Nest - wikipedia Nest For other uses, see Nest ( disambiguation ). A bird nest A night heron building a nest. A nest is a structure built by certain animals to hold eggs, offspring, and, occasionally, the animal itself. Although nests are most closely associated with birds, members of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates construct nests. They may be composed of organic material such as twigs, grass, and leaves, or may be a simple depression in the ground, or a hole in a rock, tree, or building. Human - made materials, such as string, plastic, cloth, or paper, may also be used. Nests can be found in all types of habitat. Nest building is driven by a biological urge known as the nesting instinct in birds and mammals. Generally each species has a distinctive style of nest. Nest complexity is roughly correlated with the level of parental care by adults. Nest building is considered a key adaptive advantage among birds, and they exhibit the most variation in their nests ranging from simple holes in the ground to elaborate communal nests hosting hundreds of individuals. Nests of prairie dogs and several social insects can host millions of individuals. Contents 1 Nest building 2 Nest builders 2.1 Birds 2.2 Mammals 2.3 Amphibians 2.4 Fish 2.5 Reptiles 2.6 Dinosaurs 2.7 Insects 3 Effects on other species 4 Names of nests 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Nest building Nest building is often driven by a biological urge in pregnant animals to protect one 's offspring known as the nesting instinct. Animals build nests to protect their eggs, their offspring, or themselves from danger. The simplest nests are designed to hide eggs from predators, shield them from the sun or other environmental factors, or simply keep them from being scattered in ocean currents. In some cases, nests also help provide safety in numbers for egg - laying animals. A pair of ospreys building a nest. Many nest builders provide parental care to their young, while others simply lay their eggs and leave. Brooding ( incubating eggs by sitting on them ) is common among birds. In general, nest complexity increases in relation to the level of parental care provided. Nest building reinforces social behavior, allowing for larger populations in small spaces to the point of increasing the carrying capacity of an environment. Insects that exhibit the most complex nest building also exhibit the greatest social structure. Among mammals, the naked mole - rat displays a caste structure similar to the social insects while building extensive burrows that house hundreds of individuals. At the most basic level, there are only two types of nest building : sculpting and assembly. Sculpting is the process of removing material to achieve a desired outcome. Most commonly this entails burrowing into the ground or plant matter to create a nesting site. Assembly entails gathering, transporting, and arranging materials to create a novel structure. Transportation has the greatest time and energy cost so animals are usually adapted to build with materials available in their immediate environment. Versatility in use of construction material may be an adaptive advantage ( less energy used to gather materials ) or a disadvantage ( less ability to specialize construction ). The available evidence suggests that natural selection more often favors specialization over flexibility in nest construction. Plant matter is the most common construction material for nests. Other common materials include fur or feathers, perhaps from the animal itself, mud or dirt, fecal matter, and specialized secretions from the animal 's body. Nest building can have a substantial impact on the environment in which animals live. The combined digging activity of termites and mole - rats in South Africa has created a `` mima prairie '' landscape marked by huge areas of flat land punctuated by mounds 30 metres ( 98 ft ) wide and 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) high. Similar structures exist in the United States ( created by pocket gophers ) and Argentina ( rodents of the Ctenomys genus ). Nests constructed by megapode birds have been mistaken for anthropological features by professionals, due to their exceptional height ( 10 metres ( 33 ft ) ) and abundance ( hundreds in a single location ). Nest builders Hundreds of honeybees gather on their honeycomb nest. Nest architecture may be as useful for distinguishing species as the animals ' physical appearance. Species identified through such means are called ethospecies. This is especially common in wasps and termites, but also can apply to birds. In most animals, there is some variation in nest construction between individuals. Whether these differences are driven by genetics or learned behavior is unknown. With the exception of a few tunneling mammals, nest builders exhibit no specialized anatomy, instead making use of body parts primarily used for other purposes. This is possibly due to the sporadic nature of nest building, minimizing the selective pressures of anatomy used for nest building. Birds Main article : Bird nest In general, birds are the most skilled nest builders, although not all species of birds build nests, some laying their eggs directly onto rock ledges or bare soil without first modifying the area. Complex nest building is considered to be one of the key adaptive advantages of birds. Nests help regulate temperature and reduce predation risks, thus increasing the chance that offspring live to adulthood. Bird nests vary from simple depressions in the ground known as scrapes to largely unstructured collections of branches to elaborately woven pendants or spheres. The megapodes, one of the few groups who do not directly brood their young, incubate their young in a mound of decomposing vegetation. One species, Macrocephalon maleo, uses volcanic sand warmed by geothermal heat to keep its eggs warm. Among the simple nest builders are falcons, owls, and many shorebirds. The weavers exhibit perhaps the most elaborate nests, complete with strands of grass tied into knots. Most bird nests lie somewhere in the middle, with the majority building cup - shaped nests using some combination of mud, twigs and leaves, and feathers. Some birds, such flamingos and swifts, use saliva to help hold their nest together. The edible - nest swiftlet uses saliva alone to construct their nests. The rufous hornero nest is composed entirely of mud and feces, which is placed on tree branches to allow the sun to harden it into a usable structure. The tailorbirds stitch together leaves to provide cover for their nest sites. A single nesting colony of the sociable weaver may house hundreds of individuals The sociable weaver builds large communal nests in which many individual nests reside. They divide the nest using walls of grass placed atop a base of large sticks. At the entrances to the nest, sharp sticks are placed to ward off intruders. A single communal site can measure 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) in height and 8 metres ( 26 ft ) in width. As many as 300 mating pairs may reside in the structure. Other birds often built their own nests on top of Weaver nest sites. Some birds build nests in trees, some ( such as vultures, eagles, and many seabirds ) will build them on rocky ledges, and others nest on the ground or in burrows. Each species has a characteristic nest style, but few are particular about where they build their nests. Most species will choose whatever site in their environment best protects their nest, taking into account the nest 's style. Several species will build on a cactus whenever possible. The bushtit and Bullock 's oriole will suspend their nests from the tips of slender branches. The oropendolas take hanging nests to the extreme, constructing pouches up to 1.8 metres ( 5.9 ft ) tall using hanging vines as their base. The hanging nest is attached to thin tree branches, discouraging predation. Other species seek out crevices, using buildings or birdhouses when tree holes are not available. Typical bird nests range from 2 centimetres ( 0.79 in ) in size ( hummingbirds ) to 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) ( eagles ) in diameter. The largest nest on record was made by a pair of bald eagles. It was 2.9 metres ( 9.5 ft ) in diameter, 6 metres ( 20 ft ) deep and was estimated to weigh more than 2 tonnes ( 4,400 lb ). The lightest bird nests may weigh only a few grams. Incubation mounds of the mallee fowl can reach heights of 4.57 metres ( 15.0 ft ) and widths of 10.6 metres ( 35 ft ). It is estimated the animal uses as much as 300 tonnes ( 660,000 lb ) of material in its construction. The extinct Sylviornis neocaledoniae may have constructed nesting mounds 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in diameter. Mammals See also : Nest - building in primates and Nest - building in domestic pigs Many species of small mammals such as rodents, rabbits, and ground squirrels dig burrows into the ground to protect themselves and their young. Prairie dogs build an elaborate system of tunnels which can span large stretches of land. One such structure, called a town, spanned 25,000 square miles ( 65,000 km ) and held an estimate 400 million individuals. Their homes are designed to withstand large ( above - ground ) temperature variation, floods, and fire. Their young are raised in the deepest chambers where the temperature is the most stable. Many mammals, including raccoons and skunks, seek natural cavities in the ground or in trees to build their nests. Tree squirrels build their nests ( dreys ) in trees, while voles nest in tall grass. In some species, the nest serve as homes for adults while in others they are used to raise young. The duck - billed platypus and the echidna lay eggs in nests. Gorillas build fresh nests daily out of leaves and other vegetation in which they sleep at night. They sometimes also build nests during the day for resting in. The smaller species of gorilla build their nests in trees, while the larger are confined to the ground. Nests of the western gorilla, the largest species, measure about 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) in diameter. Amphibians Paradise fish begin to hatch from a bubble nest. Some species of frog build nests ranging from simple to modest complexity. Many stream - dwelling frogs lay their eggs in a gelatinous mass which they attach to underwater vegetation. The jelly structure prevents the eggs from washing away. Fish Fish engage in nest building activities ranging from simply scooping out sediment to building enclosed structures out of plant matter. Male sticklebacks produce a special enzyme in their kidneys that they use to bind plants together. Reptiles The American Alligator is known for its parenting skills. They build large nests of mud and vegetation on river banks or vegetation mats. The female digs a hole in the center to lay her eggs, covers them, and then guards them for two months until they hatch. When eggs start to hatch, she breaks open the nest which has hardened over time and leads the young to the water where she continues to care for them for another year. Alligators are very particular about their nesting sites and will abandon a site if things go wrong. Cobras use leaves and other debris to build nests in which they lay eggs that both sexes guard. They carry the vegetation to the nest site by kinking their necks. Sea turtles dig a hole in the sand above the high tide line in which they lay their eggs. They then cover the soft eggs to protect them from the sun and predators and leave. Dinosaurs See also : Dinosaur egg From the fossil record, it is known that many, or perhaps all, dinosaurs laid eggs. Paleontologists have identified a number of features that allow them to distinguish a nesting site from a random clustering of eggs. Those include regular clustering patterns, the co-occurrence of whole eggs with broken eggs and / or hatchlings, and the occurrence of physical features such as evidence of excavation. Maiasaura probably exhibited great amounts of parental care. The Oviraptor nests of Mongolia are perhaps the most famous case of dinosaur nesting. One specimen was found fossilized atop a nest in a brooding posture, proving the animal had been poorly named ( Oviraptor means `` egg taker '' ). A site known as Egg Mountain in Montana provides exceptional evidence of dinosaur nesting behavior. The site features dozens of nests each with 20 or more eggs belonging to the Maiasaura. Juvenile teeth at the site exhibit signs of wear, while the leg bones are not developed enough to walk. This allowed scientists to conclude that the species provided extensive parental care for its young. It is likely the species covered its nests with sand and vegetation to keep them warm and nested in colonies for increased protection. Insects Social insects, including most species of ants, bees, termites, and wasps, are nest builders. Their often elaborate nests may be found above or below ground. Features often include ventilation systems and separate chambers for the queen, her eggs, and developing individuals. Bees and hornets often seek out natural cavities in which to construct their nests, also known as hives, in which they store food and raise their young. Other species of bee and some wasps dig holes in the ground or chew through wood. In the species Megachile rotundata, for example, females construct tubular - shaped nests in rotting wood as well as small holes in the ground, creating, each cell made from circular disks cut from plant leaves using the bee 's mandibles. Bee nests are founded upon the wax the secrete from their bodies, while those of wasps are dependent on their ability to turn plant water into paper using their saliva. Nests often exhibit divided living, with eggs and food stores kept in distinct parts of the hive. Vespid wasps build complex nests from paper - like material where they lay eggs in individual cells. When the young hatch, their parents feed them chewed up larvae. Different species exhibit different nest structures. Paper wasp nesting consist of a single tier of cells, while yellow jacket nests can be many layers thick, reaching up to 30 centimetres ( 0.98 ft ) in diameter. Nesting strategies can be plastic, for instance the wasp Parischnogaster mellyi will significant vary its nest construction based on environmental conditions, and the wasp Mischocyttarus mexicanus is known to nest in groups or alone depending on the distribution of potential nest sites in the area. Nest sizes vary dramatically and the largest wasp nest on record measured 1.75 metres ( 5.7 ft ) in diameter and was 3.7 metres ( 12 ft ) tall. Found in New Zealand, it was likely built by the German wasp. Termite nests can extend 5 metres ( 16 ft ) or more in the air. Termites build elaborate nests that span multiple generations and may last decades. Using chewed wood, mud, and feces they build large mounds which may extend well into the air. The largest nests, built by members of Amitermes genus, stand nearly 7 metres ( 23 ft ) tall with a similar circumference at the base, and host millions of individuals. Termite mounds are constructed to allow for excellent air flow, regulating the mound temperature. The mounds protect against drying and predation allowing many species to lose ancestral traits such as hard bodies, skin pigmentation, and good eyesight. Magnetic termites construct their nests with flattened sides along the North - South axis to ensure maximum warming during the winter, while exposing minimal surface area to the harshest mid-day sunshine. Other termite species use their nests to farm fungi. Ant nests feature an elaborate colony structure that may extend 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) or more underground. As the structure gets further underground, individual chambers become farther and farther apart indicating that the ant is aware of its depth. It is hypothesized that they accomplish this by sensing the level of carbon dioxide in the soil. The leaf cutter ant builds a complex nest which can house 8 million individuals. Its nests feature numerous chambers, most notably garden chambers where they farm fungus on leaves they harvest from the forest. Species such as the carpenter ant and the wasp Polistes exclamans build `` satellite nests '' - smaller nests near, but separate from, the main nest. These satellite nests are used as an insurance against predators and parasites ; if the original nest is attacked, surviving members can move the satellite nest. Other species such as the Black hover wasp, Parischnogaster alternata, construct nests in clusters with the central core composed of older colonies surrounded by younger colonies. The Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica, is unique in that individuals of that species build their nests in wood, bamboo culms, agave stalks, and other similar materials, although their preferred nesting material is pine or cedar lumber. When digging the nests, they use the wood shavings scraped from the wall to create partitions within the tunnels. The nests are usually round and have about 1 - 4 tunnels, each with multiple branches. Because these materials are often useful for humans in construction, X. virgininica 's nesting behavior presents the disadvantage of weakening wood in manmade structures. Effects on other species The abundance of biological resources within the nest has led to a number of specialized predators. The aardvark and the ant eater use long tongues to prey upon termite and ant nests. Birds such as the honey buzzard specialize on wasp and bee nests, a resource also targeted by the tropical hornet. Symbiosis, ranging from feeding on waste to obligate parasitism, is common within the nest. Ant nests alone support symbiotes spanning six classes of arthropods which includes 35 families just from the beetles. Names of nests A badger 's nest is called a sett. A beaver 's nest is called a lodge. An eagle 's nest is called an eyrie. A pheasant 's nest is called a nide. A rabbit 's nest is called a form. A squirrel 's or ringtail possum 's nest is called a drey. A wasp 's nest is called a vespiary. See also Oology Bird 's nest soup Nest box Tree house References ^ Jump up to : Tom Deméré ; Bradford D. Hollingsworth ( Spring 2002 ). `` Nests and Nest - building Animals '' ( pdf ). San Diego Natural History Museum. Retrieved August 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Mike Hansell ( 2000 ). Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521460387. ^ Jump up to : `` nest ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Mary Beth Griggs. `` 8 Amazing Architects of the Animal Kingdom ''. Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Most populous bird 's nest ''. Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Largest bird 's nest ''. Guinness World Records. Retrieved August 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Mammal Nests and Burrows ''. Kids ' Inquiry of Diverse Species. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Largest mammal to build a nest ''. Guinness World Records. Retrieved August 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Milius, Susan ( 2007 - 01 - 06 ). `` Most bees live alone : No hives, no honey, but maybe help for crops ''. Science News. 171 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 13. doi : 10.1002 / scin. 2007.5591710110. ISSN 1943 - 0930. Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05. Jump up ^ Clouse, R. ( 2001 ). `` Some effects of group size on the output of beginning nests of Mischocyttarus mexicanus ( Hymenoptera : Vespidae ). '' Florida Entomologist. 84 ( 3 ) : 418 - 424. Jump up ^ `` Largest wasp nest ''. Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Joan E. Strassman ( 1981 ). `` Evolutionary implications of early male and satellite nest production in Polistes exclamans colony cycles ''. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 8 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 64. doi : 10.1007 / BF00302844. Jump up ^ Jeff Hahn ; Colleen Cannon ; Mark Ascerno ( 2008 ). `` Carpenter ants ''. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Landi, M., C. Coster - Longman, and S. Turillazzi. `` Are the Selfish Herd and the Dilution Effects Important in Promoting Nest Clustering in the Hover Wasp ( Stenogastrinae Vespidae Hymenoptera ) ? '' Ethology Ecology & Evolution 14.4 ( 2002 ) : 297 - 305. Web. Jump up ^ Balduf, W.V. ( 1962 - 05 - 01 ). `` Life of the Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa virginica ( Linn. ) ( Xylocopidae, Hymenoptera ) ''. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 271. doi : 10.1093 / aesa / 55.3. 263. ISSN 0013 - 8746. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nests. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Nest. Birds as Builders of Homes Ingersoll, Ernest ( 1920 ). `` Nidification ''. In Rines, George Edwin. Encyclopedia Americana. Ingersoll, Ernest ( 1920 ). `` Fishes, Nest - making by ''. In Rines, George Edwin. Encyclopedia Americana. VIAF : 56332047 LCCN : no2004101999 NDL : 00576223 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nest&oldid=818677662 '' Categories : Shelters built or used by animals Poultry Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Адыгэбзэ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий پنجابی Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018, at 23 : 09. 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Question: what kind of animals live in a nest known as dre's
Answer: Tree squirrels