Seniority in the United States Senate - wikipedia Seniority in the United States Senate This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) Seniority in the United States Senate is valuable as it confers a number of benefits and is based on length of continuous service, with ties broken by a series of factors. Customarily, the terms `` senior senator '' and `` junior senator '' are used to distinguish the two senators representing a particular state. Contents 1 Benefits of seniority 2 Determining the beginning of a term 3 Determining length of seniority 4 Current seniority list 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Benefits of seniority The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power, but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority. Generally, senior senators will have more power, especially within their own caucuses. In addition, by custom, senior senators from the president 's party control federal patronage appointments in their states. There are several benefits, including the following : The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party. Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority. Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee, which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate. Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position, it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee, and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee. The ranking member of a committee ( called the vice-chairman in some select committees ) is elected in the same way. Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber. Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated. Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors, such as being a former president or First Spouse, can place an individual higher in the order of precedence. Determining the beginning of a term The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new senator is sworn in. In the case of senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress, their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress. Since 1935, that means January 3 of odd - numbered years. The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment, although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office. An incoming senator who holds another office, including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives, must resign from that office before becoming a senator. Determining length of seniority A senator 's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service ; for example, a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years. Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress, seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service and, if necessary, the amount of time spent in the tiebreaking office. These tiebreakers in order are : Former senator Former Vice President Former House member Former Cabinet secretary Former state Governor Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office Alphabetical by last name ( in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials ) When more than one senator has served in the same previous role, length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie. For instance, Ben Cardin, Bernie Sanders, Sherrod Brown, Bob Casey, Bob Corker, Claire McCaskill, Amy Klobuchar, Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3, 2007, and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives. Cardin, having served 20 years, is more senior than Sanders, who served 16 years, who in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years. Casey, Corker, McCaskill, Klobuchar, Whitehouse, and Tester rank in that order because as of the 2000 census, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Missouri, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Montana had populations that ranked in that order, so Tester was ranked 100th in seniority when the 110th Congress convened. Current seniority list Only relevant factors are listed below. For senators whose seniority is based on their state 's respective population, the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time that they first took their seat. Republican R ( 51 ) Democratic D ( 47 ) Independent I ( 2 ) Current rank Historical rank Senator party - state Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions 1692 Patrick Leahy D -- Vermont January 3, 1975 Ranking Member : Appropriations President pro tempore emeritus 1708 Orrin Hatch R -- Utah January 3, 1977 President pro tempore Chair : Finance 1745 Chuck Grassley R -- Iowa January 3, 1981 Chair : Judiciary 1766 Mitch McConnell R -- Kentucky January 3, 1985 Majority Leader 5 1775 Richard Shelby R -- Alabama January 3, 1987 Chair : Appropriations 6 1801 Dianne Feinstein D -- California November 4, 1992 Ranking Member : Judiciary 7 1810 Patty Murray D -- Washington January 3, 1993 Ranking Member : HELP Assistant Minority Leader 8 1816 Jim Inhofe R -- Oklahoma November 16, 1994 Chair : Armed Services 9 1827 Ron Wyden D -- Oregon February 6, 1996 Ranking Member : Finance 10 1830 Pat Roberts R -- Kansas January 3, 1997 Former representative ( 16 years ) Chair : Agriculture 11 1831 Dick Durbin D -- Illinois Former representative ( 14 years ) Minority Whip 12 1835 Jack Reed D -- Rhode Island Former representative ( 6 years ) Ranking Member : Armed Services 13 1842 Susan Collins R -- Maine Maine 38th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Aging 14 1843 Mike Enzi R -- Wyoming Wyoming 50th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Budget 15 1844 Chuck Schumer D -- New York January 3, 1999 Former representative ( 18 years ) Minority Leader 16 1846 Mike Crapo R -- Idaho Former representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Banking 17 1854 Bill Nelson D -- Florida January 3, 2001 Former representative ( 12 years ) Ranking Member : Commerce 18 1855 Tom Carper D -- Delaware Former representative ( 10 years ) Ranking Member : Environment 19 1856 Debbie Stabenow D -- Michigan Former representative ( 4 years ) Ranking Member : Agriculture Democratic Policy Committee Chair 20 1859 Maria Cantwell D -- Washington Former representative ( 2 years ) Ranking Member : Energy 21 1867 Lisa Murkowski R -- Alaska December 20, 2002 Chair : Energy 22 1869 Lindsey Graham R -- South Carolina January 3, 2003 Former representative 23 1871 Lamar Alexander R -- Tennessee Former Cabinet member Chair : HELP 24 1873 John Cornyn R -- Texas Majority Whip 25 1876 Richard Burr R -- North Carolina January 3, 2005 Former representative ( 10 years ) Chair : Intelligence 26 1879 John Thune R -- South Dakota Former representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Commerce Republican Conference Chair 27 1880 Johnny Isakson R -- Georgia Former representative ( 5 yrs., 10 mos. ) Chair : Veterans ' Affairs Chair : Ethics 28 1885 Bob Menendez D -- New Jersey January 17, 2006 Ranking Member : Foreign Relations 29 1886 Ben Cardin D -- Maryland January 3, 2007 Former representative ( 20 years ) Ranking Member : Small Business 30 1887 Bernie Sanders I -- Vermont Former representative ( 16 years ) Ranking Member : Budget 31 1888 Sherrod Brown D -- Ohio Former representative ( 14 years ) Ranking Member : Banking 32 1890 Bob Casey Jr. D -- Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 6th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Aging 33 1891 Bob Corker R -- Tennessee Tennessee 16th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Foreign Relations 34 1892 Claire McCaskill D -- Missouri Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Homeland Security 35 1893 Amy Klobuchar D -- Minnesota Minnesota 21st in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Rules 36 1894 Sheldon Whitehouse D -- Rhode Island Rhode Island 43rd in population ( 2000 ) 37 1895 Jon Tester D -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Veterans ' Affairs 38 1896 John Barrasso R -- Wyoming June 22, 2007 Chair : Environment Republican Policy Committee Chair 39 1897 Roger Wicker R -- Mississippi December 31, 2007 40 1899 Tom Udall D -- New Mexico January 3, 2009 Former representative Vice Chair : Indian Affairs 41 1901 Jeanne Shaheen D -- New Hampshire Former governor ( 6 years ) 42 1902 Mark Warner D -- Virginia Former governor ( 4 years ) Vice Chair : Intelligence Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 43 1903 Jim Risch R -- Idaho Former governor ( 7 months ) Chair : Small Business 44 1905 Jeff Merkley D -- Oregon 45 1909 Michael Bennet D -- Colorado January 21, 2009 46 1910 Kirsten Gillibrand D -- New York January 26, 2009 47 1916 Joe Manchin D -- West Virginia November 15, 2010 Former governor 48 1917 Chris Coons D -- Delaware Vice Chair : Ethics 49 1919 Roy Blunt R -- Missouri January 3, 2011 Former representative ( 14 years ) Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Rules Republican Conference Vice Chair 50 1920 Jerry Moran R -- Kansas Kansas 33rd in population ( 2000 ) 51 1921 Rob Portman R -- Ohio Former representative ( 12 years ) 52 1922 John Boozman R -- Arkansas Former representative ( 10 years ) 53 1923 Pat Toomey R -- Pennsylvania Former representative ( 6 years ) 54 1924 John Hoeven R -- North Dakota Former governor Chair : Indian Affairs 55 1925 Marco Rubio R -- Florida Florida 4th in population ( 2000 ) 56 1926 Ron Johnson R -- Wisconsin Wisconsin 20th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Homeland Security 57 1927 Rand Paul R -- Kentucky Kentucky 25th in population ( 2000 ) 58 1928 Richard Blumenthal D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2000 ) 59 1929 Mike Lee R -- Utah Utah 34th in population ( 2000 ) 60 1931 Dean Heller R -- Nevada May 9, 2011 61 1932 Brian Schatz D -- Hawaii December 26, 2012 62 1933 Tim Scott R -- South Carolina January 2, 2013 63 1934 Tammy Baldwin D -- Wisconsin January 3, 2013 Former representative ( 14 years ) Democratic Caucus Secretary 64 1935 Jeff Flake R -- Arizona Former representative ( 12 years ) 65 1936 Joe Donnelly D -- Indiana Former representative ( 6 years ) Indiana 15th in population ( 2010 ) 66 1937 Chris Murphy D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2010 ) 67 1938 Mazie Hirono D -- Hawaii Hawaii 40th in population ( 2010 ) 68 1939 Martin Heinrich D -- New Mexico Former representative ( 4 years ) 69 1940 Angus King I -- Maine Former governor ( 8 years ) 70 1941 Tim Kaine D -- Virginia Former governor ( 4 years ) 71 1942 Ted Cruz R -- Texas Texas 2nd in population ( 2010 ) 72 1943 Elizabeth Warren D -- Massachusetts Massachusetts 14th in population ( 2010 ) Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 73 1944 Deb Fischer R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 74 1945 Heidi Heitkamp D -- North Dakota North Dakota 48th in population ( 2010 ) 75 1948 Ed Markey D -- Massachusetts July 16, 2013 76 1949 Cory Booker D -- New Jersey October 31, 2013 77 1951 Shelley Moore Capito R -- West Virginia January 3, 2015 Former representative ( 14 years ) 78 1952 Gary Peters D -- Michigan Former representative ( 6 years ) Michigan 8th in population ( 2010 ) 79 1953 Bill Cassidy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 80 1954 Cory Gardner R -- Colorado Former representative ( 4 years ) Colorado 22nd in population ( 2010 ) NRSC Chair 81 1955 James Lankford R -- Oklahoma Oklahoma 28th in population ( 2010 ) 82 1956 Tom Cotton R -- Arkansas Former representative ( 2 years ) Arkansas 32nd in population ( 2010 ) 83 1957 Steve Daines R -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2010 ) 84 1958 Mike Rounds R -- South Dakota Former governor 85 1959 David Perdue R -- Georgia Georgia 9th in population ( 2010 ) 86 1960 Thom Tillis R -- North Carolina North Carolina 10th in population ( 2010 ) 87 1961 Joni Ernst R -- Iowa Iowa 30th in population ( 2010 ) 88 1962 Ben Sasse R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 89 1963 Dan Sullivan R -- Alaska Alaska 47th in population ( 2010 ) 90 1964 Chris Van Hollen D -- Maryland January 3, 2017 Former representative ( 14 years ) DSCC Chair 91 1965 Todd Young R -- Indiana Former representative ( 6 years ) 92 1966 Tammy Duckworth D -- Illinois Former representative ( 4 years ) 93 1967 Maggie Hassan D -- New Hampshire Former governor 94 1968 Kamala Harris D -- California California 1st in population ( 2010 ) 95 1969 John Neely Kennedy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 96 1970 Catherine Cortez Masto D -- Nevada Nevada 35th in population ( 2010 ) 97 1972 Tina Smith D -- Minnesota January 3, 2018 Minnesota 21st in population ( 2010 ) 98 1973 Doug Jones D -- Alabama Alabama 23rd in population ( 2010 ) 99 Cindy Hyde - Smith R -- Mississippi April 2, 2018 100 1819 Jon Kyl R -- Arizona September 4, 2018 Rank Historical rank Senator party - state Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions See also Current members of the United States Senate Seniority in the United States House of Representatives List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service List of longest - living United States Senators Notes Jump up ^ Richard Shelby 's 1994 party change did not break his service or seniority. Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell ( # 20 ) is the Senate 's most senior junior senator. ^ Jump up to : The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment, not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office. See Determining the beginning of a term, above. Jump up ^ John Cornyn 's predecessor, Phil Gramm, resigned early, effective November 30, 2002, so that Senator - elect Cornyn could take office early, and move into Gramm 's office suite in order to begin organizing his staff. Cornyn did not, however, gain seniority, owing to a 1980 Rules Committee policy that no longer gave seniority to senators who entered Congress early for the purpose of gaining advantageous office space. Jump up ^ Bill Cassidy ( # 79 ) is the Senate 's most junior senior senator. Jump up ^ Jon Kyl previously served in the U.S. Senate from 1995 to 2013. References ^ Jump up to : `` Senators of the United States 1789 -- present, A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789 '' ( PDF ). Senate Historical Office. April 17, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. `` 2000 Census State Population Rankings ''. Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved May 28, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data ( Text Version ) -- 2010 Census, by state and census region ''. Jump up ^ `` Historical rank '' refers to the Senator 's seniority over the entire history of the Senate since 1789. This is an absolute number that does not change from one Congress to the next. Lists of United States Senators in Congress by seniority 1 ( 1789 ) 2 ( 1791 ) 3 ( 1793 ) 4 ( 1795 ) 5 ( 1797 ) 6 ( 1799 ) 7 ( 1801 ) 8 ( 1803 ) 9 ( 1805 ) 10 ( 1807 ) 11 ( 1809 ) 12 ( 1811 ) 13 ( 1813 ) 14 ( 1815 ) 15 ( 1817 ) 16 ( 1819 ) 17 ( 1821 ) 18 ( 1823 ) 19 ( 1825 ) 20 ( 1827 ) 21 ( 1829 ) 22 ( 1831 ) 23 ( 1833 ) 24 ( 1835 ) 25 ( 1837 ) 26 ( 1839 ) 27 ( 1841 ) 28 ( 1843 ) 29 ( 1845 ) 30 ( 1847 ) 31 ( 1849 ) 32 ( 1851 ) 33 ( 1853 ) 34 ( 1855 ) 35 ( 1857 ) 36 ( 1859 ) 37 ( 1861 ) 38 ( 1863 ) 39 ( 1865 ) 40 ( 1867 ) 41 ( 1869 ) 42 ( 1871 ) 43 ( 1873 ) 44 ( 1875 ) 45 ( 1877 ) 46 ( 1879 ) 47 ( 1881 ) 48 ( 1883 ) 49 ( 1885 ) 50 ( 1887 ) 51 ( 1889 ) 52 ( 1891 ) 53 ( 1893 ) 54 ( 1895 ) 55 ( 1897 ) 56 ( 1899 ) 57 ( 1901 ) 58 ( 1903 ) 59 ( 1905 ) 60 ( 1907 ) 61 ( 1909 ) 62 ( 1911 ) 63 ( 1913 ) 64 ( 1915 ) 65 ( 1917 ) 66 ( 1919 ) 67 ( 1921 ) 68 ( 1923 ) 69 ( 1925 ) 70 ( 1927 ) 71 ( 1929 ) 72 ( 1931 ) 73 ( 1933 ) 74 ( 1935 ) 75 ( 1937 ) 76 ( 1939 ) 77 ( 1941 ) 78 ( 1943 ) 79 ( 1945 ) 80 ( 1947 ) 81 ( 1949 ) 82 ( 1951 ) 83 ( 1953 ) 84 ( 1955 ) 85 ( 1957 ) 86 ( 1959 ) 87 ( 1961 ) 88 ( 1963 ) 89 ( 1965 ) 90 ( 1967 ) 91 ( 1969 ) 92 ( 1971 ) 93 ( 1973 ) 94 ( 1975 ) 95 ( 1977 ) 96 ( 1979 ) 97 ( 1981 ) 98 ( 1983 ) 99 ( 1985 ) 100 ( 1987 ) 101 ( 1989 ) 102 ( 1991 ) 103 ( 1993 ) 104 ( 1995 ) 105 ( 1997 ) 106 ( 1999 ) 107 ( 2001 ) 108 ( 2003 ) 109 ( 2005 ) 110 ( 2007 ) 111 ( 2009 ) 112 ( 2011 ) 113 ( 2013 ) 114 ( 2015 ) 115 ( 2017 ) Current United States Senate elections Multiple - date elections 1788 / 89 1790 / 91 1792 / 93 1794 / 95 1796 / 97 1798 / 99 1800 / 01 1802 / 03 1804 / 05 1806 / 07 1808 / 09 1810 / 11 1812 / 13 1814 / 15 1816 / 17 1818 / 19 1820 / 21 1822 / 23 1824 / 25 1826 / 27 1828 / 29 1830 / 31 1832 / 33 1834 / 35 1836 / 37 1838 / 39 1840 / 41 1842 / 43 1844 / 45 1846 / 47 1848 / 49 1850 / 51 1852 / 53 1854 / 55 1856 / 57 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 / 67 1868 / 69 1870 / 71 1872 / 73 1874 / 75 1876 / 77 1878 / 79 1880 / 81 1882 / 83 1884 / 85 1886 / 87 1888 / 89 1890 / 91 1892 / 93 1894 / 95 1896 / 97 1898 / 99 1900 / 01 1902 / 03 1904 / 05 1906 / 07 1908 / 09 1910 / 11 1912 / 13 Single - date elections 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) List of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled, censured, and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses, women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - 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Question: who is the top ranking member in the senate
Answer: Patrick Leahy