History of AT&T - wikipedia History of AT&T AT&T corporate logo, 1964 -- 1969 The history of AT&T dates back to the invention of the telephone itself. The Bell Telephone Company was established in 1879 by Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Bell also established American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885, which acquired the Bell Telephone Company and became the primary phone company in the United States. This company maintained a monopoly on telephone service in the United States until anti-trust regulators split the company in 1982. AT&T Corporation was eventually purchased by one of its Baby Bells, the former Southwestern Bell, in 2005 and the combined company became known as AT&T Inc. Contents 1 Origins 2 Monopoly 2.1 Erosion of `` a natural monopoly '' 3 Breakup 4 Post break - up restructuring 4.1 1991 - 2004 : Spinoffs and change in services 5 Rise of SBC 5.1 1984 -- 2001 : Southwestern Bell Corporation 5.2 1995 -- 2000 : Changes to the company 5.3 2000 -- 2005 : One national brand, and acquisition of AT&T Corporation 5.4 2006 : BellSouth acquisition 5.5 2007 -- 2008 : restructuring 5.5. 1 Transition to new media 5.5. 2 Headquarters moves and job cuts 6 Post-consolidation wireless acquisitions 6.1 2007 : Cellular One acquisition 6.2 2008 : Centennial and Wayport acquisitions 6.3 2011 : Qualcomm spectrum purchase 6.4 2011 : Attempted acquisition of T - Mobile USA 6.5 2013 -- 2014 : Leap Wireless acquisition 7 Recent developments 7.1 2013 - present 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 Bibliography 11 External links 12 Further reading Origins A Bell System logo ( called the Blue Bell ) used from 1889 to 1900. AT&T 's lines and metallic circuit connections. March 1, 1891. The formation of the Bell Telephone Company superseded an agreement between Alexander Graham Bell and his financiers, principal among them Gardiner Greene Hubbard and Thomas Sanders. Renamed the National Bell Telephone Company in March 1879, it became the American Bell Telephone Company in March 1880. By 1881, it had bought a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company from Western Union. Only three years earlier, Western Union had turned down Gardiner Hubbard 's offer to sell it all rights to the telephone for $100,000 ( $2.48 million in 2009 dollars ). In 1880, the management of American Bell created what would become AT&T Long Lines. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long - distance network with a commercially viable cost - structure. This project was formally incorporated into a separate company named American Telephone and Telegraph Company on March 3, 1885. Starting from New York, the network reached Chicago in 1892. Bell 's patent on the telephone expired in 1893, but the company 's much larger customer base made its service much more valuable than alternatives and substantial growth continued. On December 30, 1899, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company bought the assets of American Bell ; this was because Massachusetts corporate laws ( which limited market capitalization to ten million dollars, preventing the direct growth of American blue Bell itself ) were more restrictive than those of New York, where AT&T was headquartered. With this transfer of assets, AT&T became the parent of the Bell System. National long distance service reached San Francisco with the First transcontinental telephone call in 1915. Transatlantic services started in 1927 using two - way radio, but the first trans - Atlantic telephone cable did not arrive until Sept. 25, 1956, with TAT - 1. Monopoly Further information : Bell System The Bell System logo and trademark as it appeared in 1969. As a result of a combination of regulatory actions by government and actions by AT&T, the firm eventually gained what most regard as monopoly status. In 1907, AT&T president Theodore Vail made it known that he was pursuing a goal of `` One Policy, One System, Universal Service. '' AT&T began purchasing competitors, which attracted the attention of antitrust regulators. To avoid antitrust action, in a deal with the government, Vail agreed to the Kingsbury Commitment of 1913. One of the three terms of the agreement forbade AT&T from acquiring any more independent phone companies without the approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission. G.W. Brock says in The Telecommunications Industry : The Dynamics Of Market Structure, `` ( The ) provision allowed Bell and the independents to exchange telephones in order to give each other geographical monopolies. So long as only one company served a given geographical area there was little reason to expect price competition to take place. '' AT&T focused on purchasing companies within specific geographic areas that increased its effective control of the telephone system market, while selling its less - desirable and previously acquired companies to independent buyers. Also included in the Kingsbury Commitment was the requirement that AT&T allow competitors to connect through its phone lines, which reduced the incentive of these companies to build competing long - distance lines. In 1913, after vacuum - tube inventor Lee De Forest began to suffer financial difficulties, AT&T bought De Forest 's vacuum - tube patents for the bargain price of $50,000 ( $1.21 million in 2009 dollars ). In particular, AT&T acquired ownership of the ' Audion ', the first triode ( three - element ) vacuum tube, which greatly amplified telephone signals. The patent increased AT&T 's control over the manufacture and distribution of long - distance telephone services, and allowed the Bell System to build the United States 's first coast - to coast telephone line. Thanks to the pressures of World War I, AT&T and RCA owned all useful patents on vacuum tubes. RCA staked a position in wireless communication ; AT&T pursued the use of tubes in telephone amplifiers. Some patent allies and partners in RCA were angered when the two companies ' research on tubes began to overlap, and there were many patent disputes. Around 1917, the idea that everyone in the country should have phone service and that the government should promote that began being discussed in government. AT&T agreed, saying in a 1917 annual report : `` A combination of like activities under proper control and regulation, the service to the public would be better, more progressive, efficient, and economical than competitive systems. '' In 1918 the federal government nationalized the entire telecommunications industry, with national security as the stated intent. Rates were regulated so that customers in large cities would pay higher rates to subsidize those in more remote areas. Vail was appointed to manage the telephone system with AT&T being paid a percentage of the telephone revenues. AT&T profited well from the nationalization arrangement which ended a year later. States then began regulating rates so that those in rural areas would not have to pay high prices, and competition was highly regulated or prohibited in local markets. Also, potential competitors were forbidden from installing new lines to compete, with state governments wishing to avoid `` duplication. '' The claim was that telephone service was a `` natural monopoly, '' meaning that one firm could better serve the public than two or more. Eventually, AT&T 's market share amounted to what most would regard as a monopolistic share. AT&T, RCA, and their patent allies and partners finally settled their disputes in 1926 by compromise. AT&T decided to focus on the telephone business as a communications common carrier, and sold its broadcasting subsidiary Broadcasting Corporation of America to RCA. The assets included station WEAF, which for some time had broadcast from AT&T headquarters in New York City. In return, RCA signed a service agreement with AT&T, ensuring any radio network RCA started would have transmission connections provided by AT&T. Both companies agreed to cross-license patents, ending that aspect of the dispute. RCA, GE, and Westinghouse were now free to combine their assets to form the National Broadcasting Company, or NBC network. In 1925, AT&T created a new unit called Bell Telephone Laboratories, commonly known as Bell Labs. This research and development unit proved highly successful, pioneering, among other things, radio astronomy, the transistor, the photovoltaic cell, the Unix operating system, and the C programming language. AT&T ranked 13th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military contracts. In 1949, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit aimed at forcing the divestiture of Western Electric, which was settled seven years later by AT&T 's agreement to confine its products and services to common carrier telecommunications and license its patents to `` all interested parties. '' A key effect of this was to ban AT&T from selling computers despite its key role in electronics research and development. Nonetheless, technological innovation continued. For example, AT&T commissioned the first experimental communications satellite, Telstar I in 1962. Standard Western Electric Model 500 telephone, rented ( never sold ) to U.S. telephone subscribers. AT&T corporate logo ( designed by Saul Bass ), 1969 -- 1983 Public utility commissions in state and local jurisdictions regulated the Bell System and all the other telephone companies. The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) regulated all service across state lines. These commissions controlled the rates that companies could charge, and the specific services and equipment they could offer. AT&T increased its control of the telephone system through its leasing arrangements for telephones and telephone equipment made by its subsidiary, Western Electric. Like most telephones of the time in the United States, Western Electric - made phones were owned not by individual customers, but by local Bell System telephone companies -- all of which were in turn owned by AT&T, which also owned Western Electric itself. Each phone was leased from AT&T on a monthly basis by customers, who generally paid for their phone and its connection many times over in cumulative lease fees. This monopoly made millions of extra dollars for AT&T, which had the secondary effect of greatly limiting phone choices and styles. AT&T strictly enforced policies against buying and using phones by other manufacturers that had not first been transferred to and re-rented from the local Bell monopoly. Many phones made by Western Electric thus carried the following disclaimer permanently molded into their housings : `` BELL SYSTEM PROPERTY -- NOT FOR SALE. '' Telephones were also labeled with a sticker marking the Bell Operating Company that owned the telephone. In 1968, the Federal Communications Commission allowed the Carterfone and other devices to be connected directly to the AT&T network, as long as they did not cause damage to the system. This ruling ( 13 F.C.C. 2d 420 ) created the possibility of selling devices that could connect to the phone system and opened up the market to numerous products, including answering machines, fax machines, cordless phones, computer modems and the early, dialup Internet. In the 1980s, after some consumers began buying phones from other manufacturers anyway, AT&T changed its policy by selling customers the phone 's housing, retaining ownership of the mechanical components -- which still required paying AT&T a monthly leasing fee. For most of the 20th century, AT&T subsidiary AT&T Long Lines thus enjoyed a near - total monopoly on long distance telephone service in the United States. AT&T also controlled 22 Bell Operating Companies which provided local telephone service to most of the United States. While there were many `` independent telephone companies '', General Telephone being the most significant, the Bell System was far larger than all the others, and widely considered a monopoly itself. Erosion of `` a natural monopoly '' For many years, AT&T had been permitted to retain its monopoly status under the assumption that it was a natural monopoly. The first erosion to this monopoly occurred in 1956 where the Hush - A-Phone v. United States ruling allowed a third - party device to be attached to rented telephones owned by AT&T. This was followed by the 1968 Carterfone decision that allowed third - party equipment to be connected to the AT&T telephone network. The rise of cheap microwave communications equipment in the 1960s and 1970s opened a window of opportunity for competitors -- no longer was the acquisition of expensive rights - of - way necessary for the construction of a long - distance telephone network. In light of this, the FCC permitted MCI ( Microwave Communications, Inc ) to sell communication services to large businesses. This technical - economic argument against the necessity of AT&T 's monopoly position would hold for a mere fifteen years until the beginning of the fiber - optics revolution sounded the end of microwave - based long distance. Breakup Further information : Breakup of AT&T and Regional Bell Operating Company AT&T corporate logo, 1983 -- 2005, designed by Saul Bass. It was nicknamed the `` Death Star '' due to its appearance 's similarity to the Star Wars space station of the same name. AT&T corporate logo, 2005 -- 2015 The rest of the telephone monopoly lasted until January 8, 1982, the date of settlement of United States v. AT&T, a 1974 United States Department of Justice antitrust suit against AT&T. Under the settlement AT&T ( `` Ma Bell '' ) agreed to divest its local exchange service operating companies, in return for a chance to go into the computer business ( see AT&T Computer Systems ). AT&T 's local operations were split into seven independent Regional Bell Operating Companies known as `` Baby Bells ''. With the American consumer 's new ability to purchase phones outright, AT&T and the Bell System lost the considerable revenues earned from phone leasing by local Bell companies. Forced to compete with other manufacturers for new phone sales, the aging Western Electric phone designs still marketed through AT&T failed to sell, and Western Electric eventually closed all of its U.S. phone manufacturing plants. AT&T, reduced in value by about 70 %, continued to run all its long distance services through AT&T Communications ( the new name of AT&T Long Lines ), although it lost some market share in the ensuing years to competitors MCI and Sprint. A sign that hung in many Bell facilities in 1983 read : There are two giant entities at work in our country, and they both have an amazing influence on our daily lives... one has given us radar, sonar, stereo, teletype, the transistor, hearing aids, artificial larynxes, talking movies, and the telephone. The other has given us the Civil War, the Spanish - American War, the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, double - digit inflation, double - digit unemployment, the Great Depression, the gasoline crisis, and the Watergate fiasco. Guess which one is now trying to tell the other one how to run its business ? Post break - up restructuring 1991 - 2004 : spinoffs and change in services Western Electric was renamed AT&T Technologies and was divided into several units focused on specific customer groups, such as AT&T Network Systems and AT&T Consumer Products. It, along with Bell Labs, would be fully merged and absorbed into American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1991. In 1991, AT&T discontinued telegraph services. After its own attempt to penetrate the computer marketplace failed, in 1991, AT&T acquired NCR Corporation ( National Cash Register ), hoping to capitalize on the burgeoning personal computer and Unix networked server markets, but was unable to extract lasting financial or technological gains from the merger. After deregulation of the U.S. telecom industry via the Telecommunications Act of 1996, NCR was divested again. At the same time, the majority of AT&T Technologies and the renowned Bell Labs was spun off as Lucent Technologies. The industry as a whole had many other reorganizations since the 1990s, both due to deregulation and because of technological advances reducing demand and pricing power in telecommunications. In 1994, AT&T purchased the largest cellular carrier, McCaw Cellular, for $11.5 billion and kick - started its cellular division with 2 million subscribers. In 1995, AT&T purchased long - distance provider Alaska Communications System. FCC approval required the company be run as an AT&T subsidiary rather than a more likely absorption into AT&T Communications, giving the company the AT&T Alascom name. In 1997, AT&T hired former IBM executive C Michael Armstrong as its chief executive officer. Armstrong 's vision was to change AT&T from a long - distance carrier into a global `` telecommunications supermarket '', eying Internet services for the booming dot - com industry. Armstrong 's most prominent strategy was buying significant cable television assets. After acquiring John Malone 's TCI and Media One ( gaining through the latter a 25 % share of Time Warner Cable ), AT&T was the largest provider of cable television in the world. It intended to use these assets to bridge the so - called `` last mile '' and break the Regional Bell Companies ' access - monopoly of the consumer household for data and telephony services, but the wager was costly, substantially increasing the company 's debt. AT&T acquired TCI in a $48 billion all - stock transaction including the assumption of $16 billion of debt. AT&T acquired MediaOne for $54 billion in cash and stock, after a bidding war with Comcast. In 1998, AT&T announced a US $1 billion alliance with BT to offer global voice over IP ( VoIP ) services, called Concert, sparking rumors of a potential merger. But the parties fought for control of the project and could not even agree on the alliance 's name. By mid-2001, customers were being directed to sign contracts with the parent companies, and Concert Communications Services, as the venture was eventually known, was scrapped in October that year. AT&T corporate logo, 1996 -- 2005, was devised to simplify and eliminate multiple versions of the logo. In 1999, AT&T acquired the Olivetti & Oracle Research Lab, from Olivetti and Oracle Corporation. In 2002, it closed down the research part of the lab. Also in 1999, AT&T paid US $5 billion to purchase IBM 's Global Network business, which became AT&T Global Network Services, LLC. As part of the purchase agreement, IBM granted AT&T a five - year, US $5 - billion contract to handle much of IBM 's networking needs, and AT&T outsourced some of its applications processing and data management work to IBM. IBM also committed to billing and installation for AT&T 's long - distance customers in a 10 - year deal valued at US $4 billion ; and assumed management of AT&T 's data processing centers. With long - distance rates falling and the market for telecommunications services overall weakening, AT&T could not sustain the debt it had incurred in these ventures. Moreover, the cost of upgrading TCI 's equipment to handle two - way communications proved far higher than pre-merger estimates. AT&T undertook a major reorganization in October 2000, moving its mobile phone and broadband units into separate companies, to allow each unit to raise capital independently. The logo for AT&T Comcast, the original name for the AT&T Broadband / Comcast merger. On July 9, 2001, it spun off AT&T Wireless Services in what was then the world 's largest initial public offering ( IPO ). Later that year it spun off AT&T Broadband and Liberty Media, which comprised its cable TV assets. AT&T Broadband was subsequently acquired by Comcast in 2002, and AT&T Wireless merged with Cingular Wireless LLC in 2004. The merged wireless phone company operated as Cingular until 2007, when it became AT&T Mobility. In 2004, the U.S. government eliminated equal access regulations that allowed long - distance phone companies to access the networks owned by the regional Bell carriers at fixed rates. This ultimately caused AT&T to move away from the residential telephone business -- declaring in the process that it would no longer market residential telephone service. Instead, its residential focus shifted to offering a voice service over a broadband Internet connection called AT&T CallVantage. Rise of SBC Further information : AT&T One of the new companies formed by the breakup of AT&T was Southwestern Bell Corporation. This company grew continuously over the years until it acquired AT&T in 2005. After this acquisition, SBC took on AT&T 's name and branding, and this is the company known as AT&T today. 1984 -- 2001 : Southwestern Bell Corporation American Telephone and Telegraph Company officially transferred full ownership of Southwestern Bell Telephone Company to Southwestern Bell Corporation on January 1, 1984. It had three other subsidiaries : Southwestern Bell Publications, Inc., a directory publisher ; Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems, Inc., in the business of mobile telephone service ; and Southwestern Bell Telecommunications, Inc., focusing on marketing phone equipment to business customers. The holding companies ' new president was Zane Edison Barnes. Southwestern Bell Corporation logo, 1992 -- 1995 In 1987, SBC bought Metromedia Inc. 's cellular and paging business. This in turn boosted the company to third largest cellular - communications company in the United States ; behind McCaw Cellular and Pacific Telesis. In January 1990, Edward Whitacre took over as president of Southwestern Bell. The Headquarters was moved from St. Louis to San Antonio, Texas in February 1993. It acquired 2 cable companies in Maryland and Virginia from Hauser Communications for $650 million, becoming the first regional Bell telephone company to acquire a cable company outside of its service area. In 1994, they called off a $1.6 billion acquisition attempt for 40 % of Cox Cable due to FCC rules on cable companies. SBC would later start selling its current cable company interests. 1995 -- 2000 : changes to the company SBC Communications logo, 2001 -- 2005 In 1995 Southwestern Bell Corp. became SBC Communications. They then combined Southwestern Bell Telecom division ( which made telephone equipment ) into the company, due to new FCC rules. In 1996, SBC announced it would acquire Pacific Telesis Group, a Regional Bell Operating Company ( RBOC ) in California and Nevada. 1997 brought rumors of a proposed merger between AT&T Corporation ( the USA 's largest long distance provider ) and SBC ( the USA 's largest local provider ). The FCC disapproved of the merger, and it came to end. Later in 1997, SBC sold its last two cable companies, exiting the cable telecom field. In January 1998, SBC announced it would take over the Southern New England Telephone Company ( SNET ) for $4.4 billion in stock ( the FCC would approve in October 1998 ). SBC also won a court judgment that would make it easier for RBOCs to enter the long distance phone service, but it was being challenged by AT&T and the FCC. In May 1998, Ameritech and SBC announced a $62 billion merger, in which SBC would take over Ameritech. After making several organizational changes ( such as the sale of Ameritech Wireless to GTE ) to satisfy state and federal regulators, the two merged on October 8, 1999. The FCC later fined SBC Communications $6 million for failure to comply with agreements made in order to secure approval of the merger. SBC became the largest RBOC until the Bell Atlantic and GTE merger. 1998 revenues were $46 billion, placing SBC among the top 15 companies in the Fortune 500. In January 1999, SBC announced it would purchase Comcast Cellular, for $1.7 billion, plus $1.3 billion of debt. During 1999 SBC continued to prepare to be allowed to provide long distance phone service. In February SBC acquired up to ten percent of Williams Companies ' telecommunications division for about $500 million, who were building a fiber optic network across the country and would carry SBC 's future service. On November 1, 1999, SBC became a part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( lasting through 2015 ). 2000 -- 2005 : one National brand, and acquisition of AT&T Corporation This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2010 ) In 2002, SBC ended marketing its operating companies under different names, and simply opted to give its companies different doing business as names based on the state ( a practice already in use by Ameritech since 1993 ), and it gave the holding companies it had purchased d / b / a names based on their general region. SBC - AT&T legacy transitional logo, used 2005 -- 2006 On January 31, 2005, SBC announced that it would purchase AT&T Corporation for more than US $16 billion. The announcement came almost eight years after SBC and AT&T ( originally known as the American Telephone and Telegraph Company ) called off their first merger talks and nearly a year after initial merger talks between AT&T Corp. and BellSouth fell apart. AT&T stockholders meeting in Denver, approved the merger on June 30, 2005. The U.S. Department of Justice cleared the merger on October 27, 2005, and the Federal Communications Commission approved it on October 31, 2005. The merger was finalized on November 18, 2005. The merger left SBC as the nominal survivor. However, the merged company took the better - known AT&T name and branding, changing its corporate name to AT&T Inc. to differentiate the company from the former AT&T Corporation. On December 1, 2005, the merged company 's New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol was changed from `` SBC '' to the traditional `` T '' used by AT&T. While the new AT&T claims the old AT&T 's history ( dating to 1885 ) as its own, it retains SBC 's corporate structure and pre-2005 stock price history. All pre-2005 regulatory filings are for Southwestern Bell / SBC, not AT&T. The new AT&T updated the former AT&T 's graphic logo ( a new `` marble '' designed by Interbrand took over the `` Death Star '' ) ; however, the existing AT&T sound trademark ( voiced by Pat Fleet ) continues to be used. 2006 : BellSouth acquisition On Friday December 29, 2006, the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) approved the new AT&T 's acquisition of a regional Bell Operating Company, BellSouth, valued at approximately $86 billion ( or 1.325 shares of AT&T for each share of BellSouth at the close of trading December 29, 2006 ). The new combined company retained the name AT&T. The deal consolidated ownership of both Cingular Wireless, which had purchased AT&T 's cellular service in 2004, and Yellowpages.com. Cingular reassumed the AT&T name and all of BellSouth 's other properties also took the AT&T branding. 2007 -- 2008 : restructuring Transition to new Media The AT&T Switching Center in Downtown Los Angeles. In June 2007, AT&T 's new chairman and CEO, Randall Stephenson, discussed how wireless services are the core of `` The New AT&T ''. With declining sales of traditional home phone lines, AT&T plans to roll out various new media such as Video Share, U-verse, and to extend its reach in high speed Internet into rural areas across the country. AT&T announced on June 29, 2007, however, that it was acquiring Dobson Communications. It was then reported on October 2, 2007 that AT&T would purchase Interwise for $121 million, which it completed on November 2, 2007. Interwise was a leading global provider of voice, Web and video conferencing services to businesses. On October 9, 2007, AT&T purchased 12 MHz of spectrum in the prime 700 MHz spectrum band from privately held Aloha Partners for nearly $2.5 billion ; the deal was approved by the FCC on February 4, 2008. On December 4, 2007 AT&T announced plans to acquire Edge Wireless, a regional GSM carrier in the Pacific Northwest. The Edge Wireless acquisition was completed in April 2008. Headquarters moves and job cuts On June 27, 2008, AT&T announced that it would move its corporate headquarters from 175 East Houston Street in Downtown San Antonio to One AT&T Plaza in Downtown Dallas. The company said that it moved to gain better access to its customers and operations throughout the world, and to the key technology partners, suppliers, innovation and human resources needed as it continues to grow, domestically and internationally. AT&T Inc. previously relocated its corporate headquarters to San Antonio from St. Louis in 1992, when it was then named Southwestern Bell Corporation. The company 's Telecom Operations group, which serves residential and regional business customers in 22 U.S. states, remains in San Antonio. Atlanta continues to be the headquarters for AT&T Mobility, with significant offices in Redmond, Washington, the former home of AT&T Wireless. Bedminster, New Jersey is the headquarters for the company 's Global Business Services group and AT&T Labs. St. Louis continues as home to the company 's Directory operations, AT&T Advertising Solutions. On December 4, 2008, AT&T announced they would be cutting 12,000 jobs due to `` economic pressures, a changing business mix and a more streamlined organizational structure ''. Post-consolidation Wireless acquisitions 2007 : cellular one acquisition On June 29, 2007 AT&T announced that they had reached an agreement to purchase Dobson Cellular, which provided services in the US under the name Cellular One in primarily rural areas. The closing price was $2.8 B USD, or $13 per share. AT&T also agreed to assume the outstanding debt of $2.3 B USD. The sale completed on November 15, 2007, with market transition beginning December 9, 2007. 2008 : Centennial and Wayport acquisitions On November 11, 2008, AT&T announced a $944 million buyout of Centennial Communications Corp. The acquisition is subject to regulatory approval, the approval of Centennial 's stockholders and other customary closing conditions. Welsh, Carson, Anderson & Stowe, Centennial 's largest stockholder, has agreed to vote in support of this transaction. In an attempt to quell regulators, on May 9, 2009 AT&T entered an agreement with Verizon Wireless to sell off certain existing Centennial service areas in the states of Louisiana and Mississippi for $240 million pending the successful merger of AT&T and Centennial. On December 12, 2008, AT&T acquired Wayport, Inc., a major provider of Internet hotspots in the United States. With the acquisition, AT&T 's public Wi - Fi deployment climbed to 20,000 hotspots in the United States, the most of any U.S. provider. 2011 : Qualcomm spectrum purchase On December 20, 2011, AT&T and Qualcomm announced that AT&T would buy $1.93 billion worth of spectrum from Qualcomm. Formerly used for FLO TV, this spectrum will be used to expand AT&T 's 4G wireless services. AT&T already had spectrum for the purpose close to what it is buying. 2011 : attempted acquisition of T - Mobile USA Main article : Attempted purchase of T - Mobile USA by AT&T On March 20, 2011, AT&T announced its intention to buy T - Mobile USA for $39 billion from Deutsche Telekom. The deal would have seen the addition of 33.7 million subscribers, making AT&T Mobility the largest mobile phone company in the United States. AT&T Mobility would have had a 43 % market share of mobile phones in the U.S. making AT&T Mobility significantly larger than any of its competitors. Regulators questioned the effects such a deal would have had on both competitors and consumers. AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson however stated that the merger would increase network quality and would lead to large savings for the company. AT&T stated it may have had to sell some assets to gain approval from regulators, but claimed to have done their `` homework '' on regulations. Reaction to the announced merger generated both support as well as opposition among various groups and communities. The merger gained support from a wide number of civil rights, environmental, and business organizations. These include the NAACP, League of United Latin American Citizens, Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ), and the Sierra Club. Labor organizations such as the AFL - CIO, Teamsters, and the Communications Workers of America also voiced support for the merger. These organizations pointed to AT&T 's commitment to labor, social, and environmental standards. Many of these organizations also cited how the merger is likely to accelerate 4G wireless deployment, thus helping underserved communities such as rural areas and disadvantaged urban communities. According to the NAACP, the merger would have `` advance ( d ) increased access to affordable and sustainable wireless broadband services and in turn stimulate job creation and civic engagement throughout our country. '' By August 2, 2011, the governors of 26 states had written letters supporting the merger. On July 27 the attorneys general of Utah, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming sent a joint letter of support to the FCC. By August 2011 state regulatory agencies in Arizona and Louisiana approved the acquisition. A diverse group of industry and public - interest organizations opposed AT&T 's merger with T - Mobile. Consumer groups including Public Knowledge, Consumers Union, Free Press and the Media Access Project publicly opposed the AT&T merger. These groups attempted to persuade a majority of the Federal Communications Commission and members of Congress. These organizations feared that the merger will raise prices and stifle innovation by consolidating so much of the wireless industry in one company. Free Press and Public Knowledge started letter - writing campaigns against the deal. Internet companies were generally skeptical of the merger because it leaves them with fewer counter-parties to negotiate with for getting their content and applications to customers. The AT&T merger might leave them dependent on just two, AT&T and Verizon. The Computer & Communication Industry Association ( CCIA ), which counts Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and eBay among its members, opposed the merger. `` A deal like this, if not blocked on antitrust grounds, is of deep concern to all the innovative businesses that build everything from apps to handsets. It would be hypocritical for our nation to talk about unleashing innovation on one hand and then stand by as threats to innovation like this are proposed, '' said Ed Black, head of CCIA. On April 21, 2011, AT&T defended its proposed acquisition of T - Mobile USA before a U.S. Senate committee, saying the combined company would deliver high - speed wireless services to 97 percent of Americans and provide consumer benefits such as fewer dropped calls. As part of the original negotiations, if AT&T 's acquisition of T - Mobile USA were to be rejected by federal regulators, AT&T would need to pay $6 billion, including $3 billion in cash, to T - Mobile USA 's parent company Deutsche Telekom. On August 31, 2011, the Department of Justice officially filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia seeking to block the acquisition. On November 30, 2011, the FCC allowed AT&T to withdraw their merger, saving both carriers from divulging documentation about internal operations. The FCC cited job loss and higher consumer prices as reasons to deny the merger. On December 19, 2011, AT&T announced that it would permanently end its merger bid after a `` thorough review of its options ''. As per the original acquisition agreement, T - Mobile will receive $3 billion in cash as well as access to $1 billion worth of AT&T - held wireless spectrum. 2013 -- 2014 : Leap Wireless acquisition On July 12, 2013, AT&T announced it is agreeing to acquire Leap Wireless ( Cricket ) for $1.2 billion. The deal says AT&T will be acquiring all of Leap 's towers, stores and their 5.3 million subscribers. The merger between AT&T and Leap Wireless was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on March 13, 2014. Recent developments 2013 - present In September 2013, AT&T announced it would expand into Latin America through a collaboration with Carlos Slim 's América Móvil. On December 17, 2013, AT&T announced plans to sell its Connecticut wireline operations to Stamford - based Frontier Communications. Roughly 2,700 wireline employees supporting AT&T 's operations in Connecticut was expected to transfer with the business to Frontier, as well as 900,000 voice connections, 415,000 broadband connections, and 180,000 U-verse video subscribers. On May 18, 2014, AT&T announced it had agreed to purchase DirecTV for $48.5 billion, or $67.1 billion including assumed debt. The deal was aimed at increasing AT&T 's market share in the pay - TV sector and give AT&T access to fast - growing Latin American markets. The transaction closed in July 2015. The deal is subject to conditions for four years, including a requirement for AT&T to expand its fiberoptic broadband service to at least 12.5 million customer locations, not to discriminate against other online video services using bandwidth caps, submit any `` interconnection agreements '' for government review, and offer low - cost internet services for low - income households. AT&T subsequently announced plans to converge its existing U-verse home internet and IPTV brands into a combined platform with DirecTV, tentatively known as AT&T Entertainment. On November 7, 2014, AT&T announced its purchase of Iusacell to create a wider North American network. In January 2015, AT&T announced it would be acquiring the bankrupt Mexican wireless business of NII Holdings for around $1.875 billion. AT&T subsequently merged the two companies to create AT&T Mexico. On March 6, 2015, it was announced that AT&T will be removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average, being replaced by Apple. On October 20, 2016, it was reported that AT&T was in talks to acquire Time Warner, in an effort to increase its media holdings. On October 22, 2016, AT&T announced a deal to buy Time Warner for $108.7 billion. If approved by federal regulators, the merger would bring AT&T 's telecommunication holdings under the same umbrella as HBO, Turner Broadcasting System and the Warner Bros. studio. On February 15, 2017, Time Warner shareholders approved the merger, which is still pending regulatory approval. On February 28, FCC Chairman Ajit Pai announced that his agency will not review the deal, leaving the review to the US Department of Justice. On March 15, 2017, the European Commission approved the merger, which is still pending approval from U.S. regulators. AT&T also owns a ~ 2 % stake in Canadian - domiciled entertainment company Lionsgate. On July 13, 2017, it was reported that AT&T is going to introduce a cloud - based DVR streaming service as part of its effort to create a unified platform across DirecTV and its DirecTV Now streaming service, with U-verse to be added soon. On August 22, 2017, the merger was approved by Mexican authorities. On September 5, 2017, the merger was approved by Chilean authorities.US is the last country needed for its approval as Brazil approved the merger. On September 12, 2017, it was reported that AT&T is planning to launch a brand new cable TV - like service for delivery over-the - top over its own or a competitor 's broadband network sometime next year. On October 23, 2017, the deadline was extended for a short period of time to finalize the deal. The original deadline was on Oct. 22. On November 8, 2017, the US Department of Justice informed AT&T and Time Warner that they must sell Turner Broadcasting System, the group of channels that includes CNN, if they want approval for their $84.5 billion merger, according to a New York Times report citing people briefed on the matter. AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson told Business Insider on Wednesday that he had no plans to do that. See also AT&T Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- ''. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Brooks 1976, p. 107. Jump up ^ Brooks 1976, p. 136. Jump up ^ Brock 1981, p. 156. Jump up ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 619. Jump up ^ Bell System History - The Bell System Jump up ^ AT&T exits telegraph business Jump up ^ `` Justice Department Files Antitrust Suit and Consent Decree in AT&T - McCaw Merger ''. United States Department of Justice. 1994 - 07 - 15. Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ Richman, Dan ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ). `` The fall of AT&T Wireless ''. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Jump up ^ `` 75 Power Players : The Outsides ''. Next Generation. Imagine Media ( 11 ) : 61. November 1995. Jump up ^ `` AT&T and British Telecom plan a new telecommunications company that will provide new technology in phone, computer, and news delivery services ''. PBS.org. 1998 - 07 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Wu, Tim, The Master Switch, New York : Random House, 2010. Cf. especially Chapter 18, `` The Return of AT&T '', pp. 238 -- 253. Jump up ^ `` New AT&T Launches '' ( Press release ). AT&T. November 18, 2005. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007. Jump up ^ Vorman, Julie ( December 29, 2006 ). `` AT&T closes $86 billion BellSouth deal ''. Reuters. Retrieved September 29, 2007. Jump up ^ Bartash, Jeffry ; Jonathan Burton ( March 5, 2006 ). `` AT&T to pay $67 billion for BellSouth ''. Dow Jones Market Watch. Retrieved September 29, 2007. Jump up ^ `` AT&T and BellSouth Join to Create a Premier Global Communications Company '' ( Press release ). AT&T. December 29, 2006. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007. Jump up ^ Johnson, KC ( June 24, 2007 ). `` AT&T 's new chief dialed in ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Jump up ^ `` AT&T Buys Edge Wireless ''. Phone Scoop. December 4, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Antonio, San ( April 18, 2008 ). `` AT&T completes buy out of Edge Wireless ''. American City Business Journals. Retrieved July 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Godinez, Victor and David McLemore. `` AT&T moving headquarters to Dallas from San Antonio. '' The Dallas Morning News. Saturday June 28, 2008. Retrieved on June 18, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Corporate Inquiries. '' AT&T. Retrieved on March 25, 2009. Jump up ^ `` AT&T moving headquarters to Dallas from San Antonio ''. Dallas News. June 27, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 04. Jump up ^ AT&T -- News Room ( June 27, 2008 ). AT&T Corporate Headquarters to Move to Dallas. Press release. Retrieved on June 27, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Job cuts mount as year - end nears '' ( Press release ). AT&T. December 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` AT&T Completes Acquisition of Dobson Communications to Enhance Wireless Coverage '' ( Press release ). Dallas, Texas : AT&T Inc. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009. Jump up ^ `` AT&T Agrees to Sell Certain Centennial Communications Corp. Assets to Verizon Wireless '' ( Webpage ). newsticker.welt.de. April 9, 2009. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` AT&T Advanced Wi - Fi Strategy '' ( Press release ). Dallas, Texas : AT&T Inc. December 12, 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2008. Jump up ^ `` AT&T buys $2 billion worth of 4G spectrum from Qualcomm ''. News & Record. Associated Press. December 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T to Buy T - Mobile USA for $39 billion ''. New York Times. March 20, 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Segan, Sascha ( March 20, 2011 ). `` AT&T Buys T - Mobile : Great For Them, Bad For You ''. Pcmag.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` BBC.co.uk ''. BBC. March 21, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011. ^ Jump up to : German, Kent. `` On Call : Civil rights groups line up behind AT&T - T - Mobile merger ''. CNET. Retrieved August 17, 2011. ^ Jump up to : German, Kent. `` States weigh in on AT&T - T - Mobile merger ''. CNET. Retrieved August 17, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Sara Jerome ( March 23, 2011 ). `` T - Mobile, AT&T merger to draw torrent of opposition ''. The Hill. Jump up ^ Declan McCullagh, CNET. `` AT&T defends T - Mobile deal to U.S. Senate. '' May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011. Jump up ^ Don Reisinger, CNET. `` Report : AT&T pays $6 B if T - Mobile deal fails. '' May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Schoenberg, Tom ( September 1, 2011 ). `` T - Mobile Antitrust Challenge Leaves AT&T With Little Recourse on Takeover ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Goldman, David ( September 1, 2011 ). `` AT&T and T - Mobile : Is the deal dead ? No one knows. -- September 1, 2011 ''. CNN. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Shields, Todd ( November 30, 2011 ). `` FCC Allows AT&T to Withdraw Merger Application ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved November 30, 2011. Jump up ^ AT&T ( December 19, 2011 ). `` AT&T Ends Bid To Add Network Capacity Through T - Mobile USA Purchase ''. AT&T. Retrieved December 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` AT&T To Acquire Leap Wireless ( Cricket ) For Around $1.2 B ''. TechCrunch. Retrieved July 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Welch, Chris ( March 13, 2014 ). `` FCC approves AT&T 's purchase of Leap Wireless, says it 's ' in the public interest ' ''. The Verge. Retrieved March 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Sinead Carew ( 18 September 2013 ). `` AT&T to expand in Latin America with America Movil deal ''. Reuters. Jump up ^ AT&T ( 17 December 2013 ). `` AT&T Announces Plans to Sell Connecticut Wireline Operations to Frontier Communications for $2.0 Billion ''. AT&T. Jump up ^ `` AT&T Completes Acquisition of DirecTV ''. Reuters. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` AT&T & DirecTV Merger Gets FCC Approval -- With Conditions ''. Deadline Hollywood. July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015. Jump up ^ `` FCC approves AT&T -- DirecTV merger ''. The Verge. Vox Media. July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015. Jump up ^ Bode, Karl ( December 2, 2015 ). `` AT&T Plans on Killing the DirecTV Name Starting in January ''. DSL Reports. Retrieved December 2, 2015. Jump up ^ Farrell, Mike ( December 2, 2015 ). `` AT&T Enters Next Phase in DirecTV Branding ''. MultiChannel News. Retrieved December 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia ( April 26, 2016 ). `` AT&T Sees DirecTV, Broadband Subscriber Gains in Q1 as U-verse Fades ''. Variety. Retrieved April 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Nguyen, Chuong ( November 7, 2014 ). `` AT&T to expand North American coverage area with Mexico carrier Iusacell acquisition ''. Android Central. Retrieved January 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` AT&T to buy NII Holdings ' wireless business in Mexico ''. Reuters. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` AT&T to merge Nextel and Iusacell, but retain Unefon - BNamericas ''. BNamericas. 25 August 2015. Jump up ^ McGrath, Maggie. `` Apple To Replace AT&T In Dow Jones Industrial Average ''. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12. Jump up ^ Hammond, Ed ; Sherman, Alex ; Moritz, Scott ( October 20, 2016 ). `` AT&T Discussed Idea of Takeover in Time Warner Meetings ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved October 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Yu, Robert ( October 20, 2016 ). `` Report : AT&T considering buying Time Warner ''. USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Hagey, Keach ; Sharma, Amol ; Cimilluca, Dana ( October 21, 2016 ). `` AT&T Is in Advanced Talks to Acquire Time Warner ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Yu, Roger ( October 22, 2016 ). `` AT&T agrees to buy Time Warner for more than $80 B ''. USA Today. Retrieved October 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Gryta, Thomas ; Hagey, Keach ; Cimilluca, Dana ( October 22, 2016 ). `` AT&T Reaches Deal to Buy Time Warner for $86 Billion ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia ( October 22, 2016 ). `` AT&T Sets $85.4 Billion Time Warner Deal, CEOs Talk ' Unique ' Potential of Combination ''. Variety. Retrieved October 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Kludt, Tom ( 15 February 2017 ). `` Time Warner shareholders vote to approve AT&T merger ''. CNNMoney. Jump up ^ `` FCC chief : AT&T - Time Warner deal wo n't face agency 's scrutiny ''. USA TODAY. Jump up ^ Reuters, Thomson ( March 15, 2017 ). `` AT&T 's $85.4 billion deal for Time Warner wins EU thumbs - up ''. Business Insider. Retrieved April 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Starz Accepts Rate Cut As Lionsgate Offers Stock For New Deals With AT&T ''. Deadline. Retrieved August 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Lawler, Richard ( July 13, 2017 ). `` AT&T 's ' next - gen ' TV platform rollout will start on DirecTV Now ''. Engadget. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Lieberman, David ( July 13, 2017 ). `` AT&T To Offer Cloud - Based DVR To Streaming Services ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Frankel, Daniel ( July 13, 2017 ). `` DirecTV Now to finally get cloud DVR as part of AT&T video platform rollout ''. Fierce Cable. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Aycock, Jason ( August 22, 2017 ). `` AT&T 's $85 B Time Warner deal gets Mexico 's approval ''. Seeking Alpha. Retrieved August 22, 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.fiercecable.com/broadcasting/at-t-time-warner-merger-approved-conditions-by-chilean-regulators Jump up ^ James, Meg ( Oct 18, 2017 ) With consent from Brazil, AT&T has only one regulatory hurdle left before it can gobble Time Warner LA Times. Jump up ^ Engebretson, Joan ( September 12, 2017 ). `` AT&T CEO : Bye - Bye DirecTV, Hello AT&T OTT Video ''. Telecompetitor. Retrieved September 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Post Staff Report ( Oct 23, 2017 ) AT&T extends Time Warner merger deadline NY Post. Jump up ^ Joe Ciolli ( Nov 8, 2017 ) AT&T has ' no intention ' of selling CNN AOL. Bibliography Brooks, John. Telephone : The First Hundred Years, Harper & Row, 1976, ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 010540 - 2 Bruce, Robert V. Bell : Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9691 - 8. Pizer, Russell A. The Tangled Web of Patent # 174465, AuthorHouse, 2009, ( 1 ) ISBN 1 - 4389 - 8402 - 2, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4389 - 8402 - 5. Yurick, William. Judge Harold H. Greene : A Pivotal Judicial Figure in Telecommunications Policy and His Legacy ( 2 ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to AT&T. Official website AT&T History and science resources at The Franklin Institute 's Case Files online exhibit. Further reading Coll, Steve, The Deal of the Century : The Breakup of AT&T, New York : Atheneum. AT&T History Corporate directors Chairman, CEO and president Randall L. Stephenson Randall L. Stephenson -- Chairman and CEO Joyce M. Roché Samuel A. DiPiazza, Jr. Richard W. Fisher Scott T. Ford Glenn H. Hutchins William E. Kennard Michael B. McCallister Beth E. Mooney Matthew K. Rose Cynthia B. Taylor Laura D'Andrea Tyson Geoffrey Y. Yang Acquired companies AT&T Corporation Ameritech BellSouth DirecTV Leap Wireless Pacific Telesis Southern New England Telecommunications AT&T Mexico Unefón Bell Operating Companies BellSouth Telecommunications Illinois Bell Indiana Bell Michigan Bell Nevada Bell Ohio Bell Pacific Bell Southwestern Bell Wisconsin Bell Competitive local exchange carrier SBC Telecom Long distance services Alascom AT&T Corporation BellSouth Long Distance SBC Long Distance AT&T Mobility Cricket Wireless Alltel Ameritech Cellular AT&T Wireless Services BellSouth Mobility BellSouth Mobility DCS Centennial Wireless Dobson Communications Houston Cellular Pacific Bell Wireless Pacific Bell Wireless Northwest SBC Wireless SNET Mobility Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems Southwestern Bell Wireless Internet services IP services ( VoIP, IPTV ) U-verse Subscription Services DirecTV Now AT&T Internet Services Ameritech Interactive Media Services Pacific Bell Internet Services Prodigy Southwestern Bell Internet Services Other ISPs AT&T Business Internet BellSouth FastAccess DSL Directories Anywho.com Yellowpages.com Television channels AT&T Sports Networks AT&T SportsNet Northwest ( 40 % ) Pittsburgh Rocky Mountain Southwest Utah Other Game Show Network ( 42 % ) MLB Network ( 16.67 % ) Audience Telephone directories YP Holdings ( 47 % ) AT&T Intellectual Property AT&T Intellectual Property I AT&T Intellectual Property II AT&T Intellectual Property Marketing AT&T Properties Ameritech Properties Research and development AT&T Labs Otter Media ( 50 % ) Fullscreen Rooster Teeth McBeard Ellation VRV Crunchyroll ( Crunchyroll Manga ) Hello Sunshine Gunpowder & Sky Maritime Communication Services Wireless Maritime Services Links to related articles United States landline telephone companies Alaska Communications AT&T CenturyLink Cincinnati Bell Claro Puerto Rico Consolidated Communications FairPoint Communications Emery Telcom Frontier Communications GCI GTA Teleguam Hawaiian Telcom TDS Telecom Verizon Communications Windstream Communications Spinoffs of American Telephone & Telegraph Company First generation 1929 Graybar Electric Company 1956 Northern Electric ( via Western Electric ) Bell Canada 1984 Divestiture Ameritech Bell Atlantic Bell Communications Research BellSouth NYNEX Pacific Telesis Southwestern Bell Corporation US West 1991 -- 1993 Unix System Laboratories Lucent Technologies NCR AT&T Submarine Systems sold to Tyco International AT&T Wireless Services 2003 AT&T Broadband Second generation spinoffs Lucent Technologies Advanced American Telephones ( 2000 ) Avaya ( 2000 ) QLT Consumer Lease Services ( 2000 ) Agere Systems ( 2002 ) MediaOne Group ( f / k / a US West ) US WEST ( 1998 ) NCR Teradata ( 2007 ) Pacific Telesis AirTouch ( 1994 ) Qwest Dex Media ( 2002 ) Regional Bells Telcordia Technologies ( 1997 ) SBC Communications / AT&T R.H. 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Question: who founded the company that eventually became at&t
Answer: Alexander Graham Bell