Climate of Antarctica - wikipedia Climate of Antarctica Surface temperature of Antarctica in winter and summer from the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts Antarctica has the coldest climate on Earth. Antarctica 's lowest air temperature recorded by a weather station was set on 21 July 1983, with a temperature of − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) at Vostok Station. But the coldest sites on the East Antarctic Plateau have actually reached − 98 ° C ( − 144.4 ° F ) making this location 81 ° 48 ′ S 63 ° 30 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 81.8 ° S 63.5 ° E ﻿ / - 81.8 ; 63.5 the `` Coldest Place on Earth ''. It is also extremely dry ( technically a desert ), averaging 166 mm ( 6.5 in ) of precipitation per year. On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, because of the katabatic winds. Most of Antarctica has an ice cap climate ( Köppen EF ) with very cold, generally extremely dry weather. Contents 1 Temperature 2 Precipitation 3 Weather condition classification 4 Ice cover 4.1 Ice shelves 5 Global warming 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Climate 9.2 Climate change in Antarctica 9.3 Antarctic ice Temperature The Antarctic temperature changes during the last several glacial and interglacial cycles of the present ice age The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth of − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) was on 21 July 1983 at Vostok Station. For comparison, this is 10.7 ° C ( 19.3 ° F ) colder than subliming dry ice ( at sea level pressure ). The altitude of the location is 3,900 meters ( 12,800 feet ). The lowest recorded temperature of any location on Earth 's surface at 81 ° 48 ′ S 63 ° 30 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 81.8 ° S 63.5 ° E ﻿ / - 81.8 ; 63.5 was revised with new data in 2018 in nearly 100 locations, ranging from − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ) to − 98 ° C ( − 144.4 ° F ). This unnamed part of the Antarctic plateau, between Dome A and Dome F, was measured on August 10, 2010, and the temperature was deduced from radiance measured by the Landsat 8 and other satellites, and discovered during a National Snow and Ice Data Center review of stored data in December, 2013 but revice by researcher on June 25 2018. This temperature is not directly comparable to the - 89.2 quoted above, since it is a skin temperature deduced from satellite - measured upwelling radiance, rather than a thermometer - measured temperature of the air 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) above the ground surface. The highest temperature ever recorded on the Antarctic continent was 17.5 ° C ( 63.5 ° F ) at Esperanza Base, on the Antarctic Peninsula, on 24 March 2015. A higher temperature of 19.8 ° C ( 67.6 ° F ) at Signy Research Station on 30 January 1982 is the record for the Antarctic region encompassing all land and ice south of 60S. The mean annual temperature of the interior is − 57 ° C ( − 70.6 ° F ). The coast is warmer ; on the coast Antarctic average temperatures are around - 10 ° C ( in the warmest parts of Antarctica ) and in the elevated inland they average about - 55 ° C in Vostok.. Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from − 26 ° C ( − 14.8 ° F ) in August to − 3 ° C ( 26.6 ° F ) in January. At the South Pole, the highest temperature ever recorded was − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) on 25 December 2011. Along the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures as high as 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) have been recorded, though the summer temperature is below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) most of the time. Severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean. East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation. The Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate. Higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing. Precipitation Map of average annual precipitation on Antarctica ( mm liquid equivalent ) The total precipitation on Antarctica, averaged over the entire continent, is about 166 millimetres ( 6.5 inches ) per year ( Vaughan et al., J Climate, 1999 ). The actual rates vary widely, from high values over the Peninsula ( 15 to 25 inches a year ) to very low values ( as little as 50 millimetres ( 2.0 inches ) in the high interior ( Bromwich, Reviews of Geophysics, 1988 ). Areas that receive less than 250 millimetres ( 9.8 inches ) of precipitation per year are classified as deserts. Almost all Antarctic precipitation falls as snow. Rainfall is rare and mainly occurs during the summer in coastal areas and surrounding islands. Note that the quoted precipitation is a measure of its equivalence to water, rather than being the actual depth of snow. The air in Antarctica is also very dry. The low temperatures result in a very low absolute humidity, which means that dry skin and cracked lips are a continual problem for scientists and expeditioners working in the continent. Weather condition classification Main article : Antarctica Weather Danger Classification The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable, and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time. There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica ; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation. Ice cover Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is, on average, a mile thick or more ( 1.6 km ). Antarctica contains 90 % of the world 's ice and more than 70 % of its fresh water. If all the land - ice covering Antarctica were to melt -- around 30 million cubic kilometres ( 7.2 million cubic miles ) of ice -- the seas would rise by over 60 metres ( 200 feet ). This is, however, very unlikely within the next few centuries. The Antarctic is so cold that even with increases of a few degrees, temperatures would generally remain below the melting point of ice. Higher temperatures are expected to lead to more precipitation, which takes the form of snow. This would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica, offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans. During a recent decade, East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 1.8 centimetres per year while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 0.9 centimetres per year. For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change, see sea level rise. Because ice flows, albeit slowly, the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself. Morphometric data for Antarctica ( from Drewry, 1983 ) Surface Area ( km2 ) Percent Mean ice thickness ( m ) Volume ( km3 ) Percent Inland ice sheet 11,965,700 85.97 2,450 29,324,700 97.00 Ice shelves 1,541,710 11.08 475 731,900 2.43 Ice rises 78,970. 57 670 53,100. 18 Glacier ice ( total ) 13,586,380 2,160 30,109,800 1 Rock outcrop 331,690 2.38 Antarctica ( total ) 13,918,070 100.00 2,160 30,109,800 1 100.00 1The total ice volume is different from the sum of the component parts because individual figures have been rounded. Regional ice data ( from Drewry and others, 1982 ; Drewry, 1983 ) Region Area ( km2 ) Mean ice thickness ( m ) Volume ( km3 ) East Antarctica Inland ice 9,855,570 2,630 25,920,100 Ice shelves 293,510 400 117,400 Ice rises 4,090 400 1,600 West Antarctica ( excluding Antarctic Peninsula ) Inland ice sheet 1,809,760 1,780 3,221,400 Ice shelves 104,860 375 39,300 Ice rises 3,550 375 1,300 Antarctic Peninsula Inland ice sheet 300,380 610 183,200 Ice shelves 144,750 300 43,400 Ice rises 1,570 300 500 Ross Ice Shelf Ice shelf 525,840 427 224,500 Ice rises 10,320 500 5,100 Filchner - Ronne Ice Shelf Ice shelf 472,760 650 307,300 Ice rises 59,440 750 44,600 Ice shelves This section needs attention from an expert in glaciers. The specific problem is : unintelligible English and lack of clarity. WikiProject Glaciers may be able to help recruit an expert. ( April 2017 ) Antarctic ice shelves, 1998 About 75 % of the coastline of Antarctica is ice shelves. The utmost parts consist of floating ice until the grounding line of land based glaciers is reached, which is determined through affords such as Operation IceBridge. Ice shelves lose mass through iceberg breakup ( calving ), or basal melting due to warm ocean water under the ice. Melting or breakup of floating shelf ice does not directly affect global sea levels ; however, ice shelves have a buttressing effect on the ice flow behind them. If ice shelves break up, the ice flow behind them may accelerate, resulting in increasing melt of the Antarctic ice sheet and an increasing contribution to sea level. Known changes in coastline ice : Around the Antarctic Peninsula : 1936 -- 1989 : Wordie Ice Shelf significantly reduced in size. 1995 : Ice in the Prince Gustav Channel disintegrated. Parts of the Larsen Ice Shelf broke up in recent decades. 1995 : The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995. 2001 : 3,250 square kilometres ( 1,250 square miles ) of the Larsen B ice shelf disintegrated in February 2001. It had been gradually retreating before the breakup event. 2015 : A study concluded that the remaining Larsen B ice - shelf will disintegrate by the end of the decade, based on observations of faster flow and rapid thinning of glaciers in the area. The George VI Ice Shelf, which may be on the brink of instability, has probably existed for approximately 8,000 years, after melting 1,500 years earlier. Warm ocean currents may have been the cause of the melting. Not only the ice sheets are losing mass, but they are losing mass at an accelerating rate. Global warming Main article : Global warming in Antarctica Antarctic Skin Temperature Trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal infrared observations made by a series of NOAA satellite sensors. Skin temperature trends do not necessarily reflect air temperature trends. The continent - wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at > 0.05 ° C / decade since 1957. The West Antarctic ice sheet has warmed by more than 0.1 ° C / decade in the last 50 years, and is strongest in winter and spring. Although this is partly offset by fall cooling in East Antarctica, this effect is restricted to the 1980s and 1990s. Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man - made climate change : `` We ca n't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels '', said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author. Some of the effects also could be natural variability, he said. The British Antarctic Survey, which has undertaken the majority of Britain 's scientific research in the area, stated in 2009 : West Antarctic ice loss could contribute to 1.4 metres ( 4 feet 7 inches ) sea level rise Antarctica predicted to warm by around 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) over this century 10 % increase in sea ice around the Antarctic Rapid ice loss in parts of the Antarctic Warming of the Southern Ocean will cause changes in Antarctic ecosystem Hole in ozone layer, which has shielded most of Antarctica from global warming 0 September 2007 NASA map showing previously un-melted snowmelt The area of strongest cooling appears at the South Pole, and the region of strongest warming lies along the Antarctic Peninsula. A possible explanation is that loss of UV - absorbing ozone may have cooled the stratosphere and strengthened the polar vortex, a pattern of spinning winds around the South Pole. The vortex acts like an atmospheric barrier, preventing warmer, coastal air from moving into the continent 's interior. A stronger polar vortex might explain the cooling trend in the interior of Antarctica. In their latest study ( 20 September 2007 ) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica 's largest ice shelf. There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula. Researchers reported on 21 December 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010, the average temperature at the mile - high Byrd Station rose by 2.4 ° C ( 4.3 ° F ), with warming fastest in its winter and spring. The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest - warming places on Earth. In 2015, the temperature showed changes but in a stable manner and the only months that have drastic change in that year are August and September. It also did show that the temperature was very stable throughout the year. See also Antarctica cooling controversy Global warming in Antarctica Climate of the Arctic Effects of global warming Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Polar amplification Southern Ocean Antarctic oscillation References Notes Jump up ^ Template : Url = http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf Jump up ^ Template : Url = https://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/new-study-explains-antarctica-coldest-temperatures Jump up ^ Template : Url = https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/coldest-place-earth-measured-temperature-antarctica-science/ Jump up ^ Budretsky, A.B. ( 1984 ). `` New absolute minimum of air temperature ''. Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition ( in Russian ). Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat ( 105 ). Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 27. Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Temperature - ASU World Meteorological Organization ''. asu.edu. Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 16. Jump up ^ Natasha Vizcarra ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ). `` Landsat 8 helps unveil the coldest place on Earth ''. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ Natasha Vizcarra ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ). `` New study explains Antarctica 's coldest temperatures ''. The National Snow and Ice Data Center ( NSIDC ). Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ). `` Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite ''. BBC News Science & Environment. Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 26. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ Ted Scambos ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ). `` Scambros et al 2018 '' ( PDF ). The National Snow and Ice Data Center ( NSIDC ). Jump up ^ NOT CORRECTED. `` BBC Corrections and Clarifications page ''. 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( 2005 ). `` Snowfall - Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea - Level Rise, ''. Science. 308 ( 5730 ) : 1898 -- 1901. Bibcode : 2005Sci... 308.1898 D. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1110662. PMID 15905362. Jump up ^ E. Rignot ; S. Jacobs ; J. Mouginot ; B. Scheuchl. `` Ice - Shelf Melting Around Antarctica ''. Science. 341 : 266 -- 270. Bibcode : 2013Sci... 341... 266R. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1235798. PMID 23765278. Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ NASA ( 14 May 2015 ). `` NASA Study Shows Antarctica 's Larsen B Ice Shelf Nearing Its Final Act ''. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Jump up ^ Mike Bentley ; Dominic Hodgson. `` Millennial - scale variability of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula ''. Natural Environment Research Council. Archived from the original on 12 September 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015. Jump up ^ Bentley, M.J. ( 1 ), Hjort, C. ( 2 ) Ingolfsson, O. ( 3 ) and Sugden, D.E. ( 4 ). `` Holocene Instability of the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula ''. Archived from the original on 20 October 2004. Retrieved June 8, 2015. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- New Year ? s Honours for British Antarctic Survey Personnel ''. British Antarctic Survey. 2006 - 01 - 05. Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 15. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ `` NASA - Is Antarctica Melting ? ''. www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 12. ^ Jump up to : Tenney Naumer. `` Climate Change : The Next Generation ''. climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22. ^ Jump up to : Retrieved = 2009 - 01 - 22 Archived December 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24. Retrieved = 2009 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Global warming hitting all of Antarctica : scientists ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ Antarctica study challenges warming skeptics, Jan 21, 2009 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 24. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14. Jump up ^ `` NASA - NASA Researchers Find Snowmelt in Antarctica Creeping Inland ''. nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ IPCC 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine., Cambridge University Press, 2007, page 376. Jump up ^ Nicolas, Julien. `` Reconstructed Byrd temperature record ''. polarmet.osu.edu. Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 15. Jump up ^ Witze, Alexandra ( 14 April 2014 ). `` West Antarctica warming fast ''. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` Map of Antarctica and annual spatial footprint of the Byrd temperature record. : Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth ''. Nature Geoscience. 6 : 139 -- 145. Bibcode : 2013NatGe... 6... 139B. doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1671. Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 09. Jump up ^ Bromwich, D.H. ; Nicolas, J.P. ; Monaghan, A.J. ; Lazzara, M.A. ; Keller, L.M. ; Weidner, G.A. ; Wilson, A.B. ( 2012 ). `` Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth ''. Nature Geoscience. 6 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 145. Bibcode : 2013NatGe... 6... 139B. doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1671. Sources D.G. Vaughan ; G.J. Marshall ; W.M. Connolley ; J.C. King ; R.M. Mulvaney ( 2001 ). `` Devil in the detail ''. Science. 293 ( 5536 ) : 1777 -- 9. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1065116. PMID 11546858. M.J. Bentley ; D.A. Hodgson ; D.E. Sugden ; S.J. Roberts ; J.A. Smith ; M.J. Leng ; C. Bryant ( 2005 ). `` Early Holocene retreat of the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula ''. Geology. 33 ( 3 ) : 173 -- 6. Bibcode : 2005Geo... 33... 173B. doi : 10.1130 / G21203. 1. Further reading Warm Snap Turned Antarctica Green Around the Edges ; Thawed - out continent was lined with trees 15 million years ago, study says. June 20, 2012 National Geographic Taking Antarctica 's temperature ; Frozen continent may not be immune to global warming July 27, 2013 ; Vol. 184 # 2 Science News External links Climate Climate data from Antarctic surface stations with trends Temperature data from the READER project A pamphlet about the weather and climate of Antarctica Antarctica 's central ice cap grows while glaciers melt `` AWS and AMRC Real - Time Weather Observations and Data ''. University of Wisconsin - Madison 's Antarctic Weather Stations Project and Antarctic Meteorological Research Center. Retrieved May 31, 2005. Antarctica Climate and Weather Climate change in Antarctica Western Antarctica warming confirmed December 23, 2012 USA Today NASA experts explain ice melt in Antarctica ( 2014 ) Antarctic ice `` Sea Ice Index -- Trends in extent -- Southern Hemisphere ( Antarctic ) ''. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved Jan 9, 2009. `` Coastal - Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica ''. USGS Fact Sheet 2005 -- 3055. Retrieved May 31, 2005. `` Coastal - Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica ''. USGS Fact Sheet 050 -- 98. Retrieved February 28, 2005. `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area, Antarctica ; 1972 -- 2001 ''. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I - 2600 - E. Retrieved February 28, 2005. `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast area, Antarctica ; 1972 -- 2002 ''. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I - 2600 - F. Retrieved February 28, 2005. `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Saunders Coast area, Antarctica ; 1972 -- 1997 ''. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I - 2600 - G. Retrieved February 28, 2005. `` Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World -- Antarctica ''. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 - B. Retrieved February 28, 2005. Antarctica General Antarctic Treaty System Climate Colonization Demographics Economy Expeditions Field camps Firefighting Flags Flora Geography Geology Global warming History Mammals Microorganisms Military activity Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Territorial claims Time Tourism Transport Volcanoes Wildlife Geographic regions Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Ecozone Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands Waterways Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Lake CECs Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more... Commons Antarctica portal Index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Antarctica&oldid=856635801 '' Categories : Climate of Antarctica Environment of Antarctica Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles needing expert attention from April 2017 All articles needing expert attention Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Српски / srpski 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 16 : 37 ( UTC ). 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Question: what is the warmest recorded temperature in antarctica
Answer: 17.5 °C (63.5 °F)