Mughal gardens - wikipedia Mughal gardens Mughal gardens Type Public parks Created 1526 ( 1526 ) Status Open year round The Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, Pakistan, is among the most famous of all Mughal - era gardens Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in the Persian style of architecture. This style was heavily influenced by the Persian gardens particularly the Charbagh structure. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens. Contents 1 History 2 Design and symbolism 3 Sites of Mughal gardens 3.1 Afghanistan 3.2 India 3.3 Pakistan 3.4 Bangladesh 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History Mughal Emperor Babur supervising the creation of a garden The founder of the Mughal empire, Babur, described his favourite type of garden as a charbagh. They use the term bāgh, baug, bageecha or bagicha for garden. This word developed a new meaning in India, as Babur explains ; India lacked the fast - flowing streams required for the Central Asian charbagh. The Agra garden, which was renamed after Partition of India as the Ram Bagh, since it lied in Hindu majority portion is thought to have been the first charbagh. India, Bangladesh and Pakistan have a number of Mughal gardens which differ from their Central Asian predecessors with respect to `` the highly disciplined geometry ''. An early textual references about Mughal gardens are found in the memoirs and biographies of the Mughal emperors, including those of Babur, Humayun and Akbar. Later references are found from `` the accounts of India '' written by various European travellers ( Bernier for example ). The first serious historical study of Mughal gardens was written by Constance Villiers - Stuart, with the title Gardens of the Great Mughals ( 1913 ). Her husband was a Colonel in Britain 's Indian army. This gave her a good network of contacts and an opportunity to travel. During their residence at Pinjore Gardens, Mrs. Villiers - Stuart also had an opportunity to direct the maintenance of an important Mughal garden. Her book makes reference to the forthcoming design of a garden in the Government House at New Delhi ( now known as Rashtrapati Bhavan ). She was consulted by Edwin Lutyens, and this may have influenced his choice of Mughal style for this project. Recent scholarly work on the history of Mughal gardens has been carried out under the auspicious guidance of Dumbarton Oaks ( including Mughal Gardens : Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects edited by James L. Wescoat, Jr. and Joachim Wolschke - Bulmahn ) and the Smithsonian Institution. Some examples of Mughal gardens are Shalimar Gardens ( Lahore ), Lalbagh Fort at Dhaka, and Shalimar Bagh ( Srinagar ). Mughal gardens at the Taj Mahal From the beginnings of the Mughal Empire, the construction of gardens was a beloved imperial pastime. Babur, the first Mughal conqueror - king, had gardens built in Lahore and Dholpur. Humayun, his son, does not seem to have had much time for building -- he was busy reclaiming and increasing the realm -- but he is known to have spent a great deal of time at his father 's gardens. Akbar built several gardens first in Delhi, then in Agra, Akbar 's new capital. These tended to be riverfront gardens rather than the fortress gardens that his predecessors built. Building riverfront rather than fortress gardens influenced later Mughal garden architecture considerably. Akbar 's region, Jahangir, did not build as much, but he helped to lay out the famous Shalimar garden and was known for his great love for flowers. Indeed, his trips to Kashmir are believed to have begun a fashion for naturalistic and abundant floral design. Jahangir 's son, Shah Jahan, marks the apex of Mughal garden architecture and floral design. He is famous for the construction of the Taj Mahal, a sprawling funereal paradise in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He is also responsible for the Red Fort at Delhi which contains the Mahtab Bagh, a night garden that was filled with night - blooming jasmine and other pale flowers. The pavilions within are faced with white marble to glow in the moonlight. This and the marble of the Taj Mahal are inlaid with semiprecious stone depicting scrolling naturalistic floral motifs, the most important being the tulip, which Shah Jahan adopted as a personal symbol. Design and symbolism Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Kashmir Mughal gardens design derives primarily from the medieval Islamic garden, although there are nomadic influences that come from the Mughals ' Turkish - Mongolian ancestry. Julie Scott Meisami describes the medieval Islamic garden as `` a hortus conclusus, walled off and protected from the outside world ; within, its design was rigidly formal, and its inner space was filled with those elements that man finds most pleasing in nature. Its essential features included running water ( perhaps the most important element ) and a pool to reflect the beauties of sky and garden ; trees of various sorts, some to provide shade merely, and others to produce fruits ; flowers, colorful and sweet - smelling ; grass, usually growing wild under the trees ; birds to fill the garden with song ; the whole is cooled by a pleasant breeze. The garden might include a raised hillock at the center, reminiscent of the mountain at the center of the universe in cosmological descriptions, and often surmounted by a pavilion or palace. '' The Turkish - Mongolian elements of the Mughal garden are primarily related to the inclusion of tents, carpets and canopies reflecting nomadic roots. Tents indicated status in these societies, so wealth and power were displayed through the richness of the fabrics as well as by size and number. The Mughals were obsessed with symbol and incorporated it into their gardens in many ways. The standard Quranic references to paradise were in the architecture, layout, and in the choice of plant life ; but more secular references, including numerological and zodiacal significances connected to family history or other cultural significance, were often juxtaposed. The numbers eight and nine were considered auspicious by the Mughals and can be found in the number of terraces or in garden architecture such as octagonal pools. Sites of Mughal gardens Pinjore Gardens in Haryana Humayun 's Tomb, Delhi, India Afghanistan Bagh - e Babur ( Kabul ) India Humayun 's Tomb, Nizamuddin East, Delhi Taj Mahal, Agra Aarm Bagh, Agra Mehtab Bagh, Agra Safdarjung 's Tomb Shalimar Bagh ( Srinagar ), Jammu and Kashmir Nishat Gardens, Jammu and Kashmir Yadavindra Gardens, Pinjore Khusro Bagh, Allahabad Roshanara Bagh Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi ( 1911 - 1931 ) Vernag Chashma Shahi Pari Mahal Achabal Gardens Qudsia Bagh Pune - Okayama Friendship Garden - Phase_II Pakistan Chauburji Lahore Fort Shahdara Bagh Shalimar Gardens ( Lahore ) Tomb of Jahangir, Lahore Hazuri Bagh Hiran Minar ( Sheikhupura ) Mughal Garden Wah Bangladesh Lalbagh Fort See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mughal gardens. Charbagh gardens Lal Bagh Indo - Persian culture References Jump up ^ Penelope Hobhouse ; Erica Hunningher ; Jerry Harpur ( 2004 ). Gardens of Persia. Kales Press. pp. 7 -- 13. Jump up ^ Villiers - Stuart, C.M. ( 1913 ). The Gardens of the Great Mughals. Adam and Charles Black, London. Jump up ^ Jellicoe, Susan. `` The Development of the Mughal Garden '', MacDougall, Elisabeth B. ; Ettinghausen, Richard. The Islamic Garden, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington D.C. ( 1976 ). p109 Jump up ^ Hussain, Mahmood ; Rehman, Abdul ; Wescoat, James L. Jr. The Mughal Garden : Interpretation, Conservation and Implications, Ferozsons Ltd., Lahore ( 1996 ). p 207 Jump up ^ Neeru Misra and Tanay Misra, Garden Tomb of Humayun : An Abode in Paradise, Aryan Books International, Delhi, 2003 Jump up ^ Koch, Ebba. `` The Char Bagh Conquers the Citadel : an Outline of the Development if the Mughal Palace Garden, '' Hussain, Mahmood ; Rehman, Abdul ; Wescoat, James L. Jr. The Mughal Garden : Interpretation, Conservation and Implications, Ferozsons Ltd., Lahore ( 1996 ). p. 55 Jump up ^ With his son Shah Jahan. Jellicoe, Susan `` The Development of the Mughal Garden '' MacDougall, Elisabeth B. ; Ettinghausen, Richard. The Islamic Garden, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington D.C. ( 1976 ). p 115 Jump up ^ Moynihan, Elizabeth B. Paradise as Garden in Persia and Mughal India, Scholar Press, London ( 1982 ) p 121 - 123. Jump up ^ Villiers - Stuart, C.M. ( 1913 ). The Gardens of the Great Mughals. Adam and Charles Black, London. p. 53. Jump up ^ Jellicoe, Susan `` The Development of the Mughal Garden '' MacDougall, Elisabeth B. ; Ettinghausen, Richard. The Islamic Garden, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington D.C. ( 1976 ). p 121 Jump up ^ Tulips are metaphorically considered to be `` branded by love '' in Persian poetry. Meisami, Julie Scott. `` Allegorical Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition : Nezami, Rumi, Hafez, '' International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2 ( May, 1985 ), p. 242 Jump up ^ Meisami, Julie Scott. `` Allegorical Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition : Nezami, Rumi, Hafez, '' International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2 ( May, 1985 ), p. 231 ; The Old Persian word pairideaza ( transliterated to English as paradise ) means `` walled garden ''. Moynihan, Elizabeth B. Paradise as Garden in Persia and Mughal India, Scholar Press, London ( 1982 ), p. 1. Jump up ^ Allsen, Thomas T. Commodity and Exchange n the Mongol Empire : A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles, Cambridge University Press ( 1997 ). p 12 - 26 Jump up ^ Moynihan, Elizabeth B. Paradise as Garden in Persia and Mughal India, Scholar Press, London ( 1982 ). p100 Further reading Crowe, Sylvia ( 2006 ). The gardens of Mughul India : a history and a guide. Jay Kay Book Shop. ISBN 978 - 8 - 187 - 22109 - 8. Lehrman, Jonas Benzion ( 1980 ). Earthly paradise : garden and courtyard in Islam. University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 04363 - 4. Ruggles, D. Fairchild ( 2008 ). Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0 - 8122 - 4025 - 1. Wescoat, James L. ; Wolschke - Bulmahn, Joachim ( 1996 ). Mughal gardens : sources, places, representations, and prospects. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978 - 0 - 884 - 02235 - 0. मुगल गॉर्डन : बसंत ऋतु में मानों धरती का स्वर्ग : श्रवण शुक्ल की रिपोर्ट https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295862115_Diversification_Through_Floriculture_in_Kashmir_Valley External links Gardens of the Mughal Empire, Smithsonian Institution The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum मुगल गॉर्डन : बसंत ऋतु में मानों धरती का स्वर्ग : श्रवण शुक्ल की रिपोर्ट Horticulture and gardening Gardening History Design computer - aided Garden tool Green wall Arboretum Allotment Butterfly Community Forest French intensive Guerrilla Garden Historic conservation Landscape Native Parterre Raised bed Square foot Sustainable Xeriscaping Types of gardens Back Biblical Botanical Butterfly Byzantine Cactus Cantonese Chinese Color Container Cottage Dutch English Fernery Floating Flower French formal landscape Renaissance Front Greek Greenhouse Hanging Hügelkultur Islamic Italian Japanese Kitchen Knot Korean Market Mary Monastic Mughal Orangery Orchard Persian Bagh Charbagh Paradise Philosophical Pleasure Roman Spanish Rain Rose Roof Sacred Scottish Sculpture Sensory Shade Therapeutic Trial Tropical Victory Vineyard Walled Water Wildlife Winter Zen Zoological Horticulture Agriculture stock - free sustainable urban Arboriculture Botany Companion planting Crop most valuable Flora Floriculture Fruticulture Genetically modified tree Hydroculture Indigenous Intercropping Landscape architecture Oenology Olericulture Plant breeding propagation drought tolerance hardiness Pomology Postharvest physiology Tropical Urban agriculture horticulture forestry reforestation Viticulture Organic Biodynamic agriculture List of organic gardening and farming topics Vegan organic gardening Plant protection Fungicide Herbicide Index of pesticide articles List of fungicides Pesticide Plant disease forecasting Pruning Weed control Agriculture and agronomy portal Gardening portal Commons Islamic architecture Arabic architecture Berber architecture Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mughal architecture Ottoman architecture Styles Abbasid Anatolia Beyliks Ayyubid Azeri Bengali Chinese Fatimid Indo - Islamic Indonesian - Malaysian Isfahani Khorasani Mamluk Modern Moorish Moroccan Mudéjar Mughal Ottoman Razi Seljuk Somali Sudano - Sahelian Tatar Timurid Umayyad Vernacular Persian Yemenite Elements Roof styles Dome ( Arabic dome / Onion dome / Persian dome / South Asian dome ) Guldasta Tajug Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Structural Ablaq Chahartaq Chhajja Discharging arch Four - centred arch Hasht - Bihisht Horseshoe arch Hypostyle Iwan Jharokha Kucheh Liwan Mashrabiya Moroccan riad Multifoil arch Ogee arch Pointed arch Qadad Riwaq Sahn Semi-dome Shabestan Squinch Tadelakt Vaulting Voussoir Windcatcher Religious objects Bedug Dikka Gonbad Hussainiya Imamzadeh Kiswah Loudspeakers Maqsurah Mihrab Minaret Minbar Müezzin mahfili Qibla Zarih Decorations Arabesque Banna'i Girih Girih tiles Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Islamic interlace patterns Jali Mocárabe Mosque lamp Muqarnas Nagash painting Qashani Shabaka Socarrat Yeseria Zellige Rooms Andaruni Harem Mudhif Zenana Garden Bagh Charbagh Islamic garden Mughal gardens Ottoman gardens Paradise garden Persian gardens Reflecting pool Outdoor objects Chhatri Eidgah Howz Al - Masjid an - Nabawi Umbrellas Mechouar Sebil Shadirvan Types Alcázar Amsar Bab Baradari Bazaar Caravanserai Dar al - Shifa Dargah Gongbei Jama Masjid Jama'at Khana Kasbah Khanqah Ksar Külliye Madrasa Mahal Maqam Maqbara Mazar Medina quarter Mosque Musalla Qalat Qasr Qubba Rauza Ribat Souq Surau Tekyeh Türbe Turkish bath Well house Zawiya Resources Aga Khan Award for Architecture ArchNet Influences Indo - Saracenic Revival Influences on Western architecture Moorish Revival Part of Islamic arts Islamic art Architecture Regional styles Ayyubid Azerbaijani Chinese Indo - Islamic Indonesian Moorish Moroccan Mudéjar Mughal Ottoman Pakistani Persian Somali Sudano - Sahelian Tatar Timurid Umayyad Elements Ablaq Banna'i Iwan Jali Mashrabiya Mihrab Minaret Mocárabe Muqarnas Yeseria See also Decoration Arts Regional styles Persian ( Early, Qajar, Safavid ) Turkish ( Ottoman ) Carpets Gul Kilim Motifs Persian Turkish Prayer Pottery Azulejo Fritware Hispano - Moresque İznik Lustreware Persian Chinese influence Textiles Batik Damask Ikat Embroidery Soumak Suzani Woodwork Khatam Minbar Other media Brass Damascus steel Glass Hardstone carving Ivory carving Stained glass Shabaka Arts of the book Miniatures Arabic Mughal Ottoman Persian Calligraphy Arabic Diwani Kufic Muhaqqaq Naskh Nastaʿlīq Persian Sini Taʿlīq Thuluth Tughra Other arts Muraqqa Hilya Ottoman illumination Decoration Arabesque Geometric patterns Girih ( tiles ) Zellige The garden Charbagh Mughal Ottoman Paradise Persian Museums Berlin Cairo Doha Ghazni Istanbul ( Arts, Calligraphy Art ) Jerusalem ( Islamic Museum, L.A. Mayer Institute ) Kuala Lumpur London ( British Museum, V&A ) Los Angeles Marrakech ( Museum, Majorelle Garden ) Melbourne Paris ( Arab World Institute, Louvre ) Singapore Toronto ( Aga Khan ) Tripoli Principles, influences Islamic Art : Mirror of the Invisible World Aniconism in Islam Indo - Saracenic Revival Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe Influences on Western art Grotesque Moresque Mathematics and architecture Moorish Revival Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting Pseudo-Kufic Stilfragen Topkapı Scroll Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal_gardens&oldid=809032089 '' Categories : Mughal gardens Islamic gardens Landscape design history Mughal architecture Gardens in India Gardens in Pakistan Agra Types of garden by historical empire Islamic architectural elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Shqip తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 18 : 50. 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Question: the mughal garden of rashtrapati bhavan is modelled on
Answer: the Persian style of architecture