Salvia hispanica - wikipedia Salvia hispanica For the related plant also known as `` chia '', see Salvia columbariae. For basil seed ( `` tokhm - e-sharbatī '' ), see Basil. Salvia hispanica Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order : Lamiales Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Salvia Species : S. hispanica Binomial name Salvia hispanica L. Synonyms Kiosmina hispanica ( L. ) Raf. Salvia chia Colla Salvia chia Sessé & Moc. nom. illeg. Salvia neohispanica Briq. nom. illeg. Salvia prysmatica Cav. Salvia schiedeana Stapf Salvia tetragona Moench Chia seeds Salvia hispanica, commonly known as chia ( / ˈtʃiːə / ), is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala. It is considered a pseudocereal, cultivated for its edible, hydrophilic chia seed, grown and commonly used as food in several countries of western South America, western Mexico, and the southwestern United States. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Seeds 3.1 Nutrient content and food uses 3.2 Preliminary health research 3.3 Drug interactions 4 Mesoamerican usage 5 European usage 6 Cultivation 6.1 Climate and growing cycle length 6.2 Seed yield and composition 6.3 Soil, seedbed requirements, and sowing 6.4 Fertilization and irrigation 6.5 Genetic diversity and breeding 6.6 Diseases and crop management 7 Decorative and novelty uses 8 References Etymology The word `` chia '' is derived from the Nahuatl word chian, meaning oily. S. hispanica is one of two plants known as `` chia '', the other being Salvia columbariae, which is sometimes called `` golden chia ''. Description Chia is an annual herb growing up to 1.75 metres ( 5.7 feet ) tall, with opposite leaves that are 4 -- 8 cm ( 1.6 -- 3.1 in ) long and 3 -- 5 cm ( 1.2 -- 2.0 in ) wide. Its flowers are purple or white and are produced in numerous clusters in a spike at the end of each stem. Chia is hardy from USDA Zones 9 -- 12. Many plants cultivated as S. hispanica are in fact Salvia lavandulifolia. Seeds Main article : Chia seed Seeds, chia seeds, dried Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 436 kcal ( 1,820 kJ ) Carbohydrates 7.72 g Dietary fiber 34.4 g Fat 30.74 g Saturated 3.330 Trans 0.140 g Monounsaturated 2.309 Polyunsaturated omega ‐ 3 omega ‐ 6 23.665 17.830 g 5.835 g Protein 16.54 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A equiv. 7 % 54 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) 54 % 0.62 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 14 % 0.17 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 59 % 8.83 mg Folate ( B9 ) 12 % 49 μg Vitamin C 2 % 1.6 mg Vitamin E 3 % 0.5 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 63 % 631 mg Iron 59 % 7.72 mg Magnesium 94 % 335 mg Manganese 130 % 2.723 mg Phosphorus 123 % 860 mg Potassium 9 % 407 mg Sodium 1 % 16 mg Zinc 48 % 4.58 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 5.80 g Cholesterol 0 mg Full Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Chia is grown commercially for its seed, a food rich in omega - 3 fatty acids since the seeds yield 25 -- 30 % extractable oil, including α - linolenic acid. The composition of the fat of the oil may be 55 % ω - 3, 18 % ω - 6, 6 % ω - 9, and 10 % saturated fat. Typically, chia seeds are small ovals with a diameter around 1 mm ( 0.039 in ). They are mottle - colored, with brown, gray, black, and white. The seeds are hydrophilic, absorbing up to 12 times their weight in liquid when soaked. While soaking, the seeds develop a mucilaginous coating that gives chia - based beverages a distinctive gelatinous texture. Chia is mostly identified as Salvia hispanica L. or Salvia columbariae Benth. Today, chia is grown and consumed commercially in its native Mexico and Guatemala, as well as Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Australia, and the southwestern United States. New patented varieties of chia have been bred in Kentucky for cultivation in northern latitudes of the United States. Nutrient content and food Uses A 100 - gram ( 3.5 oz ) serving of chia seeds is a rich source ( 20 % or more of the Daily Value, DV ) of thiamine and niacin ( 54 % and 59 %, respectively ), and a moderate source of riboflavin and folate ( 14 % and 12 % DV, respectively ). The same amount of chia seeds contains high amounts ( 48 -- 130 % DV ) of the dietary minerals calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus and zinc ( table ). Chia seeds may be added to other foods as a topping or put into smoothies, breakfast cereals, energy bars, granola bars, yogurt, tortillas, and bread. In 2009, the European Union approved chia seeds as a novel food, allowing chia to be 5 % of a bread product 's total matter. They also may be made into a gelatin - like substance or consumed raw. The gel from ground seeds may be used to replace the egg content in cakes while providing other nutrients, and is a common substitute in vegan baking. Mexican agua fresca made of chía Preliminary health research Although preliminary research indicates potential health benefits from consuming chia seeds, this work remains sparse and inconclusive. In a 2015 systematic review, most of the studies did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect of chia seed consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Drug interactions No evidence to date indicates consuming chia seeds has adverse effects on, or interacts with, prescription drugs. Mesoamerican usage Drawing from the Florentine Codex showing a S. hispanica plant S. hispanica is described and pictured in the Mendoza Codex and the Florentine Codex, Aztec codices created between 1540 and 1585. Both describe and picture S. hispanica and its use by the Aztecs. The Mendoza Codex indicates that the plant was widely cultivated and given as tribute in 21 of the 38 Aztec provincial states. Economic historians suggest that it was a staple food that was used as widely as maize. Aztec tribute records from the Mendoza Codex, Matrícula de Tributos, and the Matricula de Huexotzinco ( 1560 ), along with colonial cultivation reports and linguistic studies, detail the geographic location of the tributes and provide some geographic specificity to the main S. hispanica - growing regions. Most of the provinces grew the plant, except for areas of lowland coastal tropics and desert. The traditional area of cultivation was in a distinct area that covered parts of north - central Mexico, south to Nicaragua. A second and separate area of cultivation, apparently pre-Columbian, was in southern Honduras and Nicaragua. European usage Chia is legally considered a novel food in Europe as it does not have `` a significant history of consumption within the European Union before 15 May 1997 '', according to the Advisory Committee of Novel Foods and Processes. In 2009, permission was given to include small amounts of chia in bread products and a consumption limit of 15 g ( 0.53 oz ) a day of packaged chia seed was suggested. Cultivation Climate and growing cycle length The length of the growing cycle for chia varies based on location and is influenced by elevation. For production sites located in different ecosystems in Bolivia, Argentina, and Ecuador, growing cycles are between 100 -- 150 days in duration. Accordingly, commercial production fields are located in the range of 8 -- 2,200 m ( 26 -- 7,218 ft ) altitude across a variety of ecosystems ranging from tropical coastal desert, to tropical rain forest, and inter-Andean dry valley. In northwestern Argentina, a time span from planting to harvest of 120 -- 180 days is reported for fields located at elevations of 900 -- 1,500 m ( 3,000 -- 4,900 ft ). S. hispanica is a short - day flowering plant, indicating its photoperiodic sensitivity and lack of photoperiodic variability in traditional cultivars, which has limited commercial use of chia seeds to tropical and subtropical latitudes until 2012. Now, traditional domesticated lines of Salvia species grow naturally or can be cultivated in temperate zones at higher latitudes in the United States. In Arizona and Kentucky, seed maturation of traditional chia cultivars is stopped by frost before or after flower set, preventing seed harvesting. Advances in plant breeding during 2012, however, led to development of new early - flowering chia genotypes proving to have higher yields in Kentucky. Seed yield and composition Seed yield varies depending on cultivars, mode of cultivation, and growing conditions by geographic region. For example, commercial fields in Argentina and Colombia vary in yield range from 450 to 1,250 kilograms per hectare ( 400 to 1,120 lb / acre ). A small - scale study with three cultivars grown in the inter-Andean valleys of Ecuador produced yields up to 2,300 kilograms per hectare ( 2,100 lb / acre ), indicating that the favorable growing environment and cultivar interacted to produce the high yields. Genotype has a larger effect on yield than on protein content, oil content, fatty acid composition, or phenolic compounds, whereas high temperature reduces oil content and degree of unsaturation, and raises protein content. Soil, seedbed requirements, and sowing The cultivation of S. hispanica requires light to medium clay or sandy soils. The plant prefers well - drained, moderately fertile soils, but can cope with acid soils and moderate drought. Sown chia seeds need moisture for seedling establishment, while the maturing chia plant does not tolerate wet soils during growth. Traditional cultivation techniques of S. hispanica include soil preparation by disruption and loosening followed by seed broadcasting. In modern commercial production, a typical sowing rate of 6 kilograms per hectare ( 5.4 lb / acre ) and row spacing of 0.7 -- 0.8 m ( 2.3 -- 2.6 ft ) are usually applied. Fertilization and irrigation S. hispanica can be cultivated under low fertilizer input, using 100 kg / ha ( 89 lb / acre ) nitrogen or in some cases, no fertilizer is used. Irrigation frequency in chia production fields may vary from none to eight irrigations per growing season, depending on climatic conditions and rainfall. Genetic diversity and breeding The wide range of wild and cultivated varieties of S. hispanica are based on seed size, shattering of seeds, and seed color. Seed weight and color have high heritability, with a single recessive gene responsible for white color. Diseases and crop management Currently, no major pests or diseases affect chia production. Essential oils in chia leaves have repellant properties against insects, making it suitable for organic cultivation. Virus infections, however, possibly transmitted by white flies, may occur. Weeds may present a problem in the early development of the chia crop until its canopy closes, but because chia is sensitive to most commonly used herbicides, mechanical weed control is preferred. Decorative and novelty Uses Main article : Chia Pet Chia covered figurine During the 1980s in the United States, the first substantial wave of chia seed sales was tied to Chia Pets. These `` pets '' come in the form of clay figures that serve as a base for a sticky paste of chia seeds ; the figures then are watered and the seeds sprout into a form suggesting a fur covering for the figure. About 500,000 chia pets a year are sold in the US as novelties or house plants. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salvia hispanica. Jump up ^ `` The Plant List : A Working List of All Plant Species ''. Retrieved 3 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Salvia hispanica ''. Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ). Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ), United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ). Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ Jump up to : Immel, Diana L ( 29 January 2003 ). `` Chia, Salvia columbariae Benth. ; Plant Symbol = SACO6 '' ( PDF ). Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 May 2017. Jump up ^ Anderson, A. J. O. and Dibble, C. E. `` An Ethnobiography of the Nahuatl '', The Florentine Codex, ( translation of the work by Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún ), Books 10 -- 11, from the Period 1558 -- 1569 Jump up ^ Mark Griffiths, Editor. Index of Garden Plants. ( Portland, Oregon : Timber Press, 2nd American Edition, 1995. ) ISBN 0 - 88192 - 246 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Nutrition facts for dried chia seeds, one ounce ''. Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, SR - 21. 2010. Jump up ^ Dunn C ( 25 May 2015 ). `` Is chia the next quinoa ? ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 February 2016. Jump up ^ Cheryl Kaiser, Matt Ernst ( February 2016 ). `` Chia '' ( PDF ). University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Center for Crop Diversification Crop Profile. Retrieved 13 February 2016. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Commission Decision of 13 October 2009 authorising the placing on the market of chia seed ( Salvia hispanica ) as a novel food ingredient under Regulation ( EC ) No 268 / 97 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( L294 / 14 ) 2009 / 827 / EC ''. The European Union. 11 November 2009. pp. 14 -- 15. Jump up ^ `` Chewing Chia Packs A Super Punch ''. NPR. Retrieved 18 October 2012. Jump up ^ Albergotti, Reed. `` The NFL 's Top Secret Seed ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 October 2012. Jump up ^ Costantini, Lara ; Lea Lukšič ; Romina Molinari ; Ivan Kreft ; Giovanni Bonafaccia ; Laura Manzi ; Nicolò Merendino ( 2014 ). `` Development of gluten - free bread using tartary buckwheat and chia flour rich in flavonoids and omega - 3 fatty acids as ingredients ''. Food Chemistry. 165 : 232 -- 240. doi : 10.1016 / j. foodchem. 2014.05. 095. ISSN 0308 - 8146. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09. Jump up ^ Borneo R, Aguirre A, León AE ( 2010 ). `` Chia ( Salvia hispanica L ) gel can be used as egg or oil replacer in cake formulations ''. J Am Diet Assoc. 110 ( 6 ) : 946 -- 9. doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2010.03. 011. PMID 20497788. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ulbricht C, et al. ( 2009 ). `` Chia ( Salvia hispanica ) : a systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration ''. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 4 ( 3 ) : 168 -- 74. doi : 10.2174 / 157488709789957709. PMID 20028328. Jump up ^ de Souza Ferreira C, et al. ( 2015 ). `` Effect of chia seed ( Salvia hispanica L. ) consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in humans : a systematic review ''. Nutr Hosp. 32 ( 5 ) : 1909 -- 18. doi : 10.3305 / nh. 2015.32. 5.9394 ( inactive 2017 - 08 - 21 ). PMID 26545644. ^ Jump up to : Cahill, Joseph P. ( 2003 ). `` Ethnobotany of Chia, Salvia hispanica L. ( Lamiaceae ) ''. Economic Botany. 57 ( 4 ) : 604 -- 618. doi : 10.1663 / 0013 - 0001 ( 2003 ) 057 ( 0604 : EOCSHL ) 2.0.CO ; 2. Jump up ^ `` A second apparently pre-Columbian cultivation area is known in southern Honduras and Nicaragua. '' Jamboonsri, Watchareewan ; Phillips, Timothy D. ; Geneve, Robert L. ; Cahill, Joseph P. ; Hildebrand, David F. ( 2011 ). `` Extending the range of an ancient crop, Salvia hispanica L. -- a new ω3 source ''. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Springer. Online First ( 2 ) : 171 -- 178. doi : 10.1007 / s10722 - 011 - 9673 - x. Jump up ^ https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/oilseeds/chia-seeds/europe/#what-requirements-must-chia-seeds-comply-with-to-be-allowed-on-the-european-market - ^ Jump up to : Ayerza ( h ), Ricardo ; Wayne Coates ( 2009 ). `` Influence of environment on growing period and yield, protein, oil and α - linolenic content of three chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ) selections ''. Industrial Crops and Products. 30 ( 2 ) : 321 -- 324. doi : 10.1016 / j. indcrop. 2009.03. 009. ISSN 0926 - 6690. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29. ^ Jump up to : Ayerza, Ricardo ( 2009 ). `` The Seed 's Protein and Oil Content, Fatty Acid Composition, and Growing Cycle Length of a Single Genotype of Chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ) as Affected by Environmental Factors ''. Journal of Oleo Science. 58 ( 7 ) : 347 -- 354. doi : 10.5650 / jos. 58.347. ^ Jump up to : Coates, Wayne ; Ayerza, Ricardo ( 1998 ). `` Commercial production of chia in Northwestern Argentina ''. 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Jump up ^ Ayerza ( h ), Ricardo ; Wayne Coates ( 2009 ). `` Some quality components of four chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ) genotypes grown under tropical coastal desert ecosystem conditions ''. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 4 ( 8 ) : 301 -- 307. ISSN 1682 - 3974. ^ Jump up to : Muñoz, Loreto A. ; Angel Cobos ; Olga Diaz ; José Miguel Aguilera ( 2013 ). `` Chia Seed ( Salvia hispanica ) : An Ancient Grain and a New Functional Food ''. Food Reviews International. 29 ( 4 ) : 394 -- 408. doi : 10.1080 / 87559129.2013. 818014. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07. Jump up ^ Cahill, Joseph P. ( 2005 ). `` Human Selection and Domestication of Chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ) ''. Journal of Ethnobiology. 25 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 174. doi : 10.2993 / 0278 - 0771 ( 2005 ) 25 ( 155 : HSADOC ) 2.0.CO ; 2. ISSN 0278 - 0771. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29. Jump up ^ Cahill, J.P. and B. Ehdaie ( 2005 ). `` Variation and heritability of seed mass in chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ). '' Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52 ( 2 ) : 201 - 207. doi : 10.1007 / s10722 - 003 - 5122 - 9. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Cahill JP, Provance, MC ( 2002 ). `` Genetics of qualitative traits in domesticated chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ) ''. Journal of Heredity. 93 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 55. doi : 10.1093 / jhered / 93.1. 52. PMID 12011177. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 29. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Celli, Marcos ; Maria Perotto ; Julia Martino ; Ceferino Flores ; Vilma Conci ; Patricia Pardina ( 2014 ). `` Detection and Identification of the First Viruses in Chia ( Salvia hispanica ) ''. Viruses. 6 ( 9 ) : 3450 -- 3457. doi : 10.3390 / v6093450. ISSN 1999 - 4915. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02. Jump up ^ Chia Pet Arts & Culture Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 26. hide Cereals and pseudocereals Cereals Gramineae Barley Fonio Job 's tears Maize ( Corn ) Millets Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Teff Triticale Zizania Wheat ( Triticum ) Bread Durum Khorasan Red Fife Norin 10 Winter Farro Einkorn Emmer Spelt Pseudocereals Polygonaceae Buckwheat Tartary buckwheat Amaranthaceae Amaranth A. caudatus A. cruentus A. hypochondriacus Celosia Chenopodiaceae Quinoa Pitseed goosefoot Cañihua Lamiaceae Chia See also Triticeae Neolithic founder crops Neolithic Revolution History of agriculture Natufian culture Fertile Crescent Tell Abu Hureyra Tell Aswad Domestication Green Revolution Genetic engineering Selective breeding Crop wild relative Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q1071585 Wikispecies : Salvia hispanica EoL : 578468 EPPO : SALHI GBIF : 2926992 GRIN : 32939 iNaturalist : 53219 IPNI : 456385 - 1 IRMNG : 10858274 ITIS : 32718 NCBI : 49212 PalDat : Salvia_hispanica Plant List : kew - 182829 PLANTS : SAHI6 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 456385 - 1 Tropicos : 17600586 WCSP : 182829 GND : 7527015 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvia_hispanica&oldid=846334137 '' Categories : Salvia Crops originating from Mexico Edible nuts and seeds Flora of Guatemala Medicinal plants Plants described in 1753 Pseudocereals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018, at 02 : 20 ( UTC ). 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Question: what kind of plant do chia seeds come from
Answer: species of flowering plant in the mint family