Square Deal - wikipedia Square Deal For the tile game, see Square Deal ( game ). For the employment practices of George F. Johnson, see Endicott - Johnson Co. & The Square Deal. For other uses, see Square Deal ( disambiguation ). Part of a series on Progressivism History Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Philosophy of progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal This article is part of a series about Theodore Roosevelt Political positions Electoral history Early life Family The Naval War of 1812 Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill Governor of New York Governorship `` The Strenuous Life '' Vice President of the United States 1900 McKinley - Roosevelt campaign `` Speak softly and carry a big stick '' President of the United States Presidency First term McKinley assassination 1st inauguration Square Deal West Wing Coal strike Booker T. Washington dinner Venezuela crisis Roosevelt Corollary Second term 1904 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Conservation Antiquities Act Forest Service Pure Food and Drug Act FDA Swift & Co. v. United States Meat Inspection Act Treaty of Portsmouth Nobel Prize FBI Panama Canal Great White Fleet 1912 election Republican Convention Progressive Party Convention New Nationalism Assassination attempt Post Presidency African Expedition River of Doubt Expedition `` Citizenship in a Republic '' WWI volunteers Legacy Memorials The Square Deal was President Theodore Roosevelt 's domestic program. He explained in 1910 : When I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the game, but that I stand for having those rules changed so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service. Roosevelt reflected three basic goals : conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the `` three C 's '' of Roosevelt 's Square Deal. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. A progressive Republican, Roosevelt believed in government action to mitigate social evils, and as president he in 1908 denounced `` the representatives of predatory wealth '' as guilty of `` all forms of iniquity from the oppression of wage workers to unfair and unwholesome methods of crushing competition, and to defrauding the public by stock - jobbing and the manipulation of securities. '' During his second term, Roosevelt tried to extend his Square Deal further, but was blocked by conservative Republicans in Congress. Contents 1 Press usage of term 1.1 Earliest appearances 1.2 Roosevelt 's usage in press 2 Legislation 3 Second term 4 Labor 5 Health and welfare 6 Conservation 7 Public projects 8 Veterans 9 Education 10 Rural areas 11 Business regulation 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Press usage of term Earliest appearances The press was using the term `` square deal '' as early as 1871 in a New York Times local news article that reads `` Many of the inscriptions on the front of trucks, drays, and other vehicles are quite amusing. On one there is a picture of a hand containing four aces, and over it is inscribed square deal. '' In 1888, in `` letters from the people '' ( letters to the editor ), one writer signed off as `` Square Deal. '' In 1890, the phrase started to appear in headlines, e.g., `` Give China a Square Deal '' and `` Not a Square Deal. '' Roosevelt 's usage in press An early usage of `` square deal '' by Theodore Roosevelt in the press occurred in 1899, when the New York Times quoted his saying, `` I did not appoint a man because he came from Dr. Wall 's or any other church ; I gave each man a square deal on his own account. That is what I mean by Americanism. ''. '' In 1901, he declared `` a square deal for every man, big or small, rich or poor '' during a speech in Lynn, Massachusetts, recorded by stereograph ( photo ) image. In a 1903 speech in Springfield, Illinois, he stated, `` It seems to me eminently fitting that the guard around the tomb of Lincoln should be composed of colored soldiers. It was my own good fortune at Santiago to serve beside colored troops. A man who is good enough to shed his blood for his country is good enough to be given a square deal afterwards. '' In October 1904, while Roosevelt was readying publication of his book A Square Deal for Every Man ( Chicago, R.J. Thompson, 1905 ), the New York Times reported : No sooner have the Democrats concluded their task of going through the President 's many books with a fine - tooth comb to ferret out campaign material, than Republicans come forth with a pamphlet of about the same size, and prepared on a somewhat similar plan, making conspicuous Mr. Roosevelt 's sentiments on numerous civic and governmental questions. It Is entitled `` A Square Deal for Every Man '' and the paragraphs printed, which are more numerous than those in `` Roosevelt, Historian, '' are culled, to some extent, from the same volumes. Republicans are now considering the purchase of over a million of those booklets. Chairman Cortelyou has discussed has matter, and negotiations on the subject were continued yesterday at the White House. The 94 - page pamphlet 's 75 topics include : America, A Good American, Alaska, Anarchy, Army and Navy, Capital, Character, Charity, Citizenship, Farmer, Peace, Publicity, Trusts, Weaklings, and World Power. Some imitate the form of proverbs. During 1905, Roosevelt capitalized on his slogan in the newspapers, who added `` square deal '' to headlines : `` A ' Square Deal ' for the Negro '' ( January 17 ) about `` negro suffrage '' `` A Square Deal for the South '' ( January 27 ) `` A Square Deal for the South '' ( January 27 ) `` Talks of Square Deal : President 's Address at Press Club Banquet '' ( February 14 ) `` Upholds the President : Mormons Know He Will Give Them a Square Deal '' ( April 10 ) `` The ' Square Deal ' Defined : President Offers Some Explanations of the Meaning of the Term '' ( April 15 ) `` The Square Deal '' ( May 18 ) The press praised Roosevelt 's Square Deal : His explanation of that is entirely plain and understandable. It contemplates no injury to any interest, but an opportunity for all on absolutely equal terms. That is a principle the justice of which is universally recognized, and which ought to be more generally acknowledged in this country than in any other. The press also criticized him for it : In his insistence upon `` a square deal for all, '' President Roosevelt uses a phrase which is as catchy and as impracticable as either of those `` glittering generalities '' or ' the Declaration of Independence that have been shining and ringing all over the civilized world for a hundred and twenty - nine years and bid fair to serve for centuries to come as a potent inspiration in every struggle against tyranny and oppression, every movement toward greater liberty. Other politicians tried to capitalize on the phrase, too, e.g., U.S. Representative Henry Sherman Boutell of Illinois. Legislation In 1903, with Roosevelt 's support, Congress passed the Elkins Act. This stated that railroads were not allowed to give rebates to favored companies any longer. These rebates had treated small Midwestern farmers unfairly by not allowing them equal access to the services of the railroad. The Interstate Commerce Commission controlled the prices that railroads could charge. Legislation was passed which specified that meat had to be processed safely with proper sanitation. Foodstuffs and drugs could no longer be mislabeled, nor could consumers be deliberately misled. Roosevelt gave high priority to environmental conservation, and safeguarded millions of acres of wilderness from commercial exploitation. Roosevelt 's conservation efforts were driven by practicality as well as by a love for nature. Influenced by early wise - use advocates like Gifford Pinchot, Roosevelt believed that nature existed to benefit humanity. In a conserved wilderness, water could be taken to irrigate farmland, sport could be had, and timber could be harvested. Acting on these beliefs, Roosevelt set up the federal Reclamation Service in 1902. The agency, through the use of dams and irrigation, created arable land in areas that had been too dry to farm, and the Reclamation Service eventually brought millions of acres of farmland into service. During Roosevelt 's time in office, 24 reclamation projects were set up, and 150 national forests were created. Second term Roosevelt, moving to the left of his Republican Party base, called for a series of reforms that were mostly not passed. He sought a national incorporation law ( all corporations had state charters, which varied greatly state by state ). He called for a federal income tax, but the Supreme Court had ruled in 1895 that any income tax would require a constitutional amendment. Roosevelt sought an inheritance tax so the great family fortunes could not be inherited without tax for generations. In the area of labor legislation, Roosevelt called for limits on the use of court injunctions against labor unions during strikes ( injunctions were a powerful weapon that mostly helped business ). He wanted an employee liability law for industrial injuries ( pre-empting state laws ). He called for an eight - hour law for federal employees. In other areas he also sought a postal savings system to provide competition to local banks, and, finally, campaign finance reform. He secured passage of the Hepburn Act in 1906, which increased the regulating power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Eventually many of the proposals he championed were enacted under Democrats Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. When Roosevelt ran for president on an independent Progressive Party ticket in 1912, in addition to these policies he proposed stringent new controls on the court system, especially state courts, to make them more democratic. His court policies in particular caused his anointed successor, William Howard Taft, to lead a counter-crusade that defeated Roosevelt in 1912. Labor Labor unions in the age of Samuel Gompers were generally on the Democratic side, but Roosevelt felt that favorable policies toward them would gain votes or at least neutralize their opposition. He had opposed unions in 1896, when they supported William Jennings Bryan, then came to appreciate their value after 1900. He played a central role in negotiating a compromise to end the Coal strike of 1902, which was threatening the nation 's energy supply. He decided they also needed a square deal, and a stronger voice and collective bargaining with corporations. A measure was approved that providing that eight hours should constitute a day 's labor on irrigation works. Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the Philippine Islands, with violation of the Act being punishable by forfeiture of contracts and a fine of not less than $10,000. A measure was approved safeguarding the lives of employees in mines in Territories by regulating the amount of ventilation and providing that entries, etc., should be kept well dampened with water to cause coal dust to settle. A measure was approved exempting from taxation in the District of Columbia household effects to the value of $1,000, wearing apparel, libraries, school books, family portraits and heirlooms. A measure was approved providing for Government supervision of employment agencies in the District of Columbia. An Act relating to safety appliances on railroad trains was improved. A measure was approved requiring the collection of labor statistics in Hawaii. A measure was approved for the better protection of seamen. A measure was approved for securing the wages of employees on public works. A measure was approved for protecting the health of motormen and conductors on street railways in the District of Columbia. A measure was approved for a more thorough inspection of steam vessels. A measure was approved for safeguarding factory employees in the District of Columbia against accidents. A measure was approved making wages preferred claims. A measure was approved to provide for an investigation of women and child labor in the United States. A measure was approved restricting child labor in the District of Columbia. A measure was approved incorporating the National Child Labor Committee. A measure was approved establishing the Foundation for the Promotion of Industrial Peace. A measure was approved to regulate the hours of labor of railroad employees in the District of Columbia and the Territories. A measure was approved making railroad companies engaged in interstate commerce or operating in the District of Columbia, the Territories, the Panama Canal Zone, or other United States possessions, liable for injuries to, or death of, employees while on duty. A measure was approved safeguarding the lives of miners in the Territories and the District of Alaska. A measure was approved permitting leave of absence, with pay, on Labor Day to per diem employees of the Government. A measure was approved granting to injured employees on the Panama Canal absence, with pay for time necessarily lost as a result of injuries. A measure was approved for the inspection of boilers. A measure was approved prohibiting peonage. The first Federal employment service ( forerunner of the United States Employment Service ) was created in the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, Department of Commerce and Labor ( 1907 ). Health and welfare The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 were both widely accredited from Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle. The Federal Employers Liability Act of 1908. The Federal Employee 's Compensation Act of 1908 provided workers ' compensation for a number of federal employees. Legislation was introduced ( 1902 ) that expanded the scientific work of the Acoustic Laboratory and appropriated a budget specific to the laboratory 's work. An Act of 1903 enabled the Secretary of Agriculture `` to prevent the spread of contagious and infectious diseases of live - stock. '' In 1902, $5,000 was appropriated to the Bureau of Chemistry by Congress `` to study chemical preservatives and colors and their effects on digestion and health, '' with studies drawing attention to the problem of food adulteration. The Oleomargarine Act ( 1902 ) authorized the definition of oleomargarine `` for the purpose of collecting taxes on imported product, and also to discourage imitation of butter. '' The Biologics Control Act was passed ( 1902 ) `` to ensure purity and safety of serums, vaccines, and similar products used to prevent or treat diseases in humans. '' An Act of 1903 enabled the Secretary of Agriculture `` to prevent the spread of contagious and infectious diseases of live - stock. '' The Bureau of the Census was authorized ( 1902 ) to collect information related to health and disease from around the country. The first Certified Color Regulations ( 1907 ) listed 7 colors found suitable for use in foods. A Housing Commission was appointed ( 1908 ) to evaluate slum conditions. Corporate welfare work was encouraged by the Roosevelt Administration ; a policy continued under Roosevelt 's successor William Howard Taft. Conservation The Newlands Reclamation Act ( 1902 ) led to the first 21 federal irrigation projects such as Theodore Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. The Transfer Act of 1905. The Antiquities Act of 1906 gave the president authority to restrict the use of particular public lands in America. 16 million additional acres of Western forest were signed into federal protection. In Alaska, Roosevelt created the Tongass and the Chugach forest reserves. In Hawaii, Roosevelt set several small islands aside as the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. Pelican Island in Florida was proclaimed as the first federal bird reservation in 1903 ( total of 51 bird reservations established by Roosevelt administration ). Improvements of waterways and reservation of water power sites were carried out. The provisions of the Newlands Act were extended to Texas ( 1906 ). The National Forest Service was established ( 1905 ). A National Conservation Commission was appointed ( 1908 ) to prepare `` first inventory of natural resources. '' From 1901 to 1909, Roosevelt signed legislation establishing five national parks : Crater Lake, Oregon ; Wind Cave, South Dakota ; Sullys Hill, North Dakota ; Mesa Verde, Colorado ; and Platt, Oklahoma. In one of a series of acts aimed at regulating the harvesting of Alaskan wildlife, Congress passed `` An Act For the protection of game in Alaska, and for other purposes, '' known as the Alaska Game Act, protecting certain game animals in Alaska. A preservation of remaining buffalo herds was started. 18 national monuments were declared during Roosevelt 's time in office. Public projects The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902. The Kinkaid Act of 1904. The Forest Homestead Act ( 1906 ) allowed the patenting, or deeding, of millions of acres of potential agricultural land within the national forests. The Inland Waterways Commission was created ( 1907 ) for the purpose of developing a new approach to river development. Veterans The Civil War program was transformed into a system of old - age pensions for Union veterans. His executive order of 1904 declared that old age itself constituted a disability : `` When a claimant has passed the age of sixty - two years he is disabled one - half in ability to perform manual labor and is entitled to be rated at six dollars a month ; after sixty - five years at eight dollars a month ; after sixty - eight years at ten dollars a month, and after seventy years at twelve dollars a month. '' This order provided tens of thousands of Union veterans with non-contributory old - age pensions. A 1906 statute provided for veterans that `` the age of sixty - two years and over shall be considered a permanent specific disability within the meaning of the pension laws. '' In 1907, the pension provisions of the federal government were extended to all Civil War Union veterans, regardless of whether they were disabled or not. Education The Adams Act ( 1906 ) provided additional funds to states for agricultural research. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was chartered by an Act of Congress ( 1906 ). The 1907 Nelson Amendment to the second Morrill Act provided $25,000 annually in order to assist teacher - training courses in the mechanical arts and agriculture. Rural areas The Rural Free Delivery postal service was made permanent ( 1902 ). The Alaska Native Allotment Act ( 1906 ) authorized the Secretary of the Interior `` to allot individual Alaska Natives a homestead of up to 160 acres of land. '' A Commission on Country Life was established ( 1908 ) to investigate ways of making country life more attractive. Business regulation The Expediting Act of 1903. The Elkins Act 1903. A Department of Commerce and Labor was set up ( 1903 ) to regulate business and enforce economic regulations. The Hepburn Act of 1906 strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission ; prior to that, the commission had minimal resources to carry out its duties. Under the Immunity of Witnesses Act ( 1906 ) corporate officials could no longer make a plea of immunity to avoid testifying in cases which dealt with the illegal activities of their corporations. The Aldrich -- Vreeland Act ( 1908 ) introduced government regulation of any issues of `` emergency '' currency. See also New Deal, the domestic programs of Franklin Roosevelt Fair Deal, the domestic programs of Harry Truman Progressive Party ( United States, 1912 ) References Jump up ^ Richard D. Heffner ; Alexander Heffner ( 2013 ). A Documentary History of the United States ( Updated & Expanded ). Penguin. p. 146. Jump up ^ Klopfenstein, Mark, The Progressive Era ( 1900 - 1920 ) ( PDF ) Jump up ^ James Daniel Richardson, ed. ( 1908 ). A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789 - 1908 : 1789 - 1908 and index. p. 293. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Local News in Brief - New York ''. New York Times. 3 July 1871. p. 8. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Deal, Square ( 11 August 1888 ). `` Square Deal 's Plaint ''. Washington Post. p. 7. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Give China a Square Deal ''. Washington Post. 10 January 1910. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Not a Square Deal ''. Washington Post. 1 December 1890. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lake Champlain Events : Roosevelt Makes a Speech ''. New York Times. 22 August 1899. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A square deal for every man, big or small, rich or poor ''. Underwood & Underwood. 1902. Retrieved 24 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` A square deal for every man, big or small, rich or poor ''. Underwood & Underwood. 1902. Retrieved 24 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Last Speeches on President 's List ''. New York Times. 22 August 1899. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore ( 1905 ). A Square Deal for Every Man. R.J. Thompson. Retrieved 24 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of the Booklets ''. New York Times. 1 October 1904. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A ' Square Deal ' for the Negro ''. New York Times. 17 January 1905. p. 8. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A Square Deal for the South ''. New York Times. 27 January 1905. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Savoyard ( 27 January 1905 ). `` A Square Deal for the South ''. Washington Post. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Savoyard ( 14 February 1905 ). `` Talks of Square Deal : President 's Address at Press Club Banquet ''. Washington Post. p. 3. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Upholds the President : Mormons Know He Will Give Them a Square Deal ''. Washington Post. 10 April 1905. p. 1. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The ' Square Deal ' Defined : President Offers Some Explanations of the Meaning of the Term ''. Washington Post. 15 April 1905. p. t. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Savoyard ( 18 May 1905 ). `` The Square Deal ''. Washington Post. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Would Aid the South : Boutell, of Illinois, Asks for a Square Deal ''. Washington Post. 30 January 1905. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley, The wilderness warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the crusade for America ( 2009 ). Jump up ^ http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trenv.html#RECLAMATIONPROJECTS Jump up ^ Lewis L. Gould ( 2012 ). Theodore Roosevelt. Oxford UP. p. 2. Jump up ^ Stephen Stagner, `` The Recall of Judicial Decisions and the Due Process Debate, '' American Journal of Legal History 24 # 3 ( 1980 ), pp. 257 - 272 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stephen J. Scheinberg, `` Theodore Roosevelt and the AF of L. 's entry into politics 1906 -- 1908. '' Labor History 3 # 2 ( 1962 ) : 131 - 148. Jump up ^ Robert H. Wiebe, `` The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 : A Record of Confusion. '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1961 ) 48 # 2, pp. 229 -- 51. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Irving Greenberg, Theodore Roosevelt and Labor, 1900 -- 1918 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Peter R. Perry, `` Theodore Roosevelt and the labor movement '' ( MA thesis California State University, Hayward ; 1991 ) online ; bibliography pp 91 - 95. ^ Jump up to : `` Theodore Roosevelt 's Labor Record '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original on February 3, 2004. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography, p. 285, at Google Books Jump up ^ http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/events/1901-1950/ Jump up ^ Labor and Employment Law, p. 79, at Google Books Jump up ^ Environmental Policy and Public Health, p. 98, at Google Books ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 15. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14. ^ Jump up to : http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/Milestones/ucm128305.htm Jump up ^ Food Law Handbook, p. 198, at Google Books Jump up ^ `` U.S. Public Health Service ''. VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project. Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved February 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Houser : The Life and Work of Catherine Bauer, 1905 -- 64, p. 116, at Google Books Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History, p. RA1 - PA390, at Google Books ^ Jump up to : https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-timeline.htm ^ Jump up to : https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tr-environment/ Jump up ^ http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record/ImageViewer.aspx?libID=o282590&imageNo=1 ^ Jump up to : http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron4.html Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt and the National Park System ''. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 24. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Jaycox, Faith ( 2005 ). The Progressive Era. New York : Facts On File. ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5159 - 3. Jump up ^ Modern American Environmentalists : A Biographical Encyclopedia, p. 444, at Google Books Jump up ^ Crossing the Next Meridian : Land, Water, and the Future of the West, p. 130, at Google Books Jump up ^ The History of Large Federal Dams : Planning, Design, and Construction in the Era of Big Dams, p. 452, at Google Books Jump up ^ Closing the Door to Destitution : The Shaping of the Social Security Acts of the United States and New Zealand, p. 19, at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Government and Public Health in America, p. 272, at Google Books Jump up ^ An Assessment of the United States Food and Agricultural Research System, p. 39, at Google Books Jump up ^ The Country in Conflict, p. 127, at Google Books Jump up ^ The Internationalization of Law and Legal Education, p. 51, at Google Books Jump up ^ Higher Education in the United States : A -- L, p. 382, at Google Books Jump up ^ The Birth of Big Business in the United States, 1860 -- 1914 : Commercial, Extractive, and Industrial Enterprise, p. 33, at Google Books Jump up ^ Alaska native allotments conflicts with utility rightsofway have not been resolved through existing remedies : report to the Chairman, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate., p. 7, at Google Books Jump up ^ https://web.stanford.edu/group/ruralwest/cgi-bin/drupal/content/country-life-commission Jump up ^ American History, 1877 to the Present, p. 55, at Google Books Jump up ^ The AP United States History, p. 197, at Google Books Jump up ^ Unsettled Account : The Evolution of Banking in the Industrialized World since 1800, p. 235, at Google Books Further reading Brands, H.W. ( 1997 ). T.R. : The Last Romantic. New York : Basic Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06959 - 0. Brinkley, Alan ( 2007 ). American History : A Survey ( 12th ed. ). McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 312492 - 6. Dalton, Kathleen. `` Changing interpretations of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive era. '' in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger, eds A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2017 ) : 296 - 307. Gould, Lewis L. ( 1992 ). The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0565 - 1. Harbaugh, William Henry ( 1961 ). The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1st ed. ). New York : Farrar, Straus And Cudahy. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 519822 - 5. Morris, Edmund ( 2001 ). Theodore Rex ( 1st ed. ). Random House. ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 55509 - 6. Mowry, George E. ( 1958 ). The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900 -- 1912 ( 1st ed. ). New York and Evanston : Harper Torchbooks. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 133022 - 3. Rhodes, James ( 1922 ). The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, 1897 -- 1909. New York : The MacMillan Company. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3464 - 5. Kearns Goodwin, Doris ( 2013 ). The Bully Pulpit : Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the golden age of journalism. New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4786 - 0. External links Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal AQS Shapell Manuscript Foundation Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States, 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States, 1901 33rd Governor of New York, 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner, 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman, 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service, United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Army War College Roosevelt Hall College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address, 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace, boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' ( 1912 post-assassination - attempt speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election, 1898 Republican National Convention, 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election, 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly, and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Square_Deal&oldid=854408253 '' Categories : United States presidential domestic programs Progressive Era in the United States United States economic policy Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Vèneto Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 04 : 00 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: who outlined the progressive reforms and called his policies the square deal
Answer: Theodore Roosevelt