Slavery in International law - wikipedia Slavery in International law Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central, East, and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day Slavery in international law is governed by a number of treaties, conventions and declarations. Foremost among these is the Universal Declaration on Human Rights that states in Article 4 : `` no one should be held in slavery or servitude, slavery in all of its forms should be eliminated. '' Contents 1 International law protections 2 Historical abolition of slavery 3 Slavery Convention 4 Human Rights Committee 4.1 Observations of slavery 4.1. 1 Mali 4.1. 2 Serbia 4.1. 3 Norway 5 Modern slavery that falls under international law 5.1 Debt bondage 5.2 Forced prostitution 5.3 Child slavery 5.4 Forced labour 6 See also 7 References International law protections Protection from slavery is reiterated in the Slavery Convention. This is affected by the Optional Protocol to the Abolition of Slavery and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ). The ICCPR, governed by the Human Rights Committee, is responsible for internationally monitoring present conditions of slavery. Historical Abolition of slavery The concept has its roots in the 1807 Abolition of Slavery Act of Great Britain. Many academics in the field perceive this as the beginning of the end of the traditional form of slavery : chattel slavery. In the 19th century, Britain controlled the majority of the world through its colonies. Consequently, in passing this law to abolish slavery, the British Parliament abolished slavery in the vast majority of its colonies. Customarily, freedoms from slavery can also be found prior to the 19th century under the phrase `` freedom from oppression and tyranny. '' Because slavery is a condition of complete and total submission of one person to another, often with the exertion of force or power of the owner over the submissive, the phrase `` freedom from oppression and tyranny '' accurately encompasses the right to freedom from slavery. The United States Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the African Charter of Human Rights, and the Constitution of South Africa all present the idea that human beings should be free from tyranny and oppression. Although slavery continued to persist in some countries after these documents were written -- namely, the United States, in which slavery continued until the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 -- the underlying norm of this right is present. Through customary practice and the abolition of slavery, the international community has adopted the right of each person to be free from slavery. Slavery Convention The first large - scale move to abolish slavery by the international community came in 1926 with the Slavery Convention and again in 1957 when the Supplementary Convention came into power. The 1926 Slavery Convention provides the first international definition of slavery as : `` the status or condition of a person over whom any or all the powers attaching to the right ownership are exercised... ( and ) included all acts involved in the capture, acquisition, or disposal of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery ; acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a view to selling or exchanging him ; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of a slave acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and in general, every act of trade or transport in slaves. '' Although this document provides the concrete definition of slavery, its definition is limited in the types of slavery it includes. Instead, it is descriptive of chattel slavery, most commonly understood as the plantation slavery in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, even though chattel slavery was significantly more widespread and was not limited to one country alone. It is for this reason that the 1956 Supplementary Convention on Slavery was signed. It gives a more comprehensive definition of slavery to include debt bondage, serfdom, or any practice where a woman is promised or given into marriage on payment of money and is without the right to refuse the marriage, the husband of a woman has the right to transfer her to another person, a woman is liable to be inherited by another upon the death of her husband, or any practice where a child under 18 years of ages is exploited for his or her labour. The 1956 Supplementary Convention on Slavery came into force on April 30, 1957 and of 2002 there were 97 states partied to the convention. The Slavery Convention and its supplementary document are beneficial in providing an international definition of slavery ; however, there is no significant enforcement behind these documents. Both are declarations made by the collaboration of the international community, and agreements that signatories would modify their national laws in accordance with the convention, with the assistance of the United Nations if necessary ; however, there are no consequences outlined in either document that provide incentive for signatories to abide by the convention Human Rights committee The Human Rights Committee is governed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ), which entered into force on March 23, 1976. Article 8 of this Covenant states : `` No one shall be held in slavery ; slavery and the slave trade in all their forms shall be prohibited. No one shall be held in servitude. No one shall be required to perform force or compulsory labour. '' The ICCPR outlines, in part IV, the obligations of states to uphold the freedom from slavery. All states are required to submit regular reports to the Committee on how the rights of the Covenant are being implemented. A state 's initial report must be within one year of acceding the Covenant and after this, whenever the committee requests a report ( usually every four years ). In addition to the submission of reports, article 41 of the Covenant makes it possible for the Committee to consider inter-state complaints, and furthermore, the First Optional Protocol to the Covenant give the Committee the capacity investigate individual complaints with regards to violations of the Covenant by state parties. Observations of slavery Mali Main article : Slavery in Mali Since coming into force, the Human Rights Committee has commented on conditions of slavery in numerous countries and has provided these countries with recommendations as to how they should proceed to abolish slavery. In Mali, the committee noted that the State party has not taken clear action in response the reports of slavery like practices and hereditary servitude in the country. In acknowledging this, the committee recommended that the state should conduct research to determine if these conditions of slavery still exist, and if they do to take action. The committee also noted concerns of child trafficking into Côte d'Ivoire, where children were then being subjected to forced labour and slavery. In response to this phenomenon, the committee recommended that the Malian government take measures to prosecute the perpetrators of this traffic, and research more precise details regarding this situation for the committee analysis. Serbia The committee observed situations of trafficking of human beings, namely women and children, in Serbia, and corresponding reports that the perpetrators of these acts were going unpunished. The committee recommended that the Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo ( UNMIK ) in collaboration with the Provisional Institutions of Self - Government ( PISG ) should ensure that there is adequate investigation of these crimes and victims have access to lawyers, health care, and other forms of assistance. Norway The Human Rights Committee monitored trafficking in Norway. Here the committee recognizes that Norway has adopted the previous positive measures previously suggested ; however, it notes that there are still reports of human trafficking, particularly women, and of female genital mutilation. The committee recommends further measures be taken to eradicate practices, as well as those to protect victims and witnesses. Modern slavery that falls under International law Debt bondage Debt bondage is the most common form of slavery today. It is a condition in which a person `` pledges him or herself against a loan of money, but the length and nature of the service is undefined, and the labor does not diminish the original debt. '' Debt bondage was included and defined as a form of slavery under the 1956 Supplementary Convention on Slavery. However, its many modern forms continue to include pawning, peonage, and worker debt. In India, debt bondage has been illegal since 1976 ; however, due to widespread poverty in the country, it continues to exist, as a man may need a loan to finance a wedding, funeral, medicine, fertilizer, or a fine. Because the interest rates on these debts as so high, debts are often inherited and children may replace their fathers or siblings. Debt bondage can also be incurred by specific industries -- quarrying, carpet - making, agriculture, and fisheries -- where the cost of equipment and supplies falls on the worker who needs a loan to pay for them. Forced prostitution Forced prostitution and sexual slavery are considered contemporary manifestations of this historical crime, and can be found anywhere in the world. Women are often entrapped by deceit or coercion with the promise of better life and remain entrapped by force or debt bondage. Forced marriage can also be considered a form of slavery, notably when the bride has no right or opportunity to refuse marriage. This form of marriage can also result out of a kidnapping of girls in order to sell them as brides, a widespread phenomena in China. Once married and raped, there girls are often kept under lock and key until they have a child, at which time they will be less likely to leave because they do not want to abandon their child. Child slavery Child slavery is also considered a contemporary form of slavery, although its does come with debate as to what constitutes child slavery. However, child prostitution is widely considered a form of slavery in which children, mostly from South East Asia, South Asia, and Latin America, `` are sold by their parents either because they are destitute, have too many mouths to feed, or are simply greedy ''. On the other hand, in some cases of child prostitution, when parents give their children up to traffickers, they are deceived into believing that their child will earn good money, get an education, or learn a trade. Forced labour See also : Human trafficking Forced labour can also be imposed by governments who `` conscript their own subjects and put them to work for minimal, or no pay, and for varying lengths of time ''. When imposed by governments, forced labour does not include military conscription or penal labour. Forced labour can, likewise, be used simply to cut production costs by private and public industries ( e.g. cocoa plantations ), or can be a form of involuntary servitude in the private sector -- sweatshops. Bales refers to this type of slavery as contract slavery, where `` contracts are offered which guarantee employment, perhaps in a workshop or factory, but when the workers are taken to their place of employment they discover that they have instead been taken into slavery... it is a way of making slavery seem legitimate and necessary ''. See also Slave Trade Acts, with a list of international, U.K., and U.S. slavery laws Slavery at common law References Jump up ^ United Nations. `` Universal Declaration on Human Rights. '' General Assembly of the United Nations. 1948. Jump up ^ `` Slavery Convention. '' Geneva : Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 25, 1926 : 1. Jump up ^ `` Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices. '' Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 7, 1956. ^ Jump up to : General Assembly. `` International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. '' 2200A ( XXI ). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1966. Jump up ^ General Assembly. `` International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. '' 2200A ( XXI ) while the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1966. Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Independence. '' United States of America, July 4, 1776 Jump up ^ Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. '' National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789 Jump up ^ `` African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights. '' African Union, June 27, 1981 Jump up ^ `` Constitution of South Africa. '' South Africa, May 6, 1996 Jump up ^ `` Slavery Convention. '' Geneva : Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 25, 1926 : 1 Jump up ^ `` Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices. '' Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 7, 1956. Jump up ^ `` Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. '' New York : United Nations, 1966. ^ Jump up to : `` Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee : Mali. 04 / 16 / 2003. '' CCPR / CO / 77 / MLI. Human Rights Committee, 2003 : 16 Jump up ^ `` Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee : Kosovo ( Serbia ). '' CCPR / C / UNK / CO / 1. Human Rights Committee, 2006 : 16 Jump up ^ `` Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee : Norway. '' CCPR / C / NOR / CO / 5. Human Rights Committee, 2006 : 12 Jump up ^ Bales, Kevin. `` Expendable People : Slavery in the Age of Globalization. '' Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 2 ( 2000 ) : 463. ^ Jump up to : Miers, Suzanne. `` Contemporary Forms of Slavery. '' Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 ( 2000 ) : 724. Jump up ^ Miers, Suzanne. `` Contemporary Forms of Slavery. '' Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 ( 2000 ) : 729. ^ Jump up to : Miers, Suzanne. `` Contemporary Forms of Slavery. '' Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 ( 2000 ) : 737. Jump up ^ Miers, Suzanne. `` Contemporary Forms of Slavery. '' Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 ( 2000 ) : 731. Jump up ^ Miers, Suzanne. `` Contemporary Forms of Slavery. '' Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 ( 2000 ) : 732. Jump up ^ Miers, Suzanne. `` Contemporary Forms of Slavery ''. Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 ( 2000 ) : 733. Jump up ^ Miers, Suzanne. `` Contemporary Forms of Slavery ''. Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 ( 2000 ) : 734. Jump up ^ Bales, Kevin. `` Expendable People : Slavery in the Age of Globalization. '' Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 2 ( 2000 ) : 464. 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Question: when was slavery defined in law and custom
Answer: 1807