Lymphadenopathy - wikipedia Lymphadenopathy Lymphadenopathy Synonyms Adenopathy Neck lymphadenopathy associated with infectious mononucleosis Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease ICD - 10 I88, L04, R59. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 289.1 - 289.3, 683, 785.6 DiseasesDB 22225 MedlinePlus 001301 eMedicine ped / 1333 MeSH D008206 ( edit on Wikidata ) Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size, number, or consistency. Lymphadenopathy of an inflammatory type ( the most common type ) is lymphadenitis, producing swollen or enlarged lymph nodes. In clinical practice, the distinction between lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis is rarely made and the words are usually treated as synonymous. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is known as lymphangitis. Infectious lymphadenitides affecting lymph nodes in the neck are often called scrofula. The term comes from the word lymph and a combination of the Greek words αδένας, adenas ( `` gland '' ) and παθεία, patheia ( `` act of suffering '' or `` disease '' ). Lymphadenopathy is a common and nonspecific sign. Common causes include infections ( from minor ones such as the common cold to dangerous ones such as HIV / AIDS ), autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Lymphadenopathy is also frequently idiopathic and self - limiting. Contents 1 Classification 2 Causes 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Benign ( reactive ) lymphadenopathy 3.2 Localization 3.3 Size 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Classification Micrograph of dermatopathic lymphadenopathy, a type of lymphadenopathy. H&E stain. CT scan of axillary lymphadenopathy in a 57 year old man with multiple myeloma. By size, lymphadenopathy in adults is present when the short axis of one or more lymph nodes is greater than 10mm. However, there is regional variation as detailed in this table : Upper limit of lymph node sizes in adults Generally 10 mm Inguinal 10 -- 20 mm Pelvis 10 mm for ovoid lymph nodes, 8 mm for rounded Neck Generally ( non-retropharyngeal ) 10 mm Jugulodigastric lymph nodes 11mm or 15 mm Retropharyngeal 8 mm Lateral retropharyngeal : 5 mm Mediastinum Mediastinum, generally 10 mm Superior mediastinum and high paratracheal 7mm Low paratracheal and subcarinal 11 mm Upper abdominal Retrocrural space 6 mm Paracardiac 8 mm Gastrohepatic ligament 8 mm Upper paraaortic region 9 mm Portacaval space 10 mm Porta hepatis 7 mm Lower paraaortic region 11 mm Lymphadenopathy of the axillary lymph nodes can be defined as solid nodes measuring more than 15 mm without fatty hilum. Axillary lymph nodes may be normal up to 30 mm if consisting largely of fat. In children, a short axis of 8 mm can be used. However, inguinal lymph nodes of up to 15 mm and cervical lymph nodes of up to 20 mm are generally normal in children up to age 8 -- 12. By extent : Localized lymphadenopathy : due to localized spot of infection e.g., an infected spot on the scalp will cause lymph nodes in the neck on that same side to swell up Generalized lymphadenopathy : due to a systemic infection of the body e.g., influenza or secondary syphilis Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy ( PGL ) : persisting for a long time, possibly without an apparent cause By malignancy : Benign lymphadenopathy is distinguished from malignant causes which mainly refer to lymphomas or lymph node metastasis By localization, including hilar lymphadenopathy. Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy : lymphadenopathy associated with skin disease. Causes Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathies of testicular seminoma, embrace the aorta. Computed tomography image. Lymph node enlargement is recognized as a common sign of infectious, autoimmune, or malignant disease. Examples may include : Reactive : acute infection ( e.g., bacterial, or viral ), or chronic infections ( tuberculous lymphadenitis, cat - scratch disease ). The most distinctive sign of bubonic plague is extreme swelling of one or more lymph nodes that bulge out of the skin as `` buboes. '' The buboes often become necrotic and may even rupture. Infectious mononucleosis is an acute viral infection caused by Epstein - Barr virus and may be characterized by a marked enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes. It is also a sign of cutaneous anthrax and Human African trypanosomiasis Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease, gives a generalized lymphadenopathy ( Piringer - Kuchinka lymphadenopathy ). Plasma cell variant of Castleman 's disease - associated with HHV - 8 infection and HIV infection Mesenteric lymphadenitis after viral systemic infection ( particularly in the GALT in the appendix ) can commonly present like appendicitis. Less common infectious causes of lymphadenopathy may include bacterial infections such as cat scratch disease, tularemia, brucellosis, or prevotella. Tumoral : Primary : Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma give lymphadenopathy in all or a few lymph nodes. Secondary : metastasis, Virchow 's Node, neuroblastoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Autoimmune : systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis may have a generalized lymphadenopathy. Immunocompromised : AIDS. Generalized lymphadenopathy is an early sign of infection with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). `` Lymphadenopathy syndrome '' has been used to describe the first symptomatic stage of HIV progression, preceding a diagnosis of AIDS. Bites from certain venomous snakes such as the pit viper Unknown : Kikuchi disease, progressive transformation of germinal centers, sarcoidosis, hyaline - vascular variant of Castleman 's disease, Rosai - Dorfman disease, Kawasaki disease, Kimura disease Diagnosis Benign ( reactive ) lymphadenopathy Benign lymphadenopathy is a common biopsy finding, and may often be confused with malignant lymphoma. It may be separated into major morphologic patterns, each with its own differential diagnosis with certain types of lymphoma. Most cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia are easy to diagnose, but some cases may be confused with follicular lymphoma. There are seven distinct patterns of benign lymphadenopathy : Follicular hyperplasia : This is the most common type of reactive lymphadenopathy. Paracortical hyperplasia / Interfollicular hyperplasia : It is seen in viral infections, skin diseases, and nonspecific reactions. Sinus histiocytosis : It is seen in lymph nodes draining limbs, inflammatory lesions, and malignancies. Nodal extensive necrosis Nodal granulomatous inflammation Nodal extensive fibrosis ( Connective tissue framework ) Nodal deposition of interstitial substance These morphological patterns are never pure. Thus, reactive follicular hyperplasia can have a component of paracortical hyperplasia. However, this distinction is important for the differential diagnosis of the cause. Localization Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy Size Lymphadenopathy of more than 1.5 cm - 2 cm increases the risk of cancer or granulomatous disease as the cause rather than only inflammation or infection. Still, an increasing size and persistence over time are more indicative of cancer. Treatment This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. ( December 2017 ) See also Adenitis Lymphovascular invasion References Jump up ^ King, D ; Ramachandra, J ; Yeomanson, D ( 2 January 2014 ). `` Lymphadenopathy in children : refer or reassure ? ''. Archives of Disease in Childhood : Education and Practice Edition. 99 : 101 -- 110. doi : 10.1136 / archdischild - 2013 - 304443. PMID 24385291. Jump up ^ `` lymphadenitis '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` lymphangitis '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Ganeshalingam, Skandadas ; Koh, Dow - Mu ( 2009 ). `` Nodal staging ''. Cancer Imaging. 9 ( 1 ). doi : 10.1102 / 1470 - 7330.2009. 0017. 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Anne ; Loomis, Susanne L. ; Taber, Katherine H. ; Aquino, Suzanne L. ( 2004 ). `` Patterns of Lymphadenopathy in Thoracic Malignancies ''. RadioGraphics. 24 ( 2 ) : 419 -- 434. doi : 10.1148 / rg. 242035075. ISSN 0271 - 5333. ^ Jump up to : Dorfman, RE ; Alpern, MB ; Gross, BH ; Sandler, MA ( 1991 ). `` Upper abdominal lymph nodes : criteria for normal size determined with CT ''. Radiology. 180 ( 2 ) : 319 -- 322. doi : 10.1148 / radiology. 180.2. 2068292. ISSN 0033 - 8419. ^ Jump up to : Page 559 in : Wolfgang Dähnert ( 2011 ). Radiology Review Manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781609139438. Jump up ^ Page 942 in : Richard M. Gore, Marc S. Levine ( 2010 ). High Yield Imaging Gastrointestinal HIGH YIELD in Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455711444. Jump up ^ Laurence Knott. `` Generalised Lymphadenopathy ''. Patient UK. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04. 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Jump up ^ Zhang, H ; Wang, R ; Wang, H ; Xu, Y ; Chen, J ( June 2012 ). `` Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in Castleman 's disease : a systematic review of the literature and 2 case reports ''. Internal Medicine ( Tokyo, Japan ). 51 ( 12 ) : 1537 -- 1542. doi : 10.2169 / internalmedicine. 51.6298. PMID 22728487. Jump up ^ Bratucu, E ; Lazar, A ; Marincaş, M ; Daha, C ; Zurac, S ( March -- April 2013 ). `` Aseptic mesenteric lymph node abscesses. In search of an answer. A new entity ? '' ( PDF ). Chirurgia ( Bucarest, Romania : 1990 ). 108 ( 2 ) : 152 -- 160. PMID 23618562. Jump up ^ Leung, A ; Sigalet, DL ( June 2003 ). `` Acute Abdominal Pain in Children ''. American Family Physician. 67 ( 11 ) : 2321 -- 2327. Jump up ^ Glass, C ( September 2008 ). `` Role of the Primary Care Physician in Hodgkin Lymphoma ''. American Family Physician. 78 ( 5 ) : 615 -- 622. PMID 18788239. Jump up ^ Colon, NC ; Chung, DH ( 2011 ). `` Neuroblastoma ''. 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External links HPC : 13820 on humpath.com ( Digital slides ) Bacterial skin disease ( L00 -- L08, 680 -- 686 ) Gram + ve Firmicutes Staphylococcus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Impetigo Toxic shock syndrome Streptococcus Impetigo Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection Streptococcal intertrigo Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection Erysipelas / Chronic recurrent erysipelas Scarlet fever Corynebacterium Erythrasma Listeriosis Clostridium Gas gangrene Dermatitis gangrenosa Mycoplasma Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Actinobacteria Mycobacterium - related : Aquarium granuloma Borderline lepromatous leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Buruli ulcer Erythema induratum Histoid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Leprosy Lichen scrofulosorum Lupus vulgaris Miliary tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium - intracellulare complex infection Mycobacterium haemophilum infection Mycobacterium kansasii infection Papulonecrotic tuberculid Primary inoculation tuberculosis Rapid growing mycobacterium infection Scrofuloderma Tuberculosis cutis orificialis Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Tuberculous cellulitis Tuberculous gumma Tuberculoid leprosy Cutaneous actinomycosis Nocardiosis Cutaneous diphtheria infection Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Group JK corynebacterium sepsis Gram - ve Proteobacteria α : Endemic typhus Epidemic typhus Scrub typhus North Asian tick typhus Queensland tick typhus Flying squirrel typhus Trench fever Bacillary angiomatosis African tick bite fever American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Flea - borne spotted fever Japanese spotted fever Mediterranean spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Verruga peruana Brill -- Zinsser disease Brucellosis Cat - scratch disease Oroya fever Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection β : Gonococcemia / Gonorrhea / Primary gonococcal dermatitis Melioidosis Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection Meningococcemia Glanders Chromobacteriosis infection γ : Pasteurellosis Tularemia Vibrio vulnificus Rhinoscleroma Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis Pseudomonal pyoderma / Pseudomonas hot - foot syndrome / Hot tub folliculitis / Ecthyma gangrenosum / Green nail syndrome Q fever Salmonellosis Shigellosis Plague Granuloma inguinale Chancroid Aeromonas infection ε : Helicobacter cellulitis Other Syphilid Syphilis Chancre Yaws Pinta Bejel Chlamydia infection Leptospirosis Rat - bite fever Lyme disease Lymphogranuloma venereum Unspecified pathogen Abscess Periapical abscess Boil / furuncle Hospital furunculosis Carbuncle Cellulitis Paronychia / Pyogenic paronychia Perianal cellulitis Acute lymphadenitis Pilonidal cyst Pyoderma Folliculitis Superficial pustular folliculitis Sycosis vulgaris Pimple Ecthyma Pitted keratolysis Trichomycosis axillaris Necrotizing fascitis Gangrene Chronic undermining burrowing ulcers Fournier gangrene Elephantiasis nostras Blistering distal dactylitis Botryomycosis Malakoplakia Gram - negative folliculitis Gram - negative toe web infection Pyomyositis Blastomycosis - like pyoderma Bullous impetigo Chronic lymphangitis Recurrent toxin - mediated perineal erythema Tick - borne lymphadenopathy Tropical ulcer Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system ( R00 -- R03, 785 ) Chest pain Referred pain Angina Aerophagia Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Diastolic Continuous Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus tardus et parvus Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Dicrotic pulse Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Pulse deficit Vascular disease Gangrene Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Distributive Septic Neurogenic Lymphatic disease : Lymphatic organ disease ( D73 / E32 / I88 -- I89, 254 / 289.4 -- 289.5 / 457 ) Thymus Abscess of thymus Thymus hyperplasia Spleen Acquired asplenia / hyposplenism Wandering spleen Splenomegaly ( Banti 's syndrome ) Splenic infarction Tonsil see Template : Respiratory pathology Lymph node Lymphadenopathy / lymphadenitis Generalized lymphadenopathy Castleman 's disease Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma Kikuchi disease Inflammation Acute Plasma - derived mediators Bradykinin complement C3 C5a MAC coagulation Factor XII Plasmin Thrombin Cell - derived mediators preformed : Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin synthesized on demand : cytokines IFN - γ IL - 8 TNF - α IL - 1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins Chronic Macrophage Epithelioid cell Giant cell Granuloma Processes Traditional Rubor Calor Tumor Dolor Functio laesa Modern Acute - phase reaction / Fever Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Exudate Leukocyte extravasation Chemotaxis Specific locations Nervous CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis chorioretinitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis externa Otitis media Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestive mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis / Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis accessory Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis : Osteitis / Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis pregnancy / newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphadenopathy&oldid=825861718 '' Categories : Inflammations Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes Cytopathology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox medical condition Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 21 : 19. 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Question: inflammation of the lymph nodes can be caused by what
Answer: Lymphadenopathy