Tao Te Ching - wikipedia Tao Te Ching Tao Te Ching Ink on silk manuscript of the Tao Te Ching, 2nd century BCE, unearthed from Mawangdui Author Laozi ( trad. ) Original title 道德 經 Country China ( Zhou ) Language Classical Chinese Genre Philosophy Publication date 4th century BCE Published in English 1868 Media type Book Original text 道德 經 at Chinese Wikisource Translation Tao Te Ching at Wikisource Tao Te Ching Traditional Chinese 道德 經 Simplified Chinese 道德 经 Hanyu Pinyin Dàodéjīng ( listen ( help info ) ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dàodéjīng ( listen ( help info ) ) Wade -- Giles Tao4 - tê2 - ching1 IPA ( tâu tɤ̌ tɕíŋ ) Wu Romanization dau teh cin Yue : Cantonese Jyutping dou6 dak1 ging1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tō - tek - keng Alternative Chinese name Chinese 老子 Hanyu Pinyin Lǎozǐ Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǎozǐ Wade -- Giles Lao3 - tzŭ3 Part of a series on Taoism Theories Dao ( Tao ) De ( Te ) Wuji Taiji Yin - Yang Wu wei Ziran Xian Wu Xing Qi Practices Three Treasures Taoist meditation Taoist diet Neidan Taoist sexual practices Texts I Ching Laozi ( Tao Te Ching ) Zhuangzi Liezi Daozang Deities Hongjun Laozu Three Pure Ones Guan Shengdi Eight Immortals Yellow Emperor Li Hong Xiwangmu Jade Emperor Other deities People Laozi Zhuangzi Zhang Daoling Zhang Jue Ge Hong Chen Tuan Schools Wudoumi Tianshi Shangqing Lingbao Quanzhen ( Longmen ) Zhengyi Wuliu Yao Taoism Holy places Taoist temple Grotto - heavens Mount Penglai Organisations Chinese Taoist Association Celestial Master Daoshi Portal Taoism Tao Te Ching The Tao Te Ching, Daodejing, Dao De Jing, or Daode jing ( simplified Chinese : 道 德 经 ; traditional Chinese : 道 德 經 ; pinyin : Dàodéjīng ), also simply referred to as the Laozi ( Chinese : 老子 ; pinyin : Lǎozǐ ), is a Chinese classic text. The text 's true authorship and date of composition or compilation are still debated. The oldest excavated portion dates back to the late 4th century BCE, but modern scholarship dates other parts of the text as having been written, or at least compiled later than the earliest portions of the Zhuangzi. The Tao Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism, and strongly influenced other schools, such as Legalism, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism, which when first introduced into China was largely interpreted through the use of Daoist words and concepts. Many Chinese artists, including poets, painters, calligraphers, and even gardeners, have used the Daodejing as a source of inspiration. Its influence has also spread widely outside East Asia, and it is among the most translated works in world literature. The Wade -- Giles romanization `` Tao Te Ching '' dates back to early English transliterations in the late 19th century ; its influence can be seen in words and phrases that have become well established in English. `` Daodejing '' is the pinyin romanization. Contents 1 Text 1.1 Title 1.2 Internal structure 1.3 Historical authenticity of the author 1.4 Principal versions 1.5 Mawangdui and Guodian texts 2 Interpretation and themes 2.1 Ineffability of genesis 2.2 Mysterious female 2.3 Returning ( union with the Primordial ) 2.4 Emptiness 2.5 Knowledge and humility 3 Translations 3.1 Translational difficulties 4 Popular Culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 8 External links 8.1 Online English translations Text The Dao De Jing has a long and complex textual history. Known versions and commentaries date back two millennia, including ancient bamboo, silk, and paper manuscripts discovered in the twentieth century. Title There are many possible translations of the book 's title : Dào / tao literally means `` way, '' or one of its synonyms, but was extended to mean `` the Way. '' This term, which was variously used by other Chinese philosophers ( including Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, and Hanfeizi ), has special meaning within the context of Taoism, where it implies the essential, unnamable process of the universe. Dé / te means `` virtue, '' `` personal character, '' `` inner strength '' ( virtuosity ), or `` integrity. '' The semantics of this Chinese word resemble English virtue, which developed from the Italian virtù, a now - archaic sense of `` inner potency '' or `` divine power '' ( as in `` healing virtue of a drug '' ) to the modern meaning of `` moral excellence '' or `` goodness. '' Compare the compound word taote ( Chinese : 道德 ; pinyin : Dàodé ; literally : `` ethics, '' `` ethical principles, '' `` morals, '' or `` morality '' ). Jīng / ching as it is used here means `` canon, '' `` great book, '' or `` classic. '' Thus, Tao Te Ching can be translated as `` The Classic of the Way 's Virtues '' or `` The Book of the Way of Virtue. '' The title Daodejing is an honorific given by posterity, other titles include the amalgam Lǎozǐ Dàodéjīng ( 老子 道德 經 ), the honorific Daode Zhen Jing ( 道德 真 經 `` True Classic of the Way and the Power '' ), and the Wuqian wen ( 五 千 文 `` Five thousand character ( classic ) '' ). Internal structure The received Tao Te Ching is a short text of around 5,000 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections ( 章 ). There is some evidence that the chapter divisions were later additions -- for commentary, or as aids to rote memorization -- and that the original text was more fluidly organized. It has two parts, the Tao Ching ( 道 經 ; chaps. 1 -- 37 ) and the Te Ching ( 德 經 ; chaps. 38 -- 81 ), which may have been edited together into the received text, possibly reversed from an original `` Te Tao Ching. '' The written style is laconic, has few grammatical particles, and encourages varied, even contradictory interpretations. The ideas are singular ; the style poetic. The rhetorical style combines two major strategies : short, declarative statements and intentional contradictions. The first of these strategies creates memorable phrases, while the second forces us to create our own reconciliations of the supposed contradictions. The Chinese characters in the original versions were probably written in zhuànshū ( 篆 書 seal script ), while later versions were written in lìshū ( 隸 書 clerical script ) and kǎishū ( 楷 書 regular script ) styles. Daoist Chinese Characters contains a good summary of these different calligraphies. Historical authenticity of the author The Tao Te Ching is ascribed to Lao Tzu, whose historical existence has been a matter of scholastic debate. His name, which means `` Old Master, '' has only fueled controversy on this issue. ( Kaltenmark 1969 : 10 ). Lao Tzu The first reliable reference to Laozi is his `` biography '' in Shiji ( 63, tr. Chan 1963 : 35 -- 37 ), by Chinese historian Sima Qian ( ca. 145 -- 86 BCE ), which combines three stories. First, Lao Tzu was a contemporary of Confucius ( 551 -- 479 BCE ). His surname was Li ( 李 `` plum '' ), and his personal name was Er ( 耳 `` ear '' ) or Dan ( 聃 `` long ear '' ). He was an official in the imperial archives, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the West. Second, Laozi was Lao Laizi ( 老 來 子 `` Old Come Master '' ), also a contemporary of Confucius, who wrote a book in 15 parts. Third, Laozi was the Grand Historian and astrologer Lao Dan ( 老 聃 `` Old Long - ears '' ), who lived during the reign ( 384 -- 362 BCE ) of Duke Xian ( 獻 公 ) of Qin ). Generations of scholars have debated the historicity of Laozi and the dating of the Tao Te Ching. Linguistic studies of the text 's vocabulary and rhyme scheme point to a date of composition after the Shi Jing yet before the Zhuangzi. Legends claim variously that Laozi was `` born old '' ; that he lived for 996 years, with twelve previous incarnations starting around the time of the Three Sovereigns before the thirteenth as Laozi. Some Western scholars have expressed doubts over Lao Tzu 's historical existence, claiming that the Tao Te Ching is actually a collection of the work of various authors. Many Taoists venerate Lao Tzu as Daotsu the founder of the school of Dao, the Daode Tianjun in the Three Pure Ones, one of the eight elders transformed from Taiji in the Chinese creation myth. Principal versions Among the many transmitted editions of the Tao Te Ching text, the three primary ones are named after early commentaries. The `` Yan Zun Version, '' which is only extant for the Te Ching, derives from a commentary attributed to Han Dynasty scholar Yan Zun ( 巖 尊, fl. 80 BCE - 10 CE ). The `` Heshang Gong Version '' is named after the legendary Heshang Gong ( 河上 公 `` Riverside Sage '' ) who supposedly lived during the reign ( 180 -- 157 BCE ) of Emperor Wen of Han. This commentary ( tr. Erkes 1950, and Reid 2015 ) has a preface written by Ge Xuan ( 葛 玄, 164 -- 244 CE ), granduncle of Ge Hong, and scholarship dates this version to around the 3rd century CE. The `` Wang Bi Version '' has more verifiable origins than either of the above. Wang Bi ( 王弼, 226 -- 249 CE ) was a famous Three Kingdoms period philosopher and commentator on the Tao Te Ching ( tr. Lin 1977, Rump and Chan 1979 ) and the I Ching. Tao Te Ching scholarship has lately advanced from archeological discoveries of manuscripts, some of which are older than any of the received texts. Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, Marc Aurel Stein and others found thousands of scrolls in the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang. They included more than 50 partial and complete `` Tao Te Ching '' manuscripts. One written by the scribe So / Su Dan ( 素 統 ) is dated 270 AD and corresponds closely with the Heshang Gong version. Another partial manuscript has the Xiang'er ( 想 爾 ) commentary, which had previously been lost. Mawangdui and Guodian texts In 1973, archeologists discovered copies of early Chinese books, known as the Mawangdui Silk Texts, in a tomb dating from 168 BCE. They included two nearly complete copies of the text, referred to as Text A ( 甲 ) and Text B ( 乙 ), both of which reverse the traditional ordering and put the Te Ching section before the Tao Ching, which is why the Henricks translation of them is named `` Te - Tao Ching ''. Based on calligraphic styles and imperial naming taboo avoidances, scholars believe that Text A can be dated to about the first decade and Text B to about the third decade of the 2nd century BCE. In 1993, the oldest known version of the text, written on bamboo tablets, was found in a tomb near the town of Guodian ( 郭 店 ) in Jingmen, Hubei, and dated prior to 300 BCE. The Guodian Chu Slips comprise about 800 slips of bamboo with a total of over 13,000 characters, about 2,000 of which correspond with the Tao Te Ching, including 14 previously unknown verses. Both the Mawangdui and Guodian versions are generally consistent with the received texts, excepting differences in chapter sequence and graphic variants. Several recent Tao Te Ching translations ( e.g., Lau 1989, Henricks 1989, Mair 1990, Henricks 2000, Allan and Williams 2000, and Roberts 2004 ) utilize these two versions, sometimes with the verses reordered to synthesize the new finds. Interpretation and themes This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( January 2016 ) The passages are ambiguous, and topics range from political advice for rulers to practical wisdom for people. Because the variety of interpretation is virtually limitless, not only for different people but for the same person over time, readers do well to avoid making claims of objectivity or superiority. Also, since the book is 81 short poems, there is little need for an abridgement. Ineffability of genesis The Way that can be told of is not an unvarying way ; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the Nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang ; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. ( chap. 1, tr. Waley ) These famous first lines of the Tao Te Ching state that the Tao is ineffable, i.e., the Tao is nameless, goes beyond distinctions, and transcends language. However this first verse does not occur in the earliest known version from the Guodian Chu Slips and there is speculation that it may have been added by later commentators. In Laozi 's Qingjing Jing ( verse 1 - 8 ) he clarified the term Tao was nominated as he was trying to describe a state of existence before it happened and before time or space. Way or path happened to be the side meaning of Tao, ineffability would be just poetic. This is the Chinese creation myth from the primordial Tao. Mysterious female The Valley Spirit never dies It is named the Mysterious Female. And the doorway of the Mysterious Female Is the base from which Heaven and Earth sprang. It is there within us all the while ; Draw upon it as you will ; it never runs dry. ( chap. 6, tr. Waley ) Like the above description of the ineffable Tao as `` the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures '', the Tao Te Ching advocates `` female '' ( or Yin ) values, emphasizing the passive, solid, and quiescent qualities of nature ( which is opposed to the active and energetic ), and `` having without possessing ''. Waley 's translation can also be understood as the Esoteric Feminine in that it can be known intuitively, that must be complemented by the masculine, `` male '' ( or Yang ), again amplified in Qingjing Jing ( verse 9 - 13 ). Yin and Yang should be balanced, `` Know masculinity, Maintain femininity, and be a ravine for all under heaven. '' ( chap. 28, tr. Mair ) Returning ( union with the primordial ) In Tao the only motion is returning. The only useful quality, weakness. For though all creatures under heaven are the products of Being, Being itself is the product of Not - being. `` ( chap. 40, tr. Waley ) Another theme is the eternal return, or what Mair ( 1990 : 139 ) calls `` the continual return of the myriad creatures to the cosmic principle from which they arose. '' There is a contrast between the rigidity of death and the weakness of life : `` When he is born, man is soft and weak ; in death he becomes stiff and hard. The ten thousand creatures and all plants and trees while they are alive are supple and soft, but when dead they become brittle and dry. '' ( chap. 76, tr. Waley ). This is returning to the beginning of things, or to one 's own childhood. The Tao Te Ching focuses upon the beginnings of society, and describes a golden age in the past, comparable with the ideas of Jean - Jacques Rousseau. Human problems arose from the `` invention '' of culture and civilization. In this idealized past, `` the people should have no use for any form of writing save knotted ropes, should be contented with their food, pleased with their clothing, satisfied with their homes, should take pleasure in their rustic tasks. '' ( chap. 80, tr. Waley ) Emptiness We put thirty spokes together and call it a wheel ; But it is on the space where there is nothing that the usefulness of the wheel depends. We turn clay to make a vessel ; But it is on the space where there is nothing that the usefulness of the vessel depends. We pierce doors and windows to make a house ; And it is on these spaces where there is nothing that the usefulness of the house depends. Therefore just as we take advantage of what is, we should recognize the usefulness of what is not. ( chap. 11, tr. Waley ) Philosophical vacuity is a common theme among Asian philosophical traditions including Taoism ( especially Wu wei `` effortless action '' ), Buddhism, and some aspects of Confucianism. One could interpret the Tao Te Ching as a suite of variations on the `` Powers of Nothingness ''. This predates the Buddhist Shunyata philosophy of `` form is emptiness, emptiness is form '' by half a millennium. Emptiness can mean having no fixed preconceptions, preferences, intentions, or agenda. Since `` The Sage has no heart of his own ; He uses the heart of the people as his heart. '' ( chap. 49, tr. Waley ). From a ruler 's point of view, it is a laissez - faire approach : So a wise leader may say : `` I practice inaction, and the people look after themselves. '' But from the Sage it is so hard at any price to get a single word That when his task is accomplished, his work done, Throughout the country every one says : `` It happened of its own accord ''. ( chap. 17, tr. Waley ) Knowledge and humility Knowing others is wisdom ; Knowing the self is enlightenment. Mastering others requires force ; Mastering the self requires strength ; He who knows he has enough is rich. Perseverance is a sign of will power. He who stays where he is endures. To die but not to perish is to be eternally present. ( chap. 33, tr. Feng and English ) The Tao Te Ching praises self - gained knowledge with emphasis on that knowledge being gained with humility. When what one person has experienced is put into words and transmitted to others, so doing risks giving unwarranted status to what inevitably must have had a subjective tinge. Moreover, it will be subjected to another layer of interpretation and subjectivity when read and learned by others. This kind of knowledge ( or `` book learning '' ), like desire, should be diminished. `` It was when intelligence and knowledge appeared that the Great Artifice began. '' ( chap. 18, tr. Waley ) And so, `` The pursuit of learning is to increase day after day. The pursuit of Tao is to decrease the doing of the self day after day. '' ( chap. 48, tr. W.T. Chan ) Translations The Tao Te Ching has been translated into Western languages over 250 times, mostly to English, German, and French. According to Holmes Welch, `` It is a famous puzzle which everyone would like to feel he had solved. '' The first known English translation of the Tao Te Ching was produced in 1868 by a Scottish Protestant missionary named John Chalmers, entitled The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity and Morality of The Old Philosopher Lau Tsze. Other notable English translations of the Tao Te Ching are those produced by Chinese scholars and teachers : a 1948 translation by linguist Lin Yutang, a 1961 translation by author John Ching Hsiung Wu, a 1963 translation by sinologist Din Cheuk Lau, another 1963 translation by professor Wing - tsit Chan, and a 1972 translation by Taoist teacher Gia - Fu Feng together with his wife Jane English. Many translations are written by people with a foundation in Chinese language and philosophy who are trying to render the original meaning of the text as faithfully as possible into English. Some of the more popular translations are written from a less scholarly perspective, giving an individual author 's interpretation. For example, Stephen Mitchell 's version of the Tao Te Ching unilaterally introduces changes such as referring to `` the Master '' as `` she '' rather than `` he '', and his version has been called `` politically correct ''. Critics of these versions, such as Taoism scholar Eugene Eoyang, claim that translators like Stephen Mitchell ( who states explicitly that his version is not a translation ) produce readings of the Tao Te Ching that deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought. Russell Kirkland goes further to argue that these versions are based on Western Orientalist fantasies, and represent the colonial appropriation of Chinese culture. In contrast, Huston Smith, scholar of world religions, said of the Mitchell version, `` This translation comes as close to being definitive for our time as any I can imagine. It embodies the virtues its translator credits to the Chinese original : a gemlike lucidity that is radiant with humor, grace, largeheartedness, and deep wisdom. '' Other Taoism scholars, such as Michael LaFargue and Jonathan Herman, argue that while they do n't pretend to scholarship, they meet a real spiritual need in the West. These Westernized versions aim to make the wisdom of the Tao Te Ching more accessible to modern English - speaking readers by, typically, employing more familiar cultural and temporal references. A notable recent English version was published in 1997 by Ursula K Le Guin. Translational difficulties The Tao Te Ching is written in Classical Chinese, which can be difficult to understand completely. Classical Chinese relies heavily on allusion to a corpus of standard literary works to convey semantic meaning, nuance, and subtext. This corpus was memorized by highly educated people in Laozi 's time, and the allusions were reinforced through common use in writing, but few people today have this type of deep acquaintance with ancient Chinese literature. Thus, many levels of subtext are potentially lost on modern translators. Furthermore, many of the words that the Tao Te Ching uses are deliberately vague and ambiguous. Since there are no punctuation marks in Classical Chinese, it can be difficult to conclusively determine where one sentence ends and the next begins. Moving a full - stop a few words forward or back or inserting a comma can profoundly alter the meaning of many passages, and such divisions and meanings must be determined by the translator. Some editors and translators argue that the received text is so corrupted ( from originally being written on one - line bamboo strips linked with silk threads ) that it is impossible to understand some chapters without moving sequences of characters from one place to another. Popular culture The Beatles song `` The Inner Light '', written by George Harrison, has lyrics taken from the Tao Te Ching. See also Taoism portal Eastern philosophy Huahujing Huainanzi Liezi Qingjing Jing Xishengjing Zhuangzi ( book ) Notes Jump up ^ / ˈdaʊ dɛ ˈdʒɪŋ / -- `` Tao Te Ching ''. Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary. Jump up ^ Ancient Chinese books were commonly named after their real or supposed author, in this case Laozi meaning `` Master Lao ''. References Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Laozi ''. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Stanford University. Jump up ^ `` The Tao Teh King, or the Tao and its Characteristics by Laozi -- Project Gutenberg ''. Gutenberg.org. 2007 - 12 - 01. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ Eliade ( 1984 ), p. 26 Jump up ^ Creel 1970, What is Taoism ? 75 Jump up ^ Austin, Michael ( 2010 ). `` Reading the World : Ideas that Matter '', p. 158. W.W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93349 - 9. Jump up ^ Boltz ( 1993 ) : 284 Jump up ^ Henricks ( 2000 ) Lao Tzu 's Tao Teh Ching -- A translation of the startling new documents found at Guodian, page 3 Jump up ^ LaFargue, Michael and Pas, Julian. On Translating the Tao - te - ching in Kohn and LaFargue ( 1998 ), p. 277 Jump up ^ Welch ( 1965 ), p. 7 Jump up ^ Mitchell, Stephen ( 1988 ). Tao Te Ching : A New English Version. New York : HarperCollins. ISBN 9780061142666. The reader will notice that in the many passages where Lao - tzu describes the Master, I have used the pronoun `` she '' at least as often as `` he ''. Jump up ^ Gordon J. Van De Water ( 2010 ). The Tao Te Ching ( Dao De Jing ) : A Plain English Version. Xlibris Corporation. p. ii... my version is not `` politically correct '' in that I do not, like Stephen Mitchell, change gender reference as is done in his Tao Te Ching, A New English Version ( 1988 ). Jump up ^ The Journal of Religion Jump up ^ `` THE TAOISM OF THE WESTERN IMAGINATION AND THE TAOISM OF CHINA : DE-COLONIALIZING THE EXOTIC TEACHINGS OF THE EAST '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ Taoism : the enduring tradition -- Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Journal of the American Academy of Religion Sources Ariel, Yoav, and Gil Raz. `` Anaphors or Cataphors ? A Discussion of the Two qi 其 Graphs in the First Chapter of the Daodejing. '' PEW 60.3 ( 2010 ) : 391 -- 421 Boltz, William ( 1993 ). `` Lao tzu Tao te ching 老子 道德 經 ''. In Loewe, Michael. Early Chinese Texts : A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley : Society for the Study of Early China ; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley. pp. 269 -- 92. ISBN 1 - 55729 - 043 - 1. Cole, Alan, `` Simplicity for the Sophisticated : ReReading the Daode Jing for the Polemics of Ease and Innocence, '' in History of Religions, August 2006, pp. 1 -- 49 Damascene, Hieromonk, Lou Shibai, and You - Shan Tang. Christ the Eternal Tao. Platina, CA : Saint Herman Press, 1999. Eliade, Mircea. A History of Religious Ideas, Volume 2. Translated by Willard R. Trask. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1984. Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David ( 2012 ). The Illustrated Tao Te Ching ( Jamese Legge translation ). Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books. ASIN : B008NNLKXC Kaltenmark, Max. Lao Tzu and Taoism. Translated by Roger Greaves. Stanford : Stanford University Press. 1969. Kohn, Livia and Michael LaFargue, eds. Lao - Tzu and the Tao - Te - Ching, Albany : State University of New York Press. 1998. Komjathy, Louis. Handbooks for Daoist Practice. 10 vols. Hong Kong : Yuen Yuen Institute, 2008. Welch, Holmes. Taoism : The Parting of the Way ( 1957 ). Boston : Beacon Press. 1965. Klaus, Hilmar Das Tao der Weisheit. Laozi - Daodejing. English + German introduction, 140 p. bibliogr., 3 German transl. Aachen : Mainz 2008, 548 p. Klaus, Hilmar The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi - Daodejing. Chinese - English - German. 2 verbatim + 2 analogous transl., 140 p. bibl., Aachen : Mainz 2009 600p. External links This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. ( January 2014 ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tao Te Ching Wikisource has original text related to this article : Tao Te Ching Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article : Dàodéjīng First Line of Tao Te Ching Daode jing entry from the Center for Daoist Studies Daodejing Wang Bi edition with English translation, Guodian text, and Mawangdui text -- Chinese Text Project The Authorship of the Tao Te Ching, John J. Emerson Tao Te Ching at DMOZ Daode jing ( Isabelle Robinet ), entry in The Encyclopedia of Taoism Online English translations Legge, Suzuki, and Goddard 's translations side - by - side, along with the original text Lǎozǐ Dàodéjīng verbatim + analogous + poetic ; Chinese + English + German Tao Te Ching Multiple Translations by various authors Tao Teh King, Charles Johnston Tao Te Ching Daily Tao Te Ching, James Legge The Tao Te Ching, Frederic H. Balfour The Tao Teh King, Aleister Crowley Daode Jing, Charles Muller The Living Dao : The Art and Way of Living A Rich & Truthful Life, Lok Sang Ho, Lingnan University `` The Tao Teh King, or The Tao and its characteristics '', English translation by James Legge. Scalable text on white, grey or black background. Downloadable as a. txt file. 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Question: which book records three possible authors of the tao te ching with similar names
Answer: Shiji