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( May 2008 ) Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Part of the Reconquista A 19th century portrayal of the battle by Francisco de Paula Van Halen Date 16 July 1212 Location Near Las Navas de Tolosa, Jaén, Andalusia, 38 ° 17 ′ 04 '' N 3 ° 34 ′ 58 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 38.28443 ° N 3.58286 ° W ﻿ / 38.28443 ; - 3.58286 Result Decisive Christian victory Belligerents Kingdom of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Order of Santiago Order of Calatrava Knights Templar French volunteers Leonese volunteers Almohad Caliphate Commanders and leaders Alfonso VIII of Castile - center Diego López II de Haro - vanguard Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada ( Archbishop of Toledo ) Sancho VII of Navarre - right wing Pedro II of Aragon - left wing Muhammad al - Nasir Strength 12,000 -- 14,000 ~ 22,000 -- 30,000 Casualties and losses unknown very high Reconquista Covadonga Roncevaux Pass Burbia River Lutos las Babias Río Quirós Río Nalón Oviedo Pancorbo Clavijo Albelda Guadalacete Monte Laturce Morcuera 1st Cellorigo 2nd Cellorigo Day of Zamora 1st San Esteban de Gormaz 2nd San Esteban de Gormaz Valdejunquera Alhandic Simancas Estercuel Torrevicente Rueda Cervera Calatañazor Torà Albesa Aqbat al - Bakr Graus Tamarón Barbastro Paterna Llantada Golpejera Cabra Piedra Pisada Morella Sagrajas Alcoraz Bairén Consuegra Uclés Cutanda Arnisol Fraga Ourique Oreja al - Ludjdj Montiel 1st Santarém Lisbon 2nd Santarém 1st Silves Alarcos Al - Dāmūs Las Navas de Tolosa 1st Jaén Majorca Portopí 2nd Jaén Jerez Burriana Córdoba El Puig 3rd Jaén Seville Écija 1st Algeciras 2nd Algeciras Moclín Iznalloz 1st Gibraltar 3rd Algeciras 2nd Gibraltar Teba Río Salado Estepona 4th Algeciras Linuesa Guadix 5th Algeciras Collejares La Higueruela Los Alporchones Málaga Granada Campaign The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al - Uqab ( معركة العقاب ), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain. The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal, in battle against the Berber Almohad Muslim rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. The Caliph al - Nasir ( Miramamolín in the Spanish chronicles ) led the Almohad army, made up of people from the whole Almohad empire. Most of the men in the Almohad army came from the African side of the empire. Contents 1 Background 2 Previous movements 3 Battle 4 Aftermath 4.1 Moorish Granada 4.2 In fiction 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Background In 1195, Alfonso VIII of Castile was defeated by the Almohads in the so - called Disaster of Alarcos. After this victory the Almohads took several important cities : Trujillo, Plasencia, Talavera, Cuenca, and Uclés. Then, in 1211, Muhammad al - Nasir crossed the Strait of Gibraltar with a powerful army, invaded Christian territory, and captured Salvatierra Castle, the stronghold of the knights of the Order of Calatrava. The threat to the Hispanic Christian kingdoms was so great that Pope Innocent III called European knights to a crusade. Previous movements There were some disagreements among the members of the Christian coalition : French and other European knights did not agree with Alfonso 's merciful treatment of Jews and Muslims who were previously defeated in the conquest of Malagón and Calatrava la Vieja. Previously, they had caused problems in Toledo, ( where the different armies of the Crusade gathered ), with assaults and murders in the Jewish Quarter. Battle Alfonso crossed the mountain range that defended the Almohad camp, sneaking through the Despeñaperros Pass, being led by Martin Alhaja, a local shepherd who knew the area. The Christian coalition caught the Moorish army at camp by surprise, and Alhaja was granted the hereditary title Cabeza de Vaca for his assistance to Alfonso VIII. Monument at Navas De Tolosa According to legend, the Caliph had his tent surrounded with a bodyguard of slave - warriors who were chained together as a defense. The Navarrese force led by their king Sancho VII broke through this bodyguard. The Caliph escaped, but the Moors were routed, leaving heavy casualties on the battlefield. The victorious Christians seized several prizes of war : Miramamolín 's tent and standard were delivered to Pope Innocent III. Christian losses were far fewer, only about 2,000 men ( though not as few as legend had it ). The losses were particularly heavy among the Orders. Those killed included Pedro Gómez de Acevedo ( bannerman of the Order of Calatrava ), Alvaro Fernández de Valladares ( comendator of the Order of Santiago ), Pedro Arias ( master of the Order of Santiago, died of wounds on 3 August ) and Gomes Ramires ( Portuguese master of the Knights Templar and simultaneously master of Leon, Castile and Portugal ). Ruy Díaz ( master of the Order of Calatrava ) was so grievously wounded that he had to resign his command. The Caliph Muhammad al - Nasir himself died in Marrakech shortly after the battle, where he had fled after the defeat. Aftermath The crushing defeat of the Almohads significantly hastened their decline both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Maghreb a decade later. That gave further impulse to the Christian Reconquest and sharply reduced the already declining power of the Moors in Iberia. Shortly after the battle, the Castilians took Baeza and then Úbeda, major fortified cities near the battlefield and gateways to invade Andalusia. According to Letter from Alfonso VIII of Castile to Pope Innocent III, Baeza was evacuated and its people moved to Úbeda, here the king laid siege and put to death 60,000 muslims and enslaved many more. According to the latin chronicle of kings of castile the number given is almost 100,000 Saracens, including children and women, were captured. Thereafter, Alfonso VIII 's grandson Ferdinand III of Castile took Cordova in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248 ; then he took Arcos, Medina - Sidonia, Jerez, and Cadiz. In 1252, Ferdinand was preparing his fleet and army for invasion of the Almohad lands in Africa. But he died in Seville on 30 May 1252, during an outbreak of plague in southern Hispania. Only Ferdinand 's death prevented the Castilians from taking the war to the Almohad on the Mediterranean coast, James I of Aragon conquered the Balearic Islands ( from 1228 over the following four years ) and Valencia ( the city capitulated on 28 September 1238 ). By 1252 the Almohad empire was almost over, at the mercy of another emerging African power. In 1269 a new association of African tribes, the Marinids, took control of the Maghreb, and most of the former Almohad empire was under their rule. Later, the Marinids tried to recover the former Almohad territories in Iberia, but they were definitively defeated by Alfonso XI of Castile and Afonso IV of Portugal in the Battle of Río Salado, the last major military encounter between large Christian and Muslim armies in Hispania. Moorish Granada In 1292 Sancho IV took Tarifa ( the city resisted a siege in 1294 ), key to the control of the Strait of Gibraltar. Granada, Almería, and Málaga were the only major Muslim cities of the time remaining in the Iberian peninsula. These three cities were the core of the Emirate of Granada, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty. Granada was a vassal state of Castile, until finally taken by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492. In fiction Harry Harrison 's 1972 alternate history / science fiction novel Tunnel Through the Deeps depicts a history where the Moors won at Las Navas de Tolosa and retained part of Spain into the 20th century. Notes Jump up ^ Gitlitz, David Martin and Linda Kay Davidson, The Pilgrimage Road to Santiago, ( St. Martin 's Press, 2000 ), 60. Jump up ^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer, A History of the Crusades, ( University of Wisconsin Press, 1975 ), 423. ^ Jump up to : Martín Alvira Cabrer : Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212 : idea, liturgia y memoria de la batalla. Madrid 2012, p. 332 Jump up ^ Martín Alvira Cabrer : Guerra e ideología en la España medieval : cultura y actitudes históricas ante el giro de principios del siglo XIII : batallas de las Navas de Tolosa ( 1212 ) y Muret ( 1213 ). Universidad Complutense, Madrid 2000 / 2003. p. 196 Jump up ^ Nafziger, 87. Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt describes the battle as a `` major turning point in the reconquista... '' See Lynn Hunt, R. Po - chia Hsia, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie Smith, The Making of the West : Peoples and Cultures : A Concise History : Volume I : To 1740, Second Edition ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's 2007 ), 391. Jump up ^ Guggenberger, Anthony, A General History of the Christian Era : The Papacy and the Empire, Vol. 1, ( B. Herder, 1913 ), 372. Jump up ^ According to the king of Castile, `` On their side 100,000 armed men fell in battle... '' See Lynn Hunt, R. Po - chia Hsia, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie Smith, The Making of the West : Peoples and Cultures : A Concise History : Volume I : To 1740, Second Edition ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's 2007 ), 391. Jump up ^ Riga and Rome : Henry of Livonia and the Papal Curia, Iben Fonnesberg - Schmidt, Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, ed. Marek Tamm, Linda Kaljundi, Carsten Selch Jensen, ( Ashgate Publishing, 2011 ), 224. Jump up ^ `` Three sources on the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 '' De Re Militari ``. deremilitari.org. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09. References Alvira Cabrer, Martín, Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212 : idea, liturgia y memoria de la batalla, Sílex Ediciones, Madrid 2012 ( Spanish ). García Fitz, Francisco, Las Navas de Tolosa, Ariel, Barcelona 2005 ( Spanish ). García Fitz, Francisco, Was Las Navas a decisive battle ?, in : Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies ( JMIS ), vol. 4, no. 1, 5 -- 9. Nafziger, George F. and Mark W. Walton, Islam at War : a history, Greenwood Publishing Company, 2003. O'Callaghan, Joseph F., Reconquest and crusade in medieval Spain, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia PA 2004. Setton, Kenneth Meyer, A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press, 1975. Vara Thorbeck, Carlos, El lunes de las Navas, Universidad de Jaén, 1999. Re-edited with another title : Las Navas de Tolosa : 1212, la batalla que decidió la Reconquista, Edhasa, Barcelona 2012 ( Spanish ). http://www.xenealoxia.org/linaxes/galicia/1451-valladares-marquesado-de. http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/vigo/2014/12/14/casa-valladares-siglo-xvii-riesgo-desaparicion/0003_201412V14C4999.htm. Further reading Crusades portal `` Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa ''. Reader 's Companion to Military History. Archived from the original on 26 February 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2006. ( in Spanish ) Martín Alvira - Cabrer, Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212. Idea, liturgia y memoria de la batalla, Sílex, Madrid, 2012. ISBN 9788477377214 GND : 7540050 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa&oldid=814605038 '' Categories : Battles of the Reconquista 1212 in Spain Battles involving the Almohad Caliphate Battles involving Castile Battles involving Aragon Battles involving Portugal Battles of the Crusades Military history of Spain 13th - century crusades Conflicts in 1212 Battles involving the Knights Templar 13th century in Al - Andalus 13th century in Aragon 13th century in Castile 13th century in Portugal Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with Spanish - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017, at 20 : 58. 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Question: who won the battle of las navas de tolosa
Answer: Christian