Stomatitis - wikipedia Stomatitis Stomatitis Kwashiorkor sufferers show signs of thinning hair, edema, inadequate growth, and weight loss. The stomatitis on the pictured infant indicates an accompanying Vitamin B deficiency Classification and external resources Specialty Dermatology ICD - 10 K12 ICD - 9 - CM 528.0 DiseasesDB 27158 MeSH D013280 ( edit on Wikidata ) Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips. It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration. In its widest meaning, stomatitis can have a multitude of different causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others. When inflammation of the gums and the mouth generally presents itself, sometimes the term gingivostomatitis is used, though this is also sometimes used as a synonym for herpetic gingivostomatitis. The term is derived from the Greek stoma ( στόμα ), meaning `` mouth '', and the suffix - itis ( - ῖτις ), meaning `` inflammation ''. Contents 1 Causes 1.1 Nutritional deficiency 1.2 Aphthous stomatitis 1.3 Angular stomatitis 1.4 Denture - related stomatitis 1.5 Allergic contact stomatitis 1.6 Migratory stomatitis 1.7 Herpetic gingivostomatitis 1.8 Irradiation and chemotherapy 1.9 Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis 1.10 Stomatitis nicotina 1.11 Chronic ulcerative stomatitis 1.12 Plasma cell gingivostomatitis 1.13 Other forms of stomatitis 2 References 3 External links Causes Nutritional deficiency Malnutrition ( improper dietary intake ) or malabsorption ( poor absorption of nutrients into the body ) can lead to nutritional deficiency states, several of which can lead to stomatitis. For example, deficiencies of iron, vitamin B2 ( riboflavin ), vitamin B3 ( niacin ), vitamin B6 ( pyridoxine ), vitamin B9 ( folic acid ) or vitamin B12 ( cobalamine ) may all manifest as stomatitis. Iron is necessary for the upregulation of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Lack of iron can cause genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the mouth and lips. Many disorders which cause malabsorption can cause deficiencies, which in turn causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical sprue. Aphthous stomatitis Main article : Aphthous stomatitis Aphthous stomatitis ( canker sores ) is the recurrent appearance of mouth ulcers in otherwise healthy individuals. The cause is not completely understood, but it is thought that the condition represents a T cell mediated immune response which is triggered by a variety of factors. The individual ulcers ( aphthae ) recur periodically and heal completely, although in the more severe forms new ulcers may appear in other parts of the mouth before the old ones have finished healing. Aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa, and is thought to affect about 20 % of the general population to some degree. The symptoms range from a minor nuisance to being disabling in their impact on eating, swallowing and talking, and the severe forms can cause people to lose weight. There is no cure for aphthous stomatitis, and therapies are aimed at alleviating the pain, reducing the inflammation and promoting healing of the ulcers, but there is little evidence of efficacy for any treatment that has been used. Angular stomatitis Main article : Angular cheilitis Inflammation of the corners ( angles ) of the lips is termed angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip - licking, and in adults it may be a sign of underlying iron deficiency anemia, or vitamin B deficiencies ( e.g., B - riboflavin, B - folate, or B - cobalamin, which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition such as celiac disease ). Also, angular cheilitis can be caused by a patient 's jaws at rest being ' overclosed ' due to edentulousness or tooth wear, causing the jaws to come to rest closer together than if the complete / unaffected dentition were present. This causes skin folds around the angle of the mouth which are kept moist by saliva, which in turn favours infection ; mostly by Candida albicans or similar species. Treatment usually involves the administration of topical nystatin or similar antifungal agents. Another treatment can be to correct the jaw relationship with dental treatment ( e.g., dentures or occlusal adjustment ). Denture - related stomatitis Main article : Denture - related stomatitis This is a common condition present in denture wearers. It appears as reddened but painless mucosa beneath the denture. 90 % of cases are associated with Candida species, and it is the most common form of oral candidiasis. Treatment is by antifungal medication and improved dental hygiene, such as not wearing the denture during sleep. Allergic contact stomatitis Allergic contact stomatitis ( also termed `` allergic gingivostomatitis '' or `` allergic contact gingivostomatitis '' ) is a type IV ( delayed ) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in susceptible atopic individuals when allergens penetrate the skin or mucosa. Allergens, which may be different for different individuals, combine with epithelial - derived proteins, forming haptens which bind with Langerhans cells in the mucosa, which in turn present the antigen on their surface to T lymphocytes, sensitizing them to that antigen and causing them to produce many specific clones. The second time that specific antigen is encountered, an inflammatory reaction is triggered at the site of exposure. Allergic contact stomatitis is less common than allergic contact dermatitis because the mouth is coated in saliva, which washes away antigens and acts as a barrier. The oral mucosa is also more vascular ( has a better blood supply ) than skin, meaning that any antigens are more quickly removed from the area by the circulation. Finally, there is substantially less keratin in oral mucosa, meaning that there is less likelihood that haptens will form. Allergic contact stomatitis appears as non-specific inflammation, so it may be mistaken for chronic physical irritation. There may be burning or soreness of the mouth and ulceration. Chronic exposure to the allergen may result in a lichenoid lesion. Plasma cell gingivitis may also occur, which may be accompanied by glossitis and cheilitis. Patch test Allergens that may cause allergic contact stomatitis in some individuals include cinnamaldehyde, Balsam of Peru, peppermint, mercury, gold, pyrophosphates, zinc citrate, free acrylic monomer, nickel, fluoride, and sodium lauryl sulfate. These allergens may originate from many sources, including various foods and drink, chewing gum, toothpaste, mouthwash, dental floss, dental fillings, dentures, orthodontic bands or wires, and many other sources. If the substance containing the allergen comes into contact with the lips, allergic contact cheilitis can occur, together with allergic contact stomatitis. The diagnosis is confirmed by patch test, and management is by avoidance of exposure to the allergen. Migratory stomatitis Main article : Geographic tongue Migratory stomatitis ( or geographic stomatitis ) is an atypical presentation of a condition which normally presents on the tongue, termed geographic tongue. Geographic tongue is so named because there are atrophic, erythematous areas of depapillation that migrate over time, giving a map - like appearance. In migratory stomatitis, other mucosal sites in the mouth, such as the ventral surface ( undersurface ) of the tongue, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, soft palate, or floor of mouth may be afflicted with identical lesions, usually in addition to the tongue. Apart from not being restricted to the tongue, migratory stomatitis is an identical condition in every regard to geographic tongue. Another synonym for geographic tongue which uses the term stomatitis is `` stomatitis areata migrans ''. Herpetic gingivostomatitis Herpetic stomatitis ( herpetic gingivostomatitis ) Main article : Herpetic gingivostomatitis This is inflammation of the mouth caused by herpes simplex virus. Irradiation and chemotherapy Stomatitis may also be caused by chemotherapy, or radiation therapy of the oropharyngeal area. The term mucositis is sometimes used synonymously with stomatitis, however the former usually refers to mucosal reactions to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and may occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract and not just in the mouth. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis See Necrotizing periodontal diseases The term necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis is sometimes used as a synonym of the necrotizing periodontal disease more commonly termed necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, or a more severe form ( also termed necrotizing stomatitis ). The term necrotizing gingivostomatitis is also sometimes used. Stomatitis nicotina Main article : Stomatitis nicotina Also called smoker 's palatal keratosis, this condition may occur in smokers, especially pipe smokers. The palate appears dry and cracked, and white from keratosis. The minor salivary glands appear as small, red and swollen bumps. It is not a premalignant condition, and the appearance reverses if the smoking is stopped. Chronic ulcerative stomatitis Chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a recently discovered condition with specific immunopathologic features. It is characterized by erosions and ulcerations which relapse and remit. Lesions are located on the buccal mucosa ( inside of the cheeks ) or on the gingiva ( gums ). The condition resembles Oral lichen planus when biopsied. The diagnosis is made with Immunofluorescence techniques, which shows circulating and tissue - bound autoantibodies ( particulate stratified squamous - epithelium - specific antinuclear antibody ) to DeltaNp63alpha protein, a normal component of the epithelium. Treatment is with hydroxychloroquine. Plasma cell gingivostomatitis Main article : plasma cell gingivitis Terms such as plasma cell gingivostomatitis, atypical gingivostomatitis and idiopathic gingivostomatitis are sometimes a synonym for plasma cell gingivitis, or specifically to refer to a severe form of plasma cell gingivitis. Other forms of stomatitis Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis ( PFAPA ) syndrome -- occurs in children. Uremic stomatitis -- a rare form of stomatitis that occurs with renal failure. Pyostomatitis vegetans Bovine papular stomatitis References Jump up ^ Zaoutis, ( edited by ) Jeffrey M. Bergelson, Samir S. Shah, Theoklis E. ( 2008 ). Pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia : Mosby / Elsevier. ISBN 9780323076333. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael G. Stewart, Samuel Selesnick ( editors ) ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ). `` 35 ''. Differential diagnosis in otolaryngology -- head and neck surgery. New York : Thieme. 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Gillespie, M.D., G.L. Waldbott, M.D. Allergy to Fluoride. Annals of Allergy, Volume 25, July, 1967 Jump up ^ Treister NS, Bruch JM ( 2010 ). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York : Humana Press. pp. 20, 21. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60327 - 519 - 4. Jump up ^ Principles and Practice of Palliative Care and Supportive Oncology. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20. Jump up ^ Zeppetella, Giovambattista ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ). Palliative care in clinical practice. London : Springer. p. 132. ISBN 9781447128434. Jump up ^ Horning, GM ( October 1996 ). `` Necotizing gingivostomatitis : NUG to noma ''. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry ( Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995 ). 17 ( 10 ) : 951 -- 4, 956, 957 -- 8 passim ; quiz 964. PMID 9533316. ^ Jump up to : Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker E ( 2008 ). Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine ( 2nd ed. ). Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier. ISBN 9780443068966. ^ Jump up to : Solomon, LW ( July 2008 ). `` Chronic ulcerative stomatitis ''. Oral diseases. 14 ( 5 ) : 383 -- 9. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1601 - 0825.2008. 01446. x. PMID 18593454. Jump up ^ Scully, Crispian ( 2008 ). Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment ( 2nd ed. ). Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 9780443068188. Jump up ^ Fourie J, van Heerden WF, McEachen SC, van Zyl A ( April 2011 ). `` Chronic ulcerative stomatitis : a distinct clinical entity ? ''. SADJ : journal of the South African Dental Association = tydskrif van die Suid - Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging. 66 ( 3 ) : 119 -- 21. PMID 21874892. Jump up ^ Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE ( 2002 ). Oral & maxillofacial pathology ( 2nd ed. ). Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders. pp. 141, 142. ISBN 0721690033. Jump up ^ Janam, P ; Nayar, BR ; Mohan, R ; Suchitra, A ( January 2012 ). `` Plasma cell gingivitis associated with cheilitis : A diagnostic dilemma ! ''. 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External links 5 - Minute Clinical Consult Stomatitis Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06, K11 -- K14, 520 -- 525, 527 -- 529 ) Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter 's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar 's aphthae Cleft palate High - arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet 's disease Bohn 's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier 's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant - cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand, foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign : Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker 's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture - related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga -- Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp, dentin, enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner 's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel - shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio - endo lesion Teething Periapical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate - associated Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget 's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey 's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign : Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren 's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig 's angina Macrostomia Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn 's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease Inflammation Acute Plasma - derived mediators Bradykinin complement C3 C5a MAC coagulation Factor XII Plasmin Thrombin Cell - derived mediators preformed : Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin synthesized on demand : cytokines IFN - γ IL - 8 TNF - α IL - 1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins Chronic Macrophage Epithelioid cell Giant cell Granuloma Processes Traditional Rubor Calor Tumor Dolor Functio laesa Modern Acute - phase reaction / Fever Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Exudate Leukocyte extravasation Chemotaxis Specific locations Nervous CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis chorioretinitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis externa Otitis media Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestive mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis / Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis accessory Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis : Osteitis / Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis pregnancy / newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomatitis&oldid=853083210 '' Categories : Inflammations Oral mucosal pathology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Infobox medical condition Articles containing Ancient Greek - 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Question: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
Answer: Stomatitis