Solution - wikipedia Solution This article is about chemical solutions. For other uses, see Solution ( disambiguation ). `` Solute '' redirects here. For the sole order of the class Homoiostelea, see Solute ( echinoderm ). Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt ( NaCl ) in water. The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The mixing process of a solution happens at a scale where the effects of chemical polarity are involved, resulting in interactions that are specific to solvation. The solution assumes the phase of the solvent when the solvent is the larger fraction of the mixture, as is commonly the case. The concentration of a solute in a solution is the mass of that solute expressed as a percentage of the mass of the whole solution. Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Types 2.1 Gaseous solutions 2.2 Liquid solutions 2.3 Solid solutions 3 Solubility 4 Properties 5 Liquid 5.1 Preparation from constituent ingredients 6 See also 7 References Characteristics A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The particles of solute in a solution can not be seen by the naked eye. A solution does not allow beams of light to scatter. A solution is stable. The solute from a solution can not be separated by filtration ( or mechanically ). It is composed of only one phase. Types This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. ( June 2014 ) Homogeneous means that the components of the mixture form a single phase. Heterogeneous means that the components of the mixture are of different phase. The properties of the mixture ( such as concentration, temperature, and density ) can be uniformly distributed through the volume but only in absence of diffusion phenomena or after their completion. Usually, the substance present in the greatest amount is considered the solvent. Solvents can be gases, liquids or solids. One or more components present in the solution other than the solvent are called solutes. The solution has the same physical state as the solvent. Gaseous solutions If the solvent is a gas, only gases are dissolved under a given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air ( oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen ). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but addressed as mixtures. Liquid solutions If the solvent is a liquid, then almost all gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved. Here are some examples : Gas in liquid : Oxygen in water Carbon dioxide in water -- a less simple example, because the solution is accompanied by a chemical reaction ( formation of ions ). Note also that the visible bubbles in carbonated water are not the dissolved gas, but only an effervescence of carbon dioxide that has come out of solution ; the dissolved gas itself is not visible since it is dissolved on a molecular level. Liquid in liquid : The mixing of two or more substances of the same chemistry but different concentrations to form a constant. ( Homogenization of solutions ) Alcoholic beverages are basically solutions of ethanol in water. Solid in liquid : Sucrose ( table sugar ) in water Sodium chloride ( NaCl ) ( table salt ) or any other salt in water, which forms an electrolyte : When dissolving, salt dissociates into ions. Solutions in water are especially common. Counterexamples are provided by liquid mixtures that are not homogeneous : colloids, suspensions, emulsions are not considered solutions. Body fluids are examples for complex liquid solutions, containing many solutes. Many of these are electrolytes, since they contain solute ions, such as potassium. Furthermore, they contain solute molecules like sugar and urea. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also essential components of blood chemistry, where significant changes in their concentrations may be a sign of severe illness or injury. Solid solutions If the solvent is a solid, then gases, liquids and solids can be dissolved. Gas in solids : Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals, especially in palladium ; this is studied as a means of hydrogen storage. Liquid in solid : Mercury in gold, forming an amalgam Water in solid salt or sugar, forming moist solids Hexane in paraffin wax Solid in solid : Steel, basically a solution of carbon atoms in a crystalline matrix of iron atoms Alloys like bronze and many others Polymers containing plasticizers Solubility Main article : Solubility Main article : Solvation The ability of one compound to dissolve in another compound is called solubility. When a liquid can completely dissolve in another liquid the two liquids are miscible. Two substances that can never mix to form a solution are called immiscible. All solutions have a positive entropy of mixing. The interactions between different molecules or ions may be energetically favored or not. If interactions are unfavorable, then the free energy decreases with increasing solute concentration. At some point the energy loss outweighs the entropy gain, and no more solute particles can be dissolved ; the solution is said to be saturated. However, the point at which a solution can become saturated can change significantly with different environmental factors, such as temperature, pressure, and contamination. For some solute - solvent combinations a supersaturated solution can be prepared by raising the solubility ( for example by increasing the temperature ) to dissolve more solute, and then lowering it ( for example by cooling ). Usually, the greater the temperature of the solvent, the more of a given solid solute it can dissolve. However, most gases and some compounds exhibit solubilities that decrease with increased temperature. Such behavior is a result of an exothermic enthalpy of solution. Some surfactants exhibit this behaviour. The solubility of liquids in liquids is generally less temperature - sensitive than that of solids or gases. Properties The physical properties of compounds such as melting point and boiling point change when other compounds are added. Together they are called colligative properties. There are several ways to quantify the amount of one compound dissolved in the other compounds collectively called concentration. Examples include molarity, volume fraction, and mole fraction. The properties of ideal solutions can be calculated by the linear combination of the properties of its components. If both solute and solvent exist in equal quantities ( such as in a 50 % ethanol, 50 % water solution ), the concepts of `` solute '' and `` solvent '' become less relevant, but the substance that is more often used as a solvent is normally designated as the solvent ( in this example, water ). Liquid See also : Solvent § Solvent classifications In principle, all types of liquids can behave as solvents : liquid noble gases, molten metals, molten salts, molten covalent networks, and molecular liquids. In the practice of chemistry and biochemistry, most solvents are molecular liquids. They can be classified into polar and non-polar, according to whether their molecules possess a permanent electric dipole moment. Another distinction is whether their molecules can form hydrogen bonds ( protic and aprotic solvents ). Water, the most commonly used solvent, is both polar and sustains hydrogen bonds. Water is a good solvent because the molecules are polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds ( 1 ). Salts dissolve in polar solvents, forming positive and negative ions that are attracted to the negative and positive ends of the solvent molecule, respectively. If the solvent is water, hydration occurs when the charged solute ions become surrounded by water molecules. A standard example is aqueous saltwater. Such solutions are called electrolytes. Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming polar bonds or hydrogen bonds. As an example, all alcoholic beverages are aqueous solutions of ethanol. On the other hand, non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar solvents. Examples are hydrocarbons such as oil and grease that easily mix with each other, while being incompatible with water. An example for the immiscibility of oil and water is a leak of petroleum from a damaged tanker, that does not dissolve in the ocean water but rather floats on the surface. Preparation from constituent ingredients It is common practice in laboratories to make a solution directly from its constituent ingredients. There are three cases in practical calculation : Case 1 : amount of solvent volume is given. Case 2 : amount of solute mass is given. Case 3 : amount of final solution volume is given. In the following equations, A is solvent, B is solute, and C is concentration. Solute volume contribution is considered through ideal solution model. Case 1 : amount ( mL ) of solvent volume V is given. Solute mass m = CV d / ( 100 - C / d ) Case 2 : amount of solute mass m is given. Solvent volume V = m ( 100 / C - 1 / d ) Case 3 : amount ( mL ) of final solution volume Vt is given. Solute mass m = C Vt / 100 ; Solvent volume V = ( 100 / C - 1 / d ) m Case 2 : solute mass is known, V = m 100 / C Case 3 : total solution volume is known, same equation as case 1. V = Vt ; m = CV / 100 Example : Make 2 g / 100mL of NaCl solution with 1 L water Water ( properties ). The density of resulting solution is considered to be equal to that of water, statement holding especially for dilute solutions, so the density information is not required. m = CV =( 2 / 100 ) x 1000 = 20 g See also Underwater diving portal Look up solution or solute in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Solvation Molar solution Percentage solution ( disambiguation ) Solubility equilibrium Stock solution Total dissolved solids is a common term in a range of disciplines, and can have different meanings depending on the analytical method used. In water quality, it refers to the amount of residue remaining after evaporation of water from a sample. Upper critical solution temperature Lower critical solution temperature Coil - globule transition References IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ). Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` solution ''. Articles related to solutions Solution Ideal solution Aqueous solution Solid solution Buffer solution Flory -- Huggins Mixture Suspension Colloid Phase diagram Eutectic point Alloy Saturation Supersaturation Serial dilution Dilution ( equation ) Apparent molar property Miscibility gap Concentration and related quantities Molar concentration Mass concentration Number concentration Volume concentration Normality Percentage solution Molality Mole fraction Mass fraction Isotopic abundance Mixing ratio Solubility Solubility equilibrium Total dissolved solids Solvation Solvation shell Enthalpy of solution Lattice energy Raoult 's law Henry 's law Solubility table ( data ) Solubility chart Solvent ( Category ) Acid dissociation constant Protic solvent Inorganic nonaqueous solvent Solvation List of boiling and freezing information of solvents Partition coefficient Polarity Hydrophobe Hydrophile Lipophilic Amphiphile Lyonium ion Routes of administration, dosage forms Oral Digestive tract ( enteral ) Solids Pill Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system ( OROS ) Liquids Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Extended - release syrup Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Syrup Concentrate for dilution and / or addition of carbonated water Tincture Buccal ( sublabial ), sublingual Solids Orally disintegrating tablet ( ODT ) Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent buccal tablet Chewing gum Liquids Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Oral spray Respiratory tract Solids Smoking device Dry - powder inhaler ( DPI ) 0 0 Liquids Anaesthetic vaporizer Vaporizer Nebulizer Metered - dose inhaler ( MDI ) Gas Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Relative analgesia machine Ophthalmic, otologic, nasal Nasal spray Ear drops Eye drops Ointment Hydrogel Nanosphere suspension Insufflation Mucoadhesive microdisc ( microsphere tablet ) Urogenital Ointment Pessary ( vaginal suppository ) Vaginal ring Vaginal douche Intrauterine device ( IUD ) Extra-amniotic infusion Intravesical infusion Rectal ( enteral ) Ointment Suppository Enema Solution Hydrogel Murphy drip Nutrient enema Dermal Ointment Topical cream Topical gel Liniment Paste Film DMSO drug solution Electrophoretic dermal delivery system Hydrogel Liposomes Transfersome vesicles Cream Lotion Lip balm Medicated shampoo Dermal patch Transdermal patch Contact ( rubbed into break in the skin ) Transdermal spray Jet injector Injection, infusion ( into tissue / blood ) Skin Intradermal Subcutaneous Transdermal implant Organs Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular injection Transscleral Central nervous system Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural Circulatory, musculoskeletal Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient - Controlled Analgesia pump PIC line Category WikiProject Pharmacy portal Diving medicine, physiology, physics and environment Diving medicine Injuries and disorders Pressure Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia ( medical ) Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Atrial septal defect Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Isobaric counterdiffusion Nitrogen narcosis Taravana Uncontrolled decompression Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Aerosinusitis Air embolism Alternobaric vertigo Barodontalgia Barostriction Barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dental barotrauma Dysbarism Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Immersion Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming - induced pulmonary edema List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramps Diving disorders Motion sickness Surfer 's ear Treatments Diving chamber Diving medicine Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - 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Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Albert A. Bühlmann John R Clarke William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Leonard Erskine Hill Felix Hoppe - Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen John Rawlins R.N. Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jules Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network Diving Diseases Research Centre Fitness to dive List of diving hazards and precautions National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit Categories : Diving medicine Underwater diving physiology Underwater diving physics Physical oceanography Glossary Portal GND : 4036159 - 7 NDL : 00574261 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solution&oldid=803765394 '' Categories : Solutions Homogeneous chemical mixtures Alchemical processes Physical chemistry Colloidal chemistry Drug delivery devices Dosage forms Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from June 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017, at 13 : 56. 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Question: the relative amount of solute and solvent in a solution is defined as the
Answer: concentration