Maratha Empire - Wikipedia Maratha Empire This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2017 ) Maratha Empire मराठा साम्राज्य 1674 -- 1818 Flag Territory under Maratha control in 1760 ( yellow ). Capital Raigad Fort Gingee Satara Pune Common languages Marathi and Sanskrit Religion Hinduism Government Absolute monarchy Chhatrapati 1645 -- 1680 Shivaji ( first ) 1808 -- 1818 Pratap Singh ( last ) Peshwa 1674 -- 1689 Moropant Pingle ( first ) 1803 -- 1818 Baji Rao II ( last ) Legislature Ashta Pradhan Mughal -- Maratha Wars 1674 Anglo - Mysore Wars 1767 - 1799 Anglo - Maratha Wars 1775 - 1818 Maratha - Mysore War 1785 - 1787 Third Anglo - Maratha War 1818 Area 2,800,000 km ( 1,100,000 sq mi ) Population 1700 Not known Currency Rupee, Paisa, Mohor, Shivrai, Hon Preceded by Succeeded by Mughal Empire Adil Shahi dynasty Company rule in India Today part of India Pakistan Part of a series on the History of India Ancient Madrasian Culture Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE Neolithic, c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas, c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty, c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty, c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara, c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah, c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire, c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj, c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire, c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj, c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India, c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) Anarta tradition ( c. 3950 -- 1900 BC ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c. 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The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II. The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending Mughal rule in India. The Marathas were a Marathi warrior group from the western Deccan Plateau ( present day Maharashtra ) that rose to prominence by establishing a Hindavi Swarajya ( meaning `` self - rule of Hindu / Indian people '' ). The Marathas became prominent in the 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji who revolted against the Adil Shahi dynasty and the Mughal Empire and carved out a kingdom with Raigad as his capital. Known for their mobility, the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Mughal -- Maratha Wars and later controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, Chhattrapati Shahu, grandson of Shivaji, was released by the Mughals. Following a brief struggle with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu became the ruler and appointed Balaji Vishwanath and later, his descendants, as the peshwas or prime ministers of the empire. Balaji and his descendants played a key role in the expansion of Maratha rule. The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar ( modern - day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan ) in the north, and Bengal Subah in the east. The Marathas even discussed abolishing the Mughal throne and placing Vishwasrao Peshwa on the Mughal imperial throne in Delhi. In 1761, the Maratha Army lost the Third Battle of Panipat to Ahmad Shah Abdali of the Afghan Durrani Empire, which halted their imperial expansion into Afghanistan. Ten years after Panipat, the young Peshwa Madhavrao I 's Maratha Resurrection reinstated Maratha authority over North India. In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Madhavrao gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, which created a confederacy of Maratha states. They became known as the Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain, the Bhonsales of Nagpur and the Puars of Dhar and Dewas. In 1775, the East India Company intervened in a Peshwa family succession struggle in Pune, which led to the First Anglo - Maratha War, resulting in a Maratha victory. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat in the Second and Third Anglo - Maratha Wars ( 1805 - 1818 ), which left the East India Company in control of most of India. A large portion of the Maratha empire was coastline, which had been secured by the potent Maratha Navy under commanders such as Kanhoji Angre. He was very successful at keeping foreign naval ships, particularly of the Portuguese and British, at bay. Securing the coastal areas and building land - based fortifications were crucial aspects of the Maratha 's defensive strategy and regional military history. Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 History 3 Shivaji and his descendants 3.1 Shivaji 3.2 Sambhaji 3.3 Rajaram and Tarabai 3.4 Shahu 4 Peshwa era 4.1 Balaji Vishwanath 4.2 Baji Rao I 4.3 Balaji Baji Rao 4.3. 1 Invasions in Bengal 4.3. 2 Maratha 's Afghan conquests 4.3. 3 Maratha invasion of Delhi and Rohilkhand 4.3. 4 Third battle of Panipat 4.4 Peshwa Madhav Rao I 5 Confederacy era 5.1 Major events 5.2 Mysore war, Sringeri sacking, British alliance 5.3 British intervention 6 Administration 7 Geography 8 Legacy 8.1 Military contributions 8.2 Development of towns and civic amenities 8.3 Patronizing religion 8.4 Fine arts and palaces 9 Military 9.1 Afghan accounts 9.2 European accounts 10 Notable generals and administrators 10.1 Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar 10.2 Nana Phadnavis 11 Rulers, administrators and generals 11.1 Royal houses 11.2 Peshwas 11.2. 1 Peshwas from Bhat family 12 Houses of Maratha Confederacy 13 Maps showing the Maratha Empire at different stages of history 14 Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom ( Tamil Nadu ) 15 See also 16 Footnotes 17 Citations 18 Bibliography Nomenclature The Maratha Empire is also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy. The historian Barbara Ramusack says that the former is a designation preferred by Indian nationalists, while the latter was that used by British historians. She notes, `` neither term is fully accurate since one implies a substantial degree of centralisation and the other signifies some surrender of power to a central government and a longstanding core of political administrators. Maratha power was fragmented among several discrete fragments ''. Although at present, the word Maratha refers to a particular caste of warriors and peasants, in the past the word has been used to describe Marathi people, including Marathas themselves. History The empire had its head in the Chhatrapati as de jure, but the de facto governance was in the hands of the Peshwas. After the death of Chhatrapati Shahu and with the death of Madhavrao -- I, various chiefs played the role of the de facto rulers in their own regions. Shivaji and his descendants Shivaji Main article : Shivaji A portrait of Chattrapati Shivaji Shivaji ( 1627 -- 1680 ) was a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhosle clan who is considered to be the founder of the Maratha empire. Shivaji led a resistance to free the Marathi people from the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1645 and establish Hindavi Swarajya ( self - rule of Hindu people ). He created an independent Maratha kingdom with Raigad as its capital and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom. He was crowned as Chhatrapati ( sovereign ) of the new Maratha kingdom in 1674. The state Shivaji founded was a Maratha kingdom comprised about 4.1 % of the subcontinent, but spread over large tracts. At the time of his death it was dotted with about 300 forts, about 40,000 cavalry, 50,000 foot soldiers and naval establishments all over the west coast. Over time, the kingdom would increase in size and heterogeneity ; by the time of his grandson, and later under the Peshwas in the early 18th century, it was a full - fledged empire. Sambhaji Main article : Sambhaji Sambhaji, eldest son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Shivaji had two sons : Sambhaji and Rajaram. Sambhaji, the elder son, was very popular among the courtiers. In 1681, Sambhaji had himself crowned and resumed his father 's expansionist policies. Sambhaji had earlier defeated the Portuguese and Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore. To nullify alliance between his rebel son, Akbar, and the Marathas, Aurangzeb himself headed south in 1681. With his entire imperial court, administration and an army of about 500,000 troops he proceeded to expand the Mughal empire, gaining territories such as the sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda. During the eight years that followed, Sambhaji led the Marathas, never losing a battle or a fort to Aurangzeb. In early 1689, Sambhaji called his commanders for a strategic meeting at Sangameshwar to consider a final onslaught on the Mughal forces. In a meticulously planned operation, Ganoji and Aurangzeb 's commander, Mukarrab Khan, attacked Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was accompanied by just a few men. Sambhaji was ambushed and captured by Mughal troops on February 01, 1689. He and his advisor, Kavi Kalash, were taken to Bahadurgad, where they were executed by the Mughals on 21 March 1689. Aurangzeb had Sambhaji executed on charges of atrocities committed by Maratha forces in the attack on Burhanpur that included plunder, killing, rape, and torture. Rajaram and Tarabai Main articles : Rajaram and Tarabai Upon Sambhaji 's death, his half - brother Rajaram assumed the throne. The Mughal siege of Raigad continued, and he had to flee to Vishalgad and then to Gingee for safety. From there the Marathas raided Mughal territory, and many forts were recaptured by Maratha commanders such as Santaji Ghorpade, Dhanaji Jadhav, Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi, Shankaraji Narayan Sacheev and Melgiri Pandit. In 1697, Rajaram offered a truce but this was rejected by Aurangzeb. Rajaram died in 1700 at Sinhagad. His widow, Tarabai, assumed control in the name of her son, Ramaraja ( Shivaji II ). She led the Marathas against the Mughals, and by 1705 they had crossed the Narmada River and entered Malwa, then in Mughal possession. Shahu After Aurangzeb 's death in 1707, Shahu, son of Sambhaji ( and grandson of Shivaji ), was released by Bahadur Shah I, the new Mughal emperor. His mother was kept as a hostage of the Mughals, however, in order to ensure that Shahu adhered to the release conditions. Upon release, Shahu immediately claimed the Maratha throne and challenged his aunt Tarabai and her son. This promptly turned the now - spluttering Mughal - Maratha war into a three - cornered affair. The states of Satara and Kolhapur came into being in 1707 because of the succession dispute over the Maratha kingship. Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath as Peshwa. The Peshwa was instrumental in getting Shahu accepted as rightful heir of Shivaji and the Chhatrapati of the Marathas by The Mughals. Balaji also got Shahu 's mother, Yesubai, released from Mughal captivity in 1719. During Shahu 's reign, Raghoji Bhosale expanded the empire in the East, reaching present - day Bengal. Khanderao Dabhade and later his son, Trimbakrao, expanded in the West in Gujarat. Peshwa Bajirao and his three chiefs, Pawar ( Dhar ), Holkar ( Indore ), and Scindia ( Gwalior ), expanded in the North. Peshwa era Shaniwarwada palace fort in Pune, it was the seat of the Peshwa rulers of the Maratha Empire until 1818. During this era, Peshwas belonging to the Bhat family controlled the Maratha Army and later became de facto rulers of the Maratha Empire. During their reign, the Maratha Empire dominated most of the Indian subcontinent. Balaji Vishwanath Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath Shahu appointed Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath in 1713. From his time, the office of Peshwa became supreme while Shahuji became a figurehead. His first major achievement was the conclusion of the Treaty of Lonavala in 1714 with Kanhoji Angre, the most powerful naval chief on the Western Coast. He later accepted Shahuji as Chhatrapati. In 1719, an army of Marathas marched to Delhi after defeating Sayyid Hussain Ali, the Mughal governor of Deccan, and deposed the Mughal emperor. The Mughal Emperors became puppets in the hands of their Maratha overlords from this point on. Baji Rao I Peshwa Baji Rao I After Balaji Vishwanath 's death in April 1720, his son, Baji Rao I, was appointed Peshwa by Shahu. Bajirao is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire tenfold from 3 % to 30 % of the modern Indian landscape during 1720 -- 1740. He fought over 41 battles before his death in April 1740 and is reputed to have never lost one. The Battle of Palkhed was a land battle that took place on February 28, 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India between Baji Rao I and the Qamar - ud - din Khan, Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad. The Marathas defeated the Nizam. The battle is considered an example of brilliant execution of military strategy. In 1737, Marathas under Bajirao I raided the suburbs of Delhi in a blitzkrieg in the Battle of Delhi ( 1737 ). The Nizam left Deccan to rescue Mughals from the invasion of Marathas, but was defeated decisively in the Battle of Bhopal. The Marathas extracted a large tribute from the Mughals and signed a treaty which ceded Malwa to the Marathas. The Battle of Vasai was fought between the Marathas and the Portuguese rulers of Vasai, a village lying on the northern shore of Vasai creek, 50 km north of Mumbai. The Marathas were led by Chimaji Appa, brother of Baji Rao. The Maratha victory in this war was a major achievement of Baji Rao 's time in office. Balaji Baji Rao Peshwa Balaji Bajirao Baji Rao 's son, Balaji Bajirao ( Nanasaheb ), was appointed as the next Peshwa by Shahuji despite opposition of other chiefs. In 1740, the Maratha forces, under Raghoji Bhosale, came down upon Arcot and defeated the Nawab of Arcot, Dost Ali, in the pass at Damalcherry. In the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and a number of other prominent persons lost their lives. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. From Damalcherry, the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Then, Raghuji invaded Trichinopoly in December 1740. Unable to resist, Chanda Saheb surrendered the fort to Raghuji on March 14, 1741. Chanda Saheb and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur. Rajputana also came under Maratha domination during this time. In June 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva ( Conde de Alva ), the Portuguese Viceroy was killed in action by Maratha Army in Goa. Invasions in Bengal Main article : Maratha expeditions in Bengal After the successful campaign of Karnatak and the Trichinopolly, Raghuji returned from Karnatak. He undertook six expeditions into Bengal from 1741 to 1748. Raghuji was able to annex Odisha to his kingdom permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal after the death of its governor Murshid Quli Khan in 1727. Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles, Odisha, Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. Alivardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal made peace with Raghuji in 1751 ceding Cuttack ( Odisha ) up to the river Subarnarekha, and agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the Chauth for Bengal and Bihar. During their occupation of western Bengal, the Marathas perpetrated atrocities against the local population. The Maratha atrocities were recorded by both Bengali and European sources, which reported that the Marathas demanded payments, and tortured and killed anyone who could n't pay. Dutch sources estimate a total of 400,000 people in Bengal were killed by the Marathas. According to Bengali sources, the atrocities led to much of the local population opposing the Marathas and developing support for the Nawabs. Maratha 's Afghan conquests Balaji Bajirao encouraged agriculture, protected the villagers and brought about a marked improvement in the state of the territory. Raghunath Rao, brother of Nanasaheb, pushed into the wake of the Afghan withdrawal after Ahmed Shah Abdali 's plunder of Delhi in 1756. Delhi was captured by the Maratha army under Raghunath Rao in August 1757, defeating the Afghan garrison in the Battle of Delhi. This laid the foundation for the Maratha conquest of North - west India. In Lahore, as in Delhi, the Marathas were now major players. After the Battle of Attock, 1758, the Marathas captured Peshawar defeating the Afghan troops in the Battle of Peshawar on 8 May 1758. Maratha invasion of Delhi and Rohilkhand Just prior to the battle of Panipat in 1761, Marathas looted `` Diwan - i - Khas '' or Hall of Private Audiences in the Red Fort of Delhi, which was the place where the Mughal emperors used to receive courtiers and state guests, in one of their expeditions of Delhi. `` The Marathas who were hard pressed for money stripped the ceiling of Diwan - i - Khas of its silver and looted the shrines dedicated to Muslim saints ''. During the Maratha invasion of Rohilkhand in the 1750s `` The Marathas defeated the Rohillas, forced them to seek shelter in hills and ransacked their country in such a manner that the Rohillas dreaded the Marathas and hated them ever afterwards ''. Third Battle of Panipat In 1759, the Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau ( referred to as the Bhau or Bhao in sources ) responded to the news of the Afghans ' return to North India by sending a large army north. Bhau 's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under Holkar, Scindia, Gaikwad and Govind Pant Bundele. The combined army of over 100,000 regular troops re-captured the former Mughal capital, Delhi, from an Afghan garrison in August 1760. Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions, and there was an acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city. He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa 's son, Vishwasrao, on the Mughal throne. By 1760, with defeat of the Nizam in the Deccan, Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 2,500,000 km2 acres. Signature Maratha helmet with curved back, front view Signature Maratha helmet with curved back, side view Maratha armour from Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia Ahmad Shah Durrani called on the Rohillas and the Nawab of Oudh to assist him in driving out the Marathas from Delhi. Huge armies of Muslim forces and Marathas collided with each other on January 14, 1761 in the Third Battle of Panipat. The Maratha Army lost the battle, which halted their imperial expansion. The Jats and Rajputs did not support the Marathas. Their withdrawal from the ensuing battle played a crucial role in its result. Historians have criticised the Maratha treatment of fellow Hindu groups. Kaushik Roy says `` The treatment of Marathas with their co-religionist fellows -- Jats and Rajputs was definitely unfair and ultimately they had to pay its price in Panipat where Muslim forces had united in the name of religion. '' The Marathas had antagonised the Jats and Rajputs by taxing them heavily, punishing them after defeating the Mughals and interfering in their internal affairs. The Marathas were abandoned by Raja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur and the Rajputs, who quit the Maratha alliance at Agra before the start of the great battle and withdrew their troops as Maratha general Sadashivrao Bhau did not heed the advice to leave soldier 's families ( women and children ) and pilgrims at Agra and not take them to the battle field with the soldiers, rejected their co-operation. Their supply chains ( earlier assured by Raja Suraj Mal and Rajputs ) did not exist. Peshwa Madhav Rao I Peshwa Madhavrao I Peshwa Madhavrao I was the fourth Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. It was during his tenure that the Maratha Resurrection took place. He worked as a unifying force in the Maratha Empire and moved to the south to subdue Nizam and Mysore to assert Maratha power. He sent generals such as Bhonsle, Scindia and Holkar to the north, where they re-established Maratha authority by the early 1770s. Prof G.S. Chhabra wrote : Young though he was, Madhav Rao had a cool and calculating head of a seasoned and experienced man. The diplomacy by which he could win over his uncle Raghoba when he had no strength to fight and the way he could crush his power when he had the means to do so later on proved in him a genius who knows when and how to act. The formidable power of the Nizam was crushed, Hyder Ali, who was a terror even to the British, was effectually humbled and before he died in 1772, the Marathas were almost there in the north where they had been before Panipat. What could not have the Marathas achieved if Madhav had continued living just for a few years more ? Destiny was not in favour of the Marathas, the death of Madhav was a greater blow than their defeat of Panipat and from this blow they could never again recover. Madhav Rao died in 1772, at the age of 27. His death is considered to be a fatal blow to the Maratha Empire and from that time Maratha power started to move on a downward trajectory, less an empire than a confederacy. Confederacy era Mahadaji Shinde restored the Maratha domination of northern India In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Madhavrao Peshwa gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights. After the death of Peshwa Madhavrao I, various chiefs and statesman became de facto rulers and regents for the infant Peshwa Madhavrao II. Thus, the semi-autonomous Maratha states came into being in far - flung regions of the empire : Peshwas of Pune Gaekwads of Baroda Holkars of Indore Scindias ( aka Shindes ) of Gwalior ( Chambal region ) and Ujjain ( Malwa Region ) Bhonsales of Nagpur ( no blood relation with Shivaji 's or Tarabai 's family ) Puars ( or Pawars ) of Dewas and Dhar Even in the original kingdom of Shivaji itself, many knights were given semi-autonomous charges of small districts, which led to princely states Sangli, Aundh, Bhor, Bawda, Phaltan, Miraj, etc. Pawars of Udgir were also part of confederacy. Major events After the 1761 Battle of Panipat, Malhar Rao Holkar attacked the Rajputs and defeated them at the battle of Mangrol. This largely restored Maratha power in Rajasthan. Under the leadership of Mahadji Shinde, the ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India, the Marathas defeated the Jats, the Rohilla Afghans and took Delhi which remained under Maratha control for the next three decades. His forces conquered modern day Haryana Shinde was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power after the débâcle of the Third Battle of Panipat, and in this he was assisted by Benoît de Boigne. In 1767 Madhavrao I crossed the Krishna River and defeated Hyder Ali in the battles of Sira and Madgiri. He also rescued the last queen of the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom, who had been kept in confinement by Hyder Ali in the fort of Madgiri. In early 1771, ten years after the collapse of Maratha authority over North India following the Third Battle of Panipat, Mahadji recaptured Delhi and installed Shah Alam II as a puppet ruler on the Mughal throne. receiving in return the title of deputy Vakil - ul - Mutlak or vice-regent of the Empire and that of Vakil - ul - Mutlak being at his request conferred on the Peshwa. The Mughals also gave him the title of Amir - ul - Amara ( head of the amirs ). Maratha king of Gwalior at his palace After taking control of Delhi, the Marathas sent a large army in 1772 to punish Afghan Rohillas for their involvement in Panipat. Their army devastated Rohilkhand by looting and plundering as well as taking members of the royal family as captives. After the growth in power of feudal lords like Malwa sardars, landlords of Bundelkhand and Rajput kingdoms of Rajasthan, they refused to pay tribute to Mahadji. So he sent his army conquer the states such as Bhopal, Datiya, Chanderi, Narwar, Salbai and Gohad. However, he launched an unsuccessful expedition against the Raja of Jaipur, but withdrew after the inconclusive Battle of Lalsot in 1787. The Battle of Gajendragad was fought between the Marathas under the command of Tukojirao Holkar ( the adopted son of Malharrao Holkar ) and Tipu Sultan from March 1786 to March 1787 in which Tipu Sultan was defeated by the Marathas. By the victory in this battle, the border of the Maratha territory extended till Tungabhadra river. The strong fort of Gwalior was then in the hands of Chhatar Singh, the Jat ruler of Gohad. In 1783, Mahadji besieged the fort of Gwalior and conquered it. He delegated the administration of Gwalior to Khanderao Hari Bhalerao. After celebrating the conquest of Gwalior, Mahadji Shinde turned his attention to Delhi again. In 1788, Mahadji 's armies defeated Ismail Beg, a Mughal noble who resisted the Marathas. The Rohilla chief Ghulam Kadir, Ismail Beg 's ally, took over Delhi, capital of the Mughal dynasty and deposed and blinded the king Shah Alam II, placing a puppet on the Delhi throne. Mahadji intervened and killed him, taking possession of Delhi on October 02 restoring Shah Alam II to the throne and acting as his protector. Jaipur and Jodhpur, the two most powerful Rajput states, were still out of direct Maratha domination. So, Mahadji sent his general Benoît de Boigne to crush the forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur at the Battle of Patan. Marwar was also captured on September 10, 1790. Another achievement of the Marathas was their victories over the Nizam of Hyderabad 's armies including in the Battle of Kharda. In 1788, Mahadji 's armies defeated Ismail Beg, a Mughal noble who resisted the Marathas. The Rohilla chief Ghulam Kadir, Ismail Beg 's ally, took over Delhi, capital of the Mughal dynasty and deposed and blinded the king Shah Alam II, placing a puppet on the Delhi throne. Mahadji intervened and killed him, taking possession of Delhi on October 02 restoring Shah Alam II to the throne and acting as his protector. Mysore War, Sringeri sacking, British alliance Further information : Maratha -- Mysore War, Sringeri Sharada Peetham, and Anglo - Mysore Wars The Marathas came into conflict with Tipu Sultan and his Kingdom of Mysore, leading to the Maratha -- Mysore War in 1785. The war ended in 1787 with the Marathas being defeated by Tipu Sultan. In 1791 -- 92, large areas of the Maratha Confederacy suffered massive population loss due to the Doji bara famine. In 1791, irregulars like lamaans and pindari of Maratha army raided and looted the temple of Sringeri Shankaracharya, killing and wounding many people including Brahmins, plundering the monastery of all its valuable possessions, and desecrating the temple by displacing the image of goddess Sarada. The incumbent Shankaracharya petitioned Tipu Sultan for help. A bunch of about 30 letters written in Kannada, which were exchanged between Tipu Sultan 's court and the Sringeri Shankaracharya were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in Mysore. Tipu Sultan expressed his indignation and grief at the news of the raid : `` People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse : `` Hasadbhih kriyate karma rudadbhir - anubhuyate '' ( People do ( evil ) deeds smilingly but suffer the consequences crying ). '' Tipu Sultan immediately ordered the Asaf of Bednur to supply the Swami with 200 rahatis ( fanam s ) in cash and other gifts and articles. Tipu Sultan 's interest in the Sringeri temple continued for many years, and he was still writing to the Swami in the 1790s. The Maratha Empire soon allied with the British East India Company ( based in the Bengal Presidency ) against Mysore in the Anglo - Mysore Wars. After the British had suffered defeat against Mysore in the first two Anglo - Mysore War, the Maratha cavalry assisted the British in the last two Anglo - Mysore Wars from 1790 onwards, eventually helping the British conquer Mysore in the Fourth Anglo - Mysore War in 1799. After the British conquest, however, the Marathas launched frequent raids in Mysore to plunder the region, which they justified as compensation for past losses to Tipu Sultan. British intervention Main article : Anglo - Maratha Wars Further information : Anglo - Mysore Wars A mural depicting the British surrender during the First Anglo - Maratha War. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial ( Vijay Stambh ) located at Vadgaon Maval ( off NH - 4, Malinagar, Vadgaon Maval, Pune ) In 1775, the British East India Company, from its base in Bombay, intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, on behalf of Raghunathrao ( also called Raghobadada ), who wanted to become Peshwa of the empire. Marathas forces under Tukojirao Holkar and Mahadaji Shinde defeated a British expeditionary force at the Battle of Wadgaon, but the heavy surrender terms, which included the return of annexed territory and a share of revenues, were disavowed by the British authorities at Bengal and fighting continued. What became known as the First Anglo - Maratha War ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war status quo and the East India Company 's abandonment of Raghunathrao 's cause. Peshwa Madhavrao II in his court in 1790, concluding a treaty with the British In 1799, Yashwantrao Holkar was crowned King of Holkars, he captured Ujjain. He started campaigning towards the north to expand his empire in that region. Yashwant Rao rebelled against the policies of the Peshwa Baji Rao II. In May 1802, he marched towards Pune the seat of the Peshwa. This gave rise to the Battle of Poona in which the Peshwa was defeated. After the Battle of Poona, the flight of Peshwa left the government of Maratha state in the hands of Yashwantrao Holkar. He appointed Amrutrao as the Peshwa and went to Indore on March 13, 1803. All except Gaikwad chief of Baroda, who had already accepted British protection by a separate treaty on July 26, 1802, supported the new regime. He made a treaty with the British. Also, Yashwant - Rao successfully resolved the disputes with Scindia and the Peshwa. He tried to unite the Maratha Confederacy but to no avail. In 1802, the British intervened in Baroda to support the heir to the throne against rival claimants and they signed a treaty with the new Maharaja recognising his independence from the Maratha Empire in return for his acknowledgement of British paramountcy. Before the Second Anglo - Maratha War ( 1803 -- 1805 ), the Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a similar treaty. The defeat in Battle of Delhi, 1803 during Second Anglo - Maratha War resulted in the loss of the city of Delhi for the Marathas. The Second Anglo - Maratha War represents the military high - water mark of the Marathas who posed the last serious opposition to the formation of the British Raj. The real contest for India was never a single decisive battle for the subcontinent. Rather it turned on a complex social and political struggle for control of the South Asian military economy. The victory in 1803 hinged as much on finance, diplomacy, politics and intelligence as it did on battlefield manoeuvre and war itself. Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War Ultimately, the Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 1818 ) resulted in the loss of Maratha independence. It left the British in control of most of India. The Peshwa was exiled to Bithoor ( Marat, near Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh ) as a pensioner of the British. The Maratha heartland of Desh, including Pune, came under direct British rule, with the exception of the states of Kolhapur and Satara, which retained local Maratha rulers ( descendants of Shivaji and Sambhaji II ruled over Kolhapur ). The Maratha - ruled states of Gwalior, Indore, and Nagpur all lost territory and came under subordinate alliance with the British Raj as princely states that retained internal sovereignty under British paramountcy. Other small princely states of Maratha knights were retained under the British Raj as well. Peshwa Baji Rao II signing of the Treaty of Bassein with the British The Third Anglo - Maratha War was fought by Maratha war lords separately instead of forming a common front and they surrendered one by one. Shinde and the Pashtun Amir Khan were subdued by the use of diplomacy and pressure, which resulted in the Treaty of Gwalior on November 05, 1817. All other Maratha chiefs like Holkars, Bhonsles and Peshwa gave up arms by 1818. British historian Percival Spear describes 1818 as a watershed year in the history of India, saying that by the year `` the British dominion in India became the British dominion of India ''. The war left the British, under the auspices of the British East India Company, in control of virtually all of present - day India south of the Sutlej River. The famed Nassak Diamond was acquired by the Company as part of the spoils of the war. The British acquired large chunks of territory from the Maratha Empire and in effect put an end to their most dynamic opposition. The terms of surrender Major - general John Malcolm offered to the Peshwa were controversial amongst the British for being too liberal : The Peshwa was offered a luxurious life near Kanpur and given a pension of about 80,000 pounds. Administration See also : Ashtapradhan Maratha Court The Ashtapradhan ( The Council of Eight ) was a council of eight ministers that administered the Maratha empire. This system was formed by Shivaji. Ministerial designations were drawn from the Sanskrit language and comprised : Pantpradhan or Peshwa -- Prime Minister, general administration of the Empire Amatya or Mazumdar -- Finance Minister, managing accounts of the Empire Sachiv -- Secretary, preparing royal edicts Mantri -- Interior Minister, managing internal affairs especially intelligence and espionage Senapati -- Commander - in - Chief, managing the forces and defence of the Empire Sumant -- Foreign Minister, to manage relationships with other sovereigns Nyayadhyaksh -- Chief Justice, dispensing justice on civil and criminal matters Panditrao -- High Priest, managing internal religious matters With the notable exception of the priestly Panditrao and the judicial Nyayadisha, the other pradhans held full - time military commands and their deputies performed their civil duties in their stead. In the later era of the Maratha Empire, these deputies and their staff constituted the core of the Peshwa 's bureaucracy. The Peshwa was the titular equivalent of a modern Prime Minister. Shivaji created the Peshwa designation in order to more effectively delegate administrative duties during the growth of the Maratha Empire. Prior to 1749, Peshwas held office for 8 -- 9 years and controlled the Maratha Army. They later became the de facto hereditary administrators of the Maratha Empire from 1749 till its end in 1818. Under Peshwa administration and with the support of several key generals and diplomats ( listed below ), the Maratha Empire reached its zenith, ruling most of the Indian subcontinent. It was also under the Peshwas that the Maratha Empire came to its end through its formal annexation into the British Empire by the British East India Company in 1818. Gold coins minted during Shivaji 's era, 17th century The Marathas used a secular policy of administration and allowed complete freedom of religion. There were many notable Muslims in the military and administration of Marathas like Ibrahim Khan Gardi, Haider Ali Kohari, Daulat Khan, Siddi Ibrahim, and Jiva Mahal. Shivaji was an able administrator who established a government that included modern concepts such as cabinet, foreign policy and internal intelligence. He established an effective civil and military administration. He believed that there was a close bond between the state and the citizens. He is remembered as a just and welfare - minded king. Cosme da Guarda says of him that : Such was the good treatment Shivaji accorded to people and such was the honesty with which he observed the capitulations that none looked upon him without a feeling of love and confidence. By his people he was exceedingly loved. Both in matters of reward and punishment he was so impartial that while he lived he made no exception for any person ; no merit was left unrewarded, no offence went unpunished ; and this he did with so much care and attention that he specially charged his governors to inform him in writing of the conduct of his soldiers, mentioning in particular those who had distinguished themselves, and he would at once order their promotion, either in rank or in pay, according to their merit. He was naturally loved by all men of valor and good conduct. English traveller John Fryer found Shivaji 's tax - collecting regime oppressive, describing it as poor people having land `` imposed upon them at double the former Rates, '' and if they refused it, being `` carried to Prison, there they are famished almost to death. While French physician Dellon reports that Shivaji was `` looked upon as one of the most politic princes in those parts. '' Maratha empire carried out a number of sea raids, such as plunders targeting Mughal pilgrim ships and European trading vessels. European traders described these attacks as piracy, but the Marathas viewed them as legitimate targets because they were trading with, and thus financially supporting, their Mughal and Bijapur enemies. After the representatives of various European powers signed agreements with Shivaji or his successors that the threat of plundering or raids against Europeans began to reduce. Geography The Maratha Empire, at its peak, ruled over a large area in the Indian sub-continent. Apart from capturing various regions, the Marathas maintained a large number of tributaries who were bounded by agreement to pay a certain amount of regular tax, known as Chauth. The empire defeated the Sultanate of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, Nawab of Oudh, Nawab of Bengal, Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of Arcot as well as the Polygar kingdoms of South India. They extracted chauth from the rulers in Delhi, Oudh, Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Punjab, Hyderabad, Mysore, Uttar Pradesh and Rajputana. The Marathas were requested by Safdarjung, the Nawab of Oudh, in 1752 to help him defeat Afghani Rohilla. The Maratha force left Pune and defeated Afghan Rohilla in 1752, capturing the whole of Rohilkhand ( present - day northwestern Uttar Pradesh ). In 1752, Marathas entered into an agreement with the Mughal emperor, through his wazir, Safdarjung, Mughals gave Marathas the chauth of Punjab, Sindh and Doab in addition to the subedari of Ajmer and Agra. In 1758, Marathas started their north - west conquest and expanded their boundary till Afghanistan. They defeated Afghan forces of Ahmed Shah Abdali, in what is now Pakistan, including Pakistani Punjab Province and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Afghans were numbered around 25,000 -- 30,000 and were led by Timur Shah, the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani. The Marathas massacred and looted thousands of Afghan soldiers and captured Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Attock, Peshawar in the Punjab region and Kashmir. During the confederacy era, Mahadji Shinde resurrected the Maratha domination on much of North India, which was lost after the Third battle of Panipat including the cis - Sutlej states ( south of Sutlej ) like Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla and Faridkot, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh were under the suzerainty of the Scindhias of the Maratha Empire, following the Second Anglo - Maratha War of 1803 -- 1805, Marathas lost these territories to the British East India Company. Legacy During the 17th century through late 18th century, the Maratha emperors, prime ministers, and dominion / fiefdom chiefs contributed on military as well as non-military fronts such as building forts, naval facilities, development of towns, constructing and patronizing temples, among others. During the 19th and 20th centuries, when Maratha principalities ruled as a feudatory of the British, Maratha rulers built palaces, contributed towards fine arts, introduced social reforms, and developed civic amenities in their territories. Military contributions A painted scroll depicting different types of ships of the Marathan Navy including some captured English ships Some historians have credited Maratha Navy for laying the foundation of Indian Navy and bringing significant changes in naval warfare. A series of sea forts and battleships were built in 17th century during the reign of Shivaji. It has been noted that vessels built in the dockyards of Konkan were mostly indigenous, constructed without foreign aid. Further, in 18th centuries, during the reign of Admiral Kanhoji Angre, a host of dockyard facilities were built along the entire western coastline of present - day Maharashtra. The Marathas fortified the entire coastline with sea fortresses with navigational facilities. Nearly all the hill forts, which dot the landscape of present - day western Maharashtra were built by the Marathas. The renovation of Gingee fortress in Tamil Nadu, has been particularly applauded. Development of towns and civic amenities During the 18th century, the Peshwas of Pune brought significant changes to the town of Pune building dams, bridges, and an underground water supply system. During the 18th century, misrule and pursuance of oppressive policies by the Marathas have been noted in the town of Ahmedabad Patronizing religion Queen Ahilyabai Holkar has been noted as a just ruler and an avid patron of religion. She has been credited for building and patronizing numerous temples in the town of Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh. Its handloom industry is also said to have been flourished under the rule of Holkars. The Bhosales of Nagpur ruled present - day state of Odisha in the latter half of the 18th century, during which misrule, anarchy, and violence has been reported. However at the same time, it is to be noted that the Maratha rulers patronized religion and religious institutions which made Odisha a center of attraction. Several Ghats in Varanasi ( in present - day Uttar Pradesh ) were repaired and re-constructed during the Maratha rule of 18th century. The Maratha rulers of Tanjore are said to have constructed several temples in the town of Tanjore Fine arts and palaces The Maratha rulers of Tanjore ( present - day Tamil Nadu ) were patrons of fine arts and their reign has been considered as the golden period of Tanjore history. Art and culture reached new heights during their rule. They also considered themselves as representatives of Cholas referring themselves as Cholasimhasanathipathi. They made significant contributions towards Sanskrit and Marathi literature, Bharatanatyam ( dance form ), and Carnatic music. Several majestic palaces were built by Maratha principalities which include the Shaniwar Wada ( built by the Peshwas of Pune ). Military Main articles : Maratha Navy and Maratha Army The Maratha army was not homogenous, but employed soldiers of different backgrounds, both locals and foreign mercenaries, including large numbers of Arabs, Sikhs, Rajputs, Sindhis, Rohillas, Abyssinians, Pathans, Topiwalas and Europeans. The army of Nana Fadnavis, for example, included 5,000 Arabs. Afghan accounts Maratha Gurabs ships attacking a British East India Company ship The Maratha army, especially its infantry, was praised by almost all the enemies of Maratha Empire, ranging from Duke of Wellington to Ahmad Shah Abdali. After the Third Battle of Panipat, Abdali was relieved as Maratha army in the initial stages were almost in the position of destroying the Afghan armies and their Indian Allies Nawab of Oudh and Rohillas. The grand wazir of Durrani Empire, Sardar Shah Wali Khan was shocked when Maratha commander - in - chief Sadashivrao Bhau launched a fierce assault on the centre of Afghan Army, over 3,000 Durrani soldiers were killed alongside Haji Atai Khan, one of the chief commander of Afghan army and nephew of wazir Shah Wali Khan. Such was the fierce assault of Maratha infantry in hand - to - hand combat that Afghan armies started to flee and the wazir in desperation and rage shouted, `` Comrades Whither do you fly, our country is far off ''. Post battle, Ahmad Shah Abdali in a letter to one Indian ruler claimed that Afghans were able to defeat the Marathas only because of the blessings of almighty and any other army would have been destroyed by the Maratha army on that particular day even though Maratha army was numerically inferior to Afghan army and its Indian allies. Though Abdali won the battle, he also had heavy casualties on his side. So, he sought immediate peace with the Marathas. Abdali wrote in his letter to Peshwa on February 10, 1761 : There is no reason to have animosity amongst us. Your son Vishwasrao and your brother Sadashivrao died in battle, was unfortunate. Bhau started the battle, so I had to fight back unwillingly. Yet I feel sorry for his death. Please continue your guardianship of Delhi as before, to that I have no opposition. Only let Punjab until Sutlaj remain with us. Reinstate Shah Alam on Delhi 's throne as you did before and let there be peace and friendship between us, this is my ardent desire. Grant me that desire. European accounts Arms of Maratha Similarly, the Duke of Wellington, after defeating the Marathas, noted that the Marathas, though poorly led by their Generals, had regular infantry and artillery that matched the level of that of the Europeans and warned other British officers from underestimating the Marathas on the battlefield. He cautioned one British general that : `` You must never allow Maratha infantry to attack head on or in close hand to hand combat as in that your army will cover itself with utter disgrace ''. Even when Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, became the Prime Minister of Britain, he held the Maratha infantry in utmost respect, claiming it to be one of the best in the world. However, at the same time he noted the poor leadership of Maratha Generals, who were often responsible for their defeats. Charles Metcalfe, one of the ablest of the British Officials in India and later acting Governor - General, wrote in 1806 : India contains no more than two great powers, British and Mahratta, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them. Norman Gash says that the Maratha infantry was equal to that of British infantry. After the Third Anglo - Maratha war in 1818, Britain listed the Marathas as one of the Martial Races to serve in the British Indian Army. The 19th century diplomat Sir Justin Sheil commented about the British East India Company copying the French Indian army in raising an army of Indians : It is to the military genius of the French that we are indebted for the formation of the Indian army. Our warlike neighbours were the first to introduce into India the system of drilling native troops and converting them into a regularly disciplined force. Their example was copied by us, and the result is what we now behold. The French carried to Persia the same military and administrative faculties, and established the origin of the present Persian regular army, as it is styled. When Napoleon the Great resolved to take Iran under his auspices, he dispatched several officers of superior intelligence to that country with the mission of General Gardanne in 1808. Those gentlemen commenced their operations in the provinces of Azerbaijan and Kermanshah, and it is said with considerable success. -- Sir Justin Sheil ( 1803 -- 1871 ). Notable generals and administrators Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar Sadashivrao Bhau ( centre ) Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar was a court administrator who rose from the ranks of a local Kulkarni to the ranks of Ashtapradhan under guidance and support of Shivaji. He was one of the prominent Peshwas from the time of Shivaji, prior to the rise of the later Peshwas who controlled the empire after Shahuji. When Rajaram fled to Jinji in 1689 leaving Maratha Empire, he gave a Hukumat Panha ( King Status ) to Pant before leaving. Ramchandra Pant managed the entire state under many challenges like influx of Mughals, betrayal from Vatandars ( local satraps under the Maratha state ) and social challenges like scarcity of food. With the help of Pantpratinidhi, Sachiv, he kept the economic condition of Maratha Empire in an appropriate state. He received military help from the Maratha commanders -- Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. On many occasions he himself participated in battles against Mughals. In 1698, he stepped down from the post of Hukumat Panha when Rajaram offered this post to his wife, Tarabai. Tarabai gave an important position to Pant among senior administrators of Maratha State. He wrote Adnyapatra ( मराठी : आज्ञापत्र ) in which he has explained different techniques of war, maintenance of forts and administration etc. But owing to his loyalty to Tarabai against Shahuji ( who was supported by more local satraps ), he was sidelined after arrival of Shahuji in 1707. Nana Phadnavis Nana Phadnavis was an influential minister and statesman of the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa administration. After the assassination of Peshwa Narayanrao in 1773, Nana Phadnavis managed the affairs of the state with the help of a twelve - member regency council known as the Barbhai council and he remained the chief strategist of Maratha state till his death in 1800 AD. Nana Phadnavis played a pivotal role in holding the Maratha Confederacy together in the midst of internal dissension and the growing power of British. Nana 's administrative, diplomatic and financial skills brought prosperity to the Maratha Empire and his management of external affairs kept the Maratha Empire away from the thrust of the British East India Company. Rulers, administrators and generals Royal houses Shivaji ( 1630 -- 1680 ) Sambhaji ( 1657 -- 1689 ) Rajaram Chhatrapati ( 1670 -- 1700 ) Satara : Chhattrapati Shahu ( r. 1708 -- 1749 ) ( alias Shivaji II, son of Chhatrapati Sambhaji ) Ramaraja II ( nominally, grandson of Chhatrapati Rajaram and Queen Tarabai ) ( r. 1749 -- 1777 ) Shahu II ( r. 1777 -- 1808 ) Pratap Singh ( r. 1808 -- 1839 ) -- signed a treaty with the East India company ceding part of sovereignty to the company Kolhapur : Tarabai ( 1675 -- 1761 ) ( wife of Chhatrapati Rajaram ) in the name of her son Shivaji II Shivaji II ( 1700 -- 1714 ) Sambhaji II ( 1714 to 1760 ) -- came to power by deposing his half brother Shivaji II Shivaji III ( 1760 -- 1812 ) ( adopted from the family of Khanwilkar ) Peshwas Moropant Trimbak Pingle ( 1657 -- 1683 ) Nilakanth Moreshvar Pingale ( 1683 - 1689 ) Ramchandra Pant Amatya ( 1689 - 1708 ) Bahiroji Pingale ( 1708 -- 1711 ) Peshwas from Bhat family From Balaji Vishwanath onwards, actual power gradually shifted to the Bhat family Peshwas based in Pune. Balaji Vishwanath ( 1713 -- 1720 ) Bajirao ( 1720 -- 1740 ) Balaji Bajirao ( 4 Jul. 1740 - 23 Jun. 1761 ) ( b. 8 Dec. 1721, d. 23 Jun. 1761 ) Madhavrao Peshwa ( 1761 -- 18 Nov. 1772 ) ( b. 16 Feb. 1745, d. 18 Nov. 1772 ) Narayanrao Bajirao ( 13 Dec. 1772 -- 30 Aug. 1773 ) ( b. 10 Aug. 1755, d. 30 Aug. 1773 ) Raghunathrao ( 5 Dec. 1773 -- 1774 ) ( b. 18 Aug. 1734, d. 11 Dec. 1783 ) Sawai Madhava Rao II Narayan ( 1774 -- 27 Oct. 1795 ) ( b. 18 Apr. 1774, d. 27 Oct. 1795 ) Baji Rao II ( 6 Dec. 1796 -- 3 Jun. 1818 ) ( d. 28 Jan. 1851 ) Houses of Maratha Confederacy Holkars of Indore Scindias of Gwalior Gaikwads of Baroda Bhonsales of Nagpur Puars of Dewas and Dhar Patwardhans Maps showing the Maratha Empire at different stages of history Maratha kingdom in 1680 ( green ) Maratha Empire in 1760 ( yellow ) Maratha Empire in 1765 ( yellow ) Maratha Empire in 1794 ( yellow ) Maratha Empire in 1805 ( yellow ) Thanjavur Maratha kingdom ( Tamil Nadu ) Main article : Thanjavur Marathas Thanjavur Maratha palace The Thanjavur Marathas were the rulers of Thanjavur principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi. Venkoji, Shahaji 's son and Shivaji 's half brother, was the founder of the dynasty. List of rulers of Thanjavur Maratha dynasty : Venkoji Shahuji I of Thanjavur Serfoji I Tukkoji Pratapsingh of Thanjavur Thuljaji Serfoji II Shivaji II of Thanjavur See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maratha Empire. Maratha clan system List of Maratha dynasties and states Maratha War of Independence Battles involving the Maratha Empire Maratha titles Thanjavur Maratha kingdom List of people involved in the Maratha Empire Footnotes Jump up ^ Some historians may consider 1645 as the founding of the empire because that was the year when the teenaged Shivaji captured a fort from Adilshahi sultanate. Jump up ^ Many historians consider Attock to be the final frontier of the Maratha Empire Citations Jump up ^ V.G. Hatalkar ( 1958 ). Relations Between the French and the Marathas : 1668 - 1815. T.V. Chidambaran. Jump up ^ Majumdar, R.C. ( ed. ) ( 2007 ). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81 - 7276 - 407 - 1, pp. 609, 634. ^ Jump up to : Pearson, M.N. ( February 1976 ). `` Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire ''. The Journal of Asian Studies. 35 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 235. doi : 10.2307 / 2053980. JSTOR 2053980. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ Delhi, the Capital of India By Anon, John Capper, p. 28. `` This source establishes the Maratha control of Delhi before the British '' Jump up ^ An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen p. Introduction - 14. The author says : `` The victory at Bhopal in 1738 established Maratha dominance at the Mughal court '' Jump up ^ Karl J. Schmidt ( 20 May 2015 ). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. pp. 54 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 47681 - 8. Jump up ^ Pagadi, Shivaji 1983, p. 98 : `` Shivaji 's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for Hindawi Swarajya ( Indian rule ), a term in use in Marathi sources of history. '' Jump up ^ Jackson, William Joseph ( 2005 ). Vijayanagara voices : exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 9780754639503. Jump up ^ Manohar, Malgonkar ( 1959 ), The Sea Hawk : Life and Battles of Kanoji Angrey, p. 63 Jump up ^ The Journal of Asian Studies The Journal of Asian Studies / Volume 21 / Issue 04 / August 1962, pp 577 -- 578 Jump up ^ Mehta ( 2005 ), p. 204 ^ Jump up to : An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen, p. 16 Jump up ^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bharatiya Itihasa Samiti, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar -- The History and Culture of the Indian People : The Maratha supremacy Jump up ^ Islamic Renaissance In South Asia ( 1707 - 1867 ) : The Role Of Shah Waliallah... - M.A. Ghazi - Google Books Jump up ^ Naravane, M.S. ( 2014 ). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 63. ISBN 9788131300343. Jump up ^ Pagadi, Setumadhavarao S. ( 1993 ). Shivaji. National Book Trust. p. 21. ISBN 81 - 237 - 0647 - 2. Jump up ^ Jones, Rodney W. ( 1974 ). Urban Politics in India : Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System. University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02545 - 5. Jump up ^ Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind ( 1988 ). Poona in the eighteenth century : an urban history. Oxford University Press. p. 112. Jump up ^ Jackson, William Joseph ( 2005 ). Vijayanagara voices : exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3950 - 3. Jump up ^ Vartak, Malavika ( 8 -- 14 May 1999 ). `` Shivaji Maharaj : Growth of a Symbol ''. Economic and Political Weekly. 34 ( 19 ) : 1126 -- 1134. JSTOR 4407933. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ M.R. Kantak ( 1993 ). The First Anglo - Maratha War, 1774 -- 1783 : A Military Study of Major Battles. Popular Prakashan. pp. 18 --. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 696 - 1. Jump up ^ Mehta ( 2005 ), p. 707 : quote : It explains the rise to power of his Peshwa ( prime minister ) Balaji Vishwanath ( 1713 -- 20 ) and the transformation of the Maratha kingdom into a vast empire, by the collective action of all the Maratha stalwarts. Jump up ^ Richards, J.F. ( 1995 ). Mughal empire ( Transferred to digital print. ed. ). Cambridge, Eng. : Cambridge University Press. pp. 217 -- 218. ISBN 978 - 0521566032. Retrieved 22 August 2017. Jump up ^ Jaswant Lal Mehta ( 1995 ). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 - 1813. New Dawn Press Group. p. 50. ISBN 1 - 932705546. Jump up ^ John F. Richards ( 1995 ). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217 -- 223. Jump up ^ Richards, J.F. ( 1995 ). Mughal empire ( Transferred to digital print. ed. ). Cambridge, Eng. : Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978 - 0521566032. Retrieved 22 August 2017. ^ Jump up to : An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen, p. 11 Jump up ^ An Advanced History of Modern India by Sailendra Nath Sen, p11 Jump up ^ Mehta, J.L. ( 2005 ). Advanced study in the history of modern India, 1707 -- 1813. Slough : New Dawn Press, Inc. p. 81. ISBN 9781932705546. Jump up ^ Mehta, J.L. ( 2005 ). Advanced study in the history of modern India, 1707 -- 1813. Slough : New Dawn Press, Inc. pp. 101 -- 103. ISBN 9781932705546. ^ Jump up to : An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen, p. 12 Jump up ^ The Concise History of Warfare By Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, p. 132 Jump up ^ J.L. Mehta, Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 -- 1813 ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : S.N. Sen, History Modern India ( 3rd ed. 2006 ) Jump up ^ An Advanced History of Modern India Jump up ^ An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen, p13 Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 -- 1813 By Jaswant Lal Mehta, p 202 ^ Jump up to : An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen, p. 15 Jump up ^ Fall Of the Mughal Empire - Volume 1 ( 4Th Edn. ), J.N. Sarkar ^ Jump up to : P.J. Marshall ( 2006 ). Bengal : The British Bridgehead : Eastern India 1740 -- 1828. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72 -- 73. ^ Jump up to : Roy, Kaushik. India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80 -- 1. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7824 - 109 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Agrawal, Ashvini ( 1983 ). `` Events leading to the Battle of Panipat ''. Studies in Mughal History. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 26. ISBN 81 - 208 - 2326 - 5. Jump up ^ Mehta, Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 -- 1813, p. 140 Jump up ^ Mehta ( 2005 ), p. 274 Jump up ^ Turchin, Peter ; Adams, Jonathan M. ; Hall, Thomas D ( December 2006 ). `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires ''. Journal of world - systems research. 12 ( 2 ) : 223. ISSN 1076 - 156X Jump up ^ Advance Study in the History of Modern India ( Volume - 1 : 1707 -- 1803 ) By G.S. Chhabra, p. 56 Jump up ^ The Marathas 1600 -- 1818, Band 2 by Stewart Gordon p. 157 Jump up ^ The Marathas 1600 -- 1818, Band 2 by Stewart Gordon p. 158 Jump up ^ `` Haryana, a Historical Perspective ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ Mehta ( 2005 ), p. 458 ^ Jump up to : Rathod ( 1994 ), p. 8 ^ Jump up to : A Comprehensive History of Medieval India : From Twelfth to the Mid... -- Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui -- Google Books. Jump up ^ The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia By N.G. Rathod, p. 95 Jump up ^ `` SPLENDOURS OF ROYAL MYSORE ( PB ) ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia By N.G. Rathod, p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Rathod ( 1994 ), p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Marathas and the Marathas Country : The Marathas ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar ( 1994 ). A History of Jaipur 1503 -- 1938. Orient Longman. ISBN 81 - 250 - 0333 - 9. Jump up ^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People : The Maratha supremacy Jump up ^ The State at War in South Asia By Pradeep Barua, p. 91 Jump up ^ `` Marathas and the Marathas Country : The Marathas ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ Mohibbul Hasan, History of Tipu Sultan, pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907, p. 502 Jump up ^ Kulkarni, Uday. `` What Exactly Happened At Sringeri Math In April 1791 ? ''. Swarajya. Retrieved 3 March 2018. Jump up ^ Mohibbul Hasan, History of Tipu Sultan, p. 358 Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological Department 1916 pp 10 -- 11, 73 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hasan, History of Tipu Sultan, p. 359 Jump up ^ Randolf G.S. Cooper ( 2003 ). The Anglo - Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India : The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy. Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ Randolf G.S. Cooper ( 2003 ). The Anglo - Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India : The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. Jump up ^ Battle of Wadgaon, Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ CA Kincaid and DB Parasnis, A history of the Maratha people. Vol III p. 194. Jump up ^ Delhi, the Capital of India By Anon, John Capper, p. 28 Jump up ^ The Anglo - Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India, Randolf G.S. Cooper, University of Cambridge, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03646 - 7, 2007 Jump up ^ Prakash 2002, p. 300. Jump up ^ Pramod K. Nayar ( 25 March 2008 ). English Writing and India, 1600 -- 1920 : Colonizing Aesthetics. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 13150 - 1. Jump up ^ Harish Trivedi ; Richard Allen ( 2000 ). Literature and Nation. Psychology Press. p. 30. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21207 - 6. Jump up ^ United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 1930, p. 121. Jump up ^ Black 2006, p. 77. ^ Jump up to : Shivaji, the great Maratha, Volume 2, H.S. Sardesai, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002, ISBN 81 - 7755 - 286 - 4, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7755 - 286 - 7 Jump up ^ http://www.kkhsou.in/main/history/marathas.html Jump up ^ Maratha Rule in India By Stephen Meredyth Edwardes, Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett p. 116. Jump up ^ U.B. Singh ( 1998 ). Administrative System in India : Vedic Age to 1947. APH Publishing. p. 93. Jump up ^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People : The Maratha supremacy. G. Allen & Unwin, 1951 Jump up ^ The New Cambridge Modern History -- Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 12 July 2013. Jump up ^ History of Medieval India -- Saini A.K, Chand, Hukam -- Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 17 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` History Modern India ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740 -- 1849 -- Kaushik Roy -- Google Books. Books.google.co.in. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Cambridge History of India ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ History of the Marathas -- R.S. Chaurasia. Jump up ^ Bhave, Y.G. From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb : The Critical Years. Northern Book Center. p. 28. ISBN 81 - 7211 - 100 - 2. Jump up ^ Sridharan, K. Sea : Our Saviour. New Age International Private Ltd. p. 43. ISBN 81 - 224 - 1245 - 9. Jump up ^ Kantak, M.R. The First Anglo - Maratha War, 1774 -- 1783 : A Military Study of Major Battles. Bombay Popular Prakashan. p. 10. ISBN 9788171546961. Jump up ^ `` Peshwa - era Katraj water plan needs to be revived ''. Daily News and Analysis. Jump up ^ `` History ''. Amdavad Municipal Corporation. Jump up ^ Bose, MeliaBelli. Women, Gender and Art in Asia, c. 1500 -- 1900. Ash Gate Books. Jump up ^ Parker, Brannon. ORISSA in the CROSSFIRE - Kandhamal Burning. p. 14. Jump up ^ Breathing in Bodhi. Disha Publications. p. 227. Jump up ^ Raje Bhosle, Prince Pratap Sinh Serfoji. Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings. Notion Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 948230 - 95 - 7. Jump up ^ Rath, Saraju. Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India. p. 164. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 22347 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Royal tribute to Thanjavur rulers ''. New Indian Express. Jump up ^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People : The Maratha Supremacy, page 512. G. Allen & Unwin, 1951 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Fall of Mughal Empire : Vol. 2 Jump up ^ `` Indian Military Thought ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ GS Sardesai 's Marathi Riyasat, volume 2. `` The reference for this letter as given by Sardesai in Riyasat -- Peshwe Daftar letters 2.103, 146 ; 21.206 ; 1.202, 207, 210, 213 ; 29, 42, 54, and 39.161. Satara Daftar -- document number 2.301, Shejwalkar 's Panipat, page no. 99. Moropanta 's account -- 1.1, 6, 7 '' ^ Jump up to : `` Empires and Indigenes ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe ; late governor - general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor - general of Canada '' ``. archive.org. Jump up ^ The Discovery Of India. Jump up ^ `` Wellington ''. google.co.in. Jump up ^ Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia by Lady Mary Leonora Woulfe Sheil, with additional notes by Sir Justin Sheil ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Great Personalities By Prof. R.P. Chaturvedi, p. 189 Jump up ^ Kulkarni, Sumitra ( 1995 ). The Satara Raj, 1818 -- 1848 : A Study in History, Administration, and Culture. Mittal Publications. pp. 21 -- 24. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 581 - 4. Jump up ^ Journal of the Tanjore Maharaja Serfoji 's Sarasvati Mahal Library Pg 18 Bibliography Beck, Sanderson. India & Southeast Asia to 1800 ( 2006 ) `` Marathas and the English Company 1701 -- 1818 '' online. Retrieved Oct. 1, 2004. Gordon, Stewart. Marathas, marauders, and state formation in eighteenth - century India ( Oxford University Press, 1994 ). Gordon, Stewart. `` The Marathas, '' in New Cambridge History of India, vol II. ch 4, ( Cambridge U Press, 1993 ). Kumar, Ravinder. Western India in the nineteenth century ( Routledge, 2013 ). Laine, James W. Shivaji : Hindu King in Islamic India ( New York, 2003 ). McEldowney, Philip F ( 1966 ), Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India, Madison : University of Wisconsin, OCLC 53790277 Mehta, J. L ( 2005 ), Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 -- 1813, II, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, ISBN 978 - 1 - 932705 - 54 - 6 Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India : Part One 1745 - 1857 ( 1989 ). Roy, Tirthankar. `` Rethinking the origins of British India : state formation and military - fiscal undertakings in an eighteenth century world region. '' Modern Asian Studies 47.4 ( 2013 ) : 1125 + online Majumdar, R.C. ( 1991 ). The history and culture of the Indian people : V. 8. Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Sardesai, Govind Sakharam. New history of the Marathas, vol. I : Shivaji and his line, 1600 -- 1707 ( Phoenix publications, 1946 ). Sen, Sailendra Nath ( 1994 ), Anglo - Maratha Relations, 1785 -- 96, Volume 2 of Anglo - Maratha Relations, Sailendra Nath Sen, Bombay : Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 789 - 0 Sen, S.N. History Modern India ( 3rd ed. 2006 ) online Seshan, Radhika. `` The Maratha State : Some Preliminary Considerations. '' Indian Historical Review 41.1 ( 2014 ) : 35 -- 46. online Wink, Andre. Land and Sovereignty in India : Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth Century Maratha Swarajya, ( Cambridge UP, 1986 ). Bombay University -- Maratha History -- Seminar Volume Samant, S.D. -- Vedh Mahamanavacha Kasar, D.B. -- Rigveda to Raigarh making of Shivaji the great, Mumbai : Manudevi Prakashan ( 2005 ) Apte, B.K. ( editor ) -- Chhatrapati Shivaji : Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume, Bombay : University of Bombay ( 1974 -- 75 ) Desai, Ranjeet -- Shivaji the Great, Janata Raja ( 1968 ), Pune : Balwant Printers -- English Translation of popular Marathi book. Pagdi, Setu Madhavrao -- Hindavi Swaraj Aani Moghul ( 1984 ), Girgaon Book Depot, Marathi book Deshpande, S.R. -- Marathyanchi Manaswini, Lalit Publications, Marathi book Bakshi, S.R ; Ralhan, O.P. ( 2007 ), Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages, New Delhi : Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 806 - 7 Black, Jeremy ( 2006 ), A Military History of Britain : from 1775 to the Present, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99039 - 8 Chhabra, G.S. ( 2005 ), Advance Study in the History of Modern India, Volume 1 : 1707 -- 1803, New Delhi : Lotus Press, ISBN 81 - 89093 - 06 - 1 Government of Maharashtra ( 1961 ), Land Acquisition Act ( PDF ), Bombay Kulkarni, Sumitra ( 1995 ), The Satara Raj, 1818 -- 1848 : A Study in History, Administration, and Culture, New Delhi : Mittal Publications, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 581 - 4 McDonald, Ellen E. ( 1968 ), The Modernizing of Communication : Vernacular Publishing in Nineteenth Century Maharashtra, Berkeley : University of California Press, OCLC 483944794 Nadkarni, Dnyaneshwar ( 2000 ), Husain : Riding The Lightning, Bombay : Popular Prakashan, ISBN 81 - 7154 - 676 - 5 Naravane, M.S ( 2006 ), Battles of the Honourable East India Company : Making of the Raj, New Delhi : APH Publishing, pp. 78 -- 105, ISBN 978 - 81 - 313 - 0034 - 3 Prakash, Om ( 2002 ), Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement, New Delhi : Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 0938 - 8 Ramusack, Barbara N. ( 2004 ), The Indian Princes and their States, The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 44908 - 3 Rathod, N.G. ( 1994 ), The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia Rao, S. Venugopala ( 1977 ), Power and Criminality : a Survey of Famous Crimes in Indian History, Bombay : Allied Publishers, OCLC 4076888 Sarkar, Sumit ; Pati, Biswamoy ( 2000 ), Biswamoy Pati, ed., Issues in Modern Indian History : for Sumit Sarkar, Mumbai : Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 658 - 9 Schmidt, Karl J. ( 1995 ), An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History, Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 334 - 9 United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals ( 1930 ), Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports, 18, Washington : Supreme Court of the United States, OCLC 2590161 Suryanath U. Kamath ( 2001 ). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore ( Reprinted 2002 ), OCLC : 7796041. Maratha Empire Rulers Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram I Tarabai Shahu I Rajaram II Shahu II Pratap Singh Peshwas Moropant Trimbak Pingle Moreshvar Pingale Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bahiroji Pingale Balaji Vishwanath Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao Madhavrao Ballal Narayan Rao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Amrut Rao Nana Sahib Bhat family Amatya Ramchandra Pant Amatya Pratinidhi Pralhad Niraji Gadodhar Pralhad Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi ( hereditary ) Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi Women Ahilyabai Holkar Anandibai Gopikabai Jankibai Jijabai Kashibai Mastani Muddupalani Parvatibai Putalabai Radhikabai Ramabai Saibai Sakvarbai Soyarabai Umabai Dabhade Tulsi Bai Holkar Maratha Confederacy Bhonsle of Nagpur Gaekwad of Baroda Scindia of Gwalior Holkar of Indore ( subsidiary or feudatory states ) Battles Pratapgarh Kolhapur Pavan Khind Chakan Surat Purandar Sinhagad Kalyan Bhupalgarh Sangamner Bijapur Raigarh ( 1689 ) Jinji Satara Khelna Raigarh Torna Palkhed Mandsaur 1st Delhi Bhopal Vasai Gajendragad 1st Trichinopoly Katwa ( 1st ) 2nd Trichinopoly Katwa ( 2nd ) Invasions of Bengal Burdwan Udgir 2nd Delhi Attock Peshawar 3rd Panipat Alegaon Rakshabhuvan Panchgaon Saunshi Adoni Badami Savanur Bahadur Benda Lalsot Chaksana Patan Kharda Poona 3rd Delhi Assaye Laswari Farrukhabad Bharatpur Khadki Koregaon Mahidpur Wars Maratha - Mughal War of 27 years Maratha -- Mysore War First Anglo - Maratha War Second Anglo - Maratha War Third Anglo - Maratha War Adversaries Adilshahi Qutbshahi Mughal Empire Durrani Empire British Empire Portuguese Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Mysore Forts Fort Mangad Panhala Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Shaniwar Wada Shivneri Sindhudurg Sinhagad Torna Coins Shivrai Empires Ancient ( Colonies ) Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Holy - Roman Carolingian Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian Haitian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Soviet Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Polish -- Lithuanian Couronian Portuguese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers. 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Question: in which year was the maratha confederacy defeated by british
Answer: 1818