Metrication in Canada - wikipedia Metrication in Canada The metrication logo used in Canada during the 1970s and 1980s. Metrication in Canada began in 1970 and while Canada has converted to the metric system for many purposes, there is still significant use of non-metric units and standards in many sectors of the Canadian economy. This is mainly due to historical ties with the United Kingdom ( before metrication ), the traditional use of the imperial system of measurement in Canada, proximity to the United States, and to public opposition to metrication during the transition period. Contents 1 Before conversion 2 Conversion process 2.1 Changeover 2.2 Metrication stalled 3 Common usage today 3.1 Daily usage 3.2 Experience 3.3 Temperature 3.4 Products and retail 3.5 Commercial usage 3.6 Agriculture 3.7 Health care 3.8 Engineering 3.9 Trades 3.10 Firearms 3.11 Print 3.12 Air transportation 4 Education regarding the imperial system 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Before conversion Main article : Imperial units Until the 1970s, Canada traditionally used the Imperial measurement system, labelled as `` Canadian units of measurements '' under Schedule II, Section 4 of the Weights and Measures Act ( R.S., 1985, c. W - 6 ). These units have the same name and, with the exception of capacity measures such as the gallon, the same values as US customary units. For example, before metrication in Canada, gasoline was sold by the imperial gallon ( about 4.55 litres ). In cross-border transactions, it was often unclear whether values quoted in gallons, etc. were referring to the US values ( 3.79 litres ) or the imperial values of these units. That a higher price was being charged did not always resolve the matter. Conversion process The Liberal federal government of Pierre Trudeau first began implementing metrication in Canada in 1970 with a government agency dedicated to implementing the project, the Metric Commission, being established in 1971. By the mid-1970s, metric product labelling was introduced. In 1972, the provinces agreed to make all road signs metric by 1977. There was some resistance to metrication, especially as the sectors of the economy where the federal Weights and Measures Act required metric to be used grew in number. The metrication of gasoline and diesel fuel sales in 1979 prompted 37 Progressive Conservative Members of Parliament to open a `` freedom to measure '' gas station in Carleton Place, Ontario, selling gas in both imperial gallons and litres. The city of Peterborough, Ontario, was a noted hotbed of opposition to metrication, having been one of the government 's three test centres for the metrication process. Bill Domm, a Member of Parliament representing the riding of Peterborough, was one of the country 's most outspoken opponents of metrication. During this period, a few government employees lost their jobs for their opposition to metrication. Neil Fraser, an official with Revenue Canada who publicly opposed mandatory metric conversion, was dismissed for `` conduct unacceptable for a public servant. '' Changeover A long - ago metricated speed - limit sign in Bolton, Ontario, with the old `` 25 mph '' value now showing through the 40 km / h limit Since 1976, the law requires that all prepackaged food products must declare their mass or their volume in metric units, though Canadian imperial units are still legally permitted on packaging. Milk has been thoroughly metric since 1980. In April 1975, Fahrenheit temperatures were replaced by Celsius. In September 1975, rainfall was first measured in millimetres and snow in centimetres. Since April 1976, wind speed, visibility, and barometric pressure have been in metric units, with the pressure in kilopascals instead of the hectopascals ( millibars ) used in most of the rest of the world. In September 1977, every speed - limit sign in the country was changed from miles per hour to kilometres per hour. Metrication stalled The election of the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney in 1984 resulted in the abolition of the Metric Commission on March 31, 1985. This ended the process of affirmative metrication in Canada, and some regulations requiring metric measurements either have been repealed or are no longer enforced. Training on metric conversion was not universal. Poor metrication training was a contributing factor to Air Canada Flight 143, the so - called Gimli Glider, running out of fuel mid-flight on 23 July 1983. Notwithstanding the end of officially sanctioned metrication in Canada, most laws, regulations, and official forms exclusively use metric measurements. However, imperial measures still have legal definitions in Canada and can be used alongside metric units. Common usage today Daily usage Canadians typically discuss the weather in degrees Celsius, purchase gasoline in litres, observe speed limits set in kilometres per hour ( km / h ), and read road signs and maps displaying distances in kilometres. Cars have metric speedometers and odometers, although some speedometers include smaller figures in miles per hour ( mph ). Fuel efficiency for new vehicles is published by Natural Resources Canada in litres per 100 kilometres, ( not kilometres per litre as a direct equivalent of miles per gallon ) and miles per gallon. Window stickers in dealer showrooms often include `` miles per gallon '' conversions. The railways of Canada continue to measure their trackage in miles, and speed limits in mph. ( In part this can be attributed to both CP and CN operating into the US and having bought US railroads ). Canadian railcars show weight figures in both imperial and metric. Today, Canadians typically use a mix of metric and imperial measurements in their daily lives. However the use of the metric and imperial systems varies according to generations. Newborns are measured in metric at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is also announced to family and friends in imperial units. Among the broader population, imperial units are sometimes informally used to indicate height and weight, especially by those of older generations. However, Canadian driver 's licences give height in centimetres. In addition, Fahrenheit is often used for cooking, as are imperial cooking measurements, due to the import of kitchen appliances from the United States. However, most appliances in Canada are labelled with degrees Celsius or are convertible, and metric cooking measures are widely available ; imperial temperatures are also occasionally used outside of the kitchen, such as when measuring the water temperature in a pool. Stationery and photographic prints are also sold in sizes based on inches and the most popular paper sizes, letter and legal, are sized in imperial units. Canadian Football League games continue to be played on fields measured in yards ( with a gridiron layout that measures 100.6 meters long from one goal line to the other ) ; golfers also expect courses to be measured in yards. However newer generations are moving away from the imperial system. Experience The use of metric or imperial measurements varies by age and region. Canadians who have received only metric instruction in school ( from the early 1970s ) are more familiar with metric measurements. However metrication in the Francophone province of Quebec has been more fully implemented and metric measures are more consistently used than elsewhere in Canada. The use of imperial units is more common in rural areas than in the rest of the country, where opposition to metrication was strongest, rather than in urban areas. Canadians are exposed to both metric and imperial units, and it is not unusual for there to be references to both metres and feet, acres and hectares, or grams and ounces, in the same conversation. Temperature Despite the exclusive use of degrees Celsius in weather reports, some older Canadians still use Fahrenheit. Most outdoor thermometers display temperatures in both Fahrenheit and Celsius. Additionally, outdoor signs usually display Celsius with occasional references to Fahrenheit. Inside newer buildings, digital and analog thermostats display temperature settings in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. Environment Canada still offers an imperial unit option beside metric units. Products and retail Many food and retail products are sold according to metric units, though this is not always the case. The price of a piece of meat, for example a steak, is typically advertised per pound, but the price printed on the package is per kilogram ; the latter is calculated. The prices of fruits and vegetables are usually advertised in pounds, although the price per kilogram is also displayed, usually in smaller type. More expensive items such as deli, meats, and fish are often advertised per 100 grams. Many, but not all, products are sold in imperial sizes, but labelled in metric units. An example of this is butter, which is sold in a 454 gram package ( and labelled as such ), even though it represents one pound ( and in many cases is also labelled with the imperial unit ). This is known as `` soft metric '' ( as opposed to a `` hard metric '' system, where packages and measures are generally sold in `` round numbers '' ; in a hard metric system, butter might come in a 500 g package ). In restaurants, wine is usually served by the litre, 750 mL ( 26 - imperial - fluid - ounce ; 25 - US - fluid - ounce ) or 500 mL ( 18 - imperial - fluid - ounce ; 17 - US - fluid - ounce ) bottle, but a wine glass is measured in ounces. Similarly, fast food restaurants ( e.g. McDonald 's Quarter Pounder ) often advertise measurements of food and drink in US customary units, but converted to metric units, because either the containers are made to US standards, or the franchise is US - based and uses a standard size for its products. Thus in Canada a 20 US fluid ounce bottled soft drink is labelled as 591 mL ( or occasionally rounded up to 600 mL ). Beer in bottles continues to be 12 imperial fluid ounces ( labelled as 341 mL ), but beer in cans is filled to 12 US fluid ounces ( labelled as 355 mL ). There is also a larger sized beer bottle which is labelled as containing 1.18 L ( 42 imperial fluid ounces ; 40 US fluid ounces ). Some of these package sizes have been introduced since Canadian metrication began ; for example, the traditional Canadian soft drink can was 10 imperial fluid ounces ( 284 mL ), later marketed as 280 mL. Only in the early 1990s did the US - derived 355 mL size displace it. Television sets and computer screens are also measured in inches. Standard and special fasteners like alloys, nuts, bolts, washers, studs, tapping, self drilling screw and socket screware are often quoted in both imperial and metric ; products range from ⁄ in ( 0.91 mm ) diameter up to 4 in ( 100 mm ). Commercial usage Supermarkets will often advertise foods such as meats and produce `` per pound '', and small businesses are exempt from having metric scales and legally sell by the pound. While most supermarket scales display both metric and imperial units, products advertised by the pound in a supermarket flyer are invariably sold to the customer ( at the point of sale ) based on a price `` per 100 grams '' or `` per kilogram ''. Construction materials, including construction lumber and drywall, continue to be sold in imperial measurements ; retrofitting metric - sized ( designed for 400 mm centres ) wallboard on old 16 in ( 410 mm ) spaced studs is difficult. In English - speaking Canada commercial and residential spaces are mostly ( but not exclusively ) constructed using imperial units and advertised accordingly, while in French - speaking Quebec commercial and residential spaces are constructed in metres and advertised using both metric and imperial units as equivalents. However, the zoning by - laws and building codes that govern construction are in metric, although most building codes will also contain imperial equivalents. In addition, rural areas in Western Canada ( Canadian Prairies ) were mapped and segmented using the Dominion Land Survey. This based most rural roads on a mile measurement which when viewed from the air has the appearance of a checkerboard or grid. Because of this standard now etched into the landscape, it is still common to refer to distance in miles, since counting the number of mile roads is easy. In contrast, in much of southern Ontario the basic survey grid was based on a mile - and - a-quarter ( 1.25 mi ), which corresponds almost exactly to a 2 kilometre grid and which makes miles no more natural than kilometres. It should be noted that 1.25 mi is equal to 100 chains ( or 10 furlongs ) and it was that sized grid that was used in the original surveys and thus would have been more familiar. Free trade with the United States has resulted in continued exposure to the US system. Since the United States is Canada 's largest trading partner and vice versa, Canadian exporters and importers must be accustomed to dealing in US customary units as well as metric. Agriculture Canada uses an Avery or imperial bushel ( 36.369 litres ) when selling oats, wheat, and other grains. When dealing with the US oat markets though, special attention must be paid to the definition of bushel weight because US uses a Winchester bushel ( 35.239 litres ). In livestock auction markets, cattle are sold in dollars per hundredweight ( short ), whereas hogs are sold in dollars per hundred kilograms. Health care In the health care system, metric units are often given precedence, although actual metric units may still be different than the United States ( for example, for measurements of blood cholesterol, the units are millimole per litre, whereas they are milligram per decilitre in the United States ). Most physicians chart patient height and weight in imperial units, and while most growth charts display both systems of measurement, the majority of hospitals officially document such parameters in metric. Dieticians still use kilocalories, and doctors use millimetres of mercury. While these units are metric derivatives, they are not metric units. Engineering Because most fasteners, machine parts, pumps, piping, and all building materials are sold in imperial or US customary units, many mechanical and civil engineers in Canada mainly use imperial units for these items. Overall building dimensions for new construction are usually in SI units.. On the other hand, many chemical, nuclear and electrical engineers and engineering physicists employ metric units. As in the United States, Canadian engineers are educated in both systems and are keenly aware of the differences between the imperial, metric and US customary systems. Trades Trades associated with machine work, such as machinists, automotive, and heavy duty technicians, frequently use both metric and imperial. Machines made in Canada often incorporate parts from other countries and thus the finished product may have both metric and imperial parts. Farm and industrial equipment manufactured in Canada will most often use inch system fasteners and structural steel, but fluid capacities are always listed in metric. Building trades such as plumbing and carpentry often use imperial units. Rough timber, drywall, plywood, fasteners, pipes, and tubing are all sold in imperial units. Nails in hardware stores are measured in inches but sold in metric weight packages. Electricians in every country use metric units such as volts and amperes, but motors and engines are still quoted in horsepower. Electric car motors are rated in kilowatts. However, Canada uses, among other things, the US American wire gauge standard instead of the square millimetre ( mm ) used in the IEC 60228 standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission. Conduit sizes are in inch diameters, although some manufacturers include the metric size printed on the conduits ( for example, ⁄ in ( 13 mm ), ⁄ in ( 16 mm ), ⁄ in ( 19 mm ). Firearms Imperial units remain in common use in firearms and ammunition on the international market. Cartridges may have either commercial or military descriptions. In the former, the manufacturer will choose a name for proprietary reasons, perhaps to associate the name with a brand or designer, or otherwise distinguish it from comparable cartridges. Typical terms include bullet or bore diameter, cartridge length or capacity, a proper name or company. Designs are registered with Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute ( SAAMI ) or Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives ( CIP ) for standardization. Canadian industry follows both conventions, but there is no appetite in the Canadian firearms industry or hobby to pursue metrification simply for the sake of conformity when the trade is global. Military designations use technical nomenclature to avoid confusion or misrouting of supplies. There are several examples of similar names and similar design dimensions. For example, the civilian cartridge. 303 Savage was introduced by the Savage Arms Company in 1894, but is incompatible with the. 303 British used throughout the Commonwealth. The. 308 Winchester cartridge derived from the 7.62 × 51mm NATO cartridge in the 1950s, with slight variations in production but not in external dimensions. All four examples are common small arms cartridges in Canada. Imperial measures are often encountered in the description of cartridges, even when the cartridge is of a relatively recent product introduction ( e.g.. 204 Ruger,. 17 HMR, where the calibre is expressed in decimal fractions of an inch ). Ammunition which is classified in metric already is still kept metric ( e.g. 9 mm, 7.62 mm ). In the manufacture of ammunition, bullet and powder weights are expressed in terms of grains for both metric and imperial cartridges. The popular. 30 - 30 Winchester is a. 30 calibre bullet originally loaded with 30 grains of smokeless gunpowder. Print Canada uses the inch - based paper standard e.g. the US Letter, rather than the metric - based A4 paper size used throughout most of the world. The government, however, uses a combination of ISO paper sizes, and CAN 2 - 9.60 M `` Paper Sizes for Correspondence '' specifies P1 through P6 paper sizes, which are the US paper sizes rounded to the nearest 5 mm. Air transportation Luggage restrictions and limits at Canadian airports are in metric values with soft imperial conversion values. Runway lengths are given in feet and speed in knots as in the US. Like a number of metric countries altitude is given in feet. Fuel is nowadays measured in metric units. The Gimli Glider incident in July 1983 is a famous case of a kilogram - pound mistake, in which the miscalculation of the amount of fuel in an Air Canada airplane with a malfunctioning fuel gauge caused the plane to run out of fuel mid-flight. Education regarding the imperial system In 2005, the Ontario government announced changes to the secondary - school mathematics curriculum that would allow imperial units to be taught along with metric units. This marked a departure from previous governments ' efforts to make sure that the curriculum used only the metric system. This was done in light of the refusal or reluctance of much of the private sector to metricate ; thus students had been leaving school unprepared for the units used in the workplace. Many other provinces and territories also include the imperial system of measurements as part of their educational curriculum. See also Chronology and status of metrication by country Metrication opposition Change management, a field studying how changes can be efficiently implemented in modern communities Myanmar units of measurement Metrication in the United States Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States Weights and Measures Acts ( UK ) Metrication Ordinance ( Hong Kong ) References Jump up ^ Canadians rebel against metric system Jump up ^ A Canadian compromise between metric and imperial ^ Jump up to : `` Weights and Measures Act : Canadian units of measure ''. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 05. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Fired for opposing metric ''. CBC. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ Food Labelling for Industry ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived July 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising - Chapter 11 ''. Canadian Government. Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 24. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations ''. Government of Canada, Department of Justice Canada, Legislative Services Branch. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Fuel Consumption Ratings ''. Government of Canada. January 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18. Jump up ^ `` New Driver 's Licence and Identification Cards ''. novascotia.ca. Province of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 6 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Change information on a driver 's licence ''. ontario.ca. Queen 's Printer for Ontario. Retrieved 6 June 2015. Jump up ^ Environment Canada weather in imperial units Archived 2014 - 03 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. and Environment Canada weather in metric unsits ^ Jump up to : `` The Beer Store Price list CANADIAN ''. The Beer Store. Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 03. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Metric Fasteners companies - Displaying all 17 ''. Canadian Trade Index. Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 01. Jump up ^ Legal for Trade - Canada Jump up ^ Canada : Metric System Jump up ^ Système métrique : à quand le virage final ? ( in French ) Jump up ^ Google Maps view of southwestern Manitoba, near Brandon Jump up ^ The Importance of Title Searches Archived 2007 - 07 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Land Titles vs. Land Registry Jump up ^ Marketing Oats in Canada Jump up ^ Is My Child Growing Well ? Jump up ^ Kuhn, Markus. `` International standard paper sizes ''. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Canadian standard CAN 2 - 9.60 M paper sizes '' Jump up ^ Carry - On Baggage Jump up ^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901 Z 1 February 2018 to 0901Z 29 March 2018. Jump up ^ 1.8. Units of Measure Jump up ^ A Common European Transition Altitude Jump up ^ Aeronautical Information Publication at EuroControl Basic Log - in ( free registration required ). Jump up ^ `` The Ontario curriculum Grades 9 and 10 2005 REVISED Mathematics ''. Ontario Ministry of Education. 2005. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Outcomes with Assessment Standards for Applied Mathematics 10 '' ( pdf ). Alberta Education / Alberta Learning, Alberta, Canada. August 2002. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Nova Scotia Student : LifeWork Portfolio. A teaching resource '' ( PDF ). Nova Scotia Department of Education. Province of Nova Scotia. 2005. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Essentials of Mathematics 11 - Measurement Technology ''. British Columbia Ministry of Education. November 22, 2000. Archived from the original on May 7, 2008. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Key Concepts in the Curriculum '' ( PDF ). British Columbia Ministry of Education. February 2006. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 15. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Curriculum ''. Government of Yukon. 2007 - 11 - 22. Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 11. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Senior 3 Consumer Mathematics ( 30S ) Outcomes by Unit ''. Manitoba Department of Education, Citizenship and Youth. Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 18. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10. External links Canadian Weights and Measures Act ( R.S., 1985, c. W - 6 ) Re-accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 04 For Good Measure : Canada Converts to Metric at CBC Digital Archives CIA World Factbook : Weights & Measures Metrication by country Australia Barbados Canada Chile Guatemala Hong Kong India Ireland Jamaica Japan Korea ( North ) & ( South ) New Zealand Peru Sweden United Kingdom United States Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrised Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric metre -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) metre -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimetre -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational quadrant -- eleventh - gram -- second ( QES ) ( hebdometre -- undecimogramme -- second ( HUS ) ) Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad. Mesures usuelles ) German Greek Hungary Icelandic Irish Scottish Italian Latvia Luxembourgian Maltese Norwegian Ottoman Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swedish Switzerland Welsh Winchester measure Asia Afghan Cambodian Chinese Hindu Hong Kong India Indonesian Japanese Korean Mongolian Omani Philippine Pegu Singaporean Sri Lankan Syrian Taiwanese Tatar Thai Vietnamese Africa Algerian Ethiopian Egyptian Eritrean Guinean Libyan Malagasy Mauritian Moroccan Seychellois Somalian South African Tunisian Tanzanian North America Costa Rican Cuban Haitian Honduran Mexico Nicaraguan Puerto Rican South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Ancient Arabic Biblical and Talmudic Egyptian Greek Hindu Indian Mesopotamian Persian Roman List articles Humorous ( FFF system ) Obsolete Unusual Other N - body Modulor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrication_in_Canada&oldid=823223650 '' Categories : Metrication in Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018, at 23 : 56. 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Question: when did canada change from miles to kilometers
Answer: 1970