Betalain - wikipedia Betalain The red color of beets comes from betalain pigments. Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole - derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments. Betalains also occur in some higher order fungi. They are most often noticeable in the petals of flowers, but may color the fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of plants that contain them. They include pigments such as those found in beets. Contents 1 Description 2 Chemistry 3 Taxonomic significance 4 Economic uses 5 Semisynthetic derivatives 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description Swiss chard, showing one plant expressing yellow betaxanthins and another expressing red betacyanins. The name `` betalain '' comes from the Latin name of the common beet ( Beta vulgaris ), from which betalains were first extracted. The deep red color of beets, bougainvillea, amaranth, and many cactuses results from the presence of betalain pigments. The particular shades of red to purple are distinctive and unlike that of anthocyanin pigments found in most plants. There are two categories of betalains : Betacyanins include the reddish to violet betalain pigments. Among the betacyanins present in plants include betanin, isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. Betaxanthins are those betalain pigments which appear yellow to orange. Among the betaxanthins present in plants include vulgaxanthin, miraxanthin, portulaxanthin, and indicaxanthin. Plant physiologists are uncertain of the function that betalains serve in those plants which possess them, but there is some preliminary evidence that they may have fungicidal properties. Furthermore, betalains have been found in fluorescent flowers. Chemistry Chemical structure of betanin. It was once thought that betalains were related to anthocyanins, the reddish pigments found in most plants. Both betalains and anthocyanins are water - soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells. However, betalains are structurally and chemically unlike anthocyanins and the two have never been found in the same plant together. For example, betalains contain nitrogen whereas anthocyanins do not. It is now known that betalains are aromatic indole derivatives synthesized from tyrosine. They are not related chemically to the anthocyanins and are not even flavonoids. Each betalain is a glycoside, and consists of a sugar and a colored portion. Their synthesis is promoted by light. The most heavily studied betalain is betanin, also called beetroot red after the fact that it may be extracted from red beet roots. Betanin is a glucoside, and hydrolyzes into the sugar glucose and betanidin. It is used as a food coloring agent, and the color is sensitive to pH. Other betalains known to occur in beets are isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. The color and antioxidant capacity of betanin and indicaxanthin ( betaxanthin derived of L - proline ) are affected by dielectric microwave heating. Addition of TFE ( 2, 2, 2 - trifluoroethanol ) is reported to improve the hydrolytic stability of some betalains in aqueous solution. Furthermore, a betanin - europium ( III ) complex has been used to detect calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores, including Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus. Other important betacyanins are amaranthine and isoamaranthine, isolated from species of Amaranthus. Taxonomic significance Flowers of the cactus Mammillaria sp. contain betalains. Betalain pigments occur only in the Caryophyllales and some Basidiomycota ( mushrooms ). Where they occur in plants, they sometimes coexist with anthoxanthins ( yellow to orange flavonoids ), but never occur in plant species with anthocyanins. Among the flowering plant order Caryophyllales, most members produce betalains and lack anthocyanins. Of all the families in the Caryophyllales, only the Caryophyllaceae ( carnation family ) and Molluginaceae produce anthocyanins instead of betalains. The limited distribution of betalains among plants is a synapomorphy for the Caryophyllales, though their production has been lost in two families. Economic uses Inflorescences of Amaranthus caudatus ( love - lies - bleeding ) contain large quantities of betacyanins. Betanin is commercially used as a natural food dye. It can cause beeturia ( red urine ) and red feces in some people who are unable to break it down. The interest of the food industry in betalains has grown since they were identified by in vitro methods as antioxidants, which may protect against oxidation of low - density lipoproteins. Semisynthetic derivatives Betanin extracted from the red beet was used as starting material for the semisynthesis of an artificial betalainic coumarin, which was applied as a fluorescent probe for the live - cell imaging of Plasmodium - infected erythrocytes. See also Biological pigment References Jump up ^ Strack D, Vogt T, Schliemann W ( February 2003 ). `` Recent advances in betalain research ''. Phytochemistry. 62 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 69. doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9422 ( 02 ) 00564 - 2. PMID 12620337. ^ Jump up to : Robinson T ( 1963 ). The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants. Minneapolis : Burgess Publishing. p. 292. ^ Jump up to : Salisbury FB, Ross CW ( 1991 ). Plant Physiology ( 4th ed. ). Belmont, California : Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 325 -- 326. ISBN 0 - 534 - 15162 - 0. Jump up ^ Kimler LM ( 1975 ). `` Betanin, the red beet pigment, as an antifungal agent ''. Botanical Society of America, Abstracts of papers. 36. Jump up ^ Gandía - Herrero F, García - Carmona F, Escribano J ( 2005 ). `` Botany : floral fluorescence effect ''. Nature. 437 ( 7057 ) : 334. Bibcode : 2005Natur. 437... 334G. doi : 10.1038 / 437334a. PMID 16163341. Jump up ^ Francis F ( 1999 ). Colorants. Egan Press. ISBN 1 - 891127 - 00 - 4. Jump up ^ Stafford HA ( 1994 ). `` Anthocyanins and betalains : evolution of the mutually exclusive pathways ''. Plant Science. 101 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 98. doi : 10.1016 / 0168 - 9452 ( 94 ) 90244 - 5. ISSN 0168 - 9452. Retrieved 20 May 2013 Jump up ^ Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE ( 2004 ). Biology of Plants ( 7th ed. ). New York : W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 465. ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2. Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC, Di Genova BM, Dörr FA, Pinto E, Bastos EL ( 2013 ). `` Effect of dielectric microwave heating on the color and antiradical capacity of betanin ''. Journal of Food Engineering. 118 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 55. doi : 10.1016 / j. jfoodeng. 2013.03. 022. Jump up ^ Bartoloni FH, Gonçalves LC, Rodrigues AC, Dörr FA, Pinto E, Bastos EL ( 2013 ). `` Photophysics and hydrolytic stability of betalains in aqueous trifluoroethanol ''. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly. 144 ( 4 ) : 567 -- 571. doi : 10.1007 / s00706 - 012 - 0883 - 5. Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC, Da Silva SM, DeRose PC, Ando RA, Bastos EL ( 2013 ). `` Beetroot - pigment - derived colorimetric sensor for detection of calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores ''. PloS One. 8 ( 9 ) : e73701. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO... 873701G. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0073701. PMC 3760816. PMID 24019934. ^ Jump up to : Cronquist A ( 1981 ). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. New York : Columbia University Press. pp. 235 -- 9. ISBN 0 - 231 - 03880 - 1. Jump up ^ Escribano J, Pedreño MA, García - Carmona F, Muñoz R ( 1998 ). `` Characterization of the antiradical activity of betalains from Beta vulgaris L. roots ''. Phytochem. Anal. 9 ( 3 ) : 124 -- 7. doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1099 - 1565 ( 199805 / 06 ) 9 : 3 < 124 : : AID - PCA401 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0. Jump up ^ Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Butera D, Livrea MA ( October 2004 ). `` Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs : potential health effects of betalains in humans ''. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 ( 4 ) : 941 -- 5. PMID 15447903. Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC, Trassi MA, Lopes NB, Dörr FA, Santos MT, Baader WJ, Oliveira Bastos EL ( 2012 ). `` A comparative study of the purification of betanin ''. Food Chem. 131 : 231 -- 238. doi : 10.1016 / j. foodchem. 2011.08. 067. Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC, Tonelli RR, Bagnaresi P, Mortara RA, Ferreira AG, Bastos EL ( 2013 ). Sauer M, ed. `` A nature - inspired betalainic probe for live - cell imaging of Plasmodium - infected erythrocytes ''. PloS One. 8 ( 1 ) : e53874. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO... 853874G. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0053874. PMC 3547039. PMID 23342028. External links Look up betalain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Betalain synthesis diagram Types of plant pigments Betalains Betacyanins Betaxanthins Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Curcuminoids 1, 7 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 1, 4, 6 - heptatrien - 3 - one Bisdemethoxycurcumin Desmethoxycurcumin Curcumin Flavonoids Anthocyanins Anthocyanidins Anthoxanthins Flavans Condensed tannins Carotenoids Carotenes Retinoids Xanthophylls Other Allophycocyanin Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrocyanin Quinones Xanthonoids Glycosides Bond O - glycosidic bond N - glycosidic bond S - glycosidic bond C - glycosidic bond Geometry α - Glycoside β - Glycoside 1, 4 - Glycoside 1, 6 - Glycoside Glycone Fructoside Galactoside Glucoside Glucuronide Rhamnoside Riboside Aglycone Alcoholic glycoside Cardiac glycoside Bufadienolide Cardenolide Cyanogenic glycoside Glycosylamine Phenolic glycoside Anthraquinone glycoside Coumarin glycoside Flavonoid glycoside Saponin Steviol glycoside Thioglycoside Types of phytochemicals Terpenoids Types of Terpenes and Terpenoids ( # of isoprene units ) Basic forms : Acyclic ( linear, cis and trans forms ) Monocyclic ( single ring ) Bicyclic ( 2 rings ) Iridoids ( cyclopentane ring ) Iridoid glycosides ( iridoids bound to a sugar ) Steroids ( 4 rings ) Hemiterpenoids ( 1 ) Isoprene ( C H ) Prenol Isovaleric acid Monoterpene ( C H ) ( 2 ) Acyclic Ocimene Myrcenes Monocyclic Limonene Terpinene Phellandrene Umbellulone Bicyclic Pinene ( β and α Camphene Thujene Sabinene Carene Monoterpenoids ( 2, modified ) Acyclic Linalool Citronellal Citral Citronellol Geraniol Geranyl pyrophosphate Monocyclic Grapefruit mercaptan menthol p - Cymene thymol Perillyl alcohol Carvacrol Bicyclic Camphor Borneol Eucalyptol Halomon Eucalyptol Pinene Ascaridole Sesquiterpenoids ( 3 ) Farnesyl pyrophosphate Artemisinin Bisabolol Diterpenoids ( 4 ) Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Gibberellin Retinol Retinal Phytol Taxol Forskolin Aphidicolin Salvinorin A Sesterterpenoids ( 5 ) geranylfarnesol Triterpenoids ( 6 ) Steroids Phytosterols Campesterol beta Sitosterol gamma sitosterol Stigmasterol Tocopherols Cholesterol Testosterone Cholecalciferol ( Vit D ) Ecdysones Other Saponins Squalane Lanosterol Acids Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid Betulinic acid Moronic acid Sesquarterpenes / oids ( 7 ) ferrugicadiol tetraprenylcurcumene Tetraterpenoids ( Carotenoids ) ( 8 ) Carotenes Alpha - Carotene Beta - Carotene Gamma - Carotene Delta - Carotene Lycopene Neurosporene Phytofluene Phytoene Xanthophylls : Canthaxanthin Cryptoxanthin Zeaxanthin Astaxanthin Lutein Rubixanthin Polyterpenoids ( many ) sap, resins, latex of many plants, e.g. rubber Norisoprenoids ( modified ) 3 - oxo - α - ionol 7, 8 - dihydroionone Synthesis Terpene synthase enzymes ( many ), having in common a Terpene synthase N terminal domain ( protein domain ) Activated isoprene forms Isopentenyl pyrophosphate ( IPP ) Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate ( DMAPP ) Phenolic compounds Types of phenolic compounds Natural monophenols Benzenediols Benzenetriols Apiole Carnosol Carvacrol Dillapiole Rosemarinol Polyphenols Types of polyphenols Flavonoids ( C6 - C3 - C6 ) Types of flavonoids Flavonoids Anthoxanthins Flavones Apigenin, Chrysin, et. c. Flavonols Quercetin, Kaempferol, et. c. Isoflavoness Daidzein, Genistein, Orobol et. c. Neoflavonoids Dalbergichromene Flavans Flavan Luteoliflavan Flavan - 3 - ols ( flavanols ) Catechin, Gallocatechol, et. c. Flavan - 4 - ols ( flavanols ) Apiforol, Luteoforol, et. c. Flavan - 3, 4 - diols Leucocyanidin, Leucodelphinidin, et. c. Flavanones Hesperidin Naringenin Eriodictyol Flavanonols Taxifolin Aromadendrin, et. c. Anthocyanidins 3 - deoxyanthocyanidins Cyanidin, Delphinidin, et. c. 3 - hydroxyanthocyanidin Apigeninidin, Guibourtinidin, et. c. Aurones Aureusidin Leptosidin Chalcones Chalcones Butein, Isoliquiritigenin, et. c. Dihydrochalcone Phloretin Miscellaneous List of phytochemicals in food C - methylated flavonoids O - methylated flavonoids Furanoflavonoids Pyranoflavonoids Prenylflavonoids Methylenedioxy Castavinols Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonolignans Silymarin Lignans ( ( C6 - C3 ) ) Matairesinol Secoisolariciresinol Pinoresinol Stilbenoids ( C6 - C2 - C6 ) Resveratrol Pterostilbene Piceatannol Pinosylvin Curcuminoids Curcumin Tannins Types of natural tannins Hydrolysable tannins Ellagitannins Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B Gallotannins Digalloyl glucose 1, 3, 6 - Trigalloyl glucose Condensed tannins Proanthocyanidins Polyflavonoid tannins Catechol - type tannins Pyrocatecollic type tannins Flavolans Phlorotannins Eckol 8, 8 ′ - Bieckol 6, 6 ' - Bieckol Dieckol Eckstolonol Diphlorethol Difucol Fucophlorethol A Phlorofucofuroeckol A Tetrafucol A Trifucol Bifuhalol 7 - Phloroeckol Phlorofucofuroeckol B Flavono - ellagitannins ( complex tannins ) Epicutissimin A Acutissimin A Other Miscellaneous Tannin sources Pseudo tannins Synthetic tannins Tannin uses Enological Drilling Ink Tanning Others Diarylheptanoids ( C6 - C7 - C6 ) Anthraquinones Chalconoids ( C6 - C3 - C6 ) Kavalactones Naphthoquinones ( C6 - C4 ) Phenylpropanoids ( C6 - C3 ) Xanthonoids ( C6 - C1 - C6 ) Coumarins and isocoumarins Misc : Polyphenols Aromatic acids Aromatic acids Phenolic acids Monohydroxybenzoic acids Aglycones 3 - Hydroxybenzoic acid 4 - Hydroxybenzoic acid Salicylic acid Glycosides p - Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside Dihydroxybenzoic acids 2, 3 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid ( Hypogallic acid ) 2, 4 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2, 6 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3, 5 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid Ethyl protocatechuate Gentisic acid Homogentisic acid Orsellinic acid Protocatechuic acid Trihydroxybenzoic acids Bergenin Chebulic acid Ethyl gallate Eudesmic acid Gallic acid Tannic acid Norbergenin Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid Syringic acid Theogallin Other phenolic acids Vanillin Ellagic acid Hydroxycinnamic acids α - Cyano - 4 - hydroxycinnamic acid Caffeic acid Cichoric acid Cinnamic acid Chlorogenic acid Diferulic acids Coumaric acid Coumarin Ferulic acid Sinapinic acid Aromatic amino acids phenylalanine tryptophan histidine tyrosine thyroxine 5 - hydroxytryptophan L - DOPA Phenylethanoids Tyrosol Hydroxytyrosol Oleocanthal Oleuropein Others Capsaicin Gingerol Alkylresorcinols Misc : Phenolic compounds Phlorotannins ) Glucosinolates Precursor to isothiocyanates Sinigrin Gluconasturtiin Glucoraphanin Aglycone derivatives Isothiocyanates Sulforaphane Allyl isothiocyanate Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Nitriles Thiocyanates Organosulfides Sulfides Polysulfides Diallyl disulfide Indoles Indole - 3 - carbinol 3, 3 ' - Diindolylmethane Allicin Alliin Allyl isothiocyanate Piperine Syn - propanethial - S - oxide Betalains Betacyanins Betanin Betaxanthins Indicaxanthin Vulgaxanthin Chlorophylls Chlorophyllin Organic acids Saturated cyclic acids Phytic acid Quinic acid Oxalic acid Tartaric acid Anacardic acid Malic acid Caftaric acid Coutaric acid Fertaric acid Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Hexoses Pentoses Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Chitin Lentinan Fructan Inulins Lignin Pectin Misc : List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betalain&oldid=823343611 '' Categories : Natural dyes Food antioxidants Betalains Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018, at 18 : 07. 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Question: what is the name of the pigment found in beetroot cells
Answer: Betalains