Cerebrum - wikipedia Cerebrum This article is about the larger superior region of the brain. For the smaller inferior region of the brain, see Cerebellum. Cerebrum Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe The lobes of the cerebral cortex include the frontal ( blue ), temporal ( green ), occipital ( red ), and parietal ( yellow ) lobes. The cerebellum ( unlabeled ) is not part of the telencephalon. Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. Details Artery anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral Vein cerebral veins Identifiers Latin Cerebrum MeSH A08. 186.21. 730.885 NeuroLex ID Cerebrum TA A14. 1.03. 008 A14. 1.09. 001 TH H3. 11.03. 6.00001 TE E5. 14.1. 0.2. 0.12 FMA 62000 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex ( of the two cerebral hemispheres ), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system. The prosencephalon is the embryonic structure from which the cerebrum develops prenatally. In mammals, the dorsal telencephalon, or pallium, develops into the cerebral cortex, and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium, becomes the basal ganglia. The cerebrum is also divided into approximately symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres. With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Cerebral cortex 1.2 Cerebral hemispheres 2 Development 3 Functions 3.1 Movement 3.2 Sensory processing 3.3 Olfaction 3.4 Language and communication 3.5 Learning and memory 4 Other animals 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Structure Location of the human cerebrum ( red ). The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Depending upon the position of the animal it lies either in front or on top of the brainstem. In humans, the cerebrum is the largest and best - developed of the five major divisions of the brain. The cerebrum is made up of the two cerebral hemispheres and their cortices, ( the outer layers of grey matter ), and the underlying regions of white matter. Its subcortical structures include the hippocampus, basal ganglia and olfactory bulb. The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres, separated from each other by a deep fissure called the longitudinal fissure. Cerebral cortex Surface of the cerebrum The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum, is found only in mammals. In larger mammals, including humans, the surface of the cerebral cortex folds to create gyri ( ridges ) and sulci ( furrows ) which increase the surface area. The cerebral cortex is generally classified into four lobes : the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The lobes are classified based on their overlying neurocranial bones. Cerebral hemispheres The cerebrum is divided by the medial longitudinal fissure into two cerebral hemispheres, the right and the left. The cerebrum is contralaterally organized, i.e., right hemisphere controls and processes signals from the left side of the body, while the left hemisphere controls and processes signals from the right side of the body. There is a strong but not complete bilateral symmetry between the hemispheres. The lateralization of brain function looks at the known and possible differences between the two. Development In the developing vertebrate embryo, the neural tube is subdivided into four unseparated sections which then develop further into distinct regions of the central nervous system ; these are the prosencephalon ( forebrain ), the mesencephalon ( midbrain ) the rhombencephalon ( hindbrain ) and the spinal cord. The prosencephalon develops further into the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The dorsal telencephalon gives rise to the pallium ( cerebral cortex in mammals and reptiles ) and the ventral telencephalon generates the basal ganglia. The diencephalon develops into the thalamus and hypothalamus, including the optic vesicles ( future retina ). The dorsal telencephalon then forms two lateral telencephalic vesicles, separated by the midline, which develop into the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Birds and fish have a dorsal telencephalon, like all vertebrates, but it is generally unlayered and therefore not considered a cerebral cortex. Only a layered cytoarchitecture can be considered a cortex. Functions Note : As the cerebrum is a gross division with many subdivisions and sub-regions, it is important to state that this section lists the functions that the cerebrum as a whole serves. See main articles on cerebral cortex and basal ganglia for more information. The cerebrum is a major part of the brain, controlling emotions, hearing, vision, personality and much more. It controls all voluntary actions. Movement The cerebrum directs the conscious or volitional motor functions of the body. These functions originate within the primary motor cortex and other frontal lobe motor areas where actions are planned. Upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex send their axons to the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on the lower motor neurons, which innervate the muscles. Damage to motor areas of cortex can lead to certain types of motor neuron disease. This kind of damage results in loss of muscular power and precision rather than total paralysis. It functions as the center of sensory perception, memory, thoughts and judgement ; the cerebrum also functions as the center of voluntary motor activities Sensory processing The primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex receive and process visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory information. Together with association cortical areas, these brain regions synthesize sensory information into our perceptions of the world. Olfaction Main article : Olfaction The olfactory bulb, responsible for the sense of smell, takes up a large area of the cerebrum in most vertebrates. However, in humans, this part of the brain is much smaller and lies underneath the frontal lobe. The olfactory sensory system is unique since the neurons in the olfactory bulb send their axons directly to the olfactory cortex, rather than to the thalamus first. Damage to the olfactory bulb results in a loss of olfaction ( the sense of smell ). Language and communication Main article : Language Speech and language are mainly attributed to the parts of the cerebral cortex. Motor portions of language are attributed to Broca 's area within the frontal lobe. Speech comprehension is attributed to Wernicke 's area, at the temporal - parietal lobe junction. These two regions are interconnected by a large white matter tract, the arcuate fasciculus. Damage to the Broca 's area results in expressive aphasia ( non-fluent aphasia ) while damage to Wernicke 's area results in receptive aphasia ( also called fluent aphasia ). Learning and memory Main article : Memory Explicit or declarative ( factual ) memory formation is attributed to the hippocampus and associated regions of the medial temporal lobe. This association was originally described after a patient known as HM had both his left and right hippocampus surgically removed to treat chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. After surgery, HM had anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories. Implicit or procedural memory, such as complex motor behaviors, involves the basal ganglia. Short - term or working memory involves association areas of the cortex, especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as the hippocampus. Other animals In the most primitive vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb. In cartilaginous and lobe - finned fishes and also in amphibians, a more complex structure is present, with the cerebrum being divided into three distinct regions. The lowermost ( or ventral ) region forms the basal nuclei, and contains fibres connecting the rest of the cerebrum to the thalamus. Above this, and forming the lateral part of the cerebrum, is the paleopallium, while the uppermost ( or dorsal ) part is referred to as the archipallium. The cerebrum remains largely devoted to olfactory sensation in these animals, in contrast to its much wider range of functions in amniotes. In ray - finned fishes the structure is somewhat different. The inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles ; these include both the basal nuclei and the various parts of the pallium and may be complex in structure, especially in teleosts. The dorsal surface of the cerebrum is membranous, and does not contain any nervous tissue. In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum. As in the lower vertebrates, the grey matter is generally located beneath the white matter, but in some reptiles, it spreads out to the surface to form a primitive cortex, especially in the anterior part of the brain. In mammals, this development proceeds further, so that the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres, especially in more developed species, such as the primates. The paleopallium is pushed to the ventral surface of the brain, where it becomes the olfactory lobes, while the archipallium becomes rolled over at the medial dorsal edge to form the hippocampus. In placental mammals, a corpus callosum also develops, further connecting the two hemispheres. The complex convolutions of the cerebral surface ( see gyrus, gyrification ) are also found only in higher mammals. Although some large mammals ( such as elephants ) have particularly large cerebra, dolphins are the only species ( other than humans ) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight. The cerebrum of birds are similarly enlarged to those of mammals, by comparison with reptiles. The increased size of bird brains was classically attributed to enlarged basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining primitive, but this view has been largely abandoned. Birds appear to have undergone an alternate process of encephalization, as they diverged from the other archosaurs, with few clear parallels to that experienced by mammals and their therapsid ancestors. Additional images Cerebrum. Lateral face. Deep dissection. Cerebrum. Medial face. Deep dissection. See also This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology. List of regions in the human brain Notes Jump up ^ The word cerebrum is pronounced / ˈsɛrɪbrəm / or / sɪˈriːbrəm / ( both are common ). It comes from Latin, where it means `` brain ''. In English it refers to the major part of the brain. References Jump up ^ Arnould - Taylor, William ( 1998 ). A Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. Nelson Thornes. p. 52. Retrieved 27 January 2015. Jump up ^ Angevine, J. ; Cotman, C. ( 1981 ). Principles of Neuroanatomy. NY : Oxford University Press. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Rosdahl, Caroline ; Kowalski, Mary ( 2008 ). Textbook of Basic Nursing ( 9th ed. ). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 189. Retrieved 28 January 2015. Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F. ( 2014 ). Developmental biology ( 10th ed. ). Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 978 - 7. Jump up ^ Kandel, Eric R., ed. ( 2006 ). Principles of neural science ( 5th ed. ). Appleton and Lange : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 139011 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Romer, Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons, Thomas S. ( 1977 ). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA : Holt - Saunders International. pp. 536 -- 543. ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X. Jump up ^ T.L. Brink ( 2008 ). `` Unit 4 : The Nervous System. ''. Psychology : A Student Friendly Approach ( PDF ). p. 62. Jump up ^ Jarvis ED, Güntürkün O, Bruce L, et al. ( 2005 ). `` Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution ''. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 9. doi : 10.1038 / nrn1606. PMC 2507884. PMID 15685220. Jump up ^ Emery NJ ( 2006 - 01 - 29 ). `` Cognitive ornithology : the evolution of avian intelligence ''. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 361 ( 1465 ) : 23 -- 43. doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2005.1736. PMC 1626540. PMID 16553307. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerebrum. Cerebrum Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com NIF Search - Cerebrum via the Neuroscience Information Framework Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. Commissural fibers in the human brain Corpus callosum Genu Splenium Tapetum Rostrum Archicortex Supracallosal gyrus Lamina terminalis Vascular organ of lamina terminalis Anterior commissure Fornix Fornix Septum pellucidum Septal nuclei Medial septal nucleus Subfornical organ Cave of septum pellucidum Other Posterior commissure Ventricular system of the human brain Lateral ventricles Body Lamina affixa Stria terminalis Collateral eminence Occipital horn Calcar avis Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Recesses Optic recess Infundibular recess Suprapineal recess Pineal recess Hypothalamic sulcus Tela choroidea Subfornical organ Posterior commissure Fourth ventricle Roof Superior medullary velum Frenulum Inferior medullary velum Taenia Floor Upper Facial colliculus Locus coeruleus Lower Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Area postrema Obex Medial eminence Sulcus limitans Fastigium Apertures Median / Magendie Lateral recess to Lateral / Luschka Other Rhomboid fossa Tela choroidea Cerebrospinal fluid Blood -- brain barrier Cerebral aqueduct Interventricular foramina Perilymphatic duct Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures Basal ganglia Grey matter Striatum Dorsal striatum Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus GPe GPi Other Amygdala Claustrum White matter Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Optic radiation Corona radiata External capsule Extreme capsule Pallidothalamic tracts : Thalamic fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Subthalamic fasciculus Rhinencephalon Grey matter Anterior olfactory nucleus Anterior perforated substance Olfactory bulb White matter Olfactory tract Medial olfactory stria Lateral olfactory stria Olfactory trigone Other basal forebrain Grey matter Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Nucleus of diagonal band White matter Diagonal band of Broca Stria terminalis Archicortex : Hippocampal formation / Hippocampus anatomy Grey matter Hippocampus proper CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Dentate gyrus Fascia dentata Subiculum White matter Alveus Fimbria Perforant path Schaffer collateral Association fibers in the human brain Association fibers Uncinate fasciculus Cingulum Superior longitudinal fasciculus / Arcuate fasciculus Inferior longitudinal fasciculus Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus Types of cerebral cortex Structure types Isocortex True isocortex or Neocortex Proisocortex Allocortex Paleocortex Archicortex Line of Gennari Layers Internal granular layer External granular layer Cells Betz cell Pyramidal cell Stellate cell GND : 4121188 - 1 NDL : 01087188 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerebrum&oldid=816200993 '' Categories : Cerebrum Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 22 : 35. 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Question: what is the specific activity of the cerebrum
Answer: controls all voluntary actions in the body