Pact of Steel - wikipedia Pact of Steel Pact of Steel Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy Galeazzo Ciano, Adolf Hitler and Joachim Von Ribbentrop at the signing of the Pact of Steel in the Reichskanzlei in Berlin Type Military - political Signed 22 May 1939 Location Berlin, Germany Expiration 1949 ( effectively in 1943 ) Signatories Germany Italy Languages German, Italian Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939 Battle of Britain May. 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun. 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 The Pact of Steel ( German : Stahlpakt, Italian : Patto d'Acciaio ), known formally as the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was a military and political alliance between the Kingdom of Italy and Nazi Germany. The pact was initially drafted as a tripartite military alliance between Japan, Italy and Germany. While Japan wanted the focus of the pact to be aimed at the Soviet Union, Italy and Germany wanted it aimed at the British Empire and France. Due to this disagreement, the pact was signed without Japan and became an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, signed on 22 May 1939 by foreign ministers Galeazzo Ciano of Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop of Germany. The pact consisted of two parts. The first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy while the second, a `` Secret Supplementary Protocol '', encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and economy. Although intended to last 10 years, it was effectively cancelled in 1943 with the removal of Italy 's fascist government. Contents 1 Background 2 Japan 3 Clauses 3.1 Secret supplementary protocols 4 Name change 5 Dissolution 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 Printed 8.2 Online 8.3 Media Background Germany and Italy fought against each other in World War I. Popularity and support for extremist political parties, such as the Nazis of Adolf Hitler and the Fascists of Benito Mussolini, exploded after the Great Depression severely hampered the economy of both countries. In 1922, Mussolini secured his position as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy. His first actions made him immensely popular - massive programs of public works provided employment and transformed Italy 's infrastructure. In the Mediterranean Mussolini launched a powerful navy, larger than the combined might of the British and French Mediterranean fleets. When he was appointed Chancellor in 1933, Hitler initiated a huge wave of public works and secret rearmament. Fascism and Nazism shared similar principles and Hitler and Mussolini met on several state and private occasions in the 1930s. Japan In 1931, Japanese forces invaded the region of Manchuria because of its rich grain fields and reserves of raw minerals. This, however, provoked a diplomatic clash with the Soviet Union, which bordered Manchuria. To combat this Soviet threat, the Japanese signed a Pact with Germany in 1936. The aim of the pact was to guard against any attack from Soviet Russia were it to move on China. Japan elected to focus on anti-Soviet alliances instead of anti-Western alliances like Italy and Germany. Germany, however, feared that an anti-USSR alliance would create the possibility of a two - front war before they could conquer Western Europe. So when Japan was invited to sign the Pact of Steel, they declined. Clauses Officially, the Pact of Steel obliged Germany and Italy to aid the other country militarily, economically or otherwise in the event of war, and to collaborate in wartime production. The Pact aimed to ensure that neither country was able to make peace without the agreement of the other. The agreement was based on the assumption that a war would not occur within three years. When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and war broke out on 3 September, Italy was not yet prepared for conflict and had difficulty meeting its obligations. Consequently, Italy did not enter World War II until June 1940, with a delayed invasion of Southern France. Article I The Contracting Parties will remain in permanent contact with each other in order to come to an understanding of all common interests or the European situation as a whole. Article II In the event that the common interests of the Contracting Parties be jeopardized through international happenings of any kind, they will immediately enter into consultation regarding the necessary measures to preserve these interests. Should the security or other vital interests of one of the Contracting Parties be threatened from outside, the other Contracting Party will afford the threatened Party its full political and diplomatic support in order to remove this threat. Article III If it should happen, against the wishes and hopes of the Contracting Parties, that one of them becomes involved in military complications with another power or other Powers, the other Contracting Party will immediately step to its side as an ally and will support it with all its military might on land, at sea and in the air. Article IV In order to ensure, in any given case, the rapid implementation of the alliance obligations of Article III, the Governments of the two Contracting Parties will further intensify their cooperation in the military sphere and the sphere of war economy. Similarly the two Governments will keep each other regularly informed of other measures necessary for the practical implementation of this Pact. The two Governments will create standing commissions, under the direction of the Foreign Ministers, for the purposes indicated in Article I and II. Article V The Contracting Parties already at this point bind themselves, in the event of a jointly waged war, to conclude any armistice or peace only in full agreement with each other. Article VI The two Contracting Parties are aware of the importance of their joint relations to the Powers which are friendly to them. They are determined to maintain these relations in future and to promote the adequate development of the common interests which bind them to these Powers. Article VII This Pact comes into force immediately upon its signing. The two Contracting Parties are agreed upon fixing the first period of its validity at 10 years. In good time before the elapse of this period they will come to an agreement regarding the extension of the validity of the Pact. Secret supplementary protocols The secret supplementary protocols of the Pact of Steel, which were split into two sections, were not made public at the time of the signing of the Pact. The first section urged the countries to quicken their joint military and economic cooperation whilst the second section committed the two countries to cooperate in `` matters of press, the news service and the propaganda '' to promote the power and image of the Rome - Berlin Axis. To aid in this, each country was to assign `` one or several specialists '' of their country in the capital city of the other for close liaisons with the Foreign Minister of that country. Name change After being told the original name, `` Pact of Blood '', would likely be poorly received in Italy, Mussolini proposed the name `` Pact of Steel '', which was ultimately chosen. Dissolution According to Article VII, the pact was to last 10 years, but this did not happen. In November 1942, the Axis forces in North Africa, led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, were decisively defeated by the British and British Commonwealth forces at the Second Battle of El Alamein. In July 1943 the Western Allies opened up a new front by invading Sicily. In the aftermath of this, Mussolini was overthrown by 19 members of the Gran Consiglio who voted in favour of the Ordine Grandi. The new Italian government, under Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio, signed an armistice with the Allies in September and became a non-belligerent, thus effectively ending Italy 's involvement in the pact. Although a puppet government under Mussolini, the Italian Social Republic, was established in Northern Italy by Nazi Germany, Italy continued as a member of the pact in name only. See also Wikisource has original text related to this article : Pact of Steel Anti-Comintern Pact Causes of World War II Tripartite Pact References ^ Jump up to : World Media Rights 2009. Jump up ^ Knight 2013, p. 22. Jump up ^ Knight 2013, pp. 68 -- 69. Jump up ^ Shirer 1960, pp. 258 -- 262. Jump up ^ Corvaja 2013, p. 13. ^ Jump up to : Maltarich 2005, p. 75. Jump up ^ Hiden 2014, pp. 187 -- 188. ^ Jump up to : Office of Counsel 2015. Jump up ^ Belco 2010, p. 37. Jump up ^ Knox 2002, p. 181. ^ Jump up to : Historical Resources 2015. Jump up ^ Nicholls 2000, p. 195. ^ Jump up to : World Media Rights 2009a. Sources Printed Belco, Victoria ( 2010 ). War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy, 1943 -- 1948. University of Toronto. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9314 - 1. Corvaja, Santi ( 2013 ). Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings. Enigma Books. ISBN 978 - 0982491164. Hiden, John ( 2014 ). Germany and Europe 1919 -- 1939. Routledge Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 89627 - 2. Knight, Patricia ( 2013 ). Mussolini and Fascism. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1136477508. Knox, MacGregor ( 2002 ). Hitler 's Italian Allies : Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940 -- 1943. Cambridge University. ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 43203 - 0. Maltarich, William ( 2005 ). Samurai and Supermen : National Socialist Views of Japan. Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978 - 3 - 03 - 910303 - 4. Nicholls, David ( 2000 ). Adolf Hitler : A Biographical Companion. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87436 - 965 - 6. Shirer, William ( 1960 ). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 62420 - 0. Online `` The Italo - German Alliance, May 22, 1939 ''. United States Office of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. Retrieved 12 March 2015. `` The Pact of Steel -- the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, May 24, 1941 ''. Historical Resources. Retrieved 12 March 2015. Media The Mediterranean And North Africa ( television documentary ). United States : World Media Rights. 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2015. The Road To War ( television documentary ). United States : World Media Rights. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pact_of_Steel&oldid=829642832 '' Categories : 1939 in Germany 1939 in Italy 20th - century military alliances Germany -- Italy relations Military alliances involving Italy Military alliances involving Nazi Germany Treaties concluded in 1939 Treaties entered into force in 1939 Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) World War II treaties May 1939 events Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018, at 21 : 52. 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Question: who signed an alliance between germany and italy
Answer: Galeazzo Ciano