Energy conversion efficiency - wikipedia Energy conversion efficiency This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2008 ) Useful output energy is always lower than input energy. Efficiency of power plants, world total, 2008 Energy conversion efficiency ( η ) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The input, as well as the useful output may be chemical, electric power, mechanical work, light ( radiation ), or heat. Contents 1 Overview 2 Fuel heating values and efficiency 3 Wall - plug efficiency, luminous efficiency, and efficacy 4 Example of energy conversion efficiency 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview Energy conversion efficiency depends on the usefulness of the output. All or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste heat if, for example, work is the desired output from a thermodynamic cycle. Energy converter is an example of an energy transformation. For example a light bulb falls into the categories energy converter. η = P o u t P i n ( displaystyle eta = ( \frac ( P_ ( mathrm ( out ) ) ) ( P_ ( mathrm ( in ) ) ) ) ) Even though the definition includes the notion of usefulness, efficiency is considered a technical or physical term. Goal or mission oriented terms include effectiveness and efficacy. Generally, energy conversion efficiency is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.0, or 0 % to 100 %. Efficiencies may not exceed 100 %, e.g., for a perpetual motion machine. However, other effectiveness measures that can exceed 1.0 are used for heat pumps and other devices that move heat rather than convert it. When talking about the efficiency of heat engines and power stations the convention should be stated, i.e., HHV ( a.k.a. Gross Heating Value, etc. ) or LCV ( a.k.a. Net Heating value ), and whether gross output ( at the generator terminals ) or net output ( at the power station fence ) are being considered. The two are separate but both must be stated. Failure to do so causes endless confusion. Related, more specific terms include Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed ; Mechanical efficiency, where one form of mechanical energy ( e.g. potential energy of water ) is converted to mechanical energy ( work ) ; Thermal efficiency or Fuel efficiency, useful heat and / or work output per input energy such as the fuel consumed ; ' Total efficiency ', e.g., for cogeneration, useful electric power and heat output per fuel energy consumed. Same as the thermal efficiency. Luminous efficiency, that portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is usable for human vision. Fuel heating values and efficiency In Europe the usable energy content of fuel is typically calculated using the lower heating value ( LHV ) of that fuel, the definition of which assumes that the water vapor produced during fuel combustion ( oxidation ), remains gaseous, and is not condensed to liquid water so the latent heat of vaporization of that water is not usable. Using the LHV, a condensing boiler can achieve a `` heating efficiency '' in excess of 100 % ( this does not violate the first law of thermodynamics as long as the LHV convention is understood, but does cause confusion ). This is because the apparatus recovers part of the heat of vaporization, which is not included in the definition of the lower heating value of fuel. In the U.S. and elsewhere, the higher heating value ( HHV ) is used, which includes the latent heat for condensing the water vapor, and thus the thermodynamic maximum of 100 % efficiency can not be exceeded with HHV 's use. Wall - plug efficiency, luminous efficiency, and efficacy The absolute irradiance of four different gases when used in a flashtube. Xenon is by far the most efficient of the gases, although krypton is more effective at a specific wavelength of light. The sensitivity of the human eye to various wavelengths. Assuming each wavelength equals 1 watt of radiant energy, only the center wavelength is perceived as 685 candelas ( 1 watt of luminous energy ), equaling 685 lumens. The vertical colored - lines represent the 589 ( yellow ) sodium line, and popular 532 nm ( green ), 671 nm ( red ), 473 nm ( blue ), and 405 nm ( violet ) laser pointers. A Sankey diagram showing the multiple stages of energy loss between the wall plug and the light output of a fluorescent lamp. The greatest losses occur due to the Stokes shift. In optical systems such as lighting and lasers, the energy conversion efficiency is often referred to as wall - plug efficiency. The wall - plug efficiency is the measure of output radiative - energy, in watts ( joules per second ), per the total of the input electrical - energy in watts. The output - energy is usually measured in terms of absolute irradiance and the wall - plug efficiency is given as a percentage of the total input - energy, with the inverse percentage representing the losses. The wall - plug efficiency differs from the luminous efficiency in that wall - plug efficiency describes the direct output / input conversion of energy ( the amount of work that can be performed ) whereas luminous efficiency takes into account the human eye 's varying sensitivity to different wavelengths ( how well it can illuminate a space ). Instead of using watts, the power of a light source to produce wavelengths proportional to human perception is measured in lumens. The human eye is most sensitive to wavelengths of 555 nanometers ( greenish - yellow ) but the sensitivity decreases dramatically to either side of this wavelength, following a Gaussian power - curve and dropping to zero sensitivity at the red and violet ends of the spectrum. Due to this the eye does not usually see all of the wavelengths emitted by a particular light - source, nor does it see all of the wavelengths within the visual spectrum equally. Yellow and green, for example, make up more than 50 % of what the eye perceives as being white, even though in terms of radiant energy white - light is made from equal portions of all colors ( i.e. : a 5 mw green laser appears brighter than a 5 mw red laser, yet the red laser stands - out better against a white background ). Therefore, the radiant intensity of a light source may be much greater than its luminous intensity, meaning that the source emits more energy than the eye can use. Likewise, the lamp 's wall - plug efficiency is usually greater than its luminous efficiency. The effectiveness of a light source to convert electrical energy into wavelengths of visible light, in proportion to the sensitivity of the human eye, is referred to as luminous efficacy, which is measured in units of lumens per watt ( lm / w ) of electrical input - energy. Unlike efficacy ( effectiveness ), which is a unit of measurement, efficiency is unitless number expressed as a percentage, requiring only that the input and output units be of the same type. Therefore, the luminous efficiency of a light source is the percentage of luminous efficacy per the theoretical - maximum efficacy at a specific wavelength. The amount of energy carried by a photon of light is determined by its wavelength. In lumens, this energy is offset by the eye 's sensitivity to the selected wavelengths. For example, a green laser pointer can have greater than 30 times the apparent brightness of a red pointer of the same power output. At 555 nm in wavelength, 1 watt of radiant energy is equivalent to 685 lumens, thus a monochromatic light source at this wavelength, with a luminous efficacy of 685 lm / w, has a luminous efficiency of 100 %. The theoretical - maximum efficacy lowers for wavelengths at either side of 555 nm. For example, low - pressure sodium lamps produce monochromatic light at 589 nm with a luminous efficacy of 200 lm / w, which is the highest of any lamp. The theoretical - maximum efficacy at that wavelength is 525 lm / w, so the lamp has a luminous efficiency of 38.1 %. Because the lamp is monochromatic, the luminous efficiency nearly matches the wall - plug efficiency of < 40 %. Calculations for luminous efficiency become more complex for lamps that produce white light or a mixture of spectral lines. Fluorescent lamps have higher wall - plug efficiencies than low - pressure sodium lamps, but only have half the luminous efficacy of ~ 100 lm / w, thus the luminous efficiency of fluorescents is lower than sodium lamps. A xenon flashtube has a typical wall - plug efficiency of 50 -- 70 %, exceeding that of most other forms of lighting. Because the flashtube emits large amounts of infrared and ultraviolet radiation, only a portion of the output energy is used by the eye. The luminous efficacy is therefore typically around 50 lm / w. However, not all applications for lighting involve the human eye nor are restricted to visible wavelengths. For laser pumping, the efficacy is not related to the human eye so it is not called `` luminous '' efficacy, but rather simply `` efficacy '' as it relates to the absorption lines of the laser medium. Krypton flashtubes are often chosen for pumping Nd : YAG lasers, even though their wall - plug efficiency is typically only ~ 40 %. Krypton 's spectral lines better match the absorption lines of the neodymium - doped crystal, thus the efficacy of krypton for this purpose is much higher than xenon ; able to produce up to twice the laser output for the same electrical input. All of these terms refer to the amount of energy and lumens as they exit the light source, disregarding any losses that might occur within the lighting fixture or subsequent output optics. Luminaire efficiency refers to the total lumen - output from the fixture per the lamp output. With the exception of a few light sources, such as incandescent light bulbs, most light sources have multiple stages of energy conversion between the `` wall plug '' ( electrical input point, which may include batteries, direct wiring, or other sources ) and the final light - output, with each stage producing a loss. Low - pressure sodium lamps initially convert the electrical energy using an electrical ballast, to maintain the proper current and voltage, but some energy is lost in the ballast. Similarly, fluorescent lamps also convert the electricity using a ballast ( electronic efficiency ). The electricity is then converted into light energy by the electrical arc ( electrode efficiency and discharge efficiency ). The light is then transferred to a fluorescent coating that only absorbs suitable wavelengths, with some losses of those wavelengths due to reflection off and transmission through the coating ( transfer efficiency ). The number of photons absorbed by the coating will not match the number then reemitted as fluorescence ( quantum efficiency ). Finally, due to the phenomenon of the Stokes shift, the reemitted photons will have a shorter wavelength ( thus lower energy ) than the absorbed photons ( fluorescence efficiency ). In very similar fashion, lasers also experience many stages of conversion between the wall plug and the output aperture. The terms `` wall - plug efficiency '' or `` energy conversion efficiency '' are therefore used to denote the overall efficiency of the energy - conversion device, deducting the losses from each stage, although this may exclude external components needed to operate some devices, such as coolant pumps. Example of energy conversion efficiency This article is missing information about clear definition of the energy conversion efficiency for light sources. The numbers listed for some light sources are unclear as to whether they refer to conversion efficiency or luminous efficiency. Please help by clarifying the percentages... Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. ( March 2018 ) Conversion process Conversion type Energy efficiency Electricity generation Gas turbine Chemical to electrical up to 40 % Gas turbine plus steam turbine ( combined cycle ) Chemical / thermal to electrical up to 60 % Water turbine Gravitational to electrical up to 90 % ( practically achieved ) Wind turbine Kinetic to electrical up to 59 % ( theoretical limit ) Solar cell Radiative to electrical 6 -- 40 % ( technology - dependent, 15 - 20 % most often, 85 -- 90 % theoretical limit ) Fuel cell Chemical to electrical up to 85 % World Electricity generation 2008 Gross output 39 % Net output 33 % Electricity storage Lithium - ion battery Chemical to electrical / reversible 80 -- 90 % Nickel - metal hydride battery Chemical to electrical / reversible 66 % Lead - acid battery Chemical to electrical / reversible 50 -- 95 % Engine / motor Combustion engine Chemical to kinetic 10 -- 50 % Electric motor Electrical to kinetic 70 -- 99.99 % ( > 200 W ) ; 50 -- 90 % ( 10 -- 200 W ) ; 30 -- 60 % ( < 10 W ) Turbofan Chemical to kinetic 20 - 40 % Natural process Photosynthesis Radiative to chemical up to 6 % Muscle Chemical to kinetic 14 -- 27 % Appliance Household refrigerator Electrical to thermal low - end systems ~ 20 % ; high - end systems ~ 40 -- 50 % Incandescent light bulb Electrical to radiative 0.7 -- 5.1 %, 5 -- 10 % Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Electrical to radiative 4.2 -- 53 % Fluorescent lamp Electrical to radiative 8.0 -- 15.6 %, 28 % Low - pressure sodium lamp Electrical to radiative 15.0 -- 29.0 %, 40.5 % Metal - halide lamp Electrical to radiative 9.5 -- 17.0 %, 24 % Switched - mode power supply Electrical to electrical currently up to 96 % practically Electric shower Electrical to thermal 90 -- 95 % ( multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other water - heating systems ) Electric heater Electrical to thermal ~ 100 % ( essentially all energy is converted into heat, multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other heating systems ) Others Firearm Chemical to kinetic ~ 30 % (. 300 Hawk ammunition ) Electrolysis of water Electrical to chemical 50 -- 70 % ( 80 -- 94 % theoretical maximum ) See also Cost of electricity by source Energy efficiency ( disambiguation ) EROEI Exergy efficiency Figure of merit Heat of combustion International Electrotechnical Commission Perpetual motion Sensitivity ( electronics ) Solar cell efficiency Coefficient of performance References Jump up ^ Applied Atomic Collision Physics, Volume 5 by H.S.W. Massey, E.W. McDaniel, B. Bederson -- Academic Press 1982 Page 383 Jump up ^ https://www.photonics.com/a28677/Efficacy_Limits_for_Solid-State_White_Light Jump up ^ Advanced Optical Instruments and Techniques by Daniel Malacara Hernández -- CRC Press 2018 Page 589 Jump up ^ Solid - state laser engineering by Walter Koechner -- Springer - Verlag 1965 Page 335 Jump up ^ Understanding LED Illumination by M. Nisa Khan -- CRC Press 2014 Page 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ https://www.rp-photonics.com/wall_plug_efficiency.html Jump up ^ Handbook of Luminescent Semiconductor Materials by Leah Bergman, Jeanne L. McHale -- CRC Press 2012 Page 270 Jump up ^ IEC / OECD 2008 Energy Balance for World, accessdate 2011 - 06 - 08 Jump up ^ Valøen, Lars Ole and Shoesmith, Mark I. ( 2007 ). The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance ( PDF ). 2007 Plug - in Highway Electric Vehicle Conference : Proceedings. Retrieved 11 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` NiMH Battery Charging Basics ''. PowerStream.com. Jump up ^ PowerSonic, Technical Manual ( PDF ), p. 19, retrieved January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Motivations for Promoting Clean Diesels '' ( PDF ). US Department Of Energy. 2006. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 7, 2008. Jump up ^ `` 11.5 Trends in thermal and propulsive efficiency ''. web.mit.edu. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26. Jump up ^ Miyamoto K. `` Chapter 1 - Biological energy production ''. Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production ( FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 128 ). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04. ^ Jump up to : Luminous efficacy # Lighting efficiency Jump up ^ `` All in 1 LED Lighting Solutions Guide ''. PhilipsLumileds.com. Philips. 2012 - 10 - 04. p. 15. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 31. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Light Pollution Handbook. Springer. 2004. External links The Intelligent Energy - Europe programme : the EU 's tool for funding action towards a more energy intelligent Europe Does it make sense to switch to LED ? Lamps Lighting Concepts Accent lighting Color temperature Efficiency Glare Lamp Light fixture Light pollution Lightbulb socket Task lighting Methods of generation Incandescent Regular Halogen Nernst Parabolic aluminized reflector ( PAR ) Luminescent Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent laser lamp Chemiluminescent Solid - state LED bulb Cathodoluminescent Electron - stimulated Electroluminescent field - induced polymer Combustion Acetylene / Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Lantern Limelight Oil Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High - intensity discharge ( HID ) Mercury - vapor Metal - halide ceramic Hydrargyrum medium - arc iodide ( HMI ) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide ( HQI ) Sodium vapor Theatrical Cinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Stationary Aircraft warning Balanced - arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light Torchère Track lighting Troffer Mobile Flashlight tactical Glow stick Headlamp ( outdoor ) Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Industrial Scientific Germicidal Grow light Infrared lamp Stroboscope Tanning Display Decorative Aroma lamp Black light Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Related topics Bioluminescence Chemiluminescence Electroluminescence Laser Photoluminescence Radioluminescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_conversion_efficiency&oldid=846392249 '' Categories : Building engineering Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics Energy conservation Energy conversion Energy efficiency Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018, at 13 : 37 ( UTC ). 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Question: what percentage of energy usage by muscles is converted into heat energy
Answer: 14–27%