Euglenid - wikipedia Euglenid Euglenids Temporal range : Eocene ( 53.5 Ma ) - recent Euglena viridis, by Ehrenberg Scientific classification Domain : Eukaryota ( unranked ) : Excavata Phylum : Euglenophyta Pascher, 1931 Class : Euglenophyceae Schoenichen, 1925 Major groups Phototrophs ( in general ) Euglenales / Euglenina Eutreptiales / Eutreptiina Euglenamorphales / Euglenamorphina Osmotrophs Rhabdomonadales / Rhabdomonadina Phagotrophs ? Heteronematales / Heteronematina ? Sphenomonadales / Sphenomonadina Synonyms Euglenoidina Bütschli, 1884, Blochmann, 1886 Euglenoidea Lankester, 1885 Euglenida Stein, 1878 sensu Simpson, 1997 Euglenoida Cavalier - Smith, 1993 Euglenids ( euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida / Euglenoida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN ) are one of the best - known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typical of that group. They are commonly found in freshwater, especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and endosymbiotic members. Most euglenids are unicellular. Many euglenids have chloroplasts and produce their own food through photosynthesis, but others feed by phagocytosis, or strictly by diffusion. This group is known to contain the carbohydrate paramylon. Euglenids are said to descend from an ancestor that took up green algae by secondary endosymbiosis. Contents 1 Structure 2 Classification 3 Nutrition 3.1 Osmotrophic euglenoids 4 Reproduction 5 Gallery 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Structure Euglenids are distinguished mainly by the presence of a pellicle ( periplast ). Within its taxon, the pellicle is one of the euglenids ' most diverse features from a morphological standpoint. The pellicle is composed of proteinaceous strips underneath the cell membrane, supported by dorsal and ventral microtubules. This varies from rigid to flexible, and gives the cell its shape, often giving it distinctive striations. In many euglenids the strips can slide past one another, causing an inching motion called metaboly. Otherwise they move using their flagella. Classification 1 -- 2. Ascoglena sp. ( Euglenales ) ; 3 -- 4. Cryptoglena sp. ( idem ) ; 5 -- 9, 14 -- 15, 24 -- 25, 27 - 29. Trachelomonas spp. ( id. ) ; 10. Eutreptia sp. ( Eutreptiales ) ; 11, 20. Astasia spp. ( Euglenales ) ; 12. Distigma sp. ( Eutreptiales ) ; 13. Menoid ( i ) um sp. ( Rhabdomonadales ) ; 16 -- 18. Colacium sp. ( Euglenales ) ; 19, 26. Petalomonas spp. ( Sphenomonadales ) ; 21. Sphenomonas sp. ( id. ) ; 22 -- 23. Euglenopsis sp. ( Euglenales ) ; 30. Peranema sp. ( Heteronematales ) Further information : Wikispecies : Euglenida The euglenids were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1884 as the flagellate order Euglenida, as an animal. Botanists subsequently created the algal division Euglenophyta ; thus they were classified as both animals and plants, as they share characteristics with both. Conflicts of this nature are exemplary of why the kingdom Protista was adopted. However, they retained their double - placement until the flagellates were split up, and both names are still used to refer to the group. Their chlorophyll are not masked with accessory pigments. Nutrition The classification of euglenids is still variable, as groups are being revised to conform with their molecular phylogeny. Classifications have fallen in line with the traditional groups based on differences in nutrition and number of flagella ; these provide a starting point for considering euglenid diversity. Different characteristics of the euglenids ' pellicles can provide insight into their modes of movement and nutrition. As with other Euglenozoa, the primitive mode of nutrition is phagocytosis. Prey such as bacteria and smaller flagellates are ingested through a cytostome, supported by microtubules. These are often packed together to form two or more rods, which function in ingestion, and in Entosiphon form an extendable siphon. Most phagotrophic euglenids have two flagella, one leading and one trailing. The latter is used for gliding along the substrate. In some, such as Peranema, the leading flagellum is rigid and beats only at its tip. Osmotrophic euglenoids Osmotrophic euglenids are euglenids which have undergone osmotrophy. Due to a lack of characteristics which are useful for taxonomical purposes, the origin of osmotrophic euglenids is unclear. Though, certain morphological characteristics reveal a small fraction of osmotrophic euglenids are derived from phototrophic and phagotrophic ancestors. A prolonged absence of light or exposure to harmful chemicals may cause atrophy and absorption of the chloroplasts without otherwise harming the organism. There are a number of species where a chloroplast 's absence was formerly marked with separate genera such as Astasia ( colourless Euglena ) and Hyalophacus ( colourless Phacus ). Due to the lack of a developed cytostome, these forms feed exclusively by osmotrophic absorption. Reproduction Although euglenids share several common characteristics with animals, which is why they were originally classified as so, there is no evidence of euglenids ever using sexual reproduction. This is one of the reasons they could no longer be classified as animals. For euglenids to reproduce, asexual reproduction takes place in the form of binary fission, and the cells replicate and divide during mitosis and cytokinesis. This process occurs in a very distinct order. First, the basal bodies and flagella replicate, then the cytostome and microtubules ( the feeding apparatus ), and finally the nucleus and remaining cytoskeleton. Once this occurs, the organism begins to cleave at the basal bodies, and this cleavage line moves towards the center of the organism until two separate euglenids are evident. Because of the way that this reproduction takes place and the axis of separation, this is called longitudinal cell division or longitudinal binary fission. Gallery Euglena sp. ( Euglenales ) Phacus sp. ( Euglenales ) Trachelomonas sp. ( Euglenales ) Euglenoid cultures in Petri dishes Cell diagram Astasia sp. ( Euglenales ) Euglena, Astasia and Phacus spp. ( Euglenales ) Euglena, Phacus and Lepocinclis spp. ( Euglenales ) Anisonema, Petalomonas, Notosolenus, Scytomonas and Tropidoscyphus spp. ( Sphenomonadales ) ; Heteronema, Dinema and Entosiphon spp. ( Heteronematales ) References Jump up ^ Lee, R.E. ( 2008 ). Phycology, 4th edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63883 - 8. Jump up ^ Leedale, G.F. ( 1967 ), Euglenoid Flagellates. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 242 p., ( 1 ). Jump up ^ Keeling PJ ( 2009 ). `` Chromalveolates and the evolution of plastids by secondary endosymbiosis ''. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1550 - 7408.2008. 00371. x. PMID 19335769. Jump up ^ Leander, Brian S. ; Farmer, Mark A. ( 2001 - 03 - 01 ). `` Comparative Morphology of the Euglenid Pellicle. II. Diversity of Strip Substructure ''. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 217. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1550 - 7408.2001. tb00304. x. ISSN 1550 - 7408. Jump up ^ Leander, Brian Scott ( May 2001 ). `` Evolutionary morphology of the euglenid pellicle ''. University Of Georgia Theses and Dissertations. Jump up ^ Busse, Ingo ; Preisfeld, Angelika ( 14 April 2018 ). `` Systematics of primary osmotrophic euglenids : a molecular approach to the phylogeny of Distigma and Astasia ( Euglenozoa ) ''. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 ( 2 ) : 617 -- 624. doi : 10.1099 / ijs. 0.02295 - 0. Retrieved 14 April 2018 -- via Microbiology Society Journals. Jump up ^ `` Euglenida ''. tolweb.org. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Reproduction ''. Euglena. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31. Bibliography Ciugulea, I. & Triemer, R.E. ( 2010 ) A Color Atlas of Photosynthetic Euglenoids. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, 204 p., ( 2 ). Leander, B.S., Triemer, R.E., & Farmer, M.A. ( 2001 ). Character evolution in heterotrophic euglenids. European Journal of Protistology, 37 ( 3 ), 337 - 356, ( 3 ). Leander, B.S., Lax, G., Karnkowska, A., Simpson, A.G.B. ( 2017 ). Euglenida. In : Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. ( Eds. ). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1 -- 42. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 32669 - 6_13 - 1 Leedale, G.F. ( 1978 ). Phylogenetic criteria in euglenoid flagellates. BioSystems 10 : 183 -- 187, ( 4 ). Wołowski, K & Hindák, F. ( 2005 ). Atlas of Euglenophytes. Cracow : VEDA Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 136 p., ( 5 ). External links Wikispecies has information related to Euglenoidea The Euglenoid Project Tree of Life : Euglenida Excavata Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Discoba Discicristata Euglenozoa Postgaardia Postgaardea Bihospitida Bihospitidae Postgaardida Calkinsiidae Postgaardidae Glycomonada Diplonemea Diplonemida Diplonemidae Hemistasiidae Kinetoplastea Bordnamonadida Trypanophidida Prokinetoplastida Neobodonida Parabodonida Bodonida Trypanosomatida Euglenida Entosiphonea Entosiphonida Entosiphonidae Stavomonadea Heterostavida Serpenomonadidae Decastavida Decastavidae Keelungiidae Petalomonadida Sphenomonadidae Petalomonadidae Ploeotarea Ploeotiida Lentomonadidae Ploeotiidae Peranemea Peranemida Pseudoperanemataceae Anisonemida Anisonemidae Natomonadida Neometanemidae Distigmidae Astasiidae Acroglissida Teloproctidae Euglenophyceae Rapazida Rapazidae Eutreptiales Eutreptiaceae Euglenales Euglenomorphaceae Phacaceae Euglenaceae Percolozoa Pharyngomonadidea Pharyngomonadida Pharyngomonadidae Heterolobosea Lyromonadida Plaesiobystridae Gruberellidae Psalteriomonadidae Acrasida Acrasidae Guttulinidae Schizopyrenida Naegleriidae Vahlkampfiidae Neovahlkampfiidae Paravahlkampfiidae Euhyperamoebidae Percolatea Percolomonas Stephanopogon Jakobea Jakobida Andaluciidae Stygiellidae Moramonadidae Jakobidae Histionidae Tsukubea Tsukubamonadida Tsukubamonadidae Loukozoa Metamonad Trichozoa Parabasalia Chilomitea Chilomitida Chilomitidae Trichonymphea Lophomonadida Lophomonadidae Trichonymphida Hoplonymphidae Spirotrichosomidae Staurojoeninidae Teranymphidae Trichonymphidae Trichomonadea Trichomonadida Hypotrichomonadidae Tricercomitidae Hexamastigidae Honigbergiellidae Trichomonadidae Trichocovinida Trichocovinidae Tritrichomonadida Dientamoebidae Monocercomonadidae Simplicimonadidae Tritrichomonadidae Spirotrichonymphida Spirotrichonymphidae Cristamonadida Calonymphidae Devescovinidae Fornicata Eopharingea Caviomonadidae Diplomonadida Giardiidae Octomitidae Spironucleidae Hexamitidae Retortamonadida Retortamonadidae Carpediemonadea Carpediemonadida Carpediemonadidae Other Kipferliidae Dysnectida Dysnectidae Chilomastigida Chilomastigidae Anaeromonada Anaeromonadea Paratrimastigidae Trimastigida Trimastigidae Oxymonadida Polymastigidae Saccinobaculidae Pyrsonymphidae Streblomastigidae Oxymonadidae Neolouka Malawimonadea Malawimonadida Malawimonadidae Ancyromonadida Ancyromonadida Ancyromonadida Taxon identifiers Wd : Q134863 EPPO : 1EUGLC NCBI : 3035 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euglenid&oldid=837106103 '' Categories : Algal taxonomy Euglenozoa Extant Ypresian first appearances Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 19 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: 2) what type of nutrition do euglenids have
Answer: phagocytosis