Flexible - fuel vehicle - wikipedia Flexible - fuel vehicle For other types of vehicles, see Alternative fuel vehicle and Hybrid vehicle. The Ford Model T 's engine was capable of running on ethanol, gasoline or kerosene, or a mixture of the first two. A flexible - fuel vehicle ( FFV ) or dual - fuel vehicle ( colloquially called a flex - fuel vehicle ) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel, and both fuels are stored in the same common tank. Modern flex - fuel engines are capable of burning any proportion of the resulting blend in the combustion chamber as fuel injection and spark timing are adjusted automatically according to the actual blend detected by a fuel composition sensor. Flex - fuel vehicles are distinguished from bi-fuel vehicles, where two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time, for example, compressed natural gas ( CNG ), liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ), or hydrogen. The most common commercially available FFV in the world market is the ethanol flexible - fuel vehicle, with about 50 million + automobiles, motorcycles and light duty trucks manufactured and sold worldwide by mid 2015, and concentrated in four markets, Brazil ( 29.0 million by 2017 - YTD ), the United States ( 17.4 million by the end of 2014 ), Canada ( 1.6 million by 2014 ), and Europe, led by Sweden ( 243,100 ). In addition to flex - fuel vehicles running with ethanol, in Europe and the US, mainly in California, there have been successful test programs with methanol flex - fuel vehicles, known as M85 flex - fuel vehicles. There have been also successful tests using P - series fuels with E85 flex fuel vehicles, but as of June 2008, this fuel is not yet available to the general public. These successful tests with P - series fuels were conducted on Ford Taurus and Dodge Caravan flexible - fuel vehicles. Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture of gasoline and ethanol, from pure gasoline up to 100 % ethanol ( E100 ), North American and European flex - fuel vehicles are optimized to run on E85, a blend of 85 % anhydrous ethanol fuel with 15 % gasoline. This upper limit in the ethanol content is set to reduce ethanol emissions at low temperatures and to avoid cold starting problems during cold weather, at temperatures lower than 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ). The alcohol content is reduced during the winter in regions where temperatures fall below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) to a winter blend of E70 in the U.S. or to E75 in Sweden from November until March. Brazilian flex fuel vehicles are optimized to run on any mix of E20 - E25 gasoline and up to 100 % hydrous ethanol fuel ( E100 ). The Brazilian flex vehicles are built - in with a small gasoline reservoir for cold starting the engine when temperatures drop below 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ). An improved flex motor generation was launched in 2009 which eliminated the need for the secondary gas tank. Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Flexible - fuel vehicles by country 3.1 Brazil 3.2 Europe 3.2. 1 Sweden 3.2. 2 Other European countries 3.2. 2.1 France 3.2. 2.2 Germany 3.2. 2.3 Ireland 3.2. 2.4 Spain 3.2. 2.5 United Kingdom 3.3 United States 3.3. 1 Barriers to widespread adoption 3.3. 2 Flex fuel conversion kit 3.3. 3 Latest developments 3.4 Other countries 3.4. 1 Australia 3.4. 2 Canada 3.4. 3 Colombia 3.4. 4 New Zealand 3.4. 5 Paraguay 3.4. 6 Thailand 3.5 Comparison among the leading markets 4 List of currently produced flexible - fuel vehicles 4.1 Worldwide 4.2 Brazil 4.3 Europe 4.4 Thailand 4.5 United States 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Terminology The Fiat Siena Tetrafuel 1.4 is a multifuel car designed to run as a flex - fuel on pure gasoline, or E20 - E25 blend, or pure ethanol ( E100 ) ; or to run as a bi-fuel with natural gas ( CNG ). Demonstration E85 flex - fuel Ford Escape Hybrid. Demonstration Ford Escape E85 flex - fuel plug - in hybrid. As ethanol FFVs became commercially available during the late 1990s, the common use of the term `` flexible - fuel vehicle '' became synonymous with ethanol FFVs. In the United States flex - fuel vehicles are also known as `` E85 vehicles ''. In Brazil, the FFVs are popularly known as `` total flex '' or simply `` flex '' cars. In Europe, FFVs are also known as `` flexifuel '' vehicles. Automakers, particularly in Brazil and the European market, use badging in their FFV models with the some variant of the word `` flex '', such as Volvo Flexifuel, or Volkswagen Total Flex, or Chevrolet FlexPower or Renault Hi - Flex, and Ford sells its Focus model in Europe as Flexifuel and as Flex in Brazil. In the US, only since 2008 FFV models feature a yellow gas cap with the label `` E85 / Gasoline '' written on the top of the cap to differentiate E85s from gasoline only models. Flexible - fuel vehicles ( FFVs ) are based on dual - fuel systems that supply both fuels into the combustion chamber at the same time in various calibrated proportions. The most common fuels used by FFVs today are unleaded gasoline and ethanol fuel. Ethanol FFVs can run on pure gasoline, pure ethanol ( E100 ) or any combination of both. Methanol has also been blended with gasoline in flex - fuel vehicles known as M85 FFVs, but their use has been limited mainly to demonstration projects and small government fleets, particularly in California. Bi-fuel vehicles. The term flexible - fuel vehicles is sometimes used to include other alternative fuel vehicles that can run with compressed natural gas ( CNG ), liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ; also known as autogas ), or hydrogen. However, all these vehicles actually are bi-fuel and not flexible - fuel vehicles, because they have engines that store the other fuel in a separate tank, and the engine runs on one fuel at a time. Bi-fuel vehicles have the capability to switch back and forth from gasoline to the other fuel, manually or automatically. The most common available fuel in the market for bi-fuel cars is natural gas ( CNG ), and by 2008 there were 9, 6 million natural gas vehicles, led by Pakistan ( 2.0 million ), Argentina ( 1.7 million ), and Brazil ( 1.6 million ). Natural gas vehicles are a popular choice as taxicabs in the main cities of Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. Multifuel vehicles are capable of operating with more than two fuels. In 2004 GM do Brasil introduced the Chevrolet Astra 2.0 with a `` MultiPower '' engine built on flex fuel technology developed by Bosch of Brazil, and capable of using CNG, ethanol and gasoline ( E20 - E25 blend ) as fuel. This automobile was aimed at the taxicab market and the switch among fuels is done manually. In 2006 Fiat introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a four - fuel car developed under Magneti Marelli of Fiat Brazil. This automobile can run as a flex - fuel on 100 % ethanol ( E100 ) ; or on E-20 to E25, Brazil 's normal ethanol gasoline blend ; on pure gasoline ( though no longer available in Brazil since 1993, it is still used in neighboring countries ) ; or just on natural gas. The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch from any gasoline - ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions. Another existing option is to retrofit an ethanol flexible - fuel vehicle to add a natural gas tank and the corresponding injection system. This option is popular among taxicab owners in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, allowing users to choose among three fuels ( E25, E100 and CNG ) according to current market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as `` tri-fuel '' cars. Flex - fuel hybrid electric and flex - fuel plug - in hybrid are two types of hybrid vehicles built with a combustion engine capable of running on gasoline, E-85, or E-100 to help drive the wheels in conjunction with the electric engine or to recharge the battery pack that powers the electric engine. In 2007 Ford produced 20 demonstration Escape Hybrid E85s for real - world testing in fleets in the U.S. Also as a demonstration project, Ford delivered in 2008 the first flexible - fuel plug - in hybrid SUV to the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ), a Ford Escape Plug - in Hybrid, which runs on gasoline or E85. GM announced that the Chevrolet Volt plug - in hybrid, launched in the U.S. in late 2010, would be the first commercially available flex - fuel plug - in capable of adapting the propulsion to several world markets such as the U.S., Brazil or Sweden, as the combustion engine can be adapted to run on E85, E100 or diesel respectively. The Volt was initially expected to be flex - fuel - capable in 2013. Lotus Engineering unveiled the Lotus CityCar at the 2010 Paris Motor Show. The CityCar is a plug - in hybrid concept car designed for flex - fuel operation on ethanol, or methanol as well as regular gasoline. History The Ford Model T, produced from 1908 through 1927, was fitted with a carburetor with adjustable jetting, allowing use of ethanol, gasoline or kerosene ( each by itself ), or a combination of the first two mentioned fuels. Other car manufactures also provided engines for ethanol fuel use. Henry Ford continued to advocate for ethanol as fuel even during Prohibition. However, cheaper oil caused gasoline to prevail, until the 1973 oil crisis resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness on the dangers of oil dependence. This crisis opened a new opportunity for ethanol and other alternative fuels, such as methanol, gaseous fuels such as CNG and LPG, and also hydrogen. Ethanol, methanol and natural gas CNG were the three alternative fuels that received more attention for research and development, and government support. The 2003 VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex was the first full flexible - fuel vehicle produced and sold in Brazil, capable of running on any blend of gasoline ( E20 to E25 ) and ethanol up to E100. Since 1975, and as a response to the shock caused by the first oil crisis, the Brazilian government implemented the National Alcohol Program - Pró - Álcool - ( Portuguese : Programa Nacional do Álcool ), a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automotive fuels derived from fossil fuels in favor of ethanol made from sugar cane. It began with a low blend of anhydrous alcohol with regular gasoline in 1976, and since July 2007 the mandatory blend is 25 % of alcohol or gasohol E25. In 1979, and as a response to the second oil crisis, the first vehicle capable of running with pure hydrous ethanol ( E100 ) was launched to the market, the Fiat 147, after testing with several prototypes developed by Fiat, Volkswagen, GM and Ford. The Brazilian government provided three important initial drivers for the ethanol industry : guaranteed purchases by the state - owned oil company Petrobras, low - interest loans for agro-industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices. After reaching more than 4 million cars and light trucks running on pure ethanol by the late 1980s, the use of E100 - only vehicles sharply declined after increases in sugar prices produced shortages of ethanol fuel. After extensive research that began in the 90s, a second push took place in March 2003, when the Brazilian subsidiary of Volkswagen launched to the market the first full flexible - fuel car, the Gol 1.6 Total Flex. Several months later was followed by other Brazilian automakers, and by 2010 General Motors, Fiat, Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Citroën, Nissan and Kia Motors were producing popular models of flex cars and light trucks. The adoption of ethanol flex fuel vehicles was so successful, that production of flex cars went from almost 40 thousand in 2003 to 1.7 million in 2007. This rapid adoption of the flex technology was facilitated by the fuel distribution infrastructure already in place, as around 27,000 filling stations countrywide were available by 1997 with at least one ethanol pump, a heritage of the Pró - Álcool program. In the United States, initial support to develop alternative fuels by the government was also a response to the first oil crisis, and some time later, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels were preferred over gaseous fuels not only because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were the most compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the existing technologies and taking advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure. California led the search of sustainable alternatives with interest focused in methanol. Ford Motor Company and other automakers responded to California 's request for vehicles that run on methanol. In 1981, Ford delivered 40 dedicated methanol fuel ( M100 ) Escorts to Los Angeles County, but only four refueling stations were installed. The biggest challenge in the development of alcohol vehicle technology was getting all of the fuel system materials compatible with the higher chemical reactivity of the fuel. Methanol was even more of a challenge than ethanol but much of the early experience gained with neat ethanol vehicle production in Brazil was transferable to methanol. The success of this small experimental fleet of M100s led California to request more of these vehicles, mainly for government fleets. In 1983, Ford built 582 M100 vehicles ; 501 went to California, and the remaining to New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom, and Canada. The 1996 Ford Taurus was the first flexible - fuel vehicle produced with versions capable of running with either ethanol ( E85 ) or methanol ( M85 ) blended with gasoline. As an answer to the lack of refueling infrastructure, Ford began development of a flexible - fuel vehicle in 1982, and between 1985 and 1992, 705 experimental FFVs were built and delivered to California and Canada, including the 1.6 L Ford Escort, the 3.0 L Taurus, and the 5.0 L LTD Crown Victoria. These vehicles could operate on either gasoline or methanol with only one fuel system. Legislation was passed to encourage the US auto industry to begin production, which started in 1993 for the M85 FFVs at Ford. In 1996, a new FFV Ford Taurus was developed, with models fully capable of running on either methanol or ethanol blended with gasoline. This ethanol version of the Taurus became the first commercial production of an E85 FFV. The momentum of the FFV production programs at the American car companies continued, although by the end of the 1990s, the emphasis shifted to the FFV E85 version, as it is today. Ethanol was preferred over methanol because there is a large support from the farming community, and thanks to the government 's incentive programs and corn - based ethanol subsidies available at the time. Sweden also tested both the M85 and the E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to agriculture policy, in the end emphasis was given to the ethanol flexifuel vehicles. Support for ethanol also comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which addresses climate change concerns and greenhouse gas emissions, though nowadays these benefits are questioned and depend on the feedstock used for ethanol production and their indirect land use change impacts. The demand for ethanol fuel produced from field corn in the United States was stimulated by the discovery in the late 90s that methyl tertiary butyl ether ( MTBE ), an oxygenate additive in gasoline, was contaminating groundwater. Due to the risks of widespread and costly litigation, and because MTBE use in gasoline was banned in almost 20 states by 2006, the substitution of MTBE opened a new market for ethanol fuel. This demand shift for ethanol as an oxygenate additive took place at a time when oil prices were already significantly rising. By 2006, about 50 percent of the gasoline used in the U.S. contained ethanol at different proportions, and ethanol production grew so fast that the US became the world 's top ethanol producer, overtaking Brazil in 2005. This shift also contributed to a sharp increase in the production and sale of E85 flex vehicles since 2002. Flexible - fuel vehicles by country Brazil Main articles : Flexible - fuel vehicles in Brazil and ethanol fuel in Brazil Ethanol flex - fuel motor vehicle production in Brazil 2003 - 2015 Year Total flex - fuel light - duty vehicles produced Flex vehicles as % total light vehicles Flex motor - cycles produced Flex motor - cycles as % total 2003 49,264 2.9 332,507 15.2 2005 880,941 36.7 2006 1,392,055 56.4 2007 1,936,931 69.1 2008 2,243,648 74.7 2009 2,541,153 84.0 188,494 12.2 2,627,111 77.1 332,351 18.2 2011 2,550,875 80.7 956,117 44.7 2012 2,701,781 83.4 814,110 48.2 2013 3,169,114 88.5 Unknown Unknown 2014 2,940,508 88.2 Unknown Unknown 2015 2,194,020 88.3 Unknown Unknown 2016 1,750,750 88.0 Unknown Unknown 2017 - YTD 1,578,786 88.0 21 Unknown Total 2003 - 17 28,889,444 62.9 2,291,072 31.8 Sources : Cars and light trucks : ANFAVEA ( 2003 - 2015 ). Motorcycles : ABRACICLO 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. Notes : ( 1 ) Includes exports. ( 2 ) Total includes gasoline, neat ethanol, flex, and diesel - powered vehicles. Flexible - fuel technology started being developed by Brazilian engineers near the end of the 1990s. The Brazilian flexible fuel car is built with an ethanol - ready engine and one fuel tank for both fuels. The small gasoline reservoir for starting the engine in cold weather, used in earlier neat ethanol vehicles, was kept to avoid start up problems in the central and southern regions, where winter temperatures normally drop below 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ). An improved flex motor generation was launched in 2009 and allowed to eliminate the need for this secondary gas reservoir tank. Another improvement was the reduction of fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions, between 10 % to 15 % as compared to flex motors sold in 2008. In March 2009 Volkswagen do Brasil launched the Polo E-Flex, the first flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start. Typical Brazilian flexible - fuel engine with secondary gasoline reservoir for cold starting the engine at temperatures below 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ). A key innovation in the Brazilian flex technology was avoiding the need for an additional dedicated sensor to monitor the ethanol - gasoline mix, which made the first American M85 flex fuel vehicles too expensive. Brazilian flex cars are capable of running on just hydrated ethanol ( E100 ), or just on a blend of gasoline with 25 to 27 % anhydrous ethanol ( the mandatory blend ), or on any arbitrary combination of both fuels. The flexibility of Brazilian FFVs empowers the consumers to choose the fuel depending on current market prices. As ethanol fuel economy is lower than gasoline because of ethanol 's energy content is close to 34 % less per unit volume than gasoline, flex cars running on ethanol get a lower mileage than when running on pure gasoline. However, this effect is partially offset by the usually lower price per liter of ethanol fuel. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30 % lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the result of seasonal sugar cane harvests. Six typical flex - fuel models from several Brazilian carmakers, popularly known as `` flex '' cars, that run on any blend of hydrous ethanol ( E100 ) and E20 - E25 gasoline. In March 2003 Volkswagen do Brasil launched in the market the Gol 1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial flexible fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. GM do Brasil followed three months later with the Chevrolet Corsa 1.8 Flexpower, using an engine developed by a joint - venture with Fiat called PowerTrain. Passenger flex - fuel vehicles became a commercial success in the country, and as of December 2013, a total of 15 car manufacturers produce flex - fuel engines for the Brazilian market, dominating all light vehicle segments except sports cars, off - road vehicles and minivans. The production of flex - fuel cars and light commercial vehicles since 2003 reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010. At the end of 2012 registrations of flex - fuel cars and light trucks represented 87 % of all passenger and light duty vehicles sold in the country in 2012, and climbed to a 94 % market share of all new passenger vehicles sales in 2013. Production passed the 20 million - unit mark in June 2013. By the end of 2014, flex - fuel cars represented 54 % of the Brazilian registered stock of light - duty vehicles, while gasoline only vehicles represented 34.3 %. As of June 2015, flex - fuel light - duty vehicle sales totaled 25.5 million units. The rapid success of flex vehicles was made possible by the existence of 33,000 filling stations with at least one ethanol pump available by 2006, a heritage of the early Pró - Álcool ethanol program. These facts, together with the mandatory use of E25 blend of gasoline throughout the country, allowed Brazil in 2008 to achieve more than 50 % of fuel consumption in the gasoline market from sugar cane - based ethanol. According to two separate research studies conducted in 2009, at the national level 65 % of the flex - fuel registered vehicles regularly used ethanol fuel, and the usage climbed to 93 % in São Paulo, the main ethanol producer state where local taxes are lower, and prices at the pump are more competitive than gasoline. However, as a result of higher ethanol prices caused by the Brazilian ethanol industry crisis that began in 2009, combined with government subsidies to keep gasoline price lower than the international market value, by November 2013 only 23 % flex - fuel car owners were using ethanol, down from 66 % in 2009. The Honda Biz 125 flex is one of the five flex - fuel motorcycles available in Brazil One of the latest innovation within the Brazilian flexible - fuel technology is the development of flex - fuel motorcycles. The first flex - fuel motorcycle was launched by Honda in March 2009, the CG 150 Titan Mix. In September 2009, Honda launched a second flexible - fuel motorcycle, the on - off - road NXR 150 Bros Mix. By December 2012 the five available models of flexible - fuel motorcycles from Honda and Yamaha reached a cumulative production of 2,291,072 units, representing 31.8 % of all motorcycles manufactured in Brazil since 2009, and 48.2 % of motorcycle production in 2012. Flexible - fuel motorcycle production passed the 3 million - unit milestone in October 2013. The 4 million mark was reached in March 2015. Europe Sweden See also : Ethanol fuel in Sweden Flexi - fuel sales in Sweden Sales by year ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Year Sales Year Sales 2001 717 2008 57,628 2002 1,926 2009 39,848 2003 1,669 35,256 1,074 2011 15,379 2005 17,232 2012 5,699 2006 25,868 2013 2,914 2007 35,499 2014 2,427 Total 2001 - 2014 243,136 Sources : 2001 - 2010 BioAlcohol Fuel Foundation, and 2011 - 2014 Bil Sweden. Flexible - fuel vehicles were introduced in Sweden as a demonstration test in 1994, when three Ford Taurus were imported to show the technology existed. Because of the existing interest, a project was started in 1995 with 50 Ford Taurus E85 flexifuel in different parts of Sweden : Umeå, Örnsköldsvik, Härnösand, Stockholm, Karlstad, Linköping, and Växjö. From 1997 to 1998 an additional 300 Taurus were imported, and the number of E85 fueling grew to 40. Then in 1998 the city of Stockholm placed an order for 2,000 of FFVs for any car manufacturer willing to produce them. The objective was to jump - start the FFV industry in Sweden. The two domestic car makers Volvo Group and Saab AB refused to participate arguing there were not in place any ethanol filling stations. However, Ford Motor Company took the offer and began importing the flexifuel version of its Focus model, delivering the first cars in 2001, and selling more than 15,000 FFV Focus by 2005, then representing an 80 % market share of the flexifuel market. In 2005 both Volvo and Saab introduced to the Sweden market their flexifuel models. Saab began selling its 9 - 5 2.0 Biopower, joined in 2006 by its 9 - 5 2.3 Biopower. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 with flexible - fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the Sweden market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets. In 2007, Saab also started selling a BioPower version of its popular Saab 9 - 3 line. In 2008 the Saab - derived Cadillac BLS was introduced with E85 compatible engines, and Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5 - litre turbocharged Flexifuel engine. Saab 9 - 3 SportCombi BioPower. The second E85 model introduced by Saab in the Swedish market in 2007. All flexible - fuel vehicles in Sweden use an E75 winter blend instead of E85 to avoid engine starting problems during cold weather. This blend was introduced since the winter 2006 - 07 and E75 is used from November until March. For temperature below − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) E85 flex vehicles require an engine block heater. The use of this device is also recommended for gasoline vehicles when temperatures drop below − 23 ° C ( − 9 ° F ). Another option when extreme cold weather is expected is to add more pure gasoline in the tank, thus reducing the ethanol content below the E75 winter blend, or simply not to use E85 during extreme low temperature spells. Sweden has achieved the largest E85 flexible - fuel vehicle fleet in Europe, with a sharp growth from 717 vehicles in 2001 to 243,136 through December 2014. As of 2008 a total of 70 % of all flexifuel vehicles operating in the EU were registered in Sweden. The recent and accelerated growth of the Swedish fleet of E85 flexifuel vehicles is the result of the National Climate Policy in Global Cooperation Bill passed in 2005, which not only ratified the Kyoto Protocol but also sought to meet the 2003 EU Biofuels Directive regarding targets for use of biofuels, and also let to the 2006 government 's commitment to eliminate oil imports by 2020. The 2005 Volvo FlexiFuel S40 was one of the first E85 flexible fuel cars available in the country produced by a Swedish automaker. The Volvo FlexiFuel is now offered on the European market. In order to achieve these goals several government incentives were implemented. Ethanol, as the other biofuels, was exempted of both, the CO and energy taxes until 2009, resulting in a 30 % price reduction at the pump of E85 fuel over gasoline. Furthermore, other demand side incentives for flexifuel vehicle owners include a US $1,800 bonus to buyers of FFVs, exemption from the Stockholm congestion tax, up to 20 % discount on auto insurance, free parking spaces in most of the largest cities, owner annual registration taxes, and a 20 % tax reduction for flexifuel company cars. Also, a part of the program, the Swedish Government ruled that 25 % of their vehicle purchases ( excluding police, fire and ambulance vehicles ) must be alternative fuel vehicles. By the first months of 2008, this package of incentives resulted in sales of flexible - fuel cars representing 25 % of new car sales. On the supply side, since 2005 the gasoline fuelling stations selling more than 3 million liters of fuel a year are required to sell at least one type of biofuel, resulting in more than 1,200 gas stations selling E85 by August 2008. Despite all the sharp growth of E85 flexifuel cars, by 2007 they represented just two percent of the four million Swedish vehicles. In addition, this law also mandated all new filling stations to offer alternative fuels, and stations with an annual volume of more than one million liters are required to have an alternative fuel pump by December 2009. Therefore, the number of E85 pumps is expected to reach by 2009 nearly 60 % of Sweden 's 4,000 filling stations. The Swedish - made Koenigsegg CCXR, a limited edition and version of the CCX, is currently the fastest and most powerful flexible fuel vehicle with its twin - supercharged V8 producing 1018 hp when running on biofuel, as compared to 806 hp on 91 octane US unleaded gasoline. Other European countries Bioethanol E85 stations European Union Country Number Stations As of ( date ) Stat / 10 persons Sweden 1,723 2011 184.3 Hungary 426 2011 42.7 Germany 353 2011 4.3 France 304 2011 4.6 Czech Republic 169 2011 16.1 Switzerland 62 2011 7.9 Netherlands 48 2011 2.9 Ireland 34 2011 5.5 Austria 29 2011 3.5 Finland 26 2011 4.9 United Kingdom 21 2011 0.34 Norway 19 2011 2.30 Spain 19 2011 0.18 Note : Only countries with ten or more E85 stations are included. For other countries search here Flexifuel vehicles are sold in 18 European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Ford, Volvo and Saab are the main automakers offering flexifuel autos in the region. France Biofuel cars in general get strong tax incentives in France, including a 0 or 50 % reduction on the tax on new vehicles, and a 40 % reduction on CO tax for new cars. For company cars there is a corporate car tax free for 2 years and a recovery of 80 % of the value added tax ( VAT ) on E85 vehicles. Also, E85 fuel price is set significantly lower than diesel or gasoline, resulting in E85 at € 0.80, diesel at € 1.15, and gasoline at € 1.30 per liter, as of April 2007. By May 2008, France had 211 pumps selling E85, even though the government made plans for the installation of up to 500 E85 pumps by year end 2007. French automakers Renault and PSA ( Citroen & Peugeot ) announced they will start selling FFV cars beginning in the summer 2007. Germany Biofuel emphasis in Germany is on biodiesel, and no specific incentives have been granted for E85 flex - fuel cars, however there is complete exemption of taxes on all biofuels while there is a normal tax of € 0.65 per liter of petroleum fuels. The distribution of E85 began in 2005, and with 219 stations as of September 2008, Germany ranks second after Sweden with the most E85 fueling stations in the EU. As of July 2012 retail prices of E85 was € 1.09 per liter, and gasoline was priced at € 1.60 per liter ( for gasoline RON 95 ), then providing enough margin to compensate for ethanol 's lower fuel economy. Ford has offered the Ford Focus since August 2005 in Germany. Ford is about to offer also the Mondeo and other models as FFV versions between 2008 and 2010. The Saab 9 - 5 and Saab 9 - 3 Biopower, the Peugeot 308 Bioflex, the Citroën C4 Bioflex, the Audi A5, two models of the Cadillac BLS, and five Volvo models are also available in the German market by 2008. Since 2011, Dacia offers the Logan MCV with a 1.6 l 16v flexfuel engine. Ireland Ireland is the third best seller European market of E85 flex - fuel vehicles, after Sweden and France. Bioethanol ( E85 ) in Ireland is made from whey, a waste product of cheese manufacturing. The Irish government established several incentives, including a 50 % discount in vehicle registration taxes ( VRT ), which can account for more than one third of the retail price of a new car in Ireland ( around € 6,500 ). The bioethanol element of the E85 fuel is excise - free for fuel companies, allowing retail prices to be low enough to offset the 25 per cent cut in fuel economy that E-85 cars offer, due to ethanol 's lower energy content than gasoline. Also, the value added tax ( VAT ) on the fuel can also be claimed back. E-85 fuel is available across the country in more than 20 of Maxol service stations. In October 2005, the 1.8 Ford Focus FFV became the first flexible - fuel vehicle to be commercially sold in Ireland. Later Ford launched the C - max and the Mondeo flexifuel models. Saab and Volvo also have E85 models available. The Ford Focus flexifuel was the first E85 flexible fuel vehicle commercially available in the European market. From 1 January 2011 E85 fuel is no longer excise - free in Ireland. Maxol has announced they will not provide E85 when their current supplies have run out. Spain The first flexifuel vehicles were introduced in Spain by late 2007, with the acquisition of 80 cars for use in the Spaniard official government fleet. At that time the country had only three gas stations selling E85, making necessary to deploy an official E85 fueling station in Madrid to attend these vehicles. Despite the introduction in the Spaniard market of several flexifuel models, by the end of 2008 still persists the problems of adequate E85 fueling infrastructure, as only 10 gas stations were selling E85 fuel to the public in the entire country. United Kingdom The UK government established several incentives for E85 flex - fuel vehicles. These include a fuel duty rebate on E85 fuel of 20 p per liter, until 2010 ; a £ 10 to 15 reduction in the vehicle excise duty ( VED ) ; and a 2 % annual company car tax discount for flex - fuel cars. Despite the small number of E85 pump stations available, limited to the Morrisons supermarket chain stations, most automakers offer the same models in the UK that are available in the European market. In 2005 the Ford Focus Flexi - Fuel became the first flexible - fuel car sold in the UK, though E85 pumps were not opened until 2006. Volvo now offers its flexifuel models S80, S40, C30, V50 and V70. Other models available in the UK are the Ford C - Max Flexi - Fuel, and the Saab models 9 - 5 and 9 - 3 Flex - Fuel Biopower, and the new Saab Aero X BioPower E100 bioethanol. United States Main article : Flexible - fuel vehicles in the United States See also : E85 in the United States and Ethanol fuel in the United States E85 FFVs Manufactured and in Use in the United States 1998 - 2014 Year Light - Duty E85 FFVs sold / leased Light - Duty E85 FFVs net annual increase * Total fleet E85 FFVs in use 1998 216,165 144,000 144,000 1999 426,724 306,149 450,148 2000 600,832 456,947 907,096 2001 581,774 466,203 1,373,299 2002 834,976 700,719 2,074,018 2003 859,261 750,437 2,824,455 674,678 609,437 3,433,892 2005 743,948 683,217 4,117,109 2006 1,011,399 960,287 5,077,396 2007 1,115,069 1,076,902 6,154,298 2008 1,175,345 1,149,389 7,303,687 2009 805,777 n.a. 1,484,945 n.a. 2011 2,116,273 n.a. 2012 2,466,966 n.a. 2013 2,665,470 n.a. 2014 2,433,113 n.a. Total 20,192,715 n.a. Note : * Net increase is new FFVs manufactured discounted by the survival rate. Source : National Renewable Energy Laboratory Since 1998 a total of 17.7 million E85 flex - fuel vehicles have been sold or leased in the United States through the end of 2014. About 11 million flex - fuel cars and light trucks were still in operation as of early 2013, up from 7.3 million in 2008, 4.1 million in 2005, and 1.4 million on U.S roads in 2001. For the 2011 model year there are about 70 vehicles E85 capable, including sedans, vans, SUVs and pick - up trucks. Many of the models available in the market are trucks and sport - utility vehicles getting less than 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) when filled with gasoline. Actual consumption of E85 among flex - fuel vehicle owners is limited. Nevertheless, the U.S. Department of Energy estimated that in 2011 only 862,837 flex - fuel fleet - operated vehicles were regularly fueled with E85. As a result, from all the ethanol fuel consumed in the country in 2009, only 1 % was E85 consumed by flex - fuel vehicles. The E85 blend is used in gasoline engines modified to accept such higher concentrations of ethanol, and the fuel injection is regulated through a dedicated sensor, which automatically detects the amount of ethanol in the fuel, allowing to adjust both fuel injection and spark timing accordingly to the actual blend available in the vehicle 's tank. Because ethanol contains close to 34 % less energy per unit volume than gasoline, E85 FFVs have a lower mileage per gallon than gasoline. Based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was 25.56 % lower than unleaded gasoline. The American E85 flex - fuel vehicle was developed to run on any mixture of unleaded gasoline and ethanol, anywhere from 0 % to 85 % ethanol by volume. Both fuels are mixed in the same tank, and E85 is sold already blended. In order to reduce ethanol evaporative emissions and to avoid problems starting the engine during cold weather, the maximum blend of ethanol was set to 85 %. There is also a seasonal reduction of the ethanol content to E70 ( called winter E85 blend ) in very cold regions, where temperatures fall below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) during the winter. In Wyoming for example, E70 is sold as E85 from October to May. Typical labeling used in the US to identify E85 flex - fuel vehicles. Top left : a small sticker in the back of the fuel filler door. Bottom left : the bright yellow gas cap now used in newer models. E85 Flexfuel badging used in newer models from Chrysler ( top right ), Ford ( middle right ) and GM ( bottom right ). E85 flex - fuel vehicles are becoming increasingly common in the Midwest, where corn is a major crop and is the primary feedstock for ethanol fuel production. Regional retail E85 prices vary widely across the US, with more favorable prices in the Midwest region, where most corn is grown and ethanol produced. Depending of the vehicle capabilities, the break - even price of E85 has to be between 25 and 30 % lower than gasoline. Barriers to widespread adoption A 2005 survey found that 68 % of American flex - fuel car owners were not aware they owned an E85 flex. This was because the exteriors of flex and non-flex vehicles look exactly the same ; there is no sale price difference between them ; the lack of consumers ' awareness about E85s ; and also the initial decision of American automakers of not putting any kind of exterior labeling, so buyers could be unaware they are purchasing an E85 vehicle. Since 2008, all new FFV models in the US feature a bright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities and proper flex - fuel badging. Some critics have argued that American automakers have been producing E85 flex models motivated by a loophole in the Corporate Average Fuel Economy ( CAFE ) requirements, that allows for a fuel economy credit for every flex - fuel vehicle sold, whether or not in practice these vehicles are fueled with E85. This loophole might allow the car industry to meet the CAFE targets in fuel economy just by spending between US $100 and US $200 that it cost to turn a conventional vehicle into a flex - fuel, without investing in new technology to improve fuel economy, and saving them the potential fines for not achieving that standard in a given model year. The CAFE standards proposed in 2011 for the period 2017 - 2025 will allow flexible - fuel vehicles to receive extra credit but only when the carmakers present data proving how much E85 such vehicles have actually consumed. 2009 E85 FlexFuel Chevrolet Impala LT A major restriction hampering sales of E85 flex vehicles, or fueling with E85, is the limited infrastructure available to sell E85 to the public with only 2 % of the motor fuel stations offering E85 by March 2014. As of November 2015, there were only 3,218 fueling stations selling E85 to the public in the entire U.S., while about 156,000 retail motor fuel outlets do not offer any ethanol blend. In addition, there has been a great concentration of E85 stations in the Corn Belt states. The main constraint for a more rapid expansion of E85 availability is that it requires dedicated storage tanks at filling stations, at an estimated cost of US $60,000 for each dedicated ethanol tank. The Obama Administration set the goal of installing 10,000 blender pumps nationwide until 2015, and to support this target the US Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) issued a rule in May 2011 to include flexible fuel pumps in the Rural Energy for America Program ( REAP ). This ruling will provide financial assistance to fuel station owners to install E85 and blender pumps. Flex fuel conversion kit A flex fuel conversion kit is a kit that allows a conventional equipment manufactured vehicle to be altered to operate on propane, natural gas, methane gas, ethanol, or electricity are classified as aftermarket AFV conversions. All vehicle conversions, except those that are completed for a vehicle to run on electricity, must meet current applicable U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) standards. Latest developments In 2008, Ford delivered the first flex - fuel plug - in hybrid as part of a demonstration project, a Ford Escape Plug - in Hybrid capable of running on E85 or gasoline. General Motors announced that the new Chevrolet Volt plug - in hybrid, launched in the United States market in December 2010, would be flex - fuel - capable in 2013. General Motors do Brasil announced that it will import from five to ten Volts to Brazil during the first semester of 2011 as part of a demonstration and also to lobby the federal government to enact financial incentives for green cars. If successful, GM would adapt the Volt to operate on ethanol fuel, as most new cars sold in Brazil are flex - fuel. 2010 E85 Flexfuel Ford Escape In 2008, Chrysler, General Motors, and Ford pledged to manufacture 50 percent of their entire vehicle line as flexible fuel in model year 2012, if enough fueling infrastructure develops. The Open Fuel Standard Act ( OFS ), introduced to Congress in May 2011, is intended to promote a massive adoption of flex - fuel vehicles capable of running on ethanol or methanol. The bill requires that 50 percent of automobiles made in 2014, 80 percent in 2016, and 95 percent in 2017, would be manufactured and warranted to operate on non-petroleum - based fuels, which includes existing technologies such as flex - fuel, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, plug - in electric and fuel cell. As of December 2014, almost half of new vehicles produced by Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors are flex - fuel, meaning roughly one - quarter of all new vehicles sold by 2015 are capable of using up to E85. However, obstacles to widespread use of E85 fuel remain. A 2014 analysis by the Renewable Fuels Association ( RFA ) found that oil companies prevent or discourage affiliated retailers from selling E85 through rigid franchise and branding agreements, restrictive supply contracts, and other tactics. The report showed independent retailers are five times more likely to offer E85 than retailers carrying an oil company brand. Other countries Australia In January 2007 GM brought UK - sourced Saab 9 - 5 Biopower E85 flex - fuel vehicles to Australia as a trial, in order to measure interest in ethanol - powered vehicles in the country. Saab Australia placed the vehicles with the fleets of the Queensland Government, the media, and some ethanol producers. E85 is not available widely in Australia, but the Manildra Group provided the E85 blend fuel for this trial. Saab Australia became the first car maker to produce an E85 flex - fuel car for the Australian market with the Saab 9 - 5 BioPower. One month later launched the new 9 - 3 BioPower, the first vehicle in Australia to give drivers a choice of three fuels, E85, diesel or gasoline, and both automobiles are sold for a small premium. Australia 's largest independent fuel retailer, United Petroleum, announced plans to install Australia 's first commercial E85 fuel pumps, one in Sydney and one in Melbourne. GM Holden, the Victorian state government, Coskata, Caltex, Veolia Environmental Services and Mitsui have announced a consortium with a co-ordinated plan to build a bio-ethanol plant from household waste for use as E85 fuel. In August 2010 Caltex launched the E85 ethanol fuel called Bio E-Flex, designed for use in the Holden Commodore VE Series II flex - fuel vehicles to be released later in 2010. Caltex Australia plans to begin selling Bio E-Flex in Melbourne from September and expects to have Bio E-Flex available in more than 30 service stations in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide and Canberra by the end of October, with plans to increase to 100 metropolitan and regional locations in 2011. Canada E85 flexible - fuel vehicle in Ottawa. As part of the North American auto market, by 2007 Canada had available 51 models of E85 flex - vehicles, most from Chrysler, Ford and General Motors, including automobiles, pickup trucks, and SUVs. The country had around 1.6 million capable flex fuel E85s on the roads by 2014. However, most users are not aware they own an E85, as vehicles are not clearly labeled as such, and even though the newer models have a yellow cap in the fuel tank informing that the vehicle can handle E85, most users are still not aware because there are very few gas stations offering E85. Another major drawback to greater E85 fuel use is the fact that by June 2008 Canada had only three public E85 pumps, all located in Ontario, in the cities of Guelph, Chatham, and Woodstock. E85 fueling is available primarily for fleet vehicles, including 20 government refueling stations not available for the public. The main feedstocks for E85 production in Canada are corn and wheat, and there were several proposals being discussed to increase the actual use of E85 fuel in FFVs, such as creating an ethanol - friendly highway or ethanol corridor. Colombia In March 2009 the Colombian government enacted a mandate to introduce E85 flexible - fuel cars. The executive decree applies to all gasoline - powered vehicles with engines smaller than 2.0 liters manufactured, imported, and commercialized in the country beginning in 2012, mandating that 60 % of such vehicles must have flex - fuel engines capable of running with gasoline or E85, or any blend of both. By 2014 the mandatory quota is 80 % and it will reach 100 percent by 2016. All vehicles with engines bigger than 2.0 liters must be E85 capable starting in 2013. The decree also mandates that by 2011 all gasoline stations must provide infrastructure to guarantee availability of E85 throughout the country. The mandatory introduction of E85 flex - fuels has caused controversy among carmakers, car dealers, gasoline station owners, and even some ethanol producers complained the industry is not ready to supply enough ethanol for the new E85 fleet. New Zealand In 2006 New Zealand began a pilot project with two E85 Ford Focus Flexi - Fuel evaluation cars. The main feedstock used in New Zealand for ethanol production is whey, a by - product of milk production. Paraguay Government officials and businessmen from Paraguay began negotiations in 2007 with Brazilian automakers in order to import flex cars that run on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. If successful, Paraguay would become the first destination for Brazilian flex - fuel car exports. In May 2008, the Paraguayan government announced a plan to eliminate import taxes of flex - fuel vehicles and an incentive program for ethanol production. The plan also includes the purchase of 20,000 flex cars in 2009 for the government fleet. Thailand In 2006, tax incentives were established in Thailand for the introduction of compressed natural gas ( CNG ) as an alternative fuel, by eliminating import duties and lowering excise taxes on CNG - compatible cars. Then in 2007, Thai authorities approved incentives for the production of `` eco-cars '', with the goal of the country to become a regional hub for the production of small, affordable and fuel - efficient cars. Seven automakers joint in the program, Toyota, Suzuki, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Honda, Tata and Volkswagen. In 2008 the government announced priority for E85, expecting these flex - fuel vehicles to become widely available in Thailand in 2009, three years ahead of schedule. The incentives include cuts in excise tax rates for E85 - compatible cars and reduction of corporate taxes for ethanol producers to make sure E85 fuel supply will be met. This new plan however, brought confusion and protests by the automakers which sign - up for the `` eco-cars '', as competition with the E85 flex - fuel cars will negatively affect their ongoing plans and investments, and their production lines will have to be upgraded at a high cost for them to produce flex - fuel cars. They also complained that flex - fuel vehicles popular in a few countries around the world, limiting their export potential as compared with other engine technologies. Despite the controversy, the first E85 flexible fuel vehicles were introduced in November 2008. The first two models available in the Thai market were the Volvo S80 and the C30. The S80 is manufactured locally and the C30 is imported. By the time of the introduction of flex vehicles there were already two gas stations with E85 fuel available. During 2009 it was expected that 15 fueling stations in Bangkok will have E85 fuel available. In October 2009 the Mitsubishi Lancer Ex was launched becoming the first mass - production E85 flexi - fuel vehicle produced in Thailand. Comparison among the leading markets Comparison of key characteristics among the leading ethanol flexible - fuel vehicle markets Characteristic Brazil Sweden U.S. Units / comments Type of flexible - fuel vehicle ( fuel used ) E20 to E100 E85 E85 Brazil 's mandatory blend is E20 - E25. Winter E85 is actually E70 in the US and E75 in Sweden. Main feedstock used for ethanol consumption Sugar cane 80 % imported Maize In 2007, most Swedish ethanol was imported, with a high share from Brazil. Total flex - fuel vehicles produced / sold 29.5 million 229,400 17.4 million Brazil as of June 2015, Sweden sales as of September 2013 and. U.S. fleet on the road as of December 2014. The Brazilian fleet includes over 4.0 million flex fuel motorcycles. USDOE estimates that in 2009 only 504,297 flex - fuel vehicles were regularly fueled with E85 in the US. Share of flex - fuel vehicles as % of total registered 22.0 % 4.7 % 4.0 % Brazil 's fleet is 64.8 mi ( 2010 ), Sweden fleet is 4.8 mi ( 2008 ), and US fleet is 248.5 mi ( 2009 ). Ethanol fueling stations in the country 35,017 1,723 2,757 Brazil for December 2007, the US and Sweden as of August 2011. Ethanol filling stations as % of total 100 % 30 % 1.7 % As % of total fueling gas stations in the country. Ethanol fueling stations per million inhabitants 184.2 130.4 6.5 See List of countries by population. Brazil and US as of 2008 - 09 - 12, and Sweden as of 2008 - 06 - 30. Retail price of E85 or E100 ( local currency / unit ) R $ 1.259 / L SEK 8.79 / L US $2.60 / gal Selected regions : São Paulo, June 2008, Sweden, January 2008, and Minnesota, August 2008. Retail price of gasoline or E25. ( local currency / unit ) R $ 2.385 / L SEK 11.99 / L US $3.70 / gal Prices in São Paulo ( E25 ), June 2008, Sweden, January 2008, and Minnesota, August 2008. Price economy ethanol / gasoline price as % 47.2 % 26.7 % 29.7 % São Paulo, June 2008, Sweden January 2008, and Minnesota, August 2008. Notes : ( 1 ) The effective number of E85 flex vehicles in US roads actually using ethanol fuel is lower than shown, as a survey have shown than 68 % of E85 owners are not aware they own a flex - fuel vehicle. A 2007 national survey found that only 5 % of drivers actually use biofuels. ( 2 ) Regional prices vary widely in Brazil and the US. The states chosen reflect some of the lowest retail prices for ethanol, as both São Paulo and Minnesota are main growers of feedstock and producers of ethanol, hence, the comparison presented is one of the most favorable for ethanol / gasoline price ratios. For example, US average spread was 16.9 % in August 2008, and it varied from 35 % in Indiana to 3 % in Utah. See more US price comparisons for most states at e85prices.com, and annual fuel costs for 2008 FFV US models at www.fueleconomy.gov. ( 3 ) Brazilian gasoline is heavily taxed ( ~ 54 % ), US ethanol production was subsidized ( a US $0.51 / gal federal tax credit ) until December 2011, and Swedish E85 is exempt of CO2 and energy taxes until 2009 ( ~ 30 % price reduction ). List of currently produced flexible - fuel vehicles Verify with the manufacturer as to which specific year, model and engine is compatible with E85 and other alternative fuels and indicate the alternative fuel ( s ) the vehicle can use. VW Type 2 TotalFlex ( Brazilian version, known as `` Kombi '' ). Hyundai HB20 ( Brazil ) Worldwide See also : List of flexible - fuel vehicles by car manufacturer Brazil Main article : List of currently produced flexible - fuel vehicles in Brazil Europe Citroën C4 1.6 BioFlex Dacia Duster, Dacia Logan, Dacia Sandero Fiat 500X 1.6 16V E. torQ, Fiat Aegea 1.6 16V E. torQ Ford Focus, Ford C - MAX, Ford Mondeo, Ford S - Max, Ford Galaxy Koenigsegg CCXR Peugeot 307 1.6 BioFlex Saab 9 - 5, Saab 9 - 3 SEAT León 1.6 MPI MultiFuel, SEAT Altea 1.6 MPI MultiFuel, SEAT Altea XL 1.6 MPI MultiFuel Volvo C30 1.8 F FlexiFuel, S40 1.8 F FlexiFuel, V50 1.8 F FlexiFuel, XC60 ( concept ), V70 2.0 F FlexiFuel, S80 2.0 F FlexiFuel U.S. E85 FlexFuel Chevrolet HHR LS 2009. Thailand Mitsubishi : Lancer Ex 1.8 Honda : Civic FB, City 6th gen, CR - V 4th gen, Accord 9th gen Mazda : Mazda 3 BM United States Main article : List of currently produced flexible - fuel vehicles in the United States See also Renewable energy portal Energy portal Alternative propulsion Battery electric vehicle Bivalent ( engine ) Butanol fuel Clean Cities Common ethanol fuel mixtures Ethanol fuel by country Food vs fuel Natural gas vehicle Plug - in hybrid electric vehicle Vehicle conversion References ^ Jump up to : Ryan, Lisa ; Turton, Hal ( 2007 ). Sustainable Automobile Transport. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, England. pp. 40 -- 41. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84720 - 451 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Giovanna Riato ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ). `` Motores flex precisam de mais eficiência '' ( Flex engines require more efficiency ) ( in Portuguese ). Automotive Business. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26. ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ). `` Honda chega a 4 milhões de Motos Flex Produzidas no Brasil '' ( Honda reaches 4 million flexible - fuel motorcycles produced in Brazil ) ( in Portuguese ). Revista Auto Esporte. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26. ^ Jump up to : Brian Milne ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ). `` Chicago Ethanol Stubbornly Holding Premium to Gasoline ''. Schneider Electric. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26. ^ Jump up to : Flavelle, Dana ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ). `` Why hybrid car sales are stalling ''. Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14. ^ Jump up to : BAFF ( January 2015 ). `` Bought ethanol cars ''. BioAlcohol Fuel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26. Click on the graph `` Bought ethanol cars '' showing total sales of E85 flexifuels by year since 2001. A total of 229,400 units is reported by 2015. ^ Jump up to : Bil Sweden. `` Definitiva nyregistreringar 2012 '' ( Final registrations in 2012 ) ( in Swedish ). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26. Download file `` Definitiva nyregistreringar 2012 '' see table : `` Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2012 '' with summary of E85 passenger car registrations for 2012 and 2011 ^ Jump up to : Bil Sweden ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ). `` Nyregistreringar december 2014 ( prel ) '' ( New registrations in December 2014 ( preliminar ) ) ( in Swedish ). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26. Download file `` Nyregistreringar december 2014 ( prel ) '' see table : `` Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2014 '' with summary of E85 passenger car registrations for 2014 and 2013 ^ Jump up to : Roberta J Nichols ( 2003 ). `` The Methanol Story : A Sustainable Fuel for the Future ''. Methanol Institute. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26. Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14. Also published in the Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 62, January -- February 2003, pp. 97 - 105 Jump up ^ Christine Gable ; Scott Gable. `` P - series Fuel 101 : What is it ? ''. About.com : Hybrid Cars and Alt Fuels. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Alternative Fuels : P - series ''. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, USDoE. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Alternative Fuels : P - series fuels ''. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. 2003. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25. ^ Jump up to : `` Flexible Fuel Vehicles : Providing a Renewable Fuel Choice ( Fact Sheet ) '' ( PDF ). U.S. Department of Energy. June 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. ^ Jump up to : Goettemoeller, Jeffrey ; Adrian Goettemoeller ( 2007 ). Sustainable Ethanol : Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex - Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. pp. 56 -- 61. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9786293 - 0 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Davis, G.W. ; et al. ( 2002 - 08 - 06 ). `` Ethanol vehicle cold start improvement when using a hydrogensupplemented E85 fuel ''. Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit, 2000. ( IECEC ) 35th Intersociety. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Gregory W. Davis ( 2001 - 06 - 11 ). `` Development of Technologies to Improve Cold Start Performance of Ethanol Vehicles : Final Report '' ( PDF ). State of Michigan. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Ethanol Promotion ; Information Council ( 2007 - 02 - 27 ). `` When is E85 not 85 percent ethanol ? When it 's E70 with an E85 sticker on it ''. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Ethanol fuel and cars ''. Interesting Energy Facts. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 23. ^ Jump up to : Vägverket ( Swedish Road Administration ) ( 2007 - 05 - 30 ). `` Swedish comments on Euro 5 / 6 comitology version 4, 30 May 2007 : Cold Temperature Tests For Flex Fuel Vehicles '' ( PDF ). European Commission. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs : Do ethanol cars really start when it is cold outside ? ''. SEKAB. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Ron Kotrba ( March 2008 ). `` Cold Start 101 ''. Ethanol Producer Magazine. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14. ^ Jump up to : < Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. > ( August 2008 ). `` Here comes the ' Flex ' vehicles third generation '' ( PDF ). Revista Brasileira de BioEnergia ( in Portuguese ). Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa ( Cenbio ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 03. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 23. Ano 2, No. 3 ( every article is presented in both English and Portuguese ) ^ Jump up to : Agência Estado ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ). `` Bosch investe na segunda geração do motor flex '' ( in Portuguese ). Gazeta do Povo. Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 10. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 23. ^ Jump up to : Quatro Rodas ( March 2009 ). `` Volkswagen Polo E-Flex '' ( in Portuguese ). Editora Abril. Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 07. Retrieved 2003 - 03 - 12. ^ Jump up to : `` Volks lança sistema que elimina tanquinho de gasolina para partida a frio '' ( in Portuguese ). UNICA. 2009 - 03 - 12. Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 06. Retrieved 2003 - 03 - 12. ^ Jump up to : National Renewable Energy Laboratory USDoE ( 2007 - 09 - 17 ). `` Alternative and Advanced Vehicles : Flexible Fuel Vehicles ''. Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Dominik Rutz ; Rainer Jansen ( February 2007 ). `` BioFuel Technology Handbook '' ( PDF ). WIP Renewable Energies. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. See definition in Glossary and Abbreviations ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of Terms ''. Sustainable Green Fleets. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Glossary ''. Biofuel Marketplace. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. See definition of FFV ^ Jump up to : Ken Thomas ( 2007 - 05 - 07 ). `` ' Flex - fuel ' vehicles touted ''. USA Today. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Glossary ''. Biofuel Marketplace. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. See definition of Dual - Fuel Vehicle Jump up ^ Nassy, Diane. `` Flexible Fuel Vehicles ''. Motopoint. Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Glossary ''. Biofuel Marketplace. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. See definition of Bi-fuel Vehicle Jump up ^ Alternative Fuels ; Advanced Vehicles Data Center. `` Natural Gas Vehicles ''. US Department of Energy. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics ''. International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles. Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ Pike Research ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ). `` Forecast : 17M Natural Gas Vehicles Worldwide by 2015 ''. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ Rafaela Borges ( 2004 - 08 - 25 ). `` Testes : Astra Sedan Multipower '' ( in Portuguese ). UOL Car Sale. Archived from the original on December 14, 2005. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15. See this article for a comprehensive evaluation of the Astra Tri-fuel Jump up ^ GNVNews ( November 2006 ). `` Montadores Investem nos Carros á GNV '' ( in Portuguese ). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Astra é líder no segmento dos compactos em 2004 : As versões do Chevrolet Astra 2005 '' ( in Portuguese ). Journal Express. 2005 - 01 - 18. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15. Jump up ^ Christine Lepisto ( 2006 - 08 - 27 ). `` Fiat Siena Tetra Power : Your Choice of Four Fuels ''. Treehugger. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008 : sans complexe '' ( in French ). Caradisiac. 2007 - 11 - 01. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31. ^ Jump up to : `` Portaria No 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007 '' ( in Portuguese ). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05. This decree fixed the mandatory blend at 25 % starting July 1, 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Lei No 8.723, de 28 de Outubro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a redução de emissão de poluentes por veículos automotores e dá outras providências '' ( in Portuguese ). Casa Civil da Presidência da República. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05. See article 9o and modifications approved by Law No 10.696, 2003 - 07 - 02 increasing the upper limit to 25 % Jump up ^ Agência AutoInforme ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ). `` Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R $ 41, 9 mil '' ( in Portuguese ). WebMotor. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 10. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14. The article argues that even though Fiat called it tetra fuel, it actually runs on three fuels : natural gas, ethanol, and gasoline, as Brazilian gasoline is an E20 to E25 blend. Jump up ^ TaxiNews. `` Gás Natural Veicular '' ( in Portuguese ). TDenavagari.com.br. Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 29. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ Sherry Boschert ( 2006 ). Plug - in Hybrids : The Cars that will Recharge America. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86571 - 571 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Ford delivers E85 hybrid vehicles ''. HybridCarBlog. 2007 - 06 - 11. Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 31. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Hybrids Running on E85 Ethanol Fuel : 5 Things to Know ''. GreenCar.com. 2009 - 03 - 16. Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 12. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16. ^ Jump up to : `` Ford Delivers Flex Fuel Hybrid to DOE ''. Fuel and Food America. 2008 - 06 - 12. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ `` GM - VOLT : Chevy Volt Electric Car Site : Moving the Chevy Volt to Production Status ''. General Motors. 2008 - 06 - 05. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Detroit Auto Show : It 's here. GM 's plug - in hybrid is the Chevy Volt Concept ''. Autoblog.com. Jump up ^ Kellen Schefter ( 2007 - 01 - 10 ). `` GM Chevrolet Volt Plug - In Hybrid Electric Vehicle ''. Green Car Journal. Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 03. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Norman Mayersohn ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ). `` Sorting Myth From Fact as Volt Makes Its Debut ''. New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Lotus unveils range - extended electric city car concept in Paris ''. AutoblogGreen. 2010 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Addison, Keith. `` Ethanol fuel : Journey to Forever ''. Journey to Forever. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24. Jump up ^ Hunt, V, D, The Gasohol Handbook, Industrial Press Inc., 1981, pp 9, 420,421, 442 Jump up ^ English, Andrew ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ). `` Ford Model T reaches 100 ''. London : The Telegraph. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Ethanol : Introduction ''. Journey to Forever. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11. ^ Jump up to : Revista Veja ( 1979 - 06 - 13 ). `` O petróleo da cana '' ( in Portuguese ). Editora Abril. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Milton Briquet Bastos ( 2007 - 06 - 20 ). `` Brazil 's Ethanol Program -- An Insider 's View ''. Energy Tribune. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14. Jump up ^ Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ). `` Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia : uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas '' ( in Portuguese ). Universidade de São Paulo. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05. Ph. D. Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81 - 82 Jump up ^ William Lemos ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ). `` The Brazilian ethanol model ''. ICIS news. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14. ^ Jump up to : `` Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2010 : Tabelas 2.1 - 2.2 - 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957 / 2009 '' ( in Portuguese ). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores ( Brasil ). Archived from the original on January 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05. ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen to stop making gas - only cars for Brazil ''. Automotive News. 2006 - 03 - 23. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18. ^ Jump up to : `` A Nova Volkswagen '' ( in Portuguese ). Wolkswagen Brazil. Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 15. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18. ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen lança Golf Total Flex 1.6 '' ( in Portuguese ). ParanaOnline. 2006 - 03 - 30. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Produção de Automóveis por Tipo e Combustível - 2010 ( Tabela 10 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores ( Brasil ). January 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05. Production up to December 2010 Jump up ^ Adam Lashinsky ; Nelson D. Schwartz ( 2006 - 01 - 24 ). `` How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever ! ''. Fortune. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Livina, primeiro carro flex da Nissan chega com preços entre R $ 46.690 e R $ 56.690 '' ( in Portuguese ). Car Magazine Online. 2009 - 03 - 18. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Kia introduces new Flex - Fuel Soul Flex at Brazilian Motor Show ; boosts output and lowers fuel consumption ''. Green Car Congress. 2010 - 10 - 27. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 28. Jump up ^ Henry Xavier Corseuil ; Marcus Sal Molin Marins ( 1997 ). `` Contaminação de Águas Subterrâneas por Derramamentos de Gasolina : O problema é grave ? '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ). Amda.org. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13. Jump up ^ Green Car Journal Editors ( 1994 ). `` Cars On Alcohol, Part 9 : Corn Based Ethanol in the US ''. Green Car. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 11. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul Dever ( January 1996 ). `` Alternative Fuel Ford Taurus ''. The Auto Channel. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14. Original source : 1996 North American International Auto Show Press Release Jump up ^ `` Cars On Alcohol, Part 13 : GM Supports FlexFuel ''. Green Car. 1995. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 13. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ Maria Grahn ( 2004 ). `` Why is ethanol given emphasis over methanol in Sweden ? '' ( PDF ). Chalmers University of Technology. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 17. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Another Inconvenient Truth '' ( PDF ). Oxfam. 2008 - 06 - 28. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06. Oxfam Briefing Paper 114. Jump up ^ Timothy Searchinger ; et al. ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ). `` Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land - Use Change ''. Science. 319 ( 5867 ) : 1238 -- 1240. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1151861. PMID 18258860. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09. Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008. See Letters to Science by Wang and Haq. There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst - case scenario. Jump up ^ Fargione ; et al. ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ). `` Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt ''. Science. 319 ( 5867 ) : 1235 -- 1238. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1152747. PMID 18258862. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06. Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008. There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst - case scenario Jump up ^ `` Eliminating MTBE in Gasoline in 2006 '' ( PDF ). Environmental Information Administration. 2006 - 02 - 22. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 08 - 22. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Industry Statistics : Annual World Ethanol Production by Country ''. Renewable Fuels Association. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Changing the Climate : Ethanol Industry Outlook 2008 '' ( PDF ). Renewable Fuels Association. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10. Source : F.O. Licht ^ Jump up to : National Renewable Energy Laboratory USDoE ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ). `` On Road AFVs Made Available by Year ''. Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11. Only includes vehicles `` made available '' for sale or lease of a new AFV Click to download the Excel file `` 10299_AFV_available. xlsx. ^ Jump up to : ANFAVEA. `` Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2012 : Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957 / 2012 '' ( in Portuguese ). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores ( Brasil ). Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17. pp. 60 - 61. ^ Jump up to : Abraciclo ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ). `` Motos flex foram as mais vendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc '' ( in Portuguese ). UNICA. Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 05. Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10. ^ Jump up to : `` Produção Motocicletas 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ). ABRACICLO. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05. ^ Jump up to : `` Produção Motocicletas 2011 '' ( 2011 Motorcycle Production ) ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ). ABRACICLO. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21. ^ Jump up to : Associação Brasileira dos Fabricantes de Motocicletas, Ciclomotores, Motonetas, Bicicletas e Similares ( ABRACICLO ). `` Anúario da Indústria Brasileira de Duas Rodas 2013 '' ( Two Wheels Brazilian Industry Yearbook ) ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ). ABRACICLO. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ João Gabriel de Lima ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ). `` A riqueza é o saber '' ( in Portuguese ). Revista Veja. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19. Print edition No. 1941 Jump up ^ http://www.eia.doe.gov DOE FAQ Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : http://www.eere.energy.gov Energy.gov site Archived January 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : http://www.eia.doe.gov Alternative Fuel Efficiencies in Miles per Gallon Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ JB Online ( 2007 - 11 - 20 ). `` Álcool ou Gasolina ? Saiba qual escolher quando for abastecer '' ( in Portuguese ). Opinaoweb. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ InfoMoney ( 2007 - 05 - 30 ). `` Saiba o que fazer para economizar gasolina '' ( in Portuguese ). IGF. Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 09. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ Staff ( 2003 - 06 - 28 ). `` GM lança Corsa 1.8 com motor `` Flexpower '' 2004 '' ( GM launches the 2004 Corsa 1.8 with `` Flexpower '' engine ). O Estado do Paraná ( in Portuguese ). Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24. ^ Jump up to : Francisco Posada ; Cristiano Façanha ( October 2015 ). `` Brazil Passenger Vehicle Market Statistics : International comparative assessment of technology adoption and energy consumption '' ( PDF ). International Council on Clean Transportation ( ICCT ). Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24. See pp. 3 and 14. Jump up ^ Agência Estado ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ). `` Brasil alcança marca de 10 milhões de carros flex '' ( in Portuguese ). Veja. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Automakers in Brazil Hit 10M Flex - Fuel Vehicle Mark ; Brazilian Sugarcane Association Urges Global Dissemination ''. Green Car Congress. 2010 - 03 - 06. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09. Jump up ^ Fernando Calmon ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ). `` Brasil chega aos 20 milhões de motores flex, diz Anfavea '' ( Brazil reaches 20 million flex fuel cars ) ( in Portuguese ). UOL Carros. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18. Jump up ^ Staff ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ). `` Com vendas em queda, idade média de veículos volta a subir no Brasil '' ( Average age of Brazilian motorvehicles rises again while sales are falling ) ( in Portuguese ). Revista Auto Esporte. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, editor ( April 2007 ). `` Brazil Institute Special Report : The Global Dynamics of Biofuels '' ( PDF ). Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 28. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Inslee, Jay ; Bracken Hendricks ( 2007 ). Apollo 's Fire. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 153 -- 155, 160 -- 161. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59726 - 175 - 3. See Chapter 6. Homegrown Energy. Jump up ^ Agência Brasil ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ). `` ANP : consumo de álcool combustível é 50 % maior em 2007 '' ( in Portuguese ). Invertia. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 26. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ Gazeta Mercantil ( 2008 ). `` ANP estima que consumo de álcool supere gasolina '' ( in Portuguese ). Agropecuária Brasil. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ D. Sean Shurtleff ( 2008 - 05 - 07 ). `` Brazil 's energy plan examined ''. The Washington Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ Wagner Oliveira ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ). `` Etanol é usado em 65 % da frota flexível '' ( in Portuguese ). Diario do Grande ABC. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ O Estado de S. Paulo ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ). `` Etanol é usado hoje em apenas 23 % dos carros '' ( Today just 23 % of flex fuel cars are using ethanol ) ( in Portuguese ). Revista Veja. Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 16. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16. Jump up ^ Honda News Release ( 2003 - 03 - 11 ). `` Honda Begins Sales of Flex Fuel Motorcycle CG150 TITAN MIX in Brazil ''. Honda. Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 13. Retrieved 2003 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ Reese Ewing ; Lisa Shumaker ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ). `` Motorcycle joins Brazil 's biofueled fleet ''. Reuters. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Nova Honda NXR 150 Bros Mix é a 1a On - Off Road com tecnologia bicombustível do Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ). MotoDriver. 2009 - 09 - 17. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 29. Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10. Jump up ^ Leonardo Andrade ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ). `` Honda comemora 3 milhões de motos flex produzidas com edição especial FlexOne '' ( Honda commemorates 3 million flexible - fuel motorcycles produced with FlexOne special edition ) ( in Portuguese ). Notícias Automotivas. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ BAFF. `` FFV - Vehicles : Environmental class 1 ''. BioAlcohol Fuel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Eric Kroh ( August 2008 ). `` FFVs flourish in Sweden ''. Ethanol Producer Magazine. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. ^ Jump up to : Volvo Cars Press Release ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ). `` Volvo Expands Range of FlexiFuel Cars ''. World Car Fans. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ `` About Volvo Corporation 2007 and 2008 ''. Volvo Cars. 2008. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ BEST Cities and Regions ( 2009 ). `` BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport : Results and recommendations from the European BEST project '' ( PDF ). Environmental and Health Administration, City of Stockholm. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 09 - 30. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28. pp. 8 ^ Jump up to : Garten Rothkopf ( 2007 ). `` A Blueprint for Green Energy in the Americas ''. Inter-American Development Bank. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. See sections or chapters on Brazil ( Chp 1 ), the US ( 3.3 ), Europe ( Chp 4 ), and Sweden ( 4.11 ) ^ Jump up to : Ford U.K. ( 2008 ). `` Projects across Europe : The Swedish example ''. Ford Motor Company. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ Brian Warshaw ( April 2008 ). `` Ethanol use increases in Sweden ''. Ethanol Producer Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 27. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ Grunet, Peter ( 2007 - 06 - 01 ). `` Herbal Essence ''. Top Gear Magazine. pp. 138 -- 142. Jump up ^ `` Geneva Preview : Koenigsegg CCX & CCXR Edition Models ''. Zimbio. 2008 - 02 - 27. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. ^ Jump up to : Korridor AB. `` Search tool to locate E85 in European countries ''. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30. This tool works in ten languages Jump up ^ `` Schweiz : E85 mit besserer Ökobilanz als herkömmliche Treibstoffe '' ( in German ). Schweizer Bauer. 2008 - 06 - 23. Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 07. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` E85 Pump stations map locator in the UK ''. Korridor.se with Google Maps. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08. Only Morrison Supermarkets BioEthanol E85 reported ^ Jump up to : `` Etat des choses dans différents pays ( avril 2007 ) ''. Bio-Ethanol ( E85 ) en Belgique. 2007 - 05 - 08. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ Stations - E85 - stations - Search ^ Jump up to : Xavier Navarro ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ). `` Ford is flex - fuel top seller in Germany ''. Autoblog green. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Ford is flex - fuel top seller in Germany ''. Green Car Congress. 2008 - 02 - 08. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ Motoring Channel Staff ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ). `` Volvo Goes Green : BioEthanol ' FlexiFuel ' Cars Launched in Europe ''. Wombat. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Saab brings flexi - fuel and style to new 9 - 3 models ''. Galway Independent. 2007 - 11 - 21. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ Echos, Les ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ). `` Stillborn : French gas stations chain stops selling E85 ''. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Ford press release ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ). `` Ford Flexifuel in Europe : 8. Rising Number Of Fuelling Stations Across Europe ''. ZerCustoms. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` E85 ''. e85biz. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Bioethanoltankstellen in Deutschland '' ( PDF ) ( in German ). e85.biz. 2008 - 09 - 16. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. As of 2008 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Flexible Fuel Vehicles ( FFV ) in Germany ''. e85biz. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` Ireland discovers the whey to go... '' Belfast Telegraph. 2007 - 11 - 07. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Michael Moroney ( 2008 - 08 - 20 ). `` Ford expands the Mondeo options with Flexi ''. Galway Independent. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Flexible - fuel : A new innovation from Ford ''. Ford Motor Company. Archived from the original on June 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ `` 404 Page - The Maxol Group ''. www.maxol.ie. Retrieved 22 March 2018. Jump up ^ Xavier Navarro ( 2007 - 12 - 30 ). `` Spain adding flex - fuel capability to official fleet ''. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 25. Jump up ^ Europa Press ( 2008 - 10 - 28 ). `` Los Saab Aero 2009 incorporarán la tecnología BioPower, que utiliza bioetanol '' ( in Spanish ). Cotizalia. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 25. Jump up ^ `` First ' Green ' Ford Focus Flexi - Fuel Car Arrives In Britain ''. CarPages. 2005 - 09 - 02. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Volvo increases its Flexifuel range ''. AutoeBid. 2007 - 08 - 03. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` About Ford FFV - a small change making a big difference ''. London : The Guardian. 2007 - 08 - 02. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Saab BioPower ''. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ Renewable Fuels Association ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ). `` New Ethanol Video Released ''. DomesticFuel.com. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10. Jump up ^ Susanne Retka Schill ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ). `` GM, Ford announce E15 compatibility with new models ''. Ethanol Producer Magazine. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10. Jump up ^ Angela Greiling Keane ; Jeff Green ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ). `` Obama 's fuel - efficiency push may lead fleets to use more gasoline ''. Bloomberg. Automotive News. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ Stacy C. Davis ; Susan W. Diegel ; Robert G. Boundy ( July 2014 ). `` Transportation Energy Data Book : Edition 33 '' ( PDF ). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 06 - 30. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27. See Table 6.1 pp. 6 - 3. Jump up ^ Davis ; et al. ( 2011 ). `` op. cit '' : 2 -- 6. See Table 2.4 Jump up ^ Christine Gable ; Scott Gable. `` Yellow E85 gas cap ''. About.com : Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 05. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ John Neff ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ). `` More gas cap news : Chrysler going yellow for E85 ''. AutoBlog. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08. Jump up ^ Abuelsamid, Sam ( 2007 - 03 - 28 ). `` AFVI : Ford confirms that all 2008 police interceptors will be flex - fuel ''. AutobogGreen. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08. ^ Jump up to : Alexei Barrionuevo ; Micheline Maynard ( 2006 - 08 - 31 ). `` Dual - Fuel Vehicles Open Mileage Loophole for Carmakers ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Bumpy Ride for Biofuels ''. The Economist. 2008 - 01 - 18. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ Tony Quiroga ( November 2011 ). `` The CAFE Numbers Game : Making Sense of the New Fuel - Economy Regulations ''. Car and Driver : 20. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 24. From the print edition of C&D. ^ Jump up to : Michael Bredehoeft ; Mindi Farber - DeAnda ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ). `` E85 fueling station availability is increasing ''. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23. Jump up ^ `` E85 Prices ''. E85Prices.com. Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23. As of 23 November 2015, there were 3,218 stations Selling E85 across 2013 cities in the U.S. Jump up ^ `` E85 Refueling Location Search ''. National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 22. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22. Number of stations in leading states complemented with search on www.e85refueling.com Jump up ^ Hess, Glen ( 2007 - 09 - 17 ). `` Renewable Fuels Face Bumpy Road ''. Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19. pp. 28 - 30 Jump up ^ `` USDA issues rule to provide incentives to install blender pumps ''. Green Car Congress. 2011 - 04 - 08. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11. Jump up ^ Wendy Koch ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ). `` USDA offers incentives to boost E-85 flex fuel use ''. USA Today. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11. Jump up ^ Division, US EPA, OAR, OTAQ, Compliance ; EPA, US. `` Alternative Fuels ''. www3.epa.gov. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12. Jump up ^ `` GM vai trazer Volt para o Brasil para fazer testes ''. O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ). 2011 - 01 - 10. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 31. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Carro híbrido Volt da GM deveria incluir tecnologia flex '' ( in Portuguese ). UNICA, Brazil. 2011 - 01 - 14. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Letter to Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ''. e85fuel. 2008 - 09 - 09. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09. Jump up ^ `` GM to launch 18 flexible fuel vehicles including Hummer, Chevrolet and Caddy models ''. Live Wire Edition. 2008 - 08 - 22. Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 29. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09. Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ). `` House members introduce technology - neutral Open Fuel Standard Act ''. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Bipartisan Group Introduces Open Fuel Standard Act ''. Biofuels Journal. 2011 - 05 - 04. Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 10. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05. Jump up ^ Robert Zubrin ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ). `` ZUBRIN : Open standards for auto fuel ''. Washington Post. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05. A similar bill has been presented in previous Congress sessions with the same objective. Jump up ^ Renewable Fuels Association ( RFA ) ( 2015 ). `` Going Global - 2015 Ehtanol Industry Outlook '' ( PDF ). RFA. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22. See page 22. Jump up ^ `` GM Begins Saab E85 Trial in Australia ''. Green Car Congress. 2007 - 01 - 17. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ Andrew Koch ( 2008 - 08 - 13 ). `` Green is Good ''. Bnews Melbourne Star. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ Hassall, David ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ). `` United stance on E85 ''. GoAuto. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Govt backs plan for bio-ethanol plant ''. Australian Broadcasting Coorporation. 2010 - 03 - 24. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Caltex Australia Introduces E85 Fuel ; Targeted for Commodore Flex - Fuel Vehicles Coming Later This Year ''. Green Car Congress. 2010 - 08 - 02. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Listing of Flexible Fuel Vehicles Available in the Canadian market ''. Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers ' Association. 2007 - 11 - 21. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16. ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Young ( 2008 - 02 - 23 ). `` Biofuels help environment, but they 're hard to find ''. The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 04. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16. ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Young ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ). `` Biofuel cars have nowhere to gas up in Canada ''. Driving.ca. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05. Jump up ^ `` UPI Energy LP Opens Third E85 Station in Canada ''. Domestic Fuel. 2008 - 06 - 10. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05. Jump up ^ `` GM 's high - ethanol Impalas seek future ; Plan is to develop market via fleets No E85 stations for GTA owners ''. IOGEN Corporation. 2005 - 12 - 17. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Canadian roadways grow eager for E85 ''. Biofuels Canada. August 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Decreto Número 1135 del 31 de Marzo de 2009 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ). Ministerio de Minas y Energía. 2009 - 03 - 31. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 12 - 20. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Decreto que aumenta el uso de etanol prendió polémica '' ( in Spanish ). El País. 2009 - 04 - 25. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Polémica por decreto que impone el uso de combustible con un 85 % de etanol '' ( in Spanish ). Portafolio. 2009 - 04 - 24. Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18. Jump up ^ Ford press release ( 2006 - 09 - 14 ). `` Introducing New Zealand 's First Flexi - Fuel Vehicle ''. Scoop Business. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Paraguai pode ser o primeiro destino dos carros `` flex '' do Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ). UOL Economia. 2007 - 05 - 24. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Paraguay dará el paso decisivo a la era del alcohol carburante '' ( in Spanish ). ABC Digital. 2008 - 05 - 21. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25. Jump up ^ Paraguai lança programa de estímulo a carros `` flex '' ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ). `` Paraguai lança programa de estímulo a carros `` flex '' '' ( in Portuguese ). O Globo Online. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` Thailand fuels : Thai indecision ''. Economist Intelligence Unit. 2008 - 06 - 10. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` Thailand E85 tax incentive confusion has stymied flex - fuel car makers planning : ethanol glut looms as E85 takeoff delayed ''. Biofuel Digest. 2008 - 08 - 29. Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 19. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ Sam Abuelsamid ( 2008 - 12 - 02 ). `` Volvo launches flex fuel S80 and C30 in Thailand to go with new E85 stations ''. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 22. Jump up ^ Michelle Kautz ( 2008 - 11 - 27 ). `` Thailand Introduces First E85 Vehicle ''. Domesticfuel.com. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi launches flexible - fuel Lancer ''. Bangkok Post. 2009 - 09 - 16. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16. ^ Jump up to : Stacy C. Davis ; Susan W. Diegel ; Robert G. Boundy ( June 2011 ). `` Transportation Energy Data Book : Edition 30 '' ( PDF ). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 28. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30. See Table 4.17 : 162,350 conventional refueling stations and US motor vehicle fleet 248,460 vehicles. Jump up ^ Ardilhes Moreira ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ). `` Frota de veículos cresce 119 % em dez anos no Brasil, aponta Denatran '' ( in Portuguese ). Globo.com. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` European Motor Vehicle Parc 2008 '' ( PDF ). European Automobile Manufacturers Association. March 2010. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 27. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30. See pp. 12 Table 10 : Total vehicles in use. Jump up ^ `` Anuário Estatístico Brasileiro do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis 2008 '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ). Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. 2008. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10. See Table 3.17, pp. 138. ^ Jump up to : `` New E85 and Flex Fuel Stations ''. Growth Energy. 2011 - 08 - 26. Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 17. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30. As of August 2011 there were 2,450 E85 stations and 307 flex fuel installations. ^ Jump up to : `` Preços médios da gasolina e do álcool caem em junho '' ( in Portuguese ). Folha Online. 2008 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. ^ Jump up to : `` Reported E85 Prices - Last 30 days ''. E85prices.com. Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ Harris Interactive ( 2007 - 01 - 22 ). `` National Survey Reveals Ignorance about Ethanol Runs High among Consumers ''. Pavilion Technologies. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ Daniel Bergamasco ; Roberto Machado ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ). `` Imposto põe gasolina brasileira entre as mais caras '' ( in Portuguese ). Folha de S. Paulo Online. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flexible - fuel - powered vehicles. Part of a series on Renewable energy Biofuel Biomass Biogas Geothermal Hydropower Solar energy Tidal power Wave power Wind power Topics by country 100 % renewable energy Marketing and policy trends US Department of Energy : Flexible Fuel Vehicles Alternative fuel vehicles Compressed - air engine Compressed air car Compressed - air vehicle Tesla turbine Electric motor Battery - electric locomotive Battery electric vehicle Cater MetroTrolley Electric aircraft Electric bicycle Pedelec Electric boat Electric bus Battery electric bus Electric car Electric truck Electric platform truck Electric vehicle Electric motorcycles and scooters Electric kick scooter Gyro flywheel locomotive Hybrid electric vehicle Hybrid train Motorized bicycle Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Plug - in electric vehicle Plug - in hybrid electric vehicle Solar vehicle Solar car Solar bus Biofuel ICE Alcohol fuel Biodiesel Biogas Butanol fuel Common ethanol fuel mixtures E85 Ethanol fuel Flexible - fuel vehicle Methanol economy Methanol fuel Wood gas Hydrogen Fuel cell vehicle Hydrogen economy Hydrogen vehicle Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle Others Autogas Hybrid electric vehicle Liquid nitrogen vehicle Natural gas vehicle Propane Steam car Multiple - fuel Bi-fuel vehicle Flexible - fuel vehicle Hybrid vehicle Multifuel Plug - in hybrid Documentaries Who Killed the Electric Car ? What Is the Electric Car ? Revenge of the Electric Car See also Wind - powered vehicle Zero - emissions vehicle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehicle&oldid=841210016 '' Categories : Flexible - fuel vehicles Ethanol fuel Embedded systems Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2010 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with dead external links from June 2011 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018, at 16 : 30 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what does flex fuel mean on a chevy silverado
Answer: an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel, and both fuels are stored in the same common tank