Thermocline - wikipedia Thermocline Aquatic layers Pelagic Photic Epipelagic Aphotic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic Abyssopelagic Hadopelagic Demersal Benthic Stratification Pycnocline Isopycnal Chemocline Halocline Thermocline Thermohaline See also Marine habitats Lake stratification Aquatic ecosystems Wild fisheries A thermocline ( also known as the thermal layer or the metalimnion in lakes ) is a thin but distinct layer in a large body of fluid ( e.g. water, such as an ocean or lake, or air, such as an atmosphere ) in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below. In the ocean, the thermocline divides the upper mixed layer from the calm deep water below. Depending largely on season, latitude and turbulent mixing by wind, thermoclines may be a semi-permanent feature of the body of water in which they occur or they may form temporarily in response to phenomena such as the radiative heating / cooling of surface water during the day / night. Factors that affect the depth and thickness of a thermocline include seasonal weather variations, latitude and local environmental conditions, such as tides and currents. Contents 1 Oceans 2 Other water bodies 3 Atmosphere 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Oceans For the use of ocean thermoclines to generate energy, see Ocean thermal energy conversion. Graph showing a tropical ocean thermocline ( depth vs. temperature ). Note the rapid change between 100 and 1000 meters. The temperature is nearly constant after 1500 meters depth. Graph of different thermoclines ( depth vs. temperature ) based on seasons and latitude Most of the heat energy of sunlight is absorbed in the first few centimeters at the ocean 's surface, which heats during the day and cools at night as heat energy is lost to space by radiation. Waves mix the water near the surface layer and distribute heat to deeper water such that the temperature may be relatively uniform in the upper 100 m ( 300 ft ), depending on wave strength and the existence of surface turbulence caused by currents. Below this mixed layer, the temperature remains relatively stable over day / night cycles. The temperature of the deep ocean drops gradually with depth. As saline water does not freeze until it reaches − 2.3 ° C ( colder as depth and pressure increase ) the temperature well below the surface is usually not far from zero degrees. The thermocline varies in depth. It is semi-permanent in the tropics, variable in temperate regions ( often deepest during the summer ) and shallow to nonexistent in the polar regions, where the water column is cold from the surface to the bottom. A layer of sea ice will act as an insulation blanket. In the open ocean, the thermocline is characterized by a negative sound speed gradient, making the thermocline important in submarine warfare because it can reflect active sonar and other acoustic signals. This stems from a discontinuity in the acoustic impedance of water created by the sudden change in density. When scuba diving, a thermocline where water drops in temperature by a few degrees Celsius quite suddenly can sometimes be observed between two bodies of water, for example where colder upwelling water runs into a surface layer of warmer water. It gives the water an appearance of wrinkled glass that is often used to obscure bathroom windows and is caused by the altered refractive index of the cold or warm water column. These same schlieren can be observed when hot air rises off the tarmac at airports or desert roads and is the cause of mirages. Other water bodies Thermoclines can also be observed in lakes. In colder climates, this leads to a phenomenon called stratification. During the summer, warm water, which is less dense, will sit on top of colder, denser, deeper water with a thermocline separating them. The warm layer is called the epilimnion and the cold layer is called the hypolimnion. Because the warm water is exposed to the sun during the day, a stable system exists and very little mixing of warm water and cold water occurs, particularly in calm weather. One result of this stability is that as the summer wears on, there is less and less oxygen below the thermocline as the water below the thermocline never circulates to the surface and organisms in the water deplete the available oxygen. As winter approaches, the temperature of the surface water will drop as nighttime cooling dominates heat transfer. A point is reached where the density of the cooling surface water becomes greater than the density of the deep water and overturning begins as the dense surface water moves down under the influence of gravity. This process is aided by wind or any other process ( currents for example ) that agitates the water. This effect also occurs in Arctic and Antarctic waters, bringing water to the surface which, although low in oxygen, is higher in nutrients than the original surface water. This enriching of surface nutrients may produce blooms of phytoplankton, making these areas productive. As the temperature continues to drop, the water on the surface may get cold enough to freeze and the lake / ocean begins to ice over. A new thermocline develops where the densest water ( 4 ° C ) sinks to the bottom, and the less dense water ( water that is approaching the freezing point ) rises to the top. Once this new stratification establishes itself, it lasts until the water warms enough for the ' spring turnover, ' which occurs after the ice melts and the surface water temperature rises to 4 ° C. During this transition, a thermal bar may develop. Waves can occur on the thermocline, causing the depth of the thermocline as measured at a single location to oscillate ( usually as a form of seiche ). Alternately, the waves may be induced by flow over a raised bottom, producing a thermocline wave which does not change with time, but varies in depth as one moves into or against the flow. Atmosphere The lower atmosphere also typically contains a boundary between two distinct regions ( the troposphere and stratosphere ), but that boundary ( the tropopause ) displays quite different behavior. However, atmospheric thermoclines, or inversions, can occur, e.g. as nighttime cooling of the Earth 's surface produces cold, dense, often calm air adjacent to the ground. The coldest air is next to the ground, with air temperature increasing with height. At the top of this nighttime boundary layer ( which may be only a hundred meters ) the normal adiabatic temperature profile of the troposphere ( i.e. temperature decreasing with altitude ) is again observed. The thermocline or inversion layer occurs where the temperature profile changes from positive to negative with increasing height. The stability of the night time inversion is usually destroyed soon after sunrise as the sun 's energy warms the ground, which warms the air in the inversion layer. The warmer, less dense air then rises, destroying the stability that characterizes the nightly inversion. This phenomenon was first applied to the field of noise pollution study in the 1960s, contributing to the design of urban highways and noise barriers. See also Bathythermograph Thermohaline circulation Artificial upwelling Buoyancy Deep sound channel Lake stratification Noise barrier Southern Oscillation References Jump up ^ `` Temperature of Ocean Water ''. UCAR. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09. Jump up ^ Hogan, C. Michael ( September 1973 ). `` Analysis of highway noise ''. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 392. doi : 10.1007 / BF00159677. External links `` Temperature of Ocean Water '', University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, University of Michigan. Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermocline&oldid=799862505 '' Categories : Anti-submarine warfare Oceanography Physical oceanography Aquatic ecology Fisheries science Limnology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 07 : 53. 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Question: what is the term for the colder denser water below the thermocline in a fresh water lake
Answer: hypolimnion