Lahore resolution - wikipedia Lahore resolution Muslim leaders from across British India at the All - India Muslim League Working Committee session in Lahore The Lahore Resolution ( Urdu : قرارداد لاہور ‬ ‎, Karardad - e-Lahore ; Bengali : লাহোর প্রস্তাব, Lahor Prostab ), was drafted by the working committee of All - India Muslim League and presented by A.K. Fazlul Huq, the Prime Minister of Bengal was a formal political statement adopted by the All - India Muslim League on the occasion of its three - day general session in Lahore from 22 -- 24 March 1940. The resolution called for independent states as seen by the statement : That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of ( British ) India should be grouped to constitute ' independent states ' in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign. Although the name `` Pakistan '' had been proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration, it was not until after the resolution that it began to be widely used. According to Stanley Wolpert, this was the moment when Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the former ambassador of Hindu - Muslim unity, totally transformed himself into Pakistan 's great leader. Contents 1 Historical Context 2 British Approach 3 Lahore Conference 4 The statement 5 British Reaction 6 Interpretation 7 Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly 8 Commemoration 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Historical context This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry. Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote. ( November 2017 ) Until mid-1930's the Muslim Leaders were trying to ensure maximum political safeguards for Muslims within the framework of Federation of India in terms of seeking maximum autonomy for Muslim majority provinces. They got some safeguards through a system of separate electorate on communal basis in the Government of India Act, 1935. As a result of elections held under this Act, Indian National Congress formed government in six out of eight provinces. During Congress rule from 1937 -- 39, its `` High Command whose iron control over its own provinces clearly hinted at what lay ahead for the Muslim majority provinces once it came to dominate the center. Much of the League 's propaganda at this stage was directed against the Congress ministries and their alleged attacks on Muslim culture ; the heightened activity of Hindu Mahasabha, the hoisting of Congress tricolor, the singing of bandemataram, the Vidya Mandir scheme in the Central Provinces and the Wardha scheme of education, all were interpreted as proof of ' Congress atrocities '. So, Congress was clearly incapable of representing Muslim interests, yet it was trying to annihilate every other party. '' Therefore, by 1938 - 39, for most of the Muslim Leaders, in or out of Muslim League, the idea of separation was strongly gaining the ground. The Sindh Provincial Muslim League Conference held its first session at Karachi in October 1938, adopted a resolution which recommended to the All India Muslim League to devise a scheme of constitution under which Muslims may attain full independence. The Premiers of other Muslim majority provinces e.g. A.K. Fazal - ul - Haque ( Bengal ) and Sir Sikander Hayat Khan ( Punjab ), who were not in Muslim League, also were quite convinced towards the idea of separation. The idea was more vividly expressed by M.A. Jinnah in an article in a London Weekly Time and Tide on 9 March 1940. Jinnah wrote : Democratic systems based on the concept of homogeneous nation such as England are very definitely not applicable to heterogeneous countries such as India, and this simple fact is the root cause of all of India 's constitutional ills...... If, therefore, it is accepted that there is in India a major and a minor nation, it follows that a parliamentary system based on the majority principle must inevitably mean the rule of major nation. Experience has proved that, whatever the economic and political programme of any political Party, the Hindu, as a general rule, will vote for his caste - fellow, the Muslim for his co-religionist. About the Congress - led provincial governments, he wrote : An India - wide attack on the Muslims was launched. In the five Muslim provinces every attempt was made to defeat the Muslim - led - coalition Ministries,... In the six Hindu provinces a `` Kulturkampf '' was inaugurated. Attempts were made to have Bande Mataram, the Congress Party song, recognized as the national anthem, the Party flag, and the real national language, Urdu, supplanted by Hindi. Everywhere oppression commenced and complaints poured in such force... that the Muslims, despairing of the Viceroy and Governors ever taking action to protect them, have already been forced to ask for a Royal Commission to investigate their grievances. Furthermore, he added : Is it the desire ( of British people ) that India should become a totalitarian Hindu State.... ?...... and I feel certain that Muslim India will never submit to such a position and will be forced to resist it with every means in their power. In his concluding remarks he wrote : While Muslim League irrevocably opposed to any Federal objective which must necessarily result in a majority community rule under the guise of Democracy and Parliamentary system of Government... To conclude, a constitution must be evolved that recognizes that there are in India two nations who both must share the governance of their common motherland. British approach Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Lahore resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat chairing the session The British Government was against any kind of division in India and they did not want Muslim League to pass a resolution for separation. Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy, tried to influence through Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, a Member of Viceroy 's Executive Council, who prepared a Note against the proposal of Pakistan or any other kind of separation and supported with arguments in favor of a united Federation of India as a Dominion. This Note was sent to Lord Zetland, Secretary of State for India, as referred in a letter by Linlithgow dated 12 March 1940. A copy of this Note was sent to Jinnah with the intention that his proposal of a united Indian Federation be adopted by Muslim League in the forthcoming Session at Lahore 22 -- 24 March. The Note unequivocally opposed Pakistan stating : There is for instance the Pakistan scheme which broadly speaking, seeks to divide India into Muslim and non-Muslim parts, the Muslim part being described as Pakistan.... One has only to contemplate the expense, misery, suffering and horror involved in any such attempt on the scale on which it would be necessary in India, to discard the scheme at once....... we are convinced that the scheme is utterly impracticable and would result in nothing but misery and suffering and can therefore make no contribution towards the solution of India 's problems...... Another very serious objection to the scheme is that it seeks to confine the progress of Muslim faith and culture in India within certain geographical limits, than which no greater disservice could be done to Islam.... any critical examination of it carried out by those who are responsible for putting it forward will be sufficient to demonstrate to them the utter impracticality of this scheme. Against the Separation Scheme i.e. without involving exchange of population, Zafarullah wrote : We are not in a position at this stage to measure the support which a scheme of this kind might succeed in securing from the other communities in India and from Britain. We recognize that the devotion to the principal of All - India unity may in the end prove too strong to permit wisdom and foresight to govern the situation. However, as opposed to this Note, Jinnah and majority of other Muslim Leaders, including both the Leaguers and Non-Leaguers, by that time had already reached to a common consensus of demanding separate sovereign states for Muslim majority areas in the subcontinent for reasons described by Jinnah in his essay of 9 March referred above. Lahore Conference The session was held between 22 and 24 March 1940, at Iqbal Park, Lahore. The welcome address was made by Sir Shah Nawaz Khan of Mamdot, as the chairman of the local reception committee. The various draft texts for the final resolution / draft were deliberated over by the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League Later on, A.K. Fazlul Huq presented the resolution before the public and the AIML General Assembly. The resolution text unanimously accepted the concept of a united homeland for Muslims on the grounds of growing inter-communal violence and recommended the creation of an independent Muslim state. Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan prepared a note against the proposal of Pakistan. After the presentation of the annual report by Liaquat Ali Khan, the resolution was moved in the general session by A.K. Fazlul Huq, the chief minister of undivided Bengal, and was seconded by Choudhury Khaliquzzaman who explained his views on the causes which led to the demand for partition. Subsequently, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi from North - West Frontier Province, Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh, Qazi Esa from Baluchistan, and other leaders announced their support. In the same session, Jinnah also presented a resolution to condemn the Khaksar massacre of 19 March, owing to a clash between the Khaksars and the police, that had resulted in the loss of 32 lives. The statement 23 March 1940 : Newspapers printed news about Lahore Resolution, demanding division of India The resolution for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India passed in the annual session of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore on 22 -- 24 March 1940 is a landmark document of Pakistan 's history. In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state ( later named Pakistan ) for the Muslims. The statement declared : No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. The Hindu press and leaders were quick to describe the resolution as the demand for the creation of Pakistan ; some people began to call it the Pakistan Resolution soon after the Lahore session of the Muslim League. It is landmark document in history of Pakistan. Additionally, it stated : That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights of the minorities. Most importantly, to convince smaller provinces such as Sindh to join, it provided a guarantee : That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of ( British ) India should be grouped to constitute ' independent states ' in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign. British reaction The unity was important to British interests even in an independent India. Lord Zetland, Secretary of State for India, reacted to this Resolution in his telegram to Viceroy terming the unity as something `` which we aim to perpetuate after British rule ceases '' ; the League 's Resolution was a `` council of despair '' and added up to a `` Silly.... scheme for partition ''. Viceroy Linlithgow responded to Lord Zetland in his telegram `` my impression is that... the partition scheme will be much criticised and rightly so... ''. Interpretation This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2017 ) There remains a debate on whether the resolution envisaged two sovereign states in the eastern and western parts of British India. Abdul Hashim of the Bengal Muslim League interpreted the text as a demand for two separate countries. In 1946, Prime Minister H.S. Suhrawardy of Bengal, a member of the All India Muslim League, mooted the United Bengal proposal with the support of Muslim and Hindu leaders, as well as the Governor of Bengal. However, it was opposed by Lord Mountbatten, the Muslim League, the Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha. Although there were and continue to be disagreements on the interpretation of the resolution, it was widely accepted that it called for a separate Muslim state. Opposing opinions focus on the phrase `` independent states '' claiming this means Muslim majority provinces, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, etc. would be independent of each other. They ignore the phrase `` geographically contiguous units. '' They also rely on the claims of certain Bengali nationalists who did not agree with one state. They accuse their opponents of diverting the `` spirit '' of the resolution. The majority of the Muslim League leadership contended that it was intended for not only the separation of India but into only 2 states ( Muslim majority and Hindu majority ). Therefore, it is indeed a statement calling for independence and one Muslim state. Eventually, the name `` Pakistan '' was used for the envisioned state. Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. G.M. Syed, an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and Sufi and later one of the important leaders in the forefront of the Sindh independence movement, joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. A key motivating factor was the promise of `` autonomy and sovereignty for constituent units ''. This text was buried under the Minar - e-Pakistan during its building in the Ayub regime. In this session the political situation was analysed in detail and Muslim demanded a separate homeland only to maintain their identification and to safeguard their rights. Pakistan resolution was the landmark in the history of Muslim of South - Asia. It determined for the Muslims a true goal and their homeland in north - east and north - west. The acceptance of the Pakistan resolution accelerated the pace of freedom movement. It gave new energy and courage to the Muslims who gathered around Muhammad Ali Jinnah for struggle for freedom. Commemoration The Minar - e-Pakistan, where the Lahore Resolution was passed. To commemorate the event, Minar - e-Pakistan, a monument 60 m tall in the shape of a minaret, was built at the site in Iqbal Park where the resolution was passed. 23 March ( Pakistan Day ) is a national holiday in Pakistan to commemorate both Lahore Resolution ( 1940 ) and the Republic Day ( 1956 ) ; the country became the first Islamic Republic in the world. See also Pakistan portal History of Pakistan Pakistan Movement Pakistan Resolution in Sindh assembly References Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali, ( 1933 ), Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ?, pamphlet, published 28 January. ( Rehmat Ali at the time was an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge ) Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert ( 1984 ), Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503412 - 7 Jump up ^ Jalal, Ayesha ( 1985 ). The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 43. doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511558856. ISBN 9780511558856. Jump up ^ Jinnah, Mohammed Ali ( 1940 ). `` Time and Tide ''. Weekly ( published 9 March 1940 ). Jump up ^ India Office Records and Private Papers ( 1940 ). `` Private correspondence with the Secretary of State. Volume V ( 1940 ) ''. Mss Eur F125 / 9. British Library. pp. 169 -- 176. ^ Jump up to : Note by Sir Zafarullah Khan, 6th March 1940. MSS EUR F125 / 135. London, UK : British Library. 1940. pp. 117 -- 150. ^ Jump up to : Malik, Ikram Ali ( 1990 ). Truth is Truth. Lahore, Pakistan : Book Services. pp. 50 -- 51. Jump up ^ The following is the full list of the 25 original, formally designated members of the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940, which met between 21 and 24 March 1940 ; see Programme of the All India Muslim Leagues 27th Annual Session, to be held at Lahore 21 to 24 March 1940, at the National Archives of Pakistan, Islamabad, the Quaid i Azam Papers, File 1354, and which largely drafted the Lahore Resolution. Also ref Atiq Zafar Sheikh, The Pakistan Resolution and the Muslim League 's Working Committee 1940 Islamabad : NAP Publications, 1994, pp. 87 -- 91, citing the following list of the members : Quaid i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( Chair ) Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan ( Secretary ) Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan ( Premier of the Punjab ) Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot ( local host ) Amir Ahmed Khan Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad Maulvi A.K. Fazlul Huq Sir Abdullah Haroon Al - Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin Amjadi Bano Begum Molana Muhammad Akram Khan Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi Qazi Muhammad Isa Sardar Aurangzeb Khan Abdul Mateen Chauhdry Ashiq Mohamed Warsi Haji Abdus Sattar Essak Saith S.M. Sharif Syed Abdul Rauf Shah Mohammad Latif ur Rahman Abdul Rehman Siddiqui Malik Barkat Ali Sadullah Khan Umarzai Jump up ^ Muhammad Aslam Malik ( 2001 ), The Making of the Pakistan Resolution, Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 0 - 19 - 579538 - 5 Jump up ^ Syed Iftikhar Ahmed ( 1983 ), Essays on Pakistan, Alpha Bravo Publishers, Lahore, OCLC 12811079 Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf ( 2004 ), Pakistan 's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi : Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik ( Movement ), Period Mashriqi 's birth to 1947. page 123. AMZ Publications. ISBN 0 - 9760333 - 0 - 5 ^ Jump up to : https://www.dawn.com/news/797410 Jump up ^ IH Qureshi, ( 1965 ), Struggle for Pakistan, Karachi Jump up ^ IH Qureshi, ( 1992 ), A Short History of Pakistan. University of Karachi, Reprint of 1967 edition. ISBN 969 - 404 - 008 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Zetland to Linlithgow, telegram on 4 April 1940 ''. MSS EUR F125 / 19. British Library. 1940. p. 37. Jump up ^ `` Private telegraphic correspondence between Viceroy and Secretary of State. Volume V ''. Mss Eur F125 / 19. British Library. p. 84. Jump up ^ `` Lahore Resolution ''. banglapedia.org. Jump up ^ G.M. Syed. A Nation in Chains Jump up ^ G.M. Syed. The Case of Sindh ( Chapter 2 ) Jump up ^ Stanford M. Mirkin ( 1966 ), What Happened when : A Noted Researcher 's Almanac of Yesterdays, I. Washburn, New York City. OCLC 390802 ( First published in 1957 under title : When did it happen ? ) External links Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan The Pakistan Resolution, Government of Pakistan Official website. ( Retrieved on 23 April 2006 ) Lahore Resolution ( 1940 ) at Story of Pakistan website. ( Retrieved on 23 April 2006 ) Lahore Resolution at Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ( Retrieved on 23 April 2006 ) Pakistan Resolution or Muslim League 's Search For Survival Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Allama Muhammad Iqbal Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Mian Muhammad Shafi Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Bahadur Yar Jung Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Hasrat Mohani Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq G.M. Syed Abdur Rab Nishtar Qazi Muhammad Essa Choudhary Rahmat Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq K.H. Khurshid Sikandar Hayat Khan Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Khawaja Nazimuddin Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Jogendra Nath Mandal more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India, Partition, Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? 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Question: who forwarded the lahore resolution or pakistan resolution
Answer: All-India Muslim League