Muhammad of Ghor - Wikipedia Muhammad of Ghor Mu'izz ad - Din Muhammad Sultan of the Ghurid Sultanate Tomb of Muhammad of Ghor in Sohawa Tehsil, Pakistan. Reign 1173 -- 1202 ( with his brother Ghiyath al - Din Muhammad ) ; ( 1202 -- 1206 as sole ruler ) Predecessor Ghiyath ad - Din Muhammad Successor Ghor : Ghiyath ad - Din Mahmud Ghazni : Taj ad - Din Yildiz Delhi : Qutbu l - Din Aibak Bengal : Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji Multan : Nasir - ud - Din Qabacha 1149 Ghor, present - day Afghanistan March 15, 1206 Dhamiak, Jhelum District, present - day Pakistan Burial Dhamiak, Jhelum District, present - day Pakistan House Ghurid dynasty Father Baha al - Din Sam I Religion Sunni Islam Mu'izz ad - Din Muhammad Ghori ( Persian : معز الدین محمد غوری ‎ ‎ ), born Shihab ad - Din ( 1149 -- March 15, 1206 ), also known as Muhammad of Ghor, was Sultan of the Ghurid Empire along with his brother Ghiyath ad - Din Muhammad from 1173 to 1202, and as the supreme ruler of the Ghurid Empire from 1202 to 1206. Mu'izz ad - Din was one of the greatest rulers of the Ghurid dynasty, and is credited with laying the foundation of Muslim rule in South Asia, which lasted for several centuries. He reigned over a territory spanning over parts of modern - day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Mu'izz ad - Din took the city of Ghazni in 1173 to avenge the death of his ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri at the hands of Mahmud of Ghazni and used it as a launching - pad for expansion into northern India. In the meantime, he assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the Khwarazmian Empire for the lordship of Khorasan in Western Asia. In 1175, Mu'izz captured Multan from the Hamid Ludi dynasty, which was a Pashtun but were alleged to be un-Islamic on the account of their association with Ismailite Shi'iate sect and also took Uch in 1175. He also annexed the Ghaznavid principality of Lahore in 1186, the last haven of his Persianized rivals. After the death of Ghiyath in 1202, he became the successor of the Ghurid Empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206. A confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghuri leaders, and the Khwarizmi were able to take over the Ghurid Sultanate in about 1215. Though the Ghurids ' empire was short - lived and petty Ghurid states remained in power until the arrival of Timurids, Mu'izz's conquests laid the foundations of Muslim rule in India. Qutbu l - Din Aibak, a former slave ( Mamluk ) of Mu'izz, was the first Sultan of Delhi. Contents 1 Early life 2 Early campaigns 3 Invasion of India 3.1 First Battle of Tarain 3.2 Second Battle of Tarain 3.3 Further campaigns 4 War with the Khwarezmians and supreme leader of the Ghurids 5 Final days and death 6 Succession 7 Legacy 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading Early life Mu'izz ad - Din Muhammad was born in 1149 in the Ghor region of what is now Afghanistan. The exact date of his birth is unknown. His father, Baha al - Din Sam I, was the local ruler of the Ghor region at the time. Mu'izz also had an elder brother named Ghiyath al - Din Muhammad. During their early life, Mu'izz and Ghiyath were imprisoned by their uncle Ala al - Din Husayn, but were later released by the latter 's son Sayf al - Din Muhammad. When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid nobles supported Ghiyath, and helped him ascend the throne. Ghiyath shortly gave Mu'izz control over Istiyan and Kajuran. However, the throne was challenged by several Ghurid chiefs ; Mu'izz aided Ghiyath in defeating and killing a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Early campaigns Ghiyath was then challenged by his uncle Fakhr al - Din Masud, who claimed the throne for himself, and had allied with Tadj al - Din Yildiz, the Seljuq governor of Herat, and Balkh. However, the coalition was defeated by Ghiyath and Mu'izz at Ragh - i Zar. The brothers managed to kill the Seljuq governor during the battle, and then conquered Zamindawar, Badghis, Gharchistan, and Guzgan. Ghiyath, however, spared Fakhr al - Din and restored him as the ruler of Bamiyan. Mu'izz, after returning from an expedition from Sistan, was shortly awarded with Kandahar by his brother. In 1173, the two brothers invaded Ghazni, and defeated the Oghuz Turks who had captured the city from the Ghaznavids. Mu'izz was then appointed as the ruler of Ghazni. In 1175, the two brothers conquered Herat from its Seljuq governor, Baha al - Din Toghril, and also managed to conquer Pushang. The ruler of Sistan, Taj al - Din Harb ibn Muhammad, shortly acknowledged the sovereignty of the Ghurids, and so did the Oghuz Turks dominating Kirman. During the same period, the Khwarazmian Sultan Shah, who was expelled from Khwarezm by his brother Tekish, took refuge in Ghor and requested military aid from Ghiyath. Ghiyath, however, did not help the latter. Sultan Shah managed to get help from the Kara - Khitan Khanate, and began plundering the northern Ghurid domains. Invasion of India After having helped his brother in expanding the western frontiers of the Ghurid Empire, he began to focus on India. Mu'izz's campaign against the Qarmatians rulers of Multan in 1175 had ended in victory. He turned south, and led his army from Multan to Uch and then across the desert towards the Chaulukya capital of Anhilwara ( modern day Patan in Gujarat ) in 1178. On the way, Muizz suffered a defeat at the Battle of Kayadara, during his first campaign against an Indian ruler in India. Gujarat was ruled by the young Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II ; the Chaulukya forces included the armies of their feudatories such as the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhanadeva, the Jalor Chahamana ruler Kirtipala, and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha. Mu'izz's army had suffered greatly during the march across the desert, and the Chaulukyas inflicted a major defeat on him at the village of Kayadara ( near to Mount Abu, about forty miles to the north - east of Anhilwara ). The invading army suffered heavy casualties during the battle, and also in the retreat back across the desert to Multan. However, Mu'izz was able to take Peshawar and Sialkot. In 1186, Mu'izz, along with Ghiyath, ended the Ghaznavid dynasty after having captured Lahore and executed the Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau - Malik. Mu'izz shortly returned to Ghor, and along with the rulers of Bamiyan and Sistan, aided his brother Ghiyath in defeating the forces of Sultan Shah at Merv in 1190. He also annexed most of the latter 's territories in Khorasan. First battle of Tarain A sign post in Sohawa pointing towards the direction of Mu'izz's Tomb Main article : First Battle of Tarain In 1191, Mu'izz proceeded towards Indian Sub-continent through the Khyber Pass in modern - day Pakistan and was successful in reaching Punjab. Mu'izz captured a fortress, Bathinda in present - day Punjab state on the northwestern frontier of Prithvīrāj Chauhān 's kingdom. After appointing a Qazi Zia - ud - Din as governor of the fortress, he received the news that Prithviraj 's army, led by his vassal prince Govind Tai were on their way to besiege the fortress. The two armies eventually met near the town of Tarain, 14 miles from Thanesar in present - day Haryana. The battle was marked by the initial attack of mounted Mamluk archers to which Prithviraj responded by counter-attacking from three sides and thus dominating the battle. Mu'izz mortally wounded Govind Tai in personal combat and in the process was himself wounded, whereupon his army retreated and Prithvīrāj 's army was deemed victorious. Second battle of Tarain Main article : Second Battle of Tarain On his return to Ghazni, Mu'izz made preparations to avenge the defeat. According to Firishta, the Rajput army consisted of 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry, most likely a gross exaggeration. Minhaj - i - Siraj, stated Mu'izz brought 120,000 fully armored men to the battle in 1192. Prithviraj had called his banners but hoped to buy time as his banners ( other Rajputs under him or his allies ) had not arrived. Before the next day, Mu'izz attacked the Rajput army before dawn. Rajputs had a tradition of fighting from sunrise to sunset. Although they were able to quickly form formations, they suffered losses due to surprise attack before sunrise. The Rajput army was eventually defeated and Prithviraj was taken prisoner and subsequently executed. Further campaigns When the state of Ajmer failed to fulfill the tribute demands as per the custom after a defeat, Qutbu l - Din Aibak, in 1193 took over Ajmer and soon established Ghurid control in northern and central India. Hindu kingdoms like Saraswati, Samana, Kohram and Hansi were captured without any difficulty. Finally his forces advanced on Delhi, capturing it soon after the Battle of Chandwar, defeating Raja Jaichand of Kannauj. Within a year, Mu'izz controlled northern Rajasthan and the northern part of the Ganges - Yamuna Doab. The Kingdom of Ajmer was then given over to Golā, on condition that he send regular tributes to the Ghurids. Mu'izz returned west to Ghazni to deal with the threat to his western frontiers from the unrest in Iran, but he appointed Aibak as his regional governor for northern India. His armies, mostly under Turkic generals, continued to advance through northern India, raiding as far east as Bengal. followed by his conquest of Delhi. An army led by Qutbu l - Din Aibak, Mu'izz's deputy in India, invaded in ca. 1195 -- 97 and plundered Anahilapataka. War with the khwarezmians and supreme leader of the Ghurids In 1200, Tekish died, and was succeeded by Muhammad Khan ( who took the honorific name ' Ala ' al - Din ). Among the first to hear of this were Ghiyath and Mu'izz al - Din. Within weeks the two brothers had moved their armies westwards into Khorasan. Once they had captured Nishapur, Mu'izz al - Din was sent on an expedition towards Ray, but he let his troops get out of control and got little further than Gurgan, earning criticism from Ghiyath which led to the only reported quarrel between the brothers. Ghiyath died at Herat in 1202 after months of illness. Mu'izz, who had quickly returned to Ghor from India, obtained the support of Ghurid nobles, and was crowned as Sultan of the Ghurid Empire at Firuzkuh. Just after his ascension, Muhammad II invaded his domains, and besieged Herat. Mu'izz managed to repel him from Herat and then pursued him to Khwarezm, besieging Gurganj, their capital. Muhammad desperately requested aid from the Kara - Khitan Khanate, who sent an army to aid Muhammad. Mu'izz, because of the pressure from the Kara - Khitans, was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, on his way to his domains in Ghur, he was defeated at Andkhud in 1204. Mu'izz, however managed to reach Ghur, and prepared a counter-attack against the Khwarmezians and Kara - Khitans. A revolt shortly broke out in Punjab and the surrounding regions, which forced Mu'izz to make order in the region before mounting a counter-attack against his enemies. Final days and death Muhammed Ghori 's grave within his tomb near Gujar Khan, Pakistan. In 1206, Mu'izz, having settled the affairs in India, left all the affairs in India in hands of his slave Qutbu l - Din Aibak. On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan rested at Dhamiak near Sohawa ( which is near the city of Jhelum in the Punjab province of modern - day Pakistan ). He was assassinated on March 15, 1206, while offering his evening prayers by Hindu Khukrains. In Indian folklore, the death of Mu'izz was caused by Prithviraj Chauhan but this is not borne out by historical documents and Prithviraj died much earlier before the death of Mu'izz. Succession A coin of Muhammad Ghori Mu'izz had no offspring, but he treated his Turkic slaves as his sons, who were trained both as soldiers and administrators and provided with the best possible education. Many of his competent and loyal slaves rose to positions of importance in Mu'izz's army and government. When a courtier lamented that the Sultan had no male heirs, Mu'izz retorted : `` Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons ; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khuṭbah ( Friday sermon ) throughout these territories. '' Mu'izz's prediction proved true. After his assassination, his Empire was divided amongst his slaves. Most notably : Qutbu l - Din Aibak became ruler of Delhi in 1206, establishing the Sultanate of Delhi, which marked the start of the Slave dynasty. Nasir - ud - Din Qabacha became ruler of Multan in 1210. Tajuddin Yildoz became ruler of Ghazni. Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji became ruler in parts of Bengal. Legacy Pakistani military named three of its medium - range ballistic missile Ghauri - I, Ghauri - II and Ghauri - III, in the memory of Mu'izz. References ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia Iranica, Ghurids, C. Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2012, ( LINK ) Jump up ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia, C.E. Bosworth, M.S. Asimov, p. 186. ^ Jump up to : The Iranian World, C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J.A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, ( Cambridge University Press, 1968 ), 161 -- 170. ^ Jump up to : Rediscovery Of India, The : A New Subcontinent By Ansar Hussain Khan, Ansar Hussain Published by Orient Longman Limited Page 54 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, Ghaznavids, Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2007, ( LINK ) Jump up ^ Hamid Wahed Alikuzai ( 2013 ). A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes. Trafford. p. 122. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4907 - 1441 - 7. Jump up ^ Andre Wink, Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World, Vol. 2, 244. -- via Questia ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Andre Wink, Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World, Vol. 2, ( Brill, 2002 ), 143. -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma ( 1959 ). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. p. 138. ISBN 9780842606189. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh ( 1964 ). History of the Chāhamānas. N. Kishore. p. 259. OCLC 11038728. Jump up ^ Ghaznavids, C.E. Bosworth, Encyclopedia Iranica Jump up ^ Cambridge History ( Page 40 ) Jump up ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, ( ABC - CLIO, 2010 ), 263. Jump up ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals ( 1206 -- 1526 ), 25. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals ( 1206 -- 1526 ), 25. Jump up ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, 263. Jump up ^ Sharma, Gopi Nath ( 1970 ). Rajasthan Studies. Agra, India : Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. p. 201. OCLC 137196. Jump up ^ Abbasi, M. Yusuf ( 1990 ). `` The evolution of Muslim nationalism and the Pakistan Resolution ''. In Yusuf, Kaniz F. ; Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem ; Wasti, Syed Razi. Pakistan Resolution Revisited. Islamabad, Pakistan : National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. pp. 8 -- 9. ISBN 978 - 969 - 415 - 024 - 6. Jump up ^ Kaushik Roy, Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia, ( Taylor & Francis, 2013 ), 42. Jump up ^ The crescent in India : a study in medieval history -- Shripad Rama Sharma -- Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ Sailendra Nath Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization, ( New Age International, 1999 ), 327. Jump up ^ Ahmad Hasan Dani et al. History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Pub. ( 1999 ) ISBN 81 - 208 - 1409 - 6, p182 Jump up ^ Enc. Islam, article : Muhammad, Mu'izz al - Din Jump up ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, ( ABC - CLIO, 2010 ), 269. Jump up ^ Farooqui Salma Ahmed, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India : From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century, ( Dorling Kindersley Pvt., 2011 ), 53 -- 54. Jump up ^ Michel Biran, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History, ( Cambridge University Press, 2005 ), 70. Jump up ^ `` Mu'izz - al - Din Muhammad ibn Sam ( Ghurid ruler of India ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia ''. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ Prithviraj, a valorous hero par excellence, has been depicted in the lofty style which has been a source of inspiration to and influence on the North - Indian people. Krishnadatt Paliwal ( 1988 ) `` Epic ( Hindi ) '' In Datta, Amaresh ( 1988 ) The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature : Volume Two : Devraj to Jyoti, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, India, page 1178, ISBN 81 - 260 - 1194 - 7 Jump up ^ Whatever may be their arguments, one can not deny that the Prithviraj Raso remains a great piece of Hindi literature. Luṇiyā, Bhanwarlal Nathuram ( 1978 ) Life and Culture in Medieval India Kamal Prakashan, Indore, India, page 293, OCLC 641457716 Jump up ^ Kaviraj Syamaldas ( 1886 ) `` The Antiquity, Authenticity and Genuineness of the epic called the Prithviraj Rasa and commonly ascribed to Chand Bardai '' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 55, pt. 1, Jump up ^ Hoernle, A.F.R. ( April 1906 ) `` Review of Das, Syamsundar Annual Report on the search for Hindi Manuscripts ( four volumes for the years 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903 ) '' The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1906 ( 4 ) : pp. 497 -- 503, page 500 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Sep 3, 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 03 ). `` Asia Times Online : : South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan ''. Atimes.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11. Sources C. Edmund, Bosworth ( 2001 ). `` GHURIDS ''. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 5 January 2014. Bosworth, C.E. ( 1968 ). `` The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World ( A.D. 1000 -- 1217 ) ''. In Frye, R.N. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5 : The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 1 -- 202. ISBN 0 - 521 - 06936 - X. Further reading John Keay ( May 2001 ). India : A history. Grove Press ; 1 Grove Pr edition. ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0. A History of India By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Herbert Alick Stark The history of India from the earliest ages By James Talboys Wheeler Outline of Indian history By Sri Ram Sharma Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877. ( Online Copy ) Muhammad of Ghor Ghurid dynasty Preceded by Ghiyath al - Din Muhammad Sultan of the Ghurid Sultanate 1173 -- 1206 Succeeded by Ghiyath al - Din Mahmud Ghurid dynasty In Ghur ( before 879 -- 1215 ) Amir Suri Muhammad ibn Suri Abu Ali ibn Muhammad Abbas ibn Shith Muhammad ibn Abbas Qutb al - din Hasan Izz al - Din Husayn Sayf al - Din Suri Baha al - Din Sam I Ala al - Din Husayn Sayf al - Din Muhammad Ghiyath al - Din Muhammad Mu'izz al - Din Muhammad Ghiyath al - Din Mahmud Baha al - Din Sam III Ala al - Din Atsiz Ala al - Din Ali In Ghazni ( 1151 - 1152 and 1173 -- 1215 ) Ala al - Din Husayn Mu'izz al - Din Muhammad Ala al - Din Muhammad Ghiyath al - Din Mahmud Baha al - Din Sam III Ala al - Din Atsiz Ala al - Din Ali In Bamiyan ( 1152 -- 1215 ) Fakhr al - Din Masud Shams al - Din Muhammad ibn Masud Abbas ibn Muhammad Baha al - Din Sam II Jalal al - Din Ali Minor domains Ala al - Din Ali ( Nishapur, 1200 - 1204 ) Taj al - Din Zangi ( Sarakhs, 1200 - 1204 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_of_Ghor&oldid=802257754 '' Categories : Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent 1149 births 1206 deaths 12th - century Iranian people 13th - century Iranian people Ghurid dynasty Murdered Persian monarchs Assassinated Iranian people 13th - century murdered monarchs Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Persian - language text Articles with unsourced quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Português Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 00 : 27. 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Question: who was appointed by ghori as the viceroy of his indian conquests
Answer: Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori