Mission San Francisco Solano ( California ) - wikipedia Mission San Francisco Solano ( California ) Not to be confused with the Mission San Francisco Solano in Coahuila, Mexico. Mission San Francisco Solano Location of Mission San Francisco Solano in California Location 114 East Spain Coordinates 38 ° 17 ′ 38 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 21 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 38.29389 ° N 122.45583 ° W ﻿ / 38.29389 ; - 122.45583 Coordinates : 38 ° 17 ′ 38 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 21 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 38.29389 ° N 122.45583 ° W ﻿ / 38.29389 ; - 122.45583 Nickname ( s ) `` Sonoma Mission '' Founding date July 4, 1823 Founding priest ( s ) Father José Altimíra Founding Order 21 Military district Fourth Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Coast Miwok, Patwin, Pomo, Suisunes, Wappo Native place name ( s ) Huchi Baptisms 1,563 total Marriages 359 total Burials 896 total Neophyte population 996 in 1832 Governing body California Department of Parks and Recreation Current use Museum California Historical Landmark Reference no. Website http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=479 Mission San Francisco Solano was the 21st, last and northernmost mission in Alta California. It was the only mission built in Alta California after Mexico gained independence from Spain. The difficulty of its beginning demonstrates the confusion resulting from that change in governance. The California Governor wanted a robust Mexican presence north of the San Francisco Bay to keep the Russians who had established Fort Ross on the Pacific coast from moving further inland. A young Franciscan friar from Mission San Francisco de Asis wanted to move to a location with a better climate and access to a larger number of potential converts. The Mission was successful given its short eleven year life but was smaller in number of converts and with lower productivity and diversity of industries than the older California missions. The Mission today The mission building is now part of the Sonoma State Historic Park and is located in the city of Sonoma, California. Contents 1 History 2 California Historic Landmark 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History Fr. José Altimira age 33, arrived from Barcelona, Spain to serve at Mission San Francisco de Asís. The mission was not thriving because of its climate and had established a medical asistencia ( `` sub-mission '' ) in San Rafael to help the mission 's ill neophytes ( baptized Native Americans ) recover their health. California Governor Luis Argüello was interested in blocking the Russians at Bodega Bay and Fort Ross from moving further inland. Together they developed and presented to the party church authorities and the territory ( legislature ) a plan for moving Mission San Francisco de Asís and the San Rafael asistencia to a new location north of the Bay. The legislature approved but the church authorities did not respond ( they had forwarded the plan to their superiors in Mexico ). Under the old Spanish regime, founding a new mission required the approval of both New Spain 's Bishop and the King 's Viceroy. Beginning in 1823, while waiting for a response from the church authorities, Fr. Altimira, with military escorts, began exploring north of the Bay for a suitable mission site. On July 4, 1823, the soldiers placed a large redwood cross on the place in the Sonoma Valley where they expected the new Mission San Francisco de Assis to be established. Then they celebrated Mass to consecrate the location. They then returned south to begin gathering men and materials to begin construction. The area around the selected site was not empty. It was near the northeast corner of the territory of the Coast Miwok, Southern Pomo to the northwest, Wappo to the northeast, Suisunes and Ptwin peoples to the east. A detachment of soldiers from the Presidio of San Francisco would be provided to protect the Mission and guard the neophytes. Altimira with soldiers and neophytes primarily from Mission San Francisco de Asís returned to the Sonoma area near the end of August. Altimira decided there was a better place to build on the other side of the valley. Just after starting he received a letter from Father - President Sarria who refused Altimira permission to continue building. Fr. Altimira obeyed and the month of September saw continuing negotiations between California 's civil and religious leaders. On September 30 an agreement was reached : a new mission could be built and Fr. Altimira would be its minister, but Mission San Francisco de Asís would not be closed and the San Rafael asistencia had already been designated as a full mission ( Mission San Rafael Arcángel ). Stylized portrayal of the Mission Beginning in October 1823 Fr. Altimira had the opportunity to build his new mission at the location he chose but since Mission San Francisco de Asís would remain open this Mission needed a different patron saint. Altimira chose San Francisco Solano, a 17th - century Franciscan missionary to South America. His company of soldiers and neophytes set about building all the facilities needed in a California mission. His annual report for 1823 listed no baptisms, one marriage, one funeral, a population of 482 Indians ( all transferred from other missions ) and 1341 animals. The work had started too late in the year for anything to be planted and harvested. On April 4, 1824, Passion Sunday, Father Altimira proudly dedicated his church. It was a crude, temporary structure but it symbolized development at the Mission. The church was built of whitewashed boards but was well furnished and decorated. Many of the articles were gifts from the Russians at Fort Ross. It also held a canvas painting of San Francisco Solano which had been donated by the Father - President. Furthermore, the Mission had been promised a relic of the patron saint to put in the altar. The Mission continued to develop until an argument arose about the sharing of the bountiful 1826 harvest Indians, not living at the Mission, were unhappy with the amount allocated for their work and burned some of the wooden buildings in protest. Fr. Altimira with a few faithful neophytes fled to Mission San Rafael Arcángel. Fr. Buenaventura Fortuni, an aging Spanish Franciscan who had been working at Mission San José, was assigned to replace Altimira. Fr. Fortuni quickly reestablished order and morale and the work of building the mission restarted. He arranged the main buildings to form a large, square enclosure. In 1830 Fr. Fortuni, having labored alone at this mission for 3 1 / 2 years, felt the need to transfer to another mission where the work load could be shared. He was 58 years old when he was replaced by Fr. José Gutiérrez, a Franciscan friar from South America. The Mexican government had in 1826 required that all the Spanish friars who would not pledge loyalty to Mexico leave. Fr. Fortuni had been exempted from this rule but all new churchmen would be required to take the pledge. Fr. Gutierrez continued to build and increased the agricultural effort. By 1832 the mission had 27 rooms in the convento or priest 's quarters, with a great adobe church at the east end, and a wooden storehouse ( the original mission chapel ) at the west end. Completing this enclosure were workshops where the Indians were taught to be craftsmen and created the items needed to help the mission be self - sufficient. Along the back of the courtyard were the living quarters and workrooms for the young Indian girls. In addition to the quadrangle, there were orchards, gardens, vineyards, fields of grain, a gristmill, houses for the soldiers and Indian families, a jail, a cemetery and an infirmary. The most successful year of this mission 's short life span ( 11 years ) was 1832. In his annual report for that year, Fr. Gutierrez recorded the following : 127 baptisms, 34 marriages, and 70 deaths ; a total of 996 neophytes ( coming from 35 area villages ) ; the livestock inventory included 6,000 sheep and goats, 900 horses, 13 mules, 50 pigs and 3,500 head of cattle. Crops were measured in fanegas, or Spanish bushels, a variable measure of volume generally between 50 and 60 liters. In 1832 the mission produced 800 fanegas of wheat, 1025 fanegas of barley, 52 fanegas of peas, 300 fanegas of corn, 32 fanegas of beans, and 2 fanegas of garbanzos. Fanega measure In 1833 the Mexican Congress decided to close all of the missions in Alta California with the passage of the Mexican secularization act of 1833. Governor Figueroa issued a regulation ( Reglamento Provisional para la secularization de las Misiones ) on August 9, 1834, outlining the requirements for the distribution of property ( land, cattle, and equipment ) to each mission 's neophytes. Among the provisions were that `` 5. To each head of a family and to all over 20 years old, will be given from the Mission lands a lot not over 400 nor less than 100 varas square '' ( 28 to 7 acres ). Plus `` 6... pro rata... one - half of the livestock '' and `` 7... half or less of the existing chattels, tools, and seed... ''. Mission San Francisco Solano officially ceased to exist on November 3, 1834, when it was designated a First Class Parish. The Spanish missionaries were to be replaced by parish priests - the first was Fr. Lorenzo Quijas who had earlier been assigned to Sonoma and San Rafael.In, Lieutenant ( teniente ) Mariano Vallejo, Commandant of the Presidio of San Francisco, was named administrator ( comisionado ) to oversee the closing of the Mission under the Reglamento. Fr. Quijas moved back to San Rafael in July, 1835, after many disputes with Guadalupe Antonio Ortega, Vallejo 's majordomo, to whom Vallejo had delegated the work of secularization. Ortega ( sometimes call Sergeant Ortega ) was `` uneducated, coarse and licentious ''. Right after returning to San Rafael, Padre Quijas wrote a letter to Commissary Perfect Garcia Diego, his superior, complaining about the situation in Sonoma and specifically the ``... abominable deeds of Ortega... '' Quijas then gives names of witnesses to be called against Ortega. Upon receipt of the letter Fr. Diego forward it to Governor José Figueroa demanding some action against Ortega. The Governor was critically ill and died at the end of the following month. No action was taken. It was n't until the summer of 1837, because of new scandals and unsatisfactory accounts, that Ortega was removed. After Fr. Quijas left, the neophyte population decreased rapidly ( most returning to their home villages - taking their movable property with them, or moving to ranchos ( including Vallejo 's Petaluma Adobe ) to work, or staying in Sonoma as servants ). Some former Mission Indians reportedly received their allotted land and cattle from the Mission ( none of these small plots of land were permanently recorded. ) In August 1839, the government sent William Edward Petty Hartnell as Visitador General de Misiones to check compliance with the Reglamento but Vallejo avoided responding - claiming he did not have time because of military affairs. No effective review of the secularization of the Sonoma mission was even completed. The mission buildings rapidly fell into disrepair. The town of Sonoma was growing and building materials were in great demand. Roof tiles, timbers, and adobe bricks were salvaged from the mission buildings. After the settlers had cannibalized the old buildings, nature began recycling the remnants. In 1841, Mariano Vallejo ordered a small adobe chapel to be built on the location of the first wooden mission chapel. It became the church of the parish and replaced the large mission church which was rapidly deteriorating. It stood on the west end of the Convento so is often thought to be the church of the old mission. During 1863 President Abraham Lincoln transferred ownership of all the mission churches in California to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1881, the Sonoma church property was sold to a local businessman and a new parish church was built across town. At one time, the old adobe chapel was used as a warehouse. The Convento may have been used as a winery. In 1903, the two remaining mission buildings were purchased by California Historic Landmarks League and became part of the California Park System in 1906. By 1913, both had been reconstructed. After the 1940s, the former church and Convento were remodeled along more authentic lines suited to exhibits devoted exclusively to mission history. Dedicated in 1999, the Sonoma Mission Indian Memorial honors the more than 800 native people ( including over 200 children ) who died while living and working at the Mission between 1824 and 1839. Their Christian names, as recorded by the priests in the Mission 's records, are inscribed on this granite memorial. European diseases such as measles and smallpox, for which Native Americans had no inherited resistance, with the overcrowded and unhealthful living conditions at all California missions ( especially for women and children ) contributed to the high death rate. California Historic Landmark On June 1, 1932, Mission San Francisco Solano was designated California Historical Landmark # 3. Gallery Interior of Vallejo 's Chapel Indian Memorial Mission Solano State Landmark Plaque See also San Francisco Bay Area portal Spanish missions in California Mission San Gabriel Mission San Rafael Arcángel El Presidio de Sonoma USNS Mission Solano ( AO - 135 ) -- a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II Sonoma Plaza -- the U.S. National Historic Landmark District in front of the mission Notes Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 182 Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 196 Jump up ^ Forbes, p. 202 Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Smilie, p. 79 : totals through December 31, 1840. Jump up ^ Krell, p. 315 : as of December 251832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California. Mission Francisco Solano witnessed the fewest number of baptisms, marriages, and burials of any settlement in the Alta California chain. Jump up ^ Bancroft p. 496 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 1 - 12 Jump up ^ Krell, p. 315 Jump up ^ Bancroft p. 496 - 504 Jump up ^ Geiger p. 7 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 5 - 15 Jump up ^ SSHP - GP p. 11 ^ Jump up to : S / PSHPA Jump up ^ CIMCC Jump up ^ Moriarty Jump up ^ Smilie p. 16 - 18 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 18 Jump up ^ Informe, S.F. Solano, 1823, Santa Barbara Mission Archives Jump up ^ Tays p. 117 - 8 Jump up ^ Geiger p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Geiger p. 90 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 39 Jump up ^ Tays p. 119 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 29 - 38 Jump up ^ Tays p119 Jump up ^ Informe, S.F. Salano, 1832, Santa Barbara Mission Archives Jump up ^ Smilie p. 50 Jump up ^ Smilie, p. 48 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 34 Jump up ^ Tays p. 236 Jump up ^ Tays p. 237 Jump up ^ SSHP Jump up ^ Smilie p. 59 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 59 - 60 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 63 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 62 Jump up ^ Tays p. 241 Jump up ^ Hartnell p. 83 Jump up ^ Smilie p. 73 Jump up ^ Ortis Jump up ^ Lightfoot p. 76 References Bancroft, Hubert Howe ( 1885 ). History of California Vol. II, 1801 - 1824. The History Company, San Francisco, CA. p. 496. CIMCC. `` San Francisco de Solano - General Information ''. California Indian Museum and Cultural Center. Retrieved 24 April 2014. Forbes, Alexander ( 1839 ). California : A History of Upper and Lower California. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London. Geiger, Maynard ( 1969 ). Franciscan Missionaries in Hispanic California 1769 - 1848. The Huntington Library, San Morino, CA. Hartnell, William E.P. ( 2004 ). The Diary and Copybook for William E.P. Hartnell. Santa Clara, California : The California Mission Studies Association. Hittell, Theodore H. ( 1898 ). History of California, Volume I. N.J. Stone & Company, San Francisco, CA. Jones, Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds. ) ( 2007 ). California Prehistory : Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altimira Press, Landham, MD. ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell, Dorothy ( ed. ) ( 1979 ). The California Missions : A Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell, Randy ( 2005 ). California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5. Lightfoot, Kent G. ( 2008 ). Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants : The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers. University of California Press. Moriarty, James R ( July 1967 ). `` FATHER SERRA AND THE SOLDIERS ''. SAN DIEGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY QUARTERLY. 13 ( 3 ). Nordlander, David J. ( 1994 ). For God & Tsar : A Brief History of Russian America 1741 -- 1867. Alaska Natural History Association, Anchorage, AK. ISBN 0 - 930931 - 15 - 7. Ortis, Beverly R. ( Summer 1997 ). `` A Mission Indian Memorial ''. News from Native California. 10 ( 4 ). Paddison, Joshua ( ed. ) ( 1999 ). A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin, Terry ( 1999 ). Mission Memoirs. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8. Smilie, Robert A. ( 1975 ). The Sonoma Mission, San Francisco Solano de Sonoma : The Founding, Ruin and Restoration of California 's 21st Mission. Valley Publishers, Fresno, CA. ISBN 0 - 913548 - 24 - 3. S / PSHPA - Sonoma / Petaluma State Historic Parks Association. `` Mission San Francisco Solano ''. Retrieved April 12, 2014. SSHP. `` Sonoma State Historic Park - A Short History of Historical Archaeology ''. California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 25 April 2014. SSHP - GP. `` Sonoma State Historic Park - General Plan '' ( PDF ). California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 26 April 2014. Tays, George ( 1937 ). `` Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and Sonoma : A Biography and a History ''. California Historical Society Quarterly. 16. Yenne, Bill ( 2004 ). The Missions of California. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8. External links Official Sonoma State Historic Park website `` Fr. José Altimira, San Francisco Solano and the End of the Mission Chain '' at The California Frontier Project Listing and photographs -- at the HABS -- Historic American Buildings Survey. Howser, Huell ( December 8, 2000 ). `` California Missions ( 107 ) ''. California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive. Franciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) Santa Gertrudis Asistencia San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First, San Diego ( 1769 ) Second, Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third, Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth, San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_San_Francisco_Solano_(California)&oldid=841614250 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California 1823 in Alta California Museums in Sonoma, California History museums in California Religious museums in California Buildings and structures in Sonoma, California 1823 establishments in California California Historical Landmarks History of Sonoma County, California Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018, at 22 : 30. 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Question: who lived at the san francisco solano mission
Answer: Indians