Acer saccharum - wikipedia Acer saccharum Not to be confused with Acer saccharinum, the silver maple. This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( September 2016 ) Sugar maple Sugar maple foliage Conservation status Secure ( NatureServe ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Sapindales Family : Sapindaceae Genus : Acer Species : A. saccharum Binomial name Acer saccharum Marshall Natural range of Acer saccharum Synonyms Acer barbatum auct. non Michx. Acer barbatum f. commune Ashe Acer floridanum ( Chapm. ) Pax Acer hispidum Schwer. Acer leucoderme Small Acer nigrum F. Michx. Acer nigrum var. glaucum ( Schmidt ) Fosberg Acer nigrum subsp. saccharophorum ( K. Koch ) R.T. Clausen Acer palmifolium Borkh. Acer palmifolium var. concolor Schwer. Acer palmifolium f. euconcolor Schwer. Acer palmifolium f. glabratum Schwer. Acer palmifolium f. glaucum ( Pax ) Schwer. Acer palmifolium var. glaucum Sarg. Acer palmifolium f. integrilobum Schwer. Acer rugelii Pax Acer saccharinum var. glaucum Pax Acer saccharinum var. viride Schmidt Acer saccharophorum K. Koch Acer saccharophorum f. angustilobatum Vict. & J. Rousseau Acer saccharophorum f. conicum ( Fernald ) J. Rousseau Acer saccharophorum f. glaucum ( Schmidt ) J. Rousseau Acer saccharophorum var. rugelii ( Pax ) J. Rousseau Acer saccharophorum var. subvestitum Vict. & Roll. - Germ. Acer saccharum f. angustilobatum ( Vict. & J. Rousseau ) A.E. Murray Acer saccharum f. conicum Fernald Acer saccharum f. euconcolor Pax Acer saccharum f. glabratum Pax Acer saccharum f. glaucum ( Schmidt ) Pax Acer saccharum var. glaucum ( Schmidt ) Sarg. Acer saccharum var. glaucum Pax Acer saccharum f. hispidum ( Schwer. ) A.E. Murray Acer saccharum f. integrilobum Pax Acer saccharum f. pubescens Pax Acer saccharum var. quinquelobulatum A.E. Murray Acer saccharum f. rubrocarpum A.E. Murray Acer saccharum f. subvestitum ( Vict. & Roll. - Germ. ) A.E. Murray Acer saccharum f. truncatum Pax Acer saccharum f. villipes ( Rehder ) A.E. Murray Acer saccharum f. villosum Pax Acer saccharum var. viride ( Schmidt ) A.E. Murray Acer saccharophorum K. Koch Acer skutchii Rehder Acer subglaucum Bush Acer subglaucum var. sinuosum Bush Acer treleaseanum Bush Saccharodendron saccharum ( Marshall ) Moldenke Acer saccharum, the sugar maple or rock maple, is a species of maple native to the hardwood forests of eastern Canada, from Nova Scotia west through Quebec and southern Ontario to southeastern Manitoba around Lake of the Woods, and the northern parts of the Central and Eastern United States, from Minnesota eastward to the highlands of the eastern states. Sugar maple is best known for its bright fall foliage and for being the primary source of maple syrup. Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Cultivation and uses 3.1 Maple syrup 3.2 Timber 3.3 Urban planting 3.3. 1 Cultivars 3.4 Use by Native Americans 4 Big Tree 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description Bark Seasonal leaf color change Acer saccharum is a deciduous tree normally reaching heights of 25 -- 35 m ( 80 -- 115 ft ), and exceptionally up to 45 m ( 148 ft ). A 10 - year - old tree is typically about 5 m ( 16 ft ) tall. When healthy, the sugar maple can live for over 400 years. The leaves are deciduous, up to 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) long and equally wide, with five palmate lobes. The basal lobes are relatively small, while the upper lobes are larger and deeply notched. In contrast with the angular notching of the silver maple, however, the notches tend to be rounded at their interior. The fall color is often spectacular, ranging from bright yellow on some trees through orange to fluorescent red - orange on others. Sugar maples also have a tendency to color unevenly in fall. In some trees, all colors above can be seen at the same time. They also share a tendency with red maples for certain parts of a mature tree to change color weeks ahead of or behind the remainder of the tree. The leaf buds are pointy and brown - colored. The recent year 's growth twigs are green, and turn dark brown. A pair of samaras Flowers in spring The flowers are in panicles of five to 10 together, yellow - green and without petals ; flowering occurs in early spring after 30 -- 55 growing degree days. The sugar maple will generally begin flowering when it is between 10 and 15 years old. The fruit is a pair of samaras ( winged seeds ). The seeds are globose, 7 -- 10 mm ( ⁄ -- ⁄ in ) in diameter, the wing 2 -- 3 cm ( ⁄ -- 1 ⁄ in ) long. The seeds fall from the tree in autumn, where they must be exposed to 90 days of temperatures below − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) to break their coating down. Germination of A. saccharum is slow, not taking place until the following spring when the soil has warmed and all frost danger is past. It is closely related to the black maple, which is sometimes included in this species, but sometimes separated as Acer nigrum. The western American bigtooth maple ( Acer grandidentatum ) is also treated as a variety or subspecies of sugar maple by some botanists. The sugar maple can be confused with the Norway maple, which is not native to America but is commonly planted in cities and suburbs, and they are not closely related within the genus. The sugar maple is most easily identified by clear sap in the leaf petiole ( the Norway maple has white sap ), brown, sharp - tipped buds ( the Norway maple has blunt, green or reddish - purple buds ), and shaggy bark on older trees ( the Norway maple bark has small grooves ). Also, the leaf lobes of the sugar maple have a more triangular shape, in contrast to the squarish lobes of the Norway maple.. The bark of the two trees is not similar at all. Although many people think a red sugar maple leaf is featured on the flag of Canada, the official maple leaf does not belong to any particular maple species ; although it perhaps most closely resembles a sugar maple leaf of all the maple species in Canada, the leaf on the flag was specially designed to be as identifiable as possible on a flag waving in the wind without regard to whether it resembled a particular species ' foliage. Ecology Sugar maple -- yellow birch forest, Jacques - Cartier National Park, Quebec, Canada The sugar maple is an extremely important species to the ecology of many forests in the northern United States and Canada. Pure stands are common, and it is a major component of the northern and midwestern U.S. hardwood forests. Sugar maple is native to areas with cooler climates. In northern parts of its range, January temperatures average about − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) and July temperatures about 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) ; in southern parts, January temperatures average about 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and July temperatures average almost 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ). Acer saccharum is among the most shade tolerant of large deciduous trees. Its shade tolerance is exceeded only by the striped maple, a smaller tree. Like other maples, its shade tolerance is manifested in its ability to germinate and persist under a closed canopy as an understory plant, and respond with rapid growth to the increased light formed by a gap in the canopy. The sugar maple can grow comfortably in any type of soil except sand. Sugar maples engage in hydraulic lift, drawing water from lower soil layers and exuding that water into upper, drier soil layers. This not only benefits the tree itself, but also many other plants growing around it. Human influences have contributed to the decline of the sugar maple in many regions. Its role as a species of mature forests has led it to be replaced by more opportunistic species in areas where forests are cut over. The sugar maple also exhibits a greater susceptibility to pollution than other species of maple. Acid rain and soil acidification are some of the primary contributing factors to maple decline. Also, the increased use of salt over the last several decades on streets and roads for deicing purposes has decimated the sugar maple 's role as a street tree. In some parts of New England, particularly near urbanized areas, the sugar maple is being displaced by the Norway maple. The Norway maple is also highly shade tolerant, but is considerably more tolerant of urban conditions, resulting in the sugar maple 's replacement in those area. In addition, Norway maple produces much larger crops of seeds, allowing it to out - compete native species. Cultivation and uses Maple syrup Collecting sap from sugar maples The sugar maple is one of the most important Canadian trees, being, with the black maple, the major source of sap for making maple syrup. Other maple species can be used as a sap source for maple syrup, but some have lower sugar contents and / or produce more cloudy syrup than these two. Some other trees ( birch, ash, etc. ) can yield a useful syrup as well, though with different flavors. In maple syrup production from Acer saccharum, the sap is extracted from the trees using a tap placed into a hole drilled through the phloem, just inside the bark. The collected sap is then boiled. As the sap boils, the water is evaporated off and the syrup left behind. 40 litres of maple sap are required to be boiled to produce only 1 litre of pure syrup. This is the reason for the high cost of pure maple syrup. Timber Ultra-thin sugar maple sections from Romeyn Beck Hough 's American Woods. From top to bottom, the image displays transverse, radial and tangential sections. The image on the right shows light passing through the specimens. The sapwood can be white, and smaller logs may have a higher proportion of this desirable wood. Bowling alleys and bowling pins are both commonly manufactured from sugar maple. Trees with wavy woodgrain, which can occur in curly, quilted, and `` birdseye maple '' forms, are especially valued. Maple is also the wood used for basketball courts, including the floors used by the NBA, and it is a popular wood for baseball bats, along with white ash. It is also widely used in the manufacture of musical instruments, such as the members of the violin family ( sides and back ), guitars ( neck ), and drum shells. It is also quite flexible and makes excellent archery bows. Canadian maple, often referred to as `` Canadian hardrock maple '', is prized for pool cues, especially the shafts. Some production - line cues will use lower - quality maple wood with cosmetic issues, such as `` sugar marks '', which are most often light brown discolorations caused by sap in the wood. The best shaft wood has a very consistent grain, with no marks or discoloration. Sugar marks usually do not affect how the cue plays, but are not as high quality as those without it. This wood is also used in decks for its strength. Urban planting Sugar maple in a suburban landscape Closeup of autumn foliage The sugar maple was a favorite street and park tree during the 19th century because it was easy to propagate and transplant, is fairly fast - growing, and has beautiful fall color. As noted above, however, it proved too delicate to continue in that role after the rise of automobile - induced pollution and was replaced by Platanus occidentalis and other hardier species. The shade and the shallow, fibrous roots may interfere with grass growing under the trees. Deep, well - drained loam is the best rooting medium, although sugar maples can grow well on sandy soil which has a good buildup of humus. Light ( or loose ) clay soils are also well known to support sugar maple growth. Poorly drained areas are unsuitable, and the species is especially short - lived on flood - prone clay flats. Its salt tolerance is low and it is very sensitive to boron. The species is also subject to defoliation when there are dense populations of larvae of Lepidoptera species like the rosy maple moth ( Dryocampa rubicunda ). Cultivars ' Apollo ' -- columnar ' Arrowhead ' -- pyramidal crown ' Astis ' ( ' Steeple ' ) -- heat - tolerant, good in southeastern USA, oval crown ' Bonfire ' -- fast growing ' Caddo ' -- naturally occurring southern ecotype or subspecies, from Southwestern Oklahoma, great drought and heat tolerance, good choice for the Great Plains region ' Columnare ' ( ' Newton Sentry ' ) -- very narrow ' Fall Fiesta ' -- tough - leaved, colorful in season, above - average hardiness ' Goldspire ' -- columnar with yellow - orange fall color ' Green Mountain ' ( PNI 0285 ) -- durable foliage resists heat and drought, oval crown, above - average hardiness ' Inferno ' -- possibly the hardiest cultivar, with more red fall color than ' Lord Selkirk ' or ' Unity ' ' Legacy ' -- tough, vigorous and popular ' Lord Selkirk ' -- very hardy, more upright than other northern cultivars ' Monumentale ' -- columnar ' September Flare ' - very hardy, early orange - red fall color ' Sweet Shadow ' -- lacy foliage ' Temple 's Upright ' -- almost as narrow as ' Columnare ' ' Unity ' -- very hardy, from Manitoba, slow steady growth Use by native americans The Mohegan use the inner bark as a cough remedy, and the sap as a sweetening agent and to make maple syrup. Big tree One current national champion of sugar maple is located in Charlemont, Massachusetts. In 2007, it had a circumference of 19.42 ft ( 5.92 m ), or an average diameter at breast height of about 6.18 ft ( 1.88 m ). The maple tree had been 112 ft ( 34.1 m ) tall with a crown spread of 91 ft ( 27.7 m ), counting for a total number of 368 points at the National Register of Big Trees. Another national co-champion in Lyme, Connecticut, measured in 2012, had a circumference of 18.25 feet ( 5.56 m ), or an average diameter at breast height of about 5.8 feet ( 1.77 m ). This tree had been 123 ft ( 37.5 m ) tall with a crown spread of 86 ft ( 26.2 m ), counting for a total number of 364 points. In popular culture Leafless sugar maples in Vermont state quarter The sugar maple is the state tree of the US states of New York, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. It is depicted on the state quarter of Vermont, issued in 2001. See also Trees portal Beech - maple forest The Comfort Maple, Pelham, Ontario List of foods made from maple References Jump up ^ `` Acer saccharum Marshall -- The Plant List ''. Jump up ^ `` Acer saccharum ''. Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ). Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ), United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ). Jump up ^ `` Sugar Maple Tree Facts : Sugar Maple Tree Growing Information ''. www.gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29. ^ Jump up to : `` Acer saccharum ''. Northern Ontario Plant Database. Jump up ^ `` Acer saccharum ''. Oklahoma Biological Survey. Jump up ^ `` GSMNP tall trees ''. Nativetreesociety.org. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Copeland ; M.B. McDonald ( 31 October 2001 ). `` Principles of seed science and technology ''. Springer. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 7322 - 3. Retrieved 25 September 2010. Jump up ^ `` http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/df1_e.cfm ''. External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Godman, Richard M. ; Yawney, Harry W. ; Tubbs, Carl H. ( 1990 ). `` Acer saccharum ''. In Burns, Russell M. ; Honkala, Barbara H. Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C. : United States Forest Service ( USFS ), United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ). 2 -- via Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry ( www.na.fs.fed.us ). Jump up ^ `` Hydraulic lift and its influence on the water content of the rhizosphere : an example from sugar maple, Acer saccharum ''. Oecologia. 108 : 273 -- 278. doi : 10.1007 / BF00334651. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03. ^ Jump up to : Heilingmann, Randall B. `` Hobby Maple Syrup Production ( F - 36 - 02 ) ''. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2002 - 09 - 17. Jump up ^ Gibbons, E. 1962. Stalking the Wild Asparagus. David McKay. Jump up ^ Daniel L. Cassens. `` Hard or sugar maple '' ( PDF ). Purdue University : Purdue Extension. Jump up ^ `` Auburn University Entomology and Plant Pathology Greenstriped Mapleworm ''. Auburn University Entomology and Plant Pathology. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Putting Down Roots : Landscape Guidelines for the Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Trees In Central Oklahoma ''. okPLANTtrees. 3.1. 2 : MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES. Fortunately for Oklahoma, a subspecies ( believed to be an ecotype ) of the Sugar Maple was discovered in the southwest part of the state that is specifically adapted to our hot summers and drying winds. Jump up ^ Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1972 Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers # 3 ( p. 69, 128 ) Jump up ^ National Register of Big Trees Jump up ^ National Register of Big Trees Horton, J.L. ; Hart, S.C. ( 1998 ). `` Hydraulic lift : a potentially important ecosystem process ''. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 ( 6 ) : 232 -- 235. doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 5347 ( 98 ) 01328 - 7. PMID 21238277. Canham, C.D. ( 1989 ). `` Different Responses to Gaps Among Shade - Tolerant Tree Species ''. Ecology. 70 ( 3 ) : 548 -- 550. doi : 10.2307 / 1940200. Brisson, J., Bergeron, Y., Bouchard, A., & Leduc, A. ( 1994 ). Beech - maple dynamics in an old - growth forest in southern Quebec, Canada. Ecoscience ( Sainte - Foy ) 1 ( 1 ) : 40 - 46. Duchesne, L. ; Ouimet, R. ; Houle, D. ( 2002 ). `` Basal Area Growth of Sugar Maple in Relation to Acid Deposition, Stand Health, and Soil Nutrients ''. Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 ( 5 ) : 1676 -- 1683. doi : 10.2134 / jeq2002. 1676. PMID 12371186. Further reading Melvyn Tyree. `` Maple sap exudation : How it happens '' ( PDF ). Maple Syrup Journal. 4 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 11. Damián Cirelli ; Richard Jagels ; Melvin T. Tyree ( 2008 ). `` Toward an improved model of maple sap exudation : the location and role of osmotic barriers in sugar maple, butternut and white birch '' ( PDF ). Tree Physiology. Victoria, Canada : Heron Publishing. 28 ( 8 ) : 1145 -- 1155. doi : 10.1093 / treephys / 28.8. 1145. PMID 18519246. Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 856, North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acer saccharum. Common Trees of Pennsylvania UI Plants : Woody Ornamentals ( sugar maple ) Acer saccharum at Ohio State Horticulture & Crop Sciences Acer saccharum images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Winter ID Pictures Historic Photos and Technical Reports Documenting Sugar Maple Research, from digital archives at the University of Vermont. Interactive Distribution Map for Acer saccharum Sugar ( as food commodity ) List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Fructose Galactose Glucose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Xylose Monosaccharide Disaccharide Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High - fructose corn syrup High - maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen 's cane syrup Treacle Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region ( current ) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S. Sugar Program By region ( historical ) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup Production Taxon identifiers Wd : Q214733 EoL : 582247 GBIF : 3189859 GRIN : 409105 iNaturalist : 52543 IPNI : 56795 - 1 ITIS : 28731 NCBI : 4024 Plant List : kew - 2616387 PLANTS : ACSA3 Tropicos : 200039 VASCAN : 9214 ARKive : sugar - maple / acer - saccharum Jump up ^ `` North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual ''. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acer_saccharum&oldid=814701771 '' Categories : NatureServe secure species Acer Trees of Canada Trees of the North - Central United States Trees of the Northeastern United States Trees of the Southeastern United States Trees of Ontario Trees of Quebec Flora of the Appalachian Mountains Crops originating from North America Plants used in Native American cuisine Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Trees of humid continental climate Plants described in 1785 Taxa named by André Michaux National symbols of Canada Symbols of Vermont Symbols of West Virginia Symbols of Wisconsin Garden plants of North America Ornamental trees Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All self - contradictory articles Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Kaszëbsczi Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017, at 11 : 21. 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Question: where do sugar maples grow in the us
Answer: the northern parts of the Central and Eastern United States, from Minnesota eastward to the highlands of the eastern states