Frederick Winslow Taylor - wikipedia Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor Taylor circa 1900 March 20, 1856 ( 1856 - 03 - 20 ) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. March 21, 1915 ( 1915 - 03 - 21 ) ( aged 59 ) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia Resting place West Laurel Hill Cemetery Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S. Nationality American Education Phillips Exeter Academy Alma mater Stevens Institute of Technology ( BS ) Occupation Efficiency expert Management consultant Known for `` Father '' of the Scientific management & Efficiency Movement, Father of Industrial Engineering Home town Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Spouse ( s ) Louise M. Spooner Children Kempton, Robert and Elizabeth ( all adopted orphans ) Parent ( s ) Franklin Taylor Emily Annette Winslow Awards Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1902 ) Frederick Winslow Taylor ( March 20, 1856 -- March 21, 1915 ) was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He was one of the first management consultants. Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era ( 1890s - 1920s ). Taylor summed up his efficiency techniques in his 1911 book The Principles of Scientific Management, which in 2001 Fellows of the Academy of Management voted the most influential management book of the twentieth century. His pioneering work in applying engineering principles to the work done on the factory floor was instrumental in the creation and development of the branch of engineering that is now known as industrial engineering. Taylor made his name in, and was most proud of his work in, scientific management ; however, he made his fortune patenting steel - process improvements. Taylor was also an athlete who competed nationally in tennis and golf. Contents 1 Biography 2 Work 2.1 Managers and workers 2.2 Rhetorical techniques 2.3 Scholarly debate about increased efficiency moving pig iron at Bethlehem 's Iron and Steel 2.4 Management theory 2.5 Relations with ASME 3 Taylor 's influence 3.1 United States 3.2 France 3.3 Great Britain 3.4 Switzerland 3.5 USSR 3.6 Canada 3.7 The Taylor Society and its legacy 3.8 Criticism of Taylor 4 Tennis and golf accomplishments 5 Publications 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links Biography Taylor was born in 1856 to a Quaker family in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Taylor 's father, Franklin Taylor, a Princeton - educated lawyer, built his wealth on mortgages. Taylor 's mother, Emily Annette Taylor ( née Winslow ), was an ardent abolitionist and a coworker with Lucretia Mott. His father 's ancestor, Samuel Taylor, settled in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1677. His mother 's ancestor, Edward Winslow, was one of the fifteen original Mayflower Pilgrims who brought servants or children, and one of eight who had the honorable distinction of Mister. Winslow served for many years as the Governor of the Plymouth colony. Educated early by his mother, Taylor studied for two years in France and Germany and traveled Europe for 18 months. In 1872, he entered Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, with the plan of eventually going to Harvard and becoming a lawyer like his father. In 1874, Taylor passed the Harvard entrance examinations with honors. However, due allegedly to rapidly deteriorating eyesight, Taylor chose quite a different path. Instead of attending Harvard University, Taylor became an apprentice patternmaker and machinist, gaining shop - floor experience at Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia ( a pump - manufacturing company whose proprietors were friends of the Taylor family ). He left his apprenticeship for six months and represented a group of New England machine - tool manufacturers at Philadelphia 's centennial exposition. Taylor finished his four - year apprenticeship and in 1878 became a machine - shop laborer at Midvale Steel Works. At Midvale, he was quickly promoted to time clerk, journeyman machinist, gang boss over the lathe hands, machine shop foreman, research director, and finally chief engineer of the works ( while maintaining his position as machine shop foreman ). Taylor 's fast promotions reflected both his talent and his family 's relationship with Edward Clark, part owner of Midvale Steel. ( Edward Clark 's son Clarence Clark, who was also a manager at Midvale Steel, married Taylor 's sister. ) Midvale Steel Works Aerial View, 1879. Early on at Midvale, working as a laborer and machinist, Taylor recognized that workmen were not working their machines, or themselves, nearly as hard as they could ( which at the time was called `` soldiering '' ) and that this resulted in high labor costs for the company. When he became a foreman he expected more output from the workmen. In order to determine how much work should properly be expected, he began to study and analyze the productivity of both the men and the machines ( although the word `` productivity '' was not used at the time, and the applied science of productivity had not yet been developed ). His focus on the human component of production Taylor labeled scientific management. While Taylor worked at Midvale, he and Clarence Clark won the first tennis doubles tournament in the 1881 US National Championships, the precursor of the US Open. Taylor became a student of Stevens Institute of Technology, studying via correspondence and obtaining a degree in mechanical engineering in 1883. On May 3, 1884, he married Louise M. Spooner of Philadelphia. The Bethlehem Steel plant, 1896. From 1890 until 1893 Taylor worked as a general manager and a consulting engineer to management for the Manufacturing Investment Company of Philadelphia, a company that operated large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin. He was a plant manager in Maine. In 1893, Taylor opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. His business card read `` Consulting Engineer - Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty ''. Through these consulting experiences, Taylor perfected his management system. His first paper, A Piece Rate System, was presented to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) in June 1895. In 1898 he joined Bethlehem Steel to solve an expensive machine - shop capacity problem. While at Bethlehem, his discovered the best known and most profitable of his many patents : between 1898 and 1900 Taylor and Maunsel White conducted comprehensive empirical tests, and concluded that tungsten cutting - steel doubled or quadrupled cutting speeds ; the inventors received $100,000 ( equivalent to $2.5 million today ) for the English patents alone, although the U.S. patent was eventually nullified. Taylor was forced to leave Bethlehem Steel in 1901 after discord with other managers. Now a wealthy man, Taylor focused the remainder of his career promoting his management and machining methods through lecturing, writing, and consulting. In 1910, owing to the Eastern Rate Case, Frederick Winslow Taylor and his Scientific Management methodologies become famous worldwide. In 1911, Taylor introduced his The Principles of Scientific Management paper to the ASME, eight years after his Shop Management paper. On October 19, 1906, Taylor was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Pennsylvania. Taylor eventually became a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. In early spring of 1915 Taylor caught pneumonia and died, one day after his fifty - ninth birthday, on March 21, 1915. He was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Work Darwin, Marx, and Freud make up the trinity often cited as the `` makers of the modern world. '' Marx would be taken out and replaced by Taylor if there were any justice... For hundreds of years there had been no increase in the ability of workers to turn out goods or to move goods... When Taylor started propounding his principles, nine out of every 10 working people did manual work, making or moving things, whether in manufacturing, fanning, mining, or transportation... By 2010 it will constitute no more than one - tenth... The Productivity Revolution has become a victim of its own success. From now on what matters is the productivity of nonmanual workers. ( bolding added ) -- Peter Drucker, The Rise of the Knowledge Society Wilson Quarterly ( Spring 1993 ) p. 63 - 65 Taylor 's crime, in the eyes of the unions, was his assertion that there is no `` skilled work. '' In manual operations there is only `` work. '' All work can be analyzed the same way... The unions... were craft monopolies, and membership in them was largely restricted to sons or relatives of members. They required an apprenticeship of five to seven years but had no systematic training or work study. The unions allowed nothing to be written down. There were not even blueprints or any other drawings of the work to be done. Union members were sworn to secrecy and forbidden to discuss their work with nonmembers. ( bolding added ) -- Peter Drucker, The Rise of the Knowledge Society Wilson Quarterly ( Spring 1993 ) p. 61 - 62 Taylor was a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants and director of a famous firm. In Peter Drucker 's description, Frederick W. Taylor was the first man in recorded history who deemed work deserving of systematic observation and study. On Taylor 's ' scientific management ' rests, above all, the tremendous surge of affluence in the last seventy - five years which has lifted the working masses in the developed countries well above any level recorded before, even for the well - to - do. Taylor, though the Isaac Newton ( or perhaps the Archimedes ) of the science of work, laid only first foundations, however. Not much has been added to them since -- even though he has been dead all of sixty years. Taylor 's scientific management consisted of four principles : Replace rule - of - thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. Provide `` Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker 's discrete task '' ( Montgomery 1997 : 250 ). Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. Future US Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis coined the term scientific management in the course of his argument for the Eastern Rate Case before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1910. Brandeis argued that railroads, when governed according to Taylor 's principles, did not need to raise rates to increase wages. Taylor used Brandeis 's term in the title of his monograph The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. The Eastern Rate Case propelled Taylor 's ideas to the forefront of the management agenda. Taylor wrote to Brandeis `` I have rarely seen a new movement started with such great momentum as you have given this one. '' Taylor 's approach is also often referred to as Taylor 's Principles, or, frequently disparagingly, as Taylorism. Managers and workers The idea, then, of... training ( a workman ) under a competent teacher into new working habits until he continually and habitually works in accordance with scientific laws, which have been developed by some one else, is directly antagonistic to the old idea that each workman can best regulate his own way of doing the work... the philosophy of the old management puts the entire responsibility upon the workmen, while the philosophy of the new places a great part of it upon the management. ( bolding added ) -- FW Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) p. 63 Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system : It is only through enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone. Workers were to be selected appropriately for each task. one of the very first requirements for a man who is fit to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make - up the ox than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited to what would, for him, be the grinding monotony of work of this character. Taylor believed in transferring control from workers to management. He set out to increase the distinction between mental ( planning work ) and manual labor ( executing work ). Detailed plans, specifying the job and how it was to be done, were to be formulated by management and communicated to the workers. The introduction of his system was often resented by workers and provoked numerous strikes. The strike at Watertown Arsenal led to the congressional investigation in 1912. Taylor believed the laborer was worthy of his hire, and pay was linked to productivity. His workers were able to earn substantially more than those under conventional management, and this earned him enemies among the owners of factories where scientific management was not in use. Rhetorical techniques Taylor promised to reconcile labor and capital. With the triumph of scientific management, unions would have nothing left to do, and they would have been cleansed of their most evil feature : the restriction of output. To underscore this idea, Taylor fashioned the myth that ' there has never been a strike of men working under scientific management ', trying to give it credibility by constant repetition. In similar fashion he incessantly linked his proposals to shorter hours of work, without bothering to produce evidence of `` Taylorized '' firms that reduced working hours, and he revised his famous tale of Schmidt carrying pig iron at Bethlehem Steel at least three times, obscuring some aspects of his study and stressing others, so that each successive version made Schmidt 's exertions more impressive, more voluntary and more rewarding to him than the last. Unlike ( Harrington ) Emerson, Taylor was not a charlatan, but his ideological message required the suppression of all evidence of worker 's dissent, of coercion, or of any human motives or aspirations other than those his vision of progress could encompass. Scholarly debate about increased efficiency moving pig iron at Bethlehem 's iron and Steel Debate about Taylor 's Bethlehem study of workers, particularly the stereotypical laborer named `` Schmidt '' continues to this day. One 2009 study contributes evidence of the truth of the assertions Taylor made regarding the quite substantial increase in productivity, for even the most basic task of picking up, carrying and dropping pigs of iron. Management Theory Taylor thought that by analyzing work, the `` one best way '' to do it would be found. He is most remembered for developing the stopwatch time study, which combined with Frank Gilbreth 's motion study methods, later became the field of time and motion study. He broke a job into its component parts and measured each to the hundredth of a minute. One of his most famous studies involved shovels. He noticed that workers used the same shovel for all materials. He determined that the most effective load was 211⁄2 lb, and found or designed shovels that for each material would scoop up that amount. He was generally unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied, and was dismissed from Bethlehem Iron Company / Bethlehem Steel Company. Nevertheless, Taylor was able to convince workers who used shovels and whose compensation was tied to how much they produced to adopt his advice about the optimum way to shovel by breaking the movements down into their component elements and recommending better ways to perform these movements. It was largely through the efforts of his disciples ( most notably H.L. Gantt ) that industry came to implement his ideas. Moreover, the book he wrote after parting company with the Bethlehem company, Shop Management, sold well. Relations with ASME Taylor 's own written works were designed for presentation to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ). These include Notes on Belting ( 1894 ), A Piece - Rate System ( 1895 ), Shop Management ( 1903 ), Art of Cutting Metals ( 1906 ), and The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ). Taylor was president of the ASME from 1906 to 1907. While president, he tried to implement his system into the management of the ASME but was met with much resistance. He was only able to reorganize the publications department and then only partially. He also forced out the ASME 's long - time secretary, Morris L. Cooke, and replaced him with Calvin W. Rice. His tenure as president was trouble - ridden and marked the beginning of a period of internal dissension within the ASME during the Progressive Age. In 1911, Taylor collected a number of his articles into a book - length manuscript, which he submitted to the ASME for publication. The ASME formed an ad hoc committee to review the text. The committee included Taylor allies such as James Mapes Dodge and Henry R. Towne. The committee delegated the report to the editor of the American Machinist, Leon P. Alford. Alford was a critic of the Taylor system and his report was negative. The committee modified the report slightly, but accepted Alford 's recommendation not to publish Taylor 's book. Taylor angrily withdrew the book and published Principles without ASME approval. Taylor published the trade book himself in 1912. Taylor 's influence United States One of Carl G. Barth 's speed - and - feed slide rules. A Gantt chart. Carl G. Barth helped Taylor to develop speed - and - feed - calculating slide rules to a previously unknown level of usefulness. Similar aids are still used in machine shops today. Barth became an early consultant on scientific management and later taught at Harvard. H.L. Gantt developed the Gantt chart, a visual aid for scheduling tasks and displaying the flow of work. Harrington Emerson introduced scientific management to the railroad industry, and proposed the dichotomy of staff versus line employees, with the former advising the latter. Morris Cooke adapted scientific management to educational and municipal organizations. Hugo Münsterberg created industrial psychology. Lillian Gilbreth introduced psychology to management studies. Frank Gilbreth ( husband of Lillian ) discovered scientific management while working in the construction industry, eventually developing motion studies independently of Taylor. These logically complemented Taylor 's time studies, as time and motion are two sides of the efficiency improvement coin. The two fields eventually became time and motion study. Harvard University, one of the first American universities to offer a graduate degree in business management in 1908, based its first - year curriculum on Taylor 's scientific management. Harlow S. Person, as dean of Dartmouth 's Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance, promoted the teaching of scientific management. James O. McKinsey, professor of accounting at the University of Chicago and founder of the consulting firm bearing his name, advocated budgets as a means of assuring accountability and of measuring performance. France In France, Le Chatelier translated Taylor 's work and introduced scientific management throughout government owned plants during World War I. This influenced the French theorist Henri Fayol, whose 1916 Administration Industrielle et Générale emphasized organizational structure in management. In the classic General and Industrial Management, Fayol wrote that `` Taylor 's approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the ' bottom up. ' He starts with the most elemental units of activity -- the workers ' actions -- then studies the effects of their actions on productivity, devises new methods for making them more efficient, and applies what he learns at lower levels to the hierarchy... '' He suggests that Taylor has staff analysts and advisors working with individuals at lower levels of the organization to identify the ways to improve efficiency. According to Fayol, the approach results in a `` negation of the principle of unity of command. '' Fayol criticized Taylor 's functional management in this way : In Shop Management, Taylor said ``... the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each workman, instead of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only,... receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses... these eight were ( 1 ) route clerks, ( 2 ) instruction card men, ( 3 ) cost and time clerks, ( 4 ) gang bosses, ( 5 ) speed bosses, ( 6 ) inspectors, ( 7 ) repair bosses, and the ( 8 ) shop disciplinarian. '' Fayol said that this was an unworkable situation and that Taylor must have reconciled the differences in some way not described in Taylor 's works. Around 1922 the journalist Paulette Bernège became interested in Taylor 's theories, which were popular in France in the post-war period. Bernège became the faithful disciple of the Domestic Sciences Movement that Christine Frederick had launched earlier in the United States, which Bernège adapted to French homes. Frederick had transferred the concepts of Taylorism from the factory to domestic work. These included suitable tools, rational study of movements and timing of tasks. Scientific standards for housework were derived from scientific standards for workshops, intended to streamline the work of a housewife. The Comité national de l'organisation française ( CNOF ) was founded in 1925 by a group of journalists and consulting engineers who saw Taylorism as a way to expand their client base. Founders included prominent engineers such as Henry Louis Le Châtelier and Léon Guillet. Bernège 's Institute of Housekeeping Organization participated in various congresses on the scientific organization of work that led up to the founding of the CNOF, and in 1929 led to a section in CNOF on domestic economy. Great Britain Older historical accounts used to suggest that British industry had less interest in Taylor 's teachings than in similarly - sized countries. More recent research has revealed that British engineers and managers were as interested as in other countries. This disparity was largely due to what historians have been analysing : recent research has revealed that Taylor 's practices diffused to Britain more through consultancies, in particular the Bedaux consultancy, than through institutions, as in Germany and to a lesser extent France, where a mixture was most effective. Particularly enthusiastic were the Cadbury family, Seebohm Rowntree, Oliver Sheldon and Lyndall Urwick. In addition to establishing a consultancy to implement Taylor 's system, Urwick, Orr & Partners, Urwick was also a key historian of F.W. Taylor and scientific management, publishing The Making of Scientific Management trilogy in the 1940s and The Golden Book of Management in 1956. Switzerland In Switzerland, the American Edward Albert Filene established the International Management Institute to spread information about management techniques. Lyndall Urwick was its Director until the IMI closed in 1933. Ussr In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin was very impressed by Taylorism, which he and Joseph Stalin sought to incorporate into Soviet manufacturing. Taylorism and the mass production methods of Henry Ford thus became highly influential during the early years of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, `` (... ) Frederick Taylor 's methods have never really taken root in the Soviet Union. '' The voluntaristic approach of the Stakhanovite movement in the 1930s of setting individual records was diametrically opposed to Taylor 's systematic approach and proved to be counter-productive. The stop - and - go of the production process -- workers having nothing to do at the beginning of a month and ' storming ' during illegal extra shifts at the end of the month -- which prevailed even in the 1980s had nothing to do with the successfully taylorized plants e.g., of Toyota which are characterized by continuous production processes ( heijunka ) which are continuously improved ( kaizen ). `` The easy availability of replacement labor, which allowed Taylor to choose only ' first - class men, ' was an important condition for his system 's success. '' The situation in the Soviet Union was very different. `` Because work is so unrhythmic, the rational manager will hire more workers than he would need if supplies were even in order to have enough for storming. Because of the continuing labor shortage, managers are happy to pay needed workers more than the norm, either by issuing false job orders, assigning them to higher skill grades than they deserve on merit criteria, giving them ' loose ' piece rates, or making what is supposed to be ' incentive ' pay, premia for good work, effectively part of the normal wage. As Mary Mc Auley has suggested under these circumstances piece rates are not an incentive wage, but a way of justifying giving workers whatever they ' should ' be getting, no matter what their pay is supposed to be according to the official norms. '' Taylor and his theories are also referenced ( and put to practice ) in the 1921 dystopian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. Canada In the early 1920s, the Canadian textile industry was re-organized according to scientific management principles. In 1928, workers at Canada Cotton Ltd. in Hamilton, Ontario went on strike against newly introduced Taylorist work methods. Also, Henry Gantt, who was a close associate of Taylor, re-organized the Canadian Pacific Railway. With the prevalence of US branch plants in Canada and close economic and cultural ties between the two countries, the sharing of business practices, including Taylorism, has been common. The Taylor Society and its legacy The Taylor Society was founded in 1912 by Taylor 's allies to promote his values and influence. A decade after Taylor 's death in 1915 the Taylor Society had 800 members including many leading U.S. industrialists and managers. In 1936 the Society merged with the Society of Industrial Engineers, forming the Society for Advancement of Management, which still exists today. Criticism of Taylor Many of the critiques against Taylor come from Marxists. The earliest was from Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Communist, in his Prison Notebooks ( 1937 ), where Gramsci argued that Taylorism subordinates the workers to management. He also argued that the repetitive work produced by Taylorism might actually give rise to revolutionary thoughts in workers ' minds. Harry Braverman 's work, Labor and Monopoly Capital : The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, published in 1974, was critical of scientific management and of Taylor in particular. This work pioneered the field of Labor Process Theory as well as contributing to the historiography of the workplace. Management theorist Henry Mintzberg is highly critical of Taylor 's methods. Mintzberg states that an obsession with efficiency allows measureable benefits to overshadow less quantifiable social benefits completely, and social values get left behind. Taylor 's methods have also been challenged by socialists. The arguments put forward relate to progressive defanging of workers in the workplace and the subsequent degradation of work as management, powered by capital, uses Taylor 's methods to render work repeatable, precise yet monotonous and skill - reducing. James W. Rinehart argued that Taylor 's methods of transferring control over production from workers to management, and the division of labor into simple tasks, intensified the alienation of workers that had begun with the factory system of production around the period 1870 to 1890. Tennis and golf accomplishments Taylor was an accomplished tennis and golf player. He and Clarence Clark won the inaugural United States National tennis doubles championship at Newport Casino in 1881, defeating Alexander Van Rensselaer and Arthur Newbold in straight sets. In the 1900 Summer Olympics, Taylor finished fourth in golf. Publications Books : 1903, 1911. Shop management, by Frederick Winslow Taylor... with an introduction by Henry R. Towne... New York, London, Harper & Brothers. 1911. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York and London, Harper & brothers. 1911. A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete. ( 2d ed ). New York, J. Wiley & sons. 1912. Concrete costs. New York, J. Wiley & sons. Articles, a selection : 1894. `` Notes on Belting, '' Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XV, 1893, pp. 204 -- 259. 1895. `` A Piece - rate System '' in : The adjustment of wages to efficiency ; three papers... 1903. `` Shop management, '' Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 24 : 1337 - 480 1906. `` On the Art of Cutting Metals, '' Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XXVIII, 1906, pp. 31 -- 350. References Jump up ^ `` Frederick Winslow Taylor, M.E., Sc. D. '' Frederick Taylor University. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` F.W. Taylor, Expert in Efficiency, Dies ''. New York Times. March 22, 1915. Retrieved March 14, 2008. Frederick Winslow Taylor, originator of the modern scientific management movement... Jump up ^ `` Frederick Taylor, Early Century Management Consultant ''. The Wall Street Journal. June 13, 1997. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Bedeian, Arthur G. ; Wren, Daniel A. ( Winter 2001 ). `` Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century '' ( PDF ). Organizational Dynamics. 29 ( 3 ) : 221 -- 225. doi : 10.1016 / S0090 - 2616 ( 01 ) 00022 - 5. Jump up ^ Mary Ellen Papesh ( February 14, 1998 ). `` Frederick Winslow Taylor ''. University of St. Francis. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Frederick Winslow Taylor ''. Miami University. 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Hughes, T.P. ( 1989 ). American genesis : A century of invention and technological enthusiasm, 1870 - 1970. New York : Viking. Jump up ^ Kanigel 1997 : 182 - 183,199 Jump up ^ COPLEY, FRANK BARKLEY ( 1923 ). `` FREDERICK W. TAYLOR : FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ''. p. 467. The first statement of his management methods in general he reserved for his paper A Piece - Rate System read by him at the Detroit meeting of the A.S.M.E. in June, 1895. Jump up ^ Drury, Horace Bookwalter ( 1918 ). `` Scientific management ; a history and criticism ''. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law ( edited by the faculty of political science of Columbia University ). XXII ( 1 ) : 100. Mr. Taylor has taken out about one hundred patents, his greatest invention being the discovery between 1898 and 1900, jointly with Mr. Maunsel White, of the Taylor - White process of treating tungsten steel. This invention, according to the highest authorities, has revolutionized the machine shops of the world, enabling tools to cut metal at least three times as rapidly as before. The inventors received $100,000 for the English patents alone. Fame again came to Mr. Taylor upon his publication, in 1906, of the results of the extended researches of himself and others in the art of cutting metals -- a work of genuine scientific character, and of the highest practical importance. Mr. Taylor, however, regarded as of far greater moment than all this other work his share in the discovery of the principles of scientific management. Jump up ^ `` F.W. Taylor Collection : Patents ''. S.C. Williams Library. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The High - Speed Tool - Steel Patent Decision ''. Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry. March 1909. Retrieved 9 February 2016. Jump up ^ Charles Custis Harrison ( October 8, 1906 ). `` Letter to Taylor ''. Stevens Institute of Technology Archives. Retrieved May 5, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Richard A. D'Aveni On Changing the Conversation : Tuck and the Field of Strategy ''. Tuck School of Business. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007. Jump up ^ http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL17_SP_1993_Article_02_1.pdf Jump up ^ http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL17_SP_1993_Article_02_1.pdf Jump up ^ Drucker 1974 : 181 Jump up ^ e.g. FW Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) ch 2, 63 Jump up ^ e.g. FW Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) ch 2, 83 Jump up ^ e.g. FW Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) ch 2, 59 Jump up ^ Rinehart, J.W. The Tyranny of Work, Canadian Social Problems Series, Academic Press Canada ( 1975 ), p. 44. ISBN 0 - 7747 - 3029 - 3 Jump up ^ Taylor 1911, p. 95. Jump up ^ Montgomery 1989 : 254 For the stories about Schmidt Montgomery refers to Charles D. Wrege and Amadeo G. Perroni, `` Taylor 's Pig Tale : A Historical Analysis of Frederick W. Taylor 's Pig - Iron experiments '' in : Academy of Management Journal, 17 ( March 1974 ), 6 - 27 Jump up ^ Jill R. Hough and Margaret A. White, ' Using stories to create change : The object lesson of Frederick Taylor 's `` pig - tale '' ' Journal of Management ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time There Was an Organization : Organizational Stories as Antitheses to Fairy Tales Journal of Management Inquiry March 1, 2009 18 : 15 - 25 Jump up ^ Jaffe 1957 : 34 Jump up ^ Jaffe 1957 : 36 - 40 ; Nelson 1980 : 181 - 184 Jump up ^ Lepore, Jill ( 12 October 2009 ). `` NOT SO FAST : Scientific management started as a way to work. How did it become a way of life ? ''. The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 June 2017. In 1908, Edwin Gay, a Harvard economics professor, visited Taylor in Philadelphia. Gay had been frustrated in his efforts to start a business school at Harvard : `` I am constantly being told by businessmen that we can not teach business. '' After meeting Taylor, Gay declared, `` I am convinced that there is a scientific method involved in and underlying the art of business. '' Jump up ^ Fayol, 1987, p. 43 Jump up ^ Fayol, 1987, p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Fayol, 1949, p. 68 Jump up ^ Dumont, Marie - Jeanne ( 2012 - 12 - 14 ). `` Si les femmes faisaient les maisons... '', la croisade de Paulette Bernège ``. D - Fiction ( in French ). Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ Bernège, Paulette ; Ribeill, Georges ( 1989 ). `` Le tuyau : élément essentiel de civilisation ''. Flux, numéro spécial : 59. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ Henry, Odile ( 2003 ). `` Femmes & taylorisme : la rationalisation du travail domestique ''. Agone ( in French ) ( 28 ) : 5. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ Maier, Charles S. `` Between Taylorism and Technocracy : European ideologies and the vision of industrial productivity in the 1920s. '' Journal of contemporary history 5.2 ( 1970 ) : 27 - 61. Online at JSTOR. Jump up ^ Kevin Whitston, ' The Reception of Scientific Management by British Engineers, 1890 - 1914 The Business History Review 71 ( 2 ) ( 1997 ). Online here. Jump up ^ Matthias Kipping, ' Consultancies, Institutions and the Diffusion of Taylorism in Britain, Germany and France, 1920s to 1950s ', Business History ( 1997 ) PDF from Taylor & Francis online Jump up ^ Wren, Daniel A. `` Implementing the Gantt chart in Europe and Britain : the contributions of Wallace Clark. '' Journal of Management History 21.3 ( 2015 ) : 309 - 327. Online here. Jump up ^ Charles D. Wrege, Ronald G. Greenwood, and Sakae Hata, ' The International Management Institute and Political Opposition to its Efforts in Europe, 1925 - 1934 ' Business and Economic History ( 1987 ) PDF link Jump up ^ Atta 1986 : 335 Jump up ^ Atta 1986 : 331 Jump up ^ Head 2005 : 38 - 59 Jump up ^ Atta 1986 : 329 Jump up ^ Atta 1986 : 333 Jump up ^ Rinehart, ibid, p. 43 Jump up ^ http://samnational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/SAMHistory1912-1987b.pdf Jump up ^ Percy S. Brown, ' The Works and Aims of the Taylor Society ' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ( May, 1925 ) online at JSTOR Jump up ^ Link to Society for Advancement of Management Jump up ^ Link to the Prison Notebooks here Jump up ^ Mintzberg 1989 : 333 Jump up ^ Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital : The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, 1974 Jump up ^ Rinehart, ibid, pp. 43 - 52 Jump up ^ Shop management, by Frederick Winslow Taylor first edition in Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, v. 24 1903. 1337 - 1480. Jump up ^ Taylor, Frederick Winslow ( 1911 ). `` The Principles of Scientific Management ''. New York, NY, US and London, UK : Harper & Brothers. LCCN 11010339. OCLC 233134. ( Also available from Project Gutenberg. ) Sources Atta, Don Van ( 1986 ), `` Why Is There No Taylorism in the Soviet Union ? '' in : Comparative Politics, Vol. 18, No. 3. ( Apr. 1986 ), pp. 327 -- 337 Copley, Frank Barkley, Frederick W. Taylor, Father of Scientific Management ( Harper and Brothers, 1923 ) 2 vols. online at Archive.org Head, Simon ( 2005 ), The new ruthless economy. Work and power in the digital age, Oxford University Press, Paperback Edition Drucker, Peter ( 1974 ). Management : Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. New York : Harper & Row. ISBN 1 - 4128 - 0627 - 5. Epstein, Marc J. `` Taylor, Frederick Winslow ( 1856 - 1915 ). '' In History of Accounting : An International Encyclopedia, edited by Michael Chatfield and Richard Vangermeersch. New York : Garland Publishing, 1996. pp. 579 -- 580. Fayol, H. ( 1987 ). General and industrial management : Henri Fayol 's classic revised by Irwin Gray. Belmont, CA : David S. Lake Publishers. Jaffe, William J. ( 1957 ). L.P. Alford and the Evolution of Modern Industrial Management. With an introduction by David B. Porter. New York : New York University Press. Kanigel, Robert ( 1997 ). The One Best Way : Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency. New York : Viking. ISBN 0 - 670 - 86402 - 1. Mintzberg, Henry ( ed. ) ( 1989 ). Mintzberg on Management. New York, New York : The Free Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 7319 - 7. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Montgomery, David ( 1989 ), The Fall of the House of Labor : The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865 - 1925, Cambridge University Press, Paperback edition Further reading Aitken, Hugh ( 1960 ), Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal. Scientific management in action, 1908 - 1915, Harvard UPCompara Braverman, Harry ( 1974 ) Labor and Monopoly Capital : The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century ( Monthly Review Press, New York, 1974 ) Boddy, David ( 2002 ). Management : An Introduction ( 2nd ed. ). New York : Pearson Education. ISBN 0 - 273 - 65518 - 3. Copley, Frank Barkley ( 1923 ) Frederick W. Taylor, Father of Scientific Management ( Harper and Brothers, 1923 ) 2 vols. online at Archive.org Kakar, Sudhir ( 1970 ). Frederick Taylor : a study in personality and innovation. Cambridge : University of Wisconsin Press. Kanigel, Robert ( 1997 ) The one best way : Frederick Winslow Taylor and the enigma of efficiency ( London : Little, Brown ) Nelson, Daniel ( 1970 ). Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management. Madison : MIT Press. ISBN 0 - 299 - 08160 - 5. Nelson, Daniel ( ed. ) ( 1992 ). A Mental Revolution : Scientific Management Since Taylor. Columbus : Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0567 - 4. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Weisbord, Marvin R. ( 2004 ). Productive Workplaces Revisited ( Chapter 2 : Scientific Management Revisited : A Tale of Two Taylors ; Chapter 3 : The Consulting Engineer : Taylor Invents a New Profession. ). ISBN 0 - 7879 - 7117 - 0. Primary sources Taylor, Frederick Winslow ( 1903 ). `` Shop Management ''. New York, NY, US : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. OCLC 2365572. `` Shop Management '' began as an address by Taylor to a meeting of the ASME, which published it in pamphlet form. The link here takes the reader to a 1912 republication by Harper & Brothers. Also available from Project Gutenberg. Taylor, Frederick, Scientific Management ( includes `` Shop Management '' ( 1903 ), `` The Principles of Scientific Management '' ( 1911 ) and `` Testimony Before the Special House Committee '' ( 1912 ) ), Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0 - 415 - 27983 - 6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick Winslow Taylor. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frederick Winslow Taylor Works by Frederick Winslow Taylor at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Frederick Winslow Taylor at Internet Archive Special Collections -- F.W. Taylor Collection, Stevens Institute of Technology has an extensive collection at its library Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1880 -- 1899 Robert Henry Thurston ( 1880 - 82 ) E.D. Leavitt ( 1883 - 84 ) John Edson Sweet ( 1884 - 85 ) J.F. Holloway ( 1885 - 86 ) Coleman Sellers ( 1886 - 87 ) George Herman Babcock ( 1887 - 88 ) Horace See ( 1888 - 89 ) Henry R. Towne ( 1889 - 90 ) Oberlin Smith ( 1890 - 91 ) Robert W. Hunt ( 1891 - 92 ) Charles H. Loring ( 1892 - 93 ) Eckley B. Coxe ( 1893 - 94 ) Edward F.C. Davis ( 1894 - 95 ) Charles E. Billings ( 1895 - 96 ) John Fritz ( 1896 - 97 ) Worcester R. Warner ( 1897 - 98 ) Charles Wallace Hunt ( 1898 - 99 ) George W. Melville ( 1899 - 1900 ) 1900 -- 1919 Charles H. Morgan ( 1900 - 1901 ) Samuel T. Wellman ( 1901 - 1902 ) Edwin Reynolds ( 1902 - 1903 ) James M. Dodge ( 1903 - 1904 ) Ambrose Swasey ( 1904 - 1905 ) John R. Freeman ( 1905 - 1906 ) Frederick W. Taylor ( 1906 - 1907 ) F.R. Hutton ( 1907 - 1908 ) Minard L. Holman ( 1908 - 1909 ) Jesse M. Smith ( 1909 - 1910 ) George Westinghouse ( 1910 - 11 ) Edward D. Meier ( 1911 - 12 ) Alexander C. Humphreys ( 1912 - 13 ) William F.M. Goss ( 1913 - 14 ) James Hartness ( 1914 - 15 ) John A. Brashear ( 1915 - 16 ) David S. Jacobus ( 1916 - 17 ) Ira N. Hollis ( 1917 - 18 ) Charles T. Main ( 1918 - 19 ) Mortimer E. Cooley ( 1919 - 20 ) 1920 -- 1939 Fred J. Miller ( 1920 - 21 ) Edwin S. Carman ( 1921 - 22 ) Dexter S. Kimball ( 1922 - 23 ) John L. Harrington ( 1923 - 24 ) Fred R. Low ( 1924 - 25 ) William F. Durand ( 1925 - 26 ) William L. Abbott ( 1926 - 27 ) Charles M. Schwab ( 1927 - 28 ) Alex Dow ( 1928 - 29 ) Elmer A. Sperry ( 1929 - 30 ) Charles Piez ( 1930 - 31 ) Roy V. Wright ( 1931 - 32 ) Conrad N. Lauer ( 1932 - 33 ) A.A. Potter ( 1933 - 34 ) Paul Doty ( 1934 - 35 ) Ralph E. Flanders ( 1935 - 36 ) William L. Batt ( 1936 - 37 ) James H. Herron ( 1937 - 38 ) Harvey N. Davis ( 1938 - 39 ) Alexander G. Christie ( 1939 - 40 ) 1940 -- 1959 Warren H. McBryde ( 1940 - 41 ) William A. Hanley ( 1941 - 42 ) James W. Parker ( 1942 - 43 ) Harold V. Coes ( 1943 - 44 ) Robert M. Gates ( 1944 - 45 ) Alex D. Bailey ( 1945 - 46 ) D. Robert Yarnall ( 1946 - 47 ) Eugene W. O'Brien ( 1947 - 48 ) Ervin G. Bailey ( 1948 - 49 ) James M. Todd ( 1949 - 50 ) James D. Cunningham ( 1950 - 51 ) J. Calvin Brown ( 1951 - 52 ) Reginald J.S. Pigott ( 1952 - 53 ) Frederick S. Blackall Jr. ( 1953 - 54 ) Lewis K. Sillcox ( 1954 - 55 ) David W.R. Morgan ( 1955 - 56 ) Joseph W. Barker ( 1956 - 57 ) William F. Ryan ( 1957 - 58 ) James N. Landis ( 1958 - 59 ) Glenn B. Warren ( 1959 - 60 ) 1960 -- 1979 Walker L. Cisler ( 1960 - 61 ) William H. Bryne ( 1961 - 62 ) Clifford H. Shumaker ( 1962 - 63 ) Ronald B. Smith ( 1963 - 64 ) Elmer O. Bergman ( 1964 - 65 ) Henry N. Muller ( 1965 - 66 ) James H. Harlow ( 1966 - 67 ) Louis N. Rowley Jr. ( 1967 - 68 ) George F. Habach ( 1968 - 69 ) Donald E. Marlowe ( 1969 - 70 ) Allen F. Rhodes ( 1970 - 71 ) Kenneth A. Roe ( 1971 - 72 ) Richard G. Folsom ( 1972 - 73 ) Daniel C. Drucker ( 1973 - 74 ) Richard B. Robertson ( 1974 - 75 ) Charles L. Tutt, III ( 1975 - 76 ) Earle C. Miller ( 1976 - 77 ) Stothe P. Kezios ( 1977 - 78 ) Orval L. Lewis ( 1978 - 79 ) Donald N. Zwiep ( 1979 - 80 ) 1980 -- 1999 Charles E. Jones ( 1980 - 81 ) Robert B. Gaither ( 1981 - 82 ) Serge Gratch ( 1982 - 83 ) Frank M. Scott ( 1983 - 84 ) George Kotnick ( 1984 - 85 ) Leroy S. Fletcher ( 1985 - 86 ) Nancy D. Fitzroy ( 1986 - 87 ) Richard Rosenberg ( 1987 - 88 ) Ernest L. Daman ( 1988 - 89 ) Charles O. Velzy ( 1989 - 90 ) Arthur E. Bergles ( 1990 - 91 ) Nathan H. Hurt ( 1991 - 92 ) Joseph A. Falcon ( 1992 - 93 ) John H. Fernandes ( 1993 - 94 ) Paul J. Torpey ( 1994 - 95 ) Daniel T. Koenig ( 1995 - 96 ) Richard J. Goldstein ( 1996 - 97 ) Keith B. Thayer ( 1997 - 98 ) Winfred M. Phillips ( 1998 - 99 ) Robert E. Nickell ( 1999 - 2000 ) 2000 -- present John R. Parker ( 2000 - 2001 ) William A. Weiblen ( 2001 - 2002 ) Susan H. Skemp ( 2002 - 2003 ) Reginald I. Vachon ( 2003 - 2004 ) Harry Armen ( 2004 - 2005 ) Richard E. Feigel ( 2005 - 2006 ) Terry E. Shoup ( 2006 - 2007 ) Sam Y. Zamrik ( 2007 - 2008 ) Thomas M. Barlow ( 2008 - 2009 ) Amos E. Holt ( 2009 - 2010 ) Robert T. Simmons ( 2010 - 2011 ) Victoria Rockwell ( 2011 - 2012 ) Marc Goldsmith ( 2012 - 2013 ) Madiha Kotb ( 2013 - 2014 ) J. Robert Sims ( 2014 - 2015 ) U.S. National Championships men 's doubles champions ( 1881 ) Clarence Clark / Frederick Winslow Taylor ( 1882 ) Richard Sears / James Dwight ( 1883 ) Richard Sears / James Dwight ( 1884 ) Richard Sears / James Dwight ( 1885 ) Richard Sears / Joseph Clark ( 1886 ) Richard Sears / James Dwight ( 1887 ) Richard Sears / James Dwight ( 1888 ) Oliver Campbell / Valentine Hall ( 1889 ) Henry Slocum / Howard Taylor ( 1890 ) Valentine Hall / Clarence Hobart ( 1891 ) Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington ( 1892 ) Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington ( 1893 ) Clarence Hobart / Frederick Hovey ( 1894 ) Clarence Hobart / Frederick Hovey ( 1895 ) Malcolm Greene Chace / Robert Wrenn ( 1896 ) Carr Neel / Sam Neel ( 1897 ) Leo Ware / George Sheldon ( 1898 ) Leo Ware / George Sheldon ( 1899 ) Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis ( 1900 ) Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis ( 1901 ) Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis ( 1902 ) Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty ( 1903 ) Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty ( 1904 ) Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright ( 1905 ) Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright ( 1906 ) Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright ( 1907 ) Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett ( 1908 ) Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett ( 1909 ) Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett ( 1910 ) Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett ( 1911 ) Raymond Little / Gus Touchard ( 1912 ) Maurice E. McLoughlin / Tom Bundy ( 1913 ) Maurice E. McLoughlin / Tom Bundy ( 1914 ) Maurice E. McLoughlin / Tom Bundy ( 1915 ) Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston ( 1916 ) Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston ( 1917 ) Fred Alexander / Harold Throckmorton ( 1918 ) Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden ( 1919 ) Norman Brookes / Gerald Patterson ( 1920 ) Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston ( 1921 ) Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden ( 1922 ) Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden ( 1923 ) Brian Norton / Bill Tilden ( 1924 ) Howard Kinsey / Robert Kinsey ( 1925 ) Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams ( 1926 ) Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams ( 1927 ) Francis Hunter / Bill Tilden ( 1928 ) George Lott / John F. Hennessey ( 1929 ) George Lott / Johnny Doeg ( 1930 ) George Lott / Johnny Doeg ( 1931 ) Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn ( 1932 ) Ellsworth Vines / Keith Gledhill ( 1933 ) George Lott / Lester Stoefen ( 1934 ) George Lott / Lester Stoefen ( 1935 ) Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn ( 1936 ) Don Budge / Gene Mako ( 1937 ) Gottfried von Cramm / Henner Henkel ( 1938 ) Don Budge / Gene Mako ( 1939 ) John Bromwich / Adrian Quist ( 1940 ) Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder ( 1941 ) Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder ( 1942 ) Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert ( 1943 ) Jack Kramer / Frank Parker ( 1944 ) Bob Falkenburg / Don McNeill ( 1945 ) Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert ( 1946 ) Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert ( 1947 ) Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder ( 1948 ) Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert ( 1949 ) John Bromwich / Bill Sidwell ( 1950 ) John Bromwich / Frank Sedgman ( 1951 ) Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman ( 1952 ) Mervyn Rose / Vic Seixas ( 1953 ) Rex Hartwig / Mervyn Rose ( 1954 ) Vic Seixas / Tony Trabert ( 1955 ) Kosei Kamo / Atsushi Miyagi ( 1956 ) Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall ( 1957 ) Ashley Cooper / Neale Fraser ( 1958 ) Alex Olmedo / Ham Richardson ( 1959 ) Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser ( 1960 ) Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser ( 1961 ) Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston ( 1962 ) Rafael Osuna / Antonio Palafox ( 1963 ) Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston ( 1964 ) Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston ( 1965 ) Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle ( 1966 ) Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle ( 1967 ) John Newcombe / Tony Roche BNE : XX915067 BNF : cb121549572 ( data ) GND : 11880149X ISNI : 0000 0001 1323 148X LCCN : n50008202 NDL : 00458389 NKC : jn20010420035 NLA : 35541093 SNAC : w6q81djm SUDOC : 030055806 ULAN : 500087467 VIAF : 66505279 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Winslow_Taylor&oldid=854704453 '' Categories : American industrial engineers American mechanical engineers American steel industry businesspeople 1856 births 1915 deaths American business theorists American management consultants Bethlehem Steel Motivational theories Patternmakers ( industrial ) Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Public administration scholars Quality experts Amateur golfers American male golfers American male tennis players American people of English descent Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery Deaths from pneumonia Germantown Academy alumni Golfers at the 1900 Summer Olympics Golfers from Pennsylvania Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions in men 's doubles Infectious disease deaths in Pennsylvania Members of the American Philosophical Society Olympic golfers of the United States Sportspeople from Philadelphia Phillips Exeter Academy alumni Stevens Institute of Technology alumni Tennis people from Pennsylvania Time and motion study Tuck School of Business faculty United States National champions ( tennis ) 19th - century male tennis players 19th - century American engineers 20th - century American engineers 19th - century American writers 20th - century American writers Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from October 2013 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 06 : 13 ( UTC ). 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Question: who is called the father of scientific management
Answer: Frederick Winslow Taylor