Calusa - wikipedia Calusa Calusa Approximate Calusa core area ( red ) and political domain ( blue ) Total population Extinct as a tribe Regions with significant populations United States ( Florida ) Languages Calusa Religion Native The Calusa ( / kəˈluːsə / kə - LOO - sə ) were a Native American people of Florida 's southwest coast. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. They are notable for having developed a complex culture based on estuarine fisheries rather than agriculture. Calusa territory reached from Charlotte Harbor to Cape Sable, all of present - day Charlotte and Lee counties, and may have included the Florida Keys at times. They had the highest population density of South Florida ; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. Calusa political influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimi around Lake Okeechobee, and the Tequesta and Jaega on the southeast coast of the peninsula. Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida. Contents 1 Culture 2 Origins 3 Society 4 Material culture 4.1 Diet 4.2 Tools 4.3 Housing 4.4 Clothing and personal decoration 4.5 Beliefs 5 Language 5.1 Vocabulary 5.2 Sounds 6 European contact 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Culture Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town, and its chief as Calos, Calus, Caalus, and Carlos. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant `` fierce people '' in their language. By the early 19th century, Anglo - Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki ( languages of the present - day Seminole and Miccosukee nations ) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosahatchee River ( also from the Creek language ). Juan Rogel, a Jesuit missionary to the Calusa in the late 1560s, noted the chief 's name as Carlos but wrote that the name of the `` kingdom '' was Escampaba, with an alternate spelling of Escampaha. Rogel also stated that the chief 's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that `` the Bay of Carlos... in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor '' ( Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ). Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th - century map. Origins See also : Indigenous people of the Everglades region Paleo - Indians entered what is now Florida at least 12,000 years ago. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. Favored sites were likely occupied for multiple generations. Florida 's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level by about 3000 BC. People commonly occupied both fresh and saltwater wetlands. Because of their reliance on shellfish, they accumulated large shell middens during this period. Many people lived in large villages with purpose - built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr 's Island. People began creating fired pottery in Florida by 2000 BC. By about 500 BC, the Archaic culture, which had been fairly uniform across Florida, began to devolve into more distinct regional cultures. Some Archaic artifacts have been found in the region later occupied by the Calusa, including one site classified as early Archaic, and dated prior to 5000 BC. There is evidence that the people intensively exploited Charlotte Harbor aquatic resources before 3500 BC. Undecorated pottery belonging to the early Glades culture appeared in the region around 500 BC. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. This lasted until about 1750, and included the historic Calusa people. By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. The Caloosahatchee culture inhabited the Florida west coast from Estero Bay to Charlotte Harbor and inland about halfway to Lake Okeechobee, approximately covering what are now Charlotte and Lee counties. At the time of first European contact, the Caloosahatchee culture region formed the core of the Calusa domain. Artifacts related to fishing changed slowly over this period, with no obvious breaks in tradition that might indicate a replacement of the population. Between 500 and 1000, the undecorated, sand - tempered pottery that had been common in the area was replaced by `` Belle Glade Plain '' pottery. This was made with clay containing spicules from freshwater sponges ( Spongilla ), and it first appeared inland in sites around Lake Okeechobee. This change may have resulted from the people 's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. Society Diorama of a Calusa chief at the FMNH The Calusa had a stratified society, consisting of `` commoners '' and `` nobles '' in Spanish terms. A few leaders governed the tribe. They were supported by the labor of the majority of the Calusa. The leaders included the tribal chief, or `` king '' ; a military leader ( capitán general in Spanish ) ; and a chief priest. In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief 's father, and the military leader was his cousin. The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. Senequne succeeded his brother ( name unknown ), and was in turn succeeded by his son Carlos. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin ( and brother - in - law ) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. The Spanish reported that the chief was expected to marry his sister. The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a `` clan - sister ''. The chief also married women from subject towns and allied tribes. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1566. Material culture Diet The Calusa diet at settlements along the coast and estuaries consisted primarily of fish, in particular pinfish ( Lagodon rhomboides ), pigfish ( redmouth grunt ), ( Orthopristis chrysoptera ) and hardhead catfish ( Ariopsis felis ). These small fish were supplemented by larger bony fish, sharks and rays, mollusks, crustaceans, ducks, sea turtles and land turtles, and land animals. When Pedro Menéndez de Avilés visited in 1566, the Calusa served only fish and oysters to the Spanish. An analysis of faunal remains at one coastal habitation site, the Wightman site ( on Sanibel Island ), showed that more than 93 percent of the energy from animals in the diet came from fish and shellfish, less than 6 percent of the energy came from mammals, and less than 1 percent came from birds and reptiles. By contrast, at an inland site, Platt Island, mammals ( primarily deer ) accounted for more than 60 percent of the energy from animal meat, while fish provided just under 20 percent. Some authors have argued that the Calusa cultivated maize and Zamia integrifolia ( coontie ) for food. But Widmer argues that the evidence for maize cultivation by the Calusa depends on the proposition that the Narváez and de Soto expeditions landed in Charlotte Harbor rather than Tampa Bay, which is now generally discounted. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. Marquardt notes that the Calusa turned down the offer of agricultural tools from the Spanish, saying that they had no need for them. The Calusa gathered a variety of wild berries, fruits, nuts, roots and other plant parts. Widmer cites George Murdock 's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. However, no evidence of plant food was found at the Wightman site. There is evidence that as early as 2,000 years ago, the Calusa cultivated papaya ( Catrica papaya ), a gourd of the species Cucurbita pepo, and the bottle gourd, the last two of which were used for net floats and dippers. Tools Calusa carving of an alligator 's head The Calusa caught most of their fish with nets. Nets were woven with a standard mesh size ; nets with different mesh sizes were used seasonally to catch the most abundant and useful fish available. The Calusa made bone and shell gauges that they used in net weaving. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. The Calusa also used spears, hooks, and throat gorges to catch fish. Well - preserved nets, net floats, and hooks were found at Key Marco, in the territory of the neighboring Muspa tribe. Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. Mollusks shells and shark teeth were used for grating, cutting, carving and engraving. The Calusa wove nets from palm - fiber cord. Cord was also made from Cabbage Palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal ( Agave decipiens ) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. The Calusa also made fish traps, weirs, and fish corrals from wood and cord. Artifacts of wood that have been found include bowls, ear ornaments, masks, plaques, `` ornamental standards, '' and a finely carved deer head. The plaques and other objects were often painted. To date no one has found a Calusa dugout canoe, but it is speculated that such vessels would have been constructed from cypress or pine, as used by other Florida tribes. The process of shaping the boat was achieved by burning the middle and subsequently chopping and removing the charred center, using robust shell tools. ( In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. It was not conserved and is in poor shape, but it is displayed at the nature center in Marathon. It has been speculatively identified as Calusa in origin. ) Housing The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. When Pedro Menéndez de Avilés visited the capital in 1566, he described the chief 's house as large enough to hold 2,000 without crowding, indicating it also served as the council house. When the chief formally received Menéndez in his house, the chief sat on a raised seat surrounded by 500 of his principal men, while his sister - wife sat on another raised seat surrounded by 500 women. The chief 's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. Five friars who stayed in the chief 's house in 1697 complained that the roof let in the rain, sun and dew. The chief 's house, and possibly the other houses at Calos, were built on top of earthen mounds. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. Clothing and personal decoration The Calusa wore little clothing. The men wore a deerskin breechcloth. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. Among most tribes in Florida for which there is documentation, the women wore skirts made of what was later called Spanish moss. The Calusa painted their bodies on a regular basis, but there was no report of tattooing among them. The men wore their hair long. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity ( and European style ) would be a great sacrifice. Little was recorded of jewelry or other ornamentation among the Calusa. During Menéndez de Avilés 's visit in 1566, the chief 's wife was described as wearing pearls, precious stones and gold beads around her neck. The heir of the chief wore gold in an ornament on his forehead and beads on his legs. Beliefs The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a person 's eye, his shadow, and his reflection. The soul in the eye 's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. The other two souls left the body after death and entered into an animal. If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing. Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. The priests wore carved masks, which were at other times hung on the walls inside a temple. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, an early chronicler of the Calusa, described `` sorcerers in the shape of the devil, with some horns on their heads, '' who ran through the town yelling like animals for four months at a time. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system despite Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The `` nobles '' resisted conversion in part because their power and position were intimately tied to the belief system ; they were intermediaries between the gods and the people. Conversion would have destroyed the source of their authority and legitimacy. The Calusa resisted physical encroachment and spiritual conversion by the Spanish and their missionaries for almost 200 years. After suffering decimation by disease, the tribe was destroyed by Creek and Yamasee raiders early in the 18th century. Language Calusa Region Florida Extinct ca. 1800 Language family unclassified Language codes ISO 639 - 3 None ( mis ) Glottolog calu1239 Little is known of the language of the Calusa. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobago, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. Julian Granberry has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley. Vocabulary A few vocabulary examples from Granberry 's work are listed below : tepe ' join ' kuči ' destroy ' ñoka ' war ' ño ' village ' * śahka ' tree ' mayai ' on the other side ' ( * ) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. Sounds Granberry has provided an inventory of phonemes to the sounds of the Calusa language. Consonants Bilabial Apical Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive p tʃ k ʔ Fricative s, ś h Rhotic r Nasal m n ɲ Lateral l Approximant w j Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Close - mid o Open - mid ɛ ɔ Open A Calusa ś sound is said to range between a / s / to a / ʃ / sound. European contact At the time of First Contact De Soto route and indigenous groups at time The first recorded contact between the Calusa and Europeans was in 1513, when Juan Ponce de León landed on the west coast of Florida in May, probably at the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River, after his earlier discovery of Florida in April. The Calusa knew of the Spanish before this landing, however, as they had taken in Native American refugees from the Spanish subjugation of Cuba. The Spanish careened one of their ships, and Calusas offered to trade with them. After ten days a man who spoke Spanish approached Ponce de León 's ships with a request to wait for the arrival of the Calusa chief. Soon 20 war canoes attacked the Spanish, who drove off the Calusa, killing or capturing several of them. The next day 80 `` shielded '' canoes attacked the Spanish ships, but the battle was inconclusive. The Spanish departed and returned to Puerto Rico. In 1517 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatán. He was also attacked by the Calusa. In 1521 Ponce de León returned to southwest Florida to plant a colony, but the Calusa drove the Spanish out, mortally wounding Ponce de León. The Pánfilo de Narváez expedition of 1528 and the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1539 both landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, north of the Calusa domain. Dominican missionaries reached the Calusa domain in 1549 but withdrew because of the hostility of the tribe. Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa during the 1540s and 1550s. The best information about the Calusa comes from the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, one of these survivors. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. Warriors killed all the adult men. Fontaneda lived with various tribes in southern Florida for the next seventeen years before being found by the Menendez de Avilés expedition. In 1566 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, founder of St. Augustine, made contact with the Calusa. He struck an uneasy peace with their leader Caluus, or Carlos. Menéndez married Carlos ' sister, who took the baptismal name Doña Antonia at conversion. Menéndez left a garrison of soldiers and a Jesuit mission, San Antón de Carlos, at the Calusa capital. Hostilities erupted, and the Spanish soldiers killed Carlos, his successor Felipe, and several of the `` nobles '' before they abandoned their fort and mission in 1569. For more than a century after the Avilés adventure, there was little contact between the Spanish and Calusa. Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish - allied tribes around Tampa Bay. A Spanish expedition to ransom some captives held by the Calusa in 1680 was forced to turn back ; neighboring tribes refused to guide the Spanish, for fear of retaliation by the Calusa. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months. After the outbreak of war between Spain and England in 1702, slaving raids by Uchise Creek and Yamasee Indians allied with the English Province of Carolina began reaching far down the Florida peninsula. The English supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. Ravaged by new infectious diseases introduced to the Americas by European contact and by the slaving raids, the surviving Calusa retreated south and east. In 1711, the Spanish helped evacuate 270 Indians, including many Calusa, from the Florida Keys to Cuba ( where almost 200 soon died ). They left 1,700 behind. The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. The mission was closed after only a few months. When Spain ceded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, they evacuated the last remnants of the tribes of south Florida to Cuba. While a few Calusa individuals may have stayed behind and been absorbed into the Seminole, no documentation supports that. Cuban fishing camps ( ranchos ) operated along the southwest Florida coast from the 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. Some of the `` Spanish Indians '' ( often of mixed Spanish - Indian heritage ) who worked at the fishing camps likely were descended from Calusa. See also Caloosahatchee culture Dismal Key Fort Center Notes Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 1 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Marquadt 2004, pp. 211 -- 212 Hann 2003, pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Milanich 1994, pp. 32 -- 35 Milanich 1998, pp. 3 -- 37 ^ Jump up to : Milanich 1993. Milanich 1995. ^ Jump up to : MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 78 - 79, 86 Widmer, pp. 5 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Widmer : 224 -- 31 Marquardt 2004 : 206 Hann 2003 : 31 -- 2 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 69 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Marquardt 2004, pp. 206 -- 207 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 69 -- 71 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt : The Calusa and Their Legacy p. 73 Jump up ^ Hann 2003, pp. 35 -- 36 Jump up ^ Hann 2003, pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Winn, pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 82 -- 85, 87 Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald ; Forkel, Robert ; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. ( 2017 ). `` Calusa ''. Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Jump up ^ Granberry, Julian ( 2011 ). The Calusa : Linguistic and Cultural Relationships. Tuscaloosa, Alabama : The University of Alabama Press. pp. 19 -- 24. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1751 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Granberry, Julian ( 1994 ). Evidence for a Calusa - Tunica Relationship. ^ Jump up to : Granberry 2011 : 27 - 38 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 115 -- 116 Jump up ^ Bullen Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 86, 117 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ MacMahon and Marquardt, pp. 118 - 121 Jump up ^ Marquardt 2004, p. 211 Calusa References Bullen, Adelaide K. ( 1965 ). `` Florida Indians of Past and Present '', in Carson, Ruby Leach and Tebeau, Charlton. Florida from Indian trail to space age : a history. ( Vol. I, pp. 317 -- 350 ). Southern Publishing Company. Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. ( 1964 ). `` The Calusa : A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society ( With Notes on Sibling Marriage ). '' In Explorations in Cultural Anthropology : Essays Presented to George Peter Murdock. Ed. Ward H. Goodenough. New York : McGraw - Hill, 179 -- 219. Granberry, Julian. ( 1994 ). `` Evidence for a Calusa - Tunica Relationship ''. MALC. Granberry, Julian. ( 2011 ). `` The Calusa : Linguistic and Cultural Relationships ''. Tuscaloosa, Alabama : The University of Alabama Press. Hann, John, ed. & trans. ( 1991 ). Missions to the Calusa. University of Florida Press. Hann, John H. ( 2003 ). Indians of Central and South Florida : 1513 -- 1763. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2645 - 8 MacMahon, Darcie A. and William H. Marquardt. ( 2004 ). The Calusa and Their Legacy : South Florida People and Their Environments. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2773 - X Mahon, John K. ( 1985 ). History of the Second Seminole War 1835 -- 1842 ( Revised Edition ). University Presses of Florida. Marquardt, William H. ( 1992 ). ed. Culture and Environment in the Domain of the Calusa. Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies Monograph # 1. University of Florida. Marquardt, William H. ( 2004 ). `` Calusa ''. In R.D. Fogelson ( Ed. ), Handbook of North American Indians : Southeast ( Vol. 14, pp. 204 -- 212 ). Smithsonian Institution. Milanich, Jerald. ( 1993 ). ed. `` Chapter 10. The Caloosahatchee Region ''. Florida Historical Contexts. State of Florida Division of Historical Resources. in ( 1 ) -- retrieved March 29, 2006 Milanich, Jerald T. ( 1994 ). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1273 - 2 Milanich, Jerald T. ( 1995 ). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1360 - 7 Milanich, Jerald T. ( 1998 ). Florida 's Indians From Ancient Time to the Present. University Press of Florida. Widmer, Randolph J. ( 1998 ). The Evolution of the Calusa : A Nonagricultural Chiefdom on the Southwest Florida Coast. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0358 - 8 Winn, Ed ( 2003 ). Florida 's great king : King Carlos of the Calusa Indians. Buster 's Books. ISBN 0 - 9658489 - 3 - 0. Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Site Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Orwell Site Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America Pre-Columbian era Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calusa. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=831782050 '' Categories : Calusa Extinct languages of North America Native American tribes in Florida Spanish Florida Hidden categories : Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Language articles with unreferenced extinction date Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Languages Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018, at 04 : 52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: how did the calusa tribe get their food
Answer: estuarine fisheries