Suffragette - wikipedia Suffragette This article is about Women 's suffrage in Great Britain and Ireland. For the 2015 film, see Suffragette ( film ). For the U.S. women 's suffrage movement, see Women 's suffrage in the United States. Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst used violent tactics in Britain as members of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) Part of a series on Feminism Women Girls Femininity History Social Women 's history Feminist history History of feminism History of American women History of Canadian women History of German women History of women in the United Kingdom Timelines Women 's suffrage Muslim - majority countries United States Other women 's rights Suffrage by country Australia Canada Japan Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States In states Utah Waves First Second Third Fourth Variants ( general ) Amazon Analytical Anarchist Atheist Conservative Cultural Cyber Difference Eco - Vegetarian Equality Fat French French post-structuralist Gender Global Hip - hop / Hip hop Individualist Jineology Labor Lesbian Radical lesbians Liberal Equity Lipstick Marxist Material Maternal Neo - New Post - Postcolonial Postmodern Anti-abortion Post-structural Racial Black Chicana Indigenous Native American White Radical Separatist Sex - positive Social Socialist Standpoint Third world Trans Transnational Womanism Africana Variants ( religious ) Buddhist Christian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox Mormon Sikh Concepts Antifeminism Bicycling Criticism of marriage Children 's literature Effects on society Equality Embedded feminism Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminazi Feminism in culture Feminist stripper Gender equality Girl power Honor killing International Women 's Day Language reform Male gaze Matriarchal religion Media Men and feminism Meninism Movement African - American woman suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Networked feminism Oedipus complex Political lesbianism Lesbian separatism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Reproductive justice Sex workers ' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification State feminism Straw feminism Theory in composition studies Triple oppression Victim feminism Violence against women Views on BDSM Views on pornography Views on prostitution Views on sexual orientation Views on sexuality Views on transgender and transsexual people War on Women Women 's health Women 's rights Theory Feminist method Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Kyriarchy Matriarchy Women 's studies Men 's studies Patriarchy Écriture féminine Feminist... anthropology archaeology architecture art art criticism literary criticism film theory biology composition studies criminology pathways perspective economics fpda geography international relations constructivism legal theory pedagogy philosophy aesthetics empiricism epistemology ethics justice ethics existentialism metaphysics political ecology political theory pornography psychology revisionist mythology science fiction sex wars sexology sociology technoscience theology thealogy womanist theology By country Albania Australia Bangladesh Canada China Republic of the Congo Denmark Egypt Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Republic of Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile Haiti Honduras Mexico Paraguay Trinidad and Tobago Lebanon Malaysia Mali Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Northern Cyprus Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Syria South Africa South Korea Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Ukraine United Kingdom United States Feminist movement History of women Lists and categories Lists Articles Feminists by nationality Literature American feminist literature Feminist comic books Conservative feminisms Countries by women 's average years in school Ecofeminist authors Feminist art critics Feminist economists Feminist philosophers Feminist poets Feminist rhetoricians Jewish feminists Muslim feminists Feminist parties Suffragists and suffragettes Women 's rights activists Women 's studies journals Women 's suffrage organizations Categories Women 's rights by country Feminists by nationality Feminism portal Suffragettes were members of women 's organisations in the late - 19th and early - 20th centuries which advocated the extension of the `` franchise '', or the right to vote in public elections, to women. It particularly refers to militants in the United Kingdom such as members of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ). Suffragist is a more general term for members of the suffrage movement. The term suffragette is particularly associated with activists in the British WSPU, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, who were influenced by Russian methods of protest such as hunger strikes. Although the Isle of Man had enfranchised women who owned property to vote in parliamentary ( Tynwald ) elections in 1881, New Zealand was the first self - governing country to grant all women the right to vote in 1893 when women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in parliamentary elections. Women in South Australia achieved the same right and became the first to obtain the right to stand for parliament in 1895. In the United States, white women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote in the western territories of Wyoming from 1869 and in Utah from 1870. But by 1903 women in Britain had still not been enfranchised, and Pankhurst had decided the movement would have to become radical and militant if it was going to be effective. The campaign became increasingly bitter, with property damage and hunger strikes being countered by the authorities with jailing and force - feeding, until it was suspended due to the outbreak of war in 1914. Women in Britain over the age of 30, meeting certain property qualifications, were given the right to vote in 1918, and in 1928 suffrage was extended to all women over the age of 21. Opinion amongst historians today is divided as to whether the militant tactics of the suffragettes helped or hindered their cause. Contents 1 Origins 2 Early 20th century in the UK 2.1 Imprisonment 2.2 Arson, property damage and domestic terrorism 2.3 Hunger strikes 2.4 Force - feeding 2.5 Legislation 2.6 The Bodyguard 2.7 World War 3 Legacy 4 Colours 5 Popular culture 6 Notable people 6.1 Great Britain 6.2 Ireland 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Origins British suffragettes were mostly women from upper - and middle - class backgrounds, frustrated by their social and economic situation. Their struggles for change within society, along with the work of such advocates for women 's rights as John Stuart Mill, were enough to spearhead a movement that would encompass mass groups of women fighting for suffrage. Mill introduced the idea of women 's suffrage on the platform he presented to the British electorate in 1865. He was subsequently joined by numerous men and women fighting for the same cause. The term `` suffragette '' was first used as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London Daily Mail to describe activists in the movement for women 's suffrage, in particular members of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ). But the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term, saying `` suffraGETtes '' ( hardening the g ) implied not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to get it. The National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies, founded in 1897, was formed from local suffrage societies. The union was led by Millicent Fawcett, who believed in constitutional campaigning, issuing leaflets, organising meetings and presenting petitions but the campaign had little effect. In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded a new organisation, the Women 's Social and Political Union. She thought the movement would have to become radical and militant if it was going to be effective. The Daily Mail gave them the name `` Suffragettes ''. Some radical techniques used by the suffragettes, especially hunger strikes, were learned from Russian exiles from tsarism who had escaped to England. Many suffragists at the time, and most historians since, have argued that the actions of the militant suffragettes damaged their cause. Opponents at the time saw evidence that women were too emotional and could not think as logically as men. Early 20th century in the uk Memorial edition of The Suffragette newspaper dedicated to Emily Davison From 1909, the `` Pank - A-Squith '' board game was sold by the WSPU to raise awareness of their campaign and raise money. The name is derived from `` Pankhurst '', the surname of the leaders of the WSPU, and Asquith, the surname of the Prime Minister at the time and a largely hated figure by the movement. The board game is set out in a spiral, and players must lead their suffragette figure from their home to parliament, past the obstacles faced from Prime Minister H.H. Asquith and the Liberal government. The People 's History Museum in Manchester has a `` Pank - A-Squith '' board game on display in the main galleries and replica version for visitors to play. 7 October 1913 edition of The Suffragette 1912 was a turning point for the British suffragettes as they turned to using more militant tactics, chaining themselves to railings, setting fire to post box contents, smashing windows and occasionally detonating bombs. In 1914, at least seven churches were bombed or set on fire across the United Kingdom, including an explosion in Westminster Abbey aimed at destroying the 700 - year - old Coronation Chair, which despite its proximity to the bomb, survived with only minor damage. One suffragette, Emily Davison, died under the King 's horse Anmer at the Epsom Derby on 4 June 1913. It is debated whether she was trying to pin a `` Votes for Women '' banner on the King 's horse or not. Many of her fellow suffragettes were imprisoned and refused food as a scare tactic against the government. The Liberal government of the day led by Asquith responded with the Cat and Mouse Act. Another prominent British suffragette, Sophia Duleep Singh, was almost forgotten for 70 years. Imprisonment Emmeline Pankhurst was the most prominent of Britain 's suffragettes. In the early - 20th century until the First World War, approximately one thousand suffragettes were imprisoned in Britain. Most early incarcerations were for public order offences and failure to pay outstanding fines. The first suffragettes to be imprisoned were Christabel Pankhurst ( daughter of Emmeline Pankhurst ) and Annie Kenney in October 1905. While incarcerated, suffragettes lobbied to be considered political prisoners ; with such a designation, suffragettes would be placed in the First Division as opposed to the Second or Third Division of the prison system, and as political prisoners would be granted certain freedoms and liberties not allotted to other prison divisions, such as being allowed frequent visits and being allowed to write books or articles. Because of a lack of consistency between the different courts, suffragettes would not necessarily be placed in the First Division and could be placed in Second or Third Division, which enjoyed fewer liberties. This cause was taken up by the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ), a large organisation in Britain, that lobbied for women 's suffrage led by militant suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst. The WSPU campaigned to get imprisoned suffragettes recognised as political prisoners. However, this campaign was largely unsuccessful. Citing a fear that the suffragettes becoming political prisoners would make for easy martyrdom, and with thoughts from the courts and the Home Office that they were abusing the freedoms of First Division to further the agenda of the WSPU, suffragettes were placed in Second Division, and in some cases the Third Division, in prisons with no special privileges granted to them as a result. Arson., property damage and domestic Terrorism Throughout the woman 's suffrage movement, many tactics were employed in order to achieve the goals of the movement. Throughout Britain, letters and the letterboxes that contained them were burnt or had acid poured onto them. Places that wealthy people, typically men, frequented were also burnt and destroyed, including cricket pitches and horse racing tracks. In July 1912 while British prime minister Herbert Asquith was visiting in Dublin, one woman threw a hatchet at his carriage as it passed the GPO and hit his companion, John Redmond. Later, three members of the suffrage movement attempted to burn down the Royal Theatre while Asquith was speaking ; however, this resulted in only minor damage. The Tea House at Kew Gardens was set alight by suffragettes Olive Wharry and Lillian Lenton in February 1913 during a series of arson attacks that occurred throughout London. Suffragettes are also believed to have attacked three orchid houses at Kew Gardens, although no definitive proof was found. In January 1914 a one of two bombs set in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens detonated. The other having just been defused by the night watchman, who was then hit and injured by glass from the second bomb. In February 1914 a public lending library in Birmingham was set on fire and gutted. The following day a piece of paper was found attached to the railings at the back of the building with the words ' Give women the vote '. Nearby a parcel was found containing a book by Emmeline Pankhurst, leader of the British suffragette movement with another note saying, ' To start your new library. ' On the same night as the Birmingham fire a bomb was set at the home of Arthur Chamberlain. It was to be detonated by a burning candle but failed to go off. Within weeks, three houses in Perthshire were burnt to the ground. While the owners were not present many house staff and servants were in one of the homes at the time of the attacks. All attacks were linked to The Women 's Social and Political Union and a year later Marion Crawford, a prominent member of the WSPU, was sent to prison for two years for the attack on the Botanical Gardens. Also in 1914 suffragettes burnt down one of the oldest churches in Scotland, St Mary 's in the village of Whitekirk. In spring 1914 suffragettes started targeting churches in Central London ; the first was the Church of St John the Evangelist. A bomb went off half an hour after the end of the evening service. Hunger strikes Suffragettes were not recognised as political prisoners and many of them staged hunger strikes while they were imprisoned. The first woman to refuse food was Marion Wallace Dunlop, a militant suffragette who was sentenced to a month in Holloway for vandalism in July 1909. Without consulting suffragette leaders such as Pankhurst, Dunlop refused food in protest at being denied political prisoner status. After a 91 - hour hunger strike, and for fear of her becoming a martyr, the Home Secretary Herbert Gladstone decided to release her early on medical grounds. Dunlop 's strategy was adopted by other suffragettes who were incarcerated. It became common practice for suffragettes to refuse food in protest for not being designated as political prisoners, and as a result they would be released after a few days and could return to the `` fighting line ''. After a public backlash regarding the prison status of suffragettes, the rules of the divisions were amended. In March 1910, Rule 243A was introduced by the Home Secretary Winston Churchill, allowing prisoners in Second and Third Divisions to be allowed certain privileges of the First Division, provided they were not convicted of a serious offence, effectively ending hunger strikes for two years. Hunger strikes began again when Pankhurst was transferred from the Second Division to the First Division, inciting the other suffragettes to demonstrate regarding their prison status. Militant suffragette demonstrations subsequently became more aggressive, and the British Government took action. Unwilling to release all the suffragettes refusing food in prison, in the autumn of 1909, the authorities began to adopt more drastic measures to manage the hunger - strikers. Force - feeding Poster by `` A Patriot '', showing a suffragette prisoner being force - fed, 1910. In September 1909, the Home Office became unwilling to release hunger - striking suffragettes before their sentence was served. Suffragettes became a liability because if they were to die in custody, the prison would be responsible for their death. Prisons began the practice of force - feeding the hunger strikers through a tube, most commonly via a nostril or stomach tube or a stomach pump. Force - feeding had previously been practised in Britain but its use had been exclusively for patients in hospitals who were too unwell to eat or swallow food. Despite the practice being deemed safe by medical practitioners for sick patients, it posed health issues for the healthy suffragettes. Memories of Winson Green September 18, 1909 ; Illustration from Mabel Cappers WSPU prisoners scrapbook The process of tube - feeding was strenuous without the consent of the hunger strikers, who were typically strapped down and force - fed via stomach or nostril tube, often with a considerable amount of force. The process was painful and after the practice was observed and studied by several physicians, it was deemed to cause both short - term damage to the circulatory system, digestive system and nervous system and long - term damage to the physical and mental health of the suffragettes. Some suffragettes who were force - fed developed pleurisy or pneumonia as a result of a misplaced tube. Legislation In April 1913, Reginald McKenna of the Home Office passed the Prisoners ( Temporary Discharge for Ill Health ) Act 1913, or the Cat and Mouse Act as it was commonly known. The act made the hunger strikes legal, in that a suffragette would be temporarily released from prison when their health began to diminish, only to be readmitted when she regained her health to finish her sentence. The act enabled the British Government to be absolved of any blame resulting from death or harm due to the self - starvation of the striker and ensured that the suffragettes would be too ill and too weak to participate in demonstrative activities while not in custody. Most women continued hunger striking when they were readmitted to prison following their leave. After the Act was introduced, force - feeding on a large scale was stopped and only women convicted of more serious crimes and considered likely to repeat their offences if released were force - fed. The Bodyguard In early 1913 and in response to the `` Cat and Mouse Act '', the WSPU instituted a society of women known as the `` Bodyguard '' whose role was to physically protect Emmeline Pankhurst and other prominent suffragettes from arrest and assault. Known members included Katherine Willoughby Marshall and Gertrude Harding ; Edith Margaret Garrud was their jujutsu trainer. Members of the `` Bodyguard '' participated in several violent actions against the police in defence of their leaders. The origin of the `` Bodyguard '' can be traced to a WSPU meeting at which Garrud spoke. As suffragettes speaking in public increasingly found themselves the target of violence and attempted assaults, teaching jujitsu was a way for women to defend themselves against angry hecklers. Incidents including Black Friday, at which 200 suffragettes were assaulted by police, served to illustrate the need for militant women to be able to defend themselves against male violence. World war At the commencement of the First World War, the suffragette movement in Britain moved away from suffrage activities and focused their efforts on the war effort, and as a result, hunger strikes largely stopped. In August 1914, the British Government released all prisoners who had been incarcerated for suffrage activities on an amnesty, with Pankhurst ending all militant suffrage activities soon after. The suffragettes ' focus on war work turned public opinion in favour of their eventual partial enfranchisement in 1918. Women eagerly volunteered to take on many traditional male roles -- leading to a new view of what women were capable of. The war also caused a split in the British suffragette movement ; the mainstream, represented by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst 's WSPU calling a ceasefire in their campaign for the duration of the war, while more radical suffragettes, represented by Sylvia Pankhurst 's Women 's Suffrage Federation continued the struggle. The National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies, which had always employed `` constitutional '' methods, continued to lobby during the war years and compromises were worked out between the NUWSS and the coalition government. On 6 February, the Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed, enfranchising women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications as well as men over 21 -- before this not all British men were enfranchised. About 8.4 million women gained the vote. In November 1918, the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 was passed, allowing women to be elected into parliament. The Representation of the People Act 1928 extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21, granting women the vote on the same terms that men had gained ten years earlier. Legacy Nineteen - year - old Fay Hubbard selling suffragette papers in New York, 1910 Historians generally argue that the first stage of the militant suffragette movement under the Pankhursts in 1906 had a dramatic mobilising effect on the suffrage movement. Women were thrilled and supportive of an actual revolt in the streets ; the membership of the militant WSPU and the older NUWSS overlapped and was mutually supportive. However a system of publicity, Ensor argues, had to continue to escalate to maintain its high visibility in the media. The hunger strikes and force - feeding did that. However the Pankhursts refused any advice and escalated their tactics. They turned to systematic disruption of Liberal Party meetings as well as physical violence in terms of damaging public buildings and arson. Searle says the methods of the suffragettes did succeed in damaging the Liberal party but failed to advance the cause of women 's suffrage. When the Pankhursts decided to stop the militancy at the start of the war, and enthusiastically support the war effort, the movement split and their leadership 's role ended. Suffrage did come four years later, but the feminist movement in Britain permanently abandoned the militant tactics that had made the suffragettes famous. Whitfield concludes that the militant campaign had some positive effects in terms of attracting enormous publicity, and forcing the moderates to better organise themselves, while also stimulating the organisation of the antis. He concludes : The overall effect of the suffragette militancy, however, was to set back the cause of women 's suffrage. For women to gain the right to vote it was necessary to demonstrate that they had public opinion on their side, to build and consolidate a parliamentary majority in favour of women 's suffrage and to persuade or pressure the government to introduce its own franchise reform. None of these objectives was achieved. Colours Gold ear rings in suffragette colours Pendant presented to Louise Eates in 1909 From 1908, the WSPU adopted the colour scheme of violet, white and green : purple symbolised dignity, white purity, and green hope. These three colours were used for banners, flags, rosettes and badges, They also would carry heart shaped vesta cases, and appeared in newspaper cartoons and postcards. Mappin & Webb, the London jewellers, issued a catalogue of suffragette jewellery for Christmas 1908. In 1909 the WSPU presented specially commissioned pieces of jewellery to leading suffragettes Emmeline Pankhurst and Louise Eates. Some Arts and Crafts jewellery of the period incorporated the colours violet, white and green using enamel and semi-precious stones such as amethysts, pearls, and peridots. However jewellery that incorporated these stones was already quite common in women 's jewellery during the late 19th century, before 1903 and could not be connected with the suffragettes, before the WSPU adopted the colours. Also, the notion that the colours were green, white, and violet, to spell GWV as an acronym for `` Give Women Votes '' is a modern fallacy. The colours of green and heliotrope ( purple ) were commissioned into a new coat of arms for Edge Hill University in 2006, symbolising the University 's early commitment to the equality of women through its beginnings as a women - only college. Popular culture The character of Mrs. Banks in the 1964 Disney musical film Mary Poppins sings the song Sister Suffragette in celebration of the suffrage movement. The character of Maggie DuBois in the 1965 film The Great Race is a vocal suffragette. The 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels portrays events in the American suffrage movement circa 1910, concentrating on the suffrage careers of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. The Year of the Bodyguard ( 1982 ) is a televised docudrama about the Bodyguard unit of the WSPU. The 1974 BBC TV series Shoulder to Shoulder portrays events in the British militant suffrage movement, concentrating on the lives of members of the Pankhurst family. The 2008 telefilm The 39 Steps features the character Victoria Sinclair, who is both a spy and a suffragette. The women 's suffrage movement is the basis of an ongoing subplot in the 2013 television drama series Mr. Selfridge and in individual episodes of the series Upstairs, Downstairs and Downton Abbey. The song `` Suffragette '' by Nina Gordon. The 2013 BBC sitcom Up the Women depicts a group of women forming a women 's suffrage movement and makes reference to suffragettes. American Horror Story third season featured themes of Suffrage and witches. The song `` Suffragette City '' by David Bowie. Suffragette Sally is a novel by Gertrude Colmore published in 1911. The 2015 graphic novel trilogy Suffrajitsu : Mrs. Pankhurst 's Amazons portrays the adventures of the WSPU Bodyguard society The 2015 feature film Suffragette centres on the British women 's suffrage movement of the late 19th and early 20th century. Notable people See also : List of suffragists and suffragettes See also : List of women 's rights activists Great Britain Joan Beauchamp Rosa May Billinghurst Elsie Bowerman Lady Constance Bulwer - Lytton Mabel Capper Ada Nield Chew Leonora Cohen Jessie Craigen Emily Wilding Davison Sophia Duleep Singh Norah Elam also known as Norah Dacre Fox Millicent Fawcett Jane Ellen Harrison Clemence Housman Elsie Inglis Annie Kenney Grace Kimmins Lilian Lenton Lizzy Lind af Hageby Mary Lowndes Selina Martin Christabel Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst Sylvia Pankhurst Frances Parker Emmeline Pethick - Lawrence Mary Richardson Edith Rigby Ethel Smyth Ethel Snowden Dora Thewlis Leonora Tyson Olive Wharry Cicely Hamilton Ireland Louie Bennett Frances Power Cobbe Charlotte Despard Eva Gore - Booth Anna Haslam Mary Hayden Kathleen Lynn Constance Markievicz Margaret McCoubrey Mary Ann McCracken Mary MacSwiney Helena Molony Hanna Sheehy - Skeffington Anna Wheeler Jenny Wyse Power Mary Fleetwood Berry Helen Chenevix Margaret `` Gretta '' Cousins Norah Elam Florence Moon Mary Donovan O'Sullivan Sarah Persse Isabella Tod Gallery Vida Goldstein was the first woman in the British Empire to stand for election to a national parliament. Constance, Countess Markievicz, was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons. UK WSPU Hunger Strike Medal 30 July 1909 including the bar ' Fed by Force 17 September 1909 '. The Medal awarded to Mabel Capper records the first instance of forcible feeding of hunger striking Suffragette prisoners in England at Winson Green Prison in Birmingham. Portrait badge of Emmeline Pankhurst ( c. 1909 ) sold in large numbers by the WSPU to raise funds 1910 Suffragette calendar held in the collections of the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry Suffragette Banner ( c. 1910 ) Votes for Women poster ( 1909 ) WSPU poster ( 1914 ) See also Politics portal Pankhurst Centre Women 's suffrage Women 's suffrage organisations Women 's suffrage in the United States References Notes Jump up ^ Ida Husted Harper. History of Woman Suffrage, volume 6 ( National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1922 ) p. 752. Jump up ^ `` Foundingdocs.gov.au ''. Foundingdocs.gov.au. Retrieved 8 January 2011. Jump up ^ Crawford 1999. Jump up ^ van Wingerden 1999, p. 9. Jump up ^ Crawford 1999, p. 452. Jump up ^ Colmore, Gertrude. Suffragette Sally. Broadview Press, 2007, p. 14 Jump up ^ Ben Walsh. GCSE Modern World History second edition ( Hodder Murray, 2008 ) p. 60. Jump up ^ Grant 2011. Jump up ^ Howell, Georgina ( 2010 ). Gertrude Bell : Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations. p. 71. Jump up ^ Harrison 2013, p. 176. Jump up ^ Pedersen 2004, p. 124. Jump up ^ Bolt 1993, p. 191. Jump up ^ `` Did the Suffragettes Help ? ''. Claire. John D. ( 2002 / 2010 ), Greenfield History Site. Retrieved 5 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Suffragettes : Deeds not words '' ( PDF ). National Archives. Retrieved 5 January 2012. Jump up ^ Collection Highlights, Pank - A-Squith Board Game, People 's History Museum Jump up ^ `` SUFFRAGETTES. ''. The Register. Adelaide : National Library of Australia. 16 April 1913. p. 7. Retrieved 26 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bomb explosion in Westminster Abbey ; Coronation Chair damaged ; Suffragette outrage ''. The Daily Telegraph. 12 June 1914. p. 11. Jump up ^ Thorpe, Vanessa ( 26 May 2013 ). `` Truth behind the death of suffragette Emily Davison is finally revealed ''. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Jump up ^ `` With ' Sophia, ' A Forgotten Suffragette Is Back In The Headlines ''. NPR.org. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Jump up ^ Purvis 1995, p. 103. ^ Jump up to : Geddes 2008, p. 81. Jump up ^ Purvis, June ( March -- April 1995 ). `` Deeds, not words : The daily lives of militant suffragettes in Edwardian Britain ''. Women 's Studies International Forum. ScienceDirect. 18 ( 2 ) : 97. doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 5395 ( 95 ) 80046 - R. Jump up ^ Purvis 1995, p. 104. Jump up ^ Williams 2001, p. 285. Jump up ^ Williams, Elizabeth ( December 2008 ). `` Gags, funnels and tubes : forced feeding of the insane and of suffragettes ''. Endeavour. PubMed. 32 ( 4 ) : 134. PMID 19019439. doi : 10.1016 / j. endeavour. 2008.09. 001. Jump up ^ `` July 19th, 1912 : From the archives ''. IrishTimes.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` From the archive, 10 February 1913 : Suffragettes suspected of vandalising Kew Gardens ''. The Guardian. 10 February 2014. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 12 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Simon Webb : Suffragette Terrorism in 1914. Bombs and Burning a Historic Church ''. www.Heretical.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Jump up ^ Purvis, `` '' Deeds, Not Words `` '', 97 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2009, p. 360. ^ Jump up to : Miller 2009, p. 361. ^ Jump up to : Geddes 2008, p. 82. Jump up ^ Geddes 2008, pp. 84 -- 5. Jump up ^ Geddes 2008, p. 85. ^ Jump up to : Purvis, `` Deeds, Not Words '', 97. Jump up ^ Williams, `` Gags, funnels and tubes '', 138. Jump up ^ Geddes 2008, p. 83. Jump up ^ Geddes 2008, p. 88. Jump up ^ Geddes 2008, p. 89. Jump up ^ Wilson, Gretchen With All Her Might : The Life of Gertrude Harding, Militant Suffragette ( Holmes & Meier Publishing, April 1998 ) Jump up ^ Ruz, Camila ; Magazine, Justin Parkinson BBC News. `` ' Suffrajitsu ' : How the suffragettes fought back using martial arts ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09. Jump up ^ Williams, `` Gags, funnels and tubes '', 139. Jump up ^ Geddes 2008, p. 92. Jump up ^ Purvis 1995, p. 123. Jump up ^ J. Graham Jones, `` Lloyd George and the Suffragettes '', National Library of Wales Journal ( 2003 ) 33 # 1 pp. 1 -- 34 Jump up ^ Ian Cawood, David McKinnon - Bell ( 2001 ). `` The First World War ''. p. 71. Routledge 2001 ^ Jump up to : Fawcett, Millicent Garrett. The Women 's Victory -- and After. p. 170. Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Peter N. Stearns ( 2008 ). In 1979 the first British women prime minister Margaret came > The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world, Volume 7. p. 160. Oxford University Press, 2008 Jump up ^ Robert Ensor, England : 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 398 -- 99 Jump up ^ G.R. Searley, A New England ? Peace and War 1886 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) pp 456 -- 70. quote p 468 Jump up ^ Bob Whitfield, The Extension of the Franchise, 1832 -- 1931 ( 2001 ) p 160 Jump up ^ Crawford 1999, pp. 136 -- 7. Jump up ^ Hughes, Ivor ( March 2009 ). `` Suffragette Jewelry, Or Is It ? ''. Antiques Journal. Retrieved 5 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Colours, Crest & Mace ''. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Jump up ^ McPherson, Angela ; McPherson, Susan ( 2011 ). Mosley 's Old Suffragette -- A Biography of Norah Elam. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4466 - 9967 - 6. Bibliography Bolt, Christine ( 1993 ). The Women 's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s. Amherst, MA : University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 870 - 23866 - 6. Crawford, Elizabeth ( 1999 ). The Women 's Suffrage Movement : A Reference Guide, 1866 -- 1928. London : UCL Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 841 - 42031 - 8. Geddes, J.F. ( 2008 ). `` Culpable Complicity : the medical profession and the forcible feeding of suffragettes, 1909 -- 1914 ''. Women 's History Review. 17 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 94. doi : 10.1080 / 09612020701627977. Grant, Kevin ( 2011 ). `` British suffragettes and the Russian method of hunger strike ''. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 53 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 143. doi : 10.1017 / S0010417510000642. Harrison, Brian ( 2013 ) ( 1978 ). Separate Spheres : The Opposition to Women 's Suffrage in Britain. Abingdon : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 62336 - 0. Miller, Ian ( 2009 ). `` Necessary Torture ? Vivisection, Suffragette Force - Feeding, and Responses to Scientific Medicine in Britain c. 1870 -- 1920 ''. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 64 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 372. doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / jrp008. Pedersen, Susan ( 2004 ). Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10245 - 1. Purvis, June ( 1995 ). `` The Prison Experiences of the Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain ''. Women 's History Review. 4 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 133. doi : 10.1080 / 09612029500200073. Williams, John ( 2001 ). `` Hunger Strikes : A Prisoner 's Right or a ' Wicked Folly ' ? ''. Howard Journal. 40 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 296. doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2311.00208. Further reading Atkinson, Diane ( 1992 ). The Purple, White and Green : Suffragettes in London, 1906 -- 14. London : Museum of London. ISBN 978 - 0 - 904 - 81853 - 6. Hannam, June ( 2005 ). `` International Dimensions of Women 's Suffrage : ' at the crossroads of several interlocking identities ' ''. Women 's History Review. 14 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 543 -- 560. doi : 10.1080 / 09612020500200438. Leneman, Leah ( 1995 ). A Guid Cause : The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Scotland ( 2nd ed. ). Edinburgh : Mercat Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 873 - 64448 - 5. Liddington, Jill ; Norris, Jill ( 2000 ). One Hand Tied Behind Us : The Rise of the Women 's Suffrage Movement ( 2nd ed. ). London : Rivers Oram Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 854 - 89110 - 5. Mayhall, Laura E. Nym ( 2000 ). `` Reclaiming the Political : Women and the Social History of Suffrage in Great Britain, France, and the United States ''. Journal of Women 's History. 12 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 181. doi : 10.1353 / jowh. 2000.0023. -- -- -- ( 2003 ). The Militant Suffrage Movement : Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860 -- 1930. New York, NY : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 15993 - 6. Purvis, June ( 2002 ). Emmeline Pankhurst : A Biography. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23978 - 3. Purvis, Jane ; Sandra, Stanley Holton, eds. ( 2000 ). Votes For Women. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21458 - 2. Rosen, Andrew ( 2013 ) ( 1974 ). Rise Up Women ! : The Militant Campaign of the Women 's Social and Political Union, 1903 -- 1914 ( Reprint ed. ). Abingdon : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 62384 - 1. Smith, Harold L. ( 2010 ). The British Women 's Suffrage Campaign, 1866 -- 1928 ( Revised 2nd ed. ). Abingdon : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1 - 408 - 22823 - 4. Wingerden, Sophia A. van ( 1999 ). The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866 -- 1928. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 66911 - 2. Primary sources Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst. The suffragette ; the history of the women 's militant suffrage movement, 1905 -- 1910 ( New York Sturgis & Walton Company, 1911 ). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suffragettes. UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts The struggle for democracy Visit the British Library learning resource pages to discover more about the suffragette movement Suffragettes versus Suffragists -- website comparing aims and methods of Women 's Social and Political Union ( Suffragettes ) to National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( Suffragists ) Suffragists vs. Suffragettes -- brief article outlining origins of term `` suffragette '', usage of term and links to other sources. Exploring 20th century London -- Women 's Social and Political Union ( W.S.P.U. ) Objects and photographs including hunger strike medal 's given to activists. Edwardian Emporium page with a curious gallery of Suffragette supporters ' pin - badges. Antiques Journal Information on Suffragette jewellery. Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill BNF : cb119716753 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffragette&oldid=801259992 '' Categories : Suffragists Feminism and history First - wave feminism History of women in the United Kingdom Emmeline Pankhurst Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 17 : 06. 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Question: when did the suffragettes get the right to vote
Answer: 1928