Victoria 's Secret - Wikipedia Victoria 's Secret For other uses, see Victoria 's Secret ( disambiguation ). hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page. ( May 2015 ) This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( June 2015 ) Victoria 's Secret Victoria 's Secret Store, 722 Lexington Ave, New York, NY Type Subsidiary Industry Apparel Founded June 12, 1977 ; 40 years ago ( 1977 - 06 - 12 ) Stanford Shopping Center, Palo Alto, California, U.S. Founder Roy Raymond Headquarters Three Limited Parkway, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Number of locations 1,017 company - owned stores 18 independently owned stores Area served Hungary, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, Poland, Serbia, Russia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Lebanon, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, China, South Korea, South Africa, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Taiwan, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore Key people Jan Singer ( CEO of Victoria 's Secret Stores ) Products Underwear, women 's clothing, lingerie, swimwear, footwear, fragrances and beauty products, and make up. Parent L Brands Website VictoriasSecret.com Victoria 's Secret is an American designer, manufacturer, and marketer of women 's lingerie, womenswear, and beauty products. Founded in 1977 as a response to packaged underwear, which the company 's founder considered to be `` ugly, floral - print nylon nightgowns '', the company is now the largest American retailer of women 's lingerie. Contents 1 History 1.1 1977 - 1981 1.2 1982 - 1983 1.3 1990 -- 2006 1.4 2006 -- Present 2 Products 2.1 Current products 2.1. 1 Pink 2.1. 2 Swimwear 2.2 Recent product history 3 Operating divisions 3.1 Victoria 's Secret stores 3.1. 1 International expansion 3.1. 2 International franchises 3.2 Victoria 's Secret Direct 3.2. 1 Catalog 3.2. 2 E-commerce 3.3 Victoria 's Secret Beauty 4 Corporate affairs 4.1 Ownership 4.2 Management structure 4.2. 1 Victoria 's Secret stores 4.2. 2 Victoria 's Secret Direct 4.2. 3 Victoria 's Secret Beauty 4.3 Environmental record 4.4 Legal proceedings 4.5 Manufacturing 5 Corporate identity 5.1 Name 5.2 Marketing partners 5.3 Marketing 5.3. 1 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 5.3. 2 Victoria 's Secret Angels 5.3. 3 Pink spokesmodels 6 Criticism and controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History 1977 - 1981 Victoria 's Secret was founded by Roy Raymond, and his wife Gaye, in San Francisco, California, on June 12, 1977. Eight years prior to founding Victoria 's Secret, in the late 1960s, Raymond was embarrassed when purchasing lingerie for his wife at a department store. Newsweek reported him looking back on the incident from the vantage of 1981 : `` When I tried to buy lingerie for my wife, '' he recalls, `` I was faced with racks of terry - cloth robes and ugly floral - print nylon nightgowns, and I always had the feeling the department store saleswomen thought I was an unwelcome intruder. '' Raymond spent the next eight years studying the lingerie market. At the time when Raymond founded Victoria 's Secret, most women in America purchased `` dowdy '', `` pragmatic '', `` foundation garments '' by Fruit of the Loom, Hanes, and Jockey in packs of three from department stores and saved `` fancier items '' for `` special occasions '' like honeymoons. `` Lacy thongs and padded push - up bras '' were niche products during this period found `` alongside feathered boas and provocative pirate costumes at Frederick 's of Hollywood '' outside of the mainstream product offerings available at department stores. In 1977, Raymond borrowed $40,000 from his parents and $40,000 from a bank to establish Victoria 's Secret : a store in which men could feel comfortable buying lingerie. The company 's first store was located in Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California. Raymond picked the name `` Victoria '' after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to associate with the refinement of the Victorian era. The `` Secret '' was what was hidden underneath the clothes. The `` angels '' comes from his wife being in a sorority where their mascot was an angel. Victoria 's Secret grossed $500,000 in its first year of business, enough to finance the expansion from a headquarters and warehouse to four new store locations and a mail - order operation. By 1982, the fourth store ( still in the San Francisco area ) was added at 395 Sutter Street. Victoria 's Secret stayed at that location until 1990, when it moved to the larger Powell Street frontage of the Westin St. Francis. In April 1982, Raymond sent out his 12th catalog ; each catalog cost $3 ( equivalent to $7.61 in 2017 ). Catalog sales accounted for 55 % of the company 's $7 million annual sales in 1982. The Victoria 's Secret stores at this time were `` a niche player '' in the underwear market. The business was described as `` more burlesque than Main Street. '' 1982 - 1983 In 1982, Victoria 's Secret had grown to five stores, a 40 - page catalog, and was grossing $6 million annually. Raymond sold Victoria 's Secret Inc. to Leslie Wexner, creator of Limited Stores Inc of Columbus, Ohio, for $1 million. In 1983, Wexner revamped Victoria 's Secret 's sales model. He discarded the money - losing model of selling lingerie to male customers and replaced it with one that focused on female customers. Victoria 's Secret transformed from `` more burlesque than Main Street '' to a mainstay that sold broadly accepted underwear. The `` new colors, patterns and styles that promised sexiness packaged in a tasteful, glamorous way and with the snob appeal of European luxury '' meant to appeal to female buyers. To further this image, the Victoria 's Secret catalog continued the practice that Raymond began : listing the company 's headquarters on catalogs at a fake London address, with the real headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. The stores were redesigned to evoke 19th century England. Howard Gross took over as president from his position as vice-president in 1985. In October of that year, the Los Angeles Times reported that Victoria 's Secret was stealing market share from department stores ; in 1986, Victoria 's Secret was the only national chain of lingerie stores. The New York Times reported on Victoria 's Secret 's rapid expansion from four stores in 1982 to 100 in 1986, and analysts ' expectations that it could expand to 400 by 1988. In 1987, Victoria 's Secret was reportedly among the `` best - selling catalogs ''. In 1990, analysts estimated that sales had quadrupled in four years, making it one of the fastest growing mail - order businesses. The New York Times described it as a `` highly visible leader '', saying it used `` unabashedly sexy high - fashion photography to sell middle - priced underwear. '' Victoria 's Secret also released their own line of fragrances in 1992. 1990 -- 2006 By the early 1990s, Victoria 's Secret faced a gap in management that led the company to be `` plagued by persistent quality problems ''. Howard Gross, who had grown the company significantly since Wexner 's 1982 purchase, was moved to the poorly performing L Brands subsidiary Limited Stores. Business Week reported that `` both divisions have suffered ''. Grace Nichols, who became President and CEO beginning in 1992, worked to resolve the quality problems ; their margins tightened, resulting in a slower growth of profits. Victoria 's Secret introduced the Miracle Bra selling two million within the first year, but faced competition from Sara Lee 's WonderBra a year later. The company responded with a TV campaign. By 1998, Victoria 's Secret 's market share of the intimate apparel market was 14 percent. That year Victoria 's Secret also entered the $3.5 billion cosmetic market. In 1999, the company aimed to increase its coverage with the Body by Victoria brand. In May 2000, Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney, previously of Neiman Marcus Direct, as the new chief executive of Victoria 's Secret Direct to turn around catalog sales that were lagging behind other divisions. Forbes reported Turney stating, as she flipped through a Victoria 's Secret catalog, `` We need to quit focusing on all that cleavage. '' In 2000, Turney began to redefine Victoria 's Secret catalog from `` breasts -- spilling over the tops of black, purple and reptile - print underthings '' to one that would appeal to an `` upscale customer who now feels more comfortable buying La Perla or Wolford lingerie. '' ; `` dimming the hooker looks '' such as `` tight jeans and stilettos '' ; and moving from `` a substitute for Playboy in some dorm rooms, '' to something closer to a Vogue lifestyle layout, where lingerie, sleepwear, clothes and cosmetics appear throughout the catalog. Beginning in 2000, Grace Nichols, CEO of Victoria 's Secret Direct, led a similar change at Victoria 's Secret 's stores -- moving away from an evocation of 1800s England ( or a Victorian bordello ). 2006 -- present By 2006, Victoria 's Secret 's 1,000 stores across the United States accounted for one third of all purchases in the intimate apparel industry. In May 2006, Wexner promoted Sharen Jester Turney from the Victoria 's Secret catalog and online units to lead the whole company. In 2008, she acknowledged `` product quality that does n't equal the brand 's hype. '' In September 2006, Victoria 's Secret reportedly tried to make their catalog feel more like magazines by head - hunting writers from Women 's Wear Daily. In February 2016, Turney stepped down as CEO of Victoria 's Secret after serving for a decade. In 2016, direct sales only grew 1.6 % and fell by 7.4 % in the last quarter of the year, typically a high revenue period due to the holidays. The company discontinued its use of a print catalog and dropped certain categories of clothing such as swimwear. Sales revenue continued to stagnate and drop in early 2017. Products Current products Pink Victoria 's Secret Pink Store NYC In 2002, Victoria 's Secret launched Pink ( stylized PINK ), a lingerie line targeted toward younger women than Victoria 's Secret 's main line. Swimwear In 2002, swimwear was introduced and available via the web site and catalog ; in the last three years, the swimwear has become more readily available in stores. In April 2016 Chairman and CEO Leslie H. Wexner announced that Victoria 's Secret would end their swimwear line, replacing it with a new activewear line. `` Coming off a record year, now is the best time to make improvements... going to from best to even better. We are making those changes to accelerate our growth and to strengthen the business for the long term by narrowing our focus and simplifying our operating model. '' `` I am certain that these changes are necessary for our industry - leading brands to reach their significant potential... nonetheless, decisions about people are the most difficult ones to make, and we are taking care to support associates who are being affected by these changes. '' Recent product history In 2010, Victoria 's Secret launched the Incredible bra. In 2012, Victoria 's Secret launched the Victoria 's Secret Designer Collection described by Vogue as the company 's `` first high end lingerie line. '' In 2016, Victoria 's Secret stopped selling swimwear, shoes, accessories and apparel that were only sold in online Victoria 's Secret stores to stay more focused on the lingerie, fragrances and sleepwear that are still available in stores and online. In 2017 Victoria 's Secret began to put more emphasis on bralettes ( bras without underwire, often intended to be worn visibly ) and sports bras ( under the Victoria Sport label ) to appeal to a younger customer base. Victoria 's Secret sales Victoria 's Secret products that are left over after the season are sold at reduced prices through their online store. Large sales occur on Black Friday and the twice yearly Semi-Annual Sale. In addition, the Victoria 's Secret online store runs a continual series of temporary special offers, most of which require the customer to enter a promotion code during checkout. Operating divisions Victoria Secret 's operations are organized into three divisions : Victoria 's Secret Stores ( stores ), Victoria 's Secret Direct ( online and catalog operations ), and Victoria 's Secret Beauty ( their bath and cosmetics line ). The company does business in the following retail formats : general merchandise stores, apparel stores. Victoria 's Secret stores Victoria 's Secret stores 1982 -- 2012 Year # of stores Store sales in millions of U.S. dollars 1982 $3.15 1984 1985 84 1986 100 1988 237 1989 326 - 353 $428 1990 386 $600 1992 448 1992 545 $840 1993 570 $992 1994 600 $1,181 1995 600 $1,286 736 $1,450 1997 750 $1,702 1998 884 1999 902 $2,100 2000 2001 2002 1,014 2003 2005 $3,200 2006 $3,700 2007 2008 2009 2011 1,028 2012 1,017 - 1050 A store display Victoria 's Secret in Las Vegas, Nevada Throughout the 1980s, Victoria 's Secret took over the market using `` faux - British veneer, romantic styling and soft classical music. '' In 2000, the Los Angeles Times reported that Victoria 's Secret continued the practice of putting `` on a British air -- or what the Ohio - based chain thinks Americans believe is British. Boudoirish. Tony. Upscale. '' During the 1990s, Victoria 's Secret saw a 30 % increase in store sales after the use of analyzing in their data warehouse in which specific store the styles, sizes and color of which bras were selling. As of 2010, there are 1,000 Victoria 's Secret lingerie stores and 100 independent Victoria 's Secret Beauty Stores in the United States, mostly in shopping centers. They sell a range of bras, panties, hosiery, cosmetics, sleepwear, and other products. Victoria 's Secret mails more than 400 million of its catalogs per year. During the 1990s, store sizes grew from the average 1,400 square feet to between 4,000 and 5,000 square feet. In 2002, the average Victoria 's Secret store was 6,000 square feet. International expansion Victoria 's Secret Canada stores 2011 -- 2012 Year # of stores Store sales in millions of U.S. dollars 2011 12 2012 19 Map of Victoria 's Secret stores in the United States, as of August 2011 Up until the early 2000s, management at Victoria 's Secret actively decided to not expand outside the United States. The drive to continue growing coupled with facing a maturing of the American retail market led to a change in that decision and to expand Victoria 's Secret outside the United States. Victoria 's Secret announced the company 's plan to expand into Canada in 2010. The company opened 23 stores stores in Canada with locations in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan. In November 2005, the company opened its first boutique in the United Kingdom at Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5 with the help of World Duty Free. This was followed in 2009 with several Victoria 's Secret Travel and Tourism stores residing within airports outside the United States. These include locations in Schiphol International Airport, The Netherlands. Victoria 's Secret opened their first store located at the Westfield Shopping Centre, Stratford, London on July 24, 2012. Their flagship 40,386 - square - foot - ( 3,752.0 m ) store on New Bond Street, London opened on August 29, 2012, and there will be further nationwide expansion across the United Kingdom. Victoria 's Secret executive vice president and chief administrative officer Martyn R Redgrave told Women 's Wear Daily `` That 's what we 're looking to do as we expand, in the UK in particular, and those will be company - owned and operated ''. Since 2013, stores opened across the United Kingdom in Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Bristol and London including Westfield London, Bluewater and Brent Cross. As of 2016, there are 15 stores in the United Kingdom. International franchises In 2010, Victoria 's Secret expanded with franchises internationally. The first franchise store in Latin America opened in Isla Margarita, Venezuela on June 25, 2010 followed by other stores in the country, and in Bogota, Colombia, in July 2012 selling beauty products and accessories. Angel 's Group, the Colombian company operating the franchise, is planning to open 10 stores in Colombia. Victoria 's Secret is also planning on opening a store in the exclusive Multiplaza Mall in San Salvador, El Salvador. In 2010, M.H. Alshaya Co. opened the first Victoria 's Secret store in the Middle East region in Kuwait. M.H. Alshaya Co. operates the Victoria 's Secret franchise located in the Marina Mall selling products including `` cosmetic and branded accessories, but it has left out the brand 's infamous lingerie line ''. The brand 's first Caribbean store opened in November 2011 at Plaza Las Americas in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Two stores also opened in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic at the Agora, ( mainly selling beauty products and accessories ) and Sambil Santo Domingo malls in August 2012 and October 2012, respectively. The first Polish store opened in July 2012 at the Złote Tarasy shopping mall in Warsaw and is operated by M.H. Alshaya Co. It was the first Victoria 's Secret franchise store in Europe, and it opened just a day before the first British store in London. The first Serbian Victoria 's Secret store opened in January 2014 at the Nikola Tesla Airport in Belgrade. This was the first Victoria 's Secret store to open in the former Yugoslavia. Victoria 's Secret Direct Catalog Victoria 's Secret catalog 1982 -- 2012 Year Millions mailed Sales in millions of U.S. dollars 1982 $3.85 1984 1985 1986 $30 1988 1989 1990 $270 1991 1992 $367 1993 185 $436 1994 260 $569 1995 315 $661 $684 1997 450 $789 1998 $700 1999 365 $800 2000 2001 2002 374 $870 2003 2005 2006 350 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 Prior to the emergence of e-commerce, the Victoria 's Secret 's catalogs provided both an informative and exciting experience in the comfort of the consumer 's home. The catalog under Raymond 's leadership took the form of an upmarket version of Frederick 's of Hollywood lingerie catalog being more sensuous than the catalog published under the future leadership of The Limited. In 1982 the Victoria 's Secret catalog cost $3. The New York Times reported that the financial success of Victoria 's Secret catalogs influenced other catalogs, which changed to present lingerie as `` romantic and sensual but tasteful '' `` in which models are photographed in ladylike poses against elegant backgrounds. '' This led to Victoria 's Secret dominating the catalog field for `` lingerie and sexy nightwear. '' The catalogs allowed for consumers to review the entire spectrum of product offerings, along the axes of style, color and fabric. Victoria 's Secret accepted catalog orders via telephone 24 hours a day. Victoria 's Secret 's catalog offers a more diverse range of merchandise. The Los Angeles Times described the catalog in 2000 as having achieved `` an almost cult - like following. '' E-commerce In 1995 Victoria 's Secret began building its e-commerce website which the company launched after three years of development at 6 p.m. December 4, 1998, using the domain VictoriasSecret.com. Twenty minutes later the first order was placed on the website from a Littleton, Colorado, customer at 6 : 20 p.m. It was reported that the three year development was a result of the company 's concern of rolling out a half - baked website that could `` discourage return visits ''. Viewers who logged onto the Victoria 's Secret 's website to view the company 's first webcast of their fashion show on February 3, 1999, were unable to view the webcast due to the Internet infrastructure Victoria Secret 's selected was unable to meet user demand causing some users to be unable to view the webcast. Victoria 's Secret Beauty The Limited, Inc in 1998 created Intimate Beauty Corporation with a mandate to establish a group of beauty businesses with Victoria 's Secret Beauty being the first company in the firm 's portfolio. In November 2012 Susie Coulter became president of Victoria 's Secret Beauty ; the company 's beauty division located in New York City Corporate affairs Ownership Victoria 's Secret was originally owned by `` The Limited ''. In 2002 Wexner reincorporated Victoria 's Secret into the Limited ; previously Victoria 's Secret 's parent company was Intimate Brands, a separately traded entity whose President was Ed Razek. By 2006, 72 % of Limited Brands ' revenue -- and almost all of their profits -- came from their Victoria 's Secret and Bath & Body Works units. On July 10, 2007, the Victoria 's Secret parent company, Limited Brands, sold a 75 % interest in their apparel brands, Limited Stores and Express to Sun Capital Partners, to focus on expanding their Victoria 's Secret and Bath & Body Works units. The immediate impact of the sale resulted in Limited Brands taking a $42 million after - tax loss. Management structure Victoria 's Secret stores In 1985, Howard Gross was promoted to president from vice president. In 1991 Grace Nichols replaced Gross as president of Victoria 's Secret Stores. Nichols previously had been `` executive vice president and general merchandise manager of Limited 's lingerie division. '' In 1998, Cynthia A. Fields became the president & chief executive of the company ( when it was a division of Intimate Brands Inc. ). Victoria 's Secret Direct In May 2000, Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney, who had previously worked at Neiman Marcus Direct, as the new chief executive of Victoria 's Secret Direct. Victoria 's Secret Beauty Victoria 's Secret Beauty logo In May 2006, Christine Beauchamp was named president and CEO of Victoria 's Secret Beauty. Beauchamp was succeeded by Shashi Batra in 2009, who became president of Victoria 's Secret Beauty. Robin Burns was CEO of Victoria 's Secret Beauty. Environmental record After two years of pressure from environmentalist groups, Victoria 's Secret 's parent firm and a conservation group reached an agreement to make the lingerie retailer 's catalog more environmentally friendly in 2006. The catalog would no longer be made of pulp supplied from any woodland caribou habitat range in Canada, unless it has been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. The catalogs will also be made of 10 percent recycled paper. The company has bought organic and fair trade - grown cotton to make some of its panties. Legal proceedings On March 4, 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against Victoria 's Secret in Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. that there must be proof of actual harm to the trademark. Manufacturing In 2006 it was reported that Victoria 's Secret paid workers $7 per day to make bras for them in Thai factories. One - tenth of all Victoria 's Secret bras are sourced via Intimate Fashions, a manufacturer with factories in the South Indian city of Guduvanchery. As a by - result of the Jordan -- United States Free Trade Agreement, which retreated from standards established in the 1990s, working conditions in Jordan have been compared to slave labour. Corporate identity Name Prior to the 1982 sale, the company 's business name was Victoria 's Secret, Inc. then afterwards the name was changed to Victoria 's Secret Stores, Inc. In 2005, the company changed to Victoria 's Secret Stores, LLC. Marketing Partners In the early 1980s, Victoria 's Secret used FCB / Leber Katz Partners for the development of their brand, marketing, and advertising. In 1989, FCB / Leber Katz Partners and Victoria 's Secret executed a national advertising campaign featuring for the first time in the company 's history a ten - page glossy insert that appeared in the November issue of Elle, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Victoria, House Beautiful, Bon Appetit, New Woman, and People magazines. Victoria 's Secret used the insert to announce their expansion into the toiletries and fragrance business. Up until the ten - page insert, the company 's growth had been driven by their catalog, sporadic ads in fashion publications, and word of mouth. Catalogs were discontinued in early 2016. Marketing Victoria 's Secret Over the course of the company 's evolution, Victoria 's Secret `` has gone from being value - driven to creating a luxury - shopping experience and an aura of fashion associated with its product '' which has been driven marketing. The Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show is an annual `` elaborate marketing tool for Limited Brands ''. The show is a mix of `` beautiful models scantily clad in lingerie '' and A-list entertainers `` And every year, it becomes less about fashion and more about show ''. The company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to use supermodels in its advertising and fashion shows. Throughout the 2000s, Victoria 's Secret has turned down celebrity models and endorsements. In 1999, Victoria 's Secret 's 30 second Super Bowl advertisement led to one million visits to the company 's website within an hour of airing. In 2004, Victoria 's Secret featured Bob Dylan in an advertisement to test new marketing possibilities while Victoria 's Secret dropped their fashion show for 2004 as a result of the fallout from the Janet Jackson / Super Bowl incident that caused complaints from women 's groups. The brand turned to social networking in 2009, opening an official Facebook page and later on official Twitter and Pinterest accounts. It also expanded its website to feature behind - the - scenes content about its catalog and commercial shoots, as well as its fashion show. The company created a campaign to market its `` Body '' bra line called `` The Perfect Body. '' The campaign has elicited substantial controversy, with many sources saying it will lower women 's self - esteem because it does not embrace all body types. Victoria 's Secret fashion show Main article : Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show Kelly Gale at Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show, 2014. In 1995, Victoria 's Secret began holding their annual Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show, which is broadcast on primetime American television. Starting with the 1995 fashion show, they are `` a combination of self - assured strutting for women and voyeuristic pleasures for men -- and lingerie becomes mainstream entertainment. '' Ken Weil, vice president at Victoria 's Secret, and Tim Plzak, responsible for IT at Victoria 's Secret 's parent company Intimate Brands, led Victoria 's Secret 's first - ever online streaming of their fashion show in 1999. The 18 minutes webcast streamed February 2, 1999, was at the time the Internet 's `` biggest event '' since inception. The 1999 webcast was reported as a failure by a number of newspapers on account of some user 's inability to watch the show featuring Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, and Stephanie Seymour as a result of Victoria 's Secret 's technology falling short being able to meet the online user demand resulting in network congestion and users who could see the webcast receiving jerky frames. In all, the company 's website saw over 1.5 million visits while the Broadcast. com 's computer 's were designed to handle between 250,000 and 500,000 simultaneous viewers. In total, 1.5 million viewers either attempted or viewed the webcast. The 1999 webcast served to create a database for Victoria 's Secret of over 500,000 current and potential customers by requiring users to submit their contact details to view the webcast. The next spring Victoria 's Secret avoided technical issues by partnering with Broadcast.com, America Online, and Microsoft. The 2000 webcast attracted more than two million viewers. By 2011, the budget for the fashion show was $12 million up from the first show 's budget of $120,000. Victoria 's Secret Angels Main article : List of Victoria 's Secret models Victoria 's Secret started working with renowned models in the early 1990s, with the hiring of Stephanie Seymour, Karen Mulder, Yasmeen Ghauri, and Jill Goodacre. These models helped the brand gain notice and soon enough were featured in televised commercials. Veronica Webb is one of the original Victoria 's Secret model. Angels is one of Victoria 's Secret 's lingerie lines, which was launched in 1997, with a commercial featuring Helena Christensen, Karen Mulder, Daniela Peštová, Stephanie Seymour, and Tyra Banks as well as pop star Tom Jones. The commercial was a major success and the Angels began to be featured in various commercials, alongside other contract models for the brand such as Yasmeen Ghauri, Inés Rivero, and Laetitia Casta. From then onwards, the term Angel started to become synonymous with being a contracted spokesmodel for the brand and in February 1998, the Angels made their runway debut at Victoria 's Secret 's 4th annual fashion show, with Chandra North filling in for Christensen. Seymour, Mulder, Pestova, Banks, Casta, and new brazilian model Millena Gomes were all featured in both of Victoria 's Secret webcast and took part in the promotion as the brand 's contract models. Starting 2001, the show has been televised and usually features the year 's Angel line - up at the start of the show, starting with Pestova, Banks, Klum, Adriana Lima and Gisele Bundchen In 2004, due to the Super Bowl controversy, instead of a televised show, Victoria 's Secret sent its five contract models ( Banks, Klum, Bundchen, Adriana Lima, and Alessandra Ambrosio ) on a tour called Angels Across America, as by then, the word had become synonymous with Victoria 's Secret spokesmodels. The last original Angel, Tyra Banks, departed the following year, as Karolina Kurkova, Selita Ebanks, and Izabel Goulart were hired. Among other recognitions, the Victoria 's Secret Angels were chosen to be part of People magazine 's annual `` 100 Most Beautiful People in the World '' issue in 2007 and became the first trademark awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 13, 2007, with Klum, Lima, Ambrosio, Kurkova, Goulart, Ebanks, Marisa Miller, and Miranda Kerr at hand. Alongside new Angel Doutzen Kroes, they also took part in the grand reopening of the Fontainebleau in Miami in 2008. In 2009, it was widely reported that Candice Swanepoel, Rosie Huntington - Whiteley, Chanel Iman, Emanuela de Paula and Lindsay Ellingson had been hired by the brand. However, De Paula was absent from the fashion show and Erin Heatherton was credited in her place, alongside the Angels ( Klum, Ambrosio, Kerr, Miller, Kroes, and Behati Prinsloo, with Lima being on maternity leave ). The brand also held a nationwide competition to hire a new `` runway Angel '' ( as are dubbed all the models who walk in the show ), Kylie Bisutti was crowned as the winner but soon parted ways with the brand. In the following year - and - a-half Swanepoel, Huntington - Whiteley, Iman, Heatherton, and Ellingson all were revealed as Angels. Various tours have been held featuring the Angels, such as the Bombshell Tour in 2010 ( featuring Laura Croggon, Sophia Timpano, Katie Bryan, and new recruit Lily Aldridge ), a VSX tour in 2013 ( featuring Swanepoel, Ambrosio, Ellingson, and Aldridge ) and a Swim Tour in 2013 ( featuring Swanepoel, Ellingson, and Heatherton ). The Angels have been heavily featured on the brand 's social media, including on a short - lived Facebook application in 2013 - 2014 highlighting the Angels ( then including Lima, Swanepoel, Ellingson, Aldridge, and Karlie Kloss ) as well as Lais Ribeiro, Toni Garrn, and Barbara Palvin. Ellingson, Kroes, and Kloss all departed soon after the 2014 fashion show, leaving the brand with only 5 Angels. In 2015, the Angels as well as models Elsa Hosk, Joan Smalls, Lais Ribeiro, Martha Hunt, Jasmine Tookes, Stella Maxwell, and Monika ' Jac ' Jagaciak were featured on the brand 's first ever Swim Special. Soon after, in the brand 's biggest group hiring ever, all but Smalls were revealed as Angels, along with longtime catalog regulars Lais Ribeiro and Sara Sampaio as well as Kate Grigorieva, Taylor Hill, and Romee Strijd. The following year, Jagaciak and Griegorieva exited, while catalog regular Josephine Skriver was added to the roster. In 2017, Alessandra Ambrosio announced that the yearly fashion show would be her last. Other notable spokesmodels for the brand have included : Claudia Schiffer, Eva Herzigová, Oluchi Onweagba, Jessica Stam, Ana Beatriz Barros, and Bregje Heinen as well as a handful of celebrities such as Taylor Momsen. Victoria 's Secret Angels 2018 Victoria 's Secret Angels include ( left to right in each row ) Adriana Lima, Candice Swanepoel, Behati Prinsloo, Lily Aldridge, Romee Strijd, Elsa Hosk, Josephine Skriver, Stella Maxwell, Martha Hunt, Jasmine Tookes, Sara Sampaio, Lais Ribeiro, and Taylor Hill. These pictures are not of Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show. Nationality Name Contract First hiring Runway shows Notes United States Stephanie Seymour 1997 -- 2000 1992 1995 -- 2000 Denmark Helena Christensen 1997 -- 1998 1996 -- 1997 Netherlands Karen Mulder 1997 -- 2000 1992 1996 -- 2000 Czech Republic Daniela Peštová 1997 -- 2002 1998 -- 2001 United States Tyra Banks 1997 -- 2005 1996 -- 2005 United States Chandra North 1998 Fashion Show 1998 1998 Argentina Inés Rivero 1998 -- 1999 1998 1998 -- 2001 France Laetitia Casta 1998 -- 2002 1997 1997 -- 2000 Germany / United States Heidi Klum 1999 -- 2010 1997 1997 -- 2009 ( host only in 2006 ) Brazil Gisele Bündchen 2000 -- 2007 1999 1999 -- 2006 Brazil Adriana Lima 2000 -- present 1999 1999 -- 2008, 2010 -- present Brazil Alessandra Ambrosio 2004 -- 2017 2000 2000 -- 2017 Czech Republic Karolína Kurková 2005 -- 2009 2000 2000 -- 2008, 2010 Cayman Islands Selita Ebanks 2005 -- 2009 2005 -- 2010 Brazil Izabel Goulart 2005 -- 2008 2005 -- 2016 United States Marisa Miller 2007 -- 2010 2002 2007 -- 2009 Australia Miranda Kerr 2007 -- 2013 2005 2006 -- 2009, 2011 -- 2012 Netherlands Doutzen Kroes 2008 -- 2014 2005 -- 2006, 2008 -- 2009, 2011 -- 2014 Namibia Behati Prinsloo 2009 -- present 2007 2007 -- 2015, United Kingdom Rosie Huntington - Whiteley 2010 -- 2011 2005 2006 -- 2010 South Africa Candice Swanepoel 2010 -- present 2007 2007 -- 2015, 2017 -- present United States Chanel Iman 2010 -- 2012 2008 2009 -- 2011 United States Erin Heatherton 2010 -- 2013 2008 2008 -- 2013 United States Lily Aldridge 2010 -- present 2008 2009 -- present United States Lindsay Ellingson 2011 -- 2014 2006 2007 -- 2014 United States Karlie Kloss 2013 -- 2015 2011 2011 -- 2014, 2017 Russia Kate Grigorieva 2015 -- 2016 2014 2014 -- 2016 United States Taylor Hill 2015 -- present 2014 2014 -- present Sweden Elsa Hosk 2015 -- present 2011 2011 -- present United States Martha Hunt 2015 -- present 2012 2013 -- present Poland Jac Jagaciak 2015 -- 2016 2013 2013 -- 2015 New Zealand / United Kingdom / Ireland Stella Maxwell 2015 -- present 2014 2014 -- present Brazil Lais Ribeiro 2015 -- present 2010 - 2011 ; 2013 -- present Portugal Sara Sampaio 2015 -- present 2012 2013 -- present Netherlands Romee Strijd 2015 -- present 2014 2014 -- present United States Jasmine Tookes 2015 -- present 2012 2012 -- present Denmark Josephine Skriver 2016 -- present 2013 2013 -- present Jump up ^ There have been various instances where the fashion show credits included models who were n't Angels but were prominently featured by the brand, such as Candice Swanepoel, Lindsay Ellingson, Rosie Huntington - Whiteley, Erin Heatherton, and Behati Prinsloo in 2009, Lais Ribeiro in 2011, PINK model Elsa Hosk in 2013 and Hosk, Ribeiro, Jasmine Tookes, Martha Hunt, and Stella Maxwell in 2014. All of them later went on to become Angels. Jump up ^ Most Angels started working with the company years prior to signing an Angel contract. Listed above are the dates of first published or aired campaigns or, by default, first runway show or event. Jump up ^ Stephanie Seymour was a fashion show host in 1995. Jump up ^ Chandra North was featured as an Angel solely during the 1998 fashion show due to Christensen 's absence. Jump up ^ Heidi Klum was a fashion show host in 2002, 2006 -- 2009. Jump up ^ Lindsay Ellingson was first featured on VS All Access in 2010 but was only credited as an Angel for the fashion show from the following year onward. Jump up ^ 10 Angels were added at the same time. Pink spokesmodels Main article : Pink ( Victoria 's Secret ) Nationality Name Contract Brazil Alessandra Ambrosio 2004 -- 2006 Australia Miranda Kerr 2006 -- 2008 Namibia Behati Prinsloo 2008 -- 2011 Sweden Elsa Hosk 2011 -- 2014 United States Rachel Hilbert 2015 -- 2017 United States Zuri Tibby 2016 -- present United States Grace Elizabeth 2016 -- present Criticism and controversy Influence on sociocultural body image norms -- 2008 In the article `` Victoria 's Dirty Secret : How Sociocultural Norms Influence Adolescent Girls and Women '' written by Strahan, Lafrance, Wilson, and Ethier from Wilfrid Laurier University along with Spencer and Zanna from the University of Waterloo have stated : `` Women 's body dissatisfaction is influenced by sociocultural norms for ideal appearance that are pervasive in society and particularly directed at women. '' These norms tell women that they are valued for their bodies, physical appearance, and scale of attractiveness. Girls as young as 10 years old start dieting because they are struggling with their weight and body perception. This will continue throughout their life span. Victoria 's Secret sends a message to these adolescent girls and women that their models are the standard of beauty. The models are shown on TV commercials, ads, and magazines meaning it is seen on an everyday basis. Girls are comparing themselves with these high unrealistic standards that is captivated by the media. Women in these ads are highly objectified, idealized, and sexualized. If women feel they have to live up to this sociocultural norm standard, it is only telling men that it is okay to objectify and sexualize women. The article concludes by stating : `` Exposure to societal messages that reflect the sociocultural norm for ideal appearance has a negative effect on women. '' Formaldehyde lawsuits -- 2009 In 2009, Victoria 's Secret was sued several times. The lawsuits alleged that defective underwear contained formaldehyde that caused severe rashes on women who wore them. Six cases were filed in Ohio and two in Florida. At least 17 other suits were filed in six other states after January 2008. The plaintiff refused to submit to a simple patch test to determine the precise cause of her reaction and her case was later withdrawn. The Formaldehyde Council issued a statement that formaldehyde quickly dissipates in air, water and sunlight. Child labor -- 2012 In 2012, a Victoria 's Secret supplier was investigated for use of child labor in harvesting cotton used to make its products. Zephyrs lawsuit -- 2012 Also in 2012, Victoria 's Secret was sued by Zephyrs, `` accused of breaching a 2001 agreement and selling cheap ' knockoffs ' of the company 's stockings. '' Go East lingerie collection -- 2012 The company drew criticism for a newly released lingerie collection titled `` Go East '' whose tagline pledged to women the capacity to `` indulge in touches of eastern delight with lingerie inspired by the exquisite beauty of secret Japanese gardens. '' The collection included a mesh teddy `` Sexy Little Geisha '' featuring `` flirty cutouts and Eastern - inspired florals ''. The Wall Street Journal reported that the collection was `` accessorized with a miniature fan and a kimono-esque obi sash. '' Victoria 's Secret removed the Asian - themed collection `` that traded in sexualized, generic pan-Asian ethnic stereotypes. '' Perfect body campaign -- 2014 In 2014, a petition against the newly released lingerie collection called `` Body '' was created when the poster ads displayed the words ' THE PERFECT `` BODY '' ' over well - known VS Angels. The petition, while becoming popular across social media, demanded that Victoria 's Secret `` apologise and take responsibility for the unhealthy and damaging message that their ' Perfect Body ' campaign sends out about women 's bodies and how they should be judged. '' The petition also demanded a change in the wording on Victoria 's Secret advertisements for their bra range Body, to something that does not promote unhealthy and unrealistic standards of beauty, '' asking the company to not use such harmful marketing in the future. Petitioners created the hashtag `` # iamperfect '', which trended on Twitter for body shaming women. The petition had over 30,000 signatures. Although there was never a formal apology released, Victoria 's Secret took note of the petition and changed the words on their ad campaign to ' A BODY FOR EVERY BODY. ' Cultural appropriation - 2016 At the 2016 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show, the brand was accused of `` cultural appropriation '' during the segment `` The Road Ahead '' that drew inspiration from Chinese culture. Kendall Jenner 's flame tail, Elsa Hosk 's dragon costume, and Adriana Lima 's embroidered thigh - high boots is what caused an uproar because many fans thought that it was inappropriate for women of other cultures to wear those items that meant so much to the Chinese culture. The reason behind Victoria 's Secret including this segment to the 2016 fashion show is because of their recent expansion into the Chinese market. They thought it would be a good way to appeal to the new Chinese customer. No apology or statement was released from the brand. See also Companies portal Fashion portal Ohio portal List of swimwear brands List of Victoria 's Secret models PINK Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show Victoria 's Secret Swim Special References Jump up ^ Melise R. Blakeslee ( January 15, 2010 ). Internet crimes, torts and scams : investigation and remedies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537351 - 6. Retrieved December 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` About Limited Brands ''. Limited Brands. October 10, 2012. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Yang, Jeff ( September 17, 2012 ). `` Why the Rise of Asia In Fashion Is n't As Beautiful As It Seems '' ( SpeakEasy ). United States : Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company Inc. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Menken, David ( March 24, 2003 ). `` Victoria 's Secret decision is good for small businesses ''. Viewpoint. Jump up ^ Bishop, Katherine ( December 27, 1986 ). `` An Elegant Kids ' Store Fails ''. San Francisco, United States : New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret ''. Fashion Model Directory. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Raymond, 47 ; Began Victoria 's Secret ''. San Francisco, United States : New York Times. The New York Times Company. September 2, 1993. Retrieved October 14, 2012. Jump up ^ Newhall, Emily ( November 16, 1981 ). `` A Catalog - Business Boom ''. Newsweek. Jump up ^ Peter J. Rea ; Harold Kerzner ( September 19, 1997 ). Strategic Planning : A Practical Guide. Wiley. p. 299. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29197 - 8. Retrieved October 14, 2012. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Adler, Carlye ( June 9, 2010 ). `` Victoria 's Secret 's Secret -- The man behind the company that made lingerie mainstream and mall - friendly ''. Newsweek. Archived from the original on September 13, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Barr, Naomi ( October 30, 2013 ). `` '' Happy Ending, Right ? `` ''. United States : Slate. The Slate Group. Retrieved March 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Tom Pendergast ; Sara Pendergast ( 2000 ). St. James encyclopedia of popular culture. St. James Press. pp. 43 -- 44. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55862 - 403 - 0. Retrieved October 25, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Schiro, Anne - Marie ( May 15, 1982 ). `` Luxury Lingerie : A Mail - Order Success ''. New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Watson, Lloyd ( June 3, 1990 ). `` Union Square Area Draws Five Big - Name Retailers ''. San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Jump up to : Palmeri, Christopher ( December 4, 2006 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Is Sexy Again ''. BloombergBusinessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Briefs ''. New York Times. July 15, 1982. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret ''. The Globe and Mail. August 5, 1982. ^ Jump up to : Tomasino, Anna ( 2007 ). Discovering popular culture. Pearson Longman. p. 57. ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 35596 - 6. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Faludi, Susan ( August 15, 2006 ). Backlash : The Undeclared War Against American Women. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 201. ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 34542 - 4. Retrieved October 25, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Lerner Stores ' New President ''. New York Times. May 21, 1985. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Groves, Martha ( November 5, 1985 ). `` Frederick 's Tries to Update Its Image as Rivals Get Tougher ''. United States : Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Belkin, Lisa ( August 24, 1986 ). `` Lingerie 's Great Leap Forward ''. New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Hochswender, Woody ( June 7, 1988 ). `` Patterns ''. United States : New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Asinof, Lynn ( April 16, 1987 ). `` Mail - Order Catalog ''. United States : Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company Inc. Jump up ^ Hirsch, James ( May 29, 1990 ). `` Victoria 's Secret ? Keep Earnings Up with Garter Belts '' ( Eastern edition ). New York, N.Y., United States : Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company Inc. p. A1. Jump up ^ Gross, Michael ( April 26, 1987 ). `` Lingerie Catalogues : Changing Images ''. United States : New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Agins, Teri ( January 23, 1992 ). `` Specialty Shops Chase Sweet Scent Of Success ''. New York, N.Y., United States : Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company Inc. ^ Jump up to : `` Did Leslie Wexner Take His Eye Off The Ball ? ''. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Bloomberg L.P. May 23, 1993. Retrieved October 15, 2012. Jump up ^ Storm, Stephanie ( July 7, 1992 ). `` Gap Is Reportedly Adding Women 's Underwear Brand ''. New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Strom, Stephanie ( November 21, 1993 ). `` Profile : Grace Nichols ; When Victoria 's Secret Faltered, She Was Quick to Fix It ''. New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Grace Nichols Profile ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Underwood, Elaine ( September 19, 1994 ). `` Bust - Boosting Bra Battle Begins ; Victoria 's Secret Launches Rare TV Campaign to Fight Wonderbra Barrage ''. AdWeek. AdWeek. ^ Jump up to : Goldman, Abigail ( April 10, 1999 ). `` Amid Wear and Tear, Firm Seeks to Rework Image ''. United States : Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Ono, Yumiko ( September 14, 1998 ). `` Victoria 's Secret to Launch Makeup With Sexy Names ''. United States : Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company Inc. p. B6. Retrieved October 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Ellison, Sarah ( May 20, 2002 ). `` Is Less Risque Risky For Victoria 's Secret ? '' ( Eastern edition ). New York, N.Y., United States : Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company Inc. p. B1. Retrieved October 12, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Wells, Melanie ( November 13, 2000 ). `` Cosmetic Improvement ''. Forbes. ^ Jump up to : Lieberman, Allyson ( June 6, 2000 ). `` Change at the Top : Victoria 's Secret Turns Page at Catalog ''. New York Post. Retrieved October 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Barbaro, Michael ( July 15, 2006 ). `` What Women Want ; Underwear That Fits So Well It Can Be Outerwear ''. United States : New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2012. Jump up ^ Seckler, Valerie ( March 19, 2008 ). `` Advice on Staying Ahead of the Trends ''. Women 's Wear Daily ( WWD ). p. 8. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Tang, Syl ( September 2, 2006 ). `` Catalogue shopping for the discerning crowd ''. Financial Times. Nikkei. Retrieved November 12, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret CEO Quits Suddenly ''. British Vogue. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Wahba, Phil. `` Investors Rattled After Victoria 's Secret CEO Quits Suddenly ''. Fortune. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The departure of Victoria 's Secret 's longtime CEO ' does feel very abrupt ' - Business Insider ''. Business Insider. February 17, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Victorias Secret direct sales grow little in 2016 ''. Digital Commerce 360. 2017 - 02 - 23. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Sales Are Down 20 % and L Brands ' Stock Is Plummeting ''. Fortune. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ Branch, Shelly ( October 25, 2002 ). `` A New Secret From Victoria : The Bikini Show ''. Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ E ! News Jump up ^ Rao, Priya ( August 11, 2010 ). `` In SoHo, ' Incredible ' Launch ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Alexander, Ella ( January 25, 2012 ). `` Lingerie Secret ''. Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Bernard, Katherine ( January 4, 2017 ). `` From Push - Ups to Bralettes : Victoria 's Secret Revamps ''. The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dougherty, Philip H. ( June 9, 1988 ). `` Advertising ; Victoria 's Secret Goes To FCB / Leber Katz ''. New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Hochswender, Woody ( January 17, 1989 ). `` FASHION : Patterns ; Risks and Hard Work ''. New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Groves, Martha ( September 18, 1989 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Wo n't Keep Secret Anymore ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Goldman, Beth ( April 8, 1991 ). `` Now, Her Dreams Are of Innerwear ; An intimate industry has a firm foundation ''. Newsday ( New York ). Jump up ^ Bradsher, Keith ( February 4, 1990 ). `` A Job for Real Men : Buying Lingerie ''. United States : New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Goldman, Beth ( April 8, 1990 ). `` Now, Her Dreams Are of Innerwear ; An intimate industry has a firm foundation ''. United States : Newsday ( New York ). ^ Jump up to : The Limited 1994 Annual Filing ^ Jump up to : `` The Limited, Inc 1995 Annual Report ''. TheLimited1995AnnualFiling. ^ Jump up to : Machan, Dyan ( June 5, 1995 ). `` Knowing your limits ''. Jump up ^ Machan, Dylan ( June 5, 1995 ). `` Sharing Victoria 's Secrets ''. United States : Forbes. ^ Jump up to : The Limited 1996 Annual Filing ^ Jump up to : The Limited 1998 Annual Filing Jump up ^ Cohen, Scott Lyle ( February 6, 1997 ). `` Pssst. Two Words. Victoria 's Secret ''. United States : Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Wedlan, Candace A. ( August 11, 2000 ). `` The Pillar of Panties ''. United States : Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Eaton, Dan ( May 7, 2007 ). `` Retailers debuting at Tuttle Crossing as Limited, others shuffle space ''. United States : Columbus Business First ( Ohio ). Retrieved January 11, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Annual Report and 2012 Proxy Statement '' ( PDF ). United States : LimitedBrands. Retrieved January 17, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Retailers on Parade at ICR ''. United States : Women 's Wear Daily ( WWD ). January 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Rubin, Sylvia ( October 27, 2007 ). `` Bras -- a century of suspension ''. United States : San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 11, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Roger D. Blackwell ( November 12, 1997 ). From Mind to Market : Reinventing the Retail Supply Chain. HarperCollins. pp. 188 -- 189. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88730 - 833 - 8. Retrieved October 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Marianne M. Jennings ( December 13, 2010 ). Business : Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment. Cengage Learning. pp. 510 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 47054 - 4. Retrieved October 10, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Greenberg, Cara ( February 14, 1993 ). `` Where Strong Men Fear to Tread '' ( Foraging ). United States : New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Rozhon, Tracie ( October 25, 2002 ). `` A Lingerie Maker Returns To Its Racier Past ''. United States : New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Marvin Traub ; Lisa Marsh ( September 15, 2008 ). Marvin Traub : Like No Other Career. Assouline Publishing Corporation. pp. 145 -- 173. ISBN 978 - 2 - 7594 - 0272 - 4. Retrieved October 25, 2012. Jump up ^ Holmes, Elizabeth ( March 29, 2010 ). `` U.S. Apparel Retailers Map an Expansion to the North ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Kelsey, Sarah ( May 3, 2012 ). `` Victoria 's Secret To Open First Quebec Store ''. Canada : The Huffington Post Canada. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret, the intimate apparel retailer and catalogue company ''. Fashionunited.co.uk. Retrieved November 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Opens Its First Store In Schiphol Aitport Lounge 3 ''. Design Curial. June 14, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Mezzasalma, Nicole ( November 13, 2012 ). `` Victoria 's Secret opens second Schiphol store ''. DFNI Online. Retrieved September 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Lidbury, Olivia ( May 21, 2012 ). `` Victoria 's Secret set date for UK debut ''. London : The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Angel Barbara Palvin looks Parisian chic as Britain 's first ever Victoria 's Secret store opens at Westfield just in time for Olympics ''. London : Daily Mail. July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2012. Jump up ^ Karmali, Sarah ( August 28, 2012 ). `` Secret No More ''. United Kingdom : Vogue UK. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Alexander, Ella ( August 2, 2012 ). `` Angels Are Go ''. Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret UK store list ''. Victoria 's Secret. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Kraul, Chris ( August 7, 2012 ). `` Optimism in Colombia Textiles ''. Women 's Wear Daily ( WWD ). Jump up ^ Trujillo, Daniel ( May 29, 2012 ). `` Roble inicia cambios en Multiplaza y Metrocentro ''. El Mundo. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012. Jump up ^ Jannarone, John ( October 20, 2011 ). `` Victoria 's Overseas Secret Remains Behind Closed Doors ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Sieczkowski, Cavan ( November 17, 2011 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Puerto Rico Grand Opening Touched by Angels ''. International Business Times. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Agora Mall abre el 23 de Agosto 2012 ''. ElMundoFemenino. August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Sambil Inicia comercializacion de Sambil Santo Domingo ''. Tusambil.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Beauty & Accessories Złote Tarasy ''. Zlotetarasy.pl. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Аеродром Никола Тесла ''. ^ Jump up to : Quick, Rebecca ( December 29, 1998 ). `` Online : Gawkers or Shoppers ? Selling Bras on the Web ''. Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ Sugarman, Joseph ( June 19, 2012 ). The Adweek Copywriting Handbook : The Ultimate Guide to Writing Powerful Advertising and Marketing Copy from One of America 's Top Copywriters. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5 -- 6, 227 -- 231. ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 42879 - 5. Retrieved October 25, 2012. Jump up ^ Durbin, Theodore ( 2002 ). `` Victoria 's Secret '' ( PDF ). Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth -- Glassmeyer / McNamee Center for Digital Strategies ( 6 -- 0014 ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 18, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Deirdre Breakenridge ; Thomas J. DeLoughry ( February 1, 2003 ). The New Pr Toolkit : Strategies for Successful Media Relations. FT Press. p. 124. ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 009025 - 6. Retrieved October 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Silva, Belisa ( October 10, 2012 ). `` Susie Coulter to Take Helm at Victoria 's Secret Beauty ''. Women 's Wear Daily ( WWD ). Retrieved December 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Workman, Nancy. `` From Victorian to Victoria 's Secret : The Foundations of Modern Erotic Wear ''. Journal of Popular Culture ; Fall96, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p61 - 73, 13p. Retrieved September 28, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Sanders, Tim ( July 22, 2003 ). Love Is the Killer App : How to Win Business and Influence Friends. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 34 -- 37. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4683 - 6. Retrieved October 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` All or nothing ' for Victoria 's Secret brand ''. Toronto Star. July 10, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Limited Sells Majority Stake in Namesake Brand ''. New York Times. July 10, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Merrick, Amy ( July 10, 2007 ). `` Advancing Its Sharper Focus, Limited Sells Namesake Chain at Loss ''. Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ `` People ''. Los Angeles Times. January 9, 1991. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Executive Changes ''. United States : New York Times. The New York Times Company. January 10, 1991. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Naughton, Julie ( April 3, 2009 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Beauty Takes Cue From ' Project ' ''. Women 's Wear Daily ( WWD ). Retrieved December 4, 2012. Jump up ^ Chipello, Christopher J ( October 14, 2004 ). `` As the Catalogs Pile Up, Environmental Activists Take on Attractive Target ''. Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ Merrick, Amy ( December 7, 2006 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Goes Green on Paper for Catalogs ''. Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Catalog No Longer in Pulp Friction ''. CBC News. December 6, 2006. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved October 11, 2012. Jump up ^ Andrew J. DuBrin ( January 1, 2012 ). Leadership : Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Cengage Learning. pp. 107 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 43522 - 8. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Africa Research Bulletin : Economic, Financial, and Technical Series. Blackwell. 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Packard, Ashley ( June 25, 2012 ). Digital Media Law. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 210 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33686 - 1. Retrieved October 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Savage, David ( March 5, 2003 ). `` Court says Victor 's Secret safe -- Lingerie giant fails to sway justices ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Bullock, Max ( October 4, 2006 ). `` Fans of offshoring drift away from economic reality ''. Financial Times. Nikkei. Retrieved November 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Ramakrishnan, L ( July 4, 2012 ). `` A new direction ''. The Indian Express. Jump up ^ Bhalla, Nita ( May 22, 2012 ). `` Victoria 's Secret bras a boost for rural Indian women ''. Reuters. Jump up ^ Tasini, Jonathan ( May 25, 2011 ). `` Victoria 's Secret, Slave Labor And So - Called `` Free Trade '' ``. Huffington Post. Workers are allowed just 3.3 minutes to sew each $14 Victoria 's Secret women 's bikini, for which they are paid four cents. The workers ' wages amount to less than 3 / 10ths of one percent of the $14 retail price of the Victoria 's Secret bikini ^ Jump up to : Holmes, Elizabeth ( November 29, 2011 ). `` Heard & Scene : Show Time on Victoria 's Runway ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Leonard M. Lodish ; Howard L. Morgan ; Shellye Archambeau ( March 21, 2007 ). Marketing That Works : How Entrepreneurial Marketing Can Add Sustainable Value to Any Sized Company. Pearson Education. p. 30. ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 271632 - 1. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Goldman, Abigail ( February 3, 1999 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Ad a Hit for Web Site ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Stevenson, Seth ( April 12, 2004 ). `` Tangled Up in Boobs -- What 's Bob Dylan doing in a Victoria 's Secret ad ? ''. Slate. Retrieved October 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Winters, Rebecca ( April 12, 2004 ). `` Hey, Mr. Lingerie Man ''. Time. Retrieved October 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Smith, Lynn ( April 13, 2004 ). `` Lingerie is back in the drawer ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Peterson, Hayley. `` Victoria 's Secret Sparks Outrage With ' Perfect Body ' Campaign ''. Business Insider. Business Insider. Business Insider Inc. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Bernd Schmitt ; David L. Rogers ; Karen Vrotsos ( 2004 ). There 's No Business That 's Not Show Business : Marketing in an Experience Culture. FT Press. p. 113. ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 047119 - 2. Retrieved October 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Givhan, Robin ( April 2, 2012 ). `` Ob - la - di, Ob - la - da, Bras Go On ''. Newsweek. Retrieved October 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` It 's No Secret : A Bust - See Web Site ''. Newsweek. February 15, 1999. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Flood of Viewers Jams Lingerie Webcast ''. Los Angeles Times. February 5, 1999. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Quick, Rebecca ( February 5, 1999 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Has Lesson for the Web : Lingerie Exerts Pull -- ' Cybercast ' of Underwear Was Such a Smash That Many Were Left Out in Cold ''. Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ Monget, Karyn ( November 8, 2011 ). `` A Look Behind The Curtain ''. Women 's Wear Daily ( WWD ). Retrieved October 19, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Yasmeen Ghauri ''. nymag.com. New York Media. Retrieved February 21, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` New York Magazine ''. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret `` Old School '' Models ( March 2006 - July 2013 ) - the Fashion Spot ``. Jump up ^ `` Veronica Webb Reveals the 6 Secrets to Supermodel Style Over 50 ''. Vogue. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Herb Ritts Commercials Chronology ''. HerbRitts.com. 1996. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Video -- Where do Angels Come From ? ''. CBS. October 10, 2009. Retrieved September 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Yasmeen Ghauri - Victoria 's Secret ( Spring 1998 ) ''. FamousFix.com. ^ Jump up to : Victoria 's Secret Special, E ! TV, 1998 Jump up ^ Calaway, Libby ( May 18, 2000 ). `` Model Behavior - Secret Gals Smile For Pre-Show Audience ''. New York Post. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Supermodels Hit the Road in a Cross-Country Tour ''. September 22, 2004. Jump up ^ `` The Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ''. Jump up ^ `` The Models of Victoria 's Secret ''. People. 1998. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Angels : : The Hollywood Walk of Fame ''. hwof.com. Jump up ^ CRITCHELL, SAMANTHA. `` Victoria 's Secret models bare all - StAugustine.com ''. staugustine.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Amy Odell. `` Five Models Just Got a Lot More Famous ''. The Cut. Jump up ^ VSFS 2009 Credits. June 4, 2010 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Kylie Bisutti Responds to Victoria 's Secret Slam : `` Truth Is in the Book '' ``. US Weekly. Jump up ^ `` Victorias Secret Show London 2014 Pictures and Report ( Vogue.co.uk ) ''. Vogue UK. Condé Nast. Jump up ^ Bailey, Alyssa ( February 23, 2015 ). `` Karlie Kloss and Doutzen Kroes Are Leaving Victoria 's Secret ''. elle. Retrieved February 28, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Toomey, Alyssa ( April 28, 2015 ). `` Heavenly News ! 2015 Victoria 's Secret Angels Announced : Martha Hunt, Stella Maxwell and More ! ''. eonline.com. E !. Retrieved April 28, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Scarlett Kilcooley - O'Halloran ( April 28, 2015 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Announces 10 New Angels ''. vogue.co.uk. Vogue UK. Condé Nast. Retrieved April 28, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Steff Yotka. `` Victoria 's Secret Names Josephine Skriver an Angel ''. Vogue. Condé Nast. ^ Jump up to : Talarico, Brittany ( November 21, 2017 ). `` Alessandra Ambrosio Confirms the Rumors She 's Leaving Victoria 's Secret ''. People Magazine. Retrieved November 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Palmeri, Christopher ( August 24, 1998 ). `` Forbes Thought Of The Day ''. Forbes. Jump up ^ Marsh, Lisa ( February 11, 2004 ). `` Show Buzz ''. New York Post. Jump up ^ `` No hiding it ''. New York Post. December 12, 2010. Jump up ^ Jones, Toni ( January 12, 2011 ). `` Meet the girl who everyone wants in their pants ''. London : The Sun. Retrieved June 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS : Who Is Bregje Heinen ? ''. Huffington Post. July 31, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Joins Victoria 's Secret to Launch Love Rocks ''. PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Which Countries Are All 295 Victoria 's Secret Models From ? ''. Huffington Post. March 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Helena Christensen 's Career Highlights ''. New York. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Karen Mulder 's Career Highlights ''. New York. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Daniela Pestova 's Career Highlights ''. New York. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` CBS Specials : Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 2005 ''. CBS. Retrieved November 8, 2007. Jump up ^ 90 's Supermodels for Victoria 's Secret. March 23, 2009 -- via YouTube. ^ Jump up to : `` Diablo VS Victoria Secret Special -- the STORY ''. Lambocars.com. April 18, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum Becomes a Citizen For Her Children ''. People. March 9, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Heidi Hangs Up Her Secret Wings ''. New York Post. September 30, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bundchen Bids Adieu ''. Dailyfrontrow.com. May 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Fleming, Kirsten ( December 6, 2014 ). `` What it really takes to become a Victoria 's Secret Angel ''. nypost.com. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Adriana Lima 's Career Highlights ''. New York. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Moraski, Lauren ( October 3, 2012 ). `` Rihanna, Justin Bieber to play Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ''. CBS News. Retrieved October 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Parket, Eloise ( August 12, 2007 ). `` It 's a Beautiful Day in the Secret City ''. Daily News ( New York ). Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Streib, Lauren ( May 27, 2009 ). `` The World 's Top - Earning Models ''. Forbes. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Newman, Eric ( January 14, 2008 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Super Bowl Ad Kicks Off Valentine 's Marketing ''. Brandweek. Jump up ^ `` Marisa Miller out at Victoria 's Secret ''. New York Post. January 20, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Marisa Miller Hangs Up Wings, Focuses on the Troops ''. Fox News. November 11, 2011. Jump up ^ Moss, Hilary ( November 11, 2011 ). `` Marisa Miller Splits ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Critchell, Samantha ( November 20, 2009 ). `` Heidi Klum wows crowd at Victoria 's Secret show ''. Associated Press. Retrieved October 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Miranda Kerr Stripped Of Her Angel Wings ! Victoria 's Secret Will NOT Renew Her Contract !. perezhilton.com. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Cardace, Sara ( November 26, 2008 ). `` Supermodel Miranda Kerr ''. New York Post. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Jump up ^ Bertoni, Steven ; Blankfeld, Keren ( May 13, 2010 ). `` World 's Top - Earning Models ''. Forbes. Jump up ^ `` Doutzen Kroes has left Victoria 's Secret ''. Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved February 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Instagram post ''. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Daniel Barna. `` Behati Prinsloo ''. askmen.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Rosie Huntington 's Career Highlights. nymag.com. Retrieved October 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Chanel Iman 's Career Highlights ''. New York. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Lily Aldridge ''. Tatler. Retrieved November 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show : Three Newest `` Angels '' Stretch Their Wings on the Runway ``. CBS News. November 30, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Karlie Kloss is a Victoria 's Secret Angel ''. ElleUK. Retrieved March 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Karlie Kloss Is Leaving Victoria 's Secret ! ( PEOPLE Exclusive ) ''. People. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` VS All Access - Get the Inside Scoop - Victoria 's Secret ''. Victoria 's Secret. Archived from the original on December 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Targets College Women ''. MSNBC. July 29, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Miranda Kerr Launches Victoria 's Secret New Pink Bdy Organic and Natural Body Care Collection ''. Zimbio.com. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Barnett, Leisa ( May 27, 2008 ). `` Victoria 's Pick ''. UK : Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Kaunitz, Kate ( March 15, 2010 ). `` Behati Prinsloo Opens PINK ''. Fashionista. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Lewis, Casey ( November 3, 2012 ). `` Supermodel Elsa Hosk on Her Favorite Sports, Style Essentials, and Advice For Breaking Into The Business ''. United States : Teen Vogue. Condé Nast. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Hilbert Is the New Face of Victoria 's Secret Pink -- See the Pics ! ''. United States : E ! Online. June 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Scharf, Lindzi ( August 24, 2016 ). `` Victoria 's Secret 's Newest Model, Zuri Tibby, Was Discovered at a Mall ''. United States : Yahoo ! Style. Jump up ^ `` Look of Show 2016 - VSPRESSROOM ''. vspressroom.com. ^ Jump up to : Strahan, E.J. ; Lafrance, A. ; Wilson, A.E. ; Ethier, N. ; Spencer, S.J. ; Zanna, M.P. ( 2008 ). `` Victoria 's dirty secret : How sociocultural norms influence adolescent girls and women ''. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 34 ( 2 ) : 288. doi : 10.1177 / 0146167207310457. PMID 18212336. Jump up ^ Heller, Matthew ( June 21, 2009 ). `` Toxic Bras Update : Suits Wo n't Be Combined in Ohio ''. onpoint.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Bras May Contain Formaldehyde, Cause Blisters ''. New York. November 11, 2008. Jump up ^ Canning, Andrea. `` Victoria 's Secret : Formaldehyde in Bras ? ''. Jen Pereira, Mariecar Frias and Imaeyen Ibanga. Good Morning America. Jump up ^ Schuster, Mike. `` Victoria 's real secrets : A brand that needs a walk - in closet for its skeletons Date = 3 April 2010 ''. Retrieved January 15, 2011. Jump up ^ Canning, Andrea ( November 11, 2008 ). `` Victoria 's Secret : Formaldehyde in Bras ? ''. ABC News. Jump up ^ Simpson, Cam ( December 15, 2011 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Revealed in Child Picking Burkina Faso Cotton ''. Bloomberg Markets Magazine. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Simpson, Cam ( January 13, 2012 ). `` Child Labor for Victoria 's Secret Cotton Examined by U.S ''. Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Green, Matthew ( September 17, 2007 ). `` Tapping into social conscience ''. Financial Times. Nikkei. Retrieved November 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Alexander, Ella ( August 28, 2012 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Sued ''. Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret ' Sexy Little Geisha ' Outfit Sparks Backlash ''. The Huffington Post. September 24, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Sauers, Jenna ( September 26, 2012 ). `` And Here We Have a ' Sexy Little Geisha ' Outfit From Victoria 's Secret ''. Jezebel. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Alexander, Ella ( September 25, 2012 ). `` Victoria 's Secret Geisha Outfit Faces Criticism ''. Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Matera, Avery. `` Some Chinese Viewers Are REALLY Upset About the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ''. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Victoria 's Secret ( category ) Official website Victoria 's Secret on Facebook Victoria 's Secret on Twitter Victoria 's Secret on Photostags.com Victoria 's Secret on Facebook Victoria 's Secret navigational boxes L Brands Current Bath & Body Works C.O. Bigelow Henri Bendel La Senza Victoria 's Secret The White Barn Candle Company Former Abercrombie & Fitch Express Galyan 's Lane Bryant Lerner New York The Limited The Limited Too Victoria 's Secret Angels Current Angels Adriana Lima Behati Prinsloo Candice Swanepoel Elsa Hosk Jasmine Tookes Josephine Skriver Lais Ribeiro Lily Aldridge Taylor Hill Martha Hunt Romee Strijd Sara Sampaio Stella Maxwell Former Angels Alessandra Ambrósio Chandra North Chanel Iman Daniela Peštová Doutzen Kroes Erin Heatherton Gisele Bündchen Heidi Klum Helena Christensen Inés Rivero Izabel Goulart Karen Mulder Karlie Kloss Karolína Kurková Kate Grigorieva Laetitia Casta Lindsay Ellingson Marisa Miller Miranda Kerr Jac Jagaciak Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Selita Ebanks Stephanie Seymour Tyra Banks Related articles Edward Razek Limited Brands List of Victoria 's Secret models PINK Victoria 's Secret Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show Victoria 's Secret Swim Special Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show models ( 1995 -- 1999 ) 1995 Natane Adcock Helena Barquilla Leilani Bishop Keri Claussen Gail Elliott Valerie Jean Angelika Kallio Catherine McCord Beverly Peele Stephanie Seymour Ingrid Seynhaeve Frederique van der Wal Veronica Webb Magdalena Wróbel Tyra Banks Leilani Bishop Naomi Campbell Helena Christensen Yasmeen Ghauri Catherine McCord Saira Mohan Karen Mulder Beverly Peele Carrie Salmon Stephanie Seymour Frederique van der Wal Veronica Webb 1997 Ana Paula Arósio Tyra Banks Elsa Benítez Naomi Campbell Esther Cañadas Laetitia Casta Helena Christensen Keri Claussen Yasmeen Ghauri Tricia Helfer Vendela Kirsebom Heidi Klum Karen Mulder Chandra North Georgianna Robertson Rebecca Romijn Carrie Salmon Claudia Schiffer Stephanie Seymour Ingrid Seynhaeve Frederique van der Wal 1998 Natane Adcock Tyra Banks Naomi Campbell Laetitia Casta Keri Claussen Bridget Hall Tricia Helfer Jaime King Heidi Klum Valeria Mazza Annie Morton Karen Mulder Astrid Muñoz Chandra North Daniela Peštová Inés Rivero Rebecca Romijn Chrystéle Saint Louis Augustin Carrie Salmon Stephanie Seymour Eugenia Silva 1999 Natane Adcock Tyra Banks Elsa Benítez Leilani Bishop Gisele Bündchen Laetitia Casta Trish Goff Eva Herzigová Kirsty Hume Kiara Kabukuru Carmen Kass Jaime King Heidi Klum Hollyanne Leonard Adriana Lima Ana Cláudia Michels Karen Mulder Daniela Peštová Frankie Rayder Inés Rivero Stephanie Seymour Eugenia Silva Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show models ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 Alessandra Ambrosio Mini Andén Danita Angell Tyra Banks Gisele Bündchen Naomi Campbell Laetitia Casta Aurélie Claudel Haylynn Cohen Rhea Durham Trish Goff Eva Herzigová Carmen Kass Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Ana Cláudia Michels Karen Mulder Oluchi Daniela Peštová Frankie Rayder Caroline Ribeiro Inés Rivero Stephanie Seymour Ingrid Seynhaeve Fernanda Tavares 2001 Alessandra Ambrosio Mini Andén Tyra Banks Gisele Bündchen Aurélie Claudel Rhea Durham Karen Elson Trish Goff Bridget Hall Emma Heming Eva Herzigová Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Anouck Lepere Adriana Lima Audrey Marnay Diána Mészáros Omahyra Mota Daniela Peštová Rie Rasmussen Caroline Ribeiro Inés Rivero Maggie Rizer Molly Sims Fernanda Tavares Alek Wek 2002 Michelle Alves Alessandra Ambrosio Caitriona Balfe Tyra Banks Ana Beatriz Barros Letícia Birkheuer Gisele Bündchen Naomi Campbell Dewi Driegen Reka Ebergenyi Lindsay Frimodt Bridget Hall Ana Hickmann Carmen Kass Liya Kebede Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Oluchi Ujjwala Raut Frankie Rayder Caroline Ribeiro Inga Savits Nadine Strittmatter Yfke Sturm Fernanda Tavares Eugenia Volodina Raquel Zimmermann 2003 Michelle Alves Alessandra Ambrosio Mini Andén Tyra Banks Ana Beatriz Barros Letícia Birkheuer Marcelle Bittar Gisele Bündchen Naomi Campbell Dewi Driegen Isabeli Fontana Lindsay Frimodt Carmen Kass Liya Kebede Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Deanna Miller Oluchi Ujjwala Raut Frankie Rayder Margarita Svegzdaite Fernanda Tavares Eugenia Volodina Jacquetta Wheeler Canceled due to Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy 2005 Alessandra Ambrosio Tyra Banks Bianca Balti Ana Beatriz Barros Gisele Bündchen Ingūna Butāne Naomi Campbell Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Heidi Klum Tatiana Kovylina Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Andi Muise Oluchi Natasha Poly Julia Stegner Yfke Sturm Fernanda Tavares Caroline Trentini Eugenia Volodina Marija Vujović Caroline Winberg Raquel Zimmermann 2006 Alessandra Ambrosio Ana Beatriz Barros Gisele Bündchen Jeísa Chiminazzo Élise Crombez Flávia de Oliveira Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Izabel Goulart Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Miranda Kerr Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Heather Marks Andi Muise Ajuma Nasenyana Oluchi Natasha Poly Katja Shchekina Hana Soukupová Jessica Stam Julia Stegner Caroline Trentini Caroline Winberg Raquel Zimmermann 2007 Alessandra Ambrosio Ingūna Butāne Élise Crombez Flávia de Oliveira Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Miranda Kerr Heidi Klum Michaela Kocianova Karolína Kurková Noémie Lenoir Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Marisa Miller Andi Muise Oluchi Behati Prinsloo Hana Soukupová Jessica Stam Julia Stegner Candice Swanepoel Eugenia Volodina Marija Vujović Erin Wasson Jessica White Katie Wile Caroline Winberg 2008 Clara Alonso Alessandra Ambrosio Ana Beatriz Barros Ingūna Butāne Shannan Click Emanuela de Paula Flávia de Oliveira Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Erin Heatherton Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Carmen Kass Miranda Kerr Heidi Klum Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Abbey Lee Noémie Lenoir Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Angela Lindvall Sessilee Lopez Marisa Miller Behati Prinsloo Arlenis Sosa Julia Stegner Sarah Stephens Lara Stone Candice Swanepoel Edita Vilkevičiūtė Anne Vyalitsyna Caroline Winberg 2009 Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Ana Beatriz Barros Kylie Bisutti Shannan Click Jamie Lee Darley Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Erin Heatherton Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Chanel Iman Anna Jagodzińska Dorothea Barth Jörgensen Miranda Kerr Heidi Klum Tatiana Kovylina Doutzen Kroes Anastasia Kuznetsova Abbey Lee Maryna Linchuk Sessilee Lopez Enikő Mihalik Marisa Miller Aminata Niaria Behati Prinsloo Anja Rubik Lyndsey Scott Julia Stegner Candice Swanepoel Elyse Taylor Caroline Trentini Edita Vilkevičiūtė Liu Wen Caroline Winberg Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show models by first appearance in the 2010s Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Gracie Carvalho Shannan Click Katsia Damankova Lily Donaldson Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Izabel Goulart Héloïse Guérin Erin Heatherton Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Chanel Iman Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Flávia de Oliveira Emanuela de Paula Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Anja Rubik Fabiana Semprebom Jessica Stam Julia Stegner Martha Streck Candice Swanepoel Edita Vilkevičiūtė Anne Vyalitsyna Liu Wen Caroline Winberg 2011 Jessica Clarke Toni Garrn Sui He Bregje Heinen Elsa Hosk Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Lagūna Anais Mali Caroline Brasch Nielsen Karmen Pedaru Cameron Russell Shanina Shaik Joan Smalls 2012 Cara Delevingne Sharam Diniz Jourdan Dunn Barbara Fialho Frida Gustavsson Jessica Hart Dorothea Barth Jörgensen Barbara Palvin Shu Pei Hilary Rhoda Jasmine Tookes Maud Welzen 2013 Sigrid Agren Maria Borges Cindy Bruna Malaika Firth Kelly Gale Martha Hunt Monika Jagaciak Sara Sampaio Josephine Skriver Kasia Struss Devon Windsor Ming Xi 2014 Daniela Braga Kate Grigorieva Imaan Hammam Taylor Hill Yumi Lambert Grace Mahary Stella Maxwell Enikő Mihalik Blanca Padilla Irina Sharipova Romee Strijd 2015 Leomie Anderson Gigi Hadid Rachel Hilbert Pauline Hoarau Kendall Jenner Valery Kaufman Bruna Lirio Bridget Malcolm Leila Nda Megan Puleri Vita Sidorkina Sanne Vloet 2016 Alanna Arrington Dilone Grace Elizabeth Georgia Fowler Lameka Fox Luma Grothe Bella Hadid Xiao Wen Ju Maggie Laine Keke Lindgard Flavia Lucini Lais Oliveira Herieth Paul Brooke Perry Jourdana Phillips Camille Rowe Irina Shayk Zuri Tibby Megan Williams 2017 Frida Aasen Samile Bermannelli Grace Bol Estelle Chen Aiden Curtiss Roosmarijn de Kok Amilna Estevão Alexina Graham Victoria Lee Nadine Leopold Vanessa Moody Alécia Morais Gizele Oliveira One Wang Yi Xin Xie Cosmetics Face Anti-aging cream BB cream Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) Concealer Cotton pad Cleanser Facial Facial toning Foundation Moisturizer Permanent makeup Primer Powder Rouge Skin whitening Sindoor Toner Veil Venetian ceruse Lips Lipstick Balm Gloss Liner Plumper Stain Eyes Blepharoplasty Circle contact lens Eyelash extensions Eyelid glue Eye liner Eye shadow Kohl Mascara Hair Conditioner Hair coloring and bleaching Removal chemical electric laser IPL plucking shaving threading waxing Shampoo Styling products gel mousse pomade spray wax Nails Artificial nails Buffing Manicure Nail polish Pedicure Body Body powder Cold cream Lotion Cosmetic surgery Peeling Skin whitening Related topics Cosmetic electrotherapy Cosmetic ingredients Cosmetics advertising Cosmetology History of cosmetics Cosmetic industry Major cosmetic brands Ahava Almay AmorePacific Anna Sui Artistry Aveda Avon Bath & Body Works Benefit Biotherm Bobbi Brown Bonne Bell Brihans Natural Products Bumble and bumble Burt 's Bees Carol 's Daughter Clarins Clinique Coty CoverGirl Creme 21 Cutex Daigaku Honyaku Center Elizabeth Arden, Inc. Estée Lauder elf Etude House Faberge Farmec Garnier Guerlain Hard Candy Helena Rubinstein Kao Corporation Kevyn Aucoin Kiehl 's Lancôme Laneige Laura Mercier Laura Mercier Cosmetics Lise Watier L'Oréal L'occitane Love Cosmetics Lush MAC Cosmetics Mary Kay Max Factor Maybelline Missha Molton Brown NARS Natura Natural Wonder Nature Republic Neal 's Yard Remedies Neutrogena Nexxus Nivea O Boticário OPI Oriflame Origins Paula Begoun Pond 's Red Earth Revlon Richard Hudnut Rimmel Sephora Shiseido Shu Uemura SimplySiti SK - II SkinCeuticals Skin Food Stila The Body Shop The Face Shop ULTA Beauty Ultima II Urban Decay Vaseline Vichy Victoria 's Secret Wella Yves Rocher Categories Companies People History Hosiery Lower leg Bobby socks Bootee Knee highs Leg warmer Loose socks Socks Tabi Toe socks Crew sock Dress socks Anklet Low cut Full leg Fully fashioned stockings Hold - ups Leggings Legskin Pantyhose Stocking Tights Historical Boothose Hose Brands Aristoc Edoo Falke Gerbe Hanes HUE Coopers L'eggs Levante Lyssé No Nonsense Pretty Polly Spanx Wigwam Wolford Lingerie Upper torso Types of bras History Bandeau Nursing bra Sports bra Training bra Underwire bra Male bra Other garments Babydoll Bustier Camisole Dudou Negligee Torsolette Yếm Lower torso Bikini Boyshorts French knickers Girdle Girl boxers Panties Tanga Tap pants Thong ( G - string ) Full torso BodyBriefer Corsage Corset Corselet Nightshirt Playsuit Slip Teddy Hosiery Garter Knee highs Pantyhose Stocking Historical Basque Boudoir cap Bustle Chemise Crinoline Farthingale Hoop skirt Liberty bodice Pannier Pantalettes Petticoat Pettipants Waist cincher Accessories Falsies Lingerie tape Brands List of lingerie brands Retail Brastop Figleaves HerRoom Journelle True & Co. BNF : cb13573727k ( data ) VIAF : 133781201 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret&oldid=842090961 '' Categories : Victoria 's Secret Lingerie brands Lingerie retailers L Brands brands Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area Clothing companies established in 1977 Swimwear manufacturers History of Santa Clara County, California Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area 1977 establishments in California Retail companies established in 1977 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2017 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018, at 04 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: who was the creator of victoria's secret
Answer: Roy Raymond