Adenosine diphosphate - wikipedia Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Names IUPAC name ( ( 2R, 3S, 4R, 5R ) - 5 - ( 6 - Aminopurin - 9 - yl ) - 3, 4 - dihydroxyoxolan - 2 - yl ) methyl phosphono hydrogen phosphate Other names Adenosine 5 ′ - diphosphate ; Adenosine 5 ′ - pyrophosphate ; Adenosine pyrophosphate Identifiers CAS Number 58 - 64 - 0 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 16761 ChemSpider 5800 DrugBank DB03431 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 356 EC Number 218 - 249 - 0 IUPHAR / BPS 1712 KEGG C00008 PubChem CID 6022 RTECS number AU7467000 InChI InChI = 1S / C10H15N5O10P2 / c11 - 8 - 5 - 9 ( 13 - 2 - 12 - 8 ) 15 ( 3 - 14 - 5 ) 10 - 7 ( 17 ) 6 ( 16 ) 4 ( 24 - 10 ) 1 - 23 - 27 ( 21, 22 ) 25 - 26 ( 18, 19 ) 20 / h2 - 4, 6 - 7, 10, 16 - 17H, 1H2, ( H, 21, 22 ) ( H2, 11, 12, 13 ) ( H2, 18, 19, 20 ) / t4 -, 6 -, 7 -, 10 - / m1 / s1 Key : XTWYTFMLZFPYCI - KQYNXXCUSA - N InChI = 1 / C10H15N5O10P2 / c11 - 8 - 5 - 9 ( 13 - 2 - 12 - 8 ) 15 ( 3 - 14 - 5 ) 10 - 7 ( 17 ) 6 ( 16 ) 4 ( 24 - 10 ) 1 - 23 - 27 ( 21, 22 ) 25 - 26 ( 18, 19 ) 20 / h2 - 4, 6 - 7, 10, 16 - 17H, 1H2, ( H, 21, 22 ) ( H2, 11, 12, 13 ) ( H2, 18, 19, 20 ) / t4 -, 6 -, 7 -, 10 - / m1 / s1 Key : XTWYTFMLZFPYCI - KQYNXXCUBP SMILES O = P ( O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OC ( C@H ) 3O ( C @ @ H ) ( n2cnc1c ( ncnc12 ) N ) ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C @ @ H ) 3O c1nc ( c2c ( n1 ) n ( cn2 ) ( C@H ) 3 ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C@H ) ( O3 ) COP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) O ) O ) O ) N Properties Chemical formula C H N O P Molar mass 427.201 g / mol Appearance white powder Density 2.49 g / mL log P - 2.640 Hazards Safety data sheet MSDS Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ), 100 kPa ). N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate ( APP ), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components : a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attachted to the 5 ' carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenosine attaches to the 1 ' carbon. ADP can be interconverted to adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ). ATP contains one more phosphate group than does ADP. AMP contains one fewer phosphate group. Energy transfer used by all living things is a result of dephosphorylation of ATP by enzymes known as ATPases. The cleavage of a phosphate group from ATP results in the coupling of energy to metabolic reactions and a by - product of ADP. Being the `` molecular unit of currency '', ATP is continually being reformed from lower - energy species ADP and AMP. The biosynthesis of ATP is achieved throughout processes such as substrate - level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation, all of which facilitating the addition of a phosphate group to ADP. Contents 1 Bioenergetics 2 Cellular respiration 2.1 Catabolism 2.2 Glycolysis 2.3 Citric acid cycle 2.4 Oxidative phosphorylation 2.4. 1 Mitochondrial ATP synthase complex 3 Blood platelet activation 4 See also 5 References Bioenergetics ADP cycling supplies the energy needed to do work in a biological system, the thermodynamic process of transferring energy from one source to another. There are two types of energy : potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy can be thought of as stored energy, or usable energy that is available to do work. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object as a result of its motion. The significance of ATP is in its ability to store potential energy within the phosphate bonds. The energy stored between these bonds can then be transferred to do work. For example, the transfer of energy from ATP to the protein myosin causes a conformational change when connecting to actin during muscle contraction. It takes multiple reactions between myosin and actin to effectively produce one muscle contraction, and, therefore, the availability of large amounts of ATP is required to produce each muscle contraction. For this reason, biological processes have evolved to produce efficient ways to replenishment the potential energy of ATP from ADP. Breaking one of ATP 's phosphorus bonds generates approximately 30.5 kilojoules per Mole of ATP ( 7.3 kcal ). ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food ; in humans, this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store energy from sunlight, also conversion of ADP to ATP. Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance. Cellular respiration Catabolism The ten - step catabolic pathway of glycolysis is the initial phase of free - energy release in the breakdown of glucose and can be split into two phases, the preparatory phase and payoff phase. ADP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the payoff reactions of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation mechanism. During the payoff phase of glycolysis, the enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase facilitate the addition of a phosphate group to ADP by way of substrate - level phosphorylation. Glycolysis overview Glycolysis Main article : glycolysis Glycolysis is performed by all living organisms and consists of 10 steps. The net reaction for the overall process of glycolysis is : Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H O Steps 1 and 3 require the input of energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P ( inorganic phosphate ), whereas steps 7 and 10 require the input of ADP, each yielding ATP. The enzymes necessary to break down glucose are found in the cytoplasm, the viscous fluid that fills living cells, where the glycolytic reactions take place. Citric acid cycle Main article : citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA ( tricarboxylic acid ) cycle is an 8 - step process that takes the pyruvate generated by glycolysis and generates 4 NADH, FADH2, and GTP, which is further converted to ATP. It is only in step 5, where GTP is generated, by succinyl - CoA synthetase, and then converted to ATP, that ADP is used ( GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP ). Oxidative phosphorylation Main article : oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers. The energy released when electrons are passed from higher - energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower - energy O2 is required to phosphorylate ADP and once again generate ATP. It is this energy coupling and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that gives the electron transport chain the name oxidative phosphorylation. ATP - Synthase Mitochondrial ATP synthase complex Main article : ATP synthase During the initial phases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, cofactors such as NAD+ donate and accept electrons that aid in the electron transport chain 's ability to produce a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The ATP synthase complex exists within the mitochondrial membrane ( F portion ) and protrudes into the matrix ( F portion ). The energy derived as a result of the chemical gradient is then used to synthesize ATP by coupling the reaction of inorganic phosphate to ADP in the active site of the ATP synthase enzyme ; the equation for this can be written as ADP + P → ATP. Blood platelet activation Under normal conditions, small disk - shape platelets circulate in the blood freely and without interaction with one another. ADP is stored in dense bodies inside blood platelets and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets ( P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1 ), which leads to platelet activation. P2Y1 receptors initiate platelet aggregation and shape change as a result of interactions with ADP. P2Y12 receptors further amplify the response to ADP and draw forth the completion of aggregation. ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine by the action of ecto - ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine receptors. See also Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide Apyrase Phosphate References ^ Jump up to : Cox, Michael ; Nelson, David R. ; Lehninger, Albert L ( 2008 ). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. San Francisco : W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0 - 7167 - 7108 - X. ^ Jump up to : Nave, C.R. ( 2005 ). `` Adenosine Triphosphate ''. Hyper Physics ( serial on the Internet ). Georgia State University. ^ Jump up to : Farabee, M.J. ( 2002 ). `` The Nature of ATP ''. ATP and Biological Energy ( serial on the Internet ). Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 01. Jump up ^ Jensen TE, Richter EA ( March 2012 ). `` Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise ''. J. Physiol. 590 ( Pt 5 ) : 1069 -- 76. PMC 3381815. PMID 22199166. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2011.224972. Jump up ^ Liapounova NA, Hampl V, Gordon PM, Sensen CW, Gedamu L, Dacks JB ( December 2006 ). `` Reconstructing the mosaic glycolytic pathway of the anaerobic eukaryote Monocercomonoides ''. Eukaryotic Cell. 5 ( 12 ) : 2138 -- 46. PMC 1694820. PMID 17071828. doi : 10.1128 / EC. 00258 - 06. Jump up ^ Medh, J.D. `` Glycolysis '' ( PDF ). CSUN.Edu. Retrieved 3 April 2013. Jump up ^ Bailey, Regina. `` 10 Steps of Glycolysis ''. Jump up ^ `` Citric Acid Cycle '' ( PDF ). Takusagawa 's Note. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Biochemistry '' ( PDF ). UCCS.edu. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Oxidative phosphorylation ''. WH Freeman, 2002. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Jump up ^ Medh, J.D. `` Electron Transport Chain ( Overview ) '' ( PDF ). CSUN.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Jump up ^ Belenky P, Bogan KL, Brenner C ( January 2007 ). `` NAD+ metabolism in health and disease ''. Trends Biochem. Sci. 32 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 9. PMID 17161604. doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2006.11. 006. Jump up ^ Murray, Robert F. ( 2003 ). Harper 's illustrated biochemistry. New York : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5. Jump up ^ Murugappa S, Kunapuli SP ( 2006 ). `` The role of ADP receptors in platelet function ''. Front. Biosci. 11 : 1977 -- 86. PMID 16368572. doi : 10.2741 / 1939. Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Inosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead. Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead. Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Purine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) P0 ( adenine ) Agonists : 8 - Aminoadenine Adenine P1 ( adenosine ) Agonists : 2 - ( 1 - Hexynyl ) - N - methyladenosine 2 - Cl - IB - MECA 2 ' - MeCCPA 4 ' - O - β - D - Glucosyl - 9 - O - ( 6 ' ' - deoxysaccharosyl ) olivil 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Adenosine ADP AMP Apadenoson ATL - 146e ATP BAY 60 -- 6583 Binodenoson Capadenoson CCPA CGS - 21680 CP - 532,903 Evodenoson GR 79236 LUF - 5835 LUF - 5845 N - Cyclopentyladenosine Namodenoson Neladenoson dalanate Piclidenoson Regadenoson SDZ WAG 994 Selodenoson Sonedenoson Tecadenoson UK - 432,097 Antagonists : 8 - Chlorotheophylline 8 - Phenyl - 1, 3 - dipropylxanthine 8 - Phenyltheophylline Acefylline Aminophylline ATL - 444 Bamifylline Cafedrine Caffeine Caffeine citrate Cartazolate CGH - 2466 CGS - 15943 Choline theophyllinate CPX CVT - 6883 Dimethazan DMPX DPCPX Dyphylline Enprofylline Etazolate Fenethylline IBMX Isovaleric acid Istradefylline KF - 26777 MRE3008F20 MRS - 1220 MRS - 1334 MRS - 1706 MRS - 1754 MRS - 3777 Paraxanthine Pentoxifylline Preladenant Propentofylline Proxyphylline PSB - 10 PSB - 11 PSB - 36 PSB - 603 PSB - 788 PSB - 1115 Reversine Rolofylline SCH - 442,416 SCH - 58261 Theacrine Theobromine Theodrenaline Theophylline Tozadenant Tracazolate VUF - 5574 ZM - 241,385 P2 ( nucleotide ) P2X ( ATP ) Agonists : 2 - Me - SATP α, β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP AMP Ap4A Ap5A ATP ATPγS BzATP Cibacron blue CTP D - β, γ - Me - ATP GTP HT - AMP Ivermectin L - β, γ - Me - ATP MRS - 2219 PAPET - ATP UTP Zinc Antagonists : 5 - BDBD A-317491 A-438079 A-740003 A-804598 A-839977 AF - 353 AZ - 10606120 AZ - 11645373 BBG Calcium Calmidazolium Chelerythrine Copper Emodin ( Rheum officinale ) Evans Blue GW - 791343 HMA Ip5I isoPPADS JNJ - 47965567 KN - 04 KN - 62 Magnesium MRS - 2159 NF - 023 NF - 110 NF - 157 NF - 279 NF - 449 Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Oxidized - ATP Phenol Red Phenolphthalein PPADS PPNDS PSB - 12062 Puerarin ( Radix puerariae ) Purotoxin 1 RB - 2 Ro 0437626 Ro 51 RO - 3 Sodium ferulate ( Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum wallichii ) Suramin TC - P 262 Tetramethylpyrazine ( ligustrazine ) ( Ligusticum wallichii ) TNP - ATP Zinc P2Y Agonists : 2 - Me - SADP 2 - Me - SATP 2 - Thio - UTP 5 - Br - UDP 5 - OMe - UDP α, β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP ADPβS Ap3A AR - C 67085MX ATP ATPγS CTP dATP Denufosol Diquafosol IDP ITP INS - 365 INS - 37217 MRS - 2365 MRS - 2690 MRS - 2693 MRS - 2768 MRS - 2957 MRS - 4062 NF - 546 PAPET - ATP PSB - 0474 PSB - 1114 UDP UDPβS UDP - galactose UDP - glucose UDP - N - acetylglucosamine Up3U UTP UTPγS Antagonists : 2 - Me - SAMP A3P5PS AMPαS Ap4A AR - C 66096 AR - C 67085MX AR - C 69931MX AR - C 118925XX ATP BzATP C1330 - 7 Cangrelor Clopidogrel Elinogrel Ip5I MRS - 2179 MRS - 2211 MRS - 2279 MRS - 2395 MRS - 2500 MRS - 2578 NF - 157 NF - 340 PIT PPADS Prasugrel PSB - 0739 RB - 2 Regrelor Suramin Ticagrelor Ticlopidine UDP Transporter ( blockers ) CNTs 6 - Hydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavone Adenosine dMeThPmR Estradiol KGO - 2142 KGO - 2173 MeThPmR Phloridzin Progesterone ENTs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cilostazol Dilazep Dipyridamole Estradiol Ethanol Hexobendine NBMPR Pentoxifylline Progesterone Propentofylline PMAT Decynium - 22 Enzyme ( inhibitors ) XO Allopurinol Amflutizole Benzbromarone Caffeic acid Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum osmophloeum Febuxostat Myo - inositol Kaempferol Myricetin Niraxostat Oxipurinol Phytic acid Pistacia integerrima Propolis Quercetin Tisopurine Topiroxostat Others Aminopterin Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolic acid Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Many others Others Precursors : Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP Cytosine Cytidine CMP CDP CTP Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP Hypoxanthine Inosine IMP IDP ITP Ribose Uracil Uridine UMP UDP UTP Others : Chrysophanol ( rhubarb ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators NDL : 00575814 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_diphosphate&oldid=798619845 '' Categories : Adenosine receptor agonists Neurotransmitters Nucleotides Cellular respiration Purines Purinergic signalling Pyrophosphates Hidden categories : Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Articles without UNII source Articles with changed DrugBank identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed KEGG identifier Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017, at 23 : 22. 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Question: what role does adp/atp play in living cells
Answer: essential to the flow of energy in living cells