Eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Eighteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVIII ) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol ( though not the consumption or private possession ) illegal. The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which `` intoxicating liquors '' were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition ( e.g., for medical and religious purposes ). The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification, and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states. The requisite number of states had ratified it by January 16, 1919, with the amendment taking effect on January 16, 1920. Contents 1 Text 2 Background 3 Proposal and ratification 3.1 Controversies 4 Impact 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Text Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all the territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Background This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( January 2017 ) Main article : Prohibition in the United States The Eighteenth Amendment was the result of decades of effort by the temperance movement in the United States and at the time was generally considered a progressive amendment. Starting in 1906, the Anti-Saloon League ( ASL ) began leading a campaign to ban the sale of alcohol on a state level. They led speeches, advertisements, and public demonstrations, claiming that banning the sale of alcohol would get rid of poverty and social issues, such as immoral behavior and violence. A well - known reformer during this time period was Carrie Amelia Moore Nation, whose violent actions ( such as vandalizing saloon property ) made her a household name across America. Many state legislatures had already enacted statewide prohibition prior to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment but did not ban the consumption of alcohol in most households. By 1916, 23 of 48 states had already passed laws against saloons, some even banning the manufacture of alcohol in the first place. Proposal and ratification Amendment XVIII in the National Archives On August 1, 1917, the Senate passed a resolution containing the language of the amendment to be presented to the states for ratification. The vote was 65 to 20, with the Democrats voting 36 in favor and 12 in opposition ; and the Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition. The House of Representatives passed a revised resolution on December 17, 1917. In the House, the vote was 282 to 128, with the Democrats voting 141 in favor and 64 in opposition ; and the Republicans voting 137 in favor and 62 in opposition. Four Independents in the House voted in favor and two Independents cast votes against the amendment. It was officially proposed by the Congress to the states when the Senate passed the resolution, by a vote of 47 to 8, the next day, December 18. The amendment and its enabling legislation did not ban the consumption of alcohol, but made it difficult to obtain alcoholic beverages legally, as it prohibited the sale and distribution of them in U.S. territory. The ratification of the Amendment was completed on January 16, 1919, when Nebraska became the 36th of the 48 states then in the Union to ratify it. On January 29, acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk certified the ratification. The following states ratified the amendment : Mississippi ( January 7, 1918 ) Virginia ( January 11, 1918 ) Kentucky ( January 14, 1918 ) North Dakota ( January 25, 1918 ) South Carolina ( January 29, 1918 ) Maryland ( February 13, 1918 ) Montana ( February 19, 1918 ) Texas ( March 4, 1918 ) Delaware ( March 18, 1918 ) South Dakota ( March 20, 1918 ) Massachusetts ( April 2, 1918 ) Arizona ( May 24, 1918 ) Georgia ( June 26, 1918 ) Louisiana ( August 3, 1918 ) Florida ( November 27, 1918 ) Michigan ( January 2, 1919 ) Ohio ( January 7, 1919 ) Oklahoma ( January 7, 1919 ) Idaho ( January 8, 1919 ) Maine ( January 8, 1919 ) West Virginia ( January 9, 1919 ) California ( January 13, 1919 ) Tennessee ( January 13, 1919 ) Washington ( January 13, 1919 ) Arkansas ( January 14, 1919 ) Illinois ( January 14, 1919 ) Indiana ( January 14, 1919 ) Kansas ( January 14, 1919 ) Alabama ( January 15, 1919 ) Colorado ( January 15, 1919 ) Iowa ( January 15, 1919 ) New Hampshire ( January 15, 1919 ) Oregon ( January 15, 1919 ) North Carolina ( January 16, 1919 ) Utah ( January 16, 1919 ) Nebraska ( January 16, 1919 ) Missouri ( January 16, 1919 ) Wyoming ( January 16, 1919 ) Minnesota ( January 17, 1919 ) Wisconsin ( January 17, 1919 ) New Mexico ( January 20, 1919 ) Nevada ( January 21, 1919 ) New York ( January 29, 1919 ) Vermont ( January 29, 1919 ) Pennsylvania ( February 25, 1919 ) New Jersey ( March 9, 1922 ) The following states rejected the amendment : Connecticut Rhode Island Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol To define the language used in the Amendment, Congress enacted enabling legislation called the National Prohibition Act, better known as the Volstead Act, on October 28, 1919. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed that bill, but the House of Representatives immediately voted to override the veto and the Senate voted similarly the next day. The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17, 1920, which was the earliest date allowed by the 18th Amendment. Controversies The proposed amendment was the first to contain a provision setting a deadline for its ratification. That clause of the amendment was challenged, with the case reaching the US Supreme Court. It upheld the constitutionality of such a deadline in Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ). The Supreme Court also upheld the ratification by the Ohio legislature in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ), despite a petition requiring that the matter go to ballot. This was not the only controversy around the amendment. The phrase `` intoxicating liquor '' would not logically have included beer and wine, and their inclusion in the prohibition came as a surprise to the general public, as well as wine and beer makers. Impact Just after the Eighteenth Amendment 's adoption, there was a significant reduction in alcohol consumption among the general public and particularly among low - income groups. However, consumption soon climbed as underworld entrepreneurs began producing `` rotgut '' alcohol. Ultimately, during prohibition use and abuse of alcohol ended up higher than before it started. Likewise, there was an initial reduction in overall crime, mainly in the types of crimes associated with the effects of alcohol consumption, though there were significant increases in crimes involved in the production and distribution of illegal alcohol. Those who continued to use alcohol, tended to turn to organised criminal syndicates, who were able to take advantage of uneven enforcement, suddenly overwhelmed police forces, and corruptible public officials to establish powerful, murderous smuggling networks. The murder rate fell for two years, but then rose to record highs, a trend that reversed the very year prohibition ended. Overall, crime rose 24 %, including increases in assault and battery, theft, and burglary. Anti-prohibition groups arose and worked to have the amendment repealed, once it became apparent that Prohibition was an unprecedented catastrophe. The Twenty - first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. The amendment remains the only constitutional amendment to be repealed in its entirety ; leaving only the power to regulate transportation solely to the federal government. Notes Jump up ^ Effective January 28, 1918, the date on which the North Dakota ratification was approved by the state Governor. Jump up ^ Effective August 9, 1918, the date on which the Louisiana ratification was approved by the state Governor. References Jump up ^ Hamm, Richard F. ( 1995 ). Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment : temperance reform, legal culture, and the polity, 1880 -- 1920. UNC Press Books. p. 228. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4493 - 9. OCLC 246711905. Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 1050 ^ Jump up to : David Pietrusza, 1920 : The Year of Six Presidents ( NY : Carroll & Graf, 2007 ), 160 Jump up ^ `` Prohibition wins in Senate, 47 to 8 '' ( PDF ). New York Times. December 19, 1917. p. 6. Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 1941 Jump up ^ The dates of proposal, ratifications and certification come from The Constitution Of The United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To July 1, 2014, United States Senate doc. no. 108 - 17, at 35 n. 10. Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Connecticut Balks at Prohibition, '' February 5, 1919, accessed July 27, 2011 ^ Jump up to : Cohn, Henry S. ; Davis, Ethan ( 2009 ). `` Stopping the Wind that Blows and the Rivers that Run : Connecticut and Rhode Island Reject the Prohibition Amendment ''. Quinnipiac Law Review. 27 : 327, 328. ( I ) t took until 1922 for the forty - sixth state, New Jersey, to ratify, and Connecticut and Rhode Island would never do so. -- via HeinOnline ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Rhode Island Defeats Prohibition, '' March 13, 1918, accessed July 27, 2011 Jump up ^ Blocker, JS ( 2006 ). `` Did prohibition really work ? Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation ''. Am J Public Health. 96 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 43. PMC 1470475. PMID 16380559. doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2005.065409. The brewers were probably not the only Americans to be surprised at the severity of the regime thus created. Voters who considered their own drinking habits blameless, but who supported prohibition to discipline others, also received a rude shock. That shock came with the realization that federal prohibition went much farther in the direction of banning personal consumption than all local prohibition ordinances and many state prohibition statutes. National Prohibition turned out to be quite a different beast than its local and state cousins. Jump up ^ David Oshinsky ( May 13, 2010 ). `` The Rise and Fall of Prohibition ( book review ) ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ PBS : The Unintended Consequences of Prohibition The greatest unintended consequence of Prohibition however, was the plainest to see. For over a decade, the law that was meant to foster temperance instead fostered intemperance and excess. The solution the United States had devised to address the problem of alcohol abuse had instead made the problem even worse. The statistics of the period are notoriously unreliable, but it is very clear that in many parts of the United States more people were drinking, and people were drinking more. Jump up ^ https://object.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa157.pdf -- Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 157 : Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure The homicide rate increased from 6 per 100,000 population in the pre-Prohibition period to nearly 10 per 100,000 in 1933. That rising trend was reversed by the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, and the rate continued to decline throughout the 1930s and early 1940s Jump up ^ Reason Magazine : Prohibition = Violence Jump up ^ Histeropedia - The Eighteenth Amendment 's Contribution to Increased Crime and Societal Disobedience in the 1920s ( Fall 2012 ) Rather than reducing the crime rates within the United States, prohibition resulted in an increased crime rate of 24 % including increased assault and battery by 13 %, homicide rates by 12.7 %, and burglaries and theft by 9 %. Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Franklin ( December 5, 1933 ), Proclamation 2065 - Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment Jump up ^ Iber, Frank L. ( 1990 ). Alcohol and drug abuse as encountered in office practice. CRC Press. p. 32. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0166 - 7. Retrieved February 26, 2010. External links The Constitution Of The United States Of America : Analysis And Interpretation : Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 28, 2002, United States Senate doc. no. 108 - 17. National Archives : 18th Amendment CRS Annotated Constitution : 18th Amendment United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia Anti-Saloon League Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. Edgar Hoover Bumpy Johnson Enoch L. Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Eliot Ness The Purple Gang Lanzetta Brothers Arnold Rothstein Dutch Schultz Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith Political parties National Prohibition Party ( UK ) Prohibition Party ( PRO ) Prohibition Party ( Canada ) Scottish Prohibition Party Related Prohibition ( 2011 documentary miniseries ) VIAF : 176305210 LCCN : n97009352 GND : 4489477 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=807769191 '' Categories : 1919 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Prohibition in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Prohibition 1919 in the United States 1919 in American politics Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 01 : 18. About Wikipedia

Question: when did the 18th amendment go into effect
Answer: January 16, 1920.