''. Proteomics. 6 ( 5 ) : 1574 -- 87. doi : 10.1002 / pmic. 200500469. PMID 16447153. Jump up ^ Idea TV GmbH ( 21 June 2005 ). `` The chemistry of strawberry allergy ( includes ' Sofar ' reference ) ''. Innovations-report.com. Retrieved 9 March 2013. Further reading Khanizadeh, S. and J. DeEll. 2005. `` Our Strawberries / Les Fraisiers de Chez Nous ``, A Description of Over 170 Strawberry Cultivars along with Regional Evaluation and Details Information Used for Plant Breeder 's Right Office. PWGSC, Publishing and Depository Services, Ottawa, Ont. ISBN 0 - 660 - 62338 - 2. Hancock, J.F. ( 1999 ). Strawberries ( Crop Production Science in Horticulture ). CABI. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 339 - 3 External links Look up strawberry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strawberries and Fragaria × ananassa. Fragaria × ananassa data from GRIN Taxonomy Database Strawberries ( Fact Sheet ) ( Berry Health Benefits Network ) Thurber, George ( 1879 ). `` Strawberry ''. The American Cyclopædia. `` Strawberry ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). 1911. Demonstration of strawberry growth lifecycle timelapse on YouTube Strawberry Species F. daltoniana F. iinumae F. nilgerrensis F. nipponica F. nubicola F. pentaphylla F. vesca F. viridis F. yezoensis F. moupinensis F. orientalis F. moschata F. chiloensis F. iturupensis F. virginiana F. cascadensis Hybrids : F. × ananassa F. × bringhurstii F. × vescana Intergeneric hybrids : Fragaria × Comarum hybrids Strawberry cultivars Pineberry Strasberry List of strawberry cultivars Breeders George M. Darrow Driscoll 's California Strawberry Commission Breeding of strawberries Culinary List of strawberry dishes Fraise Tagada Strawberry cake Strawberry ice cream Strawberry milk Strawberry pie Strawberry rhubarb pie Little Scarlet preserve Pest and diseases Lepidoptera List of diseases See also List of strawberry topics Strawberry festival Taxon identifiers Wd : Q13158 EoL : 245515 EPPO : FRAAN FoC : 242322784 GBIF : 3029912 GRIN : 244 IPNI : 30117681 - 2 ITIS : 24630 NCBI : 3747 Plant List : rjp - 38077 PLANTS : FRAN Tropicos : 100355015 VASCAN : 8762 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strawberry&oldid=832981942 '' Categories : Fragaria Hybrid fruit Crops Strawberries Sour fruits Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 01 : 04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: where do strawberries come from in the world
Answer: Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of Fragaria virginiana from eastern North America and Fragaria chiloensis