Tonsure - wikipedia Tonsure Roman tonsure Tonsure ( / ˈtɒnʃər / ) is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word tōnsūra ( meaning `` clipping '' or `` shearing '' ) and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. Tonsure is still a traditional practice in Catholicism by specific religious orders ( with papal permission ). It is also commonly used in the Eastern Orthodox Church for newly baptized members and is frequently used for Buddhist novices and monks. It exists as a traditional practice in Islam after completion of the hajj and is also practiced by a number of Hindu religious orders. Contents 1 Hinduism 2 Buddhism 3 Judaism 4 Christianity 4.1 History and development 4.2 Ancient and medieval usage 4.2. 1 Eastern Christianity 4.2. 1.1 Clerical tonsure 4.2. 1.2 Monastic tonsure 4.2. 2 Western Christianity 4.2. 2.1 Clerical tonsure 4.2. 2.2 Monastic tonsure 4.3 Contemporary practice 4.3. 1 Eastern Christianity 4.3. 1.1 Baptismal tonsure 4.3. 1.2 Monastic tonsure 4.3. 1.3 Clerical tonsure 4.3. 2 Western Christianity 4.3. 2.1 Clerical tonsure 4.3. 2.2 Monastic tonsure 5 Islam 5.1 Sunni 6 Secular European 6.1 Merovingians 6.2 Byzantine Empire 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Hinduism Main article : Sanskara ( rite of passage ) A baby 's first haircut, which is often a head shave, is a common rite of passage. It is called Caula, Chudakarana or Mundana sanskara in Hinduism. Tonsure is usually the part of three rites of passages in the life of the individual in Hinduism. The first is called Chudakarana ( IAST : Cūḍākaraṇa, Sanskrit : चूडाकरण ) ( literally, rite of tonsure ), also known as choulam, caula, chudakarma, or mundana marks the child 's first haircut, typically the shaving of the head. The mother dresses up, sometimes in her wedding sari, and with the father present, the baby 's head is shaved and nails trimmed, washed and dressed in new clothes. Sometimes, a tuft of hair is left to cover the soft spot near the top of baby 's head. Both boys and girls typically go through this ceremony, sometimes near a temple or a river, but it is not mandatory in Hinduism. The significance of Chudakarana rite of passage is the baby 's cyclical step to hygiene and cleanliness. The ritual is typically done about the first birthday, but some texts recommend that it be completed before the third or the seventh year. Sometimes, this ritual is combined with the rite of passage of Upanayana, initiation to formal schooling. The second rite of passage in Hinduism that sometimes involves tonsure is at the Upanayana, the sanskara marking a child 's entry into school. Another rite of passage where tonsure is practiced by Hindus is after the death and completing the last rites of an immediate family member, that is father, mother, brother, sister, spouse or child. This ritual is regionally found in India among male mourners, who shave their heads as a sign of bereavement. According to Jamanadas, tonsure was originally a Buddhist custom and was adopted by Hinduism. However, Pandey and others trace the practice to Sanskrit texts dated to have been composed before the birth of Buddha, which mention tonsure as a rite of passage. Buddhism In Buddhism, tonsure is a part of the rite of pabbajja and also a part of becoming a monk ( Skt. Bhikshu ) or nun ( Skt. Bhikshuni ). This involves shaving head and face. This tonsure is renewed as often as required to keep the head cleanly shaven. Judaism The purification process of the metzora ( one afflicted with tzaraath ) involved the ritual shaving on the metzorah 's entire body except for the afflicted locations. And as the term tonsure may be used as a broad description for such hair styling of devotees as a ritual symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem, Orthodox Jewish males do not shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19 : 27. Christianity History and development Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one 's head ( Leviticus 19 : 27 ). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries : Stone carving from ancient Bohemia, believed to depict the form of the Celtic tonsure ( 3rd century BC ). The Oriental, which claimed the authority of Saint Paul the Apostle ( Acts 18 : 18 ) and consisted of shaving the whole head. This was observed in the Eastern churches, including the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. Hence Theodore of Tarsus, who had acquired his learning in Byzantine Asia Minor and bore this tonsure, had to allow his hair to grow for four months before he could be tonsured after the Roman fashion, and then ordained Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Vitalian in 668. The Celtic, the exact shape of which is unclear from the sources, but in some way involved shaving the head from ear to ear. The shape may have been semicircular, arcing forward from a line between the ears, but another popular suggestion, less borne out in the sources, proposes that the entire forehead was shaved back to the ears. More recently a triangular shape, with one point at the front of the head going back to a line between the ears, has been suggested. The Celtic tonsure was worn in Ireland and Great Britain and was connected to the distinct set of practices known as Celtic Christianity. It was despised by those affiliated with the later Roman custom, who considered it unorthodox and associated it with Simon Magus. However, there is no evidence to connect Simon Magus and this tradition. All that can be said is that the very earliest Christians in the British Isles followed this more ancient tradition, which the later Roman tradition opposed. Many adherents to the Celtic tradition continued to maintain the old way well into the 8th and 9th centuries. Some sources have also suggested links between this tonsure and that worn by druids in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The Roman : this consisted of shaving only the top of the head, so as to allow the hair to grow in the form of a crown. This is claimed to have originated with Saint Peter, and is the practice of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. Ancient and medieval usage Eastern Christianity Clerical tonsure St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes `` The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief - apostle Peter. When he was sent out in the teaching and preaching of the Lord, his head was shaved by those who did not believe his word, as if in mockery. The Teacher Christ blessed this head, changed dishonor into honor, ridicule into praise. He placed on it a crown made not out of precious stones, but one which shines more than gold, topaz, or precious stone -- with the stone and rock of faith. Peter, the most - holy, the summit, beauty, and crown of the twelve stones, which are the apostles, is the hierarch of Christ. '' Monastic tonsure St. Germanus I writes `` The total tonsuring of the head is in imitation of the holy Apostle James, brother of the Lord, and the Apostle Paul, and of the rest. '' Western Christianity St Bartholomew ( by Carlo Crivelli, 1473, in the Ascoli Piceno Cathedral ) Clerical tonsure In the Latin or Western Rite of the Catholic Church, `` first tonsure '' was, in medieval times, and generally through 1972, the rite of inducting someone into the clergy and qualifying him for the civil benefits once enjoyed by clerics. Tonsure was a prerequisite for receiving the minor and major orders. Failing to maintain tonsure was the equivalent of attempting to abandon one 's clerical state, and in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, any cleric in minor orders ( or simply tonsured ) who did not resume the tonsure within a month after being warned by his Ordinary, lost the clerical state. Over time, the appearance of tonsure varied, ending up for non-monastic clergy as generally consisting of a symbolic cutting of a few tufts of hair at first tonsure in the Sign of the Cross and in wearing a bare spot on the back of the head which varied according to the degree of orders. It was not supposed to be less than the size of a communicant 's host, even for a tonsuratus, someone simply tonsured, and the approximate size for a priest 's tonsure was the size of a priest 's host. Countries that were not Catholic had exceptions to this rule, especially in the English - speaking world. In England and America, for example, the bare spot was dispensed with, likely because of the persecutions that could arise from being a part of the Catholic clergy, but the ceremonious cutting of the hair in the first clerical tonsure was always required. In accordance with Pope Paul VI 's motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972, `` first tonsure is no longer conferred ''. Monastic tonsure Apart from this general clerical tonsure, some Western Rite monastic orders, for example Carthusians and Trappists, employed a very full version of tonsure, shaving the head entirely bald and keeping only a narrow ring of short hair, sometimes called `` the monastic crown '' ( see `` Roman tonsure '', above ), from the time of entrance into the monastic novitiate for all monks, whether destined for service as priests or brothers. Contemporary practice Eastern Christianity Clerical tonsure ( note the scissors in the bishop 's hands ) of an Orthodox man in conjunction with ordination to minor orders. Today in Eastern Orthodoxy and in the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, there are three types of tonsure : baptismal, monastic, and clerical. It always consists of the cutting of four locks of hair in a cruciform pattern : at the front of head as the celebrant says `` In the Name of the Father '', at the back of head at the words `` and the Son '', and on either side of the head at the words `` and the Holy Spirit ''. In all cases, the hair is allowed to grow back ; the tonsure as such is not adopted as a hairstyle. Baptismal tonsure Baptismal tonsure is performed during the rite of Holy Baptism as a first sacrificial offering by the newly baptized. This tonsure is always performed, whether the one being baptized is an infant or an adult. Monastic tonsure Monastic tonsure ( of which there are three grades : Rassophore, Stavrophore and the Great Schema ), is the rite of initiation into the monastic state, symbolic of cutting off of self - will. Orthodox monks traditionally never cut their hair or beards after receiving the monastic tonsure as a sign of the consecration of their lives to God ( reminiscent of the Vow of the Nazirite ). Clerical tonsure Clerical tonsure is the equivalent of the `` first tonsure '' in the Latin church. It is done immediately prior to ordination to the minor order of reader but is not repeated at subsequent ordinations. This led to a once common usage that one was, for instance, `` tonsured a reader '', although technically the tonsure occurs prior to the prayer of ordination within the ordination rite. Western Christianity Clerical tonsure Since the issuing of Ministeria quaedam in 1972, certain institutes have been authorized to use the first clerical tonsure, such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter ( 1988 ), the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest ( 1990 ), and the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney ( 2001 ). Although the tonsure itself is obsolete, the wearing of a skull cap, called a zuchetto, in church to keep the head warm, which the fuller form of clerical tonsure led to, still survives. The zuchetto is worn by the pope ( in white ), cardinals ( in red ) and bishops ( in purple ) both during and outside of formal religious ceremonies. Priests may wear a simple black zuchetto, only outside of religious services, though this is almost never seen except on abbots, who continue to wear the black zuchetto ; save for abbots of the Order of Canons Regular of Premontre, who wear white. Another congregation of Canons Regular, the Canons Regular of the Lateran, wear a white zuchetto as part of their proper habit. Some priests who held special titles ( certain ranks of monsignori and some canons, for instance ) formerly wore black zuchettos with red or purple piping, but this too has fallen out of use except in a few, extremely rare cases. Monastic tonsure Some monastic orders and individual monasteries still maintain the tradition of a monastic tonsure. While not required, it is still a common practice of Latin Rite friars, such as the Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word. Some references compare the tonsure to the crown of thorns worn by Christ at the crucifixion. Islam Sunni Partial tonsure is forbidden in Islam. Muhammad forbade shaving one 's hair on some parts of the head while letting it grow on other parts, as in tonsure. However, shaving the head entirely is allowed. The proscription is detailed in the hadith. عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ -- صلى الله عليه وسلم -- نَهَى عَنِ الْقَزَعِ From Ibnu ' Umar ( he says ), the Prophet -- peace be upon him -- forbids the Qoza ' ( i.e. shaving hair on some parts of the head while let it grow on other parts ). Hadith Bukhori V / 2214 no. 5577 about Al - Qoza ', and Hadith Muslim III / 1675 no. 2120, about the Proscription of Al - Qoza ' ) عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَأَى النَّبِي صَلَّى الله عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ صَبِياًً قَدْ حلقَ بَعْضَ شَعْرٍ رَأسَه وَ تركَ بَعْضاً فقال : اَحلِقْهُ كُلَّهُ أَوْ دَعْهُ كُلَّهُ From Ibnu ' Umar ( he says ), the Prophet -- peace be upon him -- saw a boy whose head shaven on some parts and let the hair grow on other parts. Then, the Prophet commands, `` Shave the head entirely or let the hair grow entirely '' Hadith Ahmad II / 88, Hadith Abu Dawud no. 4195, and Hadith An - Nasa - i no. 5048 ) Secular european Merovingians Among the Merovingians, whose rulers were the `` long - haired kings '', the ancient custom remained that an unsuccessful pretender or a dethroned king would be tonsured. Then he had to retire to a monastery, but sometimes this lasted only until his hair grew back. Thus Grimoald the Elder, the son of Pippin of Landen, and Dagobert II 's guardian, seized the throne for his own son and had Dagobert tonsured, thus marking him unfit for kingship, and exiled. Byzantine empire The practice of tonsure, coupled with castration, was common for deposed emperors and their sons in Byzantium from around the 8th century, prior to which disfigurement, usually by blinding, was the normal practice. See also Media related to Tonsure at Wikimedia Commons Bede Buddhism Monasticism Mundan ceremony Nun Religious order Rule of St Benedict Qing Chinese Queue ( hairstyle ), often referred to as `` tonsure, '' though not a religious hairstyle. Sikha References Notes Jump up ^ Charlton T. Lewis. `` tōnsūra ''. An Elementary Latin Dictionary. Retrieved August 8, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Rajbali Pandey ( 2013 ), Hindu Saṁskāras : Socio - religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978 - 8120803961, pages 94 - 100 ^ Jump up to : Mary McGee ( 2007 ), Samskara, in The Hindu World ( Editors : Mittal and Thursby ), Routledge, ISBN 978 - 0415772273, pages 342 - 343 ^ Jump up to : PV Kane, Samskara, Chapter VI, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 260 - 265 Jump up ^ Rajbali Pandey ( 2013 ), Hindu Saṁskāras : Socio - religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978 - 8120803961, pages 94 - 95 Jump up ^ Jörg Gengnagel and Ute Hüsken ( 2005 ), Words and Deeds : Hindu and Buddhist Rituals in South Asia, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978 - 3447051521, pages 204 - 205 Jump up ^ Deborah Weymont and Tina Rae ( 2006 ), Supporting Young People Coping with Grief, Loss and Death, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978 - 1412913126, page 75 Jump up ^ K. Jamanadas ( 1991 ). Tirupati Balaji was a Buddhist Shrine. Sanjivan Publications. The traditional custom of tonsures performed at Tirumalai as religious ceremony can not be viewed upon as a custom of the Brahmanic ( Hindu ) religion. Jump up ^ Mishnah Nega'im 2 : 4 ^ Jump up to : McCarthy, Daniel ( 2003 ). `` On the Shape of the Insular Tonsure '' ( PDF ). Celtica. 24 : 140 -- 167. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Jump up ^ McCarthy, pp. 147 -- 150 Jump up ^ McCarthy, p. 140. Jump up ^ McCarthy Jump up ^ Churchill, Winston S., `` A History of the English Speaking Peoples The Birth of Britain '', Book 1, `` The Island Race '', 1956, Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, p. 75 Jump up ^ Carver, 2009 Jump up ^ St. Germanus : 65 Jump up ^ St. Germanus : 69 ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) `` motu proprio '', Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ In the West, the minor orders were those of porter, lector, exorcist and acolyte, and the major orders were subdiaconate, diaconate and priesthood, with the rank of bishop usually being considered a fuller form of priesthood. In the East, the minor orders are those of reader and subdeacon, ( and, in some places, acolyte ) ; the orders of doorkeeper ( porter ) and exorcist ( catechist ) now having fallen into disuse. Jump up ^ Gregory of Tours ' reges criniti Jump up ^ Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, II. 41. Jump up ^ J. Hoyaux, `` Reges criniti : chevelures, tonsures et scalps chez les Mérovingiens, '' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 26 ( 1948 ) ) ; J.M. Wallace - Hadrill, The Long - Haired Kings and Other Essays ( London, 1962 : 154ff ). Jump up ^ See also Conrad Leyser, `` Long - haired kings and short - haired nuns : writing on the body in Caesarius of Arles '', Studia patristica 24 1993. Jump up ^ Byzantium by John Julius Norwich Published by Viking 1988 Bibliography Beda Venerabilis ( 1896 ). Venerabilis Baedae Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum, Historiam abbatum, Epistolam ad Ecgberctum, una cum Historia abbatum auctore anonymo, ad fidem codicum manuscriptorum denuo recognovit,. Charles Plummer ( ed. ). Oxonii : e typographeo Clarendoniano. Archbishop Averky. `` Liturgics ''. Liturgics ( by Archbishop Averky, d. 1976 ). Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 Saint Germanus of Constantinople ( 715 -- 730 ). Meyendorff, Fr. John, ed. St. Germanus of Constantinople on the Divine Liturgy. Crestwood, NY : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press ( published 1984 ). ISBN 0 - 88141 - 038 - 1. McCarthy, Daniel ( 2003 ). `` On the Shape of the Insular Tonsure '' ( PDF ). Celtica. 24 : 140 -- 167. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Robinson, Nalbro Frazier ( 1916 ). Monasticism in the Orthodox Churches. Milwaukee, WI : Young churchman Company. ISBN 0 - 404 - 05375 - 0. Sokolof, Archpriest Dimitrii ( 1899 ). Manual of the Orthodox Church 's Divine Services. Jordanville, New York : Holy Trinity Monastery ( published 2001 ). ISBN 0 - 88465 - 067 - 7. The Great Book of Needs : Expanded and Supplemented ( Volume 1 ) : The Holy Mysteries ( v. 1 ). South Canaan, Pennsylvania : Saint Tikhon 's Seminary Press. 2000. ISBN 1 - 878997 - 56 - 4. External links The Tonsure of Peter, of Paul, and of John by Dr. Taylor Marshall The Form of the Celtic Tonsure II. An Examination of Original Documents on the Question of the Form of the Celtic Tonsure On the Shape of the Insular Tonsure Clerical Tonsure ( Russian Orthodox ) Baptismal tonsure Clerical tonsure Monastic tonsure Human hair List of hairstyles / facial hairstyles Classification by type Lanugo Androgenic Terminal Vellus by location Nose Ear Eyebrow Eyelash Underarm Chest Abdominal Pubic Leg Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Hairstyles Afro Asymmetric cut Bangs Beehive Big hair Blowout Bob cut Bouffant Bowl cut Braid or Plait Brush cut Bun ( odango ) Bunches Burr Businessman cut Butch cut Buzz cut Caesar cut Chignon Chonmage Chupryna Comb over Conk Cornrows Crew cut Crochet braids Croydon facelift Curtained hair Devilock Dido flip Digital perm Dreadlocks Duck 's ass Extensions Feathered hair Finger wave Flattop Fontange French braid French twist Frosted tips Harvard clip High and tight Hime cut Historical Christian hairstyles Hi - top fade Induction cut Ivy League Jewfro Jheri curl Kiss curl Layered hair Liberty spikes Long hair Lob cut Marcelling Mod cut Mohawk Mullet 1950s 1980s Pageboy Part Payot Pigtail Pixie cut Pompadour Ponytail Punch perm Princeton Professional cut Queue Quiff Rattail Razor cut Regular haircut Regular taper cut Ringlets Shag Shape - Up Short back and sides Short brush cut Short hair Spiky hair Standard haircut Surfer hair Taper cut Tonsure Updo Undercut Waves Wings Facial hair Beard Chin curtain Chinstrap Designer stubble Goatee Moustache Fu Manchu handlebar horseshoe pencil toothbrush walrus Neckbeard Shenandoah Sideburns Soul patch Van Dyke Hair loss Cosmetic Removal waxing threading plucking chemical electric laser IPL Shaving head leg cream brush soap Razor electric safety straight other Alopecia areata totalis universalis Male - pattern hair loss Glabrousness Hypertrichosis Management Trichophilia Trichotillomania Pogonophobia Haircare Products Brush Clay Clipper Comb Conditioner Dryer Gel Hot comb Iron Mousse Pomade Relaxer Rollers Shampoo Spray Wax Haircare Techniques Backcombing Crimping Curly Girl Method Perm Shampoo and set Straightening Documentaries My Nappy Roots : A Journey Through Black Hair - itage ( 2008 ) Good Hair ( 2009 ) Related Topics Afro - textured hair Bearded lady Barber ( pole ) Eponymous hairstyle Good hair ( phrase ) Hairdresser Hair fetishism ( pubic ) Hair follicle Hair growth Hypertrichosis Trichotillomania Consecrated life in the Catholic Church Types Secular clergy Consecrated virgin Hermit Religious institute Orders Monastic Cenobitic Enclosed Idiorrhythmic Canons Regular Mendicants Second Orders Clerks Regular Congregations Secular institute Society of apostolic life Vows Evangelical counsels Poverty Chastity Obedience Profession Solemn vow Vow of silence Vow of enclosure Monastery Abbey Cloister Convent Hermitage Priory Refectory List Prayer Contemplation Liturgy of the Hours Mass Meditation Mysticism Rosary Habit Clerical clothing Coif Cornette Scapular Vestment Members Abbot Abbess Brother Monk Friar Nun Master of novices Novice Oblate Postulant Provincial superior Prior Sister Superior general Other Asceticism Tonsure Vocational discernment Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonsure&oldid=802596553 '' Categories : Catholic traditionalism Eastern Christian monasticism Hairstyles Monasticism Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017, at 05 : 31. 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Question: why did friars shave the top of their heads
Answer: 1972