Treaty of Portsmouth - wikipedia Treaty of Portsmouth This article is about the 1905 treaty. For the 1713 treaty, see Treaty of Portsmouth ( 1713 ). For the treaty between Iraq and the United Kingdom, see Anglo - Iraqi Treaty ( 1948 ). Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace, or `` Treaty of Portsmouth '', September 5, 1905. Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth ( 1905 ) -- From left to right : The Russians at far side of table are Korostovetz, Nabokov, Witte, Rosen, and Plancon ; the Japanese at near side of table are Adachi, Ochiai, Komura, Takahira, and Satō. The large conference table is today preserved at the Museum Meiji - mura in Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904 -- 05 Russo - Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations, and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. Contents 1 Background 2 Portsmouth Peace Conference 3 Effects 4 Commemoration 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background The war of 1904 -- 05 was fought between the Empire of Russia, an international power with one of the largest armies in the world, and the Empire of Japan, a nation which had only recently industrialized after two - and - a-half centuries of isolation. A series of battles in the Liaodong Peninsula had resulted in Russian armies being driven from southern Manchuria, and the Battle of Tsushima had resulted in a cataclysm for the Imperial Russian Navy. The war was unpopular with the Russian public, and the Russian government was under increasing threat of revolution at home. On the other hand, the Japanese economy was severely strained by the war, with rapidly mounting foreign debts, and its forces in Manchuria faced the problem of ever - extending supply lines. No Russian territory had been seized, and the Russians continued to build up reinforcements via the Trans - Siberian Railway. Recognizing that a long - term war was not to Japan 's advantage, as early as July 1904 the Japanese government had begun seeking out intermediaries to assist in bringing the war to a negotiated conclusion. The intermediary approached by the Japanese side was the United States President Theodore Roosevelt, who had publicly expressed a pro-Japanese stance at the beginning of the war. However, as the war progressed, Roosevelt had begun to show concerns on the strengthening military power of Japan and its impact on long - term United States interests in Asia. In February 1905, Roosevelt sent messages to the Russian government via the US ambassador to St Petersburg. Initially, the Russians were unresponsive, with Tsar Nicholas II still adamant that Russia would prove victorious in time. At this point, the Japanese government was also lukewarm to a peace treaty, as Japanese armies were enjoying an unbroken string of victories. However, after the Battle of Mukden, which was extremely costly to both sides in terms of manpower and resources, Japanese Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō judged that the time was now critical for Japan to push for a settlement. On March 8, 1905, Japanese Army Minister Terauchi Masatake met with the American minister to Japan, Lloyd Griscom, to convey word to Roosevelt that Japan was ready to negotiate. However, from the Russian side, a positive response did not come until after the loss of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. Two days after the battle, Tsar Nicholas II met with his grand dukes and military leadership and agreed to discuss peace. On June 7, 1905, Roosevelt met with Kaneko Kentarō, a Japanese diplomat, and on June 8 received a positive reply from Russia. Roosevelt chose Portsmouth, New Hampshire, as the site for the negotiations, primarily because the talks were to begin in August, and the cooler climate in Portsmouth would avoid subjecting the parties to the sweltering Washington, D.C. summer. Portsmouth Peace Conference The Japanese delegation to the Portsmouth Peace Conference was led by Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō, assisted by ambassador to Washington Takahira Kogorō. The Russian delegation was led by former Finance Minister Sergei Witte, assisted by former ambassador to Japan Roman Rosen and international law and arbitration specialist Friedrich Martens. The delegations arrived in Portsmouth on August 8 and stayed in New Castle, New Hampshire, at the Hotel Wentworth ( where the armistice was signed ), and were ferried across the Piscataqua River each day to the naval base in Kittery, Maine, where the negotiations were held. The negotiations took place at the General Stores Building ( now Building 86 ). Mahogany furniture patterned after the Cabinet Room of the White House was ordered from Washington. Before the negotiations began Tsar Nicholas had adopted a hard line, forbidding his delegates to agree to any territorial concessions, reparations, or limitations on the deployment of Russian forces in the Far East. The Japanese initially demanded recognition of their interests in Korea, the removal of all Russian forces from Manchuria, and substantial reparations. They also wanted confirmation of their control of Sakhalin, which Japanese forces had seized in July 1905, partly for use as a bargaining chip in the negotiations. A total of twelve sessions were held between August 9 and August 30. During the first eight sessions, the delegates were able to reach an agreement on eight points. These included an immediate cease fire, recognition of Japan 's claims to Korea, and the evacuation of Russian forces from Manchuria. Russia was also required to return its leases in southern Manchuria ( containing Port Arthur and Talien ) to China, and to turn over the South Manchuria Railway and its mining concessions to Japan. Russia was allowed to retain the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern Manchuria. The remaining four sessions addressed the most difficult issues, those of reparations and territorial concessions. On August 18, Roosevelt proposed that Rosen offer to divide the island of Sakhalin to address the territory issue. On August 23, however, Witte proposed that the Japanese keep Sakhalin and drop their claims for reparations. When Komura rejected this proposal, Witte warned that he was instructed to cease negotiations and that the war would resume. This ultimatum came as four new Russian divisions arrived in Manchuria, and the Russian delegation made an ostentatious show of packing their bags and preparing to depart. Witte was convinced that the Japanese could not afford to restart the war, and applied pressure via the American media and his American hosts to convince the Japanese that monetary compensation was something that Russia would never compromise on. Outmaneuvered by Witte, Komura yielded, and in exchange for the southern half of Sakhalin the Japanese dropped their claims for reparations. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on September 5. The treaty was ratified by the Japanese Privy Council on October 10, and in Russia on October 14, 1905. Effects The signing of the treaty settled immediate difficulties in the Far East and created three decades of peace between the two nations. The treaty confirmed Japan 's emergence as the pre-eminent power in East Asia, and forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policies there, but it was not well received by the Japanese people. The Japanese public was aware of their country 's unbroken string of military victories over the Russians, but was less aware of the precarious overextension of military and economic power these victories had required. News of the terms of the treaty appeared to show Japanese weakness in front of the European powers, and this frustration caused the Hibiya riots, and the collapse of Katsura Tarō 's cabinet on January 7, 1906. Because of the role played by President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States became a significant force in world diplomacy. Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his back channel efforts before and during the peace negotiations, even though he never actually went to Portsmouth. Treaty Building in 1912 Envoy reception Key to envoy reception Hotel Wentworth, c. 1906 Commemoration This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2017 ) Ratification of the Peace Treaty between Japan and Russia, November 25, 1905 In 1994, the Portsmouth Peace Treaty Forum was created by the Japan - America Society of New Hampshire to commemorate the Portsmouth Peace Treaty with the first formal meeting between Japanese and Russian scholars and diplomats in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, since the negotiation of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty in 1905. As the Treaty of Portsmouth is considered one of the most powerful symbols of peace in the Northern Pacific region and the most significant, shared peace history for Japan, Russia and the United States, the Forum was designed to explore from the Japanese, Russian and American perspectives, the history of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty and its relevance to current issues involving the Northern Pacific region. The Forum is intended to focus modern scholarship on international problems in the `` spirit of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty ''. Notes Jump up ^ `` Text of Treaty ; Signed by the Emperor of Japan and Czar of Russia '', The New York Times. October 17, 1905. ^ Jump up to : Kowner, Historical Dictionary of the Russo - Japanese War, p. 300 - 304. ^ Jump up to : Jukes, The Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905, p. 86 - 90. Jump up ^ White, J.A. : `` Portsmouth 1905 : Peace or Truce ? '', Journal of Peace Research, 6 ( 4 ) : 362 Jump up ^ Partial record of Privy Council meeting to ratify the treaty ( from the National Archives of Japan ) Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Present Crisis and Her Constitution ; The Mikado 's Ministers Will Be Held Responsible by the People for the Peace Treaty -- Marquis Ito May Be Able to Save Baron Komura, '' New York Times. September 3, 1905. References Davis, Richard Harding, and Alfred Thayer Mahan. ( 1905 ). The Russo - Japanese war ; a photographic and descriptive review of the great conflict in the Far East, gathered from the reports, records, cable despatches, photographs, etc., etc., of Collier 's war correspondents New York : P.F. Collier & Son. OCLC : 21581015 De Martens, F, ( 1905 ). `` The Portsmouth Peace Conference '', The North American Review, 181 ( 558 ). Doleac, Charles B. ( 2006 ) An Uncommon Commitment to Peace : Portsmouth Peace Treaty 1905 Harcave, Sidney. ( 2004 ) Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia : A Biography. Armonk, New York : M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1422 - 3 ( cloth ) ______________. ( 1990 ). The Memoirs of Count Witte ( translator, Sidney Harcave ). Armonk, New York : M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 571 - 4 ( cloth ) Geoffrey Jukes, ( 2002 ) The Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905. Oxford : Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 446 - 7 ( paper ) Kowner, Rotem ( 2006 ). Historical Dictionary of the Russo - Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4927 - 5. Kokovtsov, Vladimir. ( 1935 ). Out of My Past ( translator, Laura Matveev ). Stanford : Stanford University Press. Korostovetz, J.J. ( 1920 ). Pre-War Diplomacy The Russo - Japanese Problem. London : British Periodicals Limited. Matsumura, Masayoshi ( 1987 ). Nichi - Ro senso to Kaneko Kentaro : Koho gaiko no kenkyu. Shinyudo. ISBN 4 - 88033 - 010 - 8, translated by Ian Ruxton as Baron Kaneko and the Russo - Japanese War : A Study in the Public Diplomacy of Japan ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 11751 - 2 Preview Trani, Eugene P. ( 1969 ). The Treaty of Portsmouth ; An Adventure in American Diplomacy. Lexington : University of Kentucky Press. Randall, Peter. ( 1985, 2002 ) There Are No Victors Here : A Local Perspective on the Treaty of Portsmouth Portsmouth Marine Society. White, J.A. ( 1969 ) : `` Portsmouth 1905 : Peace or Truce ? '', Journal of Peace Research, 6 ( 4 ). Witte, Sergei. ( 1921 ). The Memoirs of Count Witte ( translator, Abraham Yarmolinsky ). New York : Doubleday External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Portsmouth. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Portsmouth ( in French ) Text of the treaty, in French The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905, Russo - Japanese War ( actual text ) Portsmouth Peace Treaty website of the Japan - America Society of New Hampshire The Museum Meiji Mura Imperial rescript endorsing the treaty of Portsmouth ( from the National Archives of Japan ) Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan ( 1860 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan ( 1861 ) London Protocol ( 1862 ) Agreement of Paris ( 1864 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan ( 1866 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan ( 1866 ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan ( 1868 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria - 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China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin - Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma ( 1954 ) Japan -- Philippines Reparations Agreement ( 1956 ) Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia ( 1958 ) Japan -- South Vietnam Reparations Agreement ( 1959 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Tokyo Convention ( 1963 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Ogasawara Reversion Agreement ( 1968 ) Okinawa Reversion Agreement ( 1971 ) Japan -- China Joint Communiqué ( 1972 ) Japan -- North Vietnam Agreement ( 1973 ) Japan -- China Trade Agreement ( 1974 ) Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia ( 1976 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States, 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States, 1901 33rd Governor of New York, 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner, 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman, 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service, United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address, 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace, boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' ( 1912 post-assassination - attempt speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election, 1898 Republican National Convention, 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election, 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly, and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → GND : 7630611 - 2 NDL : 00569160 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Portsmouth&oldid=825008027 '' Categories : Russo - Japanese War Peace treaties of Russia Peace treaties of Japan Treaties concluded in 1905 Treaties of the Empire of Japan Treaties of the Russian Empire 1905 in Japan 1905 in the Russian Empire 1905 in the United States Japan -- Korea relations Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt History of New Hampshire History of Maine History of the Russian Far East History of Sakhalin Russian Empire -- United States relations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Català Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018, at 22 : 54. 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Question: the peace conference ending the russo japanese war took place in which country
Answer: United States