Sodium thiopental - Wikipedia Sodium thiopental Sodium thiopental Clinical data AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category AU : D Routes of administration Intravenous ( most common ), oral or rectal ATC code N01AF03 ( WHO ) N05CA19 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : S4 ( Prescription only ) CA : Schedule IV US : Schedule III Pharmacokinetic data Biological half - life 5.5 - 26 hours Identifiers IUPAC name ( RS ) - ( 5 - ethyl - 4, 6 - dioxo - 5 - ( pentan - 2 - yl ) - 1, 4, 5, 6 - tetrahydropyrimidin - 2 - yl ) sulfanide sodium CAS Number 71 - 73 - 8 ( sodium salt ) 76 - 75 - 5 ( free acid ) PubChem CID 3000714 DrugBank DB00599 ChemSpider 2272257 UNII 49Y44QZL70 KEGG D00714 ChEBI CHEBI : 9561 ChEMBL CHEMBL738 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 896 Chemical and physical data Formula C H N Na O S Molar mass 264.32 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Chirality Racemic mixture SMILES ( Na+ ). O = C1NC ( = S ) / N = C ( / ( O - ) ) C1 ( C ( C ) CCC ) CC InChI InChI = 1S / C11H18N2O2S.Na/c1-4-6-7 ( 3 ) 11 ( 5 - 2 ) 8 ( 14 ) 12 - 10 ( 16 ) 13 - 9 ( 11 ) 15 ; / h7H, 4 - 6H2, 1 - 3H3, ( H2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ) ; / q ; + 1 / p - 1 Key : AWLILQARPMWUHA - UHFFFAOYSA - M ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal ( a trademark of Abbott Laboratories, not to be confused with pentobarbital ), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal ( also a trademark ), is a rapid - onset short - acting barbiturate general anesthetic that is an analogue of thiobarbital. Sodium thiopental was a core medicine in the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system, but was supplanted by propofol. Despite this thiopental is still listed as an acceptable alternative to propofol, depending on local availability and cost of these agents. It was previously the first of three drugs administered during most lethal injections in the United States, but the U.S. manufacturer Hospira stopped manufacturing the drug and the EU banned the export of the drug for this purpose. Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Anesthesia 1.2 Medically induced coma 1.3 Status epilepticus 1.4 Euthanasia 1.5 Lethal injection 1.6 Truth serum 1.7 Psychiatry 2 Mechanism of action 3 Controversies 4 Metabolism 5 Dosage 6 Side effects 7 Contraindications 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Uses Anesthesia Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short - acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. Its use has been largely replaced with that of propofol, but retains popularity as an induction agent for rapid sequence intubation and in obstetrics. Following intravenous injection, the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes unconsciousness within 30 -- 45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60 % of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body, and in about 5 -- 10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain that consciousness returns. A normal dose of sodium thiopental ( usually 4 -- 6 mg / kg ) given to a pregnant woman for operative delivery ( caesarian section ) rapidly makes her unconscious, but the baby in her uterus remains conscious. However, larger or repeated doses can depress the baby. Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays zero - order elimination kinetics, leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an inhaled anesthetic ( gas ) agent. Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated relatively quickly, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5 - to 26 - hour half - life, consciousness would take a long time to return. In veterinary medicine, sodium thiopental is used to induce anesthesia in animals. Since it is redistributed to fat, certain lean breeds of dogs such as sight hounds will have prolonged recoveries from sodium thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. Conversely, obese animals will have rapid recoveries, but it will be some time before it is entirely removed ( metabolized ) from their bodies. Sodium thiopental is always administered intravenously, as it can be fairly irritating ; severe tissue necrosis and sloughing can occur if it is injected incorrectly into the tissue around a vein. Sodium thiopental decreases the cardiac stroke volume, which results in a decrease in cardiac output. The decrease in cardiac output occurs in conjunction with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance, which results in hypotension. However, in comparison with propofol, the reflex tachycardia seen during states of hypotension is relatively spared ( a bradycardia is common after administration of propofol ) and therefore the observed fall in blood pressure is generally less severe. Medically induced coma In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce medical comas. It has now been superseded by drugs such as propofol because their effects wear off more quickly than thiopental. Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery, may benefit from this drug. Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity and therefore decrease the production of osmotically active metabolites, which in turn decreases swelling. Patients with significant swelling have improved outcomes following the induction of coma. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to pentobarbital in reducing intracranial pressure. This phenomenon is also called a reverse steal effect. Status epilepticus In refractory status epilepticus, thiopental may be used to terminate a seizure. Euthanasia Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of euthanasia. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by pancuronium bromide to paralyze muscles and stop breathing. Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg / kg thiopental sodium ( Nesdonal ) in a small volume ( 10 ml physiological saline ). Then, a triple dose of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug is given, such as 20 mg pancuronium bromide ( Pavulon ) or 20 mg vecuronium bromide ( Norcuron ). The muscle relaxant should be given intravenously to ensure optimal availability but pancuronium bromide may be administered intramuscularly at an increased dosage level of 40 mg. Lethal injection For more details on this topic, see Lethal injection. Along with pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride, thiopental is used in 34 states of the United States to execute prisoners by lethal injection. A very large dose is given to ensure rapid loss of consciousness. Although death usually occurs within ten minutes of the beginning of the injection process, some have been known to take longer. The use of sodium thiopental in execution protocols was challenged in court after a study in the medical journal The Lancet reported autopsies of executed inmates showed the level of thiopental in their bloodstream was insufficient to cause unconsciousness. On December 8, 2009, Ohio became the first state to use a single dose of sodium thiopental for its capital execution, following the failed use of the standard three - drug cocktail during a recent execution, due to inability to locate suitable veins. Kenneth Biros was executed using the single - drug method. Washington is now the second state in the U.S. to use the single - dose sodium thiopental injections for death penalty executions. On September 10, 2010, Cal Coburn Brown was executed. This was the first execution in the state to use a single dose, single drug injection. His death was pronounced approximately one and a half minutes after the intravenous administration of five grams of the drug. After its use for execution of Jeffrey Landrigan in the U.S., the UK introduced a ban on the export of sodium thiopental in December 2010, after it was established that no European supplies to the U.S. were being used for any other purpose. The restrictions were based on `` the European Union Torture Regulation ( including licensing of drugs used in execution by lethal injection ) ''. From 21 December 2011 the European Union extended trade restrictions to prevent the export of certain medicinal products for capital punishment, stating that `` the Union disapproves of capital punishment in all circumstances and works towards its universal abolition ''. Truth serum For more details on this topic, see Truth serum. Thiopental ( Pentothal ) is still used in some places as a truth serum to weaken the resolve of a subject and make them more compliant to pressure. The barbiturates as a class decrease higher cortical brain functioning. Some psychiatrists hypothesize that because lying is more complex than telling the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to the uncovering of the truth. The drug tends to make subjects loquacious and cooperative with interrogators ; however, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is questionable. `` Sodium pentathol '' as a truth serum has become a trope in films, comics and literature, and even appears in popular music. Psychiatry Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with phobias, and to `` facilitate the recall of painful repressed memories. '' One psychiatrist who worked with thiopental is the Dutch Professor Jan Bastiaans, who used this procedure to help relieve trauma in surviving victims of the Holocaust. Mechanism of action Main article : Barbiturate Sodium thiopental is a member of the barbiturate class of drugs, which are relatively non-selective compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of ligand - gated ion channels, of which the GABA receptor channel is one of several representatives. This superfamily of ion channels includes the neuronal nAChR channel, the 5HT3R channel, the GlyR channel and others. Surprisingly, while GABA receptor currents are increased by barbiturates ( and other general anesthetics ), ligand - gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nAChR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations of both sodium thiopental and pentobarbital. Such findings implicate ( non-GABA - ergic ) ligand - gated ion channels, e.g. the neuronal nAChR channel, in mediating some of the ( side ) effects of barbiturates. The GABA receptor is an inhibitory channel that decreases neuronal activity, and barbiturates enhance the inhibitory action of the GABA receptor. Controversies Following a shortage that led a court to delay an execution in California, a company spokesman for Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of the drug, objected to the use of thiopental in lethal injection. `` Hospira manufactures this product because it improves or saves lives, and the company markets it solely for use as indicated on the product labeling. The drug is not indicated for capital punishment and Hospira does not support its use in this procedure. '' On January 21, 2011, the company announced that it would stop production of sodium thiopental from its plant in Italy because Italian authorities could n't guarantee that exported quantities of the drug would not be used in executions. Italy was the only viable place where the company could produce sodium thiopental, leaving the United States without a supplier. Metabolism Thiopental rapidly and easily crosses the blood brain barrier as it is a lipophilic molecule. As with all lipid - soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of sodium thiopental is due almost entirely to its redistribution away from central circulation towards muscle and fat tissue, due to its very high fat : water partition coefficient ( aprx 10 ), leading to sequestration in fat tissue. Once redistributed, the free fraction in the blood is metabolized in the liver. Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to pentobarbital, 5 - ethyl - 5 - ( 1 ' - methyl - 3 ' - hydroxybutyl ) - 2 - thiobarbituric acid, and 5 - ethyl - 5 - ( 1 ' - methyl - 3 ' - carboxypropyl ) - 2 - thiobarbituric acid. Dosage The usual dose range for induction of anesthesia using thiopental is from 3 to 6 mg / kg ; however, there are many factors that can alter this. Premedication with sedatives such as benzodiazepines or clonidine will reduce requirements, as do specific disease states and other patient factors. Among patient factors are : age, sex, and lean body mass. Specific disease conditions that can alter the dose requirements of thiopentone and for that matter any other intravenous anaesthetic are : hypovolemia, burns, azotemia, hepatic failure, hypoproteinemia, etc. Side effects As with nearly all anesthetic drugs, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in hypotension, apnea and airway obstruction. For these reasons, only suitably trained medical personnel should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, agitated emergence, prolonged somnolence, and nausea. Intravenous administration of sodium thiopental is followed instantly by an odor and / or taste sensation, sometimes described as being similar to rotting onions, or to garlic. The hangover from the side effects may last up to 36 hours. Although individual molecules of thiopental contain one sulfur atom, it is not a sulfonamide, and does not show allergic reactions of sulfa / sulpha drugs. Contraindications Thiopental should be used with caution in cases of liver disease, Addison 's disease, myxedema, severe heart disease, severe hypotension, a severe breathing disorder, or a family history of porphyria. Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary edema in rats. This pulmonary edema was not mediated by cardiac failure or by pulmonary hypertension but was due to increased pulmonary vascular permeability. History Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by Ernest H. Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern, working for Abbott Laboratories. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. Ralph M. Waters in an investigation of its properties, which were short - term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia. Three months later, Dr. John S. Lundy started a clinical trial of thiopental at the Mayo Clinic at the request of Abbott. Abbott continued to make the drug until 2004, when it spun off its hospital - products division as Hospira. Thiopental is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on Pearl Harbor. These deaths, relatively soon after the drug 's introduction, were said to be due to excessive doses given to shocked trauma patients. However, recent evidence available through freedom of information legislation was reviewed in the British Journal of Anaesthesia, which has suggested that this story was grossly exaggerated. Of the 344 wounded that were admitted to the Tripler Army Hospital only 13 did not survive and it is unlikely that thiopentone overdose was responsible for more than a few of these. Thiopental is still rarely used as a recreational drug, usually stolen from veterinarians or other legitimate users of the drug ; however, more common sedatives such as benzodiazepines are usually preferred as recreational drugs, and abuse of thiopental tends to be uncommon and opportunistic. See also Pentobarbital Spirothiobarbital References Jump up ^ Russo H, Brès J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B ( 1995 ). `` Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients ''. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 127 -- 37. doi : 10.1007 / BF00192371. PMID 8751034. Jump up ^ Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ ( June 1981 ). `` Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II : Studies at cesarean section ''. Anesthesiology. 54 ( 6 ) : 474 -- 80. doi : 10.1097 / 00000542 - 198106000 - 00006. PMID 7235275. Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 16th list, March 2009 '' ( PDF ). Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization. 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General anesthetics ( N01A ) Inhalational Chloroethane ( ethyl chloride ) Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethylene Fluroxene Halothane Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitrous oxide Sevoflurane Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Xenon Injection Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Opioids Morphine Oxycodone Anileridine Embutramide Fentanyl Alfentanil Phenoperidine Remifentanil ÷ Sufentanil Arylcyclohexylamines Esketamine Ketamine Phencyclidine Tiletamine Neuroactive steroids Alfadolone Alfaxalone Hydroxydione Others Propanidid WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Hypnotics / sedatives ( N05C ) GABA Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Phenazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABA 1, 4 - 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Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g., baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7, 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5, 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7, 8 - Dihydrokavain 5, 6, 7, 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5, 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7, 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 Imepitoin JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g., ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g., 4 - O - methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g., sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ), tetronal, trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g., borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Glycine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) GlyR Agonists : β - Alanine β - ABA ( BABA ) β - AIBA Caesium D - Alanine D - Serine GABA Glycine Hypotaurine Ivermectin L - Alanine L - Proline L - Serine L - Threonine MDL - 27531 Milacemide Picolinic acid Propofol Quisqualamine Sarcosine Taurine Positive modulators : Alcohols ( e.g., brometone, chlorobutanol ( chloretone ), ethanol ( alcohol ), tert - butanol ( 2M2P ), tribromoethanol, trichloroethanol, trifluoroethanol ) Alkylbenzene sulfonate Anandamide Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Chlormethiazole D12 - 116 Dihydropyridines ( e.g., nicardipine ) Etomidate Ginseng constituents ( e.g., ginsenosides ( e.g., ginsenoside - Rf ) ) Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Ivermectin Ketamine Neuroactive steroids ( e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone ( eltanolone ), pregnenolone acetate, minaxolone, ORG - 20599 ) Nitrous oxide Penicillin G Propofol Tamoxifen Tetrahydrocannabinol Triclofos Tropeines ( e.g., atropine, bemesetron, cocaine, LY - 278584, tropisetron, zatosetron ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, desflurane, diethyl ether ( ether ), enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ), trichloroethylene ) Xenon Zinc Antagonists : 2 - Aminostrychnine 2 - Nitrostrychnine 4 - Phenyl - 4 - formyl - N - methylpiperidine αEMBTL Bicuculline Brucine Cacotheline Caffeine Colchicine Colubrine Cyanotriphenylborate Dendrobine Diaboline Endocannabinoids ( e.g., 2 - AG, anandamide ( AEA ) ) Gaboxadol ( THIP ) Gelsemine iso - THAZ Isobutyric acid Isonipecotic acid Isostrychnine Laudanosine N - Methylbicuculline N - Methylstrychnine N, N - Dimethylmuscimol Nipecotic acid Pitrazepin Pseudostrychnine Quinolines ( e.g., 4 - hydroxyquinoline, 4 - hydroxyquinoline - 3 - carboxylic acid, 5, 7 - CIQA, 7 - CIQ, 7 - TFQ, 7 - TFQA ) RU - 5135 Sinomenine Strychnine Thiocolchicoside Tutin Negative modulators : Amiloride Benzodiazepines ( e.g., bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam ) Corymine Cyanotriphenylborate Daidzein Dihydropyridines ( e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine ) Furosemide Genistein Ginkgo constituents ( e.g., bilobalide, ginkgolides ( e.g., ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, ginkgolide M ) ) Imipramine NBQX Neuroactive steroids ( e.g., 3α - androsterone sulfate, 3β - androsterone sulfate, deoxycorticosterone, DHEA sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, progesterone ) Opioids ( e.g., codeine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, levomethadone, levorphanol, morphine, oripavine, pethidine, thebaine ) Picrotoxin ( i.e., picrotin and picrotoxinin ) PMBA Riluzole Tropeines ( e.g., bemesetron, LY - 278584, tropisetron, zatosetron ) Verapamil Zinc NMDAR See here instead. Transporter ( blockers ) GlyT1 ACPPB ALX - 1393 ALX - 5407 ( NFPS ) AMG - 747 ASP2535 Bitopertin ( RG1678 / RO4917838 ) CP - 802079 Ethanol ( alcohol ) Glycyldodecylamide GSK1018921 LY - 2365109 ORG - 24598 ORG - 25935 ( SCH - 900435 ) PF - 02545920 PF - 03463275 PF - 04958242 Sarcosine SSR - 103,800 SSR - 504,734 GlyT2 Amoxapine Ethanol ( alcohol ) NAGly Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) ORG - 25543 VVZ - 368 See also Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA receptor positive modulators Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators AMPAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine ; Positive allosteric modulators : Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX - 516 CX - 546 CX - 614 Farampator ( CX - 691, ORG - 24448 ) CX - 717 CX - 1739 CX - 1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide ( HCTZ ) IDRA - 21 LY - 392098 LY - 395153 LY - 404187 LY - 451646 LY - 503430 Mibampator ( LY - 451395 ) Nooglutyl ORG - 26576 Oxiracetam PEPA PF - 04958242 Piracetam Pramiracetam S - 18986 Tulrampator ( S - 47445, CX - 1632 ) Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel ( MPQX ) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue GYKI - 52466 GYKI - 53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : Minocycline KAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Bromowillardiine 5 - Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY - 339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM - 2081 ; Positive allosteric modulators : Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LY - 382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP - 302 ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue NS - 3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDAR Agonists : Main site agonists : AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid ( L - HCA ) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine ; Glycine site agonists : β - Fluoro - D - alanine ACBD ACC ( ACPC ) ACPD AK - 51 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) B6B21 CCG D - Alanine D - Cycloserine D - Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA - 966 L - 687414 L - Alanine L - Serine Milacemide Neboglamine ( nebostinel ) Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) Sarcosine ; Polyamine site agonists : Neomycin Spermidine Spermine ; Other positive allosteric modulators : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol DHEA ( prasterone ) DHEA sulfate ( prasterone sulfate ) Epipregnanolone sulfate Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE - 718 Antagonists : Competitive antagonists : AP5 ( APV ) AP7 CGP - 37849 CGP - 39551 CGP - 39653 CGP - 40116 CGS - 19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY - 233053 LY - 235959 LY - 274614 MDL - 100453 Midafotel ( d - CPPene ) NPC - 12626 NPC - 17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ - 220581 Selfotel ; Glycine site antagonists : 4 - Cl - KYN ( AV - 101 ) 5, 7 - DCKA 7 - CKA ACC ACEA - 1011 ACEA - 1328 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) AV - 101 Carisoprodol CGP - 39653 CNQX D - Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV - 196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L - 689560 L - 701324 Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LU - 73068 MDL - 105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2 / 576 PNQX Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) ZD - 9379 ; Polyamine site antagonists : Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine ; Uncompetitive pore blockers ( mostly dizocilpine site ) : 2 - MDP 3 - HO - PCP 3 - MeO - PCE 3 - MeO - PCMo 3 - MeO - PCP 4 - MeO - PCP 8A - PDHQ 18 - MC α - Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin - 636 Arketamine ARL - 12495 ARL - 15896 - AR ARL - 16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine ( NPS - 1506 ) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD - 137889 Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol ; Ifenprodil ( NR2B ) site antagonists : Besonprodil Buphenine ( nylidrin ) CO-101244 ( PD - 174494 ) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil ( RGH - 896 ) Rislenemdaz ( CERC - 301, MK - 0657 ) Ro 8 - 4304 Ro 25 - 6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil ( CP - 101606 ) ; NR2A - selective antagonists : MPX - 004 MPX - 007 TCN - 201 TCN - 213 ; Cations : Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc ; Alcohols / volatile anesthetics / related : Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : ARR - 15896 Bumetanide Caroverine D - αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL - 12495 FR - 115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone ( MLV - 6976 ) MDL - 27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin ( saffron ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism / transport modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRs Agonists 5 - HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT - 202 ABT - 418 ABT - 560 ABT - 894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin - a AR - R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP - 4473 EVP - 6124 Galantamine GTS - 21 Ispronicline Ivermectin Levamisole Lobeline MEM - 63,908 ( RG - 3487 ) Morantel Nicotine ( tobacco ) NS - 1738 PHA - 543,613 PHA - 709,829 PNU - 120,596 PNU - 282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR - 2429 Sazetidine A SB - 206553 Sebacylcholine SIB - 1508Y SIB - 1553A SSR - 180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium ( succinylcholine ) Suxethonium ( succinyldicholine ) TC - 1698 TC - 1734 TC - 1827 TC - 2216 TC - 5214 TC - 5619 TC - 6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB - 165 Varenicline WAY - 317,538 XY - 4083 Antagonists 18 - MAC 18 - MC α - Neurotoxins ( e.g., α - bungarotoxin, α - cobratoxin, α - conotoxin, many others ) ABT - 126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) BNC - 210 Bungarotoxins ( e.g., α - bungarotoxin, κ - bungarotoxin ) Bupropion BW - A444 Candocuronium iodide ( chandonium iodide ) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine ( metocurine ) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium ( benzohexonium ) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium ( laudolissin ) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME - 18 - MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan ( racemethorphan ) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol ( racemorphan ) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate ( trimethaphan camsylate ) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_thiopental&oldid=809271295 '' Categories : General anesthetics Lethal injection components Organic sodium salts Thiobarbiturates World Health Organization essential medicines GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators AMPA receptor antagonists Glycine receptor agonists Kainate receptor antagonists Nicotinic antagonists Sedatives Hypnotics Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Articles with changed DrugBank identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 03 : 05. 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Question: what does sodium pentothal do to the body
Answer: causes unconsciousness