Simón Bolívar - wikipedia Simón Bolívar `` Bolívar '' redirects here. For other uses, see Bolívar ( disambiguation ) and Simón Bolívar ( disambiguation ). This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is de Bolívar and the second or maternal family name is Palacios. Simón Bolívar 1895 portrait by Arturo Michelena President of the Second Republic of Venezuela In office 7 August 1813 -- 16 July 1814 Preceded by Francisco de Miranda ( As President of the First Republic of Venezuela ) Succeeded by Himself President of the Third Republic of Venezuela In office October 1817 -- 24 February 1819 Preceded by Himself Succeeded by José Antonio Páez ( President of Venezuela ) 1st President of Gran Colombia In office 24 February 1819 -- 4 May 1830 Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander Succeeded by Domingo Caycedo 1st President of Bolivia In office 12 August 1825 -- 29 December 1825 Succeeded by Antonio José de Sucre 6th President of Peru In office 17 February 1824 -- 28 January 1827 Preceded by José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre - Tagle Succeeded by Andrés de Santa Cruz Personal details ( 1783 - 07 - 24 ) 24 July 1783 Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, Spanish Empire ( present - day Venezuela ) 17 December 1830 ( 1830 - 12 - 17 ) ( aged 47 ) Santa Marta, Gran Colombia ( present - day Colombia ) Nationality Venezuelan Spouse ( s ) María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa ( died on January 22, 1803 ) Signature Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad de Bolívar y Palacios ( Spanish : ( siˈmon boˈliβar ) ( listen ) ; 24 July 1783 -- 17 December 1830 ), generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador, was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule. Bolívar was born into a wealthy, aristocratic Creole family and, as was common for the heirs of upper - class families in his day, was sent to be educated abroad at a young age, arriving in Spain when he was 16 and later moving to France. While in Europe, he was introduced to the ideas of the Enlightenment, which later motivated him to overthrow the reigning Spanish in colonial South America. Taking advantage of the disorder in Spain prompted by the Peninsular War, Bolívar began his campaign for independence in 1808, appealing to the wealthy Creole population through a conservative process, and established an organized national congress within three years. Despite a number of hindrances, including the arrival of an unprecedentedly large Spanish expeditionary force, the revolutionaries eventually prevailed, culminating in the patriot victory at the Battle of Carabobo in 1821, which effectively made Venezuela an independent country. Following this triumph over the Spanish monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Latin America, Gran Colombia, of which he was president from 1819 to 1830. Through further military campaigns, he ousted Spanish rulers from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, the latter of which was named after him. He was simultaneously president of Gran Colombia ( present - day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador ) and Peru, while his second - in - command, Antonio José de Sucre, was appointed president of Bolivia. Bolívar aimed at a strong and united Spanish America able to cope not only with the threats emanating from Spain and the European Holy Alliance but also with the emerging power of the United States. At the peak of his power, Bolívar ruled over a vast territory from the Argentine border to the Caribbean Sea. Bolívar is viewed as a national icon in much of modern South America, and is considered one of the great heroes of the Hispanic independence movements of the early 19th century, along with José de San Martín, Francisco de Miranda and others. At the end of his life, Bolívar despaired of the situation in his native region, with the famous quote `` all who served the revolution have plowed the sea ''. In an address to the Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia, Bolívar stated `` Fellow citizens ! I blush to say this : Independence is the only benefit we have acquired, to the detriment of all the rest. '' Contents 1 Family history 1.1 Origin of Bolívar surname 1.2 16th century 1.3 17th century 1.4 Ancestry 2 Early life 2.1 Childhood 2.2 Youth 3 Political and military career 3.1 Venezuela and New Granada, 1807 -- 1821 3.1. 1 Prelude, 1807 -- 1810 3.1. 2 First Republic of Venezuela, 1811 -- 1812 3.1. 3 Second Republic of Venezuela ( 1813 -- 1814 ) and exile 3.1. 4 Campaigns in Venezuela, 1816 -- 1818 3.1. 5 Liberation of New Granada and Venezuela, 1819 -- 1821 3.2 Ecuador and Peru, 1822 -- 1825 3.3 Consolidation of the independence, 1825 -- 1830 3.3. 1 Republic of Bolivia 3.3. 2 Struggles inside Gran Colombia 3.3. 3 Dissolution of Gran Colombia 3.3. 4 Aftermath 4 Final months and death 5 Private life 5.1 Marriage 5.2 Affairs and lovers 6 Descriptions of Bolívar 6.1 Ducoudray Holstein 6.2 Karl Marx 7 Relatives 8 Personal beliefs 8.1 Politics 8.2 Freemasonry 9 Legacy 9.1 Political legacy 9.2 Monuments and physical legacy 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Family history The Birthplace of Simón Bolívar in Caracas, Venezuela ( now a museum ) An 18th - century portrait of Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte, the father of Simón Bolívar Origin of Bolívar surname The surname Bolívar originated with aristocrats from La Puebla de Bolívar, a small village in the Basque Country of Spain. Bolívar 's father came from the female line of the Ardanza family. His maternal grandmother was descended from families from the Canary Islands. 16th century The Bolívars settled in Venezuela in the 16th century. Bolívar 's first South American ancestor was Simón de Bolívar ( or Simon de Bolibar ; the spelling was not standardized until the 19th century ), who lived and worked in Santo Domingo ( the present - day Dominican Republic ) from 1559 to 1560 and where his son Simón de Bolívar y Castro was born. When the governor was reassigned to Venezuela by the Spanish Crown in 1569, Simón de Bolívar went with him. As an early settler in Spain 's Venezuela Province, he became prominent in the local society, and he and his descendants were granted estates, encomiendas, and positions in the local cabildo. When Caracas Cathedral was built in 1569, the Bolívar family had one of the first dedicated side chapels. The majority of the wealth of Simón de Bolívar 's descendants came from the estates. The most important was a sugar plantation with an encomienda that provided the labor needed to run the estate. Another portion of the Bolívars ' wealth came from silver, gold, and copper mines. Small gold deposits were first mined in Venezuela in 1669, leading to the discovery of much more extensive copper deposits. From his mother 's side ( the Palacios family ), Bolívar inherited the Aroa copper mines at Cocorote. Native American and African slaves provided the majority of the labor in these mines. 17th century Toward the end of the 17th century, copper mining became so prominent in Venezuela that the metal became known as cobre Caracas ( `` Caracas copper '' ). Many of the mines became the property of the Bolívar family. Bolívar 's grandfather, Juan de Bolívar y Martínez de Villegas, paid 22,000 ducats to the monastery at Santa Maria de Montserrat in 1728 for a title of nobility that had been granted by King Philip V of Spain for its maintenance. The crown never issued the patent of nobility, and so the purchase became the subject of lawsuits that were still in progress during Bolívar 's lifetime, when independence from Spain made the point moot. ( If the lawsuits had been successful, Bolívar 's older brother, Juan Vicente, would have become the Marquess of San Luis and Viscount of Cocorote. ) Bolívar ultimately devoted his personal fortune to the revolution. Having been one of the wealthiest persons within the Spanish American world at the beginning of the revolution, he died in poverty. Ancestry Bolívar 's family tree has many relatives from two branches : the Palacios family and the Bolívar family. Enrique de la Concha Arnal, a genealogist at the Instituto Venezolano de Genealogía, researched his ancestry, which can be summarized as follows : 16. Antonio Bolívar y Díaz de Rojas 8. Capitán Victoriano Bolívar Betancourt 17. Leonor Rebolledo Argumedo 4. Juan de Bolívar y Martínez de Villegas 18. Lorenzo Martínez de Villegas 9. Ana María Martínez de Villegas y Ladrón de Guevara 19. Magdalena Ladrón de Guevara y Rojas 2. Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte - Andrade 20. Jacinto Ponte - Andrade 10. Pedro Ponte - Andrade y Jaspe de Montenegro 21. María Jaspe de Montenegro 5. María Petronila Ponte - Andrade y Marín de Narváez 22. Francisco Marín de Narváez y Vílchez 11. María Josefa Marín de Narváez 23. Josefa María de Narvaéz 1. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco 24. José Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía - Sojo y Ortiz de Zárate 12. Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía - Sojo y Gedler 25. Isabel María Gedler Rivilla 6. Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía - Sojo y Gil de Arratia 26. Francisco Gil de Arratia 13. Isabel María Gil de Arratia y Aguirre - Villela 27. María Rosa Aguirre - Villela y Laya - Mojica 3. María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco 28. Mateo Blanco Infante 14. Mateo José Blanco y Fernández de Araújo 29. Josefa Fernández de Araújo y Rivilla 7. Francisca Blanco y de Herrera 30. Juan Ascencio de Herrera y Ascanio 15. Isabel Clara de Herrera y Liendo 31. Paula Rosa de Liendo y Ochoa Early life Simón Bolívar at the age of 17, in 1801 Childhood Simón Bolívar was born in a house in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, on 24 July 1783. He was baptized as Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios. His mother was María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, and his father was Colonel Don Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte. He had two older sisters and a brother : María Antonia, Juana, and Juan Vicente. Another sister, María del Carmen, died at birth. When Bolívar was an infant, he was cared for by Doña Ines Manceba de Miyares and the family 's slave, Hipólita. A couple of years later, he returned to the care of his parents, but this experience would have a major effect on his life. His father died before Bolívar 's third birthday, and his mother died when he was almost nine. After his mother 's death, Bolívar was placed in the custody of an instructor, Miguel José Sanz, but this relationship did not work out and he was sent back home. He went on to receive private lessons from the renowned professors Andrés Bello, Guillermo Pelgrón, Jose Antonio Negrete, Fernando Vides, Father Andújar, and Don Simón Rodríguez, formerly known as Simón Carreño. Don Simón Rodríguez became Bolívar 's teacher, friend and mentor. He taught him how to swim and ride horses, as well as about liberty, human rights, politics, history, and sociology. Later in life, Rodríguez was pivotal in Bolívar 's decision to start the revolution, instilling in him the ideas of liberty, enlightenment, and freedom. In the meantime, Bolívar was mostly cared for by his nurse, the slave Hipólita, whom he later called `` the only mother I have known ''. Youth When Bolívar was fourteen, Don Simón Rodríguez was forced to leave the country after being accused of involvement in a conspiracy against the Spanish government in Caracas. Bolívar then entered the military academy of the Milicias de Aragua. In 1800, he was sent to Spain to follow his military studies in Madrid, where he remained until 1802. Back in Europe in 1804, he lived in France and traveled to different countries. While in Paris, Bolívar witnessed the coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame, an event that left a profound impression on him. Even if he disagreed with the crowning, he was highly sensitive to the popular veneration inspired by the hero. Political and military career Bolívar in 1812 Main article : Military career of Simón Bolívar Venezuela and New Granada, 1807 -- 1821 Prelude, 1807 -- 1810 Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1804. After a coup on 19 April 1810, Venezuela achieved de facto independence when the Supreme Junta of Caracas was established and the colonial administrators deposed. The Supreme Junta sent a delegation to Great Britain to get British recognition and aid. This delegation presided by Bolívar also included two future Venezuelan notables Andrés Bello and Luis López Méndez. The trio met with Francisco de Miranda and persuaded him to return to his native land. First Republic of Venezuela, 1811 -- 1812 In 1811, a delegation from the Supreme Junta, also including Bolívar, and a crowd of commoners enthusiastically received Miranda in La Guaira. During the insurgence war conducted by Miranda, Bolívar was promoted to colonel and was made commandant of Puerto Cabello the following year, 1812. As Royalist Frigate Captain Domingo de Monteverde was advancing into republican territory from the west, Bolívar lost control of San Felipe Castle along with its ammunition stores on 30 June 1812. Bolívar then retreated to his estate in San Mateo. Miranda saw the republican cause as lost and signed a capitulation agreement with Monteverde on 25 July, an action that Bolívar and other revolutionary officers deemed treasonous. In one of Bolívar 's most morally dubious acts, he and others arrested Miranda and handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army at the port of La Guaira. For his apparent services to the Royalist cause, Monteverde granted Bolívar a passport, and Bolívar left for Curaçao on 27 August. It must be said, though, that Bolívar protested to the Spanish authorities about the reasons why he handled Miranda, insisting that he was not lending a service to the Crown but punishing a defector. In 1813, he was given a military command in Tunja, New Granada ( modern - day Colombia ), under the direction of the Congress of United Provinces of New Granada, which had formed out of the juntas established in 1810. Bolívar in 1816, during his stay in Haiti Second Republic of Venezuela ( 1813 -- 1814 ) and exile This was the beginning of the Admirable Campaign. On 24 May, Bolívar entered Mérida, where he was proclaimed El Libertador ( `` The Liberator '' ). This was followed by the occupation of Trujillo on 9 June. Six days later, on 15 June, Bolívar dictated his famous `` Decree of War to the Death '', allowing the killing of any Spaniard not actively supporting independence. Caracas was retaken on 6 August 1813, and Bolívar was ratified as El Libertador, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela. The following year, because of the rebellion of José Tomás Boves and the fall of the republic, Bolívar returned to New Granada, where he commanded a force for the United Provinces. His forces entered Bogotá in 1814 and recaptured the city from the dissenting republican forces of Cundinamarca. Bolívar intended to march into Cartagena and enlist the aid of local forces in order to capture the Royalist town of Santa Marta. In 1815, however, after a number of political and military disputes with the government of Cartagena, Bolívar fled to Jamaica, where he was denied support. After an assassination attempt in Jamaica, he fled to Haiti, where he was granted protection. He befriended Alexandre Pétion, the president of the newly independent country, and petitioned him for aid. `` Should I not let it be known to later generations that Alexandre Pétion is the true liberator of my country ? '' -- Simón Bolívar Campaigns in Venezuela, 1816 -- 1818 In 1816, with Haitian soldiers and vital material support, Bolívar landed in Venezuela and fulfilled his promise to Pétion to free Spanish America 's slaves on 2 June 1816. In July 1817, on a second expedition, he captured Angostura ( now Ciudad Bolívar ) after defeating the counter-attack of Miguel de la Torre. However, Venezuela remained a captaincy of Spain after the victory in 1818 by Pablo Morillo in the second battle of La Puerta. Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander during the Congress of Cúcuta, October 1821 Liberation of New Granada and Venezuela, 1819 -- 1821 On 15 February 1819, Bolívar was able to open the Second National Congress in Angostura, in which he was elected president and Francisco Antonio Zea was elected vice president. Bolívar then decided that he would first fight for the independence of New Granada, to gain resources of the vice royalty, intending later to consolidate the independence of Venezuela. The campaign for the independence of New Granada was consolidated under the auspices of Francisco Mariño y Soler with the victory at the Battle of Boyacá on 7 August 1819. Bolívar returned to Angostura, where congress passed a law forming the Republic of Greater Colombia on 17 December, making Bolívar president and Zea vice president, with Francisco de Paula Santander vice president on the New Granada side, and Juan Germán Roscio vice president on the Venezuela side. Battle of Carabobo, 24 June 1821 Morillo was left in control of Caracas and the coastal highlands. After the restoration of the Cadiz Constitution, Morillo ratified two treaties with Bolívar on 25 November 1820, calling for a six - month armistice and recognizing Bolívar as president of the republic. Bolívar and Morillo met in San Fernando de Apure on 27 November, after which Morillo left Venezuela for Spain, leaving La Torre in command. From his newly consolidated base of power, Bolívar launched outright independence campaigns in Venezuela and Ecuador. These campaigns concluded with the victory at the Battle of Carabobo, after which Bolívar triumphantly entered Caracas on 29 June 1821. On 7 September 1821, Gran Colombia ( a state covering much of modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela ) was created, with Bolívar as president and Santander as vice president. Ecuador and Peru, 1822 -- 1825 Battle of Junín, 6 August 1824 Bolívar followed with the Battle of Bombona and the Battle of Pichincha, after which he entered Quito on 16 June 1822. On 26 and 27 July 1822, Bolívar held the Guayaquil Conference with the Argentine General José de San Martín, who had received the title of `` Protector of Peruvian Freedom '' in August 1821 after partially liberating Peru from the Spanish. Thereafter, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. The Peruvian congress named him dictator of Peru on 10 February 1824, which allowed Bolívar to reorganize completely the political and military administration. Assisted by Antonio José de Sucre, Bolívar decisively defeated the Spanish cavalry at the Battle of Junín on 6 August 1824. Sucre destroyed the still numerically superior remnants of the Spanish forces at Ayacucho on 9 December 1824. Writing to United States Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in 1824, United States Consul in Peru William Tudor stated : Unfortunately for Peru, the invaders who came to proclaim liberty and independence were cruel, rapacious, unprincipled and incapable. Their mismanagement, their profligacy, and their thirst for plunder soon alienated the affections of the inhabitants. Even though Bolívar condemned the corrupt practices of the Spanish, he ordered the plundering of cities while in Peru, with some churches being stripped of their decorations. On March 19, 1824, José Gabriel Pérez wrote to Antonio José de Sucre about the orders given to him by Bolívar ; Pérez talked about `` all the ordinary and extraordinary means '' that should be applied to assure the subsistence of the patriot army. Indeed, Pérez said that Bolívar issued instructions to take from churches `` all golden and silver jewels '' in order to coin them and pay war expenditures. Days later, Bolívar himself said to Sucre that there would be a complete lack of resources, unless severe actions would be taken against `` the jewels of the churches, everywhere ''. In addition, Lieutenant Juan Pablo Santa Cruz, an associate of General Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente, illegally appropriated the livestock and goods of citizens for his own gain. Prefect of Cusco, Agustín Gamarra, used loot to present Bolívar 80 gold and 500 silver medals honoring him. Consolidation of the independence, 1825 -- 1830 Republic of Bolivia On 6 August 1825, at the Congress of Upper Peru, the `` Republic of Bolivia '' was created. Bolívar is thus one of the few people to have a country named after him. Bolívar returned to Caracas on 12 January 1827, and then back to Bogotá on 10 September to assume absolute power. He set the date of the constituent congress, 2 January 1830, as the day he would surrender power. Bolívar had great difficulties maintaining control of the vast Gran Colombia. In 1826, internal divisions sparked dissent throughout the nation, and regional uprisings erupted in Venezuela. The new South American union had revealed its fragility and appeared to be on the verge of collapse. To preserve the union, an amnesty was declared and an arrangement was reached with the Venezuelan rebels, but this increased the political dissent in neighboring New Granada. In an attempt to keep the nation together as a single entity, Bolívar called for a constitutional convention at Ocaña in March 1828. Struggles inside Gran Colombia Bolívar thought that a federation like the one founded in the United States was unworkable in the Spanish America. For this reason, and to prevent a break - up, Bolívar sought to implement a more centralist model of government in Gran Colombia, including some or all of the elements of the Bolivian constitution he had written, which included a lifetime presidency with the ability to select a successor ( although this presidency was to be held in check by an intricate system of balances ). This move was considered controversial in New Granada and was one of the reasons for the deliberations, which met from 9 April to 10 June 1828. The convention almost ended up drafting a document which would have implemented a radically federalist form of government, which would have greatly reduced the powers of a central administration. The federalist faction was able to command a majority for the draft of a new constitution which has definite federal characteristics despite its ostensibly centralist outline. Unhappy with what would be the ensuing result, pro-Bolívar delegates withdrew from the convention, leaving it moribund. Two months after the failure of this congress to write a new constitution, Bolívar was declared president - liberator in Colombia 's `` Organic Decree ''. He considered this as a temporary measure, as a means to reestablish his authority and save the republic, although it increased dissatisfaction and anger among his political opponents. An assassination attempt on 25 September 1828 failed ( in Spanish it is indeed known as the Noche Septembrina ), thanks to the help of his lover, Manuela Sáenz. Bolívar afterward described Manuela as `` Liberatrix of the Liberator ''. Dissent continued, and uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador during the next two years. Bolivar initially tried to forgive those who were considered as conspirators, members of the `` Santander '' faction. Eventually it was decided to submit them to martial justice, after which the accused of being directly involved were executed, some without having their guilt fully established. Santander, who had known in advance of the conspiracy and had not directly opposed it because of his differences with Bolivar, was exiled. After the facts, Bolivar, who suffering from tuberculosis, continued to govern in a rarefied environment, cornered by fractional disputes, and uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador during the following two years. The separatists accused him of betraying republican principles and of wanting to establish a permanent dictatorship. Gran Colombia declared war against Peru when president General La Mar invaded Guayaquil. He was later defeated by Marshall Antonio José de Sucre in the Battle of the Portete de Tarqui, 27 February 1829. Sucre was killed on 4 June 1830. General Juan José Flores wanted to separate the southern departments ( Quito, Guayaquil, and Azuay ), known as the District of Ecuador, from Gran Colombia to form an independent country and become its first President. Venezuela was proclaimed independent on 13 January 1830 and José Antonio Páez maintained the presidency of that country banishing Bolivar. Dissolution of Gran Colombia For Bolívar, Hispanic America was the fatherland. He dreamed of a united Spanish America and in the pursuit of that purpose he not only created Gran Colombia but also the Confederation of the Andes whose aim was to unite the aforementioned with Peru and Bolivia. Moreover, he promoted a network of treaties keeping the newly liberated South American countries together. Nonetheless, he was unable to control the centrifugal process which pushed outwards all directions. On 20 January 1830, as his dream fell apart, Bolívar delivered his final address to the nation, announcing that he would be stepping down from the presidency of Gran Colombia. In his speech, a distraught Bolívar urged the people to maintain the union and to be wary of the intentions of those who advocated for separation. ( At the time, `` Colombians '' referred to the people of Gran Colombia ( Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador ), not modern - day Colombia ) : `` Bogotá, 20 January 1830. Simón Bolívar Colombians ! Today I cease to govern you. I have served you for twenty years as soldier and leader. During this long period we have taken back our country, liberated three republics, fomented many civil wars, and four times I have returned to the people their omnipotence, convening personally four constitutional congresses. These services were inspired by your virtues, your courage, and your patriotism ; mine is the great privilege of having governed you. The constitutional congress convened on this day is charged by Providence with the task of giving the nation the institutions she desires, following the course of circumstances and the nature of things. Fearing that I may be regarded as an obstacle to establishing the Republic on the true base of its happiness, I personally have cast myself down from the supreme position of leadership to which your generosity had elevated me. Colombians ! I have been the victim of ignominious suspicions, with no possible way to defend the purity of my principles. The same persons who aspire to the supreme command have conspired to tear your hearts from me, attributing to me their own motives, making me seem to be the instigator of projects they themselves have conceived, representing me, finally, as aspiring to a crown which they themselves have offered on more than one occasion and which I have rejected with the indignation of the fiercest republican. Never, never, I swear to you, has it crossed my mind to aspire to a kingship that my enemies have fabricated in order to ruin me in your regard. Do not be deceived, Colombians ! My only desire has been to contribute to your freedom and to be the preservation of your peace of mind. If for this I am held guilty, I deserve your censure more than any man. Do not listen, I beg you, to the vile slander and the tawdry envy stirring up discord on all sides. Will you allow yourself to be deceived by the false accusations of my detractors ? Please do n't be foolish ! Colombians ! Gather around the constitutional congress. It represents the wisdom of the nation, the legitimate hope of the people, and the final point of reunion of the patriots. Its sovereign decrees will determine our lives, the happiness of the Republic, and the glory of Colombia. If dire circumstances should cause you to abandon it, there will be no health for the country, and you will drown in the ocean of anarchy, leaving as your children 's legacy nothing but crime, blood, and death. Fellow Countrymen ! Hear my final plea as I end my political career ; in the name of Colombia I ask you, beg you, to remain united, lest you become the assassins of the country and your own executioners. Bolívar '' Bolívar ultimately failed in his attempt to prevent the collapse of the union. Gran Colombia was dissolved later that year and was replaced by the republics of Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. Ironically, these countries were established as centralist nations, and would be governed for decades this way by leaders who, during Bolívar 's last years, had accused him of betraying republican principles and of wanting to establish a permanent dictatorship. These separatists, among them José Antonio Páez and Francisco de Paula Santander, had justified their opposition to Bolívar for this reason and publicly denounced him as a monarch. Some of them had in the past been accused of plotting against Bolívar 's life ( Santander, who governed the second centralist government of New Granada, was associated with the September Conspiracy ). José María Obando, who led the first dictatorship of New Granada, had been linked to the assassination of Antonio José de Sucre in 1830. Sucre was regarded by some as a political threat because of his popularity after he led a resounding patriot victory at the Battle of Ayacucho, ending the war against the Spanish Empire in South America. Bolívar also considered him his direct successor and had attempted to make him vice president of Gran Colombia after Francisco de Paula Santander was exiled in 1828. Aftermath For the rest of the 19th century and into the early 20th century, the political environment of Latin America was fraught with civil wars and characterized by a sociopolitical phenomenon known as caudillismo, which became very common in Venezuela, especially after 1830. According to Quiroz, caudillos were inspired by Bolívar 's centralized government ideals, since `` Bolívar crushed liberal - minded leaders and usurped constitutional power '', with some caudillos learning from Bolívar how to abuse military funds `` under the banner of patriotic heroism ''. Indeed, such struggles already existed shortly after the patriot victory over the loyalists because the former Spanish colonies created new nations that proclaimed their own autonomous states, which produced military confrontations with political conspirations that sent some of the former independence heroes into exile. Moreover, there were attempts by the Spanish monarchy to reconquer their former settlements in the Americas through expeditions that would help the remaining loyalist forces and advocates. However, the attempts generally failed in Venezuela, Perú and Mexico ; thus, the loyalist resistance forces against the republic were finally defeated. The main characteristic of caudillismo was the arrival of authoritarian but charismatic political figures who would typically rise to power in an unconventional way, often legitimizing their right to govern through undemocratic processes. These caudillos maintained their control primarily on the basis of their personalities, as well as skewed interpretations of their popularity and what constituted a majority among the masses. On his deathbed, Bolívar envisaged the emergence of countless caudillos competing for the pieces of the great nation he once dreamed about. Final months and death Sketch of Bolívar at age 47 made from life by José María Espinosa in 1830 Saying that `` all who served the revolution have plowed the sea '', Bolívar finally resigned the presidency on 27 April 1830, intending to leave the country for exile in Europe. He had already sent several crates containing his belongings and writings ahead of him to Europe, but he died before setting sail from Cartagena. On 17 December 1830, at the age of 47, Simón Bolívar died of tuberculosis in the Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino in Santa Marta, Gran Colombia ( now Colombia ). On his deathbed, Bolívar asked his aide - de-camp, General Daniel F. O'Leary, to burn the remaining extensive archive of his writings, letters, and speeches. O'Leary disobeyed the order and his writings survived, providing historians with a wealth of information about Bolívar 's liberal philosophy and thought, as well as details of his personal life, such as his long love affair with Manuela Sáenz. Shortly before her own death in 1856, Sáenz augmented this collection by giving O'Leary her own letters from Bolívar. Bolívar 's death, by Venezuelan painter Antonio Herrera Toro Bolívar 's remains were buried in the cathedral of Santa Marta. Twelve years later, in 1842, at the request of President José Antonio Páez, they were moved from Santa Marta to Caracas, where they were buried in the cathedral of Caracas together with the remains of his wife and parents. In 1876, he was moved to a monument set up for his interment at the National Pantheon of Venezuela. The Quinta near Santa Marta has been preserved as a museum with numerous references to his life. In 2010, symbolic remains of Bolívar 's later - years lover, Manuela Sáenz, were also interred in Venezuela 's National Pantheon. On January 2008, then - President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez set up a commission to investigate theories that Bolívar was the victim of an assassination. On several occasions, Chávez has claimed that Bolívar was in fact poisoned by `` New Granada traitors ''. In April 2010, infectious diseases specialist Paul Auwaerter studied records of Bolívar 's symptoms and concluded that he might have suffered from chronic arsenic poisoning, but that both acute poisoning and murder were unlikely. In July 2010, Bolívar 's body was ordered to be exhumed to advance the investigations. In July 2011, international forensics experts released their report, claiming that there was no proof of poisoning or any other unnatural cause of death. Private life Marriage Bolívar marries María Teresa del Toro in 1802. In 1799, following the early deaths of his father Juan Vicente ( dead since 1786 ) and his mother Concepción ( who died in 1792 ), Bolívar traveled to Mexico, France, and Spain, at the age of 16 years, to complete his education. While in Madrid during 1802 and after a two - year courtship, he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaiza, who was to be his only wife. She was related to the aristocratic families of the marquis del Toro of Caracas and the marquis de Inicio of Madrid. Eight months after returning to Venezuela with him, she died from yellow fever on 22 January 1803. Bolívar was so devastated by this loss that his relatives feared for his life. He swore never to marry again, a promise he kept. Many years later Bolívar would refer to the death of his wife as the turning point of his life. Indeed, in 1828, he told Luis Perú de Lacroix the following words : `` You then (... ) got married at the age of 45 ; (... ) I was not even 18 years old when I did the same, and I was not even nearly 19 years old when I was widowed ; I loved my wife a lot in Madrid, and her death made me swear not to get married again, and I kept my word. Look the way things are : if I were not widowed, my life would have maybe been different ; I would not be the General Bolívar nor the Libertador, though I agree that my temper is not suitable for being the landlord of San Mateo. '' In 1804, he traveled again to Europe in an attempt to ease his pain and began falling into a dissolute life. It was then that he met again with his old teacher Simón Rodríguez in Paris, who little by little was able to transform his acute depression into a sense of commitment towards a greater cause : the independence of Venezuela. He lived in Napoleonic France for a while and undertook the Grand Tour. During this time in Europe, Bolívar met Alexander von Humboldt in Rome. Humboldt later wrote : `` I was wrong back then, when I judged him a puerile man, incapable of realizing so grand an ambition. '' Affairs and lovers Manuela Sáenz, lover of Bolívar who rescued him from an assassination attempt It is well known that Bolívar had several love affairs during his lifetime ; most of them were ephemeral and did not last long. Some of them were during his presence in Europe, after his short marriage that ended in 1803. Historians, scholars and biographers often agree with the names of the most prominent women who stood with Bolívar, either at war or at peace : Josefina `` Pepita '' Machado, Fanny du Villars and Manuela Sáenz. Manuela Sáenz was the most important of those women, mainly because she was Bolívar 's lover in later life during his presidency in Gran Colombia, but also due the fact that she became a trustworthy confidant and advisor. Moreover, Manuela saved Bolívar 's life during the September Conspiracy of 1828, in which the Libertador was close to being killed in Bogotá. That is, Manuela managed to divert the assassins and thus gave Bolívar time to escape from his room. Bolívar and Manuela met in Quito, on June 22, 1822. They had a long - term relationship that was controversial at the time due the fact that Manuela was already married with James Thorne, although she was estranged from him since 1822 because of irreconcilable differences with her husband. Thus, Manuela was emotionally tied with Bolívar, whose death in 1830 made her try to commit suicide once she knew of the Libertador 's physical disappearance. Notwithstanding this mutual love, Bolívar and Manuela did not always have a face - to - face relationship, although they sometimes lived in the same South American cities, for example in Bogotá during his political issues in 1828. They indeed showed their romance through written correspondence. In this regard, few letters of both of them have been found, and most of those attributed by Heinz Dieterich, Carlos Álvarez Saá and a book edited by Fundación Editorial El Perro y la Rana publishing house in 2007 have been denounced as forgeries. Descriptions of Bolívar Ducoudray Holstein In his Memoirs of Simón Bolívar, Henri La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein ( who himself has been called a `` not - always - reliable and never impartial witness '' ) described the young Bolívar as he was attempting to seize power in Venezuela and New Granada in 1814 -- 1816. Ducoudray Holstein joined Bolívar and served on his staff as officer and Bolívar 's confident during this period. He describes Bolívar as a coward who repeatedly abandoned his military commission in front of the enemy, and also as a great lover of women, being accompanied at all times by two or more of his mistresses during the military operations. He would not hesitate to stop the fleet transporting the whole army and bound for Margarita Island during two days in order to wait for his mistress to join his ship. According to Ducoudray Holstein, Bolívar behaved essentially as an opportunist preferring intrigues and secret manipulation to an open fight. He was also deemed incompetent in military matters, systematically avoiding any risks and permanently anxious for his own safety. In the Diario de Bucaramanga, Bolívar 's opinion of Ducoudray is presented when Louis Peru de Lacroix asked who had been Bolívar 's aides - de-camp since he had been general ; he mentioned Charles Eloi Demarquet and Ducoudray. Bolívar confirmed the first but denied the second, saying that he had met him in 1815 and accepted his services, even admitting him to his General Staff, but `` I never trusted him enough to make him my aide - de-camp ; to the contrary, I had a very unfavorable idea of his person and his services '', and that Ducoudray 's departure after only a brief stay had been a `` real pleasure. '' Karl Marx `` Moreover a longish article on Bolívar elicited objections from Dana because, he said, it is written in a ' partisan style ', and he asked me to cite my authorities. This I can, of course, do, although it is a singular demand. As regards the ' partisan style ', it is true that I departed somewhat from the tone of a cyclopedia. To see the dastardly, most miserable and meanest of blackguards described as Napoleon I was altogether too much. Bolívar is a veritable Soulouque '' Karl Marx In an unsympathetic biography titled Bolívar y Ponte, Simón, published in the New American Cyclopedia, Karl Marx criticized much of Bolívar 's life. Marx begins by saying that Bolívar was born to a family of `` creole nobility in Venezuela '' and that similar to the `` custom of wealthy Americans of those times, at the early age of 14 he was sent to Europe ''. Throughout Marx 's piece, he explains how Bolívar abandoned his troops multiple times as well. Marx also explains how Bolívar had to be persuaded by his cousin Ribas to return to fight against the Spanish after staying at Cartagena. Marx then explains that after arriving in Caracas in 1813, Bolívar 's `` dictatorship soon proved a military anarchy, leaving the most important affairs in the hands of favorites, who squandered the finances of the country, and then resorted to odious means in order to restore them ''. At the conclusion of the biography, Marx uses Ducoudray Holstein 's description of Bolívar. According to Beddow and Thibodeaux, Marx dismissed Bolívar as a `` falsifier, deserter, conspirator, liar, coward and looter '', and a `` false liberator who merely sought to preserve the power of the old Creole nobility to which he belonged ''. Relatives Bolívar had no children, possibly because of infertility caused by having contracted measles and mumps as a child. His closest living relatives descend from his sisters and brother. One of his sisters died in infancy. His sister Juana Bolívar y Palacios married their maternal uncle, Dionisio Palacios y Blanco, and had two children, Guillermo and Benigna. Guillermo Palacios died fighting alongside his uncle Simón in the battle of La Hogaza on 2 December 1817. Benigna had two marriages, the first to Pedro Briceño Méndez and the second to Pedro Amestoy. Their great - grandchildren, Bolívar 's closest living relatives, Pedro, and Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa lived in Caracas as of 2009. His eldest sister, María Antonia, married Pablo Clemente Francia and had four children : Josefa, Anacleto, Valentina, and Pablo. María Antonia became Bolívar 's agent to deal with his properties while he served as president of Gran Colombia and she was an executrix of his will. She retired to Bolívar 's estate in Macarao, which she inherited from him. His older brother, Juan Vicente, who died in 1811 on a diplomatic mission to the United States, had three children born out of wedlock whom he recognized : Juan, Fernando Simón, and Felicia Bolívar Tinoco. Bolívar provided for the children and their mother after his brother 's death. Bolívar was especially close to Fernando and in 1822 sent him to study in the United States, where he attended the University of Virginia. In his long life, Fernando had minor participation in some of the major political events of Venezuelan history and also traveled and lived extensively throughout Europe. He had three children, Benjamín Bolívar Gauthier, Santiago Hernández Bolívar, and Claudio Bolívar Taraja. Fernando died in 1898 at the age of 88. Personal beliefs Politics Simón Bolívar was an admirer of both the American and the French Revolutions. Bolívar even enrolled his nephew, Fernando Bolívar, in a private school in Philadelphia, Germantown Academy, and paid for his education, including attendance at Thomas Jefferson 's University of Virginia. Bolívar differed, however, in political philosophy from the leaders of the revolution in the United States on two important matters. First of all, he was staunchly anti-slavery, despite coming from an area of Spanish America that relied heavily on slave labor. Second, while he was an admirer of the American independence, he did not believe that its governmental system could work in Latin America. Thus, he claimed that the governance of heterogeneous societies like Venezuela `` will require a firm hand ''. Bolívar felt that the U.S. had been established in land especially fertile for democracy. By contrast, he referred to Spanish America as having been subject to the `` triple yoke of ignorance, tyranny, and vice ''. If a republic could be established in such a land, in his mind, it would have to make some concessions in terms of liberty. This is shown when Bolívar blamed the fall of the first republic on his subordinates trying to imitate `` some ethereal republic '' and in the process, not paying attention to the gritty political reality of South America. Among the books accompanying him as he traveled were Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations, Voltaire 's Letters and, when he was writing the Bolivian constitution, Montesquieu 's The Spirit of the Laws. His Bolivian constitution placed him within the camp of what would become Latin American conservatism in the later nineteenth century. The Bolivian constitution intended to establish a lifelong presidency and a hereditary senate, essentially recreating the British unwritten constitution, as it existed at the time. Freemasonry Similarly to some others in the history of American Independence ( George Washington, Miguel Hidalgo, José de San Martín, Bernardo O'Higgins and Francisco de Miranda ), Simón Bolívar was a Freemason. He was initiated in 1803 in the Masonic Lodge Lautaro, which operated in Cádiz, Spain. It was in this lodge that he first met some of his revolutionary peers, such as José de San Martín. In May 1806 he was conferred the rank of Master Mason in the `` Scottish Mother of St. Alexander of Scotland '' in Paris. During his time in London, he frequented `` The Great American Reunion '' lodge in London, founded by Francisco de Miranda. In April 1824, Simón Bolívar was given the 33rd degree of Inspector General Honorary. Legacy Political legacy Hugo Chávez speaking with Bolívar in background. Due to the historical relevance of Bolívar as a key element during the process of independence in Hispanic America, his memory has been strongly attached to sentiments of nationalism and patriotism, being a recurrent theme of rhetoric in politics. Since the image of Bolívar became an important part to the national identities of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, his mantle is often claimed by Hispanic American politicians all across the political spectrum. In Venezuela, Bolívar left behind a militarist legacy with multiple governments utilizing the memory, image and written legacy of Bolívar as important parts of their political messages and propaganda. Bolívar disapproved of the `` party spirit '' and `` factions '' which lead to an anti-political environment in Venezuela. For much of the 1800s, Venezuela was ruled by caudillos, with six rebellions and 437 military actions occurring to take control of Venezuela between 1892 and 1900 alone. The militarist legacy was then used by the nationalist dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez and more recently the socialist political movement led by Hugo Chávez Much of the modern political movement behind the Fifth Republic of Venezuela, ruled by the Bolivarian government established by Chávez, was built on the following of Bolívar and such militaristic ideals. Monuments and physical legacy This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017 ) The nations of Bolivia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Venezuela ), and their respective currencies ( the Bolivian boliviano and the Venezuelan bolívar ), are all named after Bolívar. Additionally, most cities and towns in Venezuela are built around a main square known as Plaza Bolívar, as is the case with Bogotá. In this example, most governmental buildings and public structures are located on or around the plaza, including the National Capitol and the Palace of Justice. Busts and statues in his memory are located in the capital cities of Quito, Lima, Washington, D.C., Algiers, Paris, Sofia, Ottawa, London, Bucharest, Havana, Ankara, Teheran, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Prague, New Delhi, New Orleans, Port - au - Prince, Santo Domingo, Paramaribo, Sucre, Buenos Aires, San José, etc. Outside of Latin America, the variety of monuments to Simón Bolívar are a continuing testament to his legacy. These include statues in many capitals around the world. Several cities in Spain, especially in the Basque Country, have constructed monuments to Bolívar, including a large monument in Bilbao and a comprehensive Venezuelan government - funded museum in Bolívar, his ancestral hometown. An imposing bronze equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar at the entrance to Central Park at the Avenue of the Americas in New York City also celebrates Bolívar 's contributions to Latin America. Monuments to Bolívar 's military legacy also comprise one of Venezuelan Navy 's sail training barques, which is named after him, and the USS Simon Bolivar, a Benjamin Franklin - class fleet ballistic missile submarine which served with the U.S. Navy between 1965 and 1995. In Bogotá, the Simón Bolívar Park has hosted many concerts. In the United States, the Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston County, Texas is named for Bolívar. It is a major part of the Texas coastline. The Peninsula partially covers Galveston Bay and has a namesake ferry which goes to Galveston Island. Bolivar County, Mississippi, the town and village of Bolivar, New York and the town of Bolivar, West Virginia are also named for Bolívar. In the United Kingdom, a railway branch line in Devon operating between Totnes and Ashburton until 3 November 1958 was known locally as Bulliver. The branch had been opened in 1872, to Brunel 's seven feet and a quarter inch broad gauge, to be converted to standard gauge in 1892. The name Bulliver was said to have been given by a local wit, assuming that Simón Bolívar had been not a South American political figure but one of the Spanish world seafarers. The branch was just 8.5 miles ( 13.7 km ) long. Today, the section from Totnes to Buckfastleigh ( Staverton being the only other intermediate station ) is operated as a heritage line by the South Devon Railway. Monuments Simón Bolívar Memorial Monument, standing in Santa Marta ( Colombia ) at the Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino Statue of Bolívar in Plaza Bolívar in Caracas by Adamo Tadolini Simón Bolívar 's statue in Paris A monument in honor of Simón Bolívar in Sofia, Bulgaria Statue of Simón Bolívar in Lisbon, Portugal. Statue of Simón Bolívar in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. Statue of Simón Bolívar in Bucharest, Romania. In Popular culture Bolívar has been depicted or mentioned in countless works of literature, film, and other media, and continues to be a part of the popular culture in many countries. He is the central character in Gabriel García Márquez 's 1989 novel The General in His Labyrinth, in which he is portrayed in a less heroic but more humane manner than in most other parts of his legacy. Bolívar 's life was also the basis of the 2013 film Libertador, starring Édgar Ramírez and directed by Alberto Arvelo. See also Spanish American wars of independence portal Venezuela portal Politics portal Biography portal Bolivarian Revolution Bolivarianism General Louis Peru de Lacroix, a biographer of Bolívar who served as one of his generals The General in His Labyrinth ( 1989 ) by Gabriel García Márquez, a fictionalized account of Bolívar 's last days Toussaint Louverture Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Francisco de Miranda José de San Martín Alexandre Pétion Simón Bolívar ( Talacca ), Houston, Texas Notes Jump up ^ `` Por las venas del libertador corría sangre guanche, en efecto, su abuela materna, doña Francisca Blanco de Herrera, descendía de san martines, era nieta de Juana Gutiérrez, de `` nación guanche '', y procedía además de otras familias canarias establecidas en Venezuela, tales como las de Blanco, Ponte, Herrera, Saavedra, Peraza, Ascanio y Guerra '' ( `` Through the Liberator 's veins ran Guanche blood. In fact his maternal grandmother, Francisca Blanco de Herrera, was a descendant of the original Canarian people, as she was the granddaughter of Juana Gutiérrez, of `` the Guanche nation '', and also came from other Canarian families established in Venezuela, such as Blanco, Ponte, Herrera, Saavedra, Peraza, Ascanio and Guerra. `` ). Hernández García, Julio : Book `` Canarias -- América : El orgullo de ser canario en América '' ( Canarias -- America : The pride of being a Canario in America ). First edition, 1989. Historia Popular de Canarias ( Popular History of the Canary Islands ). References ^ Jump up to : Arismendi Posada 1983, p. 9. Jump up ^ In isolation, Simón is pronounced ( siˈmon ), and that is the pronunciation in the recording. Jump up ^ El Libertador : Writings of Simón Bolívar, ed. David Bushnell. New York : Oxford University Press 2003. Jump up ^ ed, Thomas Riggs, ( 2013 ). The literature of propaganda. Detroit ( u.a. ) : St. James Press. pp. 153 -- 55. ISBN 9781558628595. ^ Jump up to : Arana, M., 2013, Bolivar, New York : Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9781439110195 Jump up ^ quoted in Jeremy Adelman, `` Independence in Latin America '' in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History, José C. Moya, ed. New York : Oxford University Press 2011, p. 153. Jump up ^ Museo Simon Bolivar, Cenarruza - Puebla de Bolívar, Spain. Jump up ^ `` Simón Bolívar ''. geneall.net. Jump up ^ `` LatinAmericanHistory.about.com ''. LatinAmericanHistory.about.com. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ Slatta & de Grummond 2003, pp. 10 -- 11. Jump up ^ Masur 1969, pp. 21 -- 22. Jump up ^ Thornton 1998, p. 277. Jump up ^ Concha Arnal, Enrique de la ( 2014 ). Árbol Genealógico del Libertador Simón Bolívar y Palacios. Caracas : Instituto Venezolano de Genealogía. ^ Jump up to : Arismendi Posada 1983, p. 10. Jump up ^ Lynch 2007, p. 16. Jump up ^ Crow ( 1992 : 431 ). Jump up ^ Masur ( 1969 ), 98 -- 102 ; and Lynch, Bolívar : A Life, 60 -- 63. Jump up ^ `` Octagon Museum - Curaçao Art ''. ^ Jump up to : Bushnell, David. The Liberator, Simón Bolívar. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. Print. Jump up ^ Simón Bolívar has been indirectly saved his French friend Benoît Chassériau who 10 December 1815 a few hours before the assassination attempt, visited him and gave him money to seek alternative accommodation. Thus, the Liberator left the room where José Antonio Páez had slept for several nights and depended on the guesthouse Rafael Pisce at the corner of Prince and White streets. The same night, Pio the servant of Bolivar and Paez plunged his murderous knife into the neck of Captain Felix Amestoy, thinking it was the Liberator. References : 1 ) in ' Bolívar y los emigrados patriotas en el Caribe ( Trinidad, Curazao, San Thomas, Jamaica, Haití ) ' -- By Paul Verna -- Edition INCE, 1983 ; 2 ) in ' Simón Bolívar : Ensayo de interpretación biográfica a través de sus documentos ' -- By Tomás Polanco Alcántara -- Edition Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1994. p. 505 ; 3 ) in ' Petión y Bolívar : una etapa decisiva en la emancipación de Hispanoamérica, 1790 -- 1830 ' -- Colección Bicentenario -- By Paul Verna -- Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, 1980. p. 131 Jump up ^ Robert, Pascal, ed. ( 1982 ). `` U.S. Owes Haitian Gratitude, Not Abuse ''. The Crisis. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Jump up ^ Allen, Alexander, ed. ( 9 July 2013 ). `` The Importance of Haiti ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Jump up ^ Batallas de Venezuela : 1810 -- 1824. p. 124. Edgar Esteves González ^ Jump up to : Quiroz, Alfonso W. ( 2008 ). Corrupt Circles : A History of Unbound Graft in Peru ( 1 ed. ). Washington, D.C. : Woodrow Wilson Center Press. pp. 88 -- 91. ISBN 9780801891281. Jump up ^ Rumazo González ( 2006 ), p. 151. Jump up ^ Letter from José Gabriel Pérez to Antonio José de Sucre. Trujillo, March 19, 1824. Archivo del Libertador, Document 9135. Jump up ^ Letter from Simón Bolívar to Antonio José de Sucre. Trujillo, March 21, 1824. Archivo del Libertador, Document 9151. Jump up ^ Petre 1910, p. 381 -- 82. ^ Jump up to : Bushnell, David ( 1954 ) The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia Jump up ^ Monroy, Ramón Rocha ( June 5, 2009 ). `` Ultimas cartas de Sucre '' ( in Spanish ). Bolpress. Jump up ^ Fornoff, Frederick. El Libertador : Writings of Simon Bolivar. Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 143. `` Writings of Simon Bolivar '' Jump up ^ Harvey, Robert. `` Bolivar : The Liberator of Latin America ''. Skyhorse, 2013, Ch. 24 `` Bolivar : The Liberator of Latin America '' Jump up ^ Cardoza Sáez, Ebert ( 2015 ). `` El caudillismo y militarismo en Venezuela. Orígenes, conceptualización y consecuencias ''. Procesos Históricos ( 28 ). ISSN 1690 - 4818. Jump up ^ `` Triunfo de la Independencia ''. pares.mcu.es ( in Spanish ). 2015 - 12 - 04. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Resistencias e intentos de reconquista ''. pares.mcu.es ( in Spanish ). 2015 - 12 - 04. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15. ^ Jump up to : Bolívar, Simón ( 1983 ). Hope of the universe ( print ed. ). Paris : UNESCO. Jump up ^ Arismendi Posada 1983, p. 19. Jump up ^ Simón Bolívar entry on Find a Grave.com. Jump up ^ BBC, Grant & 5 July 2010. Jump up ^ Forero, Juan ( 23 February 2008 ). `` Chávez, Assailed on Many Fronts, Is Riveted by 19th - Century Idol ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bolivar and Chavez a Worthy Comparison ''. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 11 August 2011. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Doctors Reconsider Health and Death of ' El Libertador, ' General Who Freed South America ''. Science Daily. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010. Jump up ^ Allen, Nick ( 7 May 2010 ). `` Simon Bolivar died of arsenic poisoning ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 July 2010. Jump up ^ James, Ian ( 16 July 2010 ). `` Venezuela opens Bolivar 's tomb to examine remains ''. MSNBC. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010. Jump up ^ Girish Gupta ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ). `` Venezuela unable to determine cause of Bolivar 's death ''. CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29. Jump up ^ Lacroix ( 2009 ), p. 73. Jump up ^ Lynch 2006. Jump up ^ Masur ( 1948 ), pp. 430 -- 33. Jump up ^ Lovera De-Sola, R.J. ( 2011 - 07 - 02 ). `` Manuelita Sáenz Apócrifa ''. www.arteenlared.com ( in Spanish ). Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29. Jump up ^ Slatta, Richard W. Simón Bolívar 's Quest for Glory. Texas A&M University Press, 2003. Print. Jump up ^ Peru de Lacroix, Luis ( 2009 ). Diario de Bucaramanga ( PDF ) ( print ed. ). Caracas : Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information. ^ Jump up to : Marx, Karl ( 1858 ). `` Bolivar y Ponte ''. marxists.org. Retrieved 18 August 2010. First published in the New American Cyclopedia, Vol. III, 1858. Jump up ^ Marx, Karl. `` Bolivar y Ponte ''. www.marxists.org. Jump up ^ Beddow, D. Méndez ; Thibodeaux, Sam J. ( 2010 ). Gangrillas : the unspoken pros and cons of legalizing drugs. ( U.S. ) : Trafford On Demand Pub. p. 29. ISBN 1426948468. Jump up ^ De-Sola Ricardo, Irma, `` Bolívar Palacios, Juana '' in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, Vol. 1. Caracas : Fundación Polar, 1999. ISBN 978 - 980 - 6397 - 37 - 8 also reproduced in Simón Bolívar.org, Biografías Familiares de Simón Bolívar Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. at Simón Bolívar, el hombre. `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ De-Sola Ricardo, Irma, `` Bolívar Palacios, María Antonia '' in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, Vol. 1. reproduced in Simón Bolívar.org, Biografías Familiares de Simón Bolíbar Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ Fuentes Carvallo, Rafael, `` Bolívar, Fernando Simón '' in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, Vol. 1. reproduced in ( 1 ) Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ Bushnell & Langley 2008. Jump up ^ Bushnell & Langley 2008, p. 100. Jump up ^ Bushnell & Langley 2008, p. 136. Jump up ^ Lynch 2006, p. 33. Jump up ^ Martinez, Carlos Antonio Jr. `` Simon Bolivar, Liberator & Freemason ''. Masons of California. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 23. ^ Jump up to : Uzcategui, Rafael ( 2012 ). Venezuela : Revolution as Spectacle. See Sharp Press. pp. 142 -- 149. ISBN 9781937276164. ^ Jump up to : Carrera Damas, Germán ( 2006 ). Mitos políticos en las sociedades andinas : Orígenes, invenciones, ficciones. Miranda : Equinoccio. p. 398. ISBN 9789802372416. ^ Jump up to : Block, Elena ( 2015 ). Political Communication and Leadership : Mimetisation, Hugo Chavez and the Construction of Power and Identity. Routledge. pp. 74 -- 91. ISBN 9781317439578. Jump up ^ Martin, Stephen ( 5 October 2009 ). `` Hugo Chavez presents Simon Bolivar ''. VenezuelAnalysis. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09. Halvorssen, Thor ( 25 July 2010 ). `` Behind exhumation of Simon Bolivar is Hugo Chavez 's warped obsession ''. The Washington Post. Jump up ^ `` Central Park Monuments -- Simon Bolivar Monument : NYC Parks ''. Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05. Cited sources Arismendi Posada, Ignacio ( 1983 ). Gobernantes Colombianos ( Colombian Presidents ) ( second ed. ). Bogotá, Colombia : Interprint Editors Ltd. ; Italgraf. Bushnell, David ; Langley, Lester D. ( 2008 ). Simón Bolívar : Essays on the Life and Legacy of the Liberator. Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5619 - 5. Grant, Will ( 5 July 2010 ). `` Venezuela honours Simón Bolívar 's lover Manuela Saenz ''. BBC. Retrieved 17 July 2010. Lynch, John ( 2006 ). Simón Bolívar : A Life. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11062 - 3. Lynch, John ( 5 July 2007 ). Simón Bolívar : A Life. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12604 - 4. Masur, Gerhard ( 1969 ). Simón Bolívar ( Revised ed. ). Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press. Petre, Francis Loraine ( 1910 ). Simon Bolivar `` El libertador '' : a life of the chief leader in the revolt against Spain in Venezuela, New Granada & Peru. J. Lane. Rumazo González, Alfonso ( 2006 ). Antonio José de Sucre, Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho ( Biografía ). Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. ISBN 980 - 03 - 0363 - 4. Slatta, Richard W. ; de Grummond, Jane Lucas ( 2003 ). Simón Bolívar 's Quest for Glory. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 239 - 3. Thornton, John Kelly ( 28 April 1998 ). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400 -- 1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62724 - 5. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Further reading Arana, Marie. Bolivar : American Liberator. New York : Simon & Schuster, 2013. Bushnell, David. The Liberator, Simón Bolívar. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. Bushnell, David ( ed. ) and Fornoff, Fred ( tr. ), El Libertador : Writings of Simón Bolívar, Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514481 - 9 Bushnell, David and Macaulay, Neill. The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century ( Second edition ). Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508402 - 3 Ducoudray Holstein, H.L.V. Memoirs of Simón Bolívar. Boston : Goodrich, 1829. Gómez Martínez, José Luis. `` La encrucijada del cambio : Simón Bolívar entre dos paradigmas ( una reflexión ante la encrucijada postindustrial ) ''. Cuadernos Americanos 104 ( 2004 ) : 11 -- 32. Harvey, Robert. `` Liberators : Latin America 's Struggle For Independence, 1810 -- 1830 ''. John Murray, London ( 2000 ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5566 - 4 Higgins, James ( editor ). The Emancipation of Peru : British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014. Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu Lacroix, Luis Perú de. Diario de Bucaramanga. Caracas : Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información, 2009. Ludwig, Emil. `` Bolivar : The Life of an Idealist, '' Alliance Book Corporation, New York, 1942. Lynch, John. Simón Bolívar and the Age of Revolution. London : University of London Institute of Latin American Studies, 1983. ISBN 978 - 0 - 901145 - 54 - 3 Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808 -- 1826 ( Second edition ). New York : W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 95537 - 8 Madariaga, Salvador de. Bolívar. Westport : Greenwood Press, 1952. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 22029 - 6 Masur, Gerhard ( 1948 ). Simón Bolívar ( Second edition, translation by Pedro Martín de la Cámara ). Bogotá : Fundación para la Investigación y la Cultura, 2008. Marx, Karl. `` Bolívar y Ponte '' in The New American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Vol. III. New York : D. Appleton & Co., 1858. Mijares, Augusto. The Liberator. Caracas : North American Association of Venezuela, 1983. O'Leary, Daniel Florencio. Bolívar and the War of Independence / Memorias del General Daniel Florencio O'Leary : Narración ( Abridged version ). Austin : University of Texas, ( 1888 ) 1970. ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70047 - 5 Reza, German de la. `` La invención de la paz. De la república cristiana del duque de Sully a la sociedad de naciones de Simón Bolívar '', México, Siglo XXI Editores, 2009. ISBN 978 - 607 - 03 - 0054 - 7 Salcedo Bastardo, José Luis. Historia Fundamental de Venezuela. Caracas : Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1993. External links Find more aboutSimón Bolívarat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article : Simón Bolívar Archivo del Libertador ( In Spanish ) -- 12,000 + transcribed documents of the Libertador, from 1799 to 1830. Simón Bolívar on In Our Time at the BBC. The Life of Simón Bolívar The Louverture Project : Simón Bolívar -- Information about the support Bolívar received from Haiti. In Profile : Simón Bolívar -- The Liberator About the surname Bolíbar / Bolívar, in Spanish Paternal ancestors of the Liberator, in Spanish Coats of arms of the Bolíbars, in Spanish Maternal ancestors of the Liberator ( Palacios family ), in Spanish ( in Spanish ) Glrbv.org : Biography Beside Bolivar : The Edecán Demarquet -- About C.E. Demarquet, one of Bolívar 's principal aides `` Building a New History by Exhuming Bolívar '' Simon Romero, The New York Times, 3 August 2010 `` Bolivar : American Liberator '' on YouTube Lecture by Marie Arana, The John W. Kluge Center, The Library of Congress, 6 June 2013 Simón Bolívar at Find a Grave President of Venezuela ( list ) Since 1830 Páez Narvarte Vargas Carreño Vargas Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez Soublette J.T. Monagas J.G. Monagas J.T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar Gual Páez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J.R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo Guzmán H. López Rojas Andueza Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade C. Castro Gómez Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt Leoni Caldera C. Pérez Herrera Lusinchi C. Pérez Lepage Velásquez Caldera Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics Presidents of Colombia Gran Colombia ( 1819 -- 1831 ) Simón Bolívar y Palacios Joaquín Mosquera y Arboleda Rafael Urdaneta y Faría Francisco de Paula Santander y Omaña Republic of New Granada ( 1831 -- 1858 ) Francisco de Paula Santander y Omaña José Ignacio de Márquez Barreto Pedro Alcántara Herrán Martínez Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda José Hilario López Valdéz José María Obando del Campo José María Melo y Ortiz Mariano Ospina Rodríguez Grenadine Confederation ( 1858 -- 1863 ) Mariano Ospina Rodríguez Bartolomé Calvo Díaz Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda United States of Colombia ( 1863 -- 1886 ) Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda Manuel Murillo Toro Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda Santos Acosta Castillo Santos Gutiérrez Prieto Eustorgio Salgar Moreno Manuel Murillo Toro Santiago Pérez de Manosalbas Aquileo Parra Gómez Julián Trujillo Largacha Rafael Núñez Moledo Francisco Javier Zaldúa y Racines José Eusebio Otalora Martínez Rafael Núñez Moledo Republic of Colombia ( 1886 -- 2017 ) Rafael Núñez Moledo Miguel Antonio Caro Tobar Manuel Antonio Sanclemente Sanclemente José Manuel Marroquín Ricaurte Rafael Reyes Prieto Ramón González Valencia Carlos Eugenio Restrepo Restrepo José Vicente Concha Ferreira Marco Fidel Suárez Jorge Holguín Mallarino Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez Miguel Abadía Méndez Enrique Olaya Herrera Alfonso López Pumarejo Eduardo Santos Montejo Alfonso López Pumarejo Mariano Ospina Pérez Laureano Gómez Castro Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Alberto Lleras Camargo Guillermo León Valencia Muñóz Carlos Lleras Restrepo Misael Pastrana Borrero Alfonso López Michelsen Julio César Turbay Ayala Belisario Betancur Cuartas Virgilio Barco Vargas César Gaviria Trujillo Ernesto Samper Pizano Andrés Pastrana Arango Álvaro Uribe Vélez Juan Manuel Santos Calderón Presidents of Bolivia Simón Bolívar Antonio José de Sucre José María Pérez de Urdininea Pedro Blanco Soto Andrés de Santa Cruz Sebastián Ágreda Mariano Enrique Calvo Cuellar José Ballivián Eusebio Guilarte Vera José Miguel de Velasco Franco Manuel Isidoro Belzu Jorge Córdova José María Linares José María Achá Mariano Melgarejo Agustín Morales Adolfo Ballivián Tomás Frías Ametller Hilarión Daza Pedro José Domingo de Guerra Narciso Campero Gregorio Pacheco Aniceto Arce Mariano Baptista Severo Fernández José Manuel Pando Eliodoro Villazón Ismael Montes José Gutiérrez Bautista Saavedra Felipe S. Guzmán Hernando Siles Reyes Carlos Blanco Galindo Daniel Salamanca Urey José Luis Tejada Sorzano David Toro Germán Busch Carlos Quintanilla Enrique Peñaranda Gualberto Villarroel Néstor Guillén Tomás Monje Enrique Hertzog Mamerto Urriolagoitía Hugo Ballivián René Barrientos Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas Alfredo Ovando Candía Juan José Torres Hugo Banzer Víctor González Fuentes Juan Pereda David Padilla Wálter Guevara Alberto Natusch Lidia Gueiler Tejada Luis García Meza Tejada Celso Torrelio Guido Vildoso Hernán Siles Zuazo Víctor Paz Estenssoro Jaime Paz Zamora Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Hugo Banzer Jorge Quiroga Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Carlos Mesa Eduardo Rodríguez Evo Morales Presidents of Peru San Martín Luna Pizarro La Mar Bernardo de Tagle Riva Agüero Sucre Bernardo de Tagle Bolívar Santa Cruz Salazar y Baquíjano La Mar Gutiérrez de la Fuente Gamarra Luna Pizarro Orbegoso Bermúdez Salaverry Santa Cruz Gamarra Menéndez Torrico Vidal Figuerola Vivanco Nieto Castilla Elías Menéndez Figuerola Menéndez Castilla Echenique Castilla San Román Castilla P. Diez Canseco Pezet Prado Pezet P. Diez Canseco Prado P. Diez Canseco Balta Gutiérrez F. Diez Canseco Zevallos Pardo Prado Piérola García Calderón Montero Cáceres Iglesias Arenas Cáceres Morales Bermúdez Borgoño Cáceres Candamo Piérola Romaña Candamo S. Calderón Pardo y Barreda Leguía Billinghurst Benavides Pardo y Barreda Leguía Ponce Sánchez Cerro Elías Arias Jiménez Samanez Ocampo Sánchez Cerro Benavides Prado Ugarteche Bustamante y Rivero Odría Noriega Odría Prado Ugarteche Pérez Godoy Lindley Belaúnde Velasco Morales Bermúdez Belaúnde García Fujimori Paniagua Toledo García Humala Kuczynski Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC, CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament Bank of the South Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Central American Parliament Development Bank of Latin America Inter-American Development Bank Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) VIAF : 35731693 LCCN : n79065448 ISNI : 0000 0001 2127 8712 GND : 118513052 SELIBR : 289170 SUDOC : 027287858 BNF : cb118926507 ( data ) ULAN : 500339429 NDL : 00620390 BNE : XX838191 IATH : w6hq446k Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Simón_Bolívar&oldid = 818005609 '' Categories : Presidents of Peru Simón Bolívar 1783 births 1830 deaths 19th - century deaths from tuberculosis Guerrilla warfare theorists History of Bolivia History of Colombia History of Ecuador History of Panama History of Peru History of Venezuela Infectious disease deaths in Colombia People from Caracas People of the Latin American wars of independence People of the Peruvian War of Independence People of the Spanish American wars of independence People of the Venezuelan War of Independence Presidents of Bolivia Presidents of Gran Colombia Presidents of Venezuela Venezuelan people of Basque descent Venezuelan people of Canarian descent Venezuelan people of Spanish descent Venezuelan revolutionaries Venezuelan Roman Catholics Venezuelan soldiers Venezuelan generals 19th - century Bolivian people 19th - century Colombian people 19th - century Peruvian people 19th - century Venezuelan people Burials at the National Pantheon of Venezuela 19th - century male writers Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with Spanish - language external links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La. lojban. 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Question: who became known throughout south america as the liberator
Answer: Simón Bolívar