Cave painting - wikipedia Cave painting Cave of Pettakere, Bantimurung district ( kecamatan ), South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Hand stencils estimated between 35,000 - 40,000 BP Cueva de las Manos located Perito Moreno, Argentina. The art in the cave dates between 13,000 - 9,000 BP Cave paintings ( also known as `` parietal art '' ) are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to some 40,000 years ago ( around 38,000 BCE ) in Eurasia. The exact purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not known. Evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas since the caves in which they have been found do not have signs of ongoing habitation. They are also often located in areas of caves that are not easily accessible. Some theories hold that cave paintings may have been a way of communicating with others, while other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them. The paintings are remarkably similar around the world, with animals being common subjects that give the most impressive images. Humans mainly appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the wall. The earliest known cave paintings / drawings of animals are at least 35,000 years old and were found in caves in the district of Maros, located in Bantimurung district, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, according to datings announced in 2014. Previously it was believed that the earliest paintings were in Europe. The earliest figurative paintings in Europe date back to the Aurignacian period, approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago, and are found in the Chauvet Cave in France, and in the Coliboaia Cave in Romania. The earliest non-figurative rock art dates back to approximately 40,000 years ago, the date given both to a disk in the El Castillo cave and a hand stencil in Timpuseng cave Sulawesi, Indonesia. There are similar later paintings in Africa, Australia and South America, continuing until recent times in some places, though there is a worldwide tendency for open air rock art to succeed paintings deep in caves. Contents 1 History of discovery 1.1 Age 1.2 Subjects, themes and patterns 1.3 Theories and interpretations 2 Locations 2.1 Southern Africa 2.2 Horn of Africa 2.3 North Africa 2.4 Australia 2.5 Europe 2.6 India 2.7 North America 2.8 South America 2.9 Southeast Asia 2.10 East Asia 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History of Discovery Age Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years. Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Cueva de las Monedas Nearly 340 caves have now been discovered in France and Spain that contain art from prehistoric times. Initially, the age of the paintings had been a contentious issue, since methods like radiocarbon dating can produce misleading results if contaminated by samples of older or newer material, and caves and rocky overhangs ( where parietal art is found ) are typically littered with debris from many time periods. But subsequent technology has made it possible to date the paintings by sampling the pigment itself and the torch marks on the walls. The choice of subject matter can also indicate chronology. For instance, the reindeer depicted in the Spanish cave of Cueva de las Monedas places the drawings in the last Ice Age. The oldest date given to an animal cave painting is now a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old at Timpuseng cave in Sulawesi, an Indonesian island. Indonesian and Australian scientists have dated other non-figurative paintings on the walls to be approximately 40,000 years old. The method they used to confirm this was dating the age of the stalactites that formed over the top of the paintings. The art is similar in style and method to that of the Indonesian caves as there were also hand stencils and disks made by blowing paint onto the walls. Cave paintings in El Castillo cave were found to date back to at least 37,300 years old by researchers at Bristol University, making them the oldest known cave art in Europe, 5 -- 10,000 years older than previous examples from France. This date coincides with the earliest known evidence for Homo sapiens in Europe. Because of the cave art 's age, some scientists have conjectured that the paintings may have been made by Neanderthals. The earliest known European figurative cave paintings are those of Chauvet Cave in France. These paintings date to earlier than 30,000 BCE ( Upper Paleolithic ) according to radiocarbon dating. Some researchers believe the drawings are too advanced for this era and question this age. However, more than 80 radiocarbon dates had been obtained by 2011, with samples taken from torch marks and from the paintings themselves, as well as from animal bones and charcoal found on the cave floor. The radiocarbon dates from these samples show that there were two periods of creation in Chauvet : 35,000 years ago and 30,000 years ago. One of the surprises was that many of the paintings were modified repeatedly over thousands of years, possibly explaining the confusion about finer paintings that seemed to date earlier than cruder ones. In 2009, cavers discovered drawings in Coliboaia Cave in Romania, stylistically comparable to those at Chauvet. An initial dating puts the age of an image in the same range as Chauvet : about 32,000 years old. In Australia, cave paintings have been found on the Arnhem Land plateau showing megafauna which are thought to have been extinct for over 40,000 years, making this site another candidate for oldest known painting ; however, the proposed age is dependent on the estimate of the extinction of the species seemingly depicted. Another Australian site, Nawarla Gabarnmang, has charcoal drawings that have been radiocarbon - dated to 28,000 years, making it the oldest site in Australia and among the oldest in the world for which reliable date evidence has been obtained. Other examples may date as late as the Early Bronze Age, but the well - known Magdalenian style seen at Lascaux in France ( c. 15,000 BCE ) and Altamira in Spain died out about 10,000 BCE, coinciding with the advent of the Neolithic period. Some caves probably continued to be painted over a period of several thousands of years. The next phase of surviving European prehistoric painting, the rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, was very different, concentrating on large assemblies of smaller and much less detailed figures, with at least as many humans as animals. This was created roughly between 10,000 and 5,500 years ago, and painted in rock shelters under cliffs or shallow caves, in contrast to the recesses of deep caves used in the earlier ( and much colder ) period. Though individual figures are less naturalistic, they are grouped in coherent grouped compositions to a much greater degree. Subjects, themes and patterns Spanish cave painting of bulls. The most common subjects in cave paintings are large wild animals, such as bison, horses, aurochs, and deer, and tracings of human hands as well as abstract patterns, called finger flutings. The species found most often were suitable for hunting by humans, but were not necessarily the actual typical prey found in associated deposits of bones ; for example, the painters of Lascaux have mainly left reindeer bones, but this species does not appear at all in the cave paintings, where equine species are the most common. Drawings of humans were rare and are usually schematic as opposed to the more detailed and naturalistic images of animal subjects. One explanation for this may be that realistically painting the human form was `` forbidden by a powerful religious taboo. '' Kieran D. O'Hara, geologist, suggests in his book Cave Art and Climate Change that climate controlled the themes depicted. Pigments used include red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was incised in the rock first, and in some caves all or many of the images are only engraved in this fashion, taking them somewhat out of a strict definition of `` cave painting ''. Similarly, large animals are also the most common subjects in the many small carved and engraved bone or ivory ( less often stone ) pieces dating from the same periods. But these include the group of Venus figurines, which have no real equivalent in cave paintings. Hand stencils, made by placing a hand on the wall and blowing pigment at it ( probably through a pipe of some kind ), form a characteristic image of a roughly round area of solid pigment with the uncoloured shape of the hand in the centre, which may then be decorated with lines or dashes. These are often found in the same caves as other paintings, or may be the only form of painting in a location. Some walls contain many hand stencils. Similar hands are also painted in the usual fashion. A number of hands show a finger wholly or partly missing, for which a number of explanations have been given. Hand images are found in similar forms in Europe, Eastern Asia and South America. Theories and interpretations Rock paintings from the Cave of Beasts ( Gilf Kebir, Libyan Desert ) Estimated 7000 BP Henri Breuil interpreted the paintings as being hunting magic, meant to increase the number of animals. Another theory, developed by David Lewis - Williams and broadly based on ethnographic studies of contemporary hunter - gatherer societies, is that the paintings were made by paleolithic shamans. The shaman would retreat into the darkness of the caves, enter into a trance state, and then paint images of their visions, perhaps with some notion of drawing power out of the cave walls themselves. R. Dale Guthrie, who has studied both highly artistic and publicized paintings and a variety of lower quality art and figurines, identifies a wide range of skill and ages among the artists. He hypothesizes that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts ( powerful beasts, risky hunting scenes and the representation of women in the Venus figurines ) are the work of adolescent males, who constituted a large part of the human population at the time. However, in analyzing hand prints and stencils in French and Spanish caves, Dean Snow of Pennsylvania State University has proposed that a proportion of them, including those around the spotted horses in Pech Merle, were of female hands. Locations Southern Africa San rock paintings from the Western Cape in South Africa. At uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park, South Africa, now thought to be some 3,000 years old, the paintings by the San people who settled in the area some 8,000 years ago depict animals and humans, and are thought to represent religious beliefs. Human figures are much more common in the rock art of Africa than in Europe. Cave paintings found at the Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia are estimated to date from approximately 23,000 -- 25,000 BCE. Horn of Africa Cave paintings at the Laas Geel complex in northern Somaliland. In 2002, a French archaeological team discovered the Laas Geel cave paintings on the outskirts of Hargeisa in the northwestern region of Somaliland. Dating back around 5,000 years, the paintings depict both wild animals and decorated cows. They also feature herders, who are believed to be the creators of the rock art. In 2008, Somali archaeologists announced the discovery of other cave paintings in Dhambalin region, which the researchers suggest includes one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the Ethiopian - Arabian style, dated to 1000 to 3000 BCE. Additionally, between the towns of Las Khorey and El Ayo in Karinhegane, the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals. Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old. Karihegane 's rock art is in the same distinctive Ethiopian - Arabian style as the Laas Geel and Dhambalin cave paintings. Around 25 miles from Las Khorey is found Gelweita, another key rock art site. In Djibouti, rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at Dorra and Balho. North Africa Cave painting at the Tassili n'Ajjer UNESCO World Heritage Site in southeast Algeria. Many cave paintings are found in the Tassili n'Ajjer mountains in southeast Algeria. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the rock art was first discovered in 1933 and has since yielded 15,000 engravings and drawings that keep a record of the various animal migrations, climatic shifts, and change in human inhabitation patterns in this part of the Sahara from 6000 BCE to the late classical period. Other cave paintings are also found at the Akakus, Mesak Settafet and Tadrart in Libya and other Sahara regions including : Ayr mountains, Niger and Tibesti, Chad. The Cave of Swimmers and the Cave of Beasts in southwest Egypt, near the border with Libya, in the mountainous Gilf Kebir region of the Sahara Desert. The Cave of Swimmers was discovered in October 1933 by the Hungarian explorer László Almásy. The site contains rock painting images of people swimming, which are estimated to have been created 10,000 years ago during the time of the most recent Ice Age. Australia Significant early cave paintings, executed in ochre, have been found in Kakadu, Australia. Ochre is not an organic material, so carbon dating of these pictures is often impossible. Sometimes the approximate date, or at least, an epoch, can be surmised from the painting content, contextual artifacts, or organic material intentionally or inadvertently mixed with the inorganic ochre paint, including torch soot. A red ochre painting, discovered at the centre of the Arnhem Land Plateau, depicts two emu - like birds with their necks outstretched. They have been identified by a palaeontologist as depicting the megafauna species Genyornis, giant birds thought to have become extinct more than 40,000 years ago ; however, this evidence is inconclusive for dating. It may merely suggest that Genyornis became extinct at a later date than previously determined. The Whitsunday Islands are also home to a surprising number of cave paintings. The cave paintings by the seafaring Ngaro people on Hook Island, Australia, are remarkable for their non-figurative, non-representational, or abstract content. Their significance is a mystery. Europe See also : Caves in Cantabria 30,000 - year - old cave hyena painting found in the Chauvet Cave, France Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Well - known cave paintings include those of : Magura Cave, Bulgaria Cave of El Castillo, Spain Lascaux, France Grotte de Cussac, France Pech Merle, near Cabrerets, France La Marche, in Lussac - les - Châteaux, France Les Combarelles, in Les Eyzies de Tayac, Dordogne, France Chauvet Cave, near Vallon - Pont - d'Arc, France Cave of Niaux, France Cosquer Cave, with an entrance below sea level near Marseille, France Font - de-Gaume, in the Dordogne Valley in France Cave of Altamira, near Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Spain Cave of La Pasiega, Cuevas de El Castillo, Cantabria, Spain Caves of Gargas, France Polychrome cave painting of a wolf, Font - de-Gaume, France Other sites include Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire, England, ( cave etchings and bas - reliefs discovered in 2003 ), Peștera Coliboaia in Romania, Magura Cave in Bulgaria, and Kapova Cave in Russia. Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces, but fewer of those have survived because of erosion. One example is the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi in the Saimaa area of Finland. When Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola first encountered the Magdalenian paintings of the Altamira cave, Cantabria, Spain in 1879, the academics of the time considered them hoaxes. Recent reappraisals and numerous additional discoveries have since demonstrated their authenticity, while at the same time stimulating interest in the artistry of Upper Palaeolithic peoples. India Main article : Cave paintings in India Bhimbetka rock painting The Bhimbetka rock shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India ; a number of analyses suggest that some of these shelters were inhabited by humans for more than 100,000 years. The earliest paintings on the cave walls are believed to be of the Mesolithic period, dating to 30,000 years ago. The most recent painting, consisting of geometric figures, date to the medieval period. Executed mainly in red and white with the occasional use of green and yellow, the paintings depict the lives and times of the people who lived in the caves, including scenes of childbirth, communal dancing and drinking, religious rites and burials, as well as indigenous animals. North America Painted Cave, Santa Barbara County, California Main article : Great Mural Rock Art, Baja California Distinctive monochrome and polychrome cave paintings and murals exist in the mid-peninsula regions of southern Baja California and northern Baja California Sur, consisting of Pre-Columbian paintings of humans, land animals, sea creatures, and abstract designs. These paintings are mostly confined to the sierras of this region, but can also be found in outlying mesas and rock shelters. According to recent radiocarbon studies of the area, of materials recovered from archaeological deposits in the rock shelters and on materials in the paintings themselves, suggest that the Great Murals may have a time range extending as far back as 7,500 years ago. Further information : Rock art of the Chumash people Native artists in the Chumash tribes created cave paintings that are located in present - day Santa Barbara, Ventura, and San Luis Obispo Counties in Southern California. They include well executed examples at Burro Flats Painted Cave and Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park. There are also Native American pictogram examples in caves of the Southwestern United States. Cave art that is 6,000 years old was found in the Cumberland Plateau region of Tennessee. South America Serra da Capivara National Park is a national park in the north east of Brazil with many prehistoric paintings ; the park was created to protect the prehistoric artifacts and paintings found there. It became a World Heritage Site in 1991. Its best known archaeological site is Pedra Furada. It is located in northeast state of Piauí, between latitudes 8 ° 26 ' 50 '' and 8 ° 54 ' 23 '' south and longitudes 42 ° 19 ' 47 '' and 42 ° 45 ' 51 '' west. It falls within the municipal areas of São Raimundo Nonato, São João do Piauí, Coronel José Dias and Canto do Buriti. It has an area of 1291.4 square kilometres ( 319,000 acres ). The area has the largest concentration of prehistoric small farms on the American continents. Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in prehistoric periods. Cueva de las Manos ( Spanish for `` Cave of the Hands '' ) is a cave located in the province of Santa Cruz, Argentina, 163 km ( 101 mi ) south of the town of Perito Moreno, within the borders of the Francisco P. Moreno National Park, which includes many sites of archaeological and paleontological importance. The hand images are often negative ( stencilled ). Besides these there are also depictions of human beings, guanacos, rheas, felines and other animals, as well as geometric shapes, zigzag patterns, representations of the sun, and hunting scenes. Similar paintings, though in smaller numbers, can be found in nearby caves. There are also red dots on the ceilings, probably made by submerging their hunting bolas in ink, and then throwing them up. The colours of the paintings vary from red ( made from hematite ) to white, black or yellow. The negative hand impressions date to around 550 BC, the positive impressions from 180 BC, while the hunting drawings are calculated to more than 10,000 years old. Most of the hands are left hands, which suggests that painters held the spraying pipe with their right hand. Gua Tewet, the tree of life, Borneo, Indonesia. Southeast Asia There are rock paintings in caves in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Burma. In Thailand, caves and scarps along the Thai - Burmese border, in the Petchabun Range of Central Thailand, and overlooking the Mekong River in Nakorn Sawan Province, all contain galleries of rock paintings. In Malaysia the oldest paintings are at Gua Tambun in Perak, dated at 2000 years, and those in the Painted Cave at Niah Caves National Park are 1200 years old. The anthropologist Ivor Hugh Norman Evans visited Malaysia in the early 1920s and found that some of the tribes ( especially Negritos ) were still producing cave paintings and had added depictions of modern objects including what are believed to be cars. ( See prehistoric Malaysia. ) In Indonesia the caves at Maros in Sulawesi are famous for their hand prints. About 1500 negative handprints have also been found in 30 painted caves in the Sangkulirang area of Kalimantan ; preliminary dating analysis puts their age in the range of 10,000 years old. In October 2014 it was announced that the Maros painting had been dated as being about 40,000 years old. Dr Maxime Aubert, of Griffith University in Queensland, Australia, said that the minimum age for the outline of a hand was 39,900 years old, which made it `` the oldest hand stencil in the world '' and added, `` Next to it is a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one. '' The Padah - Lin Caves of Burma contain 11,000 - year - old paintings and many rock tools. In the Philippines at Tabon Caves the oldest artwork may be a relief of a shark above the cave entrance. It was partially disfigured by a later jar burial scene. East Asia Originating in the Paleolithic period, the rock art found in Khoit Tsenkher Cave, Mongolia, includes symbols and animal forms painted from the walls up to the ceiling. Stags, buffalo, oxen, ibex, lions, Argali sheep, antelopes, camels, elephants, ostriches, and other animal pictorials are present, often forming a palimpsest of overlapping images. The paintings appear brown or red in color, and are stylistically similar to other Paleolithic rock art from around the world but are unlike any other examples in Mongolia. See also Art of the Upper Paleolithic List of Stone Age art Megalith Petroglyph Prehistoric art Rock - cut architecture Sympathetic magic References Jump up ^ Ghosh, Pallab. `` Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art ''. BBC News. BBC News. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : Zorich, Zach ( January -- February 2012 ). `` From the Trenches -- Drawing Paleolithic Romania ''. Archaeology. 65 ( 1 ). Retrieved 7 March 2013. Jump up ^ Welsh, Liz ; Welsh, Peter ( 2000 ). Rock - art of the Southwest : a Visitor 's Companion ( 1st ed. ). Berkeley, California : Wilderness Press. p. 62. ISBN 0 - 89997 - 258 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Valladas, Helene ( 1 September 2003 ). `` Direct radiocarbon dating of prehistoric cave paintings by accelerator mass spectrometry ''. Measurement Science and Technology. 14 ( 9 ) : 1487 -- 1492. doi : 10.1088 / 0957 - 0233 / 14 / 9 / 301. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Ghosh, Pallab. `` Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art ''. BBC News. `` The minimum age for ( the outline of the hand ) is 39,900 years old, which makes it the oldest hand stencil in the world '', said Dr Aubert. `` Next to it is, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one '', he told BBC News. There are also paintings in the caves that are around 27,000 years old, which means that the inhabitants were painting for at least 13,000 years. '' Jump up ^ Pike, A.W.G. ; Hoffmann, D.L. ; García - Diaz, M. ; Pettitt, P.B. ; Alcolea, J. ; De Balbín, R. ; González - Sainz, C. ; de las Heras, C. ; Lasheras, J.A. ; Montes, R. ; Zilhão, J. ( 15 June 2012 ). `` U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain ''. Science. 336 ( 6087 ) : 1409 -- 1413. PMID 22700921. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1219957. Abstract : ``... minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk, 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform - like symbol ''. Jump up ^ Clottes, Jean ( 2003 ). Chauvet Cave : The Art of Earliest Times. Paul G. Bahn ( translator ). University of Utah Press. ISBN 0 - 87480 - 758 - 1. Translation of La Grotte Chauvet, l'art des origins, Éditions du Seuil, 2001, p. 214. Jump up ^ Amos, Jonathan ( June 14, 2012 ). `` Red dot becomes ' oldest cave art ' ''. BBC News. Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15. Retrieved 15 June 2012. One motif -- a faint red dot -- is said to be more than 40,000 years old. Jump up ^ Than, Ker ( June 14, 2012 ). `` World 's Oldest Cave Art Found -- Made By Neanderthals ? ''. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Clottes, Jean ( October 2002 ). `` Chauvet Cave ( ca. 30,000 B.C. ) ''. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Jump up ^ Pettitt, Paul ( 1 November 2008 ). `` Art and the Middle - to - Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe : Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art ''. Journal of Human Evolution. 55 ( 5 ) : 908 -- 917. PMID 18678392. doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2008.04. 003. Jump up ^ Zorich, Zach ( March -- April 2011 ). `` A Chauvet Primer ''. Archaeology. 64 ( 2 ) : 39. Jump up ^ Ghemis, Calin ; Clottes, J. ; Gely, B. ; Prudhomme, F. ( 2011 ). `` An Exceptional Archaeological Discovery -- the `` Art Gallery '' in Coliboaia Cave ``. Acta Archaeologica Carpathia. XLVI. ISSN 0001 - 5229. Retrieved 7 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : Masters, Emma ( May 31, 2010 ). `` Megafauna cave painting could be 40,000 years old ''. Australian Broadcasting Commission ( ABC ). Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ McGuirk, Rod ( June 18, 2012 ). `` Australian rock art among the world 's oldest ''. Christian Science Monitor. AP. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Gray, Richard ( 5 October 2008 ). `` Prehistoric cave paintings took up to 20,000 years to complete ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Schiller, Ronald ( 1972 ). Reader 's Digest : Marvels and Mysteries of The World Around Us. The Reader 's Digest Association. pp. 51 -- 55. LCCN 72077610. Jump up ^ O'Hara, K. ( 2014 ). Cave Art and Climate Change, Archway Publishing. Jump up ^ Foundation, Bradshaw. `` Hand Paintings and Symbols in Rock Art ''. bradshawfoundation.com. Jump up ^ Whitley, David S. ( 2009 ). Cave Paintings and the Human Spirit : The Origin of Creativity and Belief. Prometheus. p. 35. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 636 - 5. Jump up ^ Guthrie, R. Dale ( 2005 ). `` Preface : Reassembling the Bones ''. The Nature of Paleolithic Art. Chicago ( u.a. ) : Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31126 - 5. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Jump up ^ Hammond, Norman ( September 11, 2009 ). `` Cave painters ' giveaway handprints at Pech - Merle ''. The Times. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Jump up ^ Jaroff, Leon ( 1997 - 06 - 02 ). `` Etched in Stone ''. Time. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07. Wildlife and humans tend to get equal billing in African rock art. ( In the caves of western Europe, by contrast, pictures of animals cover the walls and human figures are rare. ) In southern Africa, home to the San, or Bushmen, many of the rock scenes depicting people interpret the rituals and hallucinations of the shamans who still dominate the San culture today. Among the most evocative images are those believed to represent shamans deep in trance : a reclining, antelope - headed man surrounded by imaginary beasts, for example, or an insect - like humanoid covered with wild decorations. Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 ( ca. 25,500 -- 23,500 B.C. ) and Wonderwerk ( ca. 8000 B.C. ) Cave Stones ''. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2000. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Jump up ^ Bakano, Otto ( April 24, 2011 ). `` Grotto galleries show early Somali life ''. AFP. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Jump up ^ Mire, Sada ( 2008 ). `` The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland ''. African Archaeological Review. 25 : 153 -- 168. doi : 10.1007 / s10437 - 008 - 9032 - 2. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013. Jump up ^ Alberge, Dalya ( 17 September 2010 ). `` UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2013. Jump up ^ Hodd, Michael ( 1994 ). East African Handbook. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 640. ISBN 0 - 8442 - 8983 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Ali, Ismail Mohamed ( 1970 ). Somalia Today : General Information. Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic. p. 295. Jump up ^ Istituto universitario orientale ( Naples, Italy ) ( 1992 ). Annali : Supplemento, Issues 70 - 73. Istituto orientale di Napoli. p. 57. Jump up ^ `` Rock Art Sites of Somaliland ''. CyArk. Retrieved 28 March 2014. Jump up ^ Universität Frankfurt am Main ( 2003 ). Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1 - 2. Africa Manga Verlag. p. 230. Retrieved 7 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Tassili n'Ajjer ''. UNESCO World Heritage Center. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Jump up ^ Tugman, Lindsey ( 1 September 2011 ). `` Oldest cave drawings found in Romanian cave ''. CBS News. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka ''. World Heritage Site. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Baja California Rock Art Dated to 7,500 Years Ago ''. news.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29. Jump up ^ Simekm Jan F. ; Alan Cressler ; Nicholas P. Herrmann ; Sarah C. Sherwood ( 2013 ). `` Sacred landscapes of the south - eastern USA : prehistoric rock and cave art in Tennessee ''. Antiquity. 87 ( 336 ) : 430 -- 446. Jump up ^ Le Comte, Christian ( 2003 ). Argentine Indians. Consorcio de Editores. ISBN 987 - 9479 - 11 - 4. Jump up ^ Weber, George. `` The Semang ''. The Negrito of Malaysia. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Jump up ^ Chazine, J-M. ( 2005 ). `` Rock Art, Burials, and Habitations : Caves in East Kalimantan '' ( PDF ). Asian Perspectives. 44 ( 1 ) : 219 -- 230. doi : 10.1353 / asi. 2005.0006. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Jump up ^ Fage, Luc - Henri ( August 2005 ). `` Hands Across Time : Exploring the Rock Art of Borneo ''. National Geographic. 208 ( 2 ) : 44 -- 45. Retrieved 7 October 2013. Jump up ^ Ghosh, Pallab., Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art, BBC News, 8 October 2014 Jump up ^ Australian Geographic ( October 2014 ). `` Indonesian cave art sets new record ''. Jump up ^ Khoit tsenkher cave rock painting -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre Further reading Dubowski, Mark ( 2010 ). Discovery in the Cave ( Children 's early reader ). New York, USA : Random House. ISBN 0 - 375 - 85893 - 8 Fage, Luc - Henri ; Chazine, Jean - Michel ( 2010 ). Borneo -- Memory of the Caves. Le Kalimanthrope. ISBN 978 - 2 - 9536616 - 1 - 3. Heyd, Thomas ; Clegg, John, eds. ( 2005 ). Aesthetics and Rock Art. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3924 - X. Curtis, Gregory ( 2006 ). The Cave Painters : Probing the Mysteries of the World 's First Artists. Knopf. ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4348 - 4. Nechvatal, Joseph ( 2005 ). `` Immersive Excess in the Apse of Lascaux ''. Technonoetic Arts. 3 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 192. doi : 10.1386 / tear. 3.3. 181 / 1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cave art. Bradshaw Foundation The recording of cave paintings around the world EuroPreArt database of European Prehistoric Art American Rock Art Research Association Tour of Afghan cave paintings from BBC News. Le Kalimanthrope Rock art of Borneo ( Kalimantan, Indonesia ) Journey through Art History, an outline of prehistoric art with emphasis on cave paintings from around the world. Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ). Cave topics and lists by country Glossary of caving and speleology Main topics Cave conservation Cave painting Cave survey Caving Caving equipment Karst Speleogenesis Speleology List Caves by country Types and formation processes Anchihaline cave Cave - in Cenote Foiba Glacier cave Ice cave Karst spring Lava cave Ley tunnel Mine Exploration Pit cave Ponor Sea cave Show cave Sinkhole Spring Subterranean river Suffosion Sump Underground lake Speleothems and Speleogens ( Cave formations ) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave pearl Cave popcorn Dogtooth spar Flowstone Frostwork Helictite Moonmilk Rimstone Shelfstone Snottite Soda straw Speleoseismite Stalactite Stalagmite Vug Lists of caves By country By depth By length Prehistoric Africa Somaliland South Africa Americas Belize Brazil Canada Guatemala Haiti Mexico United States Arkansas Maryland Asia China India Iran Israel Lebanon Malaysia Sri Lanka Turkey Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Gibraltar Greece Ireland Italy Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Cantabria World Heritage Sites : Cave Art of Northern Spain Cave Art of Iberian Mediterranean Basin Cave Art of Siega Verde Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia New South Wales Western Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Cave dwellings Cave dweller Kome Caves Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings Yaodong Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - 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humans ( Homo ) Proto - humans H. ergaster H. floresiensis H. gautengensis H. habilis H. rudolfensis H. tsaichangensis Homo erectus H. e. erectus H. e. georgicus H. e. lantianensis H. e. nankinensis H. e. palaeojavanicus H. e. pekinensis H. e. soloensis H. e. tautavelensis H. e. yuanmouensis Archaic humans Callao Man ? Denisovan H. antecessor H. cepranensis H. heidelbergensis H. helmei H. naledi H. neanderthalensis H. rhodesiensis Modern humans Homo sapiens Cro - Magnon H. s. idaltu H. s. sapiens ( anatomically modern human ) Manot people Red Deer Cave people ? 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Question: the oldest known wall paintings were discovered in a cave in
Answer: Indonesia