Group 6 element - wikipedia Group 6 element Group 6 in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson group 5 ← → group 7 IUPAC group number 6 Name by element chromium group CAS group number ( US, pattern A-B-A ) VIB old IUPAC number ( Europe, pattern A-B ) VIA ↓ Period Chromium ( Cr ) 24 Transition metal 5 Molybdenum ( Mo ) 42 Transition metal 6 Tungsten ( W ) 74 Transition metal 7 Seaborgium ( Sg ) 106 Transition metal Legend primordial element synthetic element Atomic number color : black = solid Group 6, numbered by IUPAC style, is a group of elements in the periodic table. Its members are chromium ( Cr ), molybdenum ( Mo ), tungsten ( W ), and seaborgium ( Sg ). These are all transition metals and chromium, molybdenum and tungsten are refractory metals. The period 8 elements of group 6 are likely to be either unpenthexium ( Uph ) or unpentoctium ( Upo ). This may not be possible ; drip instability may imply that the periodic table ends around unbihexium. Neither unpenthexium nor unpentoctium have been synthesized, and it is unlikely that this will happen in the near future. Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior : Z Element No. of electrons / shell 24 chromium 2, 8, 13, 1 42 molybdenum 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 74 tungsten 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 106 seaborgium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2 `` Group 6 '' is the new IUPAC name for this group ; the old style name was `` group VIB '' in the old US system ( CAS ) or `` group VIA '' in the European system ( old IUPAC ). Group 6 must not be confused with the group with the old - style group crossed names of either VIA ( US system, CAS ) or VIB ( European system, old IUPAC ). That group is now called group 16. Contents 1 History 1.1 Discoveries 1.2 Historical development and uses 2 Chemistry 3 Occurrence 4 Production 5 Precautions 6 Applications 7 Biological occurrences 8 References 9 See also History The red colour of rubies is from a small amount of chromium ( III ). Discoveries Chromium was first reported on July 26, 1761, when Johann Gottlob Lehmann found an orange - red mineral in the Beryozovskoye mines in the Ural Mountains of Russia, which he named `` Siberian red lead, '' which was found out in less than 10 years to be a bright yellow pigment. Though misidentified as a lead compound with selenium and iron components, the mineral was crocoite with a formula of PbCrO. Studying the mineral in 1797, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin produced chromium trioxide by mixing crocoite with hydrochloric acid metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven a year later. He was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious gemstones, such as ruby or emerald. Molybdenite -- the principal ore from which molybdenum is now extracted -- was previously known as molybdena, which was confused with and often implemented as though it were graphite. Like graphite, molybdenite can be used to blacken a surface or as a solid lubricant. Even when molybdena was distinguishable from graphite, it was still confused with a galena ( a common lead ore ), which took its name from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead. It was not until 1778 that Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele realized that molybdena was neither graphite nor lead. He and other chemists then correctly assumed that it was the ore of a distinct new element, named molybdenum for the mineral in which it was discovered. Peter Jacob Hjelm successfully isolated molybdenum by using carbon and linseed oil in 1781. Regarding tungsten, in 1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid, tungstic acid, could be made from scheelite ( at the time named tungsten ). Scheele and Torbern Bergman suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid. In 1783, José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid. Later that year, in Spain, the brothers succeeded in isolating tungsten by reduction of this acid with charcoal, and they are credited with the discovery of the element. Historical development and uses During the 1800s, chromium was primarily used as a component of paints and in tanning salts. At first, crocoite from Russia was the main source, but in 1827, a larger chromite deposit was discovered near Baltimore, United States. This made the United States the largest producer of chromium products until 1848 when large deposits of chromite where found near Bursa, Turkey. Chromium was used for electroplating as early as 1848, but this use only became widespread with the development of an improved process in 1924. For about a century after its isolation, molybdenum had no industrial use, owing to its relative scarcity, difficulty extracting the pure metal, and the immaturity of the metallurgical subfield. Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise in their increased hardness, but efforts were hampered by inconsistent results and a tendency toward brittleness and recrystallization. In 1906, William D. Coolidge filed a patent for rendering molybdenum ductile, leading to its use as a heating element for high - temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten - filament light bulbs ; oxide formation and degradation require that moly be physically sealed or held in an inert gas. In 1913, Frank E. Elmore developed a flotation process to recover molybdenite from ores ; flotation remains the primary isolation process. During the first World War, demand for molybdenum spiked ; it was used both in armor plating and as a substitute for tungsten in high speed steels. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm ( 3 in ) manganese steel plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with 25 mm ( 1 in ) molybdenum - steel plating allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection. After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive development of peacetime applications. In World War II, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys. In World War II, tungsten played a significant role in background political dealings. Portugal, as the main European source of the element, was put under pressure from both sides, because of its deposits of wolframite ore at Panasqueira. Tungsten 's resistance to high temperatures and its strengthening of alloys made it an important raw material for the arms industry. Chemistry Unlike other groups, the members of this family do not show patterns in its electron configuration, as two lighter members of the group are exceptions from the Aufbau principle : Z Element Numerical Bohr model 24 chromium 2, 8, 13, 1 42 molybdenum 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 74 tungsten 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 106 seaborgium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2 Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group. The chemistry of seaborgium is not very established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with its upper neighbors in the periodic table. The elements in the group, like those of groups 7 -- 11, have high melting points, and form volatile compounds in higher oxidation states. All the elements of the group are relatively nonreactive metals with a high melting points ( 1907 ° C, 2477 ° C, 3422 ° C ) ; that of tungsten is the highest of all metals. The metals form compounds in different oxidation states : chromium forms compounds in all states from − 2 to + 6 : disodium pentacarbonylchromate, disodium decacarbonyldichromate, bis ( benzene ) chromium, tripotassium pentanitrocyanochromate, chromium ( II ) chloride, chromium ( III ) oxide, chromium ( IV ) chloride, potassium tetraperoxochromate ( V ), and chromium ( VI ) dichloride dioxide ; the same is also true for molybdenum and tungsten, but the stability of the + 6 state grows down the group. Depending on oxidation states, the compounds are basic, amphoteric, or acidic ; the acidity grows with the oxidation state of the metal. Occurrence This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( February 2012 ) Production This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( February 2012 ) Precautions Tungsten has no known biological role in the human body. Seaborgium 's high radioactivity would make it a toxic element, due to radiation poisoning. Applications Alloys Catalysts Metallurgy, sometimes used in jet engines and gas turbines. Dyes and pigments Tanning hard materials Biological occurrences Group 6 is notable in that it contains some of the only elements in periods 5 and 6 with a known role in the biological chemistry of living organisms : molybdenum is common in enzymes of many organisms, and tungsten has been identified in an analogous role in enzymes from some archaea, such as Pyrococcus furiosus. In contrast, and unusually for a first - row d - block transition metal, chromium appears to have few biological roles, although it is thought to form part of the glucose metabolism enzyme in some mammals. References ^ Jump up to : Guertin, Jacques ; Jacobs, James Alan ; Avakian, Cynthia P. ( 2005 ). Chromium ( VI ) Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 7 -- 11. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56670 - 608 - 7. Jump up ^ Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas ( 1798 ). `` Memoir on a New Metallic Acid which exists in the Red Lead of Sibiria ''. Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Art. 3 : 146. Jump up ^ van der Krogt, Peter. `` Chromium ''. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ Lansdown, A.R. ( 1999 ). Molybdenum disulphide lubrication. Tribology and Interface Engineering. 35. Elsevier. ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 50032 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Emsley, John ( 2001 ). Nature 's Building Blocks. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 262 -- 266. ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5. Jump up ^ Gagnon, Steve. `` Molybdenum ''. Jefferson Science Associates, LLC. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ Scheele, C.W.K. ( 1779 ). `` Versuche mit Wasserbley ; Molybdaena ''. Svenska vetensk. Academ. Handlingar. 40 : 238. Jump up ^ Hjelm, P.J. ( 1788 ). `` Versuche mit Molybdäna, und Reduction der selben Erde ''. Svenska vetensk. Academ. Handlingar. 49 : 268. Jump up ^ Saunders, Nigel ( February 2004 ). Tungsten and the Elements of Groups 3 to 7 ( The Periodic Table ). Chicago, Illinois : Heinemann Library. ISBN 1 - 4034 - 3518 - 9. Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ). International Tungsten Industry Association. June 2005. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 21. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ). International Tungsten Industry Association. December 2005. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 21. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ). Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants ( 1974 ). Chromium. National Academy of Sciences. p. 155. ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 02217 - 0. Jump up ^ Dennis, J.K. ; Such, T.E. ( 1993 ). `` History of Chromium Plating ''. Nickel and Chromium Plating. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 9 -- 12. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85573 - 081 - 6. Jump up ^ Hoyt, Samuel Leslie ( 1921 ). Metallography, Volume 2. McGraw - Hill. Jump up ^ Krupp, Alfred ; Wildberger, Andreas ( 1888 ). The metallic alloys : A practical guide for the manufacture of all kinds of alloys, amalgams, and solders, used by metal - workers... with an appendix on the coloring of alloys. H.C. Baird & Co. p. 60. Jump up ^ Gupta, C.K. ( 1992 ). Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum. CRC Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4758 - 0. Jump up ^ Millholland, Ray ( August 1941 ). `` Battle of the Billions : American industry mobilizes machines, materials, and men for a job as big as digging 40 Panama Canals in one year ''. Popular Science. p. 61. Jump up ^ Stevens, Donald G. ( 1999 ). `` World War II Economic Warfare : The United States, Britain, and Portuguese Wolfram ''. The Historian. Questia. 61 ( 3 ) : 539. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1999. tb01036. x. External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Schmidt, Max ( 1968 ). `` VI. Nebengruppe ''. Anorganische Chemie II ( in German ). Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 119 -- 127. Jump up ^ `` Molybdenum ''. AZoM.com Pty. Limited. 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. `` Nickel - Based Superalloys ''. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 25. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17. See also Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column, detailed cells 32 - column, detailed cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming etymology controversies for places for people in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Group 6 elements Chromium Cr Atomic Number : 24 Atomic Weight : 51.9961 Melting Point : 2130.15 K Boiling Point : 2944 K Specific mass : 7.15 g / cm Electronegativity : 1.66 Molybdenum Mo Atomic Number : 42 Atomic Weight : 95.96 Melting Point : 2890.15 K Boiling Point : 4912 K Specific mass : 10.22 g / cm Electronegativity : 2.16 Tungsten Atomic Number : 74 Atomic Weight : 183.84 Melting Point : 3680.15 K Boiling Point : 5828 K Specific mass : 19.25 g / cm Electronegativity : 2.36 Seaborgium Sg Atomic Number : 106 Atomic Weight : ( 269 ) Melting Point : ? K Boiling Point : ? K Specific mass : ? 35 g / cm Electronegativity : ? GND : 4351614 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_6_element&oldid=810792888 '' Categories : Groups ( periodic table ) Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lumbaart Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017, at 13 : 46 ( UTC ). 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Question: 8) what is the common characteristic of the group vi metal ions
Answer: high melting points