Loving v. Virginia - wikipedia Loving v. Virginia Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 10, 1967 Decided June 12, 1967 Full case name Richard Perry Loving, Mildred Jeter Loving v. Virginia Citations 388 U.S. 1 ( more ) 87 S. Ct. 1817 ; 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010 ; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 1082 Argument Oral argument Prior history Defendants convicted, Caroline County Circuit Court ( January 6, 1959 ) ; motion to vacate judgment denied, Caroline County Circuit Court ( January 22, 1959 ) ; affirmed in part, reversed and remanded, 147 S.E. 2d 78 ( Va. 1966 ) Holding Bans on interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan Jr. Potter Stewart Byron White Abe Fortas Case opinions Majority Warren, joined by unanimous Concurrence Stewart Laws applied U.S. Const. amend. XIV ; Va. Code § § 20 -- 58, 20 -- 59 This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. The case was brought by Mildred Loving ( née Jeter ), a woman of color, and Richard Loving, a white man, who had been sentenced to a year in prison in Virginia for marrying each other. Their marriage violated the state 's anti-miscegenation statute, the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which prohibited marriage between people classified as `` white '' and people classified as `` colored ''. The Supreme Court 's unanimous decision determined that this prohibition was unconstitutional, overruling Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) and ending all race - based legal restrictions on marriage in the United States. The decision was followed by an increase in interracial marriages in the U.S., and is remembered annually on Loving Day, June 12. It has been the subject of several songs and three movies, including the 2016 film Loving. Beginning in 2013, it was cited as precedent in U.S. federal court decisions holding restrictions on same - sex marriage in the United States unconstitutional, including in the 2015 Supreme Court decision Obergefell v. Hodges. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 1.2 Plaintiffs 2 Criminal proceedings 2.1 Appellate proceedings 3 Precedents 4 Decision 5 Implications of the decision 5.1 For interracial marriage 5.2 For same - sex marriage 6 Remembrance and representation in popular culture 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Links with the text of the court 's decision 9.2 Other external links Background Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States had been in place in certain states since colonial days. Marriage to a slave was never legal. In the Reconstruction Era in 1865, the Black Codes across the seven states of the lower South made intermarriage illegal. The new Republican legislatures in six states repealed the restrictive laws. After the Democrats returned to power, the restriction was reimposed. A major concern was how to draw the line between black and white in a society in which white men had many children with black slave women. On the one hand, a person 's reputation as black or white was usually decisive in practical matters. On the other hand, most laws used a `` one drop of blood '' rule, which meant that one black ancestor made a person black in the view of the law. In 1967, 16 states, mainly Southern, still had anti-miscegenation laws. Plaintiffs Mildred and Richard Loving in 1967 Mildred Delores Loving ( née Jeter ; July 22, 1939 -- May 2, 2008 ) was the daughter of Musial ( Byrd ) Jeter and Theoliver Jeter. Mildred 's racial identity has been a point of confusion. She has been noted as self - identifying as Indian - Rappahannock, but was also reported as being of Cherokee, Portuguese, and African American ancestry. During the trial, it seemed clear that she identified herself as black, especially as far as her own lawyer was concerned. However, upon her arrest, the police report identifies her as `` Indian. '' She said in a 2004 interview, `` I have no black ancestry. I am Indian - Rappahannock. ''. A possible contributing factor is that it was seen at the time of her arrest as advantageous to be `` anything but black. '' There was an ingrained history in the state of the denial of African ancestry. Additionally, the frequent racial mixing of Central Point, where she lived, could have contributed to this idea of fluid racial identity. Mildred was known as a quiet and humble woman. She was born and raised in the same rural Virginia community as her husband, Richard. Richard Perry Loving ( October 29, 1933 -- June 29, 1975 ) was a white man, and the son of Lola ( Allen ) Loving and Twillie Loving. He was a construction worker. The 1830 census marks Lewis Loving, Richard 's paternal ancestor, as having owned seven slaves. Richard 's grandfather, T.P. Farmer, fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War. Their families both lived in Caroline County, Virginia. The county adhered to strict Jim Crow segregation laws but Central Point had been a visible mixed - race community since the 19th century. Richard 's father worked for one of the wealthiest black men in the county for 25 years. Richard 's closest companions were black, including those he drag - raced with and Mildred 's older brothers. The couple met in high school and fell in love. Richard moved into the Jeter household when Mildred became pregnant. After the Supreme Court case, the couple moved back to Central Point, where Richard built them a house. The couple had three children : Donald, Peggy, and Sidney. Richard Loving died aged 41 in 1975, when a drunk driver struck his car in Caroline County, Virginia. Mildred Loving lost her right eye in the same accident. She died of pneumonia on May 2, 2008, in her home in Central Point, aged 68. Criminal proceedings At the age of 18, Mildred became pregnant. In June 1958, the couple traveled to Washington, D.C. to marry, thereby evading Virginia 's Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which made marriage between whites and non-whites a crime. They returned to the small town of Central Point, Virginia. Based on an anonymous tip, local police raided their home in the early morning hours of July 11, 1958, hoping to find them having sex, given that interracial sex was then also illegal in Virginia. When the officers found the Lovings sleeping in their bed, Mildred pointed out their marriage certificate on the bedroom wall. They were told the certificate was not valid in the Commonwealth. The Lovings were charged under Section 20 - 58 of the Virginia Code, which prohibited interracial couples from being married out of state and then returning to Virginia, and Section 20 - 59, which classified miscegenation as a felony, punishable by a prison sentence of between one and five years. On January 6, 1959, the Lovings pled guilty to `` cohabiting as man and wife, against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth. '' They were sentenced to one year in prison, with the sentence suspended on condition that the couple leave Virginia and not return together for at least 25 years. After their conviction, the couple moved to the District of Columbia. Appellate proceedings In 1964, frustrated by their inability to travel together to visit their families in Virginia, as well as their social isolation and financial difficulties in Washington, Mildred Loving wrote in protest to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. Kennedy referred her to the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ). The ACLU assigned volunteer cooperating attorneys Bernard S. Cohen and Philip J. Hirschkop, who filed a motion on behalf of the Lovings in the Virginia Caroline County Circuit Court, that requested the court to vacate the criminal judgments and set aside the Lovings ' sentences on the grounds that the Virginia miscegenation statutes ran counter to the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause. On October 28, 1964, after waiting almost a year for a response to their motion, the ACLU attorneys brought a class action suit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. This prompted the county court judge in the case, Leon M. Bazile, to issue a ruling on the long - pending motion to vacate. Echoing Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 's 18th - century interpretation of race, the local court wrote : Almighty God created the races white, black, yellow, malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents. And but for the interference with his arrangement there would be no cause for such marriages. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix. On January 22, 1965, a three - judge district court panel postponed decision on the federal class - action case while the Lovings appealed Judge Bazile 's decision on constitutional grounds to the Virginia Supreme Court. Justice Harry L. Carrico ( later Chief Justice of the Court ) wrote an opinion for the court upholding the constitutionality of the anti-miscegenation statutes. While he upheld their criminal convictions, he directed that their sentence be modified. Carrico cited as authority the Virginia Supreme Court 's decision in Naim v. Naim ( 1955 ) and argued that the Lovings ' case was not a violation of the Equal Protection Clause because both the white and the non-white spouse were punished equally for the crime of miscegenation, an argument similar to that made by the United States Supreme Court in 1883 in Pace v. Alabama. The Lovings, still supported by the ACLU, appealed the decision to the United States Supreme Court, where Virginia was represented by Robert McIlwaine of the state 's attorney general 's office. The Lovings did not attend the oral arguments in Washington, but one of their lawyers, Bernard S. Cohen, conveyed the message he had been given by Richard Loving : `` Mr. Cohen, tell the Court I love my wife, and it is just unfair that I ca n't live with her in Virginia. '' Precedents U.S. States, by the date of repeal of anti-miscegenation laws : No laws passed 1780 to 1887 1948 to 1967 After 1967 Before Loving v. Virginia, there had been several cases on the subject of interracial sexual relations. Within the state of Virginia, on Oct. 3, 1878, in Kinney v. The Commonwealth, the Supreme Court of Virginia ruled that the marriage legalized in Washington, D.C. between Andrew Kinney, a black man, and Mahala Miller, a white woman, was `` invalid '' in Virginia. In the national case of Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the conviction of an Alabama couple for interracial sex, affirmed on appeal by the Alabama Supreme Court, did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. Interracial marital sex was deemed a felony, whereas extramarital sex ( `` adultery or fornication '' ) was only a misdemeanor. On appeal, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the criminalization of interracial sex was not a violation of the equal protection clause because whites and non-whites were punished in equal measure for the offense of engaging in interracial sex. The court did not need to affirm the constitutionality of the ban on interracial marriage that was also part of Alabama 's anti-miscegenation law, since the plaintiff, Mr. Pace, had chosen not to appeal that section of the law. After Pace v. Alabama, the constitutionality of anti-miscegenation laws banning marriage and sex between whites and non-whites remained unchallenged until the 1920s. In Kirby v. Kirby ( 1921 ), Mr. Kirby asked the state of Arizona for an annulment of his marriage. He charged that his marriage was invalid because his wife was of `` negro '' descent, thus violating the state 's anti-miscegenation law. The Arizona Supreme Court judged Mrs. Kirby 's race by observing her physical characteristics and determined that she was of mixed race, therefore granting Mr. Kirby 's annulment. In the Monks case ( Estate of Monks, 4. Civ. 2835, Records of California Court of Appeals, Fourth district ), the Superior Court of San Diego County in 1939 decided to invalidate the marriage of Marie Antoinette and Allan Monks because she was deemed to have `` one eighth negro blood ''. The court case involved a legal challenge over the conflicting wills that had been left by the late Allan Monks ; an old one in favor of a friend named Ida Lee, and a newer one in favor of his wife. Lee 's lawyers charged that the marriage of the Monkses, which had taken place in Arizona, was invalid under Arizona state law because Marie Antoinette was `` a Negro '' and Alan had been white. Despite conflicting testimony by various expert witnesses, the judge defined Mrs. Monks ' race by relying on the anatomical `` expertise '' of a surgeon. The judge ignored the arguments of an anthropologist and a biologist that it was impossible to tell a person 's race from physical characteristics. Monks then challenged the Arizona anti-miscegenation law itself, taking her case to the California Court of Appeals, Fourth District. Monks ' lawyers pointed out that the anti-miscegenation law effectively prohibited Monks as a mixed - race person from marrying anyone : `` As such, she is prohibited from marrying a negro or any descendant of a negro, a Mongolian or an Indian, a Malay or a Hindu, or any descendants of any of them. Likewise... as a descendant of a negro she is prohibited from marrying a Caucasian or a descendant of a Caucasian... '' The Arizona anti-miscegenation statute thus prohibited Monks from contracting a valid marriage in Arizona, and was therefore an unconstitutional constraint on her liberty. However, the court dismissed this argument as inapplicable, because the case presented involved not two mixed - race spouses but a mixed - race and a white spouse : `` Under the facts presented the appellant does not have the benefit of assailing the validity of the statute. '' Dismissing Monks ' appeal in 1942, the United States Supreme Court refused to reopen the issue. The turning point came with Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ), also known as Perez v. Lippold. In Perez, the Supreme Court of California recognized that bans on interracial marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. Decision The U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Lovings ' convictions in a unanimous decision dated June 12, 1967, dismissing the Commonwealth of Virginia 's argument that a law forbidding both white and black persons from marrying persons of another race and providing identical penalties to white and black violators could not be construed as racially discriminatory. The court ruled that Virginia 's anti-miscegenation statute violated both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Earl Warren 's opinion for the unanimous court held that : Marriage is one of the `` basic civil rights of man, '' fundamental to our very existence and survival... To deny this fundamental freedom on so unsupportable a basis as the racial classifications embodied in these statutes, classifications so directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment, is surely to deprive all the State 's citizens of liberty without due process of law. The Fourteenth Amendment requires that the freedom of choice to marry not be restricted by invidious racial discrimination. Under our Constitution, the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual and can not be infringed by the State. The court concluded that anti-miscegenation laws were racist and had been enacted to perpetuate white supremacy : There is patently no legitimate overriding purpose independent of invidious racial discrimination which justifies this classification. The fact that Virginia prohibits only interracial marriages involving white persons demonstrates that the racial classifications must stand on their own justification, as measures designed to maintain White Supremacy. Associate Justice Potter Stewart filed a brief concurring opinion. He reiterated his opinion from McLaughlin v. Florida that `` it is simply not possible for a state law to be valid under our Constitution which makes the criminality of an act depend upon the race of the actor. '' Implications of the decision For interracial marriage Despite the Supreme Court 's decision, anti-miscegenation laws remained on the books in several states, although the decision had made them unenforceable. Local judges in Alabama continued to enforce that state 's anti-miscegenation statute until the Nixon administration obtained a ruling from a U.S. District Court in United States v. Brittain in 1970. In 2000, Alabama became the last state to adapt its laws to the Supreme Court 's decision, when 60 % of voters endorsed a ballot initiative that removed anti-miscegenation language from the state constitution. After Loving v. Virginia, the number of interracial marriages continued to increase across the United States and in the South. In Georgia, for instance, the number of interracial marriages increased from 21 in 1967 to 115 in 1970. At the national level, 0.4 % of marriages were interracial in 1960, 2.0 % in 1980, 12 % in 2013, and 16 % in 2015, almost 50 years after Loving. For same - sex marriage Loving v. Virginia was discussed in the context of the public debate about same - sex marriage in the United States. In Hernandez v. Robles ( 2006 ), the majority opinion of the New York Court of Appeals -- that state 's highest court -- declined to rely on the Loving case when deciding whether a right to same - sex marriage existed, holding that `` the historical background of Loving is different from the history underlying this case. '' In the 2010 federal district court decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, overturning California 's Proposition 8 which restricted marriage to opposite - sex couples, Judge Vaughn R. Walker cited Loving v. Virginia to conclude that `` the ( constitutional ) right to marry protects an individual 's choice of marital partner regardless of gender ''. On narrower grounds, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. In June 2007, on the 40th anniversary of the Supreme Court 's decision in Loving, Mildred Loving issued a statement that said : I believe all Americans, no matter their race, no matter their sex, no matter their sexual orientation, should have that same freedom to marry... I am still not a political person, but I am proud that Richard 's and my name is on a court case that can help reinforce the love, the commitment, the fairness and the family that so many people, black or white, young or old, gay or straight, seek in life. I support the freedom to marry for all. That 's what Loving, and loving, are all about. Up until 2014, five U.S. Courts of Appeals considered the constitutionality of state bans on same - sex marriage. In doing so they interpreted or used the Loving ruling differently : The Fourth and Tenth Circuits used Loving along with other cases like Zablocki v. Redhail and Turner v. Safley to demonstrate that the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized a `` fundamental right to marry '' that a state can not restrict unless it meets the court 's `` heightened scrutiny '' standard. Using that standard, both courts struck down state bans on same - sex marriage. Two other courts of appeals, the Seventh and Ninth Circuits, struck down state bans on the basis of a different line of argument. Instead of `` fundamental rights '' analysis, they reviewed bans on same - sex marriage as discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. The former cited Loving to demonstrate that the Supreme Court did not accept tradition as a justification for limiting access to marriage. The latter cited Loving as quoted in United States v. Windsor on the question of federalism : `` state laws defining or regulating marriage, of course, must respect the constitutional rights of persons ''. The only Court of Appeals to uphold state bans on same - sex marriage, the Sixth Circuit, said that when the Loving decision discussed marriage it was referring only to marriage between persons of the opposite sex. In Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ), which decided the issue, the Supreme Court invoked Loving, among other cases, as precedent for its holding that states are required to allow same - sex marriages under both the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Constitution. The court 's decision in Obergefell cited Loving nearly a dozen times, and was based on the same principles -- equality and an unenumerated right to marriage. During oral argument, the eventual author of the majority opinion, Justice Anthony Kennedy, noted that the decisions holding racial segregation and bans on interracial marriage unconstitutional ( Brown v. Board of Education and Loving, respectively ), were made about 13 years apart, much like the decision prohibiting bans on same - sex sexual activity ( Lawrence v. Texas ) and Obergefell. Remembrance and representation in popular culture In the United States, June 12, the date of the decision, has become known as Loving Day, an annual unofficial celebration of interracial marriages. In 2014, Mildred Loving was honored as one of the Library of Virginia 's `` Virginia Women in History ''. In 2017, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources dedicated a state historical marker, which tells the story of the Lovings, outside the Patrick Henry Building in Richmond -- the former site of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. The story of the Lovings became the basis of several films : The first, Mr. and Mrs. Loving ( 1996 ), was written and directed by Richard Friedenberg and starred Lela Rochon, Timothy Hutton, and Ruby Dee. According to Mildred Loving, `` not much of it was very true. The only part of it right was I had three children. '' The second film, Nancy Buirski 's documentary The Loving Story, premiered on HBO in February 2012 and won a Peabody Award that year. A third film, Loving, was released in 2016, directed by Jeff Nichols and starring Ruth Negga and Joel Edgerton as the Lovings. The film is based on Buirski 's documentary. Negga received an Academy Award nomination for her performance. A 2015 novel by the French journalist Gilles Biassette, L'amour des Loving ( `` The Love of the Lovings '', ISBN 978 - 2917559598 ), recounts the life of the Lovings and their case. A photo - essay about the couple by Grey Villet, created just before the case, was republished in 2017. Nanci Griffith 's 2009 album The Loving Kind is named for the Lovings and includes a song about them. A four - part film, The Loving Generation, premiered on Topic.com in February 2018. Directed and produced by Lacey Schwartz and Mehret Mandefro, it explores the lives of biracial children born after the Loving decision. 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In referring to ' marriage ' rather than `` opposite - sex marriage, '' Loving confirmed only that ' opposite - sex marriage ' would have been considered redundant, not that marriage included same - sex couples. Loving did not change the definition. ( citations omitted ) Jump up ^ 576 U.S. ____ ( 2015 ), slip op. Archived 2015 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine., at 19 Jump up ^ Amar, Akhil Reed ( 6 July 2015 ). `` Anthony Kennedy and the Ghost of Earl Warren ''. Slate. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Virginia Women in History : Mildred Delores Jeter Loving ''. Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Virginia to honor interracial marriage with state historical marker ''. WTVR.com. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. Jump up ^ * Mr. & Mrs. Loving on IMDb Jump up ^ Dionne Walker ( June 10, 2007 ). `` Pioneer of interracial marriage looks back ''. USAToday.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008. Jump up ^ `` 40 years of interracial marriage : Mildred Loving reflects on breaking the color barrier ''. International Herald - Tribune. Associated Press. June 9, 2007. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008. Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra ( February 13, 2012 ). `` Scenes From a Marriage That Segregationists Tried to Break Up ''. New York Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Jump up ^ The Loving Story Archived 2012 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine., accessed March 25, 2015 Jump up ^ 72nd Annual Peabody Awards Archived 2014 - 09 - 11 at the Wayback Machine., May 2013. Jump up ^ Mahuzier, Marc ( 21 June 2015 ). `` L'amour en noir et blanc ''. Ouest - France. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Jump up ^ Villet, Barbara ; Villet, Grey ( February 14, 2017 ). The Lovings : An Intimate Portrait. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978 - 1616895563. Jump up ^ `` The Loving Generation ''. Topic.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Branigin, Anne ( February 10, 2018 ). `` The Loving Generation Explores the Lives of Biracial Children Born After Mixed - Race Marriages Were Legalized ''. The Root. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018. Jump up ^ Holmes, Anna ( February 10, 2018 ). `` Black With ( Some ) White Privilege ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018. Further reading Villet, Grey ( 2017 ). The Lovings : An Intimate Portrait. Aldridge, Delores ( 1973 ). `` The Changing Nature of Interracial Marriage in Georgia : A Research Note ''. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 35 ( 4 ) : 641 -- 642. doi : 10.2307 / 350877. JSTOR 350877. Annella, M. ( 1967 ). `` Interracial Marriages in Washington, D.C ''. Journal of Negro Education. 36 ( 4 ) : 428 -- 433. doi : 10.2307 / 2294264. JSTOR 2294264. Barnett, Larry ( 1963 ). `` Research on International and Interracial Marriages ''. Marriage and Family Living. 25 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 107. doi : 10.2307 / 349019. JSTOR 349019. Brower, Brock ; Kennedy, Randall L. ( 2003 ). `` ' Irrepressible Intimacies '. Review of Interracial Intimacies : Sex, Marriage, Identity, and Adoption, by Randall L. Kennedy ''. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 40 ( 40 ) : 120 -- 124. doi : 10.2307 / 3134064. JSTOR 3134064. Coolidge, David Orgon ( 1998 ). `` Playing the Loving Card : Same - Sex Marriage and the Politics of Analogy ''. BYU Journal of Public Law. 12 : 201 -- 238. DeCoste, F.C. ( 2003 ). `` The Halpren Transformation : Same - Sex Marriage, Civil Society, and the Limits of Liberal Law ''. Alberta Law Review. 41 : 619 -- 642. Foeman, Anita Kathy & Nance, Teresa ( 1999 ). `` From Miscegenation to Multiculturalism : Perceptions and Stages of Interracial Relationship Development ''. Journal of Black Studies. 29 ( 4 ) : 540 -- 557. doi : 10.1177 / 002193479902900405. Hopkins, C. Quince ( 2004 ). `` Variety in U.S Kinship Practices, Substantive Due Process Analysis and the Right to Marry ''. BYU Journal of Public Law. 18 : 665 -- 679. Kalmijn, Matthijs ( 1998 ). `` Intermarriage and Homogamy : Causes, Patterns, Trends ''. Annual Review of Sociology. 24 ( 24 ) : 395 -- 421. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 24.1. 395. PMID 12321971. Koppelman, Andrew ( 1988 ). `` The Miscegenation Analogy : Sodomy Law as Sex Discrimination ''. Yale Law Journal. 98 : 145 -- 164. Newbeck, Phyl ( 2004 ). Virginia has n't always been for lovers. Pascoe, Peggy ( 1996 ). `` Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of ' Race ' in Twentieth - Century America ''. Journal of American History. 83 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 69. doi : 10.2307 / 2945474. JSTOR 2945474. Pratt, Robert A. ( 1997 ). `` Crossing the color line : A historical assessment and personal narrative of Loving v. Virginia ''. Howard Law Journal. 41 : 229. Wadlington, Walter ( November 1967 ). Domestic Relations. Wallenstein, Peter ( 2014 ). Race, Sex, and the Freedom to Marry : Loving v. Virginia. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 2000 - 5. Wildman, Stephanie ( 2002 ). `` Interracial Intimacy and the Potential for Social Change : Review of Interracial Intimacy : The Regulation of Race and Romance by Rachel F. Moran ''. Berkeley Women 's Law Journal. 17 : 153 -- 164. doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 309743. Yancey, George & Yancey, Sherelyn ( 1998 ). `` Interracial Dating : Evidence from Personal Advertisements ''. Journal of Family Issues. 19 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 348. doi : 10.1177 / 019251398019003006. Christopher Leslie, Justice Alito 's Dissent in Loving v. Virginia, University of California, 1564, 2004. Dorothy Robert, Loving v. Virginia as a civil rights decision, 177, 2014. External links Links with the text of the court 's decision Works related to Loving v. Virginia at Wikisource Text of Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar OpenJurist Oyez Other external links A Groundbreaking Interracial Marriage ; Loving v. Virginia at 40. ABC News interview with Mildred Jeter Loving & video of original 1967 broadcast. June 14, 2007. Resources at Oyez.org including complete audio of the oral arguments. Loving Decision : 40 Years of Legal Interracial Unions, National Public Radio : All Things Considered, June 11, 2007. The Fortieth Anniversary of Loving v. Virginia : The Legal Legacy of the Case that Ended Legal Prohibitions on Interracial Marriage, Findlaw commentary by Joanna Grossman. Chin, Gabriel and Hrishi Karthikeyan, ( 2002 ) Asian Law Journal, vol. 9 `` Preserving Racial Identity : Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910 -- 1950 '' Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America, Inc. Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now, segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long, Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr. Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr. Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr. James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh, Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla. ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Virginia Women in History 2000 -- 2009 2000 Agnew, Ella Graham Ella Graham Agnew Baldwin, Mary Julia Mary Julia Baldwin Brent, Margaret Margaret Brent Cather, Willa Willa Cather Dean, Jennie Jennie Dean Fain, Sarah Lee Sarah Lee Fain Glasgow, Ellen Ellen Glasgow Madison, Dolley Dolley Madison, Pocahontas Pocahontas Rind, Clementina Clementina Rind Valentine, Lila Meade Lila Meade Valentine Walker, Maggie L. Maggie L. Walker Bowser, Rosa Dixon Rosa Dixon Bowser Campbell, Elizabeth Elizabeth Campbell Jordan, Thomasina Thomasina Jordan Keckley, Elizabeth Elizabeth Keckley Pollak, Theresa Theresa Pollak Tompkins, Sally Louisa Sally Louisa Tompkins Van Lew, Elizabeth Elizabeth Van Lew Wilson, Edith Edith Wilson 2002 Adamson, Rebecca Rebecca Adamson Barrett, Janie Porter Janie Porter Barrett Cline, Patsy Patsy Cline Corbin, Hannah Lee Hannah Lee Corbin Darden, Christine Christine Darden McDaniel, Lillian Ward Lillian Ward McDaniel Munford, Mary - Cooke Branch Mary - Cooke Branch Munford Rattley, Jessie M. Jessie M. Rattley 2003 Astor, Nancy Nancy Astor Bailey, Pearl Pearl Bailey Bodeker, Anna Whitehead Anna Whitehead Bodeker Mary Ann Elliott Mary Ann Elliott Jenkins, Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins Johnston, Frances Benjamin Frances Benjamin Johnston Peebles, Anne Dobie Anne Dobie Peebles Spencer, Annie Bannister Annie Bannister Spencer Arents, Grace Grace Arents, Cockacoeske Cockacoeske Couric, Katie Katie Couric Holden, Anne Makemie Anne Makemie Holden Ingles, Mary Draper Mary Draper Ingles Jones, Sarah Garland Boyd Sarah Garland Boyd Jones Snyder, Annie Annie Snyder Washington, Martha Martha Washington 2005 Adams - Ender, Clara Leach Clara Leach Adams - Ender Day, Caitlyn Caitlyn Day Griffin, Bessie Blount Bessie Blount Griffin Johnston, Mary Mary Johnston Powell, Barbara Johns Barbara Johns Powell Smith, Lee Lee Smith Wade, Mary Belvin Mary Belvin Wade 2006 Barrett, Kate Waller Kate Waller Barrett Berg, Marie Majella Marie Majella Berg Bowman, John - Geline MacDonald John - Geline MacDonald Bowman Fitzgerald - Brown, Benita Benita Fitzgerald - Brown Hopper, Grace Grace Hopper McClenahan, Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan Richardson, G. Anne G. Anne Richardson Terhune, Mary Virginia Mary Virginia Terhune 2007 Byrd, Mary Willing Mary Willing Byrd Carter, Maybelle Maybelle Carter Copenhaver, Laura Lu Scherer Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver Futrell, Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell Galt, Mary Jeffery Mary Jeffery Galt Johnson, Sheila Crump Sheila Crump Johnson, Opossunoquonuske Opossunoquonuske Williams, Camilla Camilla Williams 2008 Berkeley, Frances Culpeper Frances Culpeper Berkeley Brooks, Lucy Goode Lucy Goode Brooks Gonzalez, Providencia Velazquez Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez Lacy, Elizabeth B. Elizabeth B. Lacy McCrumb, Sharyn Sharyn McCrumb Moss, P. Buckley P. Buckley Moss Rogers, Isabel Wood Isabel Wood Rogers Turner, Edith Edith Turner 2009 Adams, Pauline Pauline Adams Cook, Caroline Bradby Caroline Bradby Cook Emerson, Claudia Claudia Emerson Faust, Drew Gilpin Drew Gilpin Faust Grayson, Joann Hess Joann Hess Grayson Randolph, Mary Mary Randolph Randolph, Virginia Virginia Randolph Terry, Mary Sue Mary Sue Terry 2010 -- 2019 Adams, Mollie Holmes Mollie Holmes Adams Furman, Ethel Ethel Furman Harrison, Edythe C. Edythe C. Harrison Martin, Janis Janis Martin Rowland, Kate Mason Kate Mason Rowland Skipwith, Jean Miller Jean Miller Skipwith Stovall, Queena Queena Stovall Van Landingham, Marian Marian Van Landingham 2011 Addison, Lucy Lucy Addison Bontecou, Eleanor Eleanor Bontecou Fleming, Emily White Emily White Fleming Fu, Pearl Pearl Fu Lincoln, Lillian Lillian Lincoln Marshall, Bessie Niemeyer Bessie Niemeyer Marshall Rogan, Felicia Warburg Felicia Warburg Rogan Russell, Elizabeth Henry Campbell Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell 2012 Ames, Susie May Susie May Ames Beltran, Monica Monica Beltran Campbell, Christiana Burdett Christiana Burdett Campbell Christian, Betty Sams Betty Sams Christian McIntosh, Elizabeth Peet Elizabeth Peet McIntosh Puckett, Orelena Hawks Orelena Hawks Puckett Shatin, Judith Judith Shatin Stuart, Alice Jackson Alice Jackson Stuart 2013 Alexander, Mary C. Mary C. Alexander Archer, Louise Louise Archer Carrington, Elizabeth Ambler Brent Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington Compton, Ann Ann Compton Falletta, JoAnn JoAnn Falletta Powell, Cleo Cleo Powell Pruitt, Inez Inez Pruitt Scott, Eva Mae Fleming Eva Mae Fleming Scott 2014 Blackford, Mary Berkeley Minor Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford Cohn, Naomi Silverman Naomi Silverman Cohn Duke, Elizabeth Ashburn Elizabeth Ashburn Duke Findlay, Rachel Rachel Findlay Kendall, Christine Herter Christine Herter Kendall Loving, Mildred Mildred Loving Ryan, Debbie Debbie Ryan Winslett, Stoner Stoner Winslett 2015 Caldwell, Nancy Melvina Nancy Melvina Caldwell Giovanni, Nikki Nikki Giovanni Harris, Ruth Coles Ruth Coles Harris McDiarmid, Dorothy Shoemaker Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid Peterkin, Rebekah Dulaney Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin Pinn, Vivian Vivian Pinn Stith, Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith Wood, Karenne Karenne Wood 2016 Crittenden, Flora D. Flora D. Crittenden Day, Elizabeth Nottingham Elizabeth Nottingham Day Gray, Sarah A. Sarah A. Gray Isaac, Edwilda Allen Edwilda Allen Isaac Johnson, Katherine Katherine Johnson King, Ana Ines Barragan Ana Ines Barragan King Masters, Betty Betty Masters Oberndorf, Meyera Meyera Oberndorf 2017 Crouse - Mays, Doris Doris Crouse - Mays Foley, Corazon Sandoval Corazon Sandoval Foley Houston, Nora Nora Houston Hudson, Cynthia Eppes Cynthia Eppes Hudson Jones, Mary Virginia Mary Virginia Jones McCraw, Louise Harrison Louise Harrison McCraw Moore, Undine Smith Undine Smith Moore Rollins, Martha Martha Rollins 2018 Adegbalola, Gaye Todd Gaye Todd Adegbalola Dove, Rita Rita Dove Gibbons, Isabella Isabella Gibbons Hasegawa, Marii Kyogoku Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa James, Kay Coles Kay Coles James Kingsolver, Barbara Barbara Kingsolver Marshall, Mary Aydelotte Rice Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall, Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loving_v._Virginia&oldid=842812312 '' Categories : 1967 in Virginia 1967 in United States case law 20th century American trials Civil rights movement African - American history of Virginia American Civil Liberties Union litigation Caroline County, Virginia Legal history of Virginia Marriage, unions and partnerships in the United States Multiracial affairs in the United States Native American history Race and law in the United States United States civil rights case law United States equal protection case law United States family case law United States substantive due process case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court Rappahannock people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский Српски / srpski Suomi 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 21 : 04. 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Question: 1967 supreme court case loving v virginia a case which legally allowed
Answer: interracial marriage