Delayed onset muscle soreness - wikipedia Delayed onset muscle soreness Delayed onset muscle soreness Synonyms Muscle fever Specialty Sports medicine ( edit on Wikidata ) Delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) is the pain and stiffness felt in muscles several hours to days after unaccustomed or strenuous exercise. The soreness is felt most strongly 24 to 72 hours after the exercise. It is thought to be caused by eccentric ( lengthening ) exercise, which causes small - scale damage ( microtrauma ) to the muscle fibers. After such exercise, the muscle adapts rapidly to prevent muscle damage, and thereby soreness, if the exercise is repeated. Delayed onset muscle soreness is one symptom of exercise - induced muscle damage. The other is acute muscle soreness, which appears during and immediately after exercise. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Mechanism 3.1 Relation to other effects 3.2 Possible function as a warning sign 3.3 Repeated - bout effect 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 6 References Signs and symptoms The soreness is perceived as a dull, aching pain in the affected muscle, often combined with tenderness and stiffness. The pain is typically felt only when the muscle is stretched, contracted or put under pressure, not when it is at rest. This tenderness, a characteristic symptom of DOMS, is also referred to as `` muscular mechanical hyperalgesia ''. Although there is variance among exercises and individuals, the soreness usually increases in intensity in the first 24 hours after exercise. It peaks from 24 to 72 hours, then subsides and disappears up to seven days after exercise. Cause The soreness is caused by eccentric exercise, that is, exercise consisting of eccentric ( lengthening ) contractions of the muscle. Isometric ( static ) exercise causes much less soreness, and concentric ( shortening ) exercise causes none. Mechanism The mechanism of delayed onset muscle soreness is not completely understood, but the pain is ultimately thought to be a result of microtrauma -- mechanical damage at a very small scale -- to the muscles being exercised. DOMS was first described in 1902 by Theodore Hough, who concluded that this kind of soreness is `` fundamentally the result of ruptures within the muscle ''. According to this `` muscle damage '' theory of DOMS, these ruptures are microscopic lesions at the Z - line of the muscle sarcomere. The soreness has been attributed to the increased tension force and muscle lengthening from eccentric exercise. This may cause the actin and myosin cross-bridges to separate prior to relaxation, ultimately causing greater tension on the remaining active motor units. This increases the risk of broadening, smearing, and damage to the sarcomere. When microtrauma occurs to these structures, nociceptors ( pain receptors ) within muscle connective tissues are stimulated and cause the sensation of pain. Another explanation for the pain associated with DOMS is the `` enzyme efflux '' theory. Following microtrauma, calcium that is normally stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum accumulates in the damaged muscles. Cellular respiration is inhibited and ATP needed to actively transport calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum is also slowed. This accumulation of calcium may activate proteases and phospholipases which in turn break down and degenerate muscle protein. This causes inflammation, and in turn pain due to the accumulation of histamines, prostaglandins, and potassium. An earlier theory posited that DOMS is connected to the build - up of lactic acid in the blood, which was thought to continue being produced following exercise. This build - up of lactic acid was thought to be a toxic metabolic waste product that caused the perception of pain at a delayed stage. This theory has been largely rejected, as concentric contractions which also produce lactic acid have been unable to cause DOMS. Additionally, lactic acid is known from multiple studies to return to normal levels within one hour of exercise, and therefore can not cause the pain that occurs much later. Relation to other effects Although delayed onset muscle soreness is a symptom associated with muscle damage, its magnitude does not necessarily reflect the magnitude of muscle damage. Soreness is one of the temporary changes caused in muscles by unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Other such changes include decreased muscle strength, reduced range of motion, and muscle swelling. It has been shown, however, that these changes develop independently in time from one another and that the soreness is therefore not the cause of the reduction in muscle function. Possible function as a warning sign Soreness might conceivably serve as a warning to reduce muscle activity so as to prevent further injury. However, further activity temporarily alleviates the soreness, even though it causes more pain initially. Continued use of the sore muscle also has no adverse effect on recovery from soreness and does not exacerbate muscle damage. It is therefore unlikely that soreness is in fact a warning sign not to use the affected muscle. Repeated - bout effect After performing an unaccustomed eccentric exercise and exhibiting severe soreness, the muscle rapidly adapts to reduce further damage from the same exercise. This is called the `` repeated - bout effect ''. As a result of this effect, not only is the soreness reduced, but other indicators of muscle damage, such as swelling, reduced strength and reduced range of motion, are also more quickly recovered from. The effect is mostly, but not wholly, specific to the exercised muscle : experiments have shown that some of the protective effect is also conferred on other muscles. The magnitude of the effect is subject to many variations, depending for instance on the time between bouts, the number and length of eccentric contractions and the exercise mode. It also varies between people and between indicators of muscle damage. Generally, though, the protective effect lasts for at least several weeks. It seems to gradually decrease as time between bouts increases, and is undetectable after about one year. The first bout does not need to be as intense as the subsequent bouts in order to confer at least some protection against soreness. For instance, eccentric exercise performed at 40 % of maximal strength has been shown to confer a protection of 20 to 60 % from muscle damage incurred by a 100 % strength exercise two to three weeks later. Also, the repeated - bout effect appears even after a relatively small number of contractions, possibly as few as two. In one study, a first bout of 10, 20 or 50 contractions provided equal protection for a second bout of 50 contractions three weeks later. The reason for the protective effect is not yet understood. A number of possible mechanisms, which may complement one another, have been proposed. These include neural adaptations ( improved use and control of the muscle by the nervous system ), mechanical adaptations ( increased muscle stiffness or muscle support tissue ), and cellular adaptations ( adaptation to inflammatory response and increased protein synthesis, among others ). Prevention Delayed onset muscle soreness can be reduced or prevented by gradually increasing the intensity of a new exercise program, thereby taking advantage of the repeated - bout effect. Soreness can theoretically be avoided by limiting exercise to concentric and isometric contractions. But eccentric contractions in some muscles are normally unavoidable during exercise, especially when muscles are fatigued. Limiting the length of eccentric muscle extensions during exercise may afford some protection against soreness, but this may also not be practical depending on the mode of exercise. A study comparing arm muscle training at different starting lengths found that training at the short length reduced muscle damage indicators by about 50 % compared to the long length, but this effect was not found in leg muscles. Static stretching or warming up the muscles before or after exercise does not prevent soreness. Overstretching can by itself cause soreness. The use of correctly fitted, medical - grade, graduated compression garments such as socks and calf sleeves during the workout can reduce muscle oscillation and thus some of the micro-tears that contribute to DOMS. Proper nutrition to manage electrolytes and glycogen before and after exertion has also been proposed as a way to ease soreness. Consuming more vitamin C may not prevent soreness, but oral curcumin ( 2.5 gram, twice daily ) likely reduces it. Treatment The soreness usually disappears within about 72 hours after appearing. If treatment is desired, any measure that increases blood flow to the muscle, such as low - intensity activity, massage, hot baths, or a sauna visit may help somewhat. Immersion in cool or icy water, an occasionally recommended remedy, was found to be ineffective in alleviating DOMS in one 2011 study, but effective in another. There is also insufficient evidence to determine whether whole - body cryotherapy -- compared with passive rest or no whole - body cryotherapy -- reduces DOMS, or improves subjective recovery, after exercise. Counterintuitively, continued exercise may temporarily suppress the soreness. Exercise increases pain thresholds and pain tolerance. This effect, called exercise - induced analgesia, is known to occur in endurance training ( running, cycling, swimming ), but little is known about whether it also occurs in resistance training. There are claims in the literature that exercising sore muscles appears to be the best way to reduce or eliminate the soreness, but this has not yet been systematically investigated. References ^ Jump up to : Costello, Joseph T. ; Baker, Philip Ra ; Minett, Geoffrey M. ; Bieuzen, Francois ; Stewart, Ian B. ; Bleakley, Chris ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ). `` Whole - body cryotherapy ( extreme cold air exposure ) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults ''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 : CD010789. ISSN 1469 - 493X. PMID 26383887. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD010789. pub2. ^ Jump up to : Nosaka, Ken ( 2008 ). `` Muscle Soreness and Damage and the Repeated - Bout Effect ''. In Tiidus, Peter M. Skeletal muscle damage and repair. Human Kinetics. pp. 59 -- 76. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 5867 - 4. Jump up ^ Taguchi, T. ; Matsuda, T. ; Tamura, R. ; Sato, J. ; Mizumura, K. ( 2005 ). `` Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia revealed by behavioural pain test and c - Fos expression in the spinal dorsal horn after eccentric contraction in rats ''. The Journal of Physiology. 564 ( Pt 1 ) : 259 -- 268. PMC 1456042. PMID 15677691. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2004.079483. Jump up ^ Hough, Theodore ( 1902 ). `` Ergographic studies in muscular soreness ''. American Journal of Physiology. 1902 ( 7 ) : 76 -- 92. doi : 10.1080 / 23267224.1902. 10649879. ; Hough T ( 1900 ). `` ERGOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN MUSCULAR FATIGUE AND SORENESS ''. J Boston Soc Med Sci. 5 : 81 -- 92. PMC 2048417. PMID 19971340. ^ Jump up to : Armstrong, RB ( December 1984 ). `` Mechanisms of exercise - induced delayed onset muscular soreness : a brief review ''. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 16 ( 6 ) : 529 -- 38. 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PMID 2205778. doi : 10.1249 / 00005768 - 199008000 - 00002. Jump up ^ Nosaka, 68 -- 69 ^ Jump up to : Kokkinos, Peter ( 2009 ). Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 111 -- 112. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 5612 - 3. Jump up ^ Herbert, Robert D. ; de Noronha, Marcos ; Kamper, Steven J. ( 2011 - 07 - 06 ). `` Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise ''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 7 ) : CD004577. ISSN 1469 - 493X. PMID 21735398. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004577. pub3. Jump up ^ High, DM ; Howley ET ; Franks BD ( December 1989 ). `` The effects of static stretching and warm - up on prevention of delayed - onset muscle soreness ''. Res Q Exerc Sport. 60 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 61. PMID 2489863. doi : 10.1080 / 02701367.1989. 10607463. Jump up ^ Kraemer, William ; Jill A. Bush ; Robbin B. Wickham ; Craig R. Denegar ; Ana L. Gómez ; Lincoln A. Gotshalk ; Noel D. Duncan ; Jeff S. Volek ; Margot Putukian ; Wayne J. Sebastianelli ( 2001 ). `` Influence of Compression Therapy on Symptoms Following Soft Tissue Injury from Maximal Eccentric Exercise ''. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 31 ( 6 ) : 282 -- 90. PMID 11411623. doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 2001.31. 6.282. Jump up ^ Connolly, Declan. `` Treatment and Prevention of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness '' ( PDF ). National Strength & Conditioning Association. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012. Jump up ^ Kraemer, William ( March 2006 ). `` The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching ''. Metabolism. 55 ( 3 ) : 282 -- 91. doi : 10.1016 / j. metabol. 2005.08. 023. Jump up ^ Connolly, DAJ ; Lauzon, C ; Agnew, J ; Dunn, M ; Reed, B ( 2006 ). `` The effects of vitamin C supplementation on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness ''. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 46 ( 3 ) : 462 -- 7. PMID 16998453. doi : 10.1249 / 00005768 - 200505001 - 01641. Jump up ^ Nicol, LM ; Rowlands, DS ; Fazarkerly, R ; Kellet, J ( 2015 ). `` Curcumin supplementation likely attenuates delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ). ''. Eur J App Physiol. 115 ( 8 ) : 1769 -- 77. PMID 25795285. doi : 10.1007 / s00421 - 015 - 3152 - 6. Jump up ^ Sellwood, K.L. ; Brukner, P. ; Williams, D. ; Nicol, A. ; Hinman, R. ( 2007 ). `` Ice ‐ water immersion and delayed ‐ onset muscle soreness : A randomised controlled trial ''. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 41 ( 6 ) : 392 -- 397. PMC 2465319. PMID 17261562. doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 2006.033985. Jump up ^ Snyder, J.G. ; Ambegaonkar, J.P. ; Winchester, J.B. ; McBride, J.M. ; Andre, M.J. ; Nelson, A.G. ( 2011 ). `` Efficacy of Cold - Water Immersion in Treating Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Male Distance Runners ''. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 43 : 766. doi : 10.1249 / 01. MSS. 0000402128.66983. f7. Pain and nociception By region / system HEENT Headache Neck Odynophagia ( swallowing ) Toothache Respiratory system Sore throat Pleurodynia Musculoskeletal Arthralgia ( joint ) Bone pain Myalgia ( muscle ) Muscle soreness : Acute / Delayed onset Neurologic Congenital insensitivity to pain HSAN Type I II congenital sensory neuropathy III familial dysautonomia IV congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis V congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis Neuralgia Pain asymbolia Pain disorder Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder Allodynia Chronic pain Hyperalgesia Hypoalgesia Hyperpathia Phantom pain Referred pain Other Pelvic pain Proctalgia Back Low back pain ( LBP ) Tests Cold pressor test Dolorimeter Grimace scale ( animals ) Hot plate test Tail flick test Related concepts Anterolateral system Pain management Anesthesia Cordotomy Pain scale Pain threshold Pain tolerance Posteromarginal nucleus Substance P Suffering OPQRST Philosophy of pain Cancer pain Drug - seeking behavior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delayed_onset_muscle_soreness&oldid=798670303 '' Categories : Exercise physiology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017, at 06 : 38. 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Question: which type of muscle contraction contributes most to the development of doms
Answer: eccentric