Rusty crayfish - wikipedia Rusty crayfish Rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Subphylum : Crustacea Class : Malacostraca Order : Decapoda Family : Cambaridae Genus : Orconectes Species : O. rusticus Binomial name Orconectes rusticus ( Girard, 1852 ) The rusty crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ) is a large, aggressive species of freshwater crayfish which is native to the United States. Its range is rapidly expanding in North America, displacing native crayfishes in the process : it is known to have reached New England, Ontario, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Colorado, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and even Manitoba. It was first spotted in the mid 1960s. The rusty crayfish was first captured in Illinois in 1973, and has been collected at over 20 locations in the northern portion of the state. In 2005, O. rusticus was found for the first time west of the Continental Divide, in the John Day River, Oregon, which runs into the Columbia River. Contents 1 Identification 2 Invasive behavior 3 Intraspecies behavior 4 Control efforts 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Identification Measurement of a rusty crayfish. Adult rusty crayfish can reach lengths of over 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ), although they reach maturity at about 4.4 cm ( 1.7 in ), and can range in color from greenish grey, to reddish brown, They can be easily recognized by two `` rusty '', reddish colored spots on the sides of their back and their large front claws with blank bands around the tips. Male rusty crayfish have small hook - like features on their first pair of hind legs that they use to hold onto a female while mating. Invasive behavior The larger size and aggressive nature of rusty crayfish that have been introduced to a body of water makes it harder for them to be preyed upon by native species of fish, which are not accustomed to crayfish fighting them back. Instead of running away like the native crayfish species do when they come in contact with a predator, the rusty crayfish will take an attack stance with its claws raised above its head, which will generally scare away most predatory fish. Additionally, adult rusty crayfish can be too large for some fish to consume. Because the rusty crayfish are able to avoid predators fairly well, their population in these new aquatic ecosystems was able to grow extremely quickly and within twenty years the rusty crayfish population had exploded and become an invasive species in the Northern United States and parts of Canada. Because these rusty crayfish populations have basically taken over the natives species ' habitats and forced them out of their homes, many populations of native crayfish have experienced drastic decline over the past fifty years and the rusty crayfish has become the dominant species in much of the Midwestern United States. Intraspecies behavior Two adult male rusty crayfish fighting for dominance. Many species of vertebrates that live in communities together utilize a dominance hierarchy to establish order, and studies have shown that some species of invertebrates do the same thing. It is now known that the dominance hierarchy is an important aspect of a crayfish 's biology and behavior. Crayfish in general tend to form dominance hierarchies with the other members of their population in a particular environment. The largest male will generally demonstrate the most dominance over the others by being the most aggressive, and picking fights with the other, smaller crayfish. The crayfish that wins the most fights is placed at the top of the hierarchy with the other members generally ranking in descending order based on size and sex. Studies have suggested that the largest determining factor in the formation of dominance hierarchies is size rather than sex. That means that female rusty crayfish can rank higher in the dominance hierarchy than male rusty crayfish if they are larger than them. Control efforts There are some chemicals that will selectively kill only crayfish that have not been registered or labeled for crayfish control. Unfortunately, the chemicals do kill all species of crayfish, and are not specific to rusty crayfish. Manual harvest for human consumption is an effective control strategy due to the large size of rusty crayfish. However, this strategy is only useful in reducing the adult population. Once a population of rusty crayfish is introduced to a body of water, it is very difficult to completely eradicate them. Therefore, the best control strategy is to try to prevent any further spread of the rusty crayfish. The best ways to prevent invasive species spread is to learn to identify the invasive species, and not use the species as bait or transport the species to bodies of water where it is not already present. References Jump up ^ S. Adams ; G.A. Schuster & C.A. Taylor ( 2010 ). `` Orconectes rusticus ''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2010 : e. T153835A4551760. doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2010 - 3. RLTS. T153835A4551760. en. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ Jump up to : Gunderson, Jeffrey. `` Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification. '' Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification. Jump up ^ C. Taylor. `` Exotic crayfish ''. Illinois Natural History Survey. Jump up ^ Julian D. Olden Jeffrey W. Adams & Eric R. Larson ( 2009 ). `` First record of Orconectes rusticus ( Girard, 1852 ) ( Decapoda, Cambaridae ) west of the Great Continental Divide in North America '' ( PDF ). Crustaceana. 82 ( 10 ) : 1347 -- 1351. doi : 10.1163 / 156854009X448934. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 02. Jump up ^ Pappas, Janice. Orconectes rusticus, Animal Diversity Web. Jump up ^ Bovbjerg, Richard V. ( 1952 ). `` Comparative Ecology and Physiology of the Crayfish, Orconectes propinquus and Cambarus fodiens ''. Physiological Zoology. 25 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 56. JSTOR 30160911. ^ Jump up to : Pintor, Lauren M. and Sih, Andrew ( 2008 ). `` Differences in Growth and Foraging Behavior of Native and Introduced Populations of an Invasive Crayfish ''. Biological Invasions. 11 ( 8 ) : 1895. doi : 10.1007 / s10530 - 008 - 9367 - 2. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rabalais, M.R., and Magoulick, D.D. ( 2006 ). `` Influence of an Invasive Crayfish Species on Diurnal Habitat Use and Selection by a Native Crayfish Species in an Ozark Stream ''. The American Midland Naturalist. 155 ( 2 ) : 295. doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 2006 ) 155 ( 295 : IOAICS ) 2.0.CO ; 2. JSTOR 4094645. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jensen, Doug ( 26 July 2013 ). `` Rusty Crayfish ''. Minnesota Sea Grant. Jump up ^ Hein, Catherine L ; Roth, Brian M ; Ives, Anthony R ; Zanden, M Jake Vander ( 2006 ). `` Fish Predation and Trapping for Rusty Crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ) Control : A Whole - lake Experiment ''. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63 ( 2 ) : 383. doi : 10.1139 / f05 - 229. Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Aquatic Invasive Species. '' wisc.edu Jump up ^ Olden, Julian D. ; McCarthy, Julia M. ; Maxted, Jeffrey T. ; Fetzer, William W. ; Vander Zanden, M. Jake ( 2006 ). `` The rapid spread of rusty crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ) with observations on native crayfish declines in Wisconsin ( U.S.A. ) over the past 130 years ''. Biological Invasions. 8 ( 8 ) : 1621. doi : 10.1007 / s10530 - 005 - 7854 - 2. Jump up ^ Alexander, R.D. ( 1961 ). `` Aggressiveness, territoriality, and sexual behavior in field crickets ( Orthoptera : Gryllidae ) ''. Behaviour. 17 ( 2 ) : 130. doi : 10.1163 / 156853961X00042. JSTOR 4532972. Jump up ^ Courchesne, E. & Barlow, G.W. ( 1971 ). `` Effect of isolation on components of aggressive and other behavior in the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis ''. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie. 75 : 32. doi : 10.1007 / BF00335136. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Copp, Newton H. ( 1986 ). `` Dominance Hierarchies in the Crayfish Procambarus clarkii ( Girard, 1852 ) and the Question of Learned Individual Recognition ( Decapoda, Astacidea ) ''. Crustaceana. 51 : 9. doi : 10.1163 / 156854086X00025. JSTOR 20104160. Jump up ^ `` Rusty Crayfish. '' in.gov. Further reading Alan P. Covich‌ ; Margaret A. Palmer‌ & Todd A. Crowl ( 1999 ). `` The role of benthic invertebrate species in freshwater ecosystems : zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling ''. BioScience. 49 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 127. doi : 10.2307 / 1313537. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orconectes rusticus. www.invadingspecies.com Partnership between the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters http://www.crayfishontario.ca/ http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=217 http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Orconectes_rusticus.html Species Profile - Rusty Crayfish ( Orconectes rusticus ), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q3933598 Wikispecies : Orconectes rusticus BugGuide : 379111 EoL : 344527 EPPO : ORCORU GBIF : 2227081 iNaturalist : 107816 IRMNG : 11172690 ITIS : 97424 IUCN : 153835 NCBI : 258719 WoRMS : 594795 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusty_crayfish&oldid=839124718 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Cambaridae Invasive crustacean species Fauna of the United States Freshwater crustaceans of North America Crustaceans described in 1852 Invasive animal species in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Cebuano Nederlands Norsk Svenska Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018, at 12 : 25 ( UTC ). 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Question: where did the rusty crayfish originally come from
Answer: United States