Cosmos - wikipedia Cosmos For other uses, see Cosmos ( disambiguation ). Flammarion engraving, Paris 1888 The cosmos ( UK : / ˈkɒzmɒs /, US : / ˈkɒzmoʊs / ) is the universe regarded as a complex and orderly system ; the opposite of chaos. The philosopher Pythagoras used the term cosmos ( Ancient Greek : κόσμος ) for the order of the universe, but the term was not part of modern language until the 19th century geographer and polymath, Alexander von Humboldt, resurrected the use of the word from the ancient Greek, assigned it to his multi-volume treatise, Kosmos, which influenced modern and somewhat holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity. Contents 1 Cosmology 2 Theology 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Cosmology The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in Peter Apian 's Cosmographia ( Antwerp, 1539 ). Main article : Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the cosmos in several of the above meanings, depending on context. All cosmologies have in common an attempt to understand the implicit order within the whole of being. In this way, most religions and philosophical systems have a cosmology. Cosmology is a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of the universe, a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe. The basic definition of Cosmology is the science of the origin and development of the universe. In modern astronomy the Big Bang theory is the dominant postulation. In physical cosmology, the term cosmos is often used in a technical way, referring to a particular spacetime continuum within the ( postulated ) multiverse. Our particular cosmos, the observable universe, is generally capitalized as the Cosmos. According to Charles Peter Mason in Sir William Smith Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology ( 1870, see book screenshot for full quote ), Pythagoreans described the universe. Excerpt from Philolaus Pythagoras book, ( Charles Peter Mason, 1870 ) It appears, in fact, from this, as well as from the extant fragments, that the first book ( from Philolaus ) of the work contained a general account of the origin and arrangement of the universe. The second book appears to have been an exposition of the nature of numbers, which in the Pythagorean theory are the essence and source of all things. ( p. 305 ) Theology See also : Religious cosmology, Hellenistic philosophy and Christianity, and Orphism ( religion ) In theology, the cosmos is the created heavenly bodies ( sun, moon, planets, and fixed stars ). In Christian theology, the word is also used synonymously with aion to refer to `` worldly life '' or `` this world '' or `` this age '' as opposed to the afterlife or world to come. The 1870 book Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology noted Thales dogma that water is the origin of things, that is, that it is that out of which every thing arises, and into which every thing resolves itself, Thales may have followed Orphic cosmogonies, while, unlike them, he sought to establish the truth of the assertion. Hence, Aristotle, immediately after he has called him the originator of philosophy brings forward the reasons which Thales was believed to have adduced in confirmation of that assertion ; for that no written development of it, or indeed any book by Thales, was extant, is proved by the expressions which Aristotle uses when he brings forward the doctrines and proofs of the Milesian. ( p. 1016 ) Plato, describes the idea of the good, or the Godhead, sometimes teleologically, as the ultimate purpose of all conditioned existence ; sometimes cosmologically, as the ultimate operative cause ; and has begun to develop the cosmological, as also the physico - theological proof for the being of God ; but has referred both back to the idea of the Good, as the necessary presupposition to all other ideas, and our cognition of them. ( p. 402 ) The book The Works of Aristotle ( 1908, p. 80 Fragments ) mentioned Aristotle says the poet Orpheus never existed ; the Pythagoreans ascribe this Orphic poem to a certain Cercon ( see Cercops ). Bertrand Russell ( 1947 ) noted The Orphics were an ascetic sect ; wine, to them, was only a symbol, as, later, in the Christian sacrament. The intoxication that they sought was that of `` enthusiasm, '' of union with the god. They believed themselves, in this way, to acquire mystic knowledge not obtainable by ordinary means. This mystical element entered into Greek philosophy with Pythagoras, who was a reformer of Orphism as Orpheus was a reformer of the religion of Dionysus. From Pythagoras Orphic elements entered into the philosophy of Plato, and from Plato into most later philosophy that was in any degree religious. See also Ascended master Carl Sagan Cosmos ( Carl Sagan book ) Cosmos : A Personal Voyage Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey Cosmic View Cosmic Zoom Cosmicism Cosmogony Cosmogram Cosmography Kosmos ( Humboldt ) Macrocosm and microcosm Megaverse ( disambiguation ) Omega point ( de Chardin ) Omniverse ( disambiguation ) Rerikhism Russian cosmism References Jump up ^ `` the definition of cosmos ''. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01. Jump up ^ Humboldt, Alexander von ; Paul, Benjamin Horatio ; von ), Wilhelm Humboldt ( Freiherr ; Dallas, William Sweetland ( 1860 ). Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe. Harper & brothers. Jump up ^ `` Introducing Humboldt 's Cosmos Center for Humans & Nature ''. Center for Humans & Nature. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Definition of COSMOLOGY ''. www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01. ^ Jump up to : Sir William Smith ( 1870 ). Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. p. 305. Jump up ^ `` Concerning Aion and Aionios ''. Saviour of All Fellowship. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ Aristotle ; Ross, W.D. ( William David ), 1877 ; Smith, J.A. ( John Alexander ), 1863 - 1939 ( 1908 ). The works of Aristotle. p. 80. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bertrand Russel ( 1947 ). History of Western Philosophy. External links Look up cosmos in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cosmos -- an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos -- from Digital Nature Agency JPL Spitzer telescope photos of macrocosmos Macrocosm and Microcosm, in Dictionary of the History of Ideas Encyclopedia of Cosmos This is in Japanese. Cosmos -- Illustrated Encyclopedia of Cosmos and Cosmic Law ( in Russian ) Greene, B. ( 1999 ). The Elegant Universe : Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory. W.W. Norton, New York Hawking, S.W. ( 2001 ). The Universe in a Nutshell. Bantam Book. Yulsman, T. ( 2003 ). Origins : The Quest for our Cosmic Roots. Institute of Physics Publishing, London. Metaphysics Metaphysicians Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Francisco Suárez Nicolas Malebranche René Descartes John Locke David Hume Thomas Reid Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W.F. Hegel George Berkeley Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Henri Bergson Friedrich Nietzsche Charles Sanders Peirce Joseph Maréchal Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alfred N. Whitehead Bertrand Russell Dorothy Emmet G.E. Moore Jean - Paul Sartre Gilbert Ryle Hilary Putnam P.F. Strawson R.G. Collingwood Adolph Stöhr Rudolf Carnap Saul Kripke Willard V.O. Quine G.E.M. Anscombe Donald Davidson Michael Dummett David Malet Armstrong David Lewis Alvin Plantinga Peter van Inwagen Derek Parfit more... Theories Abstract object theory Action theory Anti-realism Determinism Dualism Enactivism Essentialism Existentialism Free will Idealism Libertarianism Liberty Materialism Meaning of life Monism Naturalism Nihilism Phenomenalism Realism Physicalism Pirsig 's metaphysics of Quality Platonic idealism Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Concepts Abstract object Anima mundi Being Category of being Causality Choice Cogito ergo sum Concept Embodied cognition Entity Essence Existence Experience Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Identity and change Information Insight Intelligence Intention Linguistic modality Matter Meaning Memetics Mental representation Mind Motion Necessity Notion Object Pattern Perception Physical body Principle Property Qualia Quality Reality Soul Subject Substantial form Thought Time Truth Type -- token distinction Universal Unobservable Value more... Related topics Axiology Cosmology Epistemology Feminist metaphysics Interpretations of quantum mechanics Meta - Ontology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of self Philosophy of space and time Teleology Theoretical physics Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmos&oldid=800279128 '' Categories : Physical cosmology Neoplatonism Physical universe Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with Russian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017, at 14 : 49. 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Question: what is the meaning of kosmos in greek
Answer: the order of the universe