Land reform in South Africa - Wikipedia Land reform in South Africa The Native Lands Act of 1913 `` prohibited the establishment of new farming operations, sharecropping or cash rentals by blacks outside of the reserves '' where they were forced to live. `` Land restitution '' was one of the promises made by the African National Congress when it came to power in South Africa in 1994. These property rights are extremely important as, not only do they empower farmer workers ( who now have the opportunity to become farmers ) and reduce inequality, but they also increase production due to inverse farm size productivity. Farmers with smaller plots who live on the farm often use family members for labor, making these farms efficient. Their transaction costs are less than larger plots with hired labor. Since many of these family members were unemployed it allows previously unemployed people to now participate in the economy and better the country 's economic growth. Despite this view, it is also argued by some that the opposite has happened. Many South Africans and foreign commentators have voiced alarm over the failure of the redistribution policy. Around 50 % of farms are said to be failing, whilst the South African government has said the figure could be as high as 90 %. Critics use these figures to suggest that the ANC government 's current policy will be detrimental to the South African agricultural industry. Contents 1 The reform 2 Future challenges 3 The Financial and Fiscal Commission 's 2016 report 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links The reform The Land Reform Process focused on three areas : restitution, land tenure reform and land redistribution. Restitution, where the government compensates ( monetary ) individuals who had been forcefully removed, has been very unsuccessful and the policy has now shifted to redistribution with secure land tenure. Land tenure reform is a system of recognising people 's right to own land and therefore control of the land. Redistribution is the most important component of land reform in South Africa. Initially, land was bought from its owners ( willing seller ) by the government ( willing buyer ) and redistributed, in order to maintain public confidence in the land market. Although this system has worked in various countries in the world, in South Africa it has proved to be very difficult to implement. This is because many owners do not actually see the land they are purchasing and are not involved in the important decisions made at the beginning of the purchase and negotiation. In 2000 the South African Government decided to review and change the redistribution and tenure process to a more decentralised and area based planning process. The idea is to have local integrated development plans in 47 districts. This will hopefully mean more community participation and more redistribution taking place, but there are also various concerns and challenges with this system too. These include the use of third parties, agents accredited by the state, and who are held accountable to the government. The result has been local land holding elites dominating the system in many of these areas. The government still hopes that with `` improved identification and selection of beneficiaries, better planning of land and ultimately greater productivity of the land acquired... '' the land reform process will begin moving faster. As of early 2006, the ANC government announced that it will start expropriating the land, although according to the country 's chief land - claims commissioner, Tozi Gwanya, unlike Zimbabwe there will be compensation to those whose land is expropriated, `` but it must be a just amount, not inflated sums. '' Despite these moves towards decentralisation, these improved practices and government promises are not very evident. South Africa still remains hugely unequal, with black South Africans still dispossessed of land and many still homeless. The challenge for the incumbent politicians is to improve the various bureaucratic processes, and find solutions to giving more South Africans secure land tenure. In South Africa, the main model of Land Reforms that was implemented was based on the Market - led Agrarian Reform ( MLAR ) approach. Within the MLAR, the strategic partnership ( SP ) model was implemented in seven claimant communities in Levubu in the Limpopo province. The SP model was implemented between 2005 - 2008 that ended up in a fiasco leading to creation of conflict between several interested parties. Future challenges Various researchers have identified various challenges facing land and agrarian reform in South Africa. The following are amongst the challenges as identified by ( Hall 2004 ) and the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform ( 2008 ) : Willing seller - willing buyer principle : it takes a long time to negotiate land price with the current land owners ; Claim disputes : it is a long process to mediate and resolve claim disputes ( e.g. unresolved disputes between Makgoba Traditional Council and the Trust in the Limpopo Province, South Africa ) ; Capacity : there is lack of institutional capacity for community legal entities ( e.g. Trust ) ; Beneficiary selection : it is a lengthy process and time consuming process to select the rightful beneficiaries for land redistribution ; Resettlement support : it requires enough resources and time to effectively facilitate post-resettlement support to new land owners ; Monitoring and evaluation : there is lack of reliable monitoring system and evaluation thereof ; Policy : there are gaps in the current policies which compromise effective implementation of land reform programme. Different political views : there is lack of common consensus among political parties on land reform debate. Unresolved land claims, which are largely rural claims, are mostly affected by a number of challenges such as : disputes with land owners on the validity of claims, land prices, settlement models and conditions ; family or community dispute ; conflict among traditional leaders, community, trust and beneficiaries boundaries disputes among traditional leaders ; reluctance of other government departments and institutions to release state land ; high land prices and disputes on land valuation ; land price negotiations with current owners ; lack of technical and financial support ; mismanagement of resources ; untraceable claimants ; and land claim disputes resolution and mediation. The financial and Fiscal commission 's 2016 report As of 2016 the South African government has pumped more than R60bn into land reform projects since 1994. Despite this investment, the land reform programme has not stimulated development in the targeted rural areas. A report by the South African Government 's Financial and Fiscal Commission shows that land reform as a mechanism for agricultural development and job creation has failed. A survey by the commission in Limpopo province, KwaZulu - Natal and the Eastern Cape found that most land reform farms show little or no agricultural activity ; the land reform beneficiaries earn little to no income, and the majority of these beneficiaries seek work on surrounding commercial farms instead of actively farming their own land. Where farming is taking place on land reform farms, these farms operate below their full agricultural potential and are mainly used for subsistence agriculture. On average, crop production had decreased by 79 % since conversion to land reform. In the three provinces surveyed, job losses averaged 84 %, with KwaZulu - Natal suffering a 94 % job haemorrhage. See also Land reforms by country Notes and references ^ Jump up to : Deininger, Klaus ( 1999 ). `` Making Negotiated Land Reform Work : Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa ''. World Development. 27 ( 4 ) : 651 -- 672. doi : 10.1016 / S0305 - 750X ( 99 ) 00023 - 6. ISSN 0305 - 750X. Jump up ^ Keefer, Philip ; Knack, Stephen ( 2002 ). `` Polarization, Politics and Property Rights : Links Between Inequality and Growth ''. Public Choice. 111 ( 1 / 2 ) : 127 -- 154. doi : 10.1023 / A : 1015168000336. ISSN 0048 - 5829. Jump up ^ Van den Brink, Rogier, Glen Sonwabo Thomas, Hans Binswanger, Agricultural Land redistribution in South Africa : towards accelerated Implementation. 1st ed. Cape Town : HSRC Press, 2007 Jump up ^ Torstensson, Johan ( 1994 ). `` Property Rights and Economic Growth : An Empirical Study ''. Kyklos. 47 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 247. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6435.1994. tb02257. x. ISSN 0023 - 5962. Jump up ^ `` Seeds of change ''. The Economist. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ `` BBC News - South Africa black - owned farms ' failing ' ''. BBC. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ Moseley, William G. ; McCusker, Brent ( 2010 ). `` Fighting Fire with a Broken Teacup : A Comparative Analysis of South Africa 's Land - Redistribution Program ''. Geographical Review. 98 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 338. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1931 - 0846.2008. tb00304. x. ISSN 0016 - 7428. ^ Jump up to : Lahiff, Edward ( 2008 ). Land Reform in South Africa : A status Report 2008 ( PDF ). Program for Land and Agrarian Studies. p. 42. ^ Jump up to : Hall, Ruth ( 23 April 2008 ), `` Decentralization in South Africa 's Land Redistribution. '', Presentation to the PLAAS regional workshop on Land Reform from Below ? Decentralization of Land Reform in Southern Africa., Kopanong Conference Centre, Kempton Park, Johannesburg : Program for land and agrarian studies Jump up ^ `` SA land expropriation to start soon ''. Mail & Guardian Online. 7 February 2006. Archived from the original on 31 March 2006. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ Basu, Soutrik. `` Community, Conflict and Land : Exploring the Strategic Partnership Model of South African Land Restitution ''. Journal of International Development. 28 : 733 -- 748. doi : 10.1002 / jid. 3150. Jump up ^ Dawood, Ghalieb ( 30 September 2016 ). `` Land reform farms fail to produce ''. Business Day Live. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 01. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01. Makhado, Rudzani ( 2012 ). Perspectives on South Africa 's Land Reform Debate Land reform in South Africa. Saarbrücken : LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 3845416076. Rees - Mogg, William ( 11 September 2006 ). `` South Africa 's bitter harvest ''. The Times. Makhado, Rudzani Albert ; Masehela, Kgabo Lawrance ( 2012 ). Perspectives on South Africa 's Land Reform Debate. Lap Lambert Academic. ISBN 978 - 3 - 8454 - 1607 - 6. External Links Promised Land : New Documentary Follows Struggles Over Land in South Africa - video report by Democracy Now ! Land reform in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/jid.3150 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_reform_in_South_Africa&oldid=795268355 '' Categories : Land reform Reform in South Africa Hidden categories : Use South African English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017, at 03 : 46. 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Question: reasons for implementing a land reform programme in south africa
Answer: restitution