Pineapple - wikipedia Pineapple For other uses, see Pineapple ( disambiguation ). Pineapple A pineapple on its parent plant Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Monocots Clade : Commelinids Order : Poales Family : Bromeliaceae Genus : Ananas Species : A. comosus Binomial name Ananas comosus ( L. ) Merr. Synonyms List Ananas acostae C. Commelijn Ananas ananas ( L. ) H. Karst. ex Voss nom. inval. Ananas argentata J.C. Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult. f. Ananas aurata J.C. Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult. f. Ananas bracteatus Baker Ananas coccineus Descourt. Ananas debilis Schult. & Schult. f. Ananas lyman - smithii Camargo nom. inval. Ananas maxima Schult. & Schult. f. Ananas monstrosus ( Carrière ) L.B. Sm. Ananas ovatus Mill. Ananas pancheanus André Ananas penangensis Baker Ananas porteanus Veitch ex K. Koch Ananas pyramidalis Mill. Ananas sativa Lindl. Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult. f. Ananas serotinus Mill. Ananas viridis Mill. Ananassa ananas ( L. ) H. Karst. Ananassa debilis Lindl. Ananassa monstrosa Carrière Ananassa porteana ( Veitch ex K. Koch ) Carrière Ananassa sativa ( Schult. & Schult. f. ) Lindl. ex Beer Bromelia ananas L. Bromelia ananas Willd. Bromelia communis Lam. Bromelia comosa L. Bromelia edulis Salisb. nom. illeg. Bromelia mai - pouri Perrier Bromelia pigna Perrier Bromelia rubra Schult. & Schult. f. Bromelia violacea Schult. & Schult. f. Bromelia viridis ( Mill. ) Schult. & Schult. f. Distiacanthus communis ( Lam. ) Rojas Acosta The pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples, and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae. Pineapples may be cultivated from the offset produced at the top of the fruit, possibly flowering in five to ten months and fruiting in the following six months. Pineapples do not ripen significantly after harvest. In 2016, Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines accounted for nearly one - third of the world 's production of pineapples. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Botany 3 Pollination 4 Culinary uses 5 Nutrition 5.1 Bromelain 6 History 7 Production 8 Cultivation 8.1 Ethical and environmental concerns 8.2 Cultivars 9 Phytochemistry 10 Pests and diseases 11 Storage and transport 12 Symbolism and cultural history 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External links Etymology Pineapple and its cross-section A young pineapple in flower The word `` pineapple '' in English was first recorded to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees ( now termed pine cones ). When European explorers encountered this tropical fruit in the Americas, they called them `` pineapples '' ( first referenced in 1664, for resemblance to pine cones ). In the scientific binomial Ananas comosus, ananas, the original name of the fruit, comes from the Tupi word nanas, meaning `` excellent fruit '', as recorded by André Thevet in 1555, and comosus, `` tufted '', refers to the stem of the fruit. Other members of the genus Ananas are often called pine, as well, in other languages. Botany Pineapple in the starting stage The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m ( 3.3 to 4.9 ft ) tall, although sometimes it can be taller. In appearance, the plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large - fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create what is commonly referred to as a pineapple. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots ( called ' suckers ' by commercial growers ) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant. Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more long, narrow, fleshy, trough - shaped leaves with sharp spines along the margins that are 30 to 100 cm ( 1.0 to 3.3 ft ) long, surrounding a thick stem. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike - like inflorescence up to 15 cm ( 6 in ) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. The ovaries develop into berries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is arranged in two interlocking helices, eight in one direction, 13 in the other, each being a Fibonacci number. The pineapple carries out CAM photosynthesis, fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid malate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. Pollination In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by hummingbirds. Certain wild pineapples are foraged and pollinated at night by bats. Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for breeding. Specifically in Hawaii, where pineapples were cultivated and canned industrially throughout the 20th century, importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. Culinary Uses Pineapple, raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 209 kJ ( 50 kcal ) Carbohydrates 13.12 g Sugars 9.85 g Dietary fiber 1.4 g Fat 0.12 g Protein 0.54 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Thiamine ( B1 ) 7 % 0.079 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 3 % 0.032 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 3 % 0.5 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 4 % 0.213 mg Vitamin B6 9 % 0.112 mg Folate ( B9 ) 5 % 18 μg Choline 1 % 5.5 mg Vitamin C 58 % 47.8 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 1 % 13 mg Iron 2 % 0.29 mg Magnesium 3 % 12 mg Manganese 44 % 0.927 mg Phosphorus 1 % 8 mg Potassium 2 % 109 mg Sodium 0 % 1 mg Zinc 1 % 0.12 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 86.00 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Pineapple juice The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including pizza toppings, or as a grilled ring on a hamburger. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the drink tepache. Nutrition In a 100 - gram reference amount, raw pineapple is a rich source of manganese ( 44 % Daily Value, DV ) and vitamin C ( 58 % DV ), but otherwise contains no essential nutrients in significant quantities ( table ). Bromelain Present in all parts of the pineapple plant, bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes. Bromelain is under preliminary research for a variety of clinical disorders, but to date has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body. Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in pregnancy, allergies, or anticoagulation therapy. If having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meat marinade and tenderizer. Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as gelatin - based desserts or gel capsules, their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and canning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific extraction can yield sufficient quantities for domestic and industrial processing. The bromelain content of raw pineapple is responsible for the sore mouth feeling often experienced when eating it, due to the enzymes breaking down the proteins of sensitive tissues in the mouth. Also, raphides, needle - shaped crystals of calcium oxalate that occur in pineapple fruits and leaves, likely cause microabrasions, contributing to mouth discomfort. History The plant is indigenous to South America and is said to originate from the area between southern Brazil and Paraguay ; however, little is known about the origin of the domesticated pineapple ( Pickersgill, 1976 ). MS Bertoni ( 1919 ) considered the Paraná -- Paraguay River drainages to be the place of origin of A. comosus. The natives of southern Brazil and Paraguay spread the pineapple throughout South America, and it eventually reached the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico, where it was cultivated by the Mayas and the Aztecs. Columbus encountered the pineapple in 1493 on the leeward island of Guadeloupe. He called it piña de Indes, meaning `` pine of the Indians '', and brought it back with him to Spain, thus making the pineapple the first bromeliad to be introduced by humans outside of the New World. The Spanish introduced it into the Philippines, Hawaii ( introduced in the early 19th century, first commercial plantation 1886 ), Zimbabwe, and Guam. The fruit is said to have been first introduced in Hawaii when a Spanish ship brought it there in the 1500s. The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into India by 1550. Charles II is presented with the first pineapple grown in England ( 1675 painting by Hendrik Danckerts ). The pineapple was brought to northern Europe by the Dutch from their colony in Surinam. The first pineapple to be successfully cultivated in Europe, is said to have been grown by Pieter de la Court at Meerburg in 1658. In England, a huge `` pineapple stove '' needed to grow the plants had been built at the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1723. In France, King Louis XV was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at Versailles in 1733. Catherine the Great ate pineapples grown on her own estates before her death in 1796. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, using hothouses called `` pineries '', pineapples soon became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot. By the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates had become the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats. John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone cupola 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit ; it is known as the Dunmore Pineapple. John Kidwell is credited with the introduction of the pineapple industry to Hawaii ; large - scale pineapple cultivation by US companies began in the early 1900s. Among the most famous and influential pineapple industrialists was James Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899 and started a pineapple plantation in 1900. The companies Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively. Dole 's pineapple company began with the acquisition of 60 acres ( 24 ha ) of land in 1901, and grew into a major company, the Dole Food Company. Maui Pineapple Company began pineapple cultivation on the island of Maui in 1909. In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar ' 73 -- 114 ', dubbed ' MD - 2 ', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well - suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as ' Gold Extra Sweet ', while Del Monte also began marketing ' 73 -- 50 ', dubbed ' CO-2 ', as ' Del Monte Gold '. Dole ceased its cannery operations in Honolulu in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple - growing operations in Hawaii. In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui, and by 2013, only the Dole Plantation on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world 's production. Production Pineapple production -- 2016 Country ( millions of tonnes ) Costa Rica 2.9 Brazil 2.7 Philippines 2.6 Thailand 1.9 India 1.9 Indonesia 1.3 World 25.8 Source : FAOSTAT of the United Nations In 2016, world production of pineapples was 25.8 million tonnes, led by Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines, which collectively accounted for 32 % of the global total ( table ). Cultivation Pineapple fields in Bukidnon, Philippines In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Red pineapple ( Ananas bracteatus ) Pineapples can be consumed fresh, cooked, juiced, or preserved. They are found in a wide array of cuisines. In addition to consumption, the pineapple leaves are used to produce the textile fiber piña in the Philippines, commonly used as the material for the men 's barong Tagalog and women 's baro 't saya formal wear in the country. The fiber is also used as a component for wallpaper and other furnishings. Ethical and environmental concerns Three - quarters of the pineapples sold in Europe are grown in Costa Rica, where pineapple production is highly industrialised. Growers typically use 20 kg ( 44 lb ) of pesticides per hectare in each growing cycle, a process that may affect soil quality and biodiversity. The pesticides -- organophosphates, organochlorines, and hormone disruptors -- have the potential to affect workers ' health and can contaminate local drinking water supplies. Many of these chemicals have potential to be carcinogens, and may be related to birth defects. Because of commercial pressures, many pineapple workers in Costa Rica -- 60 % of whom are Nicaraguan -- are paid low wages. European supermarkets ' price - reduction policies have lowered growers ' incomes. One major pineapple producer contests these claims. Cultivars Many cultivars are known. The leaves of the commonly grown `` smooth cayenne '' are smooth, and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in Paraguay and the southern part of Brazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia. Varieties include : `` Hilo '' is a compact, 1.0 - to 1.5 - kg ( 2 -- to 3 - lb ) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne ; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips. `` Kona sugarloaf '', at 2.5 to 3.0 kg ( 5 -- 6 lb ), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid ; it has an unusually sweet fruit. `` Natal queen '', at 1.0 to 1.5 kg ( 2 to 3 lb ), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor ; well - adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves, and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa. `` Pernambuco '' ( `` eleuthera '' ) weighs 1 -- 2 kg ( 2 -- 4 lb ), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh ; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America. `` Red Spanish '', at 1 -- 2 kg ( 2 -- 4 lb ), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well - adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets ; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America. `` Smooth cayenne '', a 2.5 - to 3.0 - kg ( 5 - to 6 - lb ), pale yellow -- to yellow - fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well - adapted to canning and processing ; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by Amerind peoples. In some parts of Asia, this cultivar is known as Sarawak, after an area of Malaysia in which it is grown. It is one of the ancestors of cultivars `` 73 - 50 '' ( also called `` MD - 1 '' and `` CO-2 '' ) and `` 73 -- 114 '' ( also called `` MD - 2 '' ). Smooth cayenne was previously the variety produced in Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores, but was replaced over the course of the mid-1990s and 2000s by MD - 2. Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities. Abacaxi Tropical Gold Victoria Phytochemistry Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse phytochemicals, among which are polyphenols, including gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and arbutin. Pests and diseases Main article : List of pineapple diseases Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups. Other diseases include pink disease, bacterial heart rot, anthracnose, fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus. Pink disease is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria Acetobacter aceti, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Pantoea citrea. Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, and symphylids. Heart - rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by Phytophthora cinnamoni and P. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available ; all suckers that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. Storage and transport Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off - green. A plant growth regulator, Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing ethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative. A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested. The fruit itself is quite perishable and if it is stored at room temperature, it should be used within two days ; however, if it is refrigerated, the time span extends to 5 -- 7 days. Symbolism and cultural History Mimi Sheller writes : `` The pineapple entered European iconography as a symbol of welcome and hospitality, and also eventually found its way into botanical gardens such as the Chelsea Physic Garden, where it was grown in heated pits. '' The sweet fruit had a `` mysterious aura '' in the Age of Sail because except for a `` small elite with access to glass hothouses '', tropical fruits could only be tasted where they were cultivated. Christopher Cumo writes that `` The Spanish who followed Columbus delighted in eating pineapple and in writing about it for a European public eager to learn of the flora and fauna of the Americas... The pineapple was first a luxury because transit from the tropics to Europe was expensive in the age of sail. In this respect, pineapple was much like sugar, a commodity of privilege before it became an item of the masses. '' Cumo writes that `` pineapple was the fruit of colonialism '' because the Portuguese, French, Dutch, and British all sought to establish pineapple plantations in the tropics of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. In architecture, pineapple figures are a decorative element symbolizing hospitality. Usually in plaster or carved wood, pineapples images occur in finials, pendants, `` broken '' pediments, and door knockers. Pineapples have long been associated with the Hawaiian Islands, to the extent that the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii, despite the decline of the pineapple industry in that state. Foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as `` Hawaiian '' for this reason alone. Gallery Play media A pineapple being prepared by a roadside vendor in Hainan, China A pineapple Pineapple detail Pineapple leaf detail See also Food portal Big Pineapple Pineapple cutter Pineapple tart Vazhakulam pineapple References Jump up ^ `` The Plant List : A Working List of All Plant Species ''. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25. ^ Jump up to : Morton, Julia F ( 1987 ). `` Pineapple, Ananas comosus ''. Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Pineapple Definition Definition of Pineapple at Dictionary.com ''. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 6 December 2009. Jump up ^ Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G ; Leal, F. ( 2003 ). `` Chapter 2 : Morphology, Anatomy, and Taxonomy ''. In Bartholomew, DP ; Paull, RE ; Rohrbach, KG. The Pineapple : Botany, Production, and Uses. Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 0 - 85199 - 503 - 9. ^ Jump up to : `` How to grow a pineapple in your home ''. Pineapple Working Group - International Horticultural Society. Retrieved 15 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Pineapple Growing ''. Tropical Permaculture.com ( Birgit Bradtke ). Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Pineapple ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 18. ^ Jump up to : `` Pineapple production in 2016, Crops / Regions / World list / Production Quantity ( pick lists ) ''. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database ( FAOSTAT ). 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Pineapple ''. Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press. 2015. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ `` History of the Pineapple ''. Dole Food Co., Dole Plantation. 2015. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15. Jump up ^ Davidson A. ( 2008 ) The Penguin Companion to Food. Penguin Books. Jump up ^ Jones, J. ; Wilson, W ( 2006 ). `` Chapter 11 : Science ''. An Incomplete Education. Ballantine. p. 544. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7394 - 7582 - 9. Jump up ^ Gibson, Arthur C. `` Pineapple -- The Plant That Ate Hawai'i ''. UCLA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Jump up ^ Stahl, J. M ; Nepi, M ; Galetto, L ; Guimarães, E ; Machado, S. R ( 2012 ). `` Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna ''. Annals of Botany. 109 ( 7 ) : 1243 -- 1252. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcs053. PMC 3359915. PMID 22455992. Jump up ^ Aziz SA, Olival KJ, Bumrungsri S, Richards GC, Racey PA ( 2016 ). The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers : Species, Legislation and Mitigation. In : Bats in the Anthropocene : Conservation of Bats in a Changing World ; Voigt C, Kingston T ( eds ). Springer. pp. 377 -- 426. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 25220 - 9_13. ISBN 9783319252209. Jump up ^ Bartholomew DP ; Hawkins RA ; Lopez JA ( 2012 ). `` Hawaii Pineapple : The Rise and Fall of an Industry ''. HortScience. 47 ( 10 ) : 1390 -- 1398. Jump up ^ `` List of prohibited animals '' ( PDF ). Government of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Nutrient data for pineapple, raw, all varieties, per 100 g serving ''. Nutritiondata.com, USDA SR - 21. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01. Jump up ^ Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP ( 2014 ). `` Bromelain : an overview of industrial application and purification strategies ''. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 98 ( 17 ) : 7283 -- 97. doi : 10.1007 / s00253 - 014 - 5889 - y. PMID 24965557. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bromelain ''. MedlinePlus, US National Institutes of Health. 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : Chaurasiya RS, Sakhare PZ, Bhaskar N, Hebbar HU ( 2015 ). `` Efficacy of reverse micellar extracted fruit bromelain in meat tenderization ''. J Food Sci Technol. 52 ( 6 ) : 3870 -- 80. doi : 10.1007 / s13197 - 014 - 1454 - z. PMC 4444899. PMID 26028772. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Marques MR ( 2014 ). `` Enzymes in the dissolution testing of gelatin capsules ''. AAPS PharmSciTech. 15 ( 6 ) : 1410 -- 6. doi : 10.1208 / s12249 - 014 - 0162 - 3. PMC 4245433. PMID 24942315. Jump up ^ Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP ( 2014 ). `` Bromelain : an overview of industrial application and purification strategies ''. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 98 ( 17 ) : 7283 -- 97. doi : 10.1007 / s00253 - 014 - 5889 - y. PMID 24965557. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Why Does Eating Pineapple Make Your Mouth Sore ? IFLScience ''. 2015 - 10 - 08. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ Konno, Kotaro ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ). `` Synergistic Defensive Function of Raphides and Protease through the Needle Effect ''. PLoS ONE. 9 ( 3 ) : e91341. Bibcode : 2014PLoSO... 991341K. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0091341. PMC 3951349. PMID 24621613. Jump up ^ Modi, Gunjan M ; Doherty, Christy B ; Katta, Rajani ; Orengo, Ida F ( 2009 ). `` Irritant Contact Dermatitis from Plants ''. Dermatitis. 20 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 78. PMID 19426612. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ Bertoni, `` Contributions a l'étude botanique des plantes cultivées. Essai d'une monographie du genre Ananas '', Annales Cient. Paraguay ( 2nd series ) 4 ( 1919 : 250 -- 322 ). Jump up ^ KF Baker, JL Collins, `` Notes on the distribution and ecology of Ananas and Pseudananas in South America '', American Journal of Botany, 1939 ; Collins, The pineapple : botany, utilization, cultivation, ( London : Leonard Hill ) JL. 1960. Jump up ^ McKenzie, Gene ( 2010 ). `` A Little Bit of History ''. Journal of the Bromeliad Society. 60 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 189. Jump up ^ `` Fruit of the Islands ''. Pittsburg Magazine. 39 ( 3 ) : 92. 2008. Jump up ^ Collingham, L ( 2007 ). Curry : a Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532001 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Oxford Index -- Pieter de La Court van der Voort ''. oxfordindex.oup.com. Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093 / oi / authority. 20110803095643956 ( inactive 2017 - 04 - 26 ). Retrieved 15 December 2014. Jump up ^ Beauman, F ( 2005 ). The Pineapple : King of Fruits. London : Chatto & Windus. p. 82. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7011 - 7699 - 0. Jump up ^ Beauman ( 2005 ), p. 89. ^ Jump up to : Beauman ( 2005 ), p. 87. Jump up ^ Stevenson, Jack, Exploring Scotland 's Heritage : Glasgow, Clydesdale and Stirling. Her Majesty 's Stationery Office, 1995 ( p. 83 ). Jump up ^ Hawkins, Richard ( 2007 ). `` James D Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company ''. Hawaiian Journal of History. 41 : 149 -- 170. Jump up ^ `` Pineapple ''. Faculty.ucc.edu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Sunrise, Sunset ''. Hawaii Business. 46 ( 2 ) : 60. 2000. ^ Jump up to : Duane P. Bartholomew ( 2009 ). `` ' MD - 2 ' Pineapple Transforms the World 's Pineapple Fresh Fruit Export Industry '' ( PDF ). Pineapple News. 16 : 2 -- 5. Retrieved 3 September 2014. ^ Jump up to : Rhodes J ( 20 March 2013 ). `` It 's Pineapple Season, But Does Your Fruit Come From Hawaii ? ''. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 29 December 2015. Jump up ^ Gary T Kubota ( December 24, 2009 ). `` Maui Pineapple harvests final crop ''. Honolulu Star - Bulletin. Retrieved November 9, 2010. Jump up ^ `` piña cloth ''. Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved on 2014 - 11 - 06 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pi%C3%B1a+cloth. ^ Jump up to : Felicity Lawrence ( 2 October 2010 ). `` Bitter Fruit ''. London : Guardian News and Media Limited. Jump up ^ Russ Martin ( 8 October 2010 ). `` Dole Responds to Costa Rican Pineapple Criticism ''. Fijatevos.com -- Costa Rica. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Jump up ^ Kochhar, SL ( 2006 ). Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India. p. 203. ISBN 0 - 333 - 93118 - 1. Jump up ^ `` PINEAPPLE -- Common Varieties TFNet -- International Tropical Fruits Network ''. www.itfnet.org. 2016 - 05 - 10. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ Li, Ti ; Shen, Peiyi ; Liu, Wei ; Liu, Chengmei ; Liang, Ruihong ; Yan, Na ; Chen, Jun ( 2014 ). `` Major Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and their Antioxidant Interactions ''. International Journal of Food Properties. 17 ( 8 ) : 1805. doi : 10.1080 / 10942912.2012. 732168. Jump up ^ Ogawa, E. M ; Costa, H. B ; Ventura, J. A ; Caetano, L. C ; Pinto, F. E ; Oliveira, B. G ; Barroso, M.E. S ; Scherer, R ; Endringer, D. C ; Romão, W ( 2018 ). `` Chemical profile of pineapple cv. Vitória in different maturation stages using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ''. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 98 ( 3 ) : 1105 -- 1116. doi : 10.1002 / jsfa. 8561. PMID 28722812. ^ Jump up to : `` Diseases of Pineapple ( Ananas comosus ( L. ) Merr. ) ''. Apsnet.org. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ Jump up to : Pests and Diseases of Pineapple : Food Market Exchange -- B2B e-marketplace for the food industry. Food Market Exchange. Retrieved on 2 October 2011. Jump up ^ Marin - Cevada, Vianey ; Caballero - Mellado, Jesús ; Bustillos - Cristales, Rocão ; MuñOz - Rojas, Jesús ; Mascarúa - Esparza, Miguel A ; CastañEda - Lucio, Miguel ; LóPez - Reyes, Lucãa ; MartãNez - Aguilar, Lourdes ; Fuentes - RamãRez, Luis E ( 2010 ). `` Tatumella ptyseos, an Unrevealed Causative Agent of Pink Disease in Pineapple ''. Journal of Phytopathology. 158 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 99. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0434.2009. 01575. x. Jump up ^ Brickell, Christopher ( 1996 ). Encyclopedia of Gardening. 9 Henrietta Street, London WC2 8PS : Dorling Kindersley Publishers Limited. p. 419. ISBN 1 - 85833 - 579 - 5. Jump up ^ Sheraton, Mimi ( 21 April 1982 ). `` A guide to choosing a ripe pineapple ''. The New York Times. ^ Jump up to : Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean : From Arawaks to Zombies ( Routledge : 2003 ), p. 80. ^ Jump up to : Christopher Cumo, Foods that Changed History : How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present ( ABC - CLIO, 2015 ), p. 294. ^ Jump up to : James Stevens Curl, Classical Architecture : An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms ( W.W. Norton : 2003 ), p. 206. ^ Jump up to : Hugh Morrison, Early American Architecture : From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period ( Oxford University Press, 1952 ), p. 302. ^ Jump up to : Cyril Manton Harris, American Architecture : An Illustrated Encyclopedia ( W.W. Norton : 1998 ), p. 248. Jump up ^ York, Patricia S. ( March 2017 ). `` Why the Pineapple Became the Symbol of Hospitality ''. Southern Living. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Jump up ^ The Agriculture of Hawaii : Hawaii Pineapples, To-Hawaii.com ; accessed 2018.08. 28. Jump up ^ E.g., Duane P. Bartholomew, Richard A. Hawkins, and Johnny A. Lopez, `` Hawaii Pineapple : The Rise and Fall of an Industry '', HortScience Vol. 47, No. 10, pp. 1390 - 1398 ( October 2012 ). Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Dessert Pineapple Recipes '' Yummly.com ; accessed 2018.08. 28. Bibliography Menzel, Christopher. `` Tropical and Subtropical Fruit ''. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science Volume 4. ISBN 0122266706. Charles J Arntzen. New York : Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., Academic Press, 2012. 380 -- 382. External links Media related to Pineapples at Wikimedia Commons Pineapple Fruit Facts -- information on pineapples from California Rare Fruit Growers The Strange History of the `` King - Pine '' from The Paris Review Pineapples Species Ananas ananassoides Ananas bracteatus Ananas comosus Ananas erectifolius Ananas lucidus Ananas macrodontes Ananas parguazensis Topics Ananas Azucarron pineapple Big Pineapple Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co. Dole Food Company List of pineapple diseases Maui Pineapple Company Piña Pineapple cake Pineapple cutter Pineapple Lumps Pineapple pit Pineapple production in Ivory Coast Pineapple tart Tepache Production Commons Juice List of juices Fruit juice Apple Coconut Cranberry Cucumber Grape Grapefruit Lemon ( Lemonade ) Orange Pineapple Pomegranate Raspberry Tomato Vegetable juice Carrot Turnip Turmeric Vegetable Animal juice Clam juice See also Cold - pressed juice Hemp juice Wheatgrass Juice fasting Juicer Juicing Smoothie Category : Fruit juice Category : Vegetable juice Taxon identifiers Ananas comosus Wikidata : Q1493 Wikispecies : Ananas comosus APDB : 178839 EoL : 1126520 EPPO : ANHCO FoC : 200027371 GBIF : 5288819 GRIN : 3074 iNaturalist : 122965 IPNI : 12322 - 2 IRMNG : 10207532 ITIS : 42335 NCBI : 4615 NZOR : f029c41f - e4cd - 432a - bfbe - 1a8662b1b670 Plant List : kew - 219669 PLANTS : ANCO30 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 12322 - 2 Tropicos : 4300877 uBio : 4962657 WCSP : 219669 Bromelia comosa Wikidata : Q38553549 GRIN : 7748 IRMNG : 11068760 ITIS : 509741 Tropicos : 4300879 GND : 4275806 - 3 LCCN : sh85102235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pineapple&oldid=856944546 '' Categories : Pineapples Ananas Crops originating from the Americas Edible fruits Hawaiian cuisine Medicinal plants Tropical agriculture Tropical fruit Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2015 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Asturianu Atikamekw Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nāhuatl Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sesotho sa Leboa සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 14 : 54 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: who produces the most pineapple in the world
Answer: Costa Rica