Representative democracy - wikipedia Representative democracy `` Parliamentary democracy '' redirects here. For the system of government, see Parliamentary system. Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Anticipatory Athenian Cellular Consensus Cosmopolitan Defensive Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal / Illiberal Media Multiparty New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Pluralist Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Semi-direct Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Kleroterion Democratic capitalism Democratic centralism Democratic confederalism Democratic republic Democratic socialism Democratization Democracy and economic growth Democracy in Marxism Democracy promotion Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Motion Ochlocracy People 's democratic dictatorship Polyarchy Populism Sortition Tyranny of the majority Voting Wars between democracies Wave of democracy Politics portal Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Anocracy Aristocracy Plutocracy Kakistocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal Countries designated `` electoral democracies '' in Freedom House 's 2017 survey Freedom in the World, covering the year 2016. Representative democracy ( also indirect democracy, representative government or psephocracy ) is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. Nearly all modern Western - style democracies are types of representative democracies ; for example, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, France is a unitary state, and the United States is a federal republic. It is an element of both the parliamentary and the presidential systems of government and is typically used in a lower chamber such as the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Lok Sabha of India, and may be curtailed by constitutional constraints such as an upper chamber. It has been described by some political theorists including Robert A. Dahl, Gregory Houston and Ian Liebenberg as polyarchy. In it the power is in the hands of the representatives who are elected by the people. Contents 1 Powers of representatives 2 History 3 Research on representation per se 4 Criticisms 4.1 Proposed solutions 5 References 6 External links Powers of representatives Representatives are elected by the public, as in national elections for the national legislature. Elected representatives may hold the power to select other representatives, presidents, or other officers of the government or of the legislature, as the Prime Minister in the latter case. ( indirect representation ). The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a constitution ( as in a constitutional democracy or a constitutional monarchy ) or other measures to balance representative power : An independent judiciary, which may have the power to declare legislative acts unconstitutional ( e.g. constitutional court, supreme court ). The constitution may also provide for some deliberative democracy ( e.g., Royal Commissions ) or direct popular measures ( e.g., initiative, referendum, recall elections ). However, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action -- legal power usually remains firmly with representatives. In some cases, a bicameral legislature may have an `` upper house '' that is not directly elected, such as the Senate of Canada, which was in turn modeled on the British House of Lords. Theorists such as Edmund Burke believe that part of the duty of a representative was not simply to communicate the wishes of the electorate but also to use their own judgement in the exercise of their powers, even if their views are not reflective of those of a majority of voters :... it ought to be the happiness and glory of a representative to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most unreserved communication with his constituents. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him ; their opinion, high respect ; their business, unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs ; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiassed opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. These he does not derive from your pleasure ; no, nor from the law and the constitution. They are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment ; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion. History See also : Democratization The Roman Republic was the first known government in the western world to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the Roman assemblies. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries, and today 's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader. Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives as opposed to a direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. A European medieval tradition of selecting representatives from the various estates ( classes, but not as we know them today ) to advise / control monarchs led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems. In Britain, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments. The first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns. Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689. The American Revolution led to the creation of a new Constitution of the United States in 1787, with a national legislature based partly on direct elections of representatives every two years, and thus responsible to the electorate for continuance in office. Senators were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. Women, men who owned no property, and blacks, and others not originally given voting rights in most states eventually gained the vote through changes in state and federal law in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Until it was repealed by the Fourteenth Amendment following the Civil War, the Three - Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states. In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short - lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792. Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848. Representative democracy came into particular general favour in post-industrial revolution nation states where large numbers of citizens evinced interest in politics, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. As noted above, Edmund Burke in his speech to the electors of Bristol classically analysed their operation in Britain and the rights and duties of an elected representative. The U.S. House of Representatives, one example of representative democracy Globally, a majority of the world 's people live in representative democracies including constitutional monarchies and republics with strong representative branches. Research on representation per se Further information : Representation ( politics ) Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in political philosophy and social science investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one or another constituency. Criticisms In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, Robert Michels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy or particracy. This is known as the iron law of oligarchy. Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by Adolf Gasser and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book `` Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas '' which was published in 1943 ( first edition in German ) and a second edition in 1947 ( in German ). Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the iron law of oligarchy : Society has to be built up from bottom to top. As a consequence, society is built up by people, who are free and have the power to defend themselves with weapons. These free people join or form local communities. These local communities are independent, which includes financial independence, and they are free to determine their own rules. Local communities join together into a higher unit e.g. a canton. There is no hierarchical bureaucracy. There is competition between these local communities e.g. on services delivered or on taxes. A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election and are able to promote their own self - interests once elected, providing an incohesive system of governance. Legislators are also under scrutiny as the system of majority - won legislators voting for issues for the large group of people fosters inequality among the marginalized. Proposed solutions The system of stochocracy has been proposed as an improved system compared to the system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by lottery instead of by voting. Therefore, this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book La Stochocratie. Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient Athenian democracy. The rationale behind this practice was to avoid lobbying and electioneering by economic oligarchs. The system of deliberative democracy is a mix between a majority ruled system and a consensus - based system. It allows for representative democracies or direct democracies to coexist with its system of governance, providing an initial advantage. References Jump up ^ `` Freedom in The World 2017 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report -- Glossary ''. 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007. ^ Jump up to : Loeper, Antoine ( 2016 ). `` Cross-border externalities and cooperation among representative democracies ''. European Economic Review. 91 : 180 -- 208. doi : 10.1016 / j. euroecorev. 2016.10. 003 -- via ebscohost. Jump up ^ Houston, GF ( 2001 ) Public Participation in Democratic Governance in South Africa, Pretoria : Human Sciences Research Council HSRC Press Jump up ^ Dahl, RA ( 2005 ) ' Is international democracy possible ? A critical view '. In Sergio Fabbrini ( editor ) Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States : Exploring post-national governance : 195 to 204 ( Chapter 13 ), Abingdon on Thames : Routledge Jump up ^ The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. Volume I. London : Henry G. Bohn. 1854. pp. 446 -- 8. Jump up ^ Livy, 2002, p. 34 Jump up ^ Watson, 2005, p. 271 Jump up ^ Budge, Ian ( 2001 ). `` Direct democracy ''. In Clarke, Paul A.B. & Foweraker, Joe. Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 19396 - 2. CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jobson, Adrian ( 2012 ). The First English Revolution : Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons ' War. Bloomsbury. pp. 173 -- 4. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 226 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Simon de Montfort : The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked ''. BBC. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015 ; `` The January Parliament and how it defined Britain ''. The Telegraph. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015. Jump up ^ Norgate, Kate ( 1894 ). `` Montfort, Simon of ( 1208 ? - 1265 ) ''. In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 38. London : Smith, Elder & Co. Jump up ^ Kopstein, Jeffrey ; Lichbach, Mark ; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. ( 2014 ). Comparative Politics : Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order ( 4, revised ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37 -- 9. ISBN 1139991388. Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world 's countries Jump up ^ `` Constitutionalism : America & Beyond ''. Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ), U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014. The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. Jump up ^ `` We Hold These Truths to be Self - evident ; '' An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison ; Introduction P. xxii Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties ''. National Archives. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The French Revolution II ''. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Jump up ^ French National Assembly. `` 1848 '' Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil `` '' ( in French ). Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26. Jump up ^ Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie. Untersuchungen über die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens ( 1911, 1925 ; 1970 ). Translated as Sociologia del partito politico nella democrazia moderna : studi sulle tendenze oligarchiche degli aggregati politici, from the German original by Dr. Alfredo Polledro, revised and expanded ( 1912 ). Translated, from the Italian, by Eden and Cedar Paul as Political Parties : A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy ( Hearst 's International Library Co., 1915 ; Free Press, 1949 ; Dover Publications, 1959 ) ; republished with an introduction by Seymour Martin Lipset ( Crowell - Collier, 1962 ; Transaction Publishers, 1999, ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0469 - 7 ) ; translated in French by S. Jankélévitch, Les partis politiques. Essai sur les tendances oligarchiques des démocraties, Brussels, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2009 ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 8004 - 1443 - 0 ). Jump up ^ Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas. Grundlinien einer ethischen Geschichtsauffassung. Verlag Bücherfreunde, Basel 1947. In 1983 republished under : `` Gemeindefreiheit -- kommunale Selbstverwaltung '' ( Adolf Gasser / Franz - Ludwig Knemeyer ), in de reeks `` Studien zur Soziologie '', Nymphenburger, München, 1983. Jump up ^ Sørensen, Eva ( 2015 ). `` Enhancing policy innovation by redesigning representative democracy ''. American Political Science Review -- via ebscohost. Jump up ^ Thaa, Winfried ( 2016 ). `` Issues and images -- new sources of inequality in current representative democracy ''. Critical Review of International Social & Political Philosophy. 19 ( 3 ). Jump up ^ `` 1, 5 ''. Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece. Josiah Ober, Robert Wallace, Paul Cartledge, Cynthia Farrar ( 1st ed. ). 15 October 2008. pp. 17, 105. ISBN 978 - 0520258099. Jump up ^ Bohman, James ( 1997 ). `` Deliberative Democracy '' ( PDF ). MIT Press. External links Representative democracy at Curlie Portals Access related topics Politics portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&oldid=864649891 '' Categories : Democracy Elections Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles incorporating Cite DNB template CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Kurdî ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018, at 15 : 53 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: who holds the power in a representative democracy
Answer: the hands of the representatives