Cuba - Wikipedia Cuba This article is about the country. For other uses, see Cuba ( disambiguation ). Coordinates : 22 ° 00 ′ N 80 ° 00 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 22.000 ° N 80.000 ° W ﻿ / 22.000 ; - 80.000 Republic of Cuba República de Cuba ( Spanish ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` ¡ Patria o Muerte, Venceremos ! '' ( Spanish ) `` Homeland or Death, we shall overcome ! '' Anthem : La Bayamesa Bayamo Song Location of Cuba ( green ) Capital and largest city Havana 23 ° 8 ′ N 82 ° 23 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 23.133 ° N 82.383 ° W ﻿ / 23.133 ; - 82.383 Official languages Spanish Ethnic groups ( 2012 ) 64.1 % White 26.6 % Mixed ( including Mulatto, Mestizo, Zambo, or Pardo ) 9.3 % Black Demonym Cuban Government Unitary Marxist -- Leninist one - party socialist republic First Secretary of the Communist Party Raúl Castro President Miguel Díaz - Canel First Vice President Salvador Valdés Mesa Second Secretary of the Communist Party José Machado Ventura President of the National Assembly Esteban Lazo Hernández Legislature National Assembly of People 's Power Independence Declaration of Independence 10 October 1868 War of Independence 24 February 1895 Recognized ( handed over from Spain to the United States ) 10 December 1898 Republic declared ( independence from United States ) 20 May 1902 Cuban Revolution 26 July 1953 -- 1 January 1959 Current constitution 24 February 1976 Area Total 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ) ( 104th ) Water ( % ) 0.94 Population 2017 census 11,221,060 ( 82nd ) Density 102.1 / km ( 264.4 / sq mi ) ( 114th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total US $ 254.865 billion Per capita US $ 22,237 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total US $ 89.689 billion ( 65th ) Per capita US $ 7,815 ( 77th ) Gini ( 2000 ) 38.0 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.775 high 68th Currency Peso ( CUP ) Convertible peso ( CUC ) Time zone CST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 53 ISO 3166 code CU Internet TLD. cu Website www.cubagob.cu From 1993 to 2004, the United States dollar was used alongside the peso until the dollar was replaced by the convertible peso. Cuba ( / ˈkjuːbə / ; Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈkuβa ) ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help info ) ), is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet. It is south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometres ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometres ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ). The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 105,006 square kilometres ( 40,543 sq mi ), and the second-most populous after Hispaniola, with over 11 million inhabitants. The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonisation in the 15th century. From the 15th century, it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish -- American War of 1898, when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902. As a fragile republic, in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Further unrest and instability led to Batista 's ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement, which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro. Since 1965, the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba. The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Cuba is one of the few remaining Marxist -- Leninist socialist states, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of numerous human rights abuses, including arbitrary imprisonment. Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America. It is a multiethnic country whose people, culture and customs derive from diverse origins, including the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboney peoples, the long period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of African slaves and a close relationship with the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Cuba is a founding member of the United Nations, the G77, the Non-Aligned Movement, the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, ALBA and Organization of American States. The country is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in world affairs. It has currently one of the world 's only planned economies, and its economy is dominated by the exports of sugar, tobacco, coffee and skilled labor. According to the Human Development Index, Cuba has high human development and is ranked the eighth highest in North America, though 67th in the world. It also ranks highly in some metrics of national performance, including health care and education. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colonization and rule ( 1492 -- 1898 ) 2.3 Independence movements 2.4 Republic ( 1902 -- 59 ) 2.4. 1 First years ( 1902 -- 1925 ) 2.4. 2 Revolution of 1933 -- 1940 2.4. 3 Constitution of 1940 2.5 Revolution and Communist party rule ( 1959 -- present ) 3 Government and politics 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.2 Human rights 3.3 Foreign relations 3.4 Crime and law enforcement 3.5 Military 4 Economy 4.1 Resources 4.2 Tourism 5 Geography 5.1 Climate 5.2 Biodiversity 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnoracial groups 6.2 Immigration and emigration 6.3 Religion 6.4 Languages 6.5 Largest cities 7 Media 7.1 Press 7.2 Television 7.3 Internet 8 Culture 8.1 Music 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Literature 8.4 Dance 8.5 Sports 9 Education 10 Health 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Etymology Historians believe the name Cuba comes from the Taíno language, however `` its exact derivation ( is ) unknown ''. The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translated either as ' where fertile land is abundant ' ( cubao ), or ' great place ' ( coabana ). Authors who believe that Christopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the town of Cuba in the district of Beja in Portugal. History Main articles : History of Cuba and Timeline of Cuban history Pre-Columbian era Monument of Hatuey, an early Taíno chief of Cuba Before the arrival of the Spanish, Cuba was inhabited by three distinct tribes of indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Taíno ( an Arawak people ), the Guanahatabey and the Ciboney people. The ancestors of the Ciboney migrated from the mainland of South America, with the earliest sites dated to 5,000 BP. The Taíno arrived from Hispanola sometime in the 3rd century A.D. When Columbus arrived they were the dominant culture in Cuba, having an estimated population of 150,000. The Taíno were farmers, while the Ciboney were farmers as well as fishers and hunter - gatherers. Spanish colonization and rule ( 1492 -- 1898 ) Main article : Captaincy General of Cuba After first landing on an island then called Guanahani, Bahamas, on 12 October 1492, Christopher Columbus commanded his three ships : La Pinta, La Niña and the Santa María, to land on Cuba 's northeastern coast on 28 October 1492. ( This was near what is now Bariay, Holguín Province. ) Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana after Juan, Prince of Asturias. Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, conquistador of Cuba In 1511, the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa. Other towns soon followed, including San Cristobal de la Habana, founded in 1515, which later became the capital. The native Taíno were forced to work under the encomienda system, which resembled a feudal system in Medieval Europe. Within a century the indigenous people were virtually wiped out due to multiple factors, primarily Eurasian infectious diseases, to which they had no natural resistance ( immunity ), aggravated by harsh conditions of the repressive colonial subjugation. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two - thirds of those few natives who had previously survived smallpox. On 18 May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto departed from Havana at the head of some 600 followers into a vast expedition through the Southeastern United States, starting at La Florida, in search of gold, treasure, fame and power. On 1 September 1548, Dr. Gonzalo Perez de Angulo was appointed governor of Cuba. He arrived in Santiago, Cuba on 4 November 1549 and immediately declared the liberty of all natives. He became Cuba 's first permanent governor to reside in Havana instead of Santiago, and he built Havana 's first church made of masonry. After the French took Havana in 1555, the governor 's son, Francisco de Angulo, went to Mexico. British map of Cuba 1680 Cuba developed slowly and, unlike the plantation islands of the Caribbean, had a diversified agriculture. But what was most important was that the colony developed as an urbanized society that primarily supported the Spanish colonial empire. By the mid-18th century, its colonists held 50,000 slaves, compared to 60,000 in Barbados ; 300,000 in Virginia, both British colonies ; and 450,000 in French Saint - Domingue, which had large - scale sugar cane plantations. Map of Cuba by Cornelius Wytfliet in 1597 ( National Library of Sweden ) The Seven Years ' War, which erupted in 1754 across three continents, eventually arrived in the Spanish Caribbean. Spain 's alliance with the French pitched them into direct conflict with the British, and in 1762 a British expedition of five warships and 4,000 troops set out from Portsmouth to capture Cuba. The British arrived on 6 June, and by August had Havana under siege. When Havana surrendered, the admiral of the British fleet, George Keppel, the 3rd Earl of Albemarle, entered the city as a conquering new governor and took control of the whole western part of the island. The British immediately opened up trade with their North American and Caribbean colonies, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society. They imported food, horses and other goods into the city, as well as thousands of slaves from West Africa to work on the underdeveloped sugar plantations. The British invasion and occupation of Havana in 1762 Though Havana, which had become the third - largest city in the Americas, was to enter an era of sustained development and increasing ties with North America during this period, the British occupation of the city proved short - lived. Pressure from London sugar merchants, fearing a decline in sugar prices, forced negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories. Less than a year after Britain seized Havana, it signed the Peace of Paris together with France and Spain, ending the Seven Years ' War. The treaty gave Britain Florida in exchange for Cuba. The French had recommended this to Spain, advising that declining to give up Florida could result in Spain instead losing Mexico and much of the South American mainland to the British. Many in Britain were disappointed, believing that Florida was a poor return for Cuba and Britain 's other gains in the war. The real engine for the growth of Cuba 's commerce in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was the Haitian Revolution. When the enslaved peoples of what had been the Caribbean 's richest colony freed themselves through violent revolt, Cuban planters perceived the region 's changing circumstances with both a sense of fear and opportunity. They were afraid because of the prospect that slaves might revolt in Cuba, too, and numerous prohibitions during the 1790s on the sale of slaves in Cuba that had previously been slaves in French colonies underscored this anxiety. The planters saw opportunity, however, because they thought that they could exploit the situation by transforming Cuba into the slave society and sugar - producing `` pearl of the Antilles '' that Haiti had been before the revolution. As the historian Ada Ferrer has written, `` At a basic level, liberation in Saint - Domingue helped entrench its denial in Cuba. As slavery and colonialism collapsed in the French colony, the Spanish island underwent transformations that were almost the mirror image of Haiti 's. '' Estimates suggest that between 1790 and 1820 some 325,000 Africans were imported to Cuba as slaves, which was four times the amount that had arrived between 1760 and 1790. Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from Maine, c. 1832 Although a smaller proportion of the population of Cuba was enslaved, at times slaves arose in revolt. In 1812 the Aponte Slave Rebellion took place but it was suppressed. The population of Cuba in 1817 was 630,980, of which 291,021 were white, 115,691 free people of color ( mixed - race ), and 224,268 black slaves. This was a much higher proportion of free blacks to slaves than in Virginia, for instance, or the other Caribbean islands. Historians such as Swedish Magnus Mõrner, who studied slavery in Latin America, found that manumissions increased when slave economies were in decline, as in 18th - century Cuba and early 19th - century Maryland of the United States. In part due to Cuban slaves working primarily in urbanized settings, by the 19th century, there had developed the practice of coartacion, or `` buying oneself out of slavery '', a `` uniquely Cuban development '', according to historian Herbert S. Klein. Due to a shortage of white labor, blacks dominated urban industries `` to such an extent that when whites in large numbers came to Cuba in the middle of the nineteenth century, they were unable to displace Negro workers. '' A system of diversified agriculture, with small farms and fewer slaves, served to supply the cities with produce and other goods. In the 1820s, when the rest of Spain 's empire in Latin America rebelled and formed independent states, Cuba remained loyal. Its economy was based on serving the empire. By 1860, Cuba had 213,167 free people of color, 39 % of its non-white population of 550,000. By contrast, Virginia, with about the same number of blacks, had only 58,042 or 11 % who were free ; the rest were enslaved. In the antebellum years, after Nat Turner 's Slave Rebellion of 1831, Virginia discouraged manumissions and strengthened restrictions against free blacks, as did other Southern states. In addition, there was a high demand for slaves, and Virginia planters sold many in the internal domestic slave trade, who were shipped or taken overland to the Deep South, which had greatly expanded its cotton production. Independence movements See also : Cuban War of Independence Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is known as Father of the Homeland in Cuba, having declared the nation 's independence from Spain in 1868. Full independence from Spain was the goal of a rebellion in 1868 led by planter Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. De Céspedes, a sugar planter, freed his slaves to fight with him for an independent Cuba. On 27 December 1868, he issued a decree condemning slavery in theory but accepting it in practice and declaring free any slaves whose masters present them for military service. The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known as the Ten Years ' War. Two thousand Cuban Chinese joined the rebels. Chinese had been imported as indentured laborers. A monument in Havana honours the Cuban Chinese who fell in the war. The United States declined to recognize the new Cuban government, although many European and Latin American nations did so. In 1878, the Pact of Zanjón ended the conflict, with Spain promising greater autonomy to Cuba. In 1879 -- 1880, Cuban patriot Calixto García attempted to start another war known as the Little War but did not receive enough support. Slavery in Cuba was abolished in 1875 but the process was completed only in 1886. An exiled dissident named José Martí founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York in 1892. The aim of the party was to achieve Cuban independence from Spain. In January 1895 Martí traveled to Montecristi and Santo Domingo to join the efforts of Máximo Gómez. Martí recorded his political views in the Manifesto of Montecristi. Fighting against the Spanish army began in Cuba on 24 February 1895, but Martí was unable to reach Cuba until 11 April 1895. Martí was killed in the battle of Dos Rios on 19 May 1895. His death immortalized him as Cuba 's national hero. Calixto García, a general of Cuban separatist rebels, ( right ) with U.S. Brigadier General William Ludlow ( Cuba, 1898 ) Around 200,000 Spanish troops outnumbered the much smaller rebel army, which relied mostly on guerrilla and sabotage tactics. The Spaniards began a campaign of suppression. General Valeriano Weyler, military governor of Cuba, herded the rural population into what he called reconcentrados, described by international observers as `` fortified towns ''. These are often considered the prototype for 20th - century concentration camps. Between 200,000 and 400,000 Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease in the camps, numbers verified by the Red Cross and United States Senator Redfield Proctor, a former Secretary of War. American and European protests against Spanish conduct on the island followed. The U.S. battleship Maine was sent to protect U.S. interests, but soon after arrival, it exploded in Havana harbor and sank quickly, killing nearly three quarters of the crew. The cause and responsibility for the sinking of the ship remained unclear after a board of inquiry. Popular opinion in the U.S., fueled by an active press, concluded that the Spanish were to blame and demanded action. Spain and the United States declared war on each other in late April 1898. Over the previous decades, five U.S. presidents -- Polk, Pierce, Buchanan, Grant, and McKinley -- had tried to buy the island of Cuba from Spain. Republic ( 1902 -- 5.9 ) Main article : Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) First years ( 1902 -- 1925 ) Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General 's Palace at noon on 20 May 1902 After the Spanish -- American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ), by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of US $20 million. Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on 20 May 1902, as the Republic of Cuba. Under Cuba 's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base from Cuba. Following disputed elections in 1906, the first president, Tomás Estrada Palma, faced an armed revolt by independence war veterans who defeated the meager government forces. The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years. Cuban historians have characterized Magoon 's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption. In 1908, self - government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected President, but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs. In 1912, the Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province, but was suppressed by General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed. In 1924, Gerardo Machado was elected president. During his administration, tourism increased markedly, and American - owned hotels and restaurants were built to accommodate the influx of tourists. The tourist boom led to increases in gambling and prostitution in Cuba. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 led to a collapse in the price of sugar, political unrest, and repression. Protesting students, known as the Generation of 1930, turned to violence in opposition to the increasingly unpopular Machado. A general strike ( in which the Communist Party sided with Machado ), uprisings among sugar workers, and an army revolt forced Machado into exile in August 1933. He was replaced by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. The Pentarchy of 1933. Fulgencio Batista, who controlled the armed forces, appears at far right Revolution of 1933 -- 1940 In September 1933, the Sergeants ' Revolt, led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista, overthrew Cespedes. A five - member executive committee ( the Pentarchy of 1933 ) was chosen to head a provisional government. Ramón Grau San Martín was then appointed as provisional president. Grau resigned in 1934, leaving the way clear for Batista, who dominated Cuban politics for the next 25 years, at first through a series of puppet - presidents. The period from 1933 to 1937 was a time of `` virtually unremitting social and political warfare ''. On balance, during this period 1933 -- 1940 Cuba is supported by a fragile politic reality that materialize in the decision making of three presidents in two years ( 1935 -- 1936 ), as well as in the militaristic and repressive policies of Batista as Head of the Army. Constitution of 1940 A new constitution was adopted in 1940, which engineered radical progressive ideas, including the right to labour and health care. Batista was elected president in the same year, holding the post until 1944. He is so far the only non-white Cuban to win the nation 's highest political office. His government carried out major social reforms. Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration. Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II -- though president Batista did suggest a joint U.S. - Latin American assault on Francoist Spain to overthrow its authoritarian regime. Batista adhered to the 1940 constitution 's strictures preventing his re-election. Ramon Grau San Martin was the winner of the next election, in 1944. Grau further corroded the base of the already teetering legitimacy of the Cuban political system, in particular by undermining the deeply flawed, though not entirely ineffectual, Congress and Supreme Court. Carlos Prío Socarrás, a protégé of Grau, became president in 1948. The two terms of the Auténtico Party brought an influx of investment, which fueled an economic boom, raised living standards for all segments of society, and created a middle class in most urban areas. Slum ( bohio ) dwellings in Havana, Cuba in 1954, just outside Havana baseball stadium. In the background is advertising for a nearby casino. After finishing his term in 1944 Batista lived in Florida, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952. Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup that preempted the election. Back in power, and receiving financial, military, and logistical support from the United States government, Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties, including the right to strike. He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations, and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans. Batista outlawed the Cuban Communist Party in 1952. After the coup, Cuba had Latin America 's highest per capita consumption rates of meat, vegetables, cereals, automobiles, telephones and radios, though about one third of the population was considered poor and enjoyed relatively little of this consumption. In 1958, Cuba was a relatively well - advanced country by Latin American standards, and in some cases by world standards. On the other hand, Cuba was affected by perhaps the largest labor union privileges in Latin America, including bans on dismissals and mechanization. They were obtained in large measure `` at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants '', leading to disparities. Between 1933 and 1958, Cuba extended economic regulations enormously, causing economic problems. Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs. The middle class, which was comparable to that of the United States, became increasingly dissatisfied with unemployment and political persecution. The labor unions supported Batista until the very end. Batista stayed in power until he was forced into exile in December 1958. Revolution and Communist Party rule ( 1959 -- present ) Main article : Cuban Revolution Che Guevara and Fidel Castro, photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961 In the 1950s, various organizations, including some advocating armed uprising, competed for public support in bringing about political change. In 1956, Fidel Castro and about 80 supporters landed from the yacht Granma in an attempt to start a rebellion against the Batista government. It was not until 1958 that Castro 's July 26th Movement emerged as the leading revolutionary group. By late 1958 the rebels had broken out of the Sierra Maestra and launched a general popular insurrection. After Castro 's fighters captured Santa Clara, Batista fled with his family to the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959. Later he went into exile on the Portuguese island of Madeira and finally settled in Estoril, near Lisbon. Fidel Castro 's forces entered the capital on 8 January 1959. The liberal Manuel Urrutia Lleó became the provisional president. From 1959 to 1966 Cuban insurgents fought a six - year rebellion in the Escambray Mountains against the Castro government. The government 's vastly superior numbers eventually crushed the insurgency. The rebellion lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the Cuban Revolution. The U.S. State Department has estimated that 3,200 people were executed from 1959 to 1962. According to Amnesty International, official death sentences from 1959 -- 87 numbered 237 of which all but 21 were actually carried out. Other estimates for the total number of political executions range from 4,000 to 33,000. The vast majority of those executed directly following the 1959 revolution were policemen, politicians, and informers of the Batista regime accused of crimes such as torture and murder, and their public trials and executions had widespread popular support among the Cuban population. Since 1959, Cuba has regarded the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal. The United States government initially reacted favorably to the Cuban revolution, seeing it as part of a movement to bring democracy to Latin America. Castro 's legalization of the Communist party and the hundreds of executions that followed caused a deterioration in the relationship between the two countries. The promulgation of the Agrarian Reform Law, expropriating thousands of acres of farmland ( including from large U.S. landholders ), further worsened relations. In response, between 1960 and 1964 the U.S imposed a range of sanctions, eventually including a total ban on trade between the countries and a freeze on all Cuban - owned assets in the U.S. In February 1960, Castro signed a commercial agreement with Soviet Vice-Premier Anastas Mikoyan. In March 1960, Eisenhower gave his approval to a CIA plan to arm and train a group of Cuban refugees to overthrow the Castro regime. The invasion ( known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion ) took place on 14 April 1961. About 1,400 Cuban exiles disembarked at the Bay of Pigs, but failed in their attempt to overthrow Castro. In January 1962, Cuba was suspended from the Organization of American States ( OAS ), and later the same year the OAS started to impose sanctions against Cuba of similar nature to the US sanctions. The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962. By 1963, Cuba was moving towards a full - fledged Communist system modeled on the USSR. Fidel Castro and members of the East German Politburo in 1972 During the 1970s, Fidel Castro dispatched tens of thousands of troops in support of Soviet - supported wars in Africa. He supported the MPLA in Angola and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia. The standard of living in the 1970s was `` extremely spartan '' and discontent was rife. Fidel Castro admitted the failures of economic policies in a 1970 speech. In 1975 the OAS lifted its sanctions against Cuba, with the approval of 16 member states, including the U.S. The U.S., however, maintained its own sanctions. Castro 's rule was severely tested in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse in 1991 ( known in Cuba as the Special Period ). The country faced a severe economic downturn following the withdrawal of Soviet subsidies worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually, resulting in effects such as food and fuel shortages. The government did not accept American donations of food, medicines, and cash until 1993. On 5 August 1994, state security dispersed protesters in a spontaneous protest in Havana. Fidel Castro with South African president Thabo Mbeki and the Swedish prime minister Göran Persson, 2005 Cuba has since found a new source of aid and support in the People 's Republic of China. In addition, Hugo Chávez, former President of Venezuela, and Evo Morales, President of Bolivia, became allies and both countries are major oil and gas exporters. In 2003, the government arrested and imprisoned a large number of civil activists, a period known as the `` Black Spring ''. In February 2008, Fidel Castro announced his resignation as President of Cuba. On 24 February his brother, Raúl Castro, was declared the new President. In his inauguration speech, Raúl promised that some of the restrictions on freedom in Cuba would be removed. In March 2009, Raúl Castro removed some of his brother 's appointees. On 3 June 2009, the Organization of American States adopted a resolution to end the 47 - year ban on Cuban membership of the group. The resolution stated, however, that full membership would be delayed until Cuba was `` in conformity with the practices, purposes, and principles of the OAS ''. Fidel Castro restated his position that he was not interested in joining after the OAS resolution had been announced. Raúl Castro and U.S. President Barack Obama at their joint press conference in Havana, Cuba, 21 March 2016 Effective 14 January 2013, Cuba ended the requirement established in 1961, that any citizens who wish to travel abroad were required to obtain an expensive government permit and a letter of invitation. In 1961 the Cuban government had imposed broad restrictions on travel to prevent the mass emigration of people after the 1959 revolution ; it approved exit visas only on rare occasions. Requirements were simplified : Cubans need only a passport and a national ID card to leave ; and they are allowed to take their young children with them for the first time. However, a passport costs on average five months ' salary. Observers expect that Cubans with paying relatives abroad are most likely to be able to take advantage of the new policy. In the first year of the program, over 180,000 left Cuba and returned. As of December 2014, talks with Cuban officials and American officials, including President Barack Obama, resulted in the release of Alan Gross, fifty - two political prisoners, and an unnamed non-citizen agent of the United States in return for the release of three Cuban agents currently imprisoned in the United States. Additionally, while the embargo between the United States and Cuba was not immediately lifted, it was relaxed to allow import, export, and certain limited commerce. Government and Politics Main article : Politics of Cuba Sign promoting the 2008 parliamentary election The Republic of Cuba is one of the world 's last remaining socialist countries following the Marxist -- Leninist ideology. The Constitution of 1976, which defined Cuba as a socialist republic, was replaced by the Constitution of 1992, which is `` guided by the ideas of José Martí and the political and social ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin. '' The constitution describes the Communist Party of Cuba as the `` leading force of society and of the state ''. The First Secretary of the Communist Party is concurrently President of the Council of State ( President of Cuba ) and President of the Council of Ministers ( sometimes referred to as Prime Minister of Cuba ). Members of both councils are elected by the National Assembly of People 's Power. The President of Cuba, who is also elected by the Assembly, serves for five years and there is no limit to the number of terms of office. The headquarters of the Communist Party The People 's Supreme Court serves as Cuba 's highest judicial branch of government. It is also the court of last resort for all appeals against the decisions of provincial courts. Cuba 's national legislature, the National Assembly of People 's Power ( Asamblea Nacional de Poder Popular ), is the supreme organ of power ; 609 members serve five - year terms. The assembly meets twice a year ; between sessions legislative power is held by the 31 member Council of Ministers. Candidates for the Assembly are approved by public referendum. All Cuban citizens over 16 who have not been convicted of a criminal offense can vote. Article 131 of the Constitution states that voting shall be `` through free, equal and secret vote ''. Article 136 states : `` In order for deputies or delegates to be considered elected they must get more than half the number of valid votes cast in the electoral districts ''. No political party is permitted to nominate candidates or campaign on the island, including the Communist Party. The Communist Party of Cuba has held six party congress meetings since 1975. In 2011, the party stated that there were 800,000 members, and representatives generally constitute at least half of the Councils of state and the National Assembly. The remaining positions are filled by candidates nominally without party affiliation. Other political parties campaign and raise finances internationally, while activity within Cuba by opposition groups is minimal. Cuba is considered an authoritarian regime according to the 2016 Democracy Index and 2017 Freedom in the World survey. In February 2013, Cuban president Raúl Castro announced he would resign in 2018, ending his five - year term, and that he hopes to implement permanent term limits for future Cuban Presidents, including age limits. After Fidel Castro died on 25 November 2016, the Cuban government declared a nine - day mourning period. During the mourning period Cuban citizens were prohibited from playing loud music, partying, and drinking alcohol. Administrative divisions Main articles : Provinces of Cuba and Municipalities of Cuba The country is subdivided into 15 provinces and one special municipality ( Isla de la Juventud ). These were formerly part of six larger historical provinces : Pinar del Río, Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey and Oriente. The present subdivisions closely resemble those of the Spanish military provinces during the Cuban Wars of Independence, when the most troublesome areas were subdivided. The provinces are divided into municipalities. Provinces of Cuba Pinar del Río Artemisa Havana Mayabeque Matanzas Cienfuegos Villa Clara Sancti Spíritus Ciego de Ávila Camagüey Las Tunas Granma Holguín Santiago de Cuba Guantánamo Isla de la Juventud Human Rights Main articles : Human rights in Cuba, Censorship in Cuba, and Cuban dissidents Ladies in White demonstration in Havana ( April 2012 ) The Cuban government has been accused of numerous human rights abuses including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial executions ( also known as `` El Paredón '' ). Human Rights Watch has stated that the government `` represses nearly all forms of political dissent '' and that `` Cubans are systematically denied basic rights to free expression, association, assembly, privacy, movement, and due process of law ''. In 2003, the European Union ( EU ) accused the Cuban government of `` continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms ''. It has continued to call regularly for social and economic reform in Cuba, along with the unconditional release of all political prisoners. The United States continues an embargo against Cuba `` so long as it continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights '', though the UN General Assembly has, since 1992, passed a resolution every year condemning the ongoing impact of the embargo and claiming it violates the Charter of the United Nations and international law. Cuba considers the embargo itself a violation of human rights. On 17 December 2014, United States President Barack Obama announced the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba, pushing for Congress to put an end to the embargo. Cuban dissidents Antonio Rodiles, Antúnez and Orlando Gutierrez - Boronat in 2017 Cuba had the second - highest number of imprisoned journalists of any nation in 2008 ( China had the highest ) according to various sources, including the Committee to Protect Journalists and Human Rights Watch. Cuban dissidents face arrest and imprisonment. In the 1990s, Human Rights Watch reported that Cuba 's extensive prison system, one of the largest in Latin America, consists of 40 maximum - security prisons, 30 minimum - security prisons, and over 200 work camps. According to Human Rights Watch, Cuba 's prison population is confined in `` substandard and unhealthy conditions, where prisoners face physical and sexual abuse ''. In July 2010, the unofficial Cuban Human Rights Commission said there were 167 political prisoners in Cuba, a fall from 201 at the start of the year. The head of the commission stated that long prison sentences were being replaced by harassment and intimidation. During the entire period of Castro 's rule over the island, an estimated 200,000 people had been imprisoned or deprived of their freedoms for political reasons. Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Cuba See also : Cuban medical internationalism Propaganda sign in front of the United States Interests Section in Havana Cuba has conducted a foreign policy that is uncharacteristic of such a minor, developing country. Under Castro, Cuba was heavily involved in wars in Africa, Central America and Asia. Cuba supported Algeria in 1961 -- 1965, and sent tens of thousands of troops to Angola during the Angolan Civil War. Other countries that featured Cuban involvement include Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea - Bissau, Mozambique, and Yemen. Lesser known actions include the 1959 missions to the Dominican Republic. The expedition failed, but a prominent monument to its members was erected in their memory in Santo Domingo by the Dominican government, and they feature prominently at the country 's Memorial Museum of the Resistance. In 2008, the European Union ( EU ) and Cuba agreed to resume full relations and cooperation activities. Cuba is a founding member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. At the end of 2012, tens of thousands of Cuban medical personnel worked abroad, with as many as 30,000 doctors in Venezuela alone via the two countries ' oil - for - doctors programme. Raúl Castro with Mongolian President Elbegdorj during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015 In 1996, the United States, then under President Bill Clinton, brought in the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, better known as the Helms -- Burton Act. In 2009, United States President Barack Obama stated on April 17, in Trinidad and Tobago that `` the United States seeks a new beginning with Cuba '', and reversed the Bush Administration 's prohibition on travel and remittances by Cuban - Americans from the United States to Cuba. Five years later, an agreement between the United States and Cuba, popularly called `` The Cuban Thaw '', brokered in part by Canada and Pope Francis, began the process of restoring international relations between the two countries. They agreed to release political prisoners and the United States began the process of creating an embassy in Havana. This was realized on 30 June 2015, when Cuba and the U.S. reached a deal to reopen embassies in their respective capitals on 20 July 2015 and reestablish diplomatic relations. Earlier in the same year, the White House announced that President Obama would remove Cuba from the American government 's list of nations that sponsor terrorism, which Cuba reportedly welcomed as `` fair ''. On 17 September 2017, the United States considered closing its Cuban embassy following mysterious sonic attacks on its staff. Crime and Law enforcement See also : Law enforcement in Cuba and Crime in Cuba A Lada Riva police car in Holguín All law enforcement agencies are maintained under Cuba 's Ministry of the Interior, which is supervised by the Revolutionary Armed Forces. In Cuba, citizens can receive police assistance by dialing `` 106 '' on their telephones. The police force, which is referred to as `` Policía Nacional Revolucionaria '' or PNR is then expected to provide help. The Cuban government also has an agency called the Intelligence Directorate that conducts intelligence operations and maintains close ties with the Russian Federal Security Service. Military Main article : Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces As of 2009, Cuba spent about US $91.8 million on its armed forces. In 1985, Cuba devoted more than 10 % of its GDP to military expenditures. In response to perceived American aggression, such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuba built up one of the largest armed forces in Latin America, second only to that of Brazil. From 1975 until the late 1980s, Soviet military assistance enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities. After the loss of Soviet subsidies, Cuba scaled down the numbers of military personnel, from 235,000 in 1994 to about 60,000 in 2003. Economy Main articles : Economy of Cuba, Rationing in Cuba, Sociolismo, and United States embargo against Cuba Cuban export composition, 2009 The Cuban state claims to adhere to socialist principles in organizing its largely state - controlled planned economy. Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. Recent years have seen a trend toward more private sector employment. By 2006, public sector employment was 78 % and private sector 22 %, compared to 91.8 % to 8.2 % in 1981. Government spending is 78.1 % of GDP. Any firm that hires a Cuban must pay the Cuban government, which in turn pays the employee in Cuban pesos. The average monthly wage as of July 2013 is 466 Cuban pesos -- about US $19. People waiting in line at a libreta store in Havana Cuba has a dual currency system, whereby most wages and prices are set in Cuban pesos ( CUP ), while the tourist economy operates with Convertible pesos ( CUC ), set at par with the US dollar. Every Cuban household has a ration book ( known as libreta ) entitling it to a monthly supply of food and other staples, which are provided at nominal cost. Before Fidel Castro 's 1959 revolution, Cuba was one of the most advanced and successful countries in Latin America. Cuba 's capital, Havana, was a `` glittering and dynamic city ''. The country 's economy in the early part of the century, fuelled by the sale of sugar to the United States, had grown wealthy. Cuba ranked 5th in the hemisphere in per capita income, 3rd in life expectancy, 2nd in per capita ownership of automobiles and telephones, and 1st in the number of television sets per inhabitant. Cuba 's literacy rate, 76 %, was the fourth highest in Latin America. Cuba also ranked 11th in the world in the number of doctors per capita. Several private clinics and hospitals provided services for the poor. Cuba 's income distribution compared favorably with that of other Latin American societies. However, income inequality was profound between city and countryside, especially between whites and blacks. Cubans lived in abysmal poverty in the countryside. According to PBS, a thriving middle class held the promise of prosperity and social mobility. According to Cuba historian Louis Perez of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, `` Havana was then what Las Vegas has become. '' In 2016, the Miami Herald wrote, ``... about 27 percent of Cubans earn under $50 per month ; 34 percent earn the equivalent of $50 to $100 per month ; and 20 percent earn $101 to $200. Twelve percent reported earning $201 to $500 a month ; and almost 4 percent said their monthly earnings topped $500, including 1.5 percent who said they earned more than $1,000. '' Cigar production in Santiago de Cuba After the Cuban revolution and before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba depended on Moscow for substantial aid and sheltered markets for its exports. The loss of these subsidies sent the Cuban economy into a rapid depression known in Cuba as the Special Period. Cuba took limited free market - oriented measures to alleviate severe shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. These steps included allowing some self - employment in certain retail and light manufacturing sectors, the legalization of the use of the US dollar in business, and the encouragement of tourism. Cuba has developed a unique urban farm system called organopónicos to compensate for the end of food imports from the Soviet Union. The U.S. embargo against Cuba was instituted in response to nationalization of U.S. - citizen - held property and was maintained at the premise of perceived human rights violations. It is widely viewed that the embargo hurt the Cuban economy. In 2009, the Cuban Government estimated this loss at $685 million annually. Cuba 's leadership has called for reforms in the country 's agricultural system. In 2008, Raúl Castro began enacting agrarian reforms to boost food production, as at that time 80 % of food was imported. The reforms aim to expand land use and increase efficiency. Venezuela supplies Cuba with an estimated 110,000 barrels ( 17,000 m ) of oil per day in exchange for money and the services of some 44,000 Cubans, most of them medical personnel, in Venezuela. Cubans are now permitted to own small businesses in certain sectors. In 2005, Cuba had exports of US $2.4 billion, ranking 114 of 226 world countries, and imports of US $6.9 billion, ranking 87 of 226 countries. Its major export partners are Canada 17.7 %, China 16.9 %, Venezuela 12.5 %, Netherlands 9 %, and Spain 5.9 % ( 2012 ). Cuba 's major exports are sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus fruits, and coffee ; imports include food, fuel, clothing, and machinery. Cuba presently holds debt in an amount estimated at $13 billion, approximately 38 % of GDP. According to the Heritage Foundation, Cuba is dependent on credit accounts that rotate from country to country. Cuba 's prior 35 % supply of the world 's export market for sugar has declined to 10 % due to a variety of factors, including a global sugar commodity price drop that made Cuba less competitive on world markets. It was announced in 2008 that wage caps would be abandoned to improve the nation 's productivity. In 2010, Cubans were allowed to build their own houses. According to Raúl Castro, they could now improve their houses, but the government would not endorse these new houses or improvements. There is virtually no homelessness in Cuba, and 85 % of Cubans own their homes and pay no property taxes or mortgage interest. Mortgage payments may not exceed 10 % of a household 's combined income. On 2 August 2011, The New York Times reported that Cuba reaffirmed its intent to legalize `` buying and selling '' of private property before the year 's end. According to experts, the private sale of property could `` transform Cuba more than any of the economic reforms announced by President Raúl Castro 's government ''. It would cut more than one million state jobs, including party bureaucrats who resist the changes. The reforms created what some call `` New Cuban Economy ''. In October 2013, Raúl said he intended to merge the two currencies, but as of August 2016, the dual currency system remains in force. In August 2012, a specialist of the `` Cubaenergia Company '' announced the opening of Cuba 's first Solar Power Plant. As a member of the Cubasolar Group, there was also a mention of 10 additional plants in 2013. Resources Cuba 's natural resources include sugar, tobacco, fish, citrus fruits, coffee, beans, rice, potatoes, and livestock. The output of Cuba 's nickel mines that year was 71,000 tons, approaching 4 % of world production. As of 2013 its reserves were estimated at 5.5 million tons, over 7 % of the world total. Sherritt International of Canada operates a large nickel mining facility in Moa. Cuba is also a major producer of refined cobalt, a by - product of nickel mining. Oil exploration in 2005 by the US Geological Survey revealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce about 4.6 billion barrels ( 730,000,000 m ) to 9.3 billion barrels ( 1.48 × 10 m ) of oil. In 2006, Cuba started to test - drill these locations for possible exploitation. Tourism Main article : Tourism in Cuba Varadero beach Tourism was initially restricted to enclave resorts where tourists would be segregated from Cuban society, referred to as `` enclave tourism '' and `` tourism apartheid ''. Contact between foreign visitors and ordinary Cubans were de facto illegal between 1992 and 1997. The rapid growth of tourism during the Special Period had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba, and led to speculation about the emergence of a two - tier economy. Cuba has tripled its market share of Caribbean tourism in the last decade ; as a result of significant investment in tourism infrastructure, this growth rate is predicted to continue. 1.9 million tourists visited Cuba in 2003, predominantly from Canada and the European Union, generating revenue of US $2.1 billion. Cuba recorded 2,688,000 international tourists in 2011, the third - highest figure in the Caribbean ( behind the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico ). The medical tourism sector caters to thousands of European, Latin American, Canadian, and American consumers every year. A recent study indicates that Cuba has a potential for mountaineering activity, and that mountaineering could be a key contributor to tourism, along with other activities, e.g. biking, diving, caving ). Promoting these resources could contribute to regional development, prosperity, and well - being. The Cuban Justice minister downplays allegations of widespread sex tourism. According to a Government of Canada travel advice website, `` Cuba is actively working to prevent child sex tourism, and a number of tourists, including Canadians, have been convicted of offences related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under. Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years. '' Some tourist facilities were extensively damaged on 8 September 2017 when Hurricane Irma hit the island. The storm made landfall in the Camagüey Archipelago ; the worst damage was in the keys north of the main island, however, and not in the most significant tourist areas. Geography Main article : Geography of Cuba A general map of Cuba Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the northern Caribbean Sea at the confluence with the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between latitudes 19 ° and 24 ° N, and longitudes 74 ° and 85 ° W. The United States lies 150 kilometers ( 93 miles ) across the Straits of Florida to the north and northwest ( to the closest tip of Key West, Florida ), and the Bahamas 21 km ( 13 mi ) to the north. Mexico lies 210 kilometers ( 130 miles ) across the Yucatán Channel to the west ( to the closest tip of Cabo Catoche in the State of Quintana Roo ). Haiti is 77 km ( 48 mi ) to the east, Jamaica ( 140 km / 87 mi ) and the Cayman Islands to the south. Cuba is the principal island, surrounded by four smaller groups of islands : the Colorados Archipelago on the northwestern coast, the Sabana - Camagüey Archipelago on the north - central Atlantic coast, the Jardines de la Reina on the south - central coast and the Canarreos Archipelago on the southwestern coast. Sierra Maestra The main island, named Cuba, is 1,250 km ( 780 mi ) long, constituting most of the nation 's land area ( 104,556 km ( 40,369 sq mi ) ) and is the largest island in the Caribbean and 17th - largest island in the world by land area. The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains apart from the Sierra Maestra mountains in the southeast, whose highest point is Pico Turquino ( 1,974 m ( 6,476 ft ) ). The second - largest island is Isla de la Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) in the Canarreos archipelago, with an area of 2,200 km ( 849 sq mi ). Cuba has an official area ( land area ) of 109,884 km ( 42,426 sq mi ). Its area is 110,860 km ( 42,803 sq mi ) including coastal and territorial waters. Climate Main article : Climate of Cuba Viñales Valley With the entire island south of the Tropic of Cancer, the local climate is tropical, moderated by northeasterly trade winds that blow year - round. The temperature is also shaped by the Caribbean current, which brings in warm water from the equator. This makes the climate of Cuba warmer than that of Hong Kong, which is at around the same latitude as Cuba but has a subtropical rather than a tropical climate. In general ( with local variations ), there is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October. The average temperature is 21 ° C ( 69.8 ° F ) in January and 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) in July. The warm temperatures of the Caribbean Sea and the fact that Cuba sits across the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico combine to make the country prone to frequent hurricanes. These are most common in September and October. Hurricane Irma hit the island on 8 September 2017, with winds of 260 kilometres per hour, at the Camagüey Archipelago ; the storm reached Ciego de Avila province around midnight and continued to pound Cuba the next day. The worst damage was in the keys north of the main island. Hospitals, warehouses and factories were damaged ; much of the north coast was without electricity. By that time, nearly a million people, including tourists, had been evacuated. The Varadero resort area also reported widespread damage ; the government believed that repairs could be completed before the start of the main tourist season. Subsequent reports indicated that 10 people had been killed during the storm, including seven in Havana, most during building collapses. Sections of the capital had been flooded. Hurricane Jose was not expected to strike Cuba. Biodiversity Large group of American crocodiles in Cuba Cuba signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 8 March 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision, that the convention received on 24 January 2008. The revision comprises an action plan with time limits for each item, and an indication of the governmental body responsible for delivery. That document contains virtually no information about biodiversity. However, the country 's fourth national report to the CBD contains a detailed breakdown of the numbers of species of each kingdom of life recorded from Cuba, the main groups being : animals ( 17,801 species ), bacteria ( 270 ), chromista ( 707 ), fungi, including lichen - forming species ( 5844 ), plants ( 9107 ) and protozoa ( 1440 ). As elsewhere in the world, vertebrate animals and flowering plants are well documented, so the recorded numbers of species are probably close to the true numbers. For most or all other groups, the true numbers of species occurring in Cuba are likely to exceed, often considerably, the numbers recorded so far. Demographics Main articles : Cuban people and Demographics of Cuba Self - identified race ( 2012 Census ) Race White 64.1 % Mulatto, Mestizo, Zambo, or Pardo 27.6 % Black 9.3 % Asian 0.1 % Population Year Million 1950 5.9 2000 11.1 2016 11.5 Students of the Escuela Lenin According to the official census of 2010, Cuba 's population was 11,241,161, comprising 5,628,996 men and 5,612,165 women. Its birth rate ( 9.88 births per thousand population in 2006 ) is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere. Although the country 's population has grown by about four million people since 1961, the rate of growth slowed during that period, and the population began to decline in 2006, due in the country 's low fertility rate ( 1.43 children per woman ) coupled with emigration. Indeed, this drop in fertility is among the largest in the Western Hemisphere and is attributed largely to unrestricted access to legal abortion : Cuba 's abortion rate was 58.6 per 1000 pregnancies in 1996, compared to an average of 35 in the Caribbean, 27 in Latin America overall, and 48 in Europe. Similarly, the use of contraceptives is also widespread, estimated at 79 % of the female population ( in the upper third of countries in the Western Hemisphere ). Ethnoracial groups Cuba 's population is multiethnic, reflecting its complex colonial origins. Intermarriage between diverse groups is widespread, and consequently there is some discrepancy in reports of the country 's racial composition : whereas the Institute for Cuban and Cuban - American Studies at the University of Miami determined that 62 % of Cubans are black, the 2002 Cuban census found that a similar proportion of the population, 65.05 %, was white. In fact, the Minority Rights Group International determined that `` An objective assessment of the situation of Afro - Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre - and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 34 % to 62 % ''. A 2014 study found that, based on ancestry informative markers ( AIM ), autosomal genetic ancestry in Cuba is 72 % European, 20 % African, and 8 % Indigenous. Around 35 % of maternal lineages derive from Cuban Indigenous People, compared to 39 % from Africa and 26 % from Europe, but male lineages were European ( 82 % ) and African ( 18 % ), indicating a historical bias towards mating between foreign men and native women rather than the inverse. Ancestral contributions in Cubans as inferred from autosomal AIMs. Ancestral contributions in Cubans as inferred from Y - chromosome markers. Ancestral contributions in Cubans as inferred from mtDNA markers. Asians make up about 1 % of the population, and are largely of Chinese ancestry, followed by Japanese. Many are descendants of farm laborers brought to the island by Spanish and American contractors during the 19th and early 20th century. The current recorded number of Cubans with Chinese ancestry is 114,240. Afro - Cubans are descended primarily from the Yoruba people, Bantu people from the Congo basin, Carabali people and Arará from the Dahomey as well as several thousand North African refugees, most notably the Sahrawi Arabs of Western Sahara. Immigration and emigration Main article : Spanish immigration to Cuba Immigration and emigration have played a prominent part in Cuba 's demographic profile. Between the 18th and early 20th century, large waves of Canarian, Catalan, Andalusian, Galician, and other Spanish people immigrated to Cuba. Between 1899 -- 1930 alone, close to a million Spaniards entered the country, though many would eventually return to Spain. Other prominent immigrant groups included French, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Dutch, Greek, British, and Irish, as well as small number of descendants of U.S. citizens who arrived in Cuba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Post-revolution Cuba has been characterized by significant levels of emigration, which has led to a large and influential diaspora community. During the three decades after January 1959, more than one million Cubans of all social classes -- constituting 10 % of the total population -- emigrated to the United States, a proportion that matches the extent of emigration to the U.S. from the Caribbean as a whole during that period. Prior to January 13, 2013, Cuban citizens could not travel abroad, leave or return to Cuba without first obtaining official permission along with applying for a government issued passport and travel visa, which was often denied. Other common destinations include Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, and Sweden, among others. Those who left the country typically did so by sea, in small boats and fragile rafts. On 9 September 1994, the U.S. and Cuban governments agreed that the U.S. would grant at least 20,000 visas annually in exchange for Cuba 's pledge to prevent further unlawful departures on boats. Religion Main article : Religion in Cuba Havana Cathedral In 2010, the Pew Forum estimated that religious affiliation in Cuba is 65 % Christian ( 60 % Roman Catholic or about 6.9 million in 2016, 5 % Protestant or about 575,000 in 2016 ), 23 % unaffiliated, 17 % folk religion ( such as santería ), and the remaining 0.4 % consisting of other religions. Cuba is officially a secular state. Religious freedom increased through the 1980s, with the government amending the constitution in 1992 to drop the state 's characterization as atheistic. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion, with its origins in Spanish colonization. Despite less than half of the population identifying as Catholics in 2006, it nonetheless remains the dominant faith. Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba in 1998 and 2011, respectively, and Pope Francis visited Cuba in September 2015. Prior to each papal visit, the Cuban government pardoned prisoners as a humanitarian gesture. The government 's relaxation of restrictions on house churches in the 1990s led to an explosion of Pentecostalism, with some groups claiming as many as 100,000 members. However, Evangelical Protestant denominations, organized into the umbrella Cuban Council of Churches, remain much more vibrant and powerful. The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly defined by syncretisms of various kinds. Christianity is often practiced in tandem with Santería, a mixture of Catholicism and mostly African faiths, which include a number of cults. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre ( the Virgin of Cobre ) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and a symbol of Cuban culture. In Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddess Oshun. Cuba also hosts small communities of Jews ( 500 in 2012 ), Muslims, and members of the Bahá'í Faith. Several well - known Cuban religious figures have operated outside the island, including the humanitarian and author Jorge Armando Pérez. Languages The official language of Cuba is Spanish and the vast majority of Cubans speak it. Spanish as spoken in Cuba is known as Cuban Spanish and is a form of Caribbean Spanish. Lucumí, a dialect of the West African language Yoruba, is also used as a liturgical language by practitioners of Santería, and so only as a second language. Haitian Creole is the second most spoken language in Cuba, and is spoken by Haitian immigrants and their descendants. Other languages spoken by immigrants include Galician and Corsican. Largest cities See also : List of cities in Cuba Largest cities or towns in Cuba http://www.geonames.org/CU/largest-cities-in-cuba.html Rank Name Province Pop. Havana Santiago de Cuba Havana Havana 2,201,610 Camagüey Holguín Santiago de Cuba Santiago de Cuba 423,392 Camagüey Camagüey 301,574 Holguín Holguín 269,618 5 Santa Clara Villa Clara 210,220 6 Guantánamo Guantánamo 208,145 7 Bayamo Granma 144,664 8 Victoria de Las Tunas Las Tunas 143,582 9 Cienfuegos Cienfuegos 140,734 10 Manzanillo Granma 132,789 Media See also : Media of Cuba The Cuban government and Communist Party of Cuba control almost all media in Cuba. Press See also : List of newspapers in Cuba Granma brings : Reflections of Fidel Castro Speeches of Raúl Castro Television See also : Television in Cuba Five Communist controlled national channels : Cubavisión Tele Rebelde Canal Educativo Canal Educativo 2 Multivisión Internet Internet in Cuba has some of the lowest penetration rates in the Western hemisphere, and all content is subject to review by the Department of Revolutionary Orientation. ETECSA operates 118 cybercafes in the country. The government of Cuba provides an online encyclopedia website called EcuRed that operates in a `` wiki '' format. Internet access is limited. The sale of computer equipment is strictly regulated. Internet access is controlled, and e-mail is closely monitored. Culture Main article : Culture of Cuba A local musical house, Casa de la Trova in Santiago de Cuba Cuban culture is influenced by its melting pot of cultures, primarily those of Spain and Africa. After the 1959 revolution, the government started a national literacy campaign, offered free education to all and established rigorous sports, ballet and music programs. Music Gloria Estefan and Celia Cruz Main article : Music of Cuba Cuban music is very rich and is the most commonly known expression of Cuban culture. The central form of this music is Son, which has been the basis of many other musical styles like `` Danzón de nuevo ritmo '', mambo, cha - cha - chá and salsa music. Rumba ( `` de cajón o de solar '' ) music originated in the early Afro - Cuban culture, mixed with Hispanic elements of style. The Tres was invented in Cuba from Hispanic cordophone instruments models ( the instrument is actually a fusion of elements from the Spanish guitar and lute ). Other traditional Cuban instruments are of African origin, Taíno origin, or both, such as the maracas, güiro, marímbula and various wooden drums including the mayohuacán. Popular Cuban music of all styles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world. Cuban classical music, which includes music with strong African and European influences, and features symphonic works as well as music for soloists, has received international acclaim thanks to composers like Ernesto Lecuona. Havana was the heart of the rap scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s. During that time, reggaetón grew in popularity. In 2011, the Cuban state denounced reggaeton as degenerate, directed reduced `` low - profile '' airplay of the genre ( but did not ban it entirely ) and banned the megahit Chupi Chupi by Osmani García, characterizing its description of sex as `` the sort which a prostitute would carry out. '' In December 2012, the Cuban government officially banned sexually explicit reggaeton songs and music videos from radio and television. As well as pop, classical and rock are very popular in Cuba. Cuisine Main article : Cuban cuisine A traditional meal of ropa vieja ( shredded flank steak in a tomato sauce base ), black beans, yellow rice, plantains and fried yuca with beer Cuban - style tamales Cuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines. Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. Food rationing, which has been the norm in Cuba for the last four decades, restricts the common availability of these dishes. The traditional Cuban meal is not served in courses ; all food items are served at the same time. The typical meal could consist of plantains, black beans and rice, ropa vieja ( shredded beef ), Cuban bread, pork with onions, and tropical fruits. Black beans and rice, referred to as moros y cristianos ( or moros for short ), and plantains are staples of the Cuban diet. Many of the meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces. Garlic, cumin, oregano, and bay leaves are the dominant spices. Literature Main article : Cuban literature Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martí, who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature. Writers such as Nicolás Guillén and José Z. Tallet focused on literature as social protest. The poetry and novels of Dulce María Loynaz and José Lezama Lima have been influential. Romanticist Miguel Barnet, who wrote Everyone Dreamed of Cuba, reflects a more melancholy Cuba. Alejo Carpentier was important in the Magic realism movement. Writers such as Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, and more recently Daína Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Zoé Valdés, Guillermo Rosales and Leonardo Padura have earned international recognition in the post-revolutionary era, though many of these writers have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by the Cuban authorities. Dance Dance holds a privileged position in Cuban culture. Popular dance is considered an essential part of life, and concert dance is supported by the government and includes internationally renowned companies such as the Ballet Nacional de Cuba. Sports Main article : Sport in Cuba Cuban former boxer Teófilo Stevenson, widely considered one of the greatest boxers of all time Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports that are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally played in other Latin American nations. Baseball is the most popular. Other sports and pastimes include football, basketball, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions. Cuban boxers are not permitted to turn professional by their government. However, many boxers defect to the U.S. and other countries. Cuba also provides a national team that competes in the Olympic Games. Education Main article : Education in Cuba University of Havana, founded in 1728 The University of Havana was founded in 1728 and there are a number of other well - established colleges and universities. In 1957, just before Castro came to power, the literacy rate was fourth in the region at almost 80 % according to the United Nations, higher than in Spain. Castro created an entirely state - operated system and banned private institutions. School attendance is compulsory from ages six to the end of basic secondary education ( normally at age 15 ), and all students, regardless of age or gender, wear school uniforms with the color denoting grade level. Primary education lasts for six years, secondary education is divided into basic and pre-university education. Cuba 's literacy rate of 99.8 percent is the tenth - highest globally, due largely to the provision of free education at every level. Cuba 's high school graduation rate is 94 percent. Higher education is provided by universities, higher institutes, higher pedagogical institutes, and higher polytechnic institutes. The Cuban Ministry of Higher Education operates a distance education program that provides regular afternoon and evening courses in rural areas for agricultural workers. Education has a strong political and ideological emphasis, and students progressing to higher education are expected to have a commitment to the goals of Cuba. Cuba has provided state subsidized education to a limited number of foreign nationals at the Latin American School of Medicine. According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the top - ranking universities in the country are Universidad de la Habana ( 1680th worldwide ), Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría ( 2893rd ) and the University of Santiago de Cuba ( 3831st ). Health Main article : Healthcare in Cuba Cuba 's life expectancy at birth is 78.3 years ( 76.2 for males and 80.4 for females ). This ranks Cuba 55th in the world and 5th in the Americas, behind Canada, Chile, Costa Rica and the United States. Infant mortality declined from 32 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 1957, to 10 in 1990 -- 95, 6.1 in 2000 -- 2005 and 5.13 in 2009. Historically, Cuba has ranked high in numbers of medical personnel and has made significant contributions to world health since the 19th century. Today, Cuba has universal health care and despite persistent shortages of medical supplies, there is no shortage of medical personnel. Primary care is available throughout the island and infant and maternal mortality rates compare favorably with those in developed nations. Disease and infant mortality increased in the 1960s immediately after the revolution, when half of Cuba 's 6,000 doctors left the country. Recovery occurred by the 1980s, and the country 's health care has been widely praised. The Communist government asserted that universal health care was a priority of state planning and progress was made in rural areas. Like the rest of the Cuban economy, medical care suffered from severe material shortages following the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991, and a tightening of the U.S. embargo in 1992. Challenges include low salaries for doctors, poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, and the frequent absence of essential drugs. Cuba has the highest doctor - to - population ratio in the world and has sent thousands of doctors to more than 40 countries around the world. According to the World Health Organization, Cuba is `` known the world over for its ability to train excellent doctors and nurses who can then go out to help other countries in need ''. As of September 2014, there are around 50,000 Cuban - trained health care workers aiding 66 nations. Cuban physicians have played a leading role in combating the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. Import and export of pharmaceutical drugs is done by the Quimefa Pharmaceutical Business Group ( FARMACUBA ) under the Ministry of Basic Industry ( MINBAS ). This group also provides technical information for the production of these drugs. Isolated from the West by the US embargo, Cuba developed the successful lung cancer vaccine, Cimavax, which is now available to US researchers for the first time, along with other novel Cuban cancer treatments. The vaccine has been available for free to the Cuban population since 2011. According to Roswell Park Cancer Institute CEO Candace Johnson : `` They 've had to do more with less, so they 've had to be even more innovative with how they approach things. For over 40 years, they have had a preeminent immunology community. '' In 2015, Cuba became the first country to eradicate mother - to - child transmission of HIV and syphilis, a milestone hailed by the World Health Organization as `` one of the greatest public health achievements possible ''. See also Cuba portal History portal New Spain portal Latin America portal Index of Cuba - related articles List of Cubans List of places in Cuba Outline of Cuba References Jump up ^ `` Cuban Peso Bills ''. Central Bank of Cuba. 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` National symbols ''. Government of Cuba. 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The number of individuals who have been jailed or deprived of their freedom in labor camps over the 50 years of Castro 's dictatorship is estimated at around 200,000 Jump up ^ `` Fidel Castro -- Cuba 's hero and dictator ''. Deutsche Welle. 26 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` World Report 2018 : Rights Trends in Cuba ''. Human Rights Watch. 2018 - 01 - 18. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15. Jump up ^ Rangel, Carlos ( 1977 ). The Latin Americans : Their Love - Hate Relationship with the United States. New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 3 -- 5. ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 148795 - 0. Skidmore, Thomas E. ; Peter H. Smith ( 2005 ). Modern Latin America ( 6 ed. ). Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 1 -- 10. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517013 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2015 -- `` Rethinking Work for Human Development '' '' ( PDF ). HDRO ( Human Development Report Office ) United Nations Development Programme. Jump up ^ `` GHO -- By category -- Life expectancy -- Data by country ''. 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Chapter One. Jump up ^ Ferrer, Ada ( 2014 ). Freedom 's Mirror : Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978 - 1107029422. Jump up ^ Ferrer, Ada ( 2014 ). Freedom 's Mirror : Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978 - 1107029422. Jump up ^ Ferrer, Ada ( 2014 ). Freedom 's Mirror : Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 36. Jump up ^ Childs, Matt D. ( 2006 ). The 1813 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 320 pages. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5772 - 4. Jump up ^ Scheina 2003, p. 352. Jump up ^ Magnus Mõrner, Race Mixture in Latin America, Boston, 1967, pp. 124 -- 125 Jump up ^ Herbert S. Klein, Slavery in the Americas : A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1967, p. 196 Jump up ^ Chomsky, Carr & Smorkaloff 2004, pp. 115 -- 7. Jump up ^ Westad 2012, pp. 227 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Historia de las Guerras de Liberación de Cuba ''. Jump up ^ `` The Little War ( La Guerra Chiquita ) ''. Jump up ^ Scott 2000, p. 3 Jump up ^ Chomsky, Carr & Smorkaloff 2004, pp. 37 -- 8. ^ Jump up to : Stanley Sandler, ed. ( 2002 ). Ground warfare : an international encyclopedia. Part 25, Volume 1. ABC - CLIO. p. 549. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 344 - 5. Retrieved September 6, 2009. ^ Jump up to : David Arias ( 2005 ). Spanish - americans : Lives And Faces. Victoria, BC, Canada : Trafford Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 4717 - 3. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ Robert K. Home ( 1997 ). Of Planting and Planning : The Making of British Colonial Cities. Chapman and Hall. p. 195. ISBN 978 - 0 - 419 - 20230 - 1. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War. `` Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects ''. Retrieved January 29, 2007. 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4737 - 8. Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of the 1950s, by James Stuart Olson, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0 - 313 - 30619 - 2, pp. 67 -- 68. Jump up ^ Sweig 2004, p. 6 Jump up ^ Paul H. Lewis ( 2006 ). Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America. Oxford, UK : Rowman & Littlefield. p. 186. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3739 - 2. Retrieved September 14, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Smith & Llorens 1998. Jump up ^ Baklanoff 1998. Jump up ^ Thomas 1998, p. 1173. Jump up ^ Maureen Ihrie ; Salvador Oropesa ( October 31, 2011 ). World Literature in Spanish : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. p. 262. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 08083 - 8. Retrieved July 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Aviva Chomsky ( November 23, 2010 ). A History of the Cuban Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 37 -- 38. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 2956 - 8. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Falk 1988, p. 67. Jump up ^ Ros ( 2006 ) pp. 159 -- 201. Jump up ^ `` Anti-Cuba Bandits : terrorism in past tense ''. 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Eisenhower and Latin America : The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. UNC Press Books. pp. 123 -- 125. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4204 - 1. Retrieved July 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Richard A. Crooker ( 2005 ). Cuba. Infobase Publishing. pp. 43 -- 44. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0497 - 3. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ U.S International Trade Commission. The Economic Impact of U.S. Sanctions with Respect to Cuba. p. Section 2 -- 3, p. 2. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4578 - 2290 - 2. Jump up ^ `` This Day in History -- 7 / 9 / 1960 ''. History.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism : Case 60 - 3, US v. Cuba ( 1960 -- : Castro ) '' ( PDF ). Peterson Institute for International Economics. October 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution -- Escape From a Lost Paradise, 2002, Hacienda Publishing, Inc., Macon, Georgia, pp. 163 -- 228 Jump up ^ Domínguez 1989, p. ?. ^ Jump up to : Bethell, Leslie ( 1998 - 08 - 13 ). The Cambridge History of Latin America. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62327 - 8. ^ Jump up to : `` Health consequences of Cuba 's Special Period ''. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal. 179 ( 3 ) : 257. 2008. doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 1080068. PMC 2474886. PMID 18663207. Jump up ^ Patricia Maroday ( January 12, 2015 ). `` Doing Business with Cuba -- The Complete Guide ''. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Gershman & Gutierrez 2009, p. ?. Jump up ^ Carlos Lauria ; Monica Campbell ; María Salazar ( March 18, 2008 ). `` Cuba 's Long Black Spring ''. The Committee to Protect Journalists. Jump up ^ `` Cuba -- No surrender by independent journalists, five years on from `` black spring '' '' ( PDF ). Reporters Without Borders. March 2008. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Castro resigns as Cuban president : official media ''. Agence France - Presse. February 19, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Raul Castro named Cuban president ''. BBC News. February 24, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Byte by byte ''. The Economist. March 19, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Raúl Castro replaces top Cuban officials ''. The Guardian. London. March 2, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2009. Jump up ^ `` China View 2009 - 06 - 04 : OAS plenary votes to end Cuba 's exclusion ''. News.xinhuanet.com. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` China View 2009 - 06 - 04 : Cuba 's Fidel Castro calls OAS a `` U.S. Trojan horse '' ``. News.xinhuanet.com. June 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ CNN : `` Cuba eases travel restriction for citizens '' by Ben Brumfield Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 16 October 2012 Until now, Cubans had to pay $150 for an exit visa. A resident in the country that the Cuban wanted to visit would also have to write a letter of invitation. Fees associated with the letter ran as high as $200. That 's a steep price in a country where the average official monthly income is about $20. Jump up ^ BBC : `` Leaving Cuba : The difficult task of exiting the island '' by Sarah Rainsford Archived December 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 12 July 2012 Jump up ^ Washington Office on Latin America : `` Cubans Allowed to Travel Abroad Without Exit Visas '' By Geoff Thale and Clay Boggs Archived April 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 16 October 2012 Jump up ^ Henken, Ted ( 2013 ). Cuba. ABC - CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 9781610690126. Jump up ^ `` Cubans line up for the chance to leave '' by Girish Gupta, USA Today, 14 January 2013 Jump up ^ PBS : `` Cuba Opens Travel Abroad for Most Citizens, Eliminating Exit Visa Requirement '' Archived November 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 14 January 2013 Jump up ^ USA Today : `` Cubans can leave, but to where and with what ? '' by Girish Gupta, 11 November 2012 Jump up ^ International Business Times : `` Cuba 's First Year Of Immigration Reform : 180,000 People Leave The Country... And Come Back '' By Patricia Rey Mallén Archived August 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 14 January 2014 Jump up ^ Andrea Mitchell ; Eric McClam ( December 18, 2014 ). `` Cuba Frees American Alan Gross, Held for Five Years ''. NBC News. Jump up ^ `` Country profile : Cuba ''. BBC News. August 20, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Cuba 1976 ( rev. 2002 ) ''. Constitue. Retrieved April 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Cuba : Elections and Events 1991 -- 2001 Archived March 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Latin American Election Statistics Home Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2016 : Revenge of the ' deplorables ' ''. eiu.com. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Country Status and ratings overview '', Freedom in the World 1973 -- 2016, Freedom House. Retrieved 2 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cuba 's Raul Castro announces retirement in 5 years ''. USA Today. February 25, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Lima, Tomas Munita, Mauricio ; Ahmed, Azam ( December 3, 2016 ). `` A Nation in Mourning : Images of Cuba After Fidel Castro ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved February 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Information about human rights in Cuba '' ( in Spanish ). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7, 1967. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006. Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Affairs ( March 25, 2010 ). `` Cuba ''. United States Department of State. Retrieved April 1, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Cuba ''. Human Rights Watch. 2006. Archived from the original on May 11, 2006. Jump up ^ `` EU - Cuba relations ''. European Communities. September 4, 2003. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ Laursen, F. ( 2009 ). The EU in the Global Political Economy. P.I.E. Peter Lang. p. 279. ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 554 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Cuban Democracy Act ''. U.S. Department of State. 1992. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ `` The US Embargo Against Cuba : Its Impact on Economic and Social Rights '' ( PDF ). Amnesty International. September 2009. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 28, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Record number of nations oppose US embargo of Cuba in UN vote ''. RT News. October 30, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Historic thaw in U.S., Cuba standoff ''. CNN. Retrieved December 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` CPJ 's 2008 prison census : Online and in jail ''. Committee to Protect Journalists. Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch ( 2008 ). World Report 2008 : Events of 2007. Seven Stories Press. p. 207. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58322 - 774 - 9. ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba 's Repressive Machinery -- V. General Prison Conditions ''. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved March 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Number of Cuban political prisoners dips -- rights group ''. BBC News. July 5, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Domínguez 1989, p. 6 : `` Cuba is a small country, but it has the foreign policy of a big power. '' Jump up ^ Feinsilver 1989, p. 2 : `` Cuba has projected disproportionately greater power and influence through military might... through economic largesse... as a mediator in regional conflicts, and as a forceful and persuasive advocate of Third World interests in international forums. Cuba 's scientific achievements, while limited, are also being shared with other Third World countries, thereby furthering Cuban influence and prestige abroad. '' Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1996, pp. 159, 161 : `` Cuba 's relationship with Algeria in 1961 -- 5... clashes with the image of Cuban foreign policy -- cynical ploys of a ( Soviet ) client state -- that prevails not only in the United States but also in many European capitals... The aid Cuba gave Algeria in 1961 -- 2 had nothing to do with the East - West conflict. Its roots predate Castro 's victory in 1959 and lie in the Cubans ' widespread identification with the struggle of the Algerian people. '' Jump up ^ Gleijeses 2010, p. 327 : `` The dispatch of 36,000 Cuban soldiers to Angola between November 1975 and April 1976 stunned the world ;... by 1988, there were 55,000 Cuban soldiers in Angola. '' Jump up ^ Gleijeses 2002, p. 392 : `` After Angola, Cuba 's largest military intervention was in Ethiopia, where in 1978 16,000 Cuban troops helped repulse the invading Somali army. '' Jump up ^ Tareke 2009, pp. 62 -- 3. Tareke refers here to the training given to 10 members of the Eritrean Liberation Front in 1968 during the Eritrean struggle for independence. Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1997, p. 50 : `` On 14 -- 16 October 1960, ( Guinean president Ahmed Sékou ) Touré went to Havana. It was the first visit of an African chief of state to Cuba. The following year Cuba 's foreign aid programme to Third World governments began when fifteen students from Guinea arrived in Havana to attend the university or technical institutes. '' Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1997, p. 45 : `` Joining the rebellion in 1966, and remaining through the war 's end in 1974, this was the longest Cuban intervention in Africa before the despatch of troops to Angola in November 1975. It was also the most successful. As the Guinean paper Nõ Pintcha declared, ' The Cubans ' solidarity was decisive for our struggle ' ''. Jump up ^ Gleijeses 2002, p. 227. The Cuban contribution to the independence of Mozambique was not very important. Jump up ^ Ramazani 1975, p. 91. Jump up ^ `` AP 1950 Invasion Wiped Out Says Trujillo ''. Waterloo, Iowa : Waterloo Daily Courier. June 24, 1959. p. 7. Jump up ^ `` Resistencia 1916 -- 1966 ''. museodelaresistencia.org. Retrieved April 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Joint declarations concerning areas and modalities provisionally identified for cooperation '' ( PDF ). European Commission. November 26, 2008. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ Hirst, Joel D. ( December 2, 2010 ). `` The Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas ''. cfr.org. Retrieved April 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Millman, Joel ( January 15, 2011 ). `` New Prize in Cold War : Cuban Doctors ''. wsj.com. Retrieved April 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Arsenault, Chris ( December 31, 2012 ). `` Cuban doctors prescribe hope in Venezuela ''. aljazeera.com. Retrieved April 24, 2013. As the article discusses, the oil - for - doctors programme has not been welcomed uncritically in Venezuela. The initial impetus for Cuban doctors ' going to Venezuela was a Chavez - government welfare project called Misión Barrio Adentro ( Albornoz 2006 ). Jump up ^ Roy 2000. Roy 's study was described as `` systematic and fair '' by Jorge Domínguez -- see Domínguez, Jorge I. ( 2001 ). `` Reviews : Cuba, the United States, and the Helms - Burton Doctrine : International Reactions by Joaquín Roy ''. Journal of Latin American Studies. 33 ( 4 ) : 888 -- 890. doi : 10.1017 / s0022216x0133626x. JSTOR 3653779. Jump up ^ `` Obama Says U.S., Cuba Taking Critical Steps Toward a New Day ''. Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. April 21, 2009. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Administration Announcement on U.S. Policy Toward Cuba ''. Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. April 13, 2009. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jump up ^ Daniel Trotta and Steve Holland ( December 17, 2014 ). `` U.S., Cuba restore ties after 50 years ''. Havanna and Washington. Reuters. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Baker, Peter ( December 17, 2014 ). `` U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba, Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Frances Robles and Julie Hirschfeld Davis ( December 18, 2014 ). `` U.S. Frees Last of the ' Cuban Five, ' Part of a 1990s Spy Ring ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Parlapiano, Alicia ( December 17, 2014 ). `` How America 's Relationship With Cuba Will Change ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Mark Landler and Michael R. Gordon ( December 17, 2014 ). `` Journey to Reconciliation Visited Worlds of Presidents, Popes and Spies ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Jackson, David ( July 1, 2015 ). `` Obama, Cuba announce embassy openings ''. Retrieved July 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Jaffe, Greg. `` U.S. and Cuba reach deal to reopen embassies and reestablish ties ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Archibold, Randal C. ; Davis, Julie Hirschfield ( April 14, 2015 ). `` Cuba to Be Removed From U.S. List of Nations That Sponsor Terrorism ''. The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Gamboa, Suzanne ; Abdullah, Halimah ( April 14, 2015 ). `` Obama Nixing Cuba From List of State Sponsors of Terrorism ''. NBC News. Retrieved April 15, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cuba praises ' fair ' US pledge on terrorism list ''. BBC News. April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015. 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 22, 2006. Jump up ^ Crespo & Negrón Díaz 1997. Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Cuba ''. U.S. Department of State. December 2005. Retrieved July 9, 2006. Jump up ^ `` UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2013 Edition '' ( PDF ). Tourism Trends and Marketing Strategies UNWTO. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Apollo, M. & Rettinger, R. ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ). `` Mountaineering in Cuba : improvement of true accessibility as an opportunity for regional development of communities outside the tourism enclaves ''. Current Issues in Tourism : 1 -- 8. doi : 10.1080 / 13683500.2018. 1446920. ISSN 1368 - 3500. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tamayo, Juan O. ( October 16, 2013 ). `` Cuba 's Justice Minister says the government fights prostitution ''. Miami Herald. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014. 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ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` ANUARIO DEMOGRAFICO DE CUBA 2010 '' ( PDF ). Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas. Jump up ^ `` Population, birth rate falling in Cuba : Official ''. The Peninsula On - line. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Population Decrease Must be Reverted ''. Wayback.archive.org. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` United Nations World Fertility Patterns 1997 ''. United Nations. 1997. Retrieved July 9, 2006. Jump up ^ Stanley K. Henshaw ; Susheela Singh ; Taylor Haas. `` The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide ''. International Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 25 ( Supplement ) : S30 -- S38. Retrieved May 11, 2006. Jump up ^ `` A barrier for Cuba 's blacks ''. Miami Herald. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. 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About.com News & Issues. Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html > Archived December 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ http://sonentero.blogspot.be/2009/07/african-roots-of-cuban-culture.html Jump up ^ `` Sahrawi children inhumanely treated in Cuba, former Cuban official ''. MoroccoTimes.com. March 31, 2006. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006. Jump up ^ `` La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920 ''. Tau.ac.il. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba ''. Cuban Genealogy Center. July 10, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Powell, John ( 2005 ). `` Cuban immigration ''. Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Facts on File. pp. 68 -- 71. ISBN 9781438110127. Retrieved November 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Pedraza 2007, p. ?. 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Nationalizing Blackness : Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920 -- 1940. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5645 - 7. Jump up ^ Victor Kaonga, Malawi ( December 7, 2011 ). `` Cuba : Reggaeton Hit ' Chupi Chupi ' Denounced by Authorities ''. Global Voices. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Scott Shetler ( December 7, 2012 ). `` Cuban Government to Censor Reggaeton For Being `` Sexually Explicit '' ``. Popcrush.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cuban Government Censors Reggaeton and `` Sexually Explicit '' Songs ``. ABC News. December 6, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Alvarez 2001. Jump up ^ Costa Rica -- Journey into the Tropical Garden of Eden, Tobias Hauser. Jump up ^ John, S. ( 2012 ). Contemporary Dance in Cuba : Tecnica Cubana as Revolutionary Movement. McFarland & Company. p. 23. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9325 - 8. 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Teachers College, Columbia University. 22 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Students graduate from Cuban school -- Americas -- MSNBC.com ''. MSNBC. July 25, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cuba - trained US doctors graduate ''. BBC News. July 25, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Cuba ''. Ranking Web of Universities. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Jump up ^ `` World population Prospects : The 2006 Revision : Highlights '' ( PDF ). United Nations. Retrieved July 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Whiteford & Branch 2008, p. 2 Jump up ^ Cuba : A Different America, By Wilber A. Chaffee, Gary Prevost, Rowland and Littlefield, 1992, p. 106 Jump up ^ Feinsilver 1989, pp. 4 -- 5 : `` Its success has been acclaimed by Dr. Halfdan Mahler, the Director - General of the World Health Organization ( WHO ), and Dr. Carlysle Guerra de Macedo, Director - General of the Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ), as well as by medical professionals from the United States and other capitalist countries who have observed the Cuban health system in action. Despite U.S. hostility toward Cuba, a U.S. government document stated in 1982 that the ' Cuban Revolution has managed social achievements, especially in education and health care, that are highly respected in the Third World..., ( including ) a national health care program that is superior in the Third World and rivals that of numerous developed countries. ' '' Jump up ^ Lundy, Karen Saucier. Community Health Nursing : Caring for the Public 's Health. Jones and Bartlett : 2005, p. 377. 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World Health Organization. September 2014. Jump up ^ Alexandra Sifferlin ( 5 November 2014 ). Why Cuba Is So Good at Fighting Ebola Archived October 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine... Time. Retrieved 28 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Centro de Promoción del Comercio Exterior y la Inversión Extranjera de Cuba -- CEPEC ''. Cepec.cu. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Erin Schumaker ( 14 May 2015 ). Cuba 's Had A Lung Cancer Vaccine For Years, And Now It 's Coming To The U.S. Archived May 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 May 2015. Jump up ^ Rob Quinn ( 12 May 2015 ). USA about to get Cuba 's lung cancer vaccine Archived April 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine... USA Today. Retrieved 14 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` WHO validates elimination of mother - to - child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba ''. WHO. June 30, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015. 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Silver Spring, MD : ASCE. pp. 260 -- 272. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9649082 - 7 - 7. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Chomsky, Aviva ; Carr, Barry ; Smorkaloff, Pamela Maria, eds. ( 2004 ). The Cuba Reader : History, Culture, Politics. Durham, NC : Duke University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3197 - 1. Corbett, Ben ( 2002 ). This Is Cuba : An Outlaw Culture Survives. Westview Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3826 - 2. Crespo, Nicolás ; Negrón Díaz, Santos ( 1997 ). `` Cuban Tourism in 2007 : Economic Impact '' ( PDF ). Cuba in Transition, Volume 7. Silver Spring, MD : ASCE. pp. 150 -- 161. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9649082 - 6 - 0. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Domínguez, Jorge I. ( 1978 ). Cuba : Order and Revolution. Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 17925 - 7. Domínguez, Jorge I. ( 1989 ). To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2. Domínguez, Jorge I. ( 2003 ). A Constitution for Cuba 's Political Transition : The Utility of Retaining ( and Amending ) the 1992 Constitution ( PDF ). Coral Gables, FL : Institute for Cuban and Cuban - American Studies, University of Miami. ISBN 978 - 1 - 932385 - 04 - 5. Retrieved August 19, 2012. Espino, María Dolores ( 2000 ). `` Cuban Tourism During the Special Period '' ( PDF ). Cuba in Transition, Volume 10. Silver Spring, MD : ASCE. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9649082 - 8 - 4. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Falk, Pamela S. ( 1988 ). `` Washing and Havana ''. The Wilson Quarterly. 12 ( 5 ) : 64 -- 74. JSTOR 40257732. Feinsilver, Julie M. ( 1989 ). `` Cuba as a ' World Medical Power ' : The Politics of Symbolism ''. Latin American Research Review. 24 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34. JSTOR 2503679. Gebru Tareke ( 2009 ). The Ethiopian Revolution : War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14163 - 4. Gershman, Carl ; Gutierrez, Orlando ( 2009 ). `` Can Cuba Change ? Ferment in Civil Society ''. 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 9649082 - 7 - 7. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Sweig, Julia E. ( 2004 ) ( 2002 ). Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground ( New ed. ). Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01612 - 5. Thomas, Hugh ( 1997 ). The Slave Trade : The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440 -- 1870. New York, NY : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81063 - 8. Thomas, Hugh ( 1998 ). Cuba ; or, The Pursuit of Freedom ( updated ed. ). Cambridge, MA : Da Capo Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80827 - 2. Westad, Odd Arne ( 2012 ). Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750. London : The Bodley Head. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84792 - 197 - 0. Whiteford, Linda M. ; Branch, Laurence G. ( 2008 ). Primary Health Care in Cuba : The Other Revolution. Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5994 - 3. Wright, Irene Aloha ( 1916 ). The Early History of Cuba, 1492 -- 1586. New York, NY : The Macmillan Company. 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Question: what is the main language spoken in cuba
Answer: Spanish