Respiratory rate - wikipedia Respiratory rate The respiratory rate is the rate at which breathing occurs. This is usually measured in breaths per minute and is set, and controlled by the respiratory centre. Contents 1 Measurement 2 Normal range 3 Minute volume 4 Diagnostic value 5 Abnormal respiratory rates 6 See also 7 References Measurement Further information : Mechanical ventilation and Respirometer The respiratory rate in humans is measured when a person is at rest and involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. A fibre - optic breath rate sensor can be used for monitoring patients during a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions. Inaccuracies in respiratory measurement have been reported in the literature. One study compared respiratory rate counted using a 90 - second count period, to a full minute, and found significant differences in the rates.. Another study found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a stethoscope, were 60 -- 80 % higher than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope. Similar results are seen with animals when they are being handled and not being handled -- the invasiveness of touch apparently is enough to make significant changes in breathing. Various other methods to measure respiratory rate are commonly used, including impedance pneumography, and capnography which are commonly implemented in patient monitoring. In addition novel techniques for automatically monitoring respiratory rate using wearable sensors are in development, such as estimation of respiratory rate from the electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram and accelerometry signals. Normal range The typical respiratory rate for a healthy adult at rest is 12 -- 18 breaths per minute. The respiratory center sets the quiet respiratory rhythm at around two seconds for an inhalation and three seconds exhalation. This gives the lower of the average rate at 12 breaths per minute. Average resting respiratory rates by age are : birth to 6 weeks : 30 -- 40 breaths per minute 6 months : 25 -- 40 breaths per minute 3 years : 20 -- 30 breaths per minute 6 years : 18 -- 25 breaths per minute 10 years : 17 -- 23 breaths per minute Adults : 12 - 18 breaths per minute Elderly ≥ 65 years old : 12 - 28 breaths per minute. Elderly ≥ 80 years old : 10 - 30 breaths per minute. Minute volume Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which is inhaled ( inhaled minute volume ) or exhaled ( exhaled minute volume ) from the lungs in one minute. Diagnostic value The value of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated but findings suggest it is of limited value. One study found that only 33 % of people presenting to an emergency department with an oxygen saturation below 90 % had an increased respiratory rate. An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in babies under 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value of having a `` cut - off '' at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory illness. It has also been reported that factors such as crying, sleeping, agitation and age have a significant influence on the respiratory rate. As a result of these and similar studies the value of respiratory rate as an indicator of serious illness is limited. Nonetheless respiratory rate is widely used to monitor the physiology of acutely - ill hospital patients. It is measured regularly to facilitate identification of changes in physiology along with other vital signs. This practice has been widely adopted as part of early warning systems. Abnormal respiratory rates Apnea Dyspnea Hyperpnea Tachypnea Hypopnea Bradypnea Orthopnea Platypnea Biot 's respiration Cheyne - Stokes respiration Kussmaul breathing See also Subparabrachial nucleus - nucleus in the brain stem that regulates breathing rate Respiratory system References Jump up ^ `` OSA - ''. Retrieved 30 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Vital Signs 101 ''. www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Jump up ^ Simoes EA, Roark R, Berman S, Esler LL, Murphy J. Respiratory rate : measurement of variability over time and accuracy at different counting periods. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1991 ; 66 ( 10 ) : 1199 - 1203 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Grenvik, A., Ballou, S., McGinley, E., Millen, J., Cooley, W.L., Safar P. ( 1972 ) Impedance Pneumography : Comparison between Chest Impedance Changes and Respiratory Volumes in II Healthy Volunteers. Chest. October 1972 ; 62 ( 4 ) : 439 - 443 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Charlton, Peter ; Birrenkott, Drew A. ; Bonnici, Timothy ; Pimentel, Marco A.F. ; Johnson, Alistair E.W. ; Alastruey, Jordi ; Tarassenko, Lionel ; Watkinson, Peter J. ; Beale, Richard. `` Breathing Rate Estimation from the Electrocardiogram and Photoplethysmogram : A Review ''. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering : 1 -- 1. doi : 10.1109 / rbme. 2017.2763681. Jump up ^ ( http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~gari/chapter8.html `` Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Data Analysis - ECG Derived Respiratory Frequency Estimation - Chapter 8 ; Raquel Bail � n, Leif S � rnmo, and Pablo Laguna '' ). www.robots.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. replacement character in title = at position 121 ( help ) Jump up ^ Karlen, Walter ; Raman, Srinivas ; Ansermino, J. Mark ; Dumont, Guy A. ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ). `` Multiparameter respiratory rate estimation from the photoplethysmogram ''. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering. 60 ( 7 ) : 1946 -- 1953. doi : 10.1109 / TBME. 2013.2246160. ISSN 1558 - 2531. PMID 23399950. Jump up ^ Lapi, Sara ; Lavorini, Federico ; Borgioli, Giovanni ; Calzolai, Marco ; Masotti, Leonardo ; Pistolesi, Massimo ; Fontana, Giovanni A. `` Respiratory rate assessments using a dual - accelerometer device ''. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 191 : 60 -- 66. doi : 10.1016 / j. resp. 2013.11. 003. ^ Jump up to : Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology ( 24 ed. ). p. 619. ISBN 0071780033. Jump up ^ Scott L. DeBoer ( 4 November 2004 ). Emergency Newborn Care. Trafford Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 3089 - 2. Jump up ^ Wilburta Q. Lindh ; Marilyn Pooler ; Carol Tamparo ; Barbara M. Dahl ( 9 March 2009 ). Delmar 's Comprehensive Medical Assisting : Administrative and Clinical Competencies. Cengage Learning. p. 573. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4354 - 1914 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez - Molinero A. et al., Normal respiratory rate and peripheral blood oxygen saturation in the elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Dec ; 61 ( 12 ) : 2238 - 40. Jump up ^ Smith, Gary B. ; Prytherch, David R. ; Meredith, Paul ; Schmidt, Paul E. ; Featherstone, Peter I. ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ). `` The ability of the National Early Warning Score ( NEWS ) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death ''. Resuscitation. 84 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 470. doi : 10.1016 / j. resuscitation. 2012.12. 016. ISSN 1873 - 1570. PMID 23295778. Respiratory physiology Respiration breath inhalation exhalation respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation Control pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering -- Breuer reflex Lung volumes VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1 / FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout Circulation pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation ( V ) Perfusion ( Q ) Ventilation / perfusion ratio V / Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar -- arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation 2, 3 - BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect ) carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) Insufficiency high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia Medical examination and history taking Medical history Chief complaint History of the present illness Systems review Nursing assessment Allergies Medications Past medical history Surgical history Family history Social history Psychiatric history Progress notes Mnemonics SAMPLE OPQRST SOAP COASTMAP Physical examination General / IPPA Inspection Auscultation Palpation Percussion Vital signs Temperature Heart rate Blood pressure Respiratory rate HEENT Oral mucosa TM Eyes ( Ophthalmoscopy, Swinging - flashlight test ) Hearing ( Weber, Rinne ) Respiratory Respiratory sounds Cyanosis Clubbing Cardiovascular Precordial examination Peripheral vascular examination Heart sounds Other Jugular venous pressure Abdominojugular test Carotid bruit Ankle - brachial pressure index Abdominal Digestive Liver span Rectal Murphy 's sign Bowel sounds Urinary Murphy 's punch sign Extremities / Joint Back ( Straight leg raise ) Knee ( McMurray test ) Hip Wrist ( Tinel sign, Phalen maneuver ) Shoulder ( Adson 's sign ) GALS screen Neurological Mental state Mini -- mental state examination Cranial nerve examination Upper limb neurological examination Neonatal Apgar score Ballard Maturational Assessment Gynecological Well - woman examination Vaginal examination Breast examination Cervical motion tenderness Assessment and plan Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_rate&oldid=816757579 '' Categories : Respiratory physiology Respiratory therapy Temporal rates Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017, at 13 : 11. 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Question: normal breaths per minute for 10 year old
Answer: 17–23