Japonism - wikipedia Japonism `` Japonesque '' redirects here. For the Koda Kumi album, see Japonesque ( album ). For the Arashi album, see Japonism ( Arashi album ). Young Ladies Looking at Japanese Objects by the painter James Tissot in 1869 is a representation of the popular curiosity about all Japanese items that started with the opening of the country in the Meiji Restoration of the 1860s. Large number of artifacts came to the West and were exhibited and sold to an eager audience. First described by French art critic and collector, Philippe Burty in 1872, Japonism, from the French Japonisme, is the study of Japanese art and artistic talent. Japonism affected fine arts, sculpture, architecture, performing arts and decorative arts throughout Western culture. The term is used particularly to refer to Japanese influence on European art, especially in impressionism. Contents 1 Ukiyo - e 2 History 2.1 Seclusion ( 1639 -- 1858 ) 2.1. 1 Seclusion era porcelain 2.2 Nineteenth century re-opening 3 Artists and movements 3.1 Vincent van Gogh and woodblock color palettes 3.2 Edgar Degas and Japanese prints 3.3 James McNeill Whistler and British Japonism 3.4 Artists influenced by Japanese art and culture 4 Japanese gardens 5 Museums 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References and sources 9 External links Ukiyo - e From the 1860s, ukiyo - e, Japanese woodblock prints, became a source of inspiration for many Western artists. Ukiyo - e began as a Japanese painting school developed in the 17th century. Ukiyo - e woodblock prints were created to fit a demand for inexpensive, souvenir images. Although the prints were inexpensive, they were innovative and technical which gave each one value. These prints were rarely created with a single patron in mind, rather they were created for the commercial market in Japan. Although a percentage of prints were brought to the West through Dutch trade merchants, it was not until the 1860s that ukiyo - e prints gained popularity in Europe. Western artists were intrigued by the original use of color and composition. Ukiyo - e prints featured dramatic foreshortening and asymmetrical compositions. History Seclusion ( 1639 -- 1858 ) Chantilly soft - paste porcelain bottle in Kakiemon style, 1730 -- 35 Further information : Orientalism in early modern France During the Edo period ( 1639 -- 1858 ), Japan was in a period of seclusion and only one International port remained active. Tokugawa Iemitsu, ordered that an island, Dejima, be built off the shores of Nagasaki from which Japan could receive imports. The Dutch were the only country able to engage in trade with the Japanese, however, this small amount of contact still allowed for Japanese art to influence the West. Every year the Dutch arrived in Japan with fleets of ships filled with Western goods for trade. In the cargoes arrived many Dutch treatises on painting and a number of Dutch prints. Shiba Kōkan ( 1747 -- 1818 ) was one of the notable Japanese artists that studied the Dutch imports. Kōkan created one of the first etchings in Japan which was a technique he had learned from one of the imported treatises. Kōkan would combine the technique of linear perspective, which he learned from a treatise, with his own ukiyo - e styled paintings. Seclusion Era porcelain Through the seclusion era, Japanese goods remained a sought after luxury by European monarchs. Japanese porcelain manufacturing began in the seventeenth century after the unearthing of kaolin clay near Nagasaki. Japanese manufacturers were aware of the popularity of porcelain in Europe, therefore, some products were specifically produced for the Dutch trade. Porcelain and lacquerware became the main exports from Japan to Europe. Porcelain was used to decorate the homes of monarchs in the Baroque and Rococo style. A popular way to display porcelain in a home was to create a porcelain room. Shelves would be placed throughout the room to display the exotic decorations. Nineteenth century re-opening Carp Vase designed by Eugène Rousseau and made by Appert Frères, 1878 -- 84 During the Kaei era ( 1848 -- 1854 ), after more than 200 years of seclusion, foreign merchant ships of various nationalities began to visit Japan. Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan ended a long period of national isolation and became open to imports from the West, including photography and printing techniques. With this new opening in trade, Japanese art and artifacts began to appear in small curiosity shops in Paris and London. Hokusai Manga Japonism began as a craze for collecting Japanese art, particularly ukiyo - e. Some of the first samples of ukiyo - e were to be seen in Paris. In about 1856 the French artist Félix Bracquemond first came across a copy of the sketch book Hokusai Manga at the workshop of his printer, Auguste Delâtre. The sketchbook had arrived in Delâtre 's workshop shortly after Japanese ports had opened to the global economy in 1854 ; therefore, Japanese artwork had not yet gained popularity in the West. In the years following this discovery, there was an increase of interest in Japanese prints. They were sold in curiosity shops, tea warehouses, and larger shops. Shops such as La Porte Chinoise specialized in the sale of Japanese and Chinese imports. La Porte Chinoise, in particular, attracted artists James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Édouard Manet and Edgar Degas who drew inspiration from the prints. Edward William Godwin designed a number of Japanese - inspired pieces, including this sideboard, 1867 -- 70 European artists at this time were seeking an alternative style to the strict academic methodologies. Gatherings organized by shops like La Porte Chinoise facilitated the spread of information regarding Japanese art and techniques. Artists and movements Advertising poster for the comic opera The Mikado, which was set in Japan ( 1885 ) Ukiyo - e was one of the main Japanese influences on Western art. Western artists were attracted to the colorful backgrounds, realistic interior and exterior scenes, and idealized figures. Emphasis was placed on diagonals, perspective, and asymmetry in ukiyo - e, all of which can be seen in the Western artists who adapted this style. It is necessary to study each artist as an individual who made unique innovations. Portrait of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh, an example of Ukiyo - e influence in Western art ( 1887 ) Vincent Van Gogh and woodblock color palettes. Vincent van Gogh began his deep interest in Japanese prints when he discovered illustrations by Félix Régamey featured in The Illustrated London News and Le Monde Illustré. Régamey created woodblock prints, followed Japanese techniques, and often depicted scenes of Japanese life. Van Gogh used Régamey as a reliable source for the artistic practices and everyday life scenes of the Japanese. Beginning in 1885, van Gogh switched from collecting magazine illustrations, such as Régamey, to collection ukiyo - e prints that could be bought in small Parisian shops. Van Gogh shared these prints with his contemporaries and organized a Japanese print exhibition in Paris in 1887. Van Gogh 's Portrait of Pere Tanguy ( 1887 ) is a portrait of his color merchant, Julien Tanguy. Van Gogh created two versions of this portrait, which both feature a backdrop of Japanese prints. Many of the prints behind Tanguy can be identified, with artists such as Hiroshige and Kunisada featured. Van Gogh filled the portrait with vibrant colors. He believed that buyers were no longer interested in grey - toned Dutch paintings, rather paintings with many colors were seen as modern and were sought after. He was inspired by Japanese woodblock prints and their colorful palettes. Van Gogh included into his own works the vibrancy of color in the foreground and the background of paintings that he observed in Japanese woodblock prints and made use of light to clarify. Edgar Degas and Japanese prints Edgar Degas, Mary Cassatt at the Louvre : The Etruscan Gallery, 1879 - 1880. Aquatint, drypoint, soft - ground etching, and etching with burnishing, 26.8 x 23.6 cm. In the 1860s, Edgar Degas began to collect Japanese prints from La Porte Chinoise and other small print shops in Paris. Degas ' contemporaries had begun to collect prints as well which gave him a large collection for inspiration. Among the prints shown to Degas was a copy of Hokusai 's Random Sketches which had been purchased by Bracquemond after seeing it in Delâtre 's workshop. The estimated date of Degas ' adoption of Japonism into his prints is 1875. The Japanese print style can be seen in Degas ' choice to divide individual scenes by placing barriers vertically, diagonally and horizontally. Similar to many Japanese artists, Degas ' prints focus on women and their daily routines. The atypical positioning of his female figures and the dedication to reality in Degas ' prints aligned him with Japanese printmakers such as Hokusai, Utamaro, and Sukenobu. In Degas ' print Mary Cassatt at the Louvre : The Etruscan Gallery ( 1879 - 1880 ), the commonalities between Japanese prints and Degas ' work can be found in the two figures : one that stands and one that sits. The composition of the figures was familiar in Japanese prints. Degas also continues the use of lines to create depth and separate space within the scene. Degas ' most clear appropriation is of the woman leaning on a closed umbrella which is borrowed directly from Hokusai 's Random Sketches. James McNeill Whistler and british Japonism Japanese art was exhibited in Britain beginning in the early 1950s. These exhibitions featured a variation of Japanese objects, including maps, letters, textiles and objects from everyday life. These exhibitions served as a source of national pride for Britain and served to create a separate Japanese identity apart from the generalized `` orient '' cultural identity. James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist who worked primarily in Britain. During the late 19th century, Whistler began to reject the Realist style of painting that his contemporaries favored. Instead, Whistler found simplicity and technicality in the Japanese aesthetic. Rather than copying specific Japanese artists and artworks, Whistler was influence by general Japanese methods of articulation and composition which he integrated into his works. Therefore, Whistler refrained from depicting Japanese objects in his paintings ; instead, he used compositional aspects to infuse a sense of exoticism. Whistler 's The Punt ( 1861 ) displayed his interest in asymmetrical compositions and dramatic uses of foreshortening. This composition style would not be popular among his contemporaries for another ten years, however it was a characteristic of earlier Ukiyo - e art. Artists influenced by Japanese art and culture Artist Date of Birth Date of Death Nationality Style James Tissot 1836 1902 French Genre Art, Realism James McNeill Whistler 1834 1903 American Tonalism, Realism, Impressionism Édouard Manet 1832 1883 French Realism, Impressionism Claude Monet 1840 1926 French Impressionism Vincent van Gogh 1853 1890 Dutch Post-Impressionism Edgar Degas 1834 1917 French Impressionism Pierre - Auguste Renoir 1841 1919 French Impressionism Camille Pissarro 1830 1903 Danish - French Impressionism, Post-Impressionism Paul Gauguin 1848 1903 French Post-Impressionism, Primitivism Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec 1864 1901 French Post-Impressionism, Art Nouveau Mary Cassatt 1844 1926 American Impressionism Bertha Lum 1869 1954 American Japanese Styled Prints William Bradley 1801 1857 British Portrait Aubrey Beardsley 1872 1898 British Art Nouveau, Aestheticism Arthur Wesley Dow 1857 1922 American Arts and Crafts Revival, Japanese Styled Prints Alphonse Mucha 1860 1939 Czech Art Nouveau Gustav Klimt 1862 1918 Austrian Art Nouveau, Symbolism Pierre Bonnard 1867 1947 French Post-Impressionism Frank Lloyd Wright 1867 1959 American Prairie School Charles Rennie Mackintosh 1868 1928 Scottish Symbolism, Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, Glasgow Style Louis Comfort Tiffany 1848 1933 American Jewelry and glass designer Helen Hyde 1868 1919 American Japanese Styled Prints Georges Ferdinand Bigot 1860 1927 French Cartoon Japanese gardens Claude Monet 's garden in Giverny with the Japanese footbridge and the water lily pool ( 1899 ) The aesthetic of Japanese gardens was introduced to the English - speaking world by Josiah Conder 's Landscape Gardening in Japan ( Kelly & Walsh, 1893 ). It sparked the first Japanese gardens in the West. A second edition was required in 1912. Conder 's principles have sometimes proved hard to follow : Robbed of its local garb and mannerisms, the Japanese method reveals aesthetic principles applicable to the gardens of any country, teaching, as it does, how to convert into a poem or picture a composition, which, with all its variety of detail, otherwise lacks unity and intent Samuel Newsom 's Japanese Garden Construction ( 1939 ) offered Japanese aesthetic as a corrective in the construction of rock gardens, which owed their quite separate origins in the West to the mid-19th century desire to grow alpines in an approximation of Alpine scree. According to the Garden History Society, the Japanese landscape gardener Seyemon Kusumoto was involved in the development of around 200 gardens in the UK. In 1937 he exhibited a rock garden at the Chelsea Flower Show, and worked on the Burngreave Estate at Bognor Regis, a Japanese garden at Cottered in Hertfordshire, and courtyards at Du Cane Court in London. The impressionist painter Claude Monet modeled parts of his garden in Giverny after Japanese elements, such as the bridge over the lily pond, which he painted numerous times. By detailing just on a few select points such as the bridge or the lilies, he was influenced by traditional Japanese visual methods found in ukiyo - e prints, of which he had a large collection. He also planted a large number of native Japanese species to give it a more exotic feeling. Museums In the United States, the fascination with Japanese art extended to collectors and museums creating significant collections which still exist and have influenced many generations of artist. The epicenter was Boston in no small part due to Isabella Stewart Gardner, a pioneering collector of Asian art. As a consequence, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston now houses the finest collection of Japanese art outside Japan. The Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery house the largest Asian art research library in the United States and house Japanese art together with the Japanese influenced works of Whistler. Gallery James McNeill Whistler, The Princess from the Land of Porcelain, 1863 -- 1865 James Tissot, La Japonaise au bain, 1864 Félix Bracquemond, Service Rousseau, 1867 Édouard Manet, Portrait of Émile Zola, 1868 Gustave Léonard de Jonghe, The Japanese Fan, c. 1865 James McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Blue and Gold : Old Battersea Bridge, 1872 -- 1875 Claude Monet, Madame Monet en costume Japonais, 1875 James McNeill Whistler, The Peacock Room, 1876 -- 1877 Vincent van Gogh, La courtisane ( after Keisai Eisen ), 1887 Vincent van Gogh, The Blooming Plum Tree ( after Hiroshige 's Plum Park in Kameido ), 1887 Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec lithograph poster of 1892 George Hendrik Breitner - Girl in a White Kimono, oil on canvas, 1894 Odilon Redon, The Buddha, 1906 Gustav Klimt, Lady with fan, 1917 / 18 Miss Finney dancing, Montreal, Quebec, 1923 See also Anglo - Japanese style Arabist -- `` Arab '' style Chinoiserie -- the collecting of art objects from China Occidentalism -- for Eastern Views of the West Orientalism -- Western pictures depicting Near Eastern scenes Woodblock printing in Japan Woodcut References and sources References ^ Jump up to : Ono, Ayako ( 2003 ). Japonisme in Britain : Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth - century Japan. New York : Routledge Curzon. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Japonism ''. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 7 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : Bickford, Lawrence ( 1993 ). `` Ukiyo - e Print History ''. Impressions : 1. JSTOR 42597774 -- via JSTOR. Jump up ^ `` Defining Ukiyo - e ''. Impressions. Japanese Art Society of America. 1 : 6. 1976. JSTOR 42597582 -- via Jstor. Jump up ^ Breuer, Karin ( 2010 ). Japanesque : The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism. New York : Prestel Publishing. p. 23. ^ Jump up to : Ono, Ayako ( 2003 ). Japonisme in Britain : Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth - century Japan. New York : Routledge Curzon. p. 45. ^ Jump up to : Phaidon ( 2005 ). Japonisme : Cultural Crossings Between Japan and the West. New York : Phaidon Press. p. 13. Jump up ^ Gianfreda, Sandra. `` Introduction. '' In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh... Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen : Folkwang / Steidl, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Phaidon ( 2005 ). Japonisme : Cultural Crossings Between Japan and the West. New York : Phaidon Press. p. 14. ^ Jump up to : Phaidon ( 2005 ). Japonisme : Cultural Crossings Between Japan and the West. New York : Phaidon Press. p. 16. ^ Jump up to : Chisaburo, Yamada. `` Exchange of Influences in the Fine Arts between Japan and Europe. '' Japonisme in Art : An International Symposium ( 1980 ) : 14. Jump up ^ Cate, Phillip Dennis ; Eidelberg, Martin ; Johnston, William R. ; Needham, Gerald ; Weisberg, Gabriel P. ( 1975 ). Japonisme : Japanese Influence on French Art 1854 - 1910. Kent : Kent State University Press. p. 1. Jump up ^ Yvonne Thirion, `` Le japonisme en France dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle à la faveur de la diffusion de l'estampe japonaise '', 1961, Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études francaises, Volume 13, Numéro 13, pp. 117 -- 130, www.persee.fr ^ Jump up to : Cate, Phillip Dennis ; Eidelberg, Martin ; Johnston, William R. ; Needham, Gerald ; Weisberg, Gabriel P. ( 1975 ). Japonisme : Japanese Influence on French Art 1854 - 1910. Kent : Kent State University Press. p. 3. Jump up ^ Breuer, Karin ( 2010 ). The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism. New York : Prestel Publishing. p. 67. Jump up ^ Cate, Phillip Dennis ; Eidelberg, Martin ; Johnston, William R. ; Needham, Gerald ; Weisberg, Gabriel P. ( 1975 ). Japonisme : Japanese Influence on French Art 1854 - 1910. Kent : Kent State University Press. p. 4. ^ Jump up to : Breuer, Karin ( 2010 ). Japanesque : The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism. New York : Prestel Publishing. p. 68. Jump up ^ Breuer, Karin ( 2010 ). Japanesque : The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism. New York : Prestel Publishing. p. 5. Jump up ^ Breuer, Karin ( 2010 ). Japanesque : The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism. New York : Prestel Publishing. p. 41. Jump up ^ Cate, Phillip Dennis ; Eidelberg, Martin ; Johnston, William R. ; Needham, Gerald ; Weisberg, Gabriel P. ( 1975 ). Japonisme : Japanese Influence on French Art 1854 - 1910. Kent : Kent State University Press. p. 14. ^ Jump up to : Thomson, Belinda. `` Japonisme in the Works of Van Gogh, Gaugin, Bernard and Anquetin. '' In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh... Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 70. Gottingen : Folkwang / Steidl, 2014. Jump up ^ Thomson, Belinda. `` Japonisme in the Works of Van Gogh, Gaugin, Bernard and Anquetin. '' In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh... Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 71. Gottingen : Folkwang / Steidl, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Thomson, Belinda. `` Japonisme in the Works of Van Gogh, Gaugin, Bernard and Anquetin. '' In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh... Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 72. Gottingen : Folkwang / Steidl, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Cate, Phillip Dennis ; Eidelberg, Martin ; Johnston, William R. ; Needham, Gerald ; Weisberg, Gabriel P. ( 1975 ). Japonisme : Japanese Influence on French Art 1854 - 1910. Kent : Kent State University Press. p. 12. ^ Jump up to : Cate, Phillip Dennis ; Eidelberg, Martin ; Johnston, William R. ; Needham, Gerald ; Weisberg, Gabriel P. ( 1975 ). Japonisme : Japanese Influence on French Art 1854 - 1910. Kent : Kent State University Press. p. 13. ^ Jump up to : Breuer, Karin ( 2010 ). Japanesque : The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism. New York : Prestel Publishing. p. 75. Jump up ^ Breuer, Karin ( 2010 ). Japanesque : The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism. New York : Prestel Publishing. p. 78. Jump up ^ Ono, Ayako ( 2003 ). Japonisme in Britain : Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth - century Japan. New York : Routledge Curzon. p. 5. Jump up ^ Ono, Ayako ( 2003 ). Japonisme in Britain : Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth - century Japan. New York : Routledge Curzon. p. 8. Jump up ^ Ono, Ayako ( 2003 ). Japonisme in Britain : Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth - century Japan. New York : Routledge Curzon. p. 6. ^ Jump up to : Ono, Ayako ( 2003 ). Japonisme in Britain : Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth - century Japan. New York : Routledge Curzon. p. 42. Jump up ^ Ono, Ayako ( 2003 ). Japonisme in Britain : Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth - century Japan. New York : Routledge Curzon. p. 44. Jump up ^ Slawson 1987 : 15 and note2. Jump up ^ Conder quoted in Slawson 1987 : 15. Jump up ^ http://www.giverny.fr/en/information/cultural-information/giverny-collection-of-japanese-prints-of-claude-monet/ Jump up ^ http://fondation-monet.com/en/giverny-2/the-japanese-prints/ Jump up ^ Genevieve Aitken, Marianne Delafond. La collection d'estampes Japonaises de Claude Monet. La Bibliotheque des Arts. 2003. ISBN 978 - 2884531092 Jump up ^ 1957 -, Chong, Alan, ( 2009 ). Journeys east : Isabella Stewart Gardner and Asia. Murai, Noriko., Guth, Christine., Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. ( Boston ) : Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. ISBN 1934772755. OCLC 294884928. Jump up ^ `` Art of Asia ''. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2010 - 10 - 15. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Freer Gallery of Art ''. Wikipedia. 2017 - 08 - 29. Jump up ^ `` George Hendrik Breitner - Girl in White Kimono ''. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Retrieved 12 May 2012. Sources Slawson, David A. Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens ( New York / Tokyo : Kodansha 1987 ) Halen Widar ( 1990 ). Christopher Dresser. Phaidon. thesis : Edo print art and its Western interpretations ( PDF ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japonism. `` Japonisme '' from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History Influence on Vincent van Gogh under header `` An overview '' `` Orientalism, Absence, and Quick ~ Firing Guns : The Emergence of Japan as a Western Text '' `` Japonisme : Exploration and Celebration '' `` Japonism '' from the Museu Picasso Barcelona `` Exhibition : Secret Images. Picasso and japanese erotic prints '' from the Museu Picasso Barcelona 's blog Marc Maison 's Gallery specialized in Japonism The Private Collection of Edgar Degas, fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries ; contains essay Degas, Japanese Prints, and Japonisme ( pgs 247 - 260 ) NDL : 00576407 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japonism&oldid=809904710 '' Categories : Japonism French art Impressionism Japan in non-Japanese culture Modern art Orientalism by type Printmaking Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017, at 06 : 38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: many european artists studied japanese art to better understand this principle
Answer: Japonism