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( February 2017 ) Gupta Empire 321 CE -- 550 CE The Gupta Empire at its greatest extent Capital Pataliputra Languages Sanskrit ( literary and academic ) ; Prakrit ( vernacular ) Religion Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Government Monarchy Maharajadhiraja 240s -- 280s Sri - Gupta 319 -- 335 Chandragupta I 335 - 380 Samudragupta 380 -- 415 Chandragupta II 540 -- 550 Vishnu Gupta Historical era Ancient India Established 321 CE Disestablished 550 CE Area 3,500,000 km ( 1,400,000 sq mi ) Preceded by Succeeded by Mahameghavahana dynasty Kanva dynasty Kushan Empire Bharshiva dynasty Western Satraps Later Guptas Maukhari Maitraka Pushyabhuti Mathara dynasty Varman dynasty Kalachuris Today part of India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire founded by Sri Gupta. The empire existed at its zenith from approximately 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent. This period is called the Golden Age of India, an idea contested by some scholars The high points of this period are magnificent and creative architecture, sculpture, and painting. Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II were the most notable rulers of the Gupta dynasty. The 4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits the Guptas with having conquered about twenty - one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas, the Hunas, the Kambojas, tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas etc. The high points of this period are the great cultural developments which took place during the reign of Chandragupta II. All literary sources like Mahabharata and Ramayana were canonised during this period The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and set the region up as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. The earliest available Indian epics are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period. The empire gradually declined because of many factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories and the invasion by the Huna peoples ( Kidarites and Alchon Huns ) from Central Asia. After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by Vardhana ruler Harsha, who established his empire in the first half of the 7th century. Contents 1 Origin 1.1 Original homeland of the Guptas 2 History 2.1 Srigupta and Ghatotkacha 2.2 Chandragupta I 2.3 Samudragupta 2.4 Ramagupta 2.5 Chandragupta II `` Vikramaditya '' 2.5. 1 Chandragupta II 's Campaigns against Foreign Tribes 2.5. 2 Fa - Hien 2.6 Kumaragupta I 2.7 Skandagupta 2.8 Decline of the empire 3 Military organization 4 Religion 5 Gupta administration 6 Legacy of the Gupta Empire 7 Art and architecture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Origin Main article : Origin of the Gupta dynasty Gupta Empire 320 CE -- 550 CE Sri Gupta ( 240 -- 280 ) Ghatotkacha ( 280 -- 319 ) Chandragupta I ( 320 -- 335 ) Kachagupta ( 335 ) Samudragupta ( 335 -- 380 ) Ramagupta Chandragupta II ( 380 -- 413 / 415 ) Kumaragupta I ( 415 -- 455 ) Skandagupta ( 455 - 467 ) Purugupta ( 467 -- 473 ) Kumaragupta II ( 473 - 476 ) Budhagupta ( 476 -- 495 ) Narasimhagupta ( 495 -- ? ) ( Bhanugupta ) ( circa 510 ) Vainyagupta ( circa 507 ) Kumaragupta III ( circa 530 ) Vishnugupta ( 540 -- 550 ) According to many historians, the Gupta dynasty was a Vaishya dynasty. Historian Ram Sharan Sharma asserts that the Vaishya Guptas `` appeared as a reaction against oppressive rulers ''. A.S. Altekar, a historian and archaeologist, who has written several books on Gupta coinage, also regarded the caste of the Guptas as Vaishya on the basis of the ancient Indian texts on law, which prescribe the name - ending with Gupta for a member of the Vaishya caste. According to historian Michael C. Brannigan, the rise of the Gupta Empire was one of the most prominent violations of the caste system in ancient India. Furthermore, it is not yet discovered whether the term Gupta indicated a surname of a specific family or referred to a clan. However Gupta Empire records and Chinese records provided by the later I - Tsing, furnished the names of the first three rulers of the Gupta Dynasty, Maharaja Sri Gupta, Maharaja Sri Ghatotkacha and Ghatotokacha 's son, Maharajadhiraja Sri Chandragupta, considered the first Gupta emperor. Recently, a historian, Ashvini Agarwal, on the basis of the matrimonial alliances of the Guptas with the Vakataka, assumed that they belong to the Brahmin caste. Another modern historian, S. Chattopaddhyaya, has put forth a different theory about the ancestry of the Guptas. According to him, in the Panchobh Copper Plate, some kings bearing the title Guptas and related to the imperial Gupta Dynasty, claimed themselves as Vaishyas. Historian D.R. Regmi, says Imperial Guptas were descendants of Abhira - Guptas. Original homeland of the Guptas There is controversy among scholars about the original homeland of the Guptas. Jayaswal has pointed out that the Guptas were originally inhabitants of Prayaga ( Allahabad ), Uttar Pradesh, in north India, as the vassal of the Nagas or Bhaarshivas. Thereafter they rose in prominence. Another scholar, Gayal supported the theory of Jaiswal, suggesting that the original home of the Guptas was Antarvedi embracing the regions of Oudh and Prayag. These historians have derived their theory from several Gupta Dynasty coins found in those regions, and this study of numismatic evidence led to the theory that the Guptas were the original inhabitants of that region of northeastern India. However another historian of this time in Indian history, Ganguli, has offered a different view about the original Gupta homeland. According to him the Guptas homeland is further south, the Murshidabad region of Bengal, and not Magadha in Bihar. He based his theory on the statement of the Chinese Buddhist monk, Yijing ( I - Tsing ), who visited India during 675 and 695 CE. Fleet and other historians however criticize Ganguli 's theory because Sri Gupta ruled during the end of the 3rd century, but Yijing placed him at the end of the 2nd century. Hence the theory of historians, who have provided their views based on the accounts of Yijing, are considered less valid than theories based on other sources such as coinage. From these theories, several conflicting opinions about the original homeland and the Empire of the Guptas are available. According to Allan and a few other scholars, the Guptas were initially concentrated in the region of Magadha and from there they extended their sway to Bengal. According to other groups, the original homeland of the Guptas was Varendri or the Varendra Bhumi in Bengal, wherefrom they extended their Empire to Magadha. Whatever the theory is, the rule of the Guptas initiated the Golden Age in history of ancient India and with passage of time they became the sole authority of entire Northern India. Bengali historians like HC Raychoudhuri the Guptas originated from the Varendri region which is now part of Rangpur and Rajshahi Division of modern - day Bangladesh. DC Ganguly, on the other hand, considers the surrounding region of Murshidabad as the original home of the Guptas. History Srigupta and Ghatotkacha The most likely time for the reign of Sri Gupta is c. 240 -- 280. The Murundas who were feudal lords of Kushans provided or granted land to Srigupta. He can be called the first person of Gupta 's empire but not the founder of the empire. His son and successor Ghatotkacha ruled presumably from c. 280 -- 319. He challenged other feudal lords and conquered their lands. In contrast to his successor, Chandragupta I, who is mentioned as Maharajadhiraja, he and his son Ghatotkacha are referred to in inscriptions as Maharaja At the beginning of the 4th century, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern - day Bihar. Yijing also mentioned about Sri Gupta in his writings. He was succeeded by his son Ghatotkacha. Chandragupta I Main article : Chandragupta I Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I, depicted on a coin of their son Samudragupta, 335 -- 380. Ghatotkacha ( reigned c. 280 -- 319 CE ), had a son named Chandragupta ( reigned c. 320 -- 335 CE ) ( not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya ( 322 -- 298 BCE ), founder of the Mauryan Empire. ) In a breakthrough deal, Chandragupta was married to Kumaradevi, a Lichchhavi princess -- the main power in Magadha. With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha ( capital Pataliputra ) and an alliance with the Licchavis of Nepal, Chandragupta set about expanding his power, conquering much of Magadha, Prayaga and Saketa. He established a realm stretching from the Ganges River to Prayaga ( modern - day Allahabad ) by 321. He assumed the imperial title of Maharajadhiraja. He expanded his empire through marriage alliances. Samudragupta Main article : Samudragupta Coin of Samudragupta, with Garuda pillar. British Museum. Samudragupta, Parakramanka succeeded his father in 335, and ruled for about 45 years, until his death in 380. He took the kingdoms of Ahichchhatra and Padmavati early in his reign. He then attacked the Malwas, the Yaudheyas, the Arjunayanas, the Maduras and the Abhiras, all of which were tribes in the area. By his death in 380, he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm and his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna. He gave himself the titles King of Kings and World Monarch. Historian Vincent Smith described him as the `` Indian Napoleon ''. He performed Ashwamedha yajna in which a horse with an army is sent to all the nearby territories of friends and foes. These territorial kings on arrival either accept the King 's alliance, who is performing this yajna or fight if they do n't. The stone replica of the horse, then prepared, is in the Lucknow Museum. The Samudragupta Prashasti inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar, now in Akbar 's Fort at Allahabad, is an authentic record of his exploits and his sway over most of the continent. Samudragupta was not only a talented military leader but also a great patron of art and literature. He conquered what is now Kashmir and Afghanistan enlarging the empire. The critical scholars present in his court were Harishena, Vasubandhu and Asanga. He was a poet and musician himself. He was a firm believer in Hinduism and is known to have worshipped Lord Vishnu. He was considerate of other religions and allowed Sri Lanka 's Buddhist king Sirimeghvanna to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya. That monastery was called by Xuanzang as the Mahabodhi Sangharama. He provided a gold railing around the Bodhi Tree. Ramagupta Head of Tirthankara, Mathura Museum Main article : Ramagupta Although, the narrative of the Devichandragupta is not supported by any contemporary epigraphical evidence, the historicity of Rama Gupta is proved by his Durjanpur inscriptions on three Jaina images, where he is mentioned as the Maharajadhiraja. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the Eran - Vidisha region and classified in five distinct types, which include the Garuda, Garudadhvaja, lion and border legend types. The Brahmi legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style. In the opinion of art historian Dr. R.A. Agarawala, D. Litt., Rama Gupta may be the eldest son of Samudragupta. He became king because of being the eldest. It may be a possibility that he was dethroned because of not being the worthy enough to rule and his younger brother Chandragupta II took over. Chandragupta II `` Vikramaditya '' Main article : Chandragupta II Krishna fighting the horse demon Keshi, 5th century According to the Gupta records, amongst his sons, Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II, born of queen Dattadevi, as his successor. Chandragupta II, Vikramaditya ( the Sun of Power ), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of Kuntala and of Naga lineage ( Nāgakulotpannnā ), Kuberanaga. His daughter Prabhavatigupta from this Naga queen was married to Rudrasena II, the Vakataka ruler of Deccan. His son Kumaragupta I was married to Kadamba princess of Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka Western Kshatrapas of Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra in a campaign lasting until 409, but with his main opponent Rudrasimha III defeated by 395, and crushing the Bengal ( Vanga ) chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast - to - coast, established a second capital at Ujjain and was the high point of the empire. Gold coins of Chandragupta II. Despite the creation of the empire through war, the reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science, especially during the reign of Chandragupta II. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art. Above all it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures as well, and for this reason there is also a long history of non-Hindu Gupta period art. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller Faxian ( Fa - hien ) in his diary and published afterwards. The court of Chandragupta was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the Navaratna ( Nine Jewels ), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Amongst these men was the immortal Kālidāsa whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the shringara ( romantic ) element in his verse. Chandragupta II 's campaigns against foreign tribes 4th century Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in the East and West India, Vikramaditya ( Chandragupta II ) proceeded northwards, subjugated the Parasikas, then the Hunas and the Kambojas tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeds across the Himalaya and reduced the Kinnaras, Kiratas etc. and lands into India proper. The Brihatkathamanjari of the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra states, King Vikramaditya ( Chandragupta II ) had `` unburdened the sacred earth of the Barbarians like the Sakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas, etc. by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely ''. Fa - Hien Fa Hien, a Chinese Buddhist, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. He started his journey from China in 399 and reached India in 405. During his stay in India up to 411, he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura, Kannauj, Kapilavastu, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashi and Rajagriha and made careful observations about the empire 's conditions. Fa Hien was pleased with the mildness of administration. The Penal Code was mild and offences were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period, until the Rome - China trade axis was broken with the fall of the Han dynasty, the Guptas ' did indeed prosper. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period. Kumaragupta I Main article : Kumaragupta I Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumaragupta I ( Coin of his Western territories, design derived from the Western Satraps ). Obv : Bust of king with crescents, with traces of corrupt Greek script. Rev : Garuda standing facing with spread wings. Brahmi legend : Parama - bhagavata rajadhiraja Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya. Gupta Empire in 450 CE Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son Kumaragupta I, born of Mahadevi Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title, Mahendraditya. He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the Narmada valley, the Pushyamitras, rose in power to threaten the empire. The Kidarites as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son Skandagupta mentions in the Bhitari pillar inscription his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganization and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the Hunas. He was the founder of Nalanda University which on July 15, 2016 was declared as a UNESCO world heritage site. Skandagupta Main article : Skandagupta Skandagupta, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta rulers. He assumed the titles of Vikramaditya and Kramaditya. He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading Kidarites ( sometimes described as the Hephthalites or `` White Huns '', known in India as the Sweta Huna ), from the northwest. He repulsed a Huna attack c. 455, But the expense of the wars drained the empire 's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of Skandagupta, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near - annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the Kidarites. The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire. Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother Purugupta. Decline of the empire The Alchon Huns under Toramana and his son Mihirakula ( here depicted ) gravely weakened the Gupta Empire. Following Skandagupta 's death, the empire was clearly in decline. He was followed by Purugupta ( 467 -- 473 ), Kumaragupta II ( 473 -- 476 ), Budhagupta ( 476 -- 495 ), Narasimhagupta ( 495 -- ? ), Kumaragupta III ( 530 -- 540 ), Vishnugupta ( 540 -- 550 ), two lesser known kings namely, Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta. In the 480 's the Alchon Huns under Toramana and Mihirakula broke through the Gupta defenses in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor Mihirakula. It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by Bhanugupta in 510. The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by king Yashodharman from Malwa and possibly Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta. The much - weakened Late Guptas, circa 550 CE. These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to Classical Indian civilization. Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as Yashodharman, ended as well. Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas. The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India 's trade with Europe and Central Asia. In particular, Indo - Roman trade relations, which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as silk, leather goods, fur, iron products, ivory, pearl or pepper from centers such as Nasik, Paithan, Pataliputra or Benares etc. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them. Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and Buddhism, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks, started to collapse. Great centers of learning were destroyed, such as the city of Taxila, bringing cultural regression. During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian cast system. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the Rajputs. The succession of the 6th - century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognized ruler of the dynasty 's main line was king Vishnugupta, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Hun invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa. The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta ( the Damodarpur copper - plate inscription ), in which he makes a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha ( Bangarh in West Bengal ) in 542 / 543 CE. This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the Aulikara ruler Yashodharman circa 532 CE. Military organization Gold coin of Gupta era, depicting Gupta king Kumaragupta holding a bow. Sculpture of Vishnu ( red sandstone ), 5th century CE The Imperial Guptas could n't have achieved their successes through force of arms without an efficient martial system. Historically, the best accounts of this come not from the Hindus themselves but from Chinese and Western observers. However, a contemporary Indian document, regarded as a military classic of the time, the Siva - Dhanur - veda, offers some insight into the military system of the Guptas. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. The Hindu version of the longbow was composed of metal, or more typically bamboo, and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head. Unlike the composite bows of Western and Central Asian foes, bows of this design would be less prone to warping in the damp and moist conditions often prevalent to the region. The Indian longbow was reputedly a powerful weapon capable of great range and penetration and provided an effective counter to invading horse archers. Iron shafts were used against armored elephants and fire arrows were not part of the bowmen 's arsenal contrary to popular belief. India historically has had a prominent reputation for its steel weapons. One of these was the steel bow. Because of its high tensility, the steel bow was capable of long range and penetration of exceptionally thick armor. These were less common weapons than the bamboo design and found in the hands of noblemen rather than in the ranks. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. The Guptas also had knowledge of siegecraft, catapults, and other sophisticated war machines. The Guptas apparently showed little predilection for using horse archers, despite the fact these warriors were a primary component in the ranks of their Scythian, Parthian, and Hepthalite ( Huna ) enemies. However, the Gupta armies were probably better disciplined. Able commanders like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II would have likely understood the need for combined armed tactics and proper logistical organization. Gupta military success likely stemmed from the concerted use of elephants, armored cavalry, and foot archers in tandem against both Hindu kingdoms and foreign armies invading from the Northwest. The Guptas also maintained a navy, allowing them to control regional waters. The collapse of the Gupta Empire in the face of the Huna onslaught was due not directly to the inherent defects of the Gupta army, which after all had initially defeated these people under Skandagupta. More likely, internal dissolution sapped the ability of the Guptas to resist foreign invasion, as was simultaneously occurring in Western Europe and China. During the reign of Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire maintained a large army consisting of 500,000 infantry, 50,000 cavalry, 20,000 charioteers and 10,000 elephants along with a powerful navy with more than 1200 ships. Chandragupta II controlled the whole of the Indian subcontinent ; the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign, at a time when the Roman Empire in the West was in decline. Religion Meditating Buddha from the Gupta era, 5th century CE. The Guptas were traditionally a Brahmanical dynasty. They were orthodox Hindus, but did not force their beliefs on the rest of the population, as Buddhism and Jainism also were encouraged. Sanchi remained an important center of Buddhism. Kumaragupta I ( c. 414 -- c. 455 CE ) is said to have founded Nalanda. Some later rulers however seem to have especially favoured Buddhism. Narasimhagupta Baladitya ( circa 495 - ? ), according to contemporary writer Paramartha, was brought up under the influence of the Mahayanist philosopher, Vasubandhu. He built a sangharama at Nalanda and also a 300 ft ( 91 m ) high vihara with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the `` great Vihara built under the Bodhi tree ''. According to the Manjushrimulakalpa ( c. 800 CE ), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ( Dhyana ). The Chinese monk Xuanzang also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya 's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, `` possessed a heart firm in faith ''. Gupta administration A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. The empire was called by various names such as Rajya, Rashtra, Desha, Mandala, Prithvi and Avani. It was divided into 26 provinces, which were styled as Bhukti, Pradesha and Bhoga. Provinces were also divided into Vishayas and put under the control of the Vishayapatis. A Vishayapati administered the Vishaya with the help of the Adhikarana ( council of representatives ), which comprised four representatives : Nagarasreshesthi, Sarthavaha, Prathamakulike and Prathama Kayastha. A part of the Vishaya was called Vithi. There were also trade links of Gupta business with the Roman empire. Legacy of the Gupta empire Later image of Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8 × 8 Ashtāpada Scholars of this period include Varahamihira and Aryabhata, who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero, postulated the theory that the Earth moves round the Sun, and studied solar and lunar eclipses. Kalidasa, who was a great playwright, who wrote plays such as Shakuntala, and marked the highest point of Sanskrit literature is also said to have belonged to this period. The Sushruta Samhita, which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of ayurvedic medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, dates to the Gupta period. Chess is said to have originated in this period, where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturaṅga, which translates as `` four divisions ( of the military ) '' -- infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry -- represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, rook, and bishop, respectively. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed operations. The Indian numerals which were the first positional base 10 numeral systems in the world originated from Gupta India. The ancient Gupta text Kama Sutra by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature. Aryabhata, a noted mathematician - astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is round and rotates about its own axis. He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Borobudur in Java, Indonesia. The building 's design in Gupta architecture reflects India 's influence on the region. Art and architecture A tetrastyle prostyle Gupta period temple at Sanchi besides the Apsidal hall with Maurya foundation, an example of Buddhist architecture. 5th century CE. The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North Indian art for all the major religious groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, the surviving works are almost all religious sculpture. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha figure and Jain tirthankara figures, these last often on a very large scale. The two great centres of sculpture were Mathura and Gandhara, the latter the centre of Greco - Buddhist art. Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India. Unlike the preceding Kushan Empire there was no artistic depiction of the monarchs, even in the very fine Guptan coinage, with the exception of some coins of the Western Satraps, or influenced by them. The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style, the caves at Ajanta, Elephanta, and Ellora ( respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain ) were in fact produced under later dynasties, but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Guptan style. Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods, showing a mature form which had probably had a long development, mainly in painting palaces. The Hindu Udayagiri Caves actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers, and the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh is a major temple, one of the earliest to survive, with important sculpture. Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha ( Ananta ), Dashavatara Temple 5th century Buddha from Sarnath, 5 -- 6th century CE The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves Rock - cut temples at Ellora Painting of Padmapani Cave 1 at Ajanta See also Later Gupta dynasty Empire of Harsha Notes Jump up ^ Gupta Dynasty -- MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Jump up ^ N. Jayapalan, History of India, Vol. I, ( Atlantic Publishers, 2001 ), 130. Jump up ^ Jha, D.N. ( 2002 ). Ancient India in Historical Outline. Delhi : Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. 149 -- 173. ISBN 81 - 7304 - 285 - 3. Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=dn+jha+golden+age Jump up ^ https://thewire.in/21359/how-hindutva-historiography-is-rooted-in-the-colonial-view-of-indian-history Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ancient India. The Age of the Guptas.wsu.edu ^ Jump up to : Raghu Vamsa v 4.60 -- 75 Jump up ^ Gupta dynasty ( Indian dynasty ). Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 21. Jump up ^ Mahajan, p. 540 Jump up ^ Gupta dynasty : empire in 4th century. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 21. Jump up ^ Trade The Story of India -- Photo Gallery. PBS. Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 21. Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini ( 1989 ). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5, pp. 264 -- 9 Jump up ^ Grousset, Rene ( 1970 ). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9. Jump up ^ Nehra, R.K. Hinduism and Its Military Ethos. Lancer Publishers, 2010. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25. ^ Jump up to : Brannigan, Michael C. Striking a Balance : A Primer in Traditional Asian Values. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ Sharma, R.S. Early Medieval Indian Society : A Study in Feudalisation. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ List of Altekar 's publications in the Open Library. Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini ( 1989 ). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5, pp. 82 - 4 Jump up ^ Human rights in the Hindu - Buddhist tradition By Lal Deosa Rai, Page no. 155 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Inscriptions of Ancient Nepal : Inscriptions ''. google.com. Jump up ^ `` Gupta Rule ''. banglapedia.org. Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini ( 1989 ). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5, pp. 84 -- 7 Jump up ^ Majumdar, p. 474 Jump up ^ `` Founder of the Gupta Empire Maharaja Sri Gupta ''. theindianhistory.org. Jump up ^ Smith, Vincent A. ( 1999 ). The Early History of India : From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest. Atlantic. p. 289. ISBN 81 - 7156 - 618 - 9. Jump up ^ The Gupta Polity, pp. 199 Jump up ^ Mahajan, p. 487 Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini ( 1989 ). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 153 -- 9. ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5. Jump up ^ Bajpai, K.D. ( 2004 ). Indian Numismatic Studies. New Delhi : Abhinav Publications. pp. 120 -- 1. ISBN 81 - 7017 - 035 - 4. Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri, p. 489 Jump up ^ ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate ( Brahata Katha, 10 / 1 / 285 - 86, Kshmendra ). Jump up ^ Kathasritsagara 18.1. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Cf : `` In the story contained in Kathasarit - sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading -- Sanskrit language. Jump up ^ Prasanna Rao Bandela ( 1 January 2003 ). Coin splendour : a journey into the past. Abhinav Publications. pp. 112 --. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 427 - 1. Retrieved 21 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ( a peacock ) for the chaitya with crescent and star. '' in Rapson `` A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc... '', p. cli Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini ( 1989 ). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5, pp. 191 -- 200 Jump up ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B.A. Litvinsky, Unesco p. 119 sq Jump up ^ http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=1489 Jump up ^ `` Nalanda University Ruins Nalanda Travel Guide Ancient Nalanda Site ''. Travel News India. 2016 - 10 - 05. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri, p. 510 ^ Jump up to : The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 p. 50 sq Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri, p. 516 Jump up ^ Sachchidananda Bhattacharya, Gupta dynasty, A dictionary of Indian history, ( George Braziller, Inc., 1967 ), 393. Jump up ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 220 Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates by S.B. Bhattacherje p. A15 Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : The First Spring : The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly p. 48 sq Jump up ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 221 Jump up ^ A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India p. 174 Jump up ^ Longman History & Civics ICSE 9 by Singh p. 81 Jump up ^ Singh, Upinder ( 2008 ). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. New Delhi : Pearson Education. p. 480. ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1677 - 9. Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 ( inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings ) p. 362 ^ Jump up to : Indian Esoteric Buddhism : Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson p. 31 Jump up ^ Gupta Dynasty -- MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. ^ Jump up to : A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh p. 521 ^ Jump up to : The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji p. 133 sq Jump up ^ Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal ( 1934 ). The University of Nālandā. B.G. Paul & co. Jump up ^ Sukumar Dutt ( 1988 ) ( First published in 1962 ). Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India : Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London. ISBN 81 - 208 - 0498 - 8. Jump up ^ Mahajan, pp. 530 -- 1 Jump up ^ Murray, H.J.R. ( 1913 ). A History of Chess. Benjamin Press ( originally published by Oxford University Press ). ISBN 0 - 936317 - 01 - 9. OCLC 13472872. Jump up ^ Thomas Khoshy, Elementary Number Theory with Applications, Academic Press, 2002, p. 567. ISBN 0 - 12 - 421171 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Wonderful Indonesia - Borobudur : A Wonder of Indonesia History ''. Indonesia.travel. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 26. Jump up ^ Harle, 87 - 89 Jump up ^ Harle, respectively 118 - 122, 123 - 126, 129 - 135 Jump up ^ Harle, 92 - 97 Jump up ^ Harle, 113 - 114 References Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Gupta. Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176 Majumdar, R.C. ( 1977 ). Ancient India, New Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81 - 208 - 0436 - 8 Raychaudhuri, H.C. ( 1972 ). Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta : University of Calcutta ISBN 1 - 4400 - 5272 - 7 Tej Ram Sharma ( 1978 ). Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions. Concept Publishing Co., Delhi. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gupta Empire. Coins of Gupta Empire Photo Feature on Gupta Period Art Preceded by Kanva dynasty Magadha dynasties CE 240 -- 550 Succeeded by possibly Pala dynasty Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Western Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Northern India ( Central Gangetic Plain ) Northeastern India ( Northeast India ) IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire Kalinga HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca. 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca. AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca. AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. ( 1996 ), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf ( 2002 ), Hinduism. In : Joseph Kitagawa, `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion, History, and Culture '', Routledge Michaels, Axel ( 2004 ), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey ( 2010 ), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupta_Empire&oldid=806994520 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in South Asia Gupta Empire Historical Hindu empires Empires and kingdoms of India Medieval India History of Bengal History of West Bengal History of Bangladesh History of Kolkata History of Pakistan Dynasties of India Former empires States and territories established in the 320s States and territories disestablished in the 550s 4th - century establishments in India 550s disestablishments in Asia 6th - century disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2017 All articles needing copy edit Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Former country articles requiring maintenance All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2016 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Адыгэбзэ Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 08 : 34. 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Question: who is the last king of gupta dynasty
Answer: Skandagupta