National minimum drinking age act - wikipedia National minimum drinking age act This article is about the US federal law. For other meanings, see legal drinking age. National Minimum Drinking Age Act Long title An Act to encourage a uniform minimum drinking age of 21 ; to combat drugged driving, improve law enforcement and provide incentives to the states to reduce drunk driving. Acronyms ( colloquial ) NMDAA Nicknames National Minimum Drinking Age act of 1984 Enacted by the 98th United States Congress Effective July 17, 1984 34 years ago Citations Public law 98 - 363 Statutes at Large 98 Stat. 435 aka 98 Stat. 437 Codification Titles amended 23 U.S.C. : Highways U.S.C. sections created 23 U.S.C. ch. 1 § 158 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 4616 by Glenn M. Anderson ( D -- CA ) on January 24, 1984 Committee consideration by House Public Works and Transportation Passed the House on April 30, 1984 ( passed voice vote ) Passed the Senate on June 26, 1984 ( 81 - 16, in lieu of S. Amdt. 3334 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on June 27, 1984 ( agreed unanimous consent ) Signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on July 17, 1984 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 ( 23 U.S.C. § 158 ) was passed by the United States Congress on July 17, 1984. It was a controversial bill that punished every state that allowed persons below 21 years to purchase and publicly possess alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by 10 percent. The law was later amended, lowering the penalty to 8 percent from fiscal year 2012 and beyond. Despite its name, this act did not outlaw the consumption of alcoholic beverages by those under 21 years of age, just its purchase. However, Alabama, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, and the District of Columbia extended the law into an outright ban. The minimum purchase and drinking ages is a state law, and most states still permit `` underage '' consumption of alcohol in some circumstances. In some states, no restriction on private consumption is made, while in others, consumption is only allowed in specific locations, in the presence of consenting and supervising family members, as in the states of Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The act also does not seek to criminalize alcohol consumption during religious occasions ( e.g. communion wines, Kiddush ). The act was expressly upheld as constitutional in 1987 by the United States Supreme Court in South Dakota v. Dole. Contents 1 History 2 Application on college campuses 3 Effect of the Legislation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History Legislation concerning the legal minimum drinking age in the United States can be traced back to the days of Prohibition. In 1920, the 18th amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell intoxicating liquors. This was repealed with the passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933, which was followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states, with most states electing a minimum legal drinking age ( MLDA ) of 21. Between 1970 and 1975, 29 states lowered the MLDA from 21 to 18, 19, or 20. This was primarily due to the passing of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the required voting age from 21 to 18. During the 1960s, both Congress and the state legislatures came under increasing pressure to lower the minimum voting age from 21 to 18. This was in large part due to the Vietnam War, in which many young men who were ineligible to vote ( or legally drink ) were conscripted to fight in the war, thus lacking any means to influence the people sending them off to risk their lives. `` Old enough to fight, old enough to vote, '' was a common slogan used by proponents of lowering the voting age. The slogan traced its roots to World War II, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the military draft age to 18. With the lowering of the voting age to 18, the minimum legal drinking age ( MLDA ) was similarly lowered under the notion that by being able to vote ( and for males, be subject to being involuntarily drafted into the enlisted ranks of the military ), one should also be able to legally consume alcoholic beverages. However, these changes were soon followed by studies showing an increase in motor vehicle fatalities attributable to the decreased MLDA. In response to these findings, many states raised the minimum legal drinking age to 19 ( and sometimes to 20 or 21 ). In 1984, the National Minimum Legal Drinking Act, written by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D - NJ ) and influenced by Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ), required all states to enforce a minimum legal drinking age of 21 or else risk losing 10 % of all federal highway construction funds. As the MLDA was still left to the discretion of the state, the act did not violate the 21st amendment which reserved the right to regulate alcohol for all responsibilities not specifically appointed to the federal government to the states. However, as the act controlled the distribution of anywhere from $8 million to $99 million, depending on the size of the state, the act gave a strong incentive for states to change the drinking age to 21. By 1995, all 50 states, two permanently inhabited territories, and D.C. were in compliance, but Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ( and Guam until 2010 ) remained at 18 despite them losing 10 % of federal highway funding. Professor of law Tim Jost noted that the Roberts Court ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius, though upholding South Dakota v. Dole, had serious implications for future laws that incentivize state action. The Court expressly distinguished South Dakota v. Dole, the drinking age case, because only a small portion of highway funds were at risk... There will certainly be future litigation when other federal programs are changed and all of the funding for the existing program is at risk, however. Constitutional lawyer Adam Winkler disagrees saying The health care decision on Medicaid is likely to be limited to its facts... Where a state 's budget is truly dependent on federal dollars to survive, then conditional spending offers will be called into question. The health care decision does n't purport to call into question any previous conditional spending law. And its not likely to have much impact because there 's no clear majority opinion establishing new limits. The Conservative Party of New York opposed the passage of the law in 1984. In 2001, according to the same article, New York State Assembly member Félix Ortiz introduced a bill that would lower the drinking age back to 18. He cited unfairness and difficulty with enforcement as his motivations. In 1998, the National Youth Rights Association was founded, in part, to seek to lower the drinking age back to 18. In 2004, the president of Vermont 's Middlebury College, John McCardell, Jr. wrote in The New York Times that `` the 21 - year - old drinking age is bad social policy and terrible law '' that has made the college drinking problem far worse. Groups that oppose the 21 minimum include Choose Responsibility, the Amethyst Initiative, and Students for Sensible Drug Policy. Mothers Against Drunk Driving supports the 21 law and has been the main opponent to lowering it back to 18. A key cluster of philosophical opposition to the minimum lies in the natural human need for education and experience ; young adults do not receive the opportunity to educate themselves and drink responsibly before the age of 21. A related line of thought emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms. Another cluster comes from pragmatism, emphasizing the reality that young people are unlikely to stop drinking, and point to statistics on underage drinking as a reason to institute a lower drinking age, which would provide the opportunity to help `` young people learn to make healthy and responsible choices ''. Social environmental theories are also cited ; making alcohol a forbidden fruit may encourage more dangerous drinking than would occur if the drinking age were lowered. With a lower drinking age, young people would have access to `` publicly moderated drinking environments '', rather than `` model their behavior after the excessive consumption typical of private student parties '', though the perception of excessive drinking on college campuses is often overstated. When brewing magnate Pete Coors raised the drinking age as a campaign issue during the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Colorado, Republican leaders praised his stand on states ' rights but distanced themselves from apparent self - interest. Application on college campuses College campuses across the nation continue to struggle with issues of underage drinking, despite the nationwide MLDA of 21. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA ) took special interest in this issue, and compiled a list of recommendations for colleges to implement in order to combat underage drinking on campus. However, few schools have actually implemented these recommendations, and according to a recent study, most of the intervention programs currently in place on college campuses have proven ineffective. Underage drinking is nearly impossible to prevent on college campuses because access to alcoholic beverages is extremely easy. Though it is not the only factor that contributes to student drinking, liquor 's contraband status seems to imbue it with mystique. As a result, use and abuse of liquor is seen as sophisticated and is expected. Of the colleges surveyed, 98 % offered alcohol education programs to their students. Only 50 % of surveyed colleges offered intervention programs, 33 % coordinated efforts with the surrounding community to monitor illegal alcohol sales, 15 % confirmed that surrounding establishments offered responsible beverage service training, and 7 % restricted the number of alcohol outlets within the community. Special services for `` problem drinkers '' were available at 67 % of the surveyed schools ; 22 % of the schools referred problem drinkers to off - campus resources, and 11 % offered no intervention program whatsoever. 34 % of the surveyed schools were located in communities which actively instituted compliance checks, but 60 % of these checks occurred without university involvement. One fifth of surveyed schools were all together unaware of the NIAAA 's recommendations. Many factors may explain colleges ' failure to implement the NIAAA 's recommendations to control underage drinking on campus : a lack of university funding, a lack of time, a perceived lack of authority or jurisdiction within the community, or even a lack of interest on the part of the university, many universities even see the program as a waste of resources. Whatever the reasons may be, a multitude of options are available should colleges choose to institute programs to decrease instances of underage drinking on campus. These options include, but are not limited to, alcohol education programs, social norms campaigns, substance - free housing, individual interventions, parental notification policies, disciplinary procedures for alcohol - related violations, and amnesty policies to protect the health and safety of students. Effect of the legislation hide This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( December 2015 ) The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( January 2016 ) Multiple studies have concluded that increasing the MLDA to 21 resulted in a 19 % decrease in traffic fatalities. The MLDA of 21 saves the lives of as many as 1,000 young Americans every year. A 2014 review found that the under - 21 law has reduced `` alcohol - related traffic crashes and alcohol consumption among youths '', as well as possibly protected youths from adverse health outcomes they might experience as adults, including `` alcohol and other drug dependence, adverse birth outcomes, and suicide and homicide. '' A 2016 study suggests that a higher drinking age reduces `` accidental injuries, alcohol overdoses, and injuries inflicted by others. '' However, such research is also not without considerable controversy. Several studies, including a 2011 review, were found to cast doubt on the idea that raising the drinking age to 21 actually saved lives in the long run. For example, Miron and Tetelbaum ( 2009 ) found that when the federally coerced and non-coerced states were separated out, any lifesaving effect is no longer statistically or practically significant in the coerced states, and even in the voluntary - adopting states the effect does not seem to last beyond the first year or two. They also find that the 21 drinking age appears to have only a minor impact on teen drinking. There is also some evidence that traffic deaths were merely shifted from the 18 - 20 age group to the 21 - 24 age group rather than averted. Additionally, Canada, Australia, the UK, and several other nations saw similar or faster declines in traffic fatalities than the USA did since the early 1980s despite not raising their drinking ages to 21. Thus, the magnitude of any public health and safety benefits of the 21 drinking age, at least relative to a legal drinking age of 18, remains unclear. See also Age of majority Differences in drinking laws Legal age Legal drinking age U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state Youth rights Smoking age References Jump up ^ `` Law signed to lift drinking age ''. Spokesman - Review. Spokane, Washington. ( New York Times ). July 18, 1984. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Reagan signs drinking age into law ''. Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. July 18, 1984. p. 1A. Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard ; Woolley, John T. `` Ronald Reagan : ' Remarks on Signing a National Minimum Drinking Age Bill, ' July 17, 1984 ''. The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara. Jump up ^ Title 23 of the United States Code, Highways. ( PDF file, see Section 158 ) ^ Jump up to : Toomey, Traci L. ; Nelson, Toben F. ; Lenk, Kathleen M. ( 2009 ). `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates ''. Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 965. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x. PMID 19922564. Jump up ^ http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/07/drinking-age-supreme-court-health-care.php Jump up ^ http://legallyliterate.com/federal-law-21-minimum-drinking-age/ Jump up ^ Lovett, Kenneth. `` LET KIDS START DRINKING AT 18 : BROOKLYN POL ''. New York Post, May 1, 2006. Jump up ^ The New York Times > Opinion > Op - Ed Contributor : What Your College President Did n't Tell You Jump up ^ Carpenter, Christopher ; Dobkin, Carlos ( 2011 ). `` The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health ''. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 25 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 56. doi : 10.1257 / jep. 25.2. 133. PMC 3182479. PMID 21595328. Jump up ^ Ruth C. Engs Forbidden Fruit. Vermont Quarterly, Winter 1999 : 25 & 47, 1999. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Rasul, Jawaid W. ; Rommel, Robert G. ; Jacquez, Geoffrey M. ; Fitzpatrick, Ben G. ; Ackleh, Azmy S. ; Simonsen, Neal ; Scribner, Richard A. ( 2011 ). `` Heavy Episodic Drinking on College Campuses : Does Changing the Legal Drinking Age Make a Difference ? ''. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 72 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 23. doi : 10.15288 / jsad. 2011.72. 15. Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/jun/24/20040624-121757-9276r/?page=all Jump up ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6089481/ns/politics-tom_curry/t/pivotal-colo-race-focuses-teen-drinking/ ^ Jump up to : Nelson, Toben F. ; Toomey, Traci L. ; Lenk, Kathleen M. ; Erickson, Darin J. ; Winters, Ken C. ( 2010 ). `` Implementation of NIAAA College Drinking Task Force Recommendations : How Are Colleges Doing 6 Years Later ? ''. Alcoholism : Clinical and Experimental Research. 34 ( 10 ) : 1687 -- 1693. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 0277.2010. 01268. x. Jump up ^ Smith, Michael Clay and Margaret D Smith. `` Treat Students As Adults : Set The Drinking Age At 18, Not 21. '' 2009. ebscohost.com. Web. 6 July 2013. Jump up ^ Wechsler, Henry ; Nelson, Toben F. ( June 2010 ). `` Will Increasing Alcohol Availability By Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking and Related Consequences Among Youths ? ''. American Journal of Public Health. 100 ( 6 ) : 986 -- 992. doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2009.178004. PMC 2866588. PMID 20395573. Jump up ^ McCartt, Anne T. ; Hellinga, Laurie A. ; Kirley, Bevan B. ( April 2010 ). `` The effects of minimum legal drinking age 21 laws on alcohol - related driving in the United States ''. Journal of Safety Research. 41 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 181. doi : 10.1016 / j. jsr. 2010.01. 002. Jump up ^ Treno, AJ ; Marzell, M ; Gruenewald, PJ ; Holder, H ( 2014 ). `` A review of alcohol and other drug control policy research ''. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs. Supplement. 75 Suppl 17 : 98 -- 107. doi : 10.15288 / jsads. 2014.75. 98. PMC 4453499. PMID 24565316. Jump up ^ Gruenewald, PJ ( 2011 ). `` Regulating availability : how access to alcohol affects drinking and problems in youth and adults ''. Alcohol Research & Health. 34 ( 2 ) : 248 -- 56. PMC 3860569. PMID 22330225. Jump up ^ DeJong, W ; Blanchette, J ( 2014 ). `` Case closed : research evidence on the positive public health impact of the age 21 minimum legal drinking age in the United States ''. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs. Supplement. 75 Suppl 17 : 108 -- 15. doi : 10.15288 / jsads. 2014.75. 108. PMID 24565317. Jump up ^ `` The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Morbidity in the US ''. doi : 10.1162 / rest_a_00615 #. v1we0ealsfq. Jump up ^ http://www.shsu.edu/~dpg006/politicaleconomy.pdf EVIDENCE AND EVALUATION : THE NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ACT OF 1984, Darren Grant, Sam Houston State University, 2011 Jump up ^ Males, Mike ( 2008 ). `` Should California Reconsider Its Legal Drinking Age ? '' ( PDF ). Californian Journal of Health Promotion. 6 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 11. Jump up ^ Miron, J ; Tetelbaum, E ( 2009 ). `` Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives ? ''. Economic Inquiry. 47 : 317 -- 336. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.2008. 00179. x. ^ Jump up to : Asch, Peter ; Levy, David ( 1990 ). `` Young Driver Fatalities : The Roles of Drinking Age and Drinking Experience ''. Southern Economic Journal. 57 ( 2 ) : 512 -- 520. doi : 10.2307 / 1060627. JSTOR 1060627. Jump up ^ Miron, J ; Tetelbaum, E ( 2009 ). `` Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives ? ''. Economic Inquiry. 47 : 317 -- 336. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.2008. 00179. x. Jump up ^ http://www.youthrights.org/issues/drinking-age/frequently-asked-questions/ Frequently Asked Questions, National Youth Rights Association Jump up ^ Dee, Thomas ; Evans, William ( 2001 ). `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety '' ( PDF ). American Economic Review. 91 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 96. doi : 10.1257 / aer. 91.2. 91. Jump up ^ https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/FewerYoungDrivers/iv__what_caused.htm#g.%20canadian Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers, NHTSA, DOT HS 809 348 FINAL REPORT External links Carpenter, Christopher ; Dobkin, Carlos ( 2011 ). `` The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health ''. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 25 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 56. doi : 10.1257 / jep. 25.2. 133. PMC 3182479. PMID 21595328. MLDA - 21 - dates enacted by state - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration State Profiles of Underage Drinking Laws - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Policy Information System ( APIS ) Stahl, Lesley ( February 22, 2009 ). `` Drinking Age Debate ''. 60 Minutes. CBS News. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Minimum_Drinking_Age_Act&oldid=840068023 '' Categories : 1984 in law 98th United States Congress United States federal controlled substances legislation United States federal transportation legislation Alcohol law in the United States Minimum ages Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes NPOV disputes from January 2016 All NPOV disputes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 14 : 35. About Wikipedia

Question: age 21 became the uniform legal drinking age across the us in
Answer: July 17, 1984