Activities of daily living - wikipedia Activities of daily living This article is about the basic activities of a typical human life as defined in most medical contexts. For the activities of living model, see Roper - Logan - Tierney model of nursing. Disability Theory and models Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists Activities of daily living ( ADLs or ADL ) is a term used in healthcare to refer to people 's daily self care activities. The concept of ADLs was originally proposed in the 1950s by Sidney Katz and his team at the Benjamin Rose Hospital in Cleveland, OH and has been added to and refined by a variety of researchers since that time. Health professionals often use a person 's ability or inability to perform ADLs as a measurement of their functional status, particularly in regard to people post injury, with disabilities and the elderly. Younger children often require help from adults to perform ADLs, as they have not yet developed the skills necessary to perform them independently. ADLs are defined as `` the things we normally do... such as feeding ourselves, bathing, dressing, grooming, work, homemaking, and leisure. '' A number of national surveys collect data on the ADL status of the U.S. population. While basic definitions of ADLs have been suggested, what specifically constitutes a particular ADL for each individual may vary. Adaptive equipment and devices may be used to enhance and increase independence in performing ADLs. Contents 1 Basic 2 Instrumental 3 Role of occupational therapy 4 Assistance 5 Evaluation 5.1 Research 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Basic Basic ADLs consist of self - care tasks that include, but are not limited to : Bathing and showering Personal hygiene and grooming ( including brushing / combing / styling hair ) Dressing Toilet hygiene ( getting to the toilet, cleaning oneself, and getting back up ) Functional mobility, often referred to as `` transferring '', as measured by the ability to walk, get in and out of bed, and get into and out of a chair ; the broader definition ( moving from one place to another while performing activities ) is useful for people with different physical abilities who are still able to get around independently. Self - feeding ( not including cooking or chewing and swallowing ) One way to think about basic ADLs is that they are the things many people do when they get up in the morning and get ready to go out of the house : get out of bed, go to the toilet, bathe, dress, groom, and eat. There is a hierarchy to the ADLs : ''... the early loss function is hygiene, the mid-loss functions are toilet use and locomotion, and the late loss function is eating. When there is only one remaining area in which the person is independent, there is a 62.9 % chance that it is eating and only a 3.5 % chance that it is hygiene. '' Although not in wide general use, a mnemonic that some find useful is DEATH : dressing / bathing, eating, ambulating ( walking ), toileting, hygiene. Instrumental Instrumental activities of daily living ( IADLs ) are not necessary for fundamental functioning, but they let an individual live independently in a community : Cleaning and maintaining the house Managing money Moving within the community Preparing meals Shopping for groceries and necessities Taking prescribed medications Using the telephone or other form of communication A useful mnemonic is SHAFT : shopping, housekeeping, accounting, food preparation / meds, telephone / transportation. Occupational therapists often evaluate IADLs when completing patient assessments. The American Occupational Therapy Association identifies 12 types of IADLs that may be performed as a co-occupation with others : Care of others ( including selecting and supervising caregivers ) Care of pets Child rearing Communication management Community mobility Financial management Health management and maintenance Home establishment and maintenance Meal preparation and cleanup Religious observances Safety procedures and emergency responses Shopping Role of Occupational therapy Occupational therapists use exercises to assist patients in maintaining and gaining independence in ADLs. The exercise program is based on what components patients are lacking such as walking speed, strength, balance, and coordination. Slow walking speed is associated with increased risk of falls. Exercise enhances walking speed, allowing for safer and more functional ambulation capabilities. After initiating an exercise program it is important to maintain the routine otherwise the benefits will be lost. Exercise for patients who are frail is essential for preserving functional independence and avoiding the necessity for care from others or placement in a long term care facility. See also : Occupational therapy Assistance Main article : Activities of daily living assistance Assisting in activities of daily living are skills required in nursing and as well as other professions such as nursing assistants. This includes assisting in patient mobility, such as moving an activity intolerant patient within bed. For hygiene, this often involves bed baths and assisting with urinary and bowel elimination. Evaluation There are several evaluation tools, such as the Katz ADL scale, the Older Americans Resources and Services ( OARS ) ADL / IADL scale, the Lawton IADL scale and the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale. Most models of health care service use ADL evaluations in their practice, including the medical ( or institutional ) models, such as the Roper - Logan - Tierney model of nursing, and the resident - centered models, such as the Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ). Research ADL evaluations are used increasingly in epidemiological studies as an assessment of health in later - life that does not necessarily involve specific ailments. Studies using ADL differ from those investigating specific disease outcomes, as they are sensitive to a broader spectrum of health effects, at lower - levels of impact. ADL is measured on a continuous scale, making the process of investigation fairly straightforward. Sidney Katz initially studied 64 hip fracture patients over an 18 - month period. Comprehensive data on treatments, patient progression, and outcomes were collected during this study. After analyzing the study data, the researchers discovered that the patients they viewed as being most independent could perform a set of basic activities -- ranging from the most complex bathing activity, to the least complex feeding activity. From these data, Katz developed a scale to assess patients ' ability to live independently. This was first published in the 1963 in the Journal of the American Medical Association ; the paper has since been cited over 1,000 times. Although the scale offers a standardized measure for psychological and biological function, the process of arriving at this assumption has been criticised. Specifically, Porter has argued for a phenomenological approach noting that : Katz et al. ( 1963 ) made a claim that became the basis for the ontological assumptions of the ADL research tradition. In their suggestion that there was an `` ordered regression ( in skills ) as part of the natural process of aging '' ( p. 918 ), there was an implicit generalization, from their sample of older persons with fractured hips, to all older persons. Porter emphasizes the possible disease - specific nature of ADLs ( being derived from hip - fracture patients ), the need for objective definition of ADLs, and the possible value of adding additional functional measures. A systematic review examined the effectiveness of imparting activities of daily life skills programmes for people with chronic mental illnesses : Life skills programme compared to standard care Summary Currently there is no good evidence to suggest ADL skills programmes are effective for people with chronic mental illnesses. More robust data are needed from studies that are adequately powered to determine whether skills training is beneficial for people with chronic mental health problems. Outcome Findings in words Findings in numbers Quality of evidence Life skills - no important change - in household activity skills. Follow - up : mean 12 weeks Life skills programmes may reduce the risk of not improving in day - to - day functioning for general household activity skills when compared with standard care, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments and data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 0.24 ( 0.01 to 4.72 ) Very low - in laundry skills. Follow - up : mean 12 weeks Life skills programmes may reduce the risk of not improving in day - to - day functioning for laundry skills when compared with standard care, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments and data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 0.14 ( 0.01 to 2.38 ) Very low - in self - care skills. Follow - up : mean 12 weeks Life skills programmes make no difference to self - care when compared with standard care, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between these two treatments. This finding is based on data of very limited quality. RR 1 ( 0.28 to 3.54 ) Very low Leaving the study early Leaving the study early Follow - up : 6 to 16 weeks Life skills programme make no clear difference to the risk of loss to follow up compared with standard care. Data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 1.16 ( 0.4 to 3.36 ) Very low Mental state Average score. ( Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale - positive syndrome ). Follow - up : mean 24 weeks People receiving life skills programme scored the same as people receiving standard care. Findings are based on data of very limited quality. * MD 0 ( 3.12 lower to 3.12 higher ) Very low Quality of life Average score ( Quality of Well - Being Scale index ). Follow - up : mean 24 weeks On average, people receiving life skills programme scored 0.02 lower than people treated with standard care. There was no clear difference between the groups and this finding is based on data of very limited quality. * MD 0.02 lower ( 0.07 lower to 0.03 higher ) Very low * At present the meaning of these scores in day - to - day care is unclear. See also Activities of daily living assistance Assisted living Care of residents Global Assessment of Functioning Long - term care Long term care insurance Nursing home Transgenerational design References Jump up ^ Noelker, Linda ; Browdie, Richard ( August 22, 2013 ). `` Sidney Katz, MD : A New Paradigm for Chronic Illness and Long - Term Care ''. The Gerontologist. 54 : 13 -- 20. PMID 23969255. doi : 10.1093 / geront / gnt086. Retrieved May 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Activities of Daily Living Evaluation. '' Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health. ed. Kristine Krapp. Gale Group, Inc., 2002. eNotes.com. 2006. Enotes Nursing Encyclopedia Accessed on : 11 Oct, 2007 Jump up ^ MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ United States Census Jump up ^ Williams, Brie ( 2014 ). `` Consideration of Function & Functional Decline ''. Current Diagnosis and Treatment : Geriatrics, Second Edition. New York, NY : McGraw - Hill. pp. 3 -- 4. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 179208 - 0. Jump up ^ Morris, John M. `` '' Scaling functional status within the interRAI suite of assessment instruments '' John ``. Retrieved 9 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Activities of Daily Living ''. 2011 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ Bookman, A., Harrington, M., Pass, L., & Reisner, E. ( 2007 ). Family Caregiver Handbook. Cambridge, MA : Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Jump up ^ Williams, Cynthia ( 2011 ). CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Family Medicine, 3e > Chapter 39. Healthy Aging & Assessing Older Adults. New York, NY : McGraw - Hill. Jump up ^ Roley SS, DeLany JV, Barrows CJ, et al. ( 2008 ). `` Occupational therapy practice framework : domain & practice, 2nd edition '' ( PDF ). Am J Occup Ther. 62 ( 6 ) : 625 -- 83. PMID 19024744. Jump up ^ Giné - Garriga, Maria ; Roqué - Fíguls, Marta ; Coll - Planas, Laura ; Sitjà - Rabert, Mercè ; Salvà, Antoni. `` Physical Exercise Interventions for Improving Performance - Based Measures of Physical Function in Community - Dwelling, Frail Older Adults : A Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis ''. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 95 ( 4 ) : 753 -- 769. e3. doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2013.11. 007. Jump up ^ Auais, Mohammad A. ; Eilayyan, Owis ; Mayo, Nancy E. ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ). `` Extended Exercise Rehabilitation After Hip Fracture Improves Patients ' Physical Function : A Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis ''. Physical Therapy. 92 ( 11 ) : 1437 -- 1451. ISSN 0031 - 9023. PMID 22822235. doi : 10.2522 / ptj. 20110274. Jump up ^ Katz ADL scale Jump up ^ Noelker, Linda S. ; Browdie, Richard ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ). `` Sidney Katz, MD : A New Paradigm for Chronic Illness and Long - Term Care ''. The Gerontologist. 54 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 20. ISSN 0016 - 9013. PMID 23969255. doi : 10.1093 / geront / gnt086. Jump up ^ Gurland, Barry J. ; Maurer, Mathew S. `` Life and Works of Sidney Katz, MD : A Life Marked by Fundamental Discovery ''. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 13 ( 9 ) : 764 -- 65. doi : 10.1016 / j. jamda. 2012.09. 003. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Eileen Jones ( 1995 ). `` A Phenomenological Alternative to the '' ADL Research Tradition `` ''. Journal of Aging and Health. Sage Publications. 7 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 45. doi : 10.1177 / 089826439500700102. ^ Jump up to : Tungpunkom, P ; Maayan, N ; Soares - Weiser, K ( 2012 ). `` Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses ''. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 : CD000381. pub3. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000381. pub3. External links The Thin Edge of Dignity Moving presentation about one man 's experience in an assisted living facility. Library resources about Activities of daily living Resources in your library Activities of daily living Used to refer to daily self - care activities Basic Personal hygiene Dressing Feeding oneself Voluntary urinary and bowel control Ambulation Sleeping Instrumental Housework Meal preparation Managing money Shopping Telephone use Technology use Cleaning Optional - Instrumental Care ( of self, children, the elderly ) Child rearing Emergency responses Safety procedures Driving Sexual activity Related articles Disability Personal care assistant Assisted living Care of residents Caregiving Background concepts Disability Aging Long - term care Occupational therapy Activities of daily living Long - term care insurance Dignity of risk Living arrangements Independent living Home modifications Assisted living Home care Aging in place Elder village Adult daycare Hospice Nursing home care Residential care Retirement community Special considerations Caring for people with dementia Elderly care End - of - life care Caregiving by country Nursing home care in Canada Nursing home care in the United Kingdom Nursing home care in the United States Types of caregivers Caring in intimate relationships Direct support professional Family caregivers Sandwich generation Unlicensed assistive personnel Young carer Support for caregivers Carers rights movement Caregiver stress Distress in cancer caregiving Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&oldid=798884912 '' Categories : Occupational therapy Nursing Caregiving Self care Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017, at 10 : 59. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: which of the following is an instrumental activity of daily living
Answer: bathing