Valerian ( herb ) - wikipedia Valerian ( herb ) For other uses, see Valerian ( disambiguation ). Valerian Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order : Dipsacales Family : Caprifoliaceae Genus : Valeriana Species : V. officinalis Binomial name Valeriana officinalis L. Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis, Caprifoliaceae ) is a perennial flowering plant native to Europe and Asia. In the summer when the mature plant may have a height of 1.5 metres ( 5 ft ), it bears sweetly scented pink or white flowers that attract many fly species, especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis. It is consumed as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera ( butterfly and moth ) species, including the grey pug. Crude extract of valerian root may have sedative and anxiolytic effects, and is commonly sold in dietary supplement capsules to promote sleep. Contents 1 History 2 Etymology and common names 3 Valerian extract 3.1 Biochemical composition 3.2 Mechanism of action 3.3 Preparation 3.4 Medicinal use 3.5 Regulation 3.6 Oral forms, use, and adverse effects 3.6. 1 Oral forms 3.6. 2 Adverse effects 4 Effect on cats 5 Floral symmetry 6 Weed 7 Image gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History Valerian has been used as a medicinal herb since at least the time of ancient Greece and Rome. Hippocrates described its properties, and Galen later prescribed it as a remedy for insomnia. In medieval Sweden, it was sometimes placed in the wedding clothes of the groom to ward off the `` envy '' of the elves. In the 16th century, the Anabaptist reformer Pilgram Marpeck prescribed valerian tea for a sick woman. John Gerard 's Herball states that his contemporaries found Valerian `` excellent for those burdened and for such as be troubled with croup and other like convulsions, and also for those that are bruised with falls. '' He says that the dried root was valued as a medicine by the poor in the north of England and the south of Scotland, so that `` no broth or pottage or physicall meats be worth anything if Setewale ( Valerian ) be not there. '' The seventeenth century astrological botanist Nicholas Culpeper thought the plant was `` under the influence of Mercury, and therefore hath a warming faculty. '' He recommended both herb and root, and said that `` the root boiled with liquorice, raisons and aniseed is good for those troubled with cough. Also, it is of special value against the plague, the decoction thereof being drunk and the root smelled. The green herb being bruised and applied to the head taketh away pain and pricking thereof. '' Etymology and common names The name of the herb is derived from the personal name Valeria and the Latin verb valere ( to be strong, healthy ). Other names used for this plant include garden valerian ( to distinguish it from other Valeriana species ), garden heliotrope ( although not related to Heliotropium ), setwall and all - heal ( which is also used for plants in the genus Stachys ). Red valerian, often grown in gardens, is also sometimes referred to as `` valerian '', but is a different species ( Centranthus ruber ), from the same family but not very closely related. Valerian extract Biochemical composition Known compounds detected in valerian that may contribute to its method of action are : Alkaloids : actinidine, chatinine, shyanthine, valerianine, and valerine Isovaleramide may be created in the extraction process. Gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) Isovaleric acid Iridoids, including valepotriates : isovaltrate and valtrate Sesquiterpenes ( contained in the volatile oil ) : valerenic acid, hydroxyvalerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid Flavanones : hesperidin, 6 - methyl apigenin, and linarin Mechanism of action Because of valerian 's historical use as a sedative, antiseptic, anticonvulsant, migraine treatment, and pain reliever, most basic science research has been directed at the interaction of valerian constituents with the GABA receptor. Many studies remain inconclusive and all require clinical validation. The mechanism of action of valerian in general, and as a mild sedative in particular, has not been fully elucidated. However, some of the GABA - analogs, particularly valerenic acids as components of the essential oil along with other semivolatile sesquiterpenoids, generally are believed to have some affinity for the GABA receptor, a class of receptors on which benzodiazepines are known to act. Valeric acid, which is responsible for the typical odor of mostly older valerian roots, does not have any sedative properties. Valeric acid is related to valproic acid, a widely prescribed anticonvulsant ; valproic acid is a derivative of valeric acid. Valerian also contains isovaltrate, which has been shown to be an inverse agonist for adenosine A receptor sites. This action likely does not contribute to the herb 's possible sedative effects, which would be expected from an agonist, rather than an inverse agonist, at this particular binding site. Hydrophilic extractions of the herb commonly sold over the counter, however, probably do not contain significant amounts of isovaltrate. Valerenic acid in valerian stimulates serotonin receptors as a partial agonist, including 5 - HT which is implicated in the sleep - wake cycle. Preparation The chief constituent of valerian is a yellowish - green to brownish - yellow oil present in the dried root, varying in content from 0.5 to 2.0 %. This variation in quantity may be determined by location ; a dry, stony soil yields a root richer in oil than moist, fertile soil. The volatile oils that form the active ingredient are pungent, somewhat reminiscent of well - matured cheese. Though some people remain partial to the earthy scent, some find it unpleasant, comparing the odor to that of unwashed feet. Medicinal use Valerian ( V. officinalis ) essential oil Although valerian is a common traditional medicine used for treating insomnia, there is no good evidence it is effective for this purpose, and there is some concern it may be harmful. Valerian is not helpful in treating restless leg syndrome or anxiety. There is insufficient evidence for efficacy and safety of valerian for anxiety disorders. The European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) approved the health claim that valerian can be used as a traditional herbal medicine to relieve mild nervous tension and to aid sleep ; EMA stated that although there is insufficient evidence from clinical studies, its effectiveness as a dried extract is considered plausible. Regulation In the United States, valerian extracts are sold as a nutritional supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Oral forms, use, and adverse effects Oral forms Oral forms are available in both standardized and unstandardized forms. Standardized products may be preferable considering the wide variation of the chemicals in the dried root, as noted above. When standardized, it is done so as a percentage of valerenic acid or valeric acid. Adverse effects Because the compounds in valerian produce central nervous system depression, they should not be used with other depressants, such as ethanol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opiates, kava, or antihistamine drugs. Moreover, non-pregnant adult human hepatotoxicity has been associated with short - term use ( i.e., a few days to several months ) of herbal preparations containing valerian and Scutellaria ( commonly called skullcap ). As an unregulated product, the concentration, contents, and potential contaminants in valerian preparations can not be easily determined. Because of this uncertainty and the potential for toxicity in the fetus and hepatotoxicity in the mother, valerian use is discouraged during pregnancy. Effect on cats Valerian root is a cat attractant in a way similar to catnip. Floral symmetry Valerian is unusual in having flowers with `` handedness '', that is, having neither radial nor bilateral symmetry. Weed Valerian is considered an invasive species in many jurisdictions including Connecticut, US where it is officially banned and in New Brunswick, Canada where it is listed as a plant of concern. Image gallery V. officinalis flowers 19th - century illustration of Valeriana officinalis Illustration of V. officinalis from Atlas des plantes de France, 1891. V. officinalis V. officinalis foliage See also Nepeta Orvietan Red valerian Spikenard Herbal tea References ^ Jump up to : `` Valerian ''. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2018. Jump up ^ Van Der Kooi, C.J. ; Pen, I. ; Staal, M. ; Stavenga, D.G. ; Elzenga, J.T.M. ( 2015 ). `` Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers '' ( PDF ). Plant Biology. 18 : 56. doi : 10.1111 / plb. 12328. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 09 - 29. Jump up ^ Thorpe, Benjamin ( 1851 ) Northern Mythology Archived 2013 - 04 - 16 at the Wayback Machine... Lumley. Vol. 2. pp. 64 -- 65. Jump up ^ Torsten Bergsten ( 1958 ). `` Two Letters by Pilgram Marpeck ''. Mennonite Quarterly Review. 32 : 200. ^ Jump up to : Grieve, Maud ( 1971 ). A Modern Herbal : The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk - lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2. Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. `` valerian ''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Jump up ^ Latin definition for : valeo, valere, valui, valitus Archived 2014 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine... latin-dictionary.net ^ Jump up to : Fereidoon Shahidi and Marian Naczk, Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals ( Boca Raton, Florida, USA : CRC Press, 2004 ), pp. 313 -- 314 Archived 2013 - 06 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 1 - 58716 - 138 - 9. Jump up ^ Although many sources list `` catinine '' as an alkaloid present in extracts from the root of Valeriana officinalis, those sources are incorrect. The correct spelling is `` chatinine ''. It was discovered by S. Waliszewski in 1891. See : S. Waliszewski ( 15 March 1891 ) L'Union pharmaceutique, page 109. Abstracts of this article appeared in : `` Chatinine, alcaloïde de la racine de valériane '' Répertoire de pharmacie, series 3, vol. 3, pp. 166 -- 167 Archived 2013 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. ( April 10, 1891 ) ; American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 66, p. 285 Archived 2013 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. ( June 1891 ). Jump up ^ Isovaleramide does not appear to be a naturally occurring component of valerian plants ; rather, it seems to be an artifact of the extraction process ; specifically, it is produced by treating aqueous extracts of valerian with ammonia. See : Balandrin, M.F., Van Wagenen, B.C. and Cordell, G.A. ( 1995 ). `` Valerian - derived sedative agents. II. Degradation of Valmane - derived valepotriates in ammoniated hydroalcoholic tinctures ''. Journal of Toxicology -- Toxin Review. 14 ( 2 ) : 165 ff. doi : 10.3109 / 15569549509097280. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Isovaleric acid does not appear to be a natural constituent of V. officinalis ; rather, it is a breakdown product that is created during the extraction process or by enzymatic hydrolysis during ( improper ) storage. See pp. 22 and 123 Archived 2013 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. of Peter J. Houghton, Valerian : the genus Valeriana ( Amsterdam, the Netherlands : Harwood Academic Press, 1997 ) ISBN 90 - 5702 - 170 - 6. Jump up ^ Yuan CS, Mehendale S, Xiao Y, Aung HH, Xie JT, Ang - Lee MK ( 2004 ). `` The gamma - aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity ''. Anesth Analg. 98 ( 2 ) : 353 -- 8, table of contents. doi : 10.1213 / 01. ANE. 0000096189.70405. A5. PMID 14742369. Jump up ^ Wills, R.B.H. & Shohet, D. ( July 2009 ). `` Changes in valerenic acids content of valerian root ( Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. ) during long - term storage ''. Food Chemistry. 115 ( 1 ) : 250 -- 253. doi : 10.1016 / j. foodchem. 2008.12. 011. ^ Jump up to : Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernández S, Medina JH, Paladini AC ( 2003 ). `` 6 - methylapigenin and hesperidin : new valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS ''. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75 ( 3 ) : 537 -- 45. doi : 10.1016 / S0091 - 3057 ( 03 ) 00121 - 7. PMID 12895671. Jump up ^ Fernández S, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M ( 2004 ). `` Sedative and sleep - enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid - isolated from Valeriana officinalis ''. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 77 ( 2 ) : 399 -- 404. doi : 10.1016 / j. pbb. 2003.12. 003. PMID 14751470. Jump up ^ Boullata, Joseph I. ; Nace, Angela M. ( 2000 ). `` Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine : Common Herbal Medicines ''. Pharmacotherapy. 20 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 269. doi : 10.1592 / phco. 20.4. 257.34886. PMID 10730682. Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ Holzl J, Godau P ( 1989 ). `` Receptor binding studies with Valeriana officinalis on the benzodiazepine receptor ''. Planta Medica. 55 ( 7 ) : 642. doi : 10.1055 / s - 2006 - 962221. Jump up ^ Mennini T, Bernasconi P, et al. ( 1993 ). `` In vitro study in the interaction of extracts and pure compounds from Valerian officinalis roots with GABA, benzodiazepine and barbiturate receptors ''. Fitoterapia. 64 : 291 -- 300. Jump up ^ Lacher, Svenja K. ; Mayer, Ralf ; Sichardt, Kathrin ; Nieber, Karen ; Müller, Christa E. ( 2007 ). `` Interaction of valerian extracts of different polarity with adenosine receptors : Identification of isovaltrate as an inverse agonist at A1 receptors ''. Biochemical Pharmacology. 73 ( 2 ) : 248 -- 58. doi : 10.1016 / j. bcp. 2006.09. 029. PMID 17097622. Jump up ^ Patočka, Jiří ; Jakl, Jiří ( 2010 ). `` Biomedically relevant chemical constituents of Valeriana officinalis ''. Journal of Applied Biomedicine. 8 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 18. doi : 10.2478 / v10136 - 009 - 0002 - z. Jump up ^ Dietz BM, Mahady GB, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR ( 2005 ). `` Valerian extract and valerenic acid are partial agonists of the 5 - HT5a receptor in vitro ''. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 138 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / j. molbrainres. 2005.04. 009. PMC 5805132. PMID 15921820. Jump up ^ `` Valerian ''. Botanical.com. Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 10. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15. Jump up ^ Harrington, H.D., Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains, The University of New Mexico Press, 1967, LCCN 67 - 29685, p. 225 Jump up ^ Leach MJ, Page AT ( 2015 ). `` Herbal medicine for insomnia : A systematic review and meta - analysis ''. Sleep Med Rev ( Review ). 24 : 1 -- 12. doi : 10.1016 / j. smrv. 2014.12. 003. PMID 25644982. Jump up ^ Bega D, Malkani R ( 2016 ). `` Alternative treatment of restless legs syndrome : an overview of the evidence for mind - body interventions, lifestyle interventions, and neutraceuticals ''. Sleep Med. ( Review ). 17 : 99 -- 105. doi : 10.1016 / j. sleep. 2015.09. 009. PMID 26847981. Jump up ^ Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG ( 2006 ). `` Valerian for anxiety disorders ''. Cochrane Database Syst Rev ( Systematic review ) ( 4 ) : CD004515. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004515. pub2. PMID 17054208. Jump up ^ Miyasaka, Lincoln Sakiara ; Atallah, Álvaro N ; Soares, Bernardo ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. cd004515. pub2 / full. Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 29. Jump up ^ `` European Medicines Agency - Find medicine - Valerianae radix ''. www.ema.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 17. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08. ^ Jump up to : Klepser TB, Klepser ME ( 1999 ). `` Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies ''. Am J Health - Syst Pharm. 56 ( 12538 ) : 125 -- 38, quiz 139 -- 41. PMID 10030529. ^ Jump up to : Wong AH, Smith M, Boon HS ( 1998 ). `` Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice ''. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55 ( 103344 ) : 1033 -- 44. doi : 10.1001 / archpsyc. 55.11. 1033. PMID 9819073. Jump up ^ Miller LG ( 1998 ). `` Herbal medicines. Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug - herb interactions ''. Arch Intern Med. 158 ( 220011 ) : 2200 -- 11. doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 158.20. 2200. PMID 9818800. Jump up ^ MacGregor FB, Abernethy VE, Dahabra S, Cobden I, Hayes PC ( 1989 ). `` Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies ''. British Medical Journal. 299 ( 11567 ). Jump up ^ Bol, Sebastiaan ( 16 March 2017 ). `` Responsiveness of cats ( Felidae ) to silver vine ( Actinidia polygama ), Tatarian honeysuckle ( Lonicera tatarica ), valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ) and catnip ( Nepeta cataria ) ''. BMC Veterinary Research. 13 ( 1 ) : 70. doi : 10.1186 / s12917 - 017 - 0987 - 6. PMC 5356310. PMID 28302120. Jump up ^ Weberling, Focko ( 1992 ). Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0 521 25134 6. Jump up ^ `` USDA PLANTS Database -- Connecticut State - listed Noxious Weeds ''. Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 26. Jump up ^ New Brunswick Invasive Species Council ( 2012 ). Field Guide to 12 Invasive Plants of Concern in New Brunswick ( PDF ). Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 26. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links Valerian at AAFP Medicinal herbs and fungi Herbs Alfalfa Aloe vera Anise Asthma - plant Astragalus Cannabis medical use Caraway Cardamom Chamomile Chaparral Fenugreek Feverfew Flaxseed Ginger Ginkgo Ginseng Goldenseal Lemon balm Liquorice Marigold Marsh - mallow Neem Opium poppy Oregano Peppermint Purple coneflower Rosemary Sage Star anise Summer savory Tea tree oil Thyme Turmeric Umckaloabo Valerian Verbena White willow Yarrow Za'atar Fungi Almond mushroom Chaga mushroom Echigoshirayukidake Lingzhi mushroom Maitake Meshima Morel mushroom Shiitake Regional practices Chinese herbology Indian herbology Islamic herbology Japanese herbology Korean herbology Related subjects Alternative medicine Doctrine of signatures Herb garden Herbal Herbal tea Herbalism Homeopathy Medicinal plants List of plants used in herbalism Hypnotics / sedatives ( N05C ) GABA Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Phenazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABA 1, 4 - Butanediol 4 - Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB ( sodium oxybate ) GBL GVL Phenibut Tolibut Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Perlapine Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. α - Adrenergic Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine 5 - HT Antidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. Others Niaprazine Melatonin Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Orexin Almorexant Filorexant Suvorexant α δ VDCC Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin Others Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Guaifenesin - related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Opioids ( e.g., morphine ) Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide Insomnia pharmacotherapies GABA R PAMs Benzodiazepines : Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Clorazepate Doxefazepam Estazolam Etizolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Haloxazolam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam ; Nonbenzodiazepines / Z - drugs : Eszopiclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone ; Others : Alcohols ( e.g., ethchlorvynol, amylene hydrate, ethanol ) Barbiturates ( e.g., amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital ) Bromides ( e.g., potassium bromide, sodium bromide ) Carbamates ( e.g., meprobamate ) Chloral hydrate Clomethiazole Kava Paraldehyde Piperidinediones ( e.g., glutethimide ) Quinazolinones ( e.g., methaqualone ) Sulfonmethane Valerian Antihistamines ( H R inverse agonists ) Alimemazine Captodiame Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Etodroxizine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Methapyrilene Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrilamine TCAs ( e.g., amitriptyline, doxepin, trimipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g., mirtazapine ) Triprolidine OXR antagonists Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant Suvorexant MTR agonists Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Miscellaneous Antipsychotics ( e.g., quetiapine, olanzapine, chlorpromazine ) Ashwagandha Benzoctamine Cannabinoids ( e.g., cannabis, dronabinol ( THC ), nabilone ) Chamomile Fenadiazole Gabapentinoids ( e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin, phenibut ) Hops Lavender Menthyl isovalerate Niaprazine Opioids ( e.g., hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine ) Passion flower Scopolamine Serotonin precursors ( tryptophan, 5 - HTP ) Sodium oxybate ( GHB ) Sympatholytics ( e.g., clonidine, guanfacine ) TCAs ( e.g., amitriptyline, doxepin, trimipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g., mirtazapine ) Theanine Trazodone Valnoctamide GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g., baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7, 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5, 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7, 8 - Dihydrokavain 5, 6, 7, 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5, 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7, 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 Imepitoin JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g., ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g., 4 - O - methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g., sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ), tetronal, trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g., borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Serotonin receptor modulators 5 - HT 5 - HT Agonists : 8 - OH - DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants ( e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine ) Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone ) Azapirones ( e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone ) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY - 14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), methysergide, pergolide ) F - 11461 F - 12826 F - 13714 F - 14679 F - 15063 F - 15599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Lesopitron LY - 293284 LY - 301317 mCPP MKC - 242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU - 24969 S - 14506 S - 14671 S - 15535 Sarizotan Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) SSR - 181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - CT, 5 - MeO - DMT, 5 - MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N - Me - 5 - HT, psilocin, psilocybin ) TGBA01AD U-92016A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists : Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole ) AV965 Beta blockers ( e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol ) BMY - 7378 CSP - 2503 Dotarizine Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline ) Flopropione GR - 46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine ( methiothepin ) MIN - 117 ( WF - 516 ) MPPF NAN - 190 Robalzotan S - 15535 SB - 649915 SDZ 216 - 525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH - 301 WAY - 100135 WAY - 100635 Xylamidine Unknown / unsorted : Acetryptine Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ) ) 5 - HT Agonists : CGS - 12066A CP - 93129 CP - 94253 CP - 122,288 CP - 135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), methysergide, pergolide ) mCPP RU - 24969 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan ) TFMPP Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, 5 - MT, DMT ) Vortioxetine Antagonists : AR - A000002 Beta blockers ( e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol ) Elzasonan Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline ) GR - 127935 Isamoltane LY - 393558 Metitepine ( methiothepin ) SB - 216641 SB - 224289 SB - 236057 Yohimbine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine ( ergonovine ), lisuride ) 5 - HT Agonists : CP - 122,288 CP - 135807 CP - 286601 Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide ) GR - 46611 L - 694247 L - 772405 mCPP PNU - 109291 PNU - 142633 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) TGBA01AD Triptans ( e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, 5 - Et - DMT, 5 - MT, 5 - ( nonyloxy ) tryptamine, DMT ) Antagonists : Alniditan BRL - 15572 Elzasonan Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline ) GR - 127935 Ketanserin LY - 310762 LY - 367642 LY - 393558 LY - 456219 LY - 456220 Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown / unsorted : Acetryptine Ergolines ( e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide ) 5 - HT Agonists : BRL - 54443 Ergolines ( e.g., methysergide ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., eletriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., tryptamine ) Antagonists : Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ), lysergol, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ) 5 - HT Agonists : BRL - 54443 CP - 122,288 Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ) methysergide ) Lasmiditan LY - 334370 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - MT ) Antagonists : Mianserin Metitepine ( methiothepin ) 5 - HT 5 - HT Agonists : 25H / NB series ( e.g., 25I - NBF, 25I - NBMD, 25I - NBOH, 25I - NBOMe, 25B - NBOMe, 25C - NBOMe, 25TFM - NBOMe, 2CBCB - NBOMe, 25CN - NBOH, 2CBFly - NBOMe ) 2Cs ( e.g., 2C - B, 2C - E, 2C - I, 2C - T - 2, 2C - T - 7, 2C - T - 21 ) 2C - B - FLY 2CB - Ind 5 - Methoxytryptamines ( 5 - MeO - DET, 5 - MeO - DiPT, 5 - MeO - DMT, 5 - MeO - DPT, 5 - MT ) α - Alkyltryptamines ( e.g., 5 - Cl - αMT, 5 - Fl - αMT, 5 - MeO - αET, 5 - MeO - αMT, α - Me - 5 - HT, αET, αMT ) AL - 34662 AL - 37350A Bromo - DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx ( e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM ) Efavirenz Ergolines ( e.g., 1P - LSD, ALD - 52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine ( LSA ), ergometrine ( ergonovine ), ergotamine, lisuride, LA - SS - Az, LSB, LSD, LSD - Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), pergolide ) Flumexadol Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx ( e.g., MDA ( tenamfetamine ), MDMA ( midomafetamine ), MDOH, MMDA ) O - 4310 Oxaflozane PHA - 57378 PNU - 22394 PNU - 181731 RH - 34 Phenethylamines ( e.g., lophophine, mescaline ) Piperazines ( e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) TCB - 2 TFMFly Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine ) Antagonists : 5 - I - R91150 5 - MeO - NBpBrT AC - 90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines ( e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine ) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine ) Cinanserin CSP - 2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines ( e.g., amesergide, LY - 53857, LY - 215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole ) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML - 010 Landipirdine LY - 393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine ( methiothepin ) MIN - 117 ( WF - 516 ) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S - 14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors ( e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone ) SR - 46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine ) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline ) 5 - HT Agonists : 4 - Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines ( e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine ) BW - 723C86 DOx ( e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM ) Ergolines ( e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), methysergide, pergolide ) Lorcaserin MDxx ( e.g., MDA ( tenamfetamine ), MDMA ( midomafetamine ), MDOH, ( MMDA ( drug ) Antagonists : Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N - desalkylquetiapine ( norquetiapine ), N - desmethylclozapine ( norclozapine ), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone ) Cyproheptadine EGIS - 7625 Ergolines ( e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY - 53857, LY - 272015, mesulergine ) Ketanserin LY - 393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX - 08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS - 127445 Sarpogrelate SB - 200646 SB - 204741 SB - 206553 SB - 215505 SB - 221284 SB - 228357 SDZ SER - 082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine ) TIK - 301 Yohimbine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ) ) 5 - HT Agonists : 2Cs ( e.g., 2C - B, 2C - E, 2C - I, 2C - T - 2, 2C - T - 7, 2C - T - 21 ) 5 - Methoxytryptamines ( 5 - MeO - DET, 5 - MeO - DiPT, 5 - MeO - DMT, 5 - MeO - DPT, 5 - MT ) α - Alkyltryptamines ( e.g., 5 - Cl - αMT, 5 - Fl - αMT, 5 - MeO - αET, 5 - MeO - αMT, α - Me - 5 - HT, αET, αMT ) A-372159 AL - 38022A Alstonine CP - 809101 Dimemebfe DOx ( e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM ) Ergolines ( e.g., ALD - 52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine ( LSA ), ergotamine, lisuride, LA - SS - Az, LSB, LSD, LSD - Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide ) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx ( e.g., MDA ( tenamfetamine ), MDMA ( midomafetamine ), MDOH, MMDA ) MK - 212 Org 12962 Org 37684 Oxaflozane PHA - 57378 Phenethylamines ( e.g., lophophine, mescaline ) Piperazines ( e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP ) PNU - 22394 PNU - 181731 Ro60 - 0175 Ro60 - 0213 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine ) Vabicaserin WAY - 629 WAY - 161503 YM - 348 Antagonists : Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine ) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines ( e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY - 53857, LY - 215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole ) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR - 260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine ( dimebolin ) Medifoxamine Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS - 102221 S - 14671 SB - 200646 SB - 206553 SB - 221284 SB - 228357 SB - 242084 SB - 243213 SDZ SER - 082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine ) TIK - 301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine ) Xylamidine Unknown / unsorted : Efavirenz Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ), methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ) ) 5 - HT 5 - HT Agonists : Alcohols ( e.g., butanol, ethanol ( alcohol ), trichloroethanol ) m - CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines ( e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine ) RS - 56812 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) SR - 57227 SR - 57227A Tryptamines ( e.g., 2 - Me - 5 - HT, 5 - CT, bufotenidine ( 5 - HTQ ) ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane ) YM - 31636 Antagonists : Alosetron Arazasetron AS - 8112 Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine ) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron ( MDL - 72222 ) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP - 2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion ICS - 205930 Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., loxapine ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon ) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown / unsorted : LY - 53857 Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) 5 - HT Agonists : 5 - MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ - 033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX - 03140 Renzapride RS - 67333 RS - 67506 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tegaserod Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists : GR - 113808 GR - 125487 L - Lysine Piboserod RS - 39604 RS - 67532 SB - 203186 SB - 204070 5 - HT Agonists : Ergolines ( e.g., 2 - Br - LSD ( BOL - 148 ), ergotamine, LSD ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - CT ) Valerenic Acid Antagonists : Asenapine Latrepirdine ( dimebolin ) Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Ritanserin SB - 699551 Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline, methysergide ) Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) 5 - HT Agonists : Ergolines ( e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 2 - Me - 5 - HT, 5 - BT, 5 - CT, 5 - MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD - 386088, EMDT, LY - 586713, N - Me - 5 - HT, tryptamine ) WAY - 181187 WAY - 208466 Antagonists : ABT - 354 Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone ) AVN - 101 AVN - 211 AVN - 322 AVN - 397 BGC20 - 760 BVT - 5182 BVT - 74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS - 12233 GW - 742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine ( dimebolin ) Metitepine ( methiothepin ) MS - 245 PRX - 07034 Ritanserin Ro 04 - 6790 Ro 63 - 0563 SB - 258585 SB - 271046 SB - 357134 SB - 399885 SB - 742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, mianserin ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine ) Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., 2 - Br - LSD ( BOL - 148 ), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide ) Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) 5 - HT Agonists : 8 - OH - DPAT AS - 19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines ( e.g., LSD ) LP - 12 LP - 44 RU - 24969 Sarizotan Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., frovatriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - CT, 5 - MT, bufotenin, N - Me - 5 - HT ) Antagonists : Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine ) Butaclamol DR - 4485 EGIS - 12233 Ergolines ( e.g., 2 - Br - LSD ( BOL - 148 ), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY - 53857, LY - 215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole ) JNJ - 18038683 Ketanserin LY - 215840 Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Ritanserin SB - 258719 SB - 258741 SB - 269970 SB - 656104 SB - 656104A SB - 691673 SLV - 313 SLV - 314 Spiperone SSR - 181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide ) Vortioxetine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., lisuride, pergolide ) Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins Purine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) P0 ( adenine ) Agonists : 8 - Aminoadenine Adenine P1 ( adenosine ) Agonists : 2 - ( 1 - Hexynyl ) - N - methyladenosine 2 - Cl - IB - MECA 2 ' - MeCCPA 4 ' - O - β - D - Glucosyl - 9 - O - ( 6 ' ' - deoxysaccharosyl ) olivil 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Adenosine ADP AMP Apadenoson ATL - 146e ATP BAY 60 -- 6583 Binodenoson Capadenoson CCPA CGS - 21680 CP - 532,903 Evodenoson GR 79236 LUF - 5835 LUF - 5845 N - Cyclopentyladenosine Namodenoson Neladenoson dalanate Piclidenoson Regadenoson SDZ WAG 994 Selodenoson Sonedenoson Tecadenoson UK - 432,097 Antagonists : 8 - Chlorotheophylline 8 - Phenyl - 1, 3 - dipropylxanthine 8 - Phenyltheophylline Acefylline Aminophylline ATL - 444 Bamifylline Cafedrine Caffeine Caffeine citrate Cartazolate CGH - 2466 CGS - 15943 Choline theophyllinate Ciforadenant CPX CVT - 6883 Dimethazan DMPX DPCPX Dyphylline Enprofylline Etazolate Fenethylline IBMX Isovaleric acid Istradefylline KF - 26777 MRE3008F20 MRS - 1220 MRS - 1334 MRS - 1706 MRS - 1754 MRS - 3777 Paraxanthine Pentoxifylline Preladenant Propentofylline Proxyphylline PSB - 10 PSB - 11 PSB - 36 PSB - 603 PSB - 788 PSB - 1115 Reversine Rolofylline SCH - 442,416 SCH - 58261 Theacrine Theobromine Theodrenaline Theophylline Tozadenant Tracazolate VUF - 5574 ZM - 241,385 P2 ( nucleotide ) P2X ( ATP ) Agonists : 2 - Me - SATP α, β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP AMP Ap4A Ap5A ATP ATPγS BzATP Cibacron blue CTP D - β, γ - Me - ATP GTP HT - AMP Ivermectin L - β, γ - Me - ATP MRS - 2219 PAPET - ATP UTP Zinc Antagonists : 5 - BDBD A-317491 A-438079 A-740003 A-804598 A-839977 AF - 353 AZ - 10606120 AZ - 11645373 BBG Calcium Calmidazolium Chelerythrine Copper Emodin ( Rheum officinale ) Evans Blue Gefapixant GW - 791343 HMA Ip5I isoPPADS JNJ - 47965567 KN - 04 KN - 62 Magnesium MRS - 2159 NF - 023 NF - 110 NF - 157 NF - 279 NF - 449 Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Oxidized - ATP Phenol Red Phenolphthalein PPADS PPNDS PSB - 12062 Puerarin ( Radix puerariae ) Purotoxin 1 RB - 2 Ro 0437626 Ro 51 RO - 3 Sodium ferulate ( Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum wallichii ) Suramin TC - P 262 Tetramethylpyrazine ( ligustrazine ) ( Ligusticum wallichii ) TNP - ATP Zinc P2Y Agonists : 2 - Me - SADP 2 - Me - SATP 2 - Thio - UTP 5 - Br - UDP 5 - OMe - UDP α, β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP ADPβS Ap3A AR - C 67085MX ATP ATPγS CTP dATP Denufosol Diquafosol IDP ITP INS - 365 INS - 37217 MRS - 2365 MRS - 2690 MRS - 2693 MRS - 2768 MRS - 2957 MRS - 4062 NF - 546 PAPET - ATP PSB - 0474 PSB - 1114 UDP UDPβS UDP - galactose UDP - glucose UDP - N - acetylglucosamine Up3U UTP UTPγS Antagonists : 2 - Me - SAMP A3P5PS AMPαS Ap4A AR - C 66096 AR - C 67085MX AR - C 69931MX AR - C 118925XX ATP BzATP C1330 - 7 Cangrelor Clopidogrel Elinogrel Ip5I MRS - 2179 MRS - 2211 MRS - 2279 MRS - 2395 MRS - 2500 MRS - 2578 NF - 157 NF - 340 PIT PPADS Prasugrel PSB - 0739 RB - 2 Regrelor Suramin Ticagrelor Ticlopidine UDP Transporter ( blockers ) CNTs 6 - Hydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavone Adenosine dMeThPmR Estradiol KGO - 2142 KGO - 2173 MeThPmR Phloridzin Progesterone ENTs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cilostazol Dilazep Dipyridamole Estradiol Ethanol Hexobendine NBMPR Pentoxifylline Progesterone Propentofylline PMAT Decynium - 22 Enzyme ( inhibitors ) XO Allopurinol Amflutizole Benzbromarone Caffeic acid Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum osmophloeum Febuxostat Myo - inositol Kaempferol Myricetin Niraxostat Oxipurinol Phytic acid Pistacia integerrima Propolis Quercetin Tisopurine Topiroxostat Others Aminopterin Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolic acid Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Many others Others Precursors : Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP Cytosine Cytidine CMP CDP CTP Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP Hypoxanthine Inosine IMP IDP ITP Ribose Uracil Uridine UMP UDP UTP Others : Chrysophanol ( rhubarb ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q157819 Wikispecies : Valeriana officinalis BioLib : 40493 EoL : 488753 EPPO : VALOF FoC : 200022560 GBIF : 2888763 GRIN : 400139 iNaturalist : 56160 IPNI : 860012 - 1 IRMNG : 10197765 ITIS : 35363 NBN : NBNSYS0000004343 NCBI : 19953 NZOR : 69608fae - f05e - 47dd - 8447 - b2864ee2663f PalDat : Valeriana_officinalis PfaF : Valeriana officinalis Plant List : kew - 2464616 PLANTS : VAOF POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 860012 - 1 Tropicos : 33500011 VASCAN : 9451 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerian_(herb)&oldid=859071281 '' Categories : Valeriana Cat attractants Medicinal plants Anxiolytics Flora of France Flora of Asia Flora of Europe Flora of Azerbaijan Flora of Armenia Flora of China Flora of Denmark Flora of Estonia Flora of Finland Flora of Georgia ( country ) Flora of Germany Flora of Great Britain Flora of Greece Flora of Ireland Flora of Italy Flora of Japan Flora of Latvia Flora of Lithuania Flora of Norway Flora of Portugal Flora of Romania Flora of Russia Flora of Spain Flora of Iran Flora of Turkey Plants described in 1753 GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with ' species ' microformats Taxonbars with 20 -- 24 taxon IDs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Žemaitėška 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2018, at 14 : 29 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what is the common name for valeriana officinalis
Answer: Valerian