Thunder - wikipedia Thunder For other uses, see Thunder ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2014 ) Cumulonimbus clouds often form thunderstorms. Thunder is the sound caused by lightning. Depending on the distance and nature of the lightning, thunder can range from a sharp, loud crack to a long, low rumble ( brontide ). The sudden increase in pressure and temperature from lightning produces rapid expansion of the air surrounding and within a bolt of lightning. In turn, this expansion of air creates a sonic shock wave, similar to a sonic boom, which produces the sound of thunder, often referred to as a clap, crack, peal of thunder, or boom. Thunder A short sample of a crack of thunder during the sound of falling rain Problems playing this file ? See media help. Contents 1 Cause 2 Etymology 3 Calculating distance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Cause The cause of thunder has been the subject of centuries of speculation and scientific inquiry. The first recorded theory is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the fourth century BC, and an early speculation was that it was caused by the collision of clouds. Subsequently, numerous other theories were proposed. By the mid-19th century, the accepted theory was that lightning produced a vacuum. In the 20th century a consensus evolved that thunder must begin with a shock wave in the air due to the sudden thermal expansion of the plasma in the lightning channel. The temperature inside the lightning channel, measured by spectral analysis, varies during its 50 μs existence, rising sharply from an initial temperature of about 20,000 K to about 30,000 K, then dropping away gradually to about 10,000 K. The average is about 20,400 K ( 20,100 ° C ; 36,300 ° F ). This heating causes a rapid outward expansion, impacting the surrounding cooler air at a speed faster than sound would otherwise travel. The resultant outward - moving pulse is a shock wave, similar in principle to the shock wave formed by an explosion, or at the front of a supersonic aircraft. Experimental studies of simulated lightning have produced results largely consistent with this model, though there is continued debate about the precise physical mechanisms of the process. Other causes have also been proposed, relying on electrodynamic effects of the massive current acting on the plasma in the bolt of lightning. The shockwave in thunder is sufficient to cause injury, such as internal contusion, to individuals nearby. Inversion thunder results when lightning strikes between cloud and ground occur during a temperature inversion. In such an inversion, the air near the ground is cooler than the higher air. The sound energy is prevented from dispersing vertically as it would in a non-inversion and is thus concentrated in the near - ground layer. Inversions often occur when warm moist air passes above a cold front ; the resulting thunder sound is significantly louder than it would be if heard at the same distance in a non-inversion condition. Thunder is the sound produced by lightning. Etymology The d in Modern English thunder ( from earlier Old English þunor ) is epenthetic, and is now found as well in Modern Dutch donder ( cp Middle Dutch donre, and Old Norse þorr, Old Frisian þuner, Old High German donar descended from Proto - Germanic * þunraz ). In Latin the term was tonare `` to thunder ''. The name of the Germanic god Thor comes from the Old Norse word for thunder. The shared Proto - Indo - European root is * tón - r̥ or * tar -, also found Gaulish Taranis and Hittite Tarhunt. Calculating distance A flash of lightning, followed after some time by a rumble of thunder, illustrates the fact that sound travels significantly slower than light. Using this difference, one can estimate how far away the bolt of lightning is by timing the interval between seeing the flash and hearing thunder. The speed of sound in dry air is approximately 343 m / s or 1,127 ft / s or 768 mph ( 1,236 km / h ) at 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ). This translates to approximately 5 seconds per mile ( or 3 seconds per kilometer ). The speed of light is high enough that it can be taken as infinite in this calculation because of the relatively small distance involved. Therefore, the lightning is approximately one kilometer distant for every 3 seconds that elapse between the visible flash and the first sound of thunder ( or one mile for every 5 seconds ). In the same five seconds, the light could have traveled the Lunar distance four times. ( In this calculation, the initial shock wave, which travels at a rate faster than the speed of sound, but only extends outward for the first 30 feet, is ignored. ) Thunder is seldom heard at distances over 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ). A very bright flash of lightning and an almost simultaneous sharp `` crack '' of thunder, a thundercrack, therefore indicates that the lightning strike was very near. Very close thunder cracks See also Thunderbolt Thunderstorm Thursday ( day of Thor ) Brontophobia ( fear of thunder ) Castle Thunder sound effect Lightning List of thunder gods Mistpouffers References ^ Jump up to : Rakov, Vladimir A. ; Uman, Martin A. ( 2007 ). Lightning : Physics and Effects. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press. p. 378. ISBN 0 - 521 - 03541 - 4. Jump up ^ Cooray, Vernon ( 2003 ). The lightning flash. London : Institution of Electrical Engineers. pp. 163 -- 164. ISBN 0 - 85296 - 780 - 2. ^ Jump up to : `` Thunder ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 07. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12. Jump up ^ MacGorman, Donald R. ; Rust, W. David ( 1998 ). The Electrical Nature of Stomrs. Oxford University Press. pp. 102 -- 104. ISBN 978 - 0195073379. Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 28. Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ P Graneau ( 1989 ). `` The cause of thunder ''. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 22 ( 8 ) : 1083 -- 1094. Bibcode : 1989JPhD... 22.1083 G. doi : 10.1088 / 0022 - 3727 / 22 / 8 / 012. Jump up ^ Fish, Raymond M ( 2004 ). `` Thermal and mechanical shock wave injury ''. In Nabours, Robert E. Electrical injuries : engineering, medical, and legal aspects. Tucson, AZ : Lawyers & Judges Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 1 - 930056 - 71 - 0. Jump up ^ Dean A. Pollet and Micheal M. Kordich, User 's guide for the Sound Intensity Prediction System ( SIPS ) as installed at the Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division ( Naveodtechdiv ) Archived 2013 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine... Systems Department February 2000. dtic.mil Jump up ^ `` thunder ''. Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed. ). Oxford, England : Oxford University Press. 1989. Jump up ^ Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 72nd edition, special student edition. Boca Raton : The Chemical Rubber Co. 1991. p. 14.36. ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5. Jump up ^ `` The Science of Thunder - National Lightning Safety Institute ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 15. External links Media related to Thunder at Wikimedia Commons The science of thunder Thunder : A Child of Lightning Wikibooks : Engineering Acoustics / Thunder acoustics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thunder&oldid=821139369 '' Categories : Lightning Noise Severe weather and convection Meteorological phenomena Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018, at 17 : 08. 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Question: where does the sound of lightning come from
Answer: expansion of air