Intracoastal Waterway - wikipedia Intracoastal Waterway Intracoastal Waterway A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredge leaves the eastern entrance to the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal section of the Intracoastal Waterway near Reedy Point, Delaware. Details Location Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States Opened 1912 ( 1912 ) Length 3,000 - mile ( 4,800 km ) North end Boston, Massachusetts South end Brownsville, Texas Owner Office of Coast Survey Operator U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Intracoastal Waterway at Sunrise Boulevard, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 2010. A section of the Intracoastal Waterway in Pamlico County, North Carolina crossed by the Hobucken Bridge The Intracoastal Waterway ( ICW ) is a 3,000 - mile ( 4,800 km ) inland waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States, running from Boston, Massachusetts, southward along the Atlantic Seaboard and around the southern tip of Florida, then following the Gulf Coast to Brownsville, Texas. Some sections of the waterway consist of natural inlets, saltwater rivers, bays, and sounds, while others are artificial canals. It provides a navigable route along its length without many of the hazards of travel on the open sea. Contents 1 Context and early history 2 Initial suggestions 3 19th - century growth 4 20th - century developments 5 Current route 6 Natural bodies of water 7 Canals 7.1 Major freight canals 7.2 Other canals 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Context and early history The shipping hazards and safe havens of the Atlantic coast have been well known and appreciated since colonial times, and considered of great commercial, communication, and military importance to both the colonial power and the newly established, independent United States. The physical features of the eastern coast were advantageous for intracoastal development, resulting from erosion and deposition of sediment over its geologic history, but also enhanced and redistributed by the action of the Atlantic Ocean currents along it. Since the coastline represented the national border and commerce of the time was chiefly by water, the fledgling US government established a degree of national control over it. Inland transportation to supply the coasting trade at the time was less known and virtually undeveloped, but when new lands and their favorable river systems were added in 1787, a radically new and free national policy was established for their development and transportation use. Over time, internal improvements of natural coastal and inland waterways would develop into the Great Loop, which allows for waterborne circumnavigation of the eastern continental United States, using minimal ocean travel, with the Intracoastal Waterway providing its eastern end. Initial suggestions The improvement of the country 's natural transportation routes was a major concern for all geographic regions and from a national perspective of building and binding the nation. These improvements were also a source of political division about where and how improvements should be developed, who should pay, and who should perform the work. In 1808, the first federal government report on existing, possible, and likely avenues of transportation improvement was presented ; it included much of the distance where the ICW now traverses the Atlantic coast. In 1802, at the request of the Senate, Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin presented an overall plan for future transportation developments of national importance and scope. Along with inland east -- west improvements, Gallatin 's north -- south improvements included the following : The map of the United States will show that they possess a tide water inland navigation, secure from storms and enemies, and which, from Massachusetts to the southern extremity of Georgia, is principally, if not solely, interrupted by four necks of land. These are the Isthmus of Barnstable, that part of New Jersey which extends from the Raritan to the Delaware, the peninsula between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, and that low and marshy tract which divides the Chesapeake from Albemarle Sound... Should this great work, the expense of which, as will hereafter be shown, is estimated at about three millions of dollars, be accomplished, a sea vessel entering the first canal in the harbor of Boston would, through the bay of Rhode Island, Long Island Sound, and the harbor of New York, reach Brunswick on the Raritan ; thence pass through the second canal to Trenton on the Delaware, down that river to Christiana or Newcastle, and through the third canal to Elk River and the Chesapeake, whence, sailing down that bay and up Elizabeth River, it would, through the fourth canal, enter the Albemarle Sound, and by Pamlico, Core, and Bogue sounds, reach Beaufort and Swansborough in North Carolina. From the last - mentioned place, the inland navigation, through Stumpy and Toomer 's sounds, is continued until a diminished draught of water, and by cutting two low and narrow necks, not exceeding three miles together, to Cape Fear River, and thence by an open but short and direct run along the coast is reached that chain of islands between which and the main the inland navigation is continued, to St. Marys along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. It is unnecessary to add any comments on the utility of the work, in peace or war, for the transportation of merchandise or the conveyance of persons. While Gallatin discussed the details of engineering, construction, and costs, including the national benefits to accrue from lowered transportation costs between domestic and international markets, his full $20 million, 10 - year plan was never approved. That is not to say his plan was never implemented, however, for with experience in the War of 1812 shortly thereafter and the attendant British blockade, the continued need for such facility was soon highlighted. Since Gallatin had based his proposals on the known advantageous natural geographic features of the country, many of his proposals became the locations of navigation improvements that were surveyed, authorized, and constructed starting with the 1824 General Survey Act and the first of many pieces of rivers and harbors legislation, as well by individual state - built improvements. Since these 1824 acts, the United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) has responsibility for navigation waterway improvements and maintenance. All four proposed sections of Gallatin 's intracoastal plan were eventually built ; the Delaware and Raritan Canal was later abandoned for a better alternative, but the Cape Cod Canal remains in operation, and the Delaware and the Dismal Swamp portions still form part of the larger present - day Intracoastal Waterway. 19th - century growth Starting in 1826, Congress authorized the first survey for an inland canal between the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, and during early developments, the growth of steam power to propel water, land, and sea transportation. Over time, additional portions of other coastal improvements were authorized for development, including the Houston Ship Channel and the Delaware River in 1872. Following the Civil War, developments to the waterway system suffered as government funding moved increasingly from navigation to railroads ; over time this resulted in anti-competitive pricing and acquisition practices by railroads over water transportation, but also in insufficient haulage capacity to move the required freight to the coasts. These conditions were investigated, accompanied by considered conclusions and recommendations, as early 1873 by the Report of Windom Select Committee from the Senate 's Select Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard, but their plans and recommendations `` received less attention than was anticipated, of course by reason of the rapid growth of interest in railways. '' While some policy corrections were implemented over the ensuing 30 years, continued insufficient capacity of railroad transportation became apparent following the harvest of 1906. In the River and Harbors Appropriations Acts of 1882 and 1884, Congress signaled its intent to improve waterways to benefit the nation by promoting competition among transportation modes. The 1882 act was the first act of Congress to combine appropriations for development of the nation 's waterways with a reaffirmation of the policy of freedom from tolls and other user charges, first stated in 1787 ; it was passed over President Chester Arthur 's veto, who considered it wasteful spending for the government 's growing federal surplus. In 1887, the Interstate Commerce Act established federal regulation of railroads ; Congress continued to promote freedom from tolls or special taxes on waterways. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, but the federal government used it minimally until Theodore Roosevelt 's presidency more than 10 years later. 20th - century developments The invention of the diesel engine in 1892 eventually led to the conversion of fuels for transportation from coal and steam to diesel and the internal combustion engine. This was greatly enhanced by World War I military uses and the beginning of a new age of fuel usage and consumption. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1909 set national policy for an intracoastal waterway from Boston to the Rio Grande, and the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1910 authorized a 9 - by - 100 - foot ( 2.7 m × 30.5 m ) channel on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway between the Apalachicola River and St. Andrews Bay, Florida, as well as a study of the most efficient means to move cargo. Between 1910 and 1914, navigation channels were deepened, and the screw propeller proved efficient for improved steering and flanking qualities. Also during this period the Panama Canal Act was passed, in 1911 ; it proved key to the revival of waterway transportation in the United States, because the opening of Panama Canal in 1914 allowed coastal shipping to extend to the US west coast for the first time. The law also prohibited railroads from owning, controlling, or operating a water carrier through the canal and led to succeeding legislation that eliminated monopoly of transportation modes by railroads. The country 's World War I experience demonstrated the need for bulk cargo transportation, with Congress establishing the Federal Barge Lines and spurring development of cheaper ways to transport farm commodities, including the first use of standardized freight barges. In 1924, Congress incorporated the Inland Waterways Corporation, generally regarded as the beginning of modern water carrier operations, and in 1925 it authorized construction of the Louisiana and Texas Intracoastal Waterway, as well as surveys east of New Orleans to Apalachicola Bay ; this was the first legislation to treat the ICW as a continuous whole. The River and Harbor Act of January 21, 1927, passed by Congress, authorized the portion of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, using the route planned out by the Jacksonville District of the Corps of Engineers. In 1936 the continuous 9 ft × 100 ft ( 2.7 m × 30.5 m ) channel was completed between the Apalachicola River and New Orleans. During World War II, the need for efficient transportation of bulk materials within the continental United States was well demonstrated after German submarines sank numerous merchant ships off the East Coast. By 1942, the 9 ft × 100 ft ( 2.7 m × 30.5 m ) ICW channel was completed between New Orleans and Corpus Christi. Today, federal law provides for the waterway to be maintained at a minimum depth of 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) for most of its length, but inadequate funding has prevented that. Consequently, for larger ships, shoaling or shallow waters are encountered along several sections of the waterway, with these having 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) or 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) minimum depths from earlier improvements. While no tolls are charged for waterway usage, commercial users have been charged a fuel tax since 1978, which is used to maintain and improve facilities. That year, the Inland Waterways Revenue Act imposed a barge fuel tax ; originally set at 4 cents per gallon in 1980, it was gradually raised to 10 cents per gallon by 1986. To hold these funds, the act also created the Inland Waterways Trust Fund under the US Treasury, which are used to cover half the cost of new construction and major rehabilitation of the inland waterways infrastructure ( 33 U.S.C. ch. 32 ). The Water Resources Development Act of 1986 was a wide - ranging bill regarding all water resources utilization nationally. Concerning transportation on waterways, this law established the Inland Waterways Users Board to make recommendations regarding construction and rehabilitation priorities and spending levels for the inland waterways, and also gradually increased the incremental fuel tax to 20 cents per gallon by 1995. Current route Tug and barge passing through the Colorado River Locks on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway near Matagorda, Texas Navigation on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, where it intersects with Bayou Perot, in the vicinity of New Orleans Aerial photo of the Cape Cod Canal and Scusset Beach State Reservation in southeastern Massachusetts The Intracoastal Waterway runs for most of the length of the Eastern Seaboard, from its unofficial northern terminus at the Manasquan River in New Jersey, where it connects with the Atlantic Ocean at the Manasquan Inlet, then around the Gulf of Mexico to Brownsville, Texas. The waterway consists of three non-contiguous segments : the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway ( AIWW ), extending from Portsmouth, Virginia ( milepost 0.0 ) to Key West, Florida ; a section of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway beginning at Tarpon Springs, Florida, and extending south to Fort Myers ; and a second section of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway extending from Brownsville, Texas, east to Carrabelle, Florida. These segments were intended to be connected via a dredged waterway from St. Marks to Tarpon Springs and the Cross Florida Barge Canal across northern Florida, but these projects were never completed due to environmental concerns. Additional canals and bays extend a navigable waterway to Boston, Massachusetts. The Intracoastal Waterway has a good deal of commercial activity ; barges haul petroleum, petroleum products, foodstuffs, building materials, and manufactured goods. It is also used extensively by recreational boaters. On the east coast, some of the traffic in fall and spring is by snowbirds who regularly move south in winter and north in summer. The waterway is also used when the ocean is too rough for travel. Numerous inlets connect the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico with the Intracoastal Waterway. The Intracoastal Waterway connects to several navigable rivers where shipping traffic can travel to inland ports, including the Mississippi, Alabama, Savannah, James, Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson, and Connecticut rivers. Natural bodies of water The following natural bodies of water are included in the Intracoastal Waterway system : Albemarle Sound, Apalachicola Bay, Aransas Bay, Barnegat Bay, Biscayne Bay, Boca Ciega Bay, Bogue Sound, Buzzards Bay, Cape Cod Bay, Cape Fear River, Casco Bay, Charleston Harbor, Charlotte Harbor, Chesapeake Bay, Choctawhatchee Bay, Connecticut River, Corpus Christi Bay, Delaware Bay, East River, Elizabeth River, Galveston Bay, Halifax River, Hampton Roads, Indian River Lagoon, Laguna Madre, Lake Worth Lagoon, Little River, Long Island Sound Canals Major freight canals Cape Cod Canal Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Other canals Lewes and Rehoboth Canal in Lewes, Delaware Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Dismal Swamp Canal Cape May Canal Delaware and Raritan Canal -- no longer operational or part of the Intracoastal Waterway Okeechobee Waterway Point Pleasant Canal Lewes and Rehoboth Canal See also Waterways forming and crossings of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Waterways forming and crossings of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Inland waterways of the United States References Jump up ^ Thomson, Charles ; et, al ( 1787 ). `` An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States, North - west of the river Ohio ''. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : Zhulin, Denis Larionov & Alexander. `` Preliminary report of the Inland Waterways Commission ''. www.ebooksread.com. United States. Inland Waterways Commission. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ Goodrich, Carter ( 1 January 1958 ). `` The Gallatin Plan after One Hundred and Fifty Years ''. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 102 ( 5 ) : 436 -- 441. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Development of US Inland Waterways System ''. Coosa - Alabama River Improvement Assoc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rivers and Harbors Act of 1882 ''. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville District, Setting the Pace '' ( PDF ). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Trying to impose user fees or tolls on barge operators is uphill battle ''. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2012 - 03 - 21. March 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Ch. 32 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Alperin, Lynn M., History of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, pp 48 - 50, National Waterways Study, U.S. Army Water Resource Support Center, Institute for Water Resources, 1983 '' External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intracoastal Waterway. KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Intracoastal Waterway KML is from Wikidata US Army Corps of Engineers -- Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway information site History of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Association Gulf Intracoastal Canal Association Elizabeth City Area Convention & Visitors Bureau Gulf Intracoastal Waterway at Handbook of Texas US Army Corps of Engineers -- History of the Waterways of the Atlantic Coast of the United States TV.com listing for Modern Marvels episode Intracoastal Waterway, Encyclopædia Britannica The Outer Banks of North Carolina Landforms Albemarle - Pamlico Peninsula Bodie Island Roanoke Island Pea Island Hatteras Island Cape Hatteras Ocracoke Island Portsmouth Island Core Banks Cape Lookout Places Currituck County Dare County Hyde County Carteret County Carova Beach Corolla Duck Southern Shores Kitty Hawk Kill Devil Hills Nags Head Whalebone Junction Manteo Wanchese Rodanthe Waves Salvo Avon Buxton Frisco Hatteras Ocracoke Portsmouth Cape Lookout Village Waterways Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Currituck Sound Albemarle Sound Croatan Sound Roanoke Sound Oregon Inlet Pamlico Sound Hatteras Inlet Onslow Bay Raleigh Bay Ocracoke Inlet Core Sound Drum Inlet Barden Inlet Back Sound New Inlet Isabel Inlet Lighthouses Currituck Beach Light Bodie Island Light Cape Hatteras Light Ocracoke Light Cape Lookout Light Protected areas Cape Hatteras National Seashore Cape Lookout National Seashore Fort Raleigh National Historic Site Jockey 's Ridge State Park Mountains - to - Sea Trail North Carolina Aquarium on Roanoke Island Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge Wright Brothers National Memorial Transportation North Carolina Highway 12 U.S. Highway 64 U.S. Route 158 Historic Albemarle Tour Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge Dare County Regional Airport First Flight Airport Billy Mitchell Airport North Carolina Ferry System History Pea Island Life - Saving Station Chicamacomico Life - Saving Station The Crystal Coast of North Carolina Landforms Cape Lookout Harkers Island Core Banks Shackleford Banks Bogue Banks Bear Island Places Counties : Carteret County Onslow County Towns / Cities : Beaufort Morehead City Atlantic Beach Pine Knoll Shores Salter Path Indian Beach Emerald Isle Cape Carteret Cedar Point Swansboro Waterways Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Core Sound Bogue Sound Onslow Bay Protected areas Cape Lookout National Seashore Shackleford Banks Fort Macon State Park North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores Hammocks Beach State Park Transportation Highways : U.S. Highway 70 North Carolina Highway 58 North Carolina Highway 24 North Carolina Highway 101 Airports : Michael J. Smith Field Albert J. Ellis Airport Coastal Carolina Regional Airport Significant waterways of Florida Larger rivers Alapaha Apalachicola Aucilla Blackwater Caloosahatchee Chattahoochee Chipola Choctawhatchee Econlockhatchee Escambia Hillsborough Indian River Kissimmee Myakka Ochlockonee Ocklawaha Pea Peace Perdido Santa Fe St. Johns St. Marys Suwannee Withlacoochee ( North ) Withlacoochee ( South ) Yellow Lakes Apopka Crescent Blue Cypress East Tohopekaliga George Harney Harris Iamonia Istokpoga Jackson Jesup Kissimmee Manatee Miccosukee Monroe Okeechobee Poinsett Rodman Rousseau Seminole Talquin Tohopekaliga Tsala Apopka Ward Washington Weir Smaller rivers Alafia Alapahoochee Anclote Banana River Braden Carrabelle Chassahowitzka Crooked Crystal Dead East East Bay Eau Gallie Econfina Estero Homosassa Hontoon Dead Ichetucknee Imperial Little ( Biscayne Bay ) Little ( Ochlockonee ) Little Econlockhatchee Little Manatee Little Wekiva Loxahatchee Manatee Matanzas Miami Mosquito Lagoon New ( Broward ) New ( Carabelle ) New ( Santa Fe ) Oleta Orange Pithlachascotee Rainbow Ribault Shark Silver Sopchoppy St. Lucie St. Marks St. Sebastian Steinhatchee Tomoka Trout Waccasassa Wacissa Wakulla Weeki Wachee Wekiva Creeks and streams Billy 's Black Blackwater ( Hillsborough ) Blackwater ( Lake ) Crane Cross Econfina Fisheating Myakkahatchee Orange Pottsburg Shingle Snapper Turkey Canals Canaveral Barge Canal Cross Florida Barge Canal Haulover Canal Hillsboro Canal Miami Canal Mud Lake Canal St. Johns - Indian River Barge Canal Tamiami Canal Tampa Bypass Canal See also Coastal waters of Florida Everglades Intracoastal Waterway Indian River Lagoon List of Florida rivers List of major springs in Florida Okeechobee Waterway Okefenokee Swamp Outstanding Florida Waters Paynes Prairie Significant waterways of Georgia Larger rivers Alapaha Alcovy Altamaha Apalachee Aucilla Broad Chattahoochee Chattooga ( Coosa River ) Chattooga ( Tugaloo River ) Canoochee Conasauga Coosa Etowah Flint Hiwassee Little ( Oconee River ) Little ( Savannah River ) Little ( Withlacoochee River ) Little Tallapoosa Little Tennessee Nottely Ochlockonee Ocmulgee Oconee Ogeechee River Ohoopee Satilla Savannah South ( Ocmulgee River ) St. Marys Suwannee Tallapoosa Toccoa Towaliga Withlacoochee Yellow Lakes Allatoona Blackshear Burton Carters Chatuge Chehaw George W. Andrews Goat Rock Harding Hartwell Jackson Lanier Nottely Oconee Oliver Rabun Richard B. Russell Seminole Sinclair Strom Thurmond Tugalo Walter F. George West Point Smaller rivers Alabaha Alapahoochee Black ( Okefenokee Swamp ) Cartecay Coleman Coosawattee Dog Ellijay Hudson Jacks Jerico Little ( Etowah River ) Little Ochlockonee Little Ogeechee ( Hancock County ) Little Satilla ( Satilla River ) Mulberry River New ( Chattahoochee River ) New ( Withlacoochee River ) Oostanaula Soque South Newport Tallulah Tugaloo Willacoochee Tidal rivers Bear Belfast Broro Brunswick Buffalo Bull Chestatee Crescent Crooked Cumberland Darien Duplin Frederica Halfmoon Hampton Herb Laurel View Little Ogechee ( Chatham County ) Little Satilla ( Atlantic Ocean ) Mackay Medway Mud North ( Darien River ) North ( St. Marys River ) North Newport Odingsell Sapelo Shad Skidaway Sope Tivoli Turtle Vernon Wilmington Creeks and streams Alligator ( Little Ocmulgee River ) Big Satilla Ebenezer Ichawaynochaway Kettle Kinchafoonee Little Satilla Muckalee Noonday Okapilco Peachtree Rocky Comfort Spring ( Flint River ) Suwannoochee Sweetwater ( Chattahoochee River ) Tobesofkee Williamson Swamp Canals Augusta Canal Brunswick -- Altamaha canal Savannah -- Ogeechee Canal Suwannee Canal See also Intracoastal Waterway Okefenokee Swamp List of Georgia rivers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intracoastal_Waterway&oldid=808863005 '' Categories : Intracoastal Waterway Waterways in the United States East Coast of the United States Gulf Coast of the United States Gulf of Mexico Shipping routes Canals opened in 1936 Bodies of water of New Jersey Bodies of water of Delaware Bodies of water of Maryland Bodies of water of Virginia Bodies of water of North Carolina Bodies of water of South Carolina Bodies of water of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Bodies of water of Florida Bodies of water of Alabama Bodies of water of Mississippi Bodies of water of Louisiana Bodies of water of Texas Bodies of water of Massachusetts Bodies of water of New York ( state ) Bodies of water of Connecticut Water transportation in the United States Navarre, Florida Savannah, Georgia Biloxi, Mississippi Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017, at 17 : 47. 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Question: what are constructed waterways that connect natural waterways
Answer: artificial canals