Flowchart - wikipedia Flowchart This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 February 2018. `` Flow chart '' redirects here. For the poem, see Flow Chart ( poem ). For the music group, see Flowchart ( band ). A simple flowchart representing a process for dealing with a non-functioning lamp. A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Types 4 Building blocks 4.1 Common symbols 4.2 Other symbols 5 Software 5.1 Diagramming 6 See also 6.1 Related diagrams 6.2 Related subjects 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview Flowchart of a for loop Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting simple processes or programs. Like other types of diagrams, they help visualize what is going on and thereby help understand a process, and perhaps also find flaws, bottlenecks, and other less - obvious features within it. There are many different types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational conventions. The two most common types of boxes in a flowchart are : a processing step, usually called activity, and denoted as a rectangular box a decision, usually denoted as a diamond. A flowchart is described as `` cross-functional '' when the page is divided into different swimlanes describing the control of different organizational units. A symbol appearing in a particular `` lane '' is within the control of that organizational unit. This technique allows the author to locate the responsibility for performing an action or making a decision correctly, showing the responsibility of each organizational unit for different parts of a single process. Flowcharts depict certain aspects of processes and are usually complemented by other types of diagram. For instance, Kaoru Ishikawa defined the flowchart as one of the seven basic tools of quality control, next to the histogram, Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause - and - effect diagram, and the scatter diagram. Similarly, in UML, a standard concept - modeling notation used in software development, the activity diagram, which is a type of flowchart, is just one of many different diagram types. Nassi - Shneiderman diagrams and Drakon - charts are an alternative notation for process flow. Common alternative names include : flow chart, process flowchart, functional flowchart, process map, process chart, functional process chart, business process model, process model, process flow diagram, work flow diagram, business flow diagram. The terms `` flowchart '' and `` flow chart '' are used interchangeably. The underlying graph structure of a flowchart is a flow graph, which abstracts away node types, their contents and other ancillary information. History The first structured method for documenting process flow, the `` flow process chart '', was introduced by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth to members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) in 1921 in the presentation `` Process Charts : First Steps in Finding the One Best Way to do Work ''. The Gilbreths ' tools quickly found their way into industrial engineering curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer, Allan H. Mogensen began training business people in the use of some of the tools of industrial engineering at his Work Simplification Conferences in Lake Placid, New York. A 1944 graduate of Mogensen 's class, Art Spinanger, took the tools back to Procter and Gamble where he developed their Deliberate Methods Change Program. Another 1944 graduate, Ben S. Graham, Director of Formcraft Engineering at Standard Register Industrial, adapted the flow process chart to information processing with his development of the multi-flow process chart to display multiple documents and their relationships. In 1947, ASME adopted a symbol set derived from Gilbreth 's original work as the `` ASME Standard : Operation and Flow Process Charts. '' Douglas Hartree in 1949 explained that Herman Goldstine and John von Neumann had developed a flowchart ( originally, diagram ) to plan computer programs. His contemporary account is endorsed by IBM engineers and by Goldstine 's personal recollections. The original programming flowcharts of Goldstine and von Neumann can be seen in their unpublished report, `` Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument, Part II, Volume 1 '' ( 1947 ), which is reproduced in von Neumann 's collected works. Flowcharts became a popular means for describing computer algorithms. The popularity of flowcharts decreased in the 1970s when interactive computer terminals and third - generation programming languages became common tools for computer programming. Algorithms can be expressed much more concisely as source code in such languages. Often pseudo-code is used, which uses the common idioms of such languages without strictly adhering to the details of a particular one. Nowadays flowcharts are still used for describing computer algorithms. Modern techniques such as UML activity diagrams and Drakon - charts can be considered to be extensions of the flowchart. Types Sterneckert ( 2003 ) suggested that flowcharts can be modeled from the perspective of different user groups ( such as managers, system analysts and clerks ) and that there are four general types : Document flowcharts, showing controls over a document - flow through a system Data flowcharts, showing controls over a data - flow in a system System flowcharts, showing controls at a physical or resource level Program flowchart, showing the controls in a program within a system Notice that every type of flowchart focuses on some kind of control, rather than on the particular flow itself. However, there are several of these classifications. For example, Andrew Veronis ( 1978 ) named three basic types of flowcharts : the system flowchart, the general flowchart, and the detailed flowchart. That same year Marilyn Bohl ( 1978 ) stated `` in practice, two kinds of flowcharts are used in solution planning : system flowcharts and program flowcharts... ''. More recently Mark A. Fryman ( 2001 ) stated that there are more differences : `` Decision flowcharts, logic flowcharts, systems flowcharts, product flowcharts, and process flowcharts are just a few of the different types of flowcharts that are used in business and government ''. In addition, many diagram techniques exist that are similar to flowcharts but carry a different name, such as UML activity diagrams. Building blocks Common symbols The American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) set standards for flowcharts and their symbols in the 1960s. The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) adopted the ANSI symbols in 1970. The current standard was revised in 1985. Generally, flowcharts flow from top to bottom and left to right. ANSI / ISO Shape Name Description Flowline ( Arrowhead ) Shows the program 's order of operation. A line coming from one symbol and ending at another. Arrowheads are added if the flow is not the standard top - to - bottom, left - to right. Terminal Beginning or ending of a program or sub-process. Represented as a stadium, oval or rounded ( fillet ) rectangle. They usually contain the word `` Start '' or `` End '', or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as `` submit inquiry '' or `` receive product ''. Process Set of operations that change value, form, or location of data. Represented as a rectangle. Decision Conditional operation determining which of two paths the program will take. The operation is commonly a yes / no question or true / false test. Represented as a diamond ( rhombus ). Input / Output Input and output of data, as in entering data or displaying results. Represented as a parallelogram. Annotation ( Comment ) Additional information about a step the program. Represented as an open rectangle with a dashed or solid line connecting it to the corresponding symbol in the flowchart. Predefined Process Named process which is defined elsewhere. Represented as a rectangle with double - struck vertical edges. On - page Connector Pairs of labeled connectors replace long or confusing lines on a flowchart page. Represented by a small circle with a letter inside. Off - page Connector A labeled connector for use when the target is on another page. Represented as a home plate - shaped pentagon. Other symbols The ANSI / ISO standards include symbols beyond the basic shapes. Some are : Data File or Database represented by a cylinder ( disk drive ). Document represented as a rectangle with a wavy base. Manual input represented by quadrilateral, with the top irregularly sloping up from left to right like the side view of a keyboard. Manual operation represented by a trapezoid with the longest parallel side at the top, to represent an operation or adjustment to process that can only be made manually. Parallel Mode represented by two horizontal lines at the beginning or ending of simultaneous operations Preparation or Initialization represented by an elongated hexagon, originally used for steps like setting a switch or initializing a routine. For parallel and concurrent processing the Parallel Mode horizontal lines or a horizontal bar indicate the start or end of a section of processes that can be done independently : At a fork, the process creates one or more additional processes, indicated by a bar with one incoming path and two or more outgoing paths. At a join, two or more processes continue as a single process, indicated by a bar with several incoming paths and one outgoing path. All processes must complete before the single process continues. Software Diagramming Flowgorithm Any drawing program can be used to create flowchart diagrams, but these will have no underlying data model to share data with databases or other programs such as project management systems or spreadsheet. Some tools such as yEd, Inkscape and Microsoft Visio offer special support for flowchart drawing. Many software packages exist that can create flowcharts automatically, either directly from a programming language source code, or from a flowchart description language. There are several applications and visual programming languages that use flowcharts to represent and execute programs. Generally these are used as teaching tools for beginner students. Examples include Flowgorithm, Raptor. LARP, Visual Logic, and VisiRule. See also Related diagrams Activity diagram Control flow diagram Control flow graph Data flow diagram Deployment flowchart Drakon - chart Flow map Functional flow block diagram Nassi -- Shneiderman diagram State diagram Warnier / Orr diagram Related subjects Augmented transition network Business process mapping Interactive EasyFlow Process architecture Pseudocode Recursive transition network Unified Modeling Language ( UML ) Workflow References Jump up ^ SEVOCAB : Software Systems Engineering Vocabulary. Term : Flow chart. Retrieved 31 July 2008. Jump up ^ Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Lillian Moller Gilbreth ( 1921 ) Process Charts. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Jump up ^ Graham, Jr., Ben S. ( 10 June 1996 ). `` People come first ''. Keynote Address at Workflow Canada. Jump up ^ American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( 1947 ) ASME standard ; operation and flow process charts. New York, 1947. ( online version ) Jump up ^ Hartree, Douglas ( 1949 ). Calculating Instruments and Machines. The University of Illinois Press. p. 112. Jump up ^ Bashe, Charles ( 1986 ). IBM 's Early Computers. The MIT Press. p. 327. Jump up ^ Goldstine, Herman ( 1972 ). The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann. Princeton University Press. pp. 266 -- 267. ISBN 0 - 691 - 08104 - 2. Jump up ^ Taub, Abraham ( 1963 ). John von Neumann Collected Works. 5. Macmillan. pp. 80 -- 151. Jump up ^ Bohl, Rynn : `` Tools for Structured and Object - Oriented Design '', Prentice Hall, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Alan B. Sterneckert ( 2003 ) Critical Incident Management. p. 126 Jump up ^ Andrew Veronis ( 1978 ) Microprocessors : Design and Applications. p. 111 Jump up ^ Marilyn Bohl ( 1978 ) A Guide for Programmers. p. 65. Jump up ^ Mark A. Fryman ( 2001 ) Quality and Process Improvement. p. 169. ^ Jump up to : Gary B. Shelly ; Misty E. Vermaat ( 2011 ). Discovering Computers, Complete : Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World. Cengage Learning. pp. 691 -- 693. ISBN 1 - 111 - 53032 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Harley R. Myler ( 1998 ). `` 2.3 Flowcharts ''. Fundamentals of Engineering Programming with C and Fortran. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32 -- 36. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62950 - 8. Jump up ^ `` ISO 5807 : 1985 ''. International Organization for Standardization. February 1985. Retrieved 23 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Flowcharting Techniques GC20 - 8152 - 1. IBM. March 1970. p. 10. ^ Jump up to : `` What do the different flowchart shapes mean ? ''. RFF Electronics. Retrieved 23 July 2017. Jump up ^ Jonathan W. Valvano ( 2011 ). Embedded Microcomputer Systems : Real Time Interfacing. Cengage Learning. pp. 131 -- 132. ISBN 1 - 111 - 42625 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Robbie T. Nakatsu ( 2009 ). Reasoning with Diagrams : Decision - Making and Problem - Solving with Diagrams. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 68 -- 69. ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 40072 - 2. Jump up ^ Myers, Brad A. `` Visual programming, programming by example, and program visualization : a taxonomy. '' ACM SIGCHI Bulletin. Vol. 17. No. 4. ACM, 1986. Further reading ISO ( 1985 ). Information processing -- Documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and system resources charts. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 5807 : 1985. ISO 10628 : Flow Diagrams For Process Plants - General Rules ECMA 4 : Flowcharts ( withdrawn - list of withdrawn standards ) Schultheiss, Louis A., and Edward M. Heiliger. `` Techniques of flow - charting. '' ( 1963 ) ; with introduction by Edward Heiliger. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flow chart. Flowcharting Techniques An IBM manual from 1969 ( 5MB PDF format ) FlowChart Symbols List GND : 4131768 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowchart&oldid=826418466 '' Categories : Quality control tools Diagrams Technical communication Computer programming American inventions Algorithm description languages Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with example code Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Lumbaart Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Олык марий Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 00 : 30. 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Question: who gave the concept of flow chart for the first time
Answer: Frank and Lillian Gilbreth