Potassium alum - wikipedia Potassium alum Potassium aluminium sulfate Names IUPAC name Aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate Other names Potassium alum Potash alum Alum - ( K ) phitkari Identifiers CAS Number 10043 - 67 - 1 7784 - 24 - 9 ( dodecahydrate ) 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 86463 ECHA InfoCard 100.030. 116 PubChem CID 24856 UNII 09OXB01F3O InChI InChI = 1S / Al. K. 2H2O4S / c ; ; 2 * 1 - 5 ( 2, 3 ) 4 / h ; ; 2 * ( H2, 1, 2, 3, 4 ) / q + 3 ; + 1 ; ; / p - 4 SMILES ( O - ) S ( = O ) ( = O ) ( O - ). ( O - ) S ( = O ) ( = O ) ( O - ). ( Al + 3 ). ( K+ ) Properties Chemical formula KAl ( SO ) 12H O Molar mass 474.3884 g / mol ( Hydrate ) Appearance white small crystals Odor watery metallic Density 1.725 g / cm Melting point 92 to 95 ° C ( 198 to 203 ° F ; 365 to 368 K ) Boiling point 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ; 473 K ) Solubility in water 14.00 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) 36.80 g / 100 mL ( 50 ° C ) Solubility insoluble in acetone Refractive index ( n ) 1.4564 Hazards NFPA 704 0 0 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ), 100 kPa ). N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Potassium alum, potash alum, or potassium aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound : the double sulfate of potassium and aluminium, with chemical formula KAl ( SO ). It is commonly encountered as the dodecahydrate, KAl ( SO ) 12H O. It crystallizes in cubic structure with space group P a - 3 and lattice parameter of 12.18 Å. The compound is the most important member of the generic class of compounds called alums, and is often called simply alum. Potassium alum is commonly used in water purification, leather tanning, dyeing, fireproof textiles, and baking powder. It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving. Contents 1 History 1.1 In Antiquity 1.2 In the Middle and Modern Ages 1.3 Identification of the formula 2 Characteristics 3 Natural occurrence 4 Industrial production 5 Uses 5.1 Medicine and cosmetics 5.2 Culinary 5.3 Flame retardant 5.4 Tanning 5.5 Dyeing 5.6 Chemical flocculant 5.7 Lake pigments 5.8 Dissolving iron and steel 5.9 Other 6 Toxicology and safety 7 See also 8 References History In antiquity Potassium alum was known to the Ancient Egyptians, who obtained it from evaporites in the Western desert and reportedly used it as early as 1500 BC to reduce the visible cloudiness ( turbidity ) in the water. Potassium alum was described under the name alumen or salsugoterrae by Pliny, and it is clearly the same as the stupteria described by Dioscorides. However, the name alum and other names applied to this substance -- like misy, sory, chalcanthum, and atramentum sutorium -- were often applied to other products with vaguely similar properties or uses, such as iron sulfate or `` green vitriol ''. The production of potassium alum from alunite is archaeologically attested on the island Lesbos. This site was abandoned in the 7th century but dates back at least to the 2nd century CE. Potassium alum is mentioned in the Ayurveda with the name phitkari or saurashtri. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine with the name mingfan ( 明礬 ). In the Middle and modern Ages Potassium alum was imported into England mainly from the Middle East, and, from the late 15th century onwards, the Papal States for hundreds of years. Its use there was as a dye - fixer ( mordant ) for wool ( which was one of England 's primary industries, the value of which increased significantly if dyed ). These sources were unreliable, however, and there was a push to develop a source in England especially as imports from the Papal States were ceased following the excommunication of Henry VIII. Historically, potassium alum was used extensively in the wool industry from Classical antiquity, during the Middle Ages, and well into 19th century as a mordant or dye fixative in the process of turning wool into dyed bolts of cloth. In the 13th and 14th centuries, alum ( from alunite ) was a major import from Phocaea ( Gulf of Smyrna in Byzantium ) by Genoans and Venetians ( and was a cause of war between Genoa and Venice ) and later by Florence. After the fall of Constantinople, alunite ( the source of alum ) was discovered at Tolfa in the Papal States ( 1461 ). The textile dyeing industry in Bruge, and many other locations in Italy, and later in England, required alum to stabilize the dyes onto the fabric ( make the dyes `` fast '' ) and also to brighten the colors. With state financing, attempts were made throughout the 16th century, but without success until early on in the 17th century. An industry was founded in Yorkshire to process the shale, which contained the key ingredient, aluminium sulfate, and made an important contribution to the Industrial Revolution. One of the oldest historic sites for the production of alum from shale and human urine are the Peak alum works in Ravenscar, North Yorkshire. By the 18th century, the landscape of northeast Yorkshire had been devastated by this process, which involved constructing 100 feet ( 30 m ) stacks of burning shale and fuelling them with firewood continuously for months. The rest of the production process consisted of quarrying, extraction, steeping of shale ash with seaweed in urine, boiling, evaporating, crystallisation, milling and loading into sacks for export. Quarrying ate into the cliffs of the area, the forests were felled for charcoal and the land polluted by sulfuric acid and ash. Identification of the formula In the early 1700s, Georg Ernst Stahl claimed that reacting sulfuric acid with limestone produced a sort of alum. The error was soon corrected by Johann Pott and Andreas Marggraf, who showed that the precipitate obtained when an alkali is poured into a solution of alum, namely alumina, is quite different from lime and chalk, and is one of the ingredients in common clay. Marggraf also showed that perfect crystals with properties of alum can be obtained by dissolving alumina in sulfuric acid and adding potash or ammonia to the concentrated solution. In 1767, Torbern Bergman observed the need for potassium or ammonium sulfates to convert aluminium sulfate into alum, while sodium or calcium would not work. At the time, potassium ( `` potash '' ) was believed to be exclusively found on plants. However, in 1797, Martin Klaproth discovered the presence of potassium in the minerals leucite and lepidolite. Louis Vauquelin then conjectured that potassium was likewise an ingredient in many other minerals. Given Marggraf and Bergman 's experiments, he suspected that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient of natural alum. In 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash. In the same journal volume, Jean - Antoine Chaptall published the analysis of four different kinds of alum, namely, Roman alum, Levant alum, British alum and alum manufactured by himself, confirming Vauquelin 's results. Characteristics Octahedral potassium alum crystal with unequal distribution of the face area Potassium alum crystallizes in regular octahedra with flattened corners and is very soluble in water. The solution is slightly acidic and is astringent to the taste. Neutralizing a solution of alum with potassium hydroxide will begin to cause the separation of alumina Al ( OH ). When heated to nearly a red heat, it gives a porous, friable mass, which is known as `` burnt alum ''. It fuses at 92 ° C ( 198 ° F ) in its own water of crystallization. Natural occurrence Potassium alum dodecahydrate occurs in nature as a sulfate mineral called alum - ( K ), typically as encrustations on rocks in areas of weathering and oxidation of sulfide minerals and potassium - bearing minerals. In the past, potassium alum has been obtained from alunite ( KAl ( SO ) 2Al ( OH ) ), mined from sulfur - containing volcanic sediments. Alunite is an associate and likely potassium and aluminium source. It has been reported at Vesuvius, Italy ; east of Springsure, Queensland ; in Alum Cave, Tennessee ; Alum Gulch, Santa Cruz County, Arizona and the Philippine island of Cebu. In order to obtain alum from alunite, it is calcined and then exposed to the action of air for a considerable time. During this exposure it is kept continually moistened with water, so that it ultimately falls to a very fine powder. This powder is then lixiviated with hot water, the liquor decanted, and the alum allowed to crystallize. The undecahydrate also occurs as the fibrous mineral kalinite ( KAl ( SO ) 11H O ). `` Kalinite Mineral Data ''. MinDat. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19. < / ref > Industrial production Potassium alum historically was mainly extracted from alunite. Potassium alum is now produced industrially by adding potassium sulfate to a concentrated solution of aluminium sulfate. The aluminium sulfate is usually obtained by treating minerals like alum schist, bauxite and cryolite with sulfuric acid. If much iron should be present in the sulfate then it is preferable to use potassium chloride in place of potassium sulfate. Uses Medicine and cosmetics An alum block sold as an astringent in pharmacies in India ( where it is widely known as Fitkari ( Hindi ) or Phitkari ( Urdu ) Potassium alum is used in medicine mainly as an astringent ( or styptic ) and antiseptic. Styptic pencils are rods composed of potassium alum or aluminum sulfate, used topically to reduce bleeding in minor cuts ( especially from shaving ) and abrasions, nosebleeds, and hemorrhoids, and to relieve pain from stings and bites. Potassium alum blocks were rubbed over the wet skin after shaving. Potassium alum was also used topically to remove pimples and acne, and to cauterize aphthous ulcers in the mouth and canker sores, as it has a significant drying effect to the area and reduces the irritation felt at the site.. It has been used to stop bleeding in cases of hemorrhagic cystitis. and is used in some countries as a cure for hyperhidrosis. It is used in dentistry ( especially in gingival retraction cords ) because of its astringent and hemostatic properties. Potassium and ammonium alum are the active ingredients in some antiperspirants and deodorants, acting by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria responsible for body odor. Alum 's antiperspirant and antibacterial properties contribute to its traditional use as an underarm deodorant. It has been used for this purpose in Europe, Mexico, Thailand ( where it is called sarn - som ), throughout Asia and in the Philippines ( where it is called tawas ). Today, potassium or ammonium alum is sold commercially for this purpose as a `` deodorant crystal ''. Beginning in 2005 the US Food and Drug Administration no longer recognized it as a wetness reducer, however it is still available and used in several other countries countries, primarily in Asia. Potassium alum was the major adjuvant used to increase the efficacy of vaccines, and has been used since the 1920s. But it has been almost completely replaced by aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate in commercial vaccines. Alum may be used in depilatory waxes used for the removal of body hair or applied to freshly waxed skin as a soothing agent. In the 1950s, men sporting crewcut or flattop hairstyles sometimes applied alum to their hair, as an alternative to pomade, to keep the hair standing up.. Culinary Potassium alum may be an acidic ingredient of baking powder to provide a second leavening phase at high temperatures ( although sodium alum is more commonly used for that purpose ). Alum was used by bakers in England during the 1800s to make bread whiter. This was theorized by some, including John Snow, to cause rickets. The Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 prevented this and other adulterations. Potassium alum, under the name `` alum powder '', is found in the spice section of many grocery stores in the US. Its chief culinary use is in pickling recipes, to preserve and add crispness to fruit and vegetable as a preservative to maintain fruit and vegetable crispness. Flame retardant Potassium alum is used as a fire retardant to render cloth, wood, and paper materials less flammable. Tanning Potassium alum is used in leather tanning ( more properly, `` tawing '' ), in order to remove moisture from the hide and prevent rotting. Unlike tannic acid, alum does n't bind to the hide and can be washed out of it. Dyeing Alum has been used since antiquity as mordant to form a permanent bond between dye and natural textile fibers like wool. It is also used for this purpose in paper marbling. Chemical flocculant Potassium alum has been used since remote antiquity for purification of turbid liquids. It is still widely used in the purification of water for drinking and industrial processes water, treatment of effluents and post-storm treatment of lakes to precipitate contaminants. Between 30 and 40 ppm of alum for household wastewater, often more for industrial wastewater, is added to the water so that the negatively charged colloidal particles clump together into `` flocs '', which then float to the top of the liquid, settle to the bottom of the liquid, or can be more easily filtered from the liquid, prior to further filtration and disinfection of the water. Like other similar salts, it works by neutralizing the electrical double layer surrounding very fine suspended particles, allowing them to join into flocs. The same principle is exploited when using alum to increase the viscosity of a ceramic glaze suspension ; this makes the glaze more readily adherent and slows its rate of sedimentation. Lake pigments Aluminum hydroxide from ṕotassium alum serves as a base for the majority of lake pigments. Dissolving iron and steel Alum solution has the property of dissolving steels while not affecting aluminium or base metals. Alum solution can be used to dissolve steel tool bits that have become lodged in machined castings, for instance. Other In traditional Japanese art, alum and animal glue were dissolved in water, forming a liquid known as dousa ( ja : 礬 水 ), and used as an undercoat for paper sizing. Alum is an ingredient in some recipes for homemade modeling compounds intended for use by children. These are often called `` play clay '' or `` play dough '' for their similarity to `` Play - Doh ''. Potassium alum was formerly used as a hardener for photographic emulsions ( films and papers ), usually as part of the fixer. It has now been replaced in that use by other chemicals. Toxicology and safety Potassium alum may be a weak irritant to the skin. See also Ammonium aluminium sulfate Alum References ^ Jump up to : `` Alum - ( K ) Mineral Data ''. Mineralogy Database. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 2005 ). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry ( IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ). Cambridge ( UK ) : RSC -- IUPAC. ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8. Electronic version. Jump up ^ `` Aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate ''. ChemExper. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ Crystallography Open Database http://crystallography.net/cod/1011177.html. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bottomley, L. ; Bottomley, L.A. ( 2010 ). Chemistry 1310 : Laboratory Manual. Plymouth, MI : School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology and Hayden - McNeil Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7380 - 3819 - 3. Jump up ^ Editors, The. `` alum chemical compound ''. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Helmenstine, Anne Marie. `` What is Alum ? ''. About.com. 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Jump up ^ Marggraf ( 1754 ) `` Expériences qui concernent la régénération de l'alun de sa propre terre, l'après avoir séparé par l'acide vitriolique ; avec quelques compositions artificielles de l'alun par moyen d'autres terres, et dudit acide ''. Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences et belles - lettres de Berlin, pp. 31 - 40. Jump up ^ Torbern Bergman ( 1767 ), `` IX. De confectione Aluminis ''. In Opuscula physica et chemica, I.G. Müller, Leipzig, 1788 ), volume 1, pp. 306 - 307. Jump up ^ Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1797 ), Beiträge zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper ( Contributions to ( our ) chemical knowledge of mineral substances ). Decker and Co., Posen, and Heinrich August Rottmann, Berlin ; pp. 45 - 46 and ( https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066422746;view=1up;seq=213 p. 193. Jump up ^ Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1801 ), Analytical Essays Towards Promoting the Chemical Knowledge of Mineral Substances. T. Cadell, Jr. & W. Davies, London. His finding of potassium in leucite appears on pp. 353 - 354. : `` On the contrary, I was surprised in an unexpected manner, by discovering in it another constituent part, consisting of a substance, the existence of which, certainly, no one person would have conjectured within the limits of the mineral kingdom... This constituent part of leucite... is no other than pot - ash, which, hitherto, has been thought exclusively to belong to the vegetable kingdom, and has, on this account, been called VEGETABLE ALKALI. -- This discovery, which I think of great importance, can not fail to occasion considerable changes in the systems of natural history,.... ''. The discovery of potassium in lepidolite is mentioned on p. 472. 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Potassium compounds KAsO KBr KBrO KCN KCNO KCl KClO KClO KClO KF KH KHCO KHCO KHF KHS KHSO KHSO KH AsO KH PO KH PO KI KIO KIO KMnO KN KNH KNO KNO KOCN KOH KO KPF KSCN KCH COO K Al O K CO K CrO K Cr O K FeO K HPO K MnO K O K O K PtCl K PtCl K SeO K SO K SO KHSO K S O K S O K S O K Po K SiO K ( Fe ( CN ) ) K ( Fe ( C O ) ) K ( Fe ( CN ) ) K PO K Mo Cl Aluminium compounds Al ( I ) AlBr AlCl AlF AlI Al O Al ( II ) AlB AlB AlO Al ( III ) AlAs Al ( BH ) AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlN Al ( NO ) Al ( CO ) Al ( OH ) Al ( OH ) OAc Al ( OH ) ( OAc ) Al ( OAc ) Al SO ( OAc ) AlP AlPO AlSb Al ( C H O ) Al ( MnO ) Al ( MoO ) Al O Al S Al ( SO ) Al Se Al Te Al SiO Al C AlOHO Al ( OH ) CO C H NaAlH ( OC H OCH ) LiAlH ( OC H OCH ) Alums ( NH ) Al ( SO ) KAl ( SO ) NaAl ( SO ) Organoaluminium ( III ) compounds ( Al ( CH ) ) ( Al ( C H ) ) Al ( CH CH ( CH ) ) Al ( C H ) Cl Al ( C H ) CN Al ( CH CH ( CH ) ) H Al ( C H ) Cl C H Cl Ti ( C H ) CH ClAl ( CH ) Sulfur compounds Al S As S As S As S As S Au S BaS BeS Bi S Br S Br S CS CaS CdS CeS SCl S Cl CoS Cr S CuS Dy S Er S EuS SF SF FeS GaS HfS HgS InS LaS LiS MgS MoS NiS SO SO PbS PbS PtS ReS SrS TlS SV SeS S U WS Sb S Sb S Sm S Y S Ag SO SOBr CSTe CaSO CuFeS H SO H SO F OS NaHS K SO O S Sb Yb ( SO ) AlKO S CHCl S KSCN CdSO PSCl SOCl Cs O S Re S Na S H S O H SO NH S HgSO K SO RaSO SnSO SrSO Zr ( SO ) Ti ( SO ) Tm ( SO ) AlNa ( SO ) Er ( SO ) Eu ( SO ) CHNS Co ( SCN ) C H SN PSI ZrS SiS CSSe Chemical formulas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassium_alum&oldid=850339347 '' Categories : Sulfate minerals Potassium compounds Aluminium compounds Water treatment Coordination compounds Potash Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID Articles without KEGG source Articles with changed CASNo identifier Articles with changed EBI identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed FDA identifier Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Italiano Magyar मराठी 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi తెలుగు ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018, at 07 : 26 ( UTC ). 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Question: molar mass of alum kal(so4)2 • 12h2o
Answer: 474.3884 g/mol (Hydrate)