Hawaiian eruption - wikipedia Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian eruption : 1, ash plume ; 2, lava fountain ; 3, crater ; 4, lava lake ; 5, fumarole ; 6, lava flow ; 7, layers of lava and ash ; 8, stratum ; 9, sill ; 10, magma conduit ; 11, magma chamber ; 12, dike A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption ; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes. Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent. Very little amounts of volcanic ash are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at hotspot volcanoes such as Kīlauea on Hawaii 's big island and in Iceland, though it can occur near subduction zones ( e.g. Medicine Lake Volcano in California, United States ) and rift zones. Another example of Hawaiian eruptions occurred on the island of Surtsey in Iceland from 1964 to 1967, when molten lava flowed from the crater to the sea. Hawaiian eruptions may occur along fissure vents, such as during the eruption of Mauna Loa Volcano in 1950, or at a central vent, such as during the 1959 eruption in Kīlauea Iki Crater, which created a lava fountain 580 meters ( 1,900 ft ) high and formed a 38 - meter cone named Pu ʻu Pua ʻi. In fissure - type eruptions, lava spurts from a fissure on the volcano 's rift zone and feeds lava streams that flow downslope. In central - vent eruptions, a fountain of lava can spurt to a height of 300 meters or more ( heights of 1600 meters were reported for the 1986 eruption of Mount Mihara on Izu Ōshima, Japan ). Hawaiian eruptions usually start by the formation of a crack in the ground from which a curtain of incandescent magma or several closely spaced magma fountains appear. The lava can overflow the fissure and form ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe style of flows. When such an eruption from a central cone is protracted, it can form lightly sloped shield volcanoes, for example Mauna Loa or Skjaldbreiður in Iceland. Contents 1 Petrology of Hawaiian basalts 2 Safety 3 References 4 External links Petrology of Hawaiian basalts The key factors in generating a Hawaiian eruption are basaltic magma and a low percentage of dissolved water ( less than one percent ). The lower the water content, the more peaceful is the resulting flow. Almost all lava that comes from Hawaiian volcanoes is basalt in composition. Hawaiian basalts that make up almost all of the islands are tholeiite. These rocks are similar but not identical to those that are produced at ocean ridges. Basalt relatively richer in sodium and potassium ( more alkaline ) has erupted at the undersea volcano of Lō ʻihi at the extreme southeastern end of the volcanic chain, and these rocks may be typical of early stages in the `` evolution '' of all Hawaiian islands. In the late stages of eruption of individual volcanoes, more alkaline basalt also was erupted, and in the very late stages after a period of erosion, rocks of unusual composition such as nephelinite were produced in very small amounts. These variations in magma composition have been investigated in great detail, in part to try to understand how mantle plumes may work. Safety Hawaiian eruptions are usually the most attractive to tourists and are the safest because there is little danger from ash. However, Hawaiian eruptions are not always safe. In 1790, 80 warriors marching on Kīlauea were killed in an eruption. On May 18, 1924, a plantation accountant named Truman Taylor who was sightseeing on Kīlauea 's caldera, was hit with debris from an explosion. Although rushed to the hospital, Taylor succumbed to his injuries later that day. References Frankel, Charles ( 2005 ). Worlds on Fire : Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21 -- 22. ISBN 0 - 521 - 80393 - 4. Frankel, Charles ( 1996 ). Volcanoes of the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0 - 521 - 47770 - 0. Casadevall, T.J. ( ed. ) ( 1995 ). Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety : Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. DIANE Publishing. p. 437. ISBN 0 - 7881 - 1650 - 9. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) MacDonald, Gordon A. ; Peterson, Frank L. ; Abbott, Agatin T. ( 1983 ). Volcanoes in the Sea : Geology of Hawaii ( 2nd edition ). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 156 -- 157. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0832 - 0. Jump up ^ Natural Hazards of North America ( map ). National Geographic Society. Jump up ^ William Melson ( 1982 ). Volcano. Time Life Books. p. 123. ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4304 - X. Jump up ^ `` The 1924 Explosions of Kilauea ''. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19. External links Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Hawaiian volcanism topics ( list ) Windward Isles Lō ʻihi Māhukona Hawai ʻi Kīlauea ( Kīlauea Iki, Puʻu ʻŌʻō ) Mauna Loa Hualālai Mauna Kea Kohala Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Ka ʻula Lāna ʻi Maui Haleakalā West Maui Moloka ʻi Penguin Bank West Molokai Volcano East Molokai Volcano Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Ka ʻena Ko ʻolau Wai ʻanae Leeward Isles French Frigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles Kure Atoll Laysan Lisianski Island Maro Reef Midway Atoll Necker Island Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Atoll Emperor Seamounts Abbott Colahan Daikakuji Detroit Hancock Jingu Kammu Kimmei Koko Meiji Nintoku Ojin Suiko Yomei Yuryaku Topics 1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption ʻAʻā ( lava ) Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakalā National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Lava fountain Limu o Pele Pāhoehoe ( lava ) Pele 's hair Pele 's tears Types of volcanic eruptions Magmatic Hawaiian eruption Strombolian eruption Vulcanian eruption Peléan eruption Plinian eruption Phreatomagmatic Surtseyan eruption Submarine eruption Subglacial eruption Phreatic Phreatic eruption Other classifications Effusive eruption Explosive eruption Subaerial eruption Lateral eruption Limnic eruption Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_eruption&oldid=804528361 '' Categories : Volcanic eruption types Volcanism of Hawaii Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Slovenčina Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 16 : 26. 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Question: what are the main products of hawaiian eruptions
Answer: Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent. Very little amounts of volcanic ash are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at hotspot volcanoes such as Kīlauea on Hawaii's big island and in Iceland, though it can occur near subduction zones (e.g. Medicine Lake Volcano in California, United States) and rift zones.