Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 - Wikipedia Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Part of Chinese Democracy Movement in 1989, Revolutions of 1989 and the Cold War Tiananmen Square in 1988 Date April 15 -- June 4, 1989 ( 1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days ) Location 400 cities nationwide Beijing Tiananmen Square 39 ° 54 ′ 12 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 30 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 39.90333 ° N 116.39167 ° E ﻿ / 39.90333 ; 116.39167 Coordinates : 39 ° 54 ′ 12 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 30 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 39.90333 ° N 116.39167 ° E ﻿ / 39.90333 ; 116.39167 Caused by Death of Hu Yaobang Economic reform Inflation Political corruption Nepotism Career prospects Revolutions of 1989 in Europe Goals A Communist Party without corruption, with democratic reforms, freedom of the press and freedom of speech Methods Hunger strike, sit - in, occupation of public square Resulted in Enforcement of martial law in certain areas of Beijing executed by force from June 3, 1989 ( declared from May 20, 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 20 ) -- January 10, 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 10 ), 7 months and 3 weeks ) Protesters ( mainly workers ) and rioters barricading the PLA troops and nearby civilians shot by the PLA at multiple sites ( excluding Tiananmen Square ) in Beijing, hundreds to thousands killed, thousands wounded Uncertain reports of few and isolated deaths of protestors inside Tiananmen Square Several soldiers killed by rioters on June 4 after civilians were killed on June 3 and June 4 Protest leaders and pro-democracy activists later exiled or imprisoned Some rioters charged with violent crimes were executed in the following months Zhao Ziyang was purged from General Secretary and Politburo Jiang Zemin was promoted to General Secretary and paramount leader, who was the Party Secretary of Shanghai before. Western economic sanctions and arms embargoes on the PRC Market reforms delayed Media control tightened Political reform halted Parties to the civil conflict Communist Party of China Government of China People 's Liberation Army People 's Armed Police Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation University students Factory workers Beijing residents Intellectuals Pro-democracy protesters Reformists Republic of China ( Taiwan ) loyalists Loyalists of the Kuomintang Lead figures `` hardliners '' Deng Xiaoping Li Peng Yang Shangkun Yao Yilin Chen Yun Qiao Shi Li Ximing Chen Xitong Chi Haotian Liu Huaqing `` moderates '' Zhao Ziyang Hu Qili Yan Mingfu Bao Tong Deng Liqun Wan Li Xi Zhongxun Xu Qinxian student leaders Wang Dan Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Shen Tong Liu Gang Feng Congde Li Lu intellectuals Liu Xiaobo Wang Juntao Dai Qing Hou Dejian Cui Jian Zhang Boli Wei Jingsheng Casualties Death ( s ) 218 civilians ; 10 PLA soldiers ; 13 Peoples ' Armed Police ( official government figures ) 180 -- 2,600 civilians ; ~ 50 soldiers and policemen ( estimates and retracted Chinese Red Cross statement ) 10000 + The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly known in mainland China as the June Fourth Incident ( 六 四 事件 ), were student - led demonstrations in Beijing, the capital of the People 's Republic of China, in 1989. More broadly, it refers to the popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests during that period, sometimes referred to as the ' 89 Democracy Movement ( 八 九 民运 ). The protests were forcibly suppressed after the government declared martial law. In what became known in the West as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, troops with assault rifles and tanks killed at least several hundred demonstrators trying to block the military 's advance towards Tiananmen Square. The number of civilian deaths has been estimated at anywhere from hundreds to thousands. Set against a backdrop of rapid economic development and social changes in post-Mao China, the protests reflected anxieties about the country 's future in the popular consciousness and among the political elite. The reforms of the 1980s had led to a nascent market economy which benefitted some people but seriously disaffected others ; the one - party political system also faced a challenge of legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy, and restrictions on political participation. The students called for democracy, greater accountability, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech, though they were loosely organized and their goals varied. At the height of the protests, about a million people assembled in the Square. As the protests developed, the authorities veered back and forth between conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership. By May, a student - led hunger strike galvanized support for the demonstrators around the country and the protests spread to some 400 cities. Ultimately, China 's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and other Communist Party elders believed the protests to be a political threat, and resolved to use force. Communist Party authorities declared martial law on May 20, and mobilized as many as 300,000 troops to Beijing. Upon realization of the Chinese government 's use of force by other nations, the government was internationally condemned and criticized. Western countries imposed economic sanctions and arms embargoes. The Chinese government initially condemned the protests as a counter-revolutionary riot, and criticized other nations. In the aftermath of the crackdown, the government conducted widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, suppressed other protests around China, expelled foreign journalists and strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press. The police and internal security forces were strengthened. Officials deemed sympathetic to the protests were demoted or purged. More broadly, the suppression temporarily halted the policies of liberalization in the 1980s. Considered a watershed event, the protests also set the limits on political expression in China well into the 21st century. Its memory is widely associated with questioning the legitimacy of Communist Party rule, and remains one of the most sensitive and most widely censored political topics in mainland China. Contents 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Challenges with reform 2.2 Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis 2.3 1986 student demonstrations 3 Protest development 3.1 Death of Hu Yaobang 3.2 Turning point : April 26 Editorial 3.3 April 27 demonstration 4 Protests escalate 4.1 Preparing for dialogue 4.2 Hunger strikes begin 4.3 Gorbachev visit 4.4 Gathering momentum 4.5 Outside Beijing 5 Military action 5.1 Martial law 5.2 June 1 -- 3 5.3 June 3 -- 4 : Clearing the Square 5.4 June 5 5.5 Protests outside Beijing 5.6 Government pronouncements 5.6. 1 Deng addresses the Army 6 Death toll 6.1 Official figures 6.2 Other estimates 6.3 Identifying the dead 6.4 Deaths in Tiananmen Square itself 7 Aftermath 7.1 Arrests and punishment 7.2 Leadership changes 7.3 Media coverage 7.3. 1 Chinese media 7.3. 2 Foreign media 7.4 International reaction 7.5 Economic impact 8 Legacy 8.1 Student leaders 8.2 Domestic political developments 8.3 Hong Kong 8.4 Impact on China 's national image 8.4. 1 Domestic trends 8.4. 2 International perception 8.5 EU and US arms embargo 9 Remembrance 9.1 Censorship in China 9.2 Calls to reverse the verdict 9.3 Leaders voicing regret 9.4 United Nations report 9.5 Documentaries 10 Cultural references 10.1 Political 10.2 `` Tank Man '' 10.3 Songs 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Citations 13.2 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Names Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Chinese 六 四 事件 Literal meaning June Fourth Incident Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Liù - Sì Shìjiàn Wade -- Giles Liu - Szu Shihchien Yale Romanization Lyòu - Sz̀ Shr̀jyàn mi = ( ljôusɹ̩̂ ʂɻ̩̂tɕjɛ̂n ) Wu Romanization Loh - sy Zy - ji Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Lùhk - sei Sih gihn IPA Cantonese pronunciation : ( lʊ̏kɕīː ɕìːkɪ̀n ) Jyutping Luk sei si gin Southern Min Hokkien POJ La̍k - sù Sū - kian Name used by the PRC Government Chinese 1989 年 春 夏 之 交 的 政治 风波 Literal meaning Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin 1989 - nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō Wade -- Giles 1989 - nien ch'un - hsia chih - chiao te cheng - chih feng - po Wu Romanization 1989 - ni tshen - ghô tsy - jiau di tsen - tsy fhon - bo Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization 1989 - nìhn cheūnhaah jígáau dī jingchìh fūngbō Jyutping 1989 - nin ceon ci fung bo Southern Min Hokkien POJ 1989 - nî chhun - hē chi - kau tī chèng - tī hong - pho Second alternative Chinese name Chinese 八 九 民運 Literal meaning Eighty - Nine Democracy Movement Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bā - Jiǔ Mínyùn Wade -- Giles Pa - Chiu Minyün Yale Romanization Bā - Jyǒu Mínyùn Wu Romanization poh - cieu Min - yiuin Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization baatgáu màhnwahn IPA Cantonese pronunciation : ( pāːtkɐ̌u mɐ̏nwɐ̀n ) Jyutping baat gau man wan Southern Min Hokkien POJ pat - káu bîn - ūn In the Chinese language, the incident is most commonly known as the June Fourth Incident. Events named by date in Chinese are conventionally named by the number of the month and the date, followed by the type of event. Thus, the common Chinese name for the crackdown on the 1989 massacre, is `` 六 四 事件 '' ( June Fourth Incident ), literally `` Six '' `` Four '' `` Incident '' ( `` 六 '' means `` six '', `` 四 '' means `` four '', `` 事件 '' means `` incident '' ). The nomenclature of the former is consistent with the customary names of the other two great protests that occurred in Tiananmen Square : the May Fourth Movement of 1919, and the April Fifth Movement of 1976. `` June Fourth '' refers to the day on which the People 's Liberation Army cleared Tiananmen Square of protesters, although actual operations began on the evening of June 3. Names such as June Fourth Movement ( Chinese : 六 四 运动 ; pinyin : Liù - Sì Yùndòng ) and ' 89 Democracy Movement ( Chinese : 八 九 民运 ; pinyin : Bā - Jiǔ Mínyùn ) are used to describe the event in its entirety. Outside mainland China, and among circles critical of the crackdown within mainland China, it is commonly referred to in Chinese as June Fourth Massacre ( Chinese : 六 四 屠杀 ; pinyin : Liù - Sì Túshā ) and June Fourth Crackdown ( Chinese : 六 四 镇压 ; pinyin : Liù - Sì Zhènyā ). To bypass internet censorship in China, which uniformly considers all the above - mentioned names too ' Sensitive ' for search engines and public forums, alternative names have sprung up to describe the events on the Internet, such as May 35th, VIIV ( Roman numerals for 6 and 4 ) and `` Eight Squared '' ( i.e., 8 = 64 ). The government of the People 's Republic of China have used numerous names for the event since 1989, gradually reducing the intensity of terminology applied. As the events were unfolding, it was labelled a `` counterrevolutionary riot '', which was later changed to simply `` riot '', followed by `` political storm '', and finally the leadership settled on the more neutralized phrase `` political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989 '', which it uses to this day. In English, the terms Tiananmen Square Massacre, Tiananmen Square Protests or Tiananmen Square Crackdown are often used to describe the series of events. However, much of the violence did not actually happen in Tiananmen, but outside the square in the city of Beijing near the Muxidi area. The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing, when in fact they occurred in many cities throughout China. ( Examples include Chengdu from the account of Louisa Lim 's The People 's Republic of Amnesia ). Background History of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) 1949 -- 1976 Mao era Revolution Korean War Landlord Classicide under Mao Zedong Zhen Fan Three - anti / five - anti campaigns Hundred Flowers Campaign Anti-Rightist Movement Great Leap Forward ( Great Chinese Famine ) Cultural Revolution ( Lin Biao Gang of Four Tiananmen Incident ) 1976 -- 1989 Restructuring Economic reform Sino - Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Tiananmen protests 1989 -- 2002 Rising power One country, two systems ( Hong Kong Macau ) Chinese reunification 2002 -- present China today Sichuan earthquake Beijing Olympics Shanghai 2010 Expo Wang Lijun incident 2015 China Victory Day Parade Anti-corruption campaign after the 18th Party Congress History of China PRC constitution Beijing Shanghai Generations of leadership 1. Mao 2. Deng 3. Jiang 4. Hu 5. Xi Culture Economy Education Geography Politics China portal Deng Xiaoping emerged as Mao 's successor in 1978 and launched the comprehensive economic reforms The Cultural Revolution ended with chairman Mao Zedong 's death in 1976. The movement, spearheaded by Mao, caused severe damage to the country 's economic and social fabric. The country was mired in poverty as economic production slowed or came to a halt. Political ideology was paramount in the lives of ordinary people as well as the inner workings of the Communist Party itself. At the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978, Deng Xiaoping emerged as China 's de facto leader. Deng launched a comprehensive program to reform the Chinese economy. Within the span of several years, the direction of the country had shifted in its entirety. The focus on ideological purity was gone, replaced by a full - on drive to achieve material prosperity. To run his reform agenda, Deng promoted his allies to top government and party posts. Hu Yaobang was appointed the General Secretary of the Communist Party in February 1980, and Zhao Ziyang was named as Premier of the People 's Republic of China in September. Challenges with reform The reforms aimed to decrease the role of the state in the economy and gradually introduced private forms of production in agriculture and industry. By 1981, 73 % of rural farms had de-collectivized and 80 % of state owned enterprises were permitted to retain profits. Within a few years, production increased by leaps and bounds, and poverty was reduced dramatically. While the reforms were generally well received by the public, concerns grew over a series of social problems that the changes brought about, including corruption and nepotism by elite party bureaucrats. The state - mandated pricing system, in place since the 1950s, had long kept prices stable at low levels. The initial reforms created a two - tier system where some prices were fixed while others were allowed to fluctuate. In a market with chronic shortages, this allowed people with powerful connections to buy goods at low prices and sell at market prices. In addition, the money supply had expanded too fast. At least a third of factories were unprofitable. The government tightened the money supply in 1988, leaving much of the economy without loans. Following the 1988 Beidaihe meeting, the party leadership under Deng agreed to a transition to a market - based pricing system. News of the relaxation of price controls triggered waves of cash withdrawals, buying and hoarding all over China. The government panicked and rescinded the price reforms in less than two weeks, but its impact was pronounced for a much longer period of time. Inflation soared. Official indices report a Consumer Price Index increase of 30 % in Beijing between 1987 -- 88, leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods. Moreover, in the new market economy, unprofitable state - owned enterprises were pressured to cut costs. The `` iron rice bowl '', i.e., job security and a host of social benefits that come with it, ranging from medical care to subsidized housing, were at risk for a vast segment of the population. Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis Reformist leaders envisioned in 1978 that intellectuals would play a leading role in guiding the country through reforms, but this did not happen as planned. Despite the opening of new universities and increased enrollment, the state - directed education system did not produce enough graduates to meet increased market demand in the areas of agriculture, light industry, services, and foreign investment. The job market was especially limited for students specializing in social sciences and the humanities. Moreover, private companies no longer needed to accept students assigned to them by the state, and many high - paying jobs were offered on the basis of nepotism and favoritism. Gaining a good state - assigned placement meant navigating a highly inefficient bureaucracy that gave power to officials who had little expertise in their area of jurisdiction. Facing a dismal job market and limited chances of going abroad, intellectuals and students had a greater vested interest in political issues. Small study groups, such as the `` Democracy Salon '' and the `` Lawn Salon '' ( Caodi Shalong ), began appearing on Beijing university campuses. These organizations motivated the students to get involved politically. At the same time, the party 's nominally socialist ideology faced a legitimacy crisis as it gradually adopted capitalist practices. Private enterprise gave rise to profiteers who took advantage of lax regulations, and who often flaunted their wealth in front of the ' have - nots ' of society. Popular discontent was brewing over unfair wealth distribution. Greed, not skill, appeared to be the most crucial factor of success. There was widespread public disillusionment over the country 's future. People wanted change, yet the power to define ' the correct path ' continued to rest solely in the hands of the unelected government. The comprehensive and wide - ranging reforms created political differences over the pace of marketization and the control over the ideology that came with it, opening a deep chasm within the central leadership. The reformers ( `` the right '', led by Hu Yaobang ) favoured political liberalization and a plurality of ideas as a channel to voice popular discontent, and pressed for further reforms. The conservatives ( `` the left '', led by Chen Yun ) said that the reforms had gone too far, and advocated a return to greater state control to ensure social stability and to better align with the party 's socialist ideology. Both sides needed the backing of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping to carry out important policy decisions. 1986 student demonstrations Main article : 1986 Chinese Student Demonstrations In mid-1986, astrophysics professor Fang Lizhi, who had returned from a tenure at Princeton University, began a personal tour around universities in China, speaking about liberty, human rights, and separation of powers. Fang was part of a wider undercurrent within the elite intellectual community that thought China 's poverty and underdevelopment as well as the disaster of the Cultural Revolution was the direct result of an authoritarian political system and the rigid planned economy that came with it. The view that political reform was the only answer to China 's on - going problems gained widespread appeal amongst students, as Fang 's recorded speeches became widely circulated all over the country. In response, Deng Xiaoping warned that Fang was blindly worshipping Western lifestyles, capitalism, and multi-party systems, while undermining China 's socialist ideology, traditional values, and the party 's leadership. Inspired by Fang and other ' people - power ' movements around the world, in December 1986, student demonstrators staged protests against the slow pace of reform. The issues were wide - ranging, and included demands for economic liberalization, democracy, and rule of law. While the protests were initially contained in Hefei, where Fang lived, it quickly spread to Shanghai, Beijing and other major cities. The central leadership was alarmed by the protests, and accused the students of instigating Cultural Revolution - style turmoil. General secretary Hu Yaobang was blamed for taking a soft attitude and mishandling the protests, thus undermining social stability. He was denounced thoroughly by conservatives. Hu was forced to resign as general secretary on January 16, 1987. Following his resignation, the party began the `` Anti-bourgeois liberalization Campaign '', taking aim at Hu, political liberalization and Western - inspired ideas in general. The Campaign put a stop to student protests and tightened the political environment, but Hu remained popular with progressives within the party, intellectuals, and students. Protest development Student leaders Name Origin and affiliation Chai Ling Shandong ; Beijing Normal University Wu'erkaixi ( Örkesh ) Xinjiang ; Beijing Normal University Wang Dan Beijing ; Peking University Feng Congde Sichuan ; Peking University Shen Tong Beijing ; Peking University Wang Youcai Zhejiang ; Peking University Li Lu Hebei ; Nanjing University Zhou Yongjun China University of Political Science and Law Death of Hu Yaobang When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on April 15, 1989, students reacted strongly, most of them believing that his death was related to his forced resignation. Hu 's death provided the initial impetus for students to gather in large numbers. In university campuses, many posters appeared eulogizing Hu, calling for a revival of Hu 's legacy. Within days, most posters were writing about broader political issues, such as freedom of the press, democracy, and corruption. Small spontaneous gatherings to mourn Hu began on April 15 around Monument to the People 's Heroes at Tiananmen Square. On the same day, many students at Peking University ( PKU ) and Tsinghua University erected shrines, and joined the gathering in Tiananmen Square in a piecemeal fashion. Organized student gatherings also began on a small scale in Xi'an and Shanghai on April 16. On April 17, students at the China University of Political Science and Law ( CUPL ) made a large wreath to commemorate Hu Yaobang. Its laying - party was on April 17 and a larger - than - expected crowd assembled. At five p.m., 500 CUPL students reached the eastern gate of the Great Hall of the People, near Tiananmen Square, to mourn Hu. The gathering featured speakers from various backgrounds giving public orations commemorating Hu and discussing social problems. However, it was soon deemed obstructive to the operation of the Great Hall, so police intervened and attempted to disperse the students by persuasion. Starting on the night of April 17, three thousand PKU students marched from the campus towards Tiananmen Square, and soon nearly a thousand students from Tsinghua joined. Upon arrival, they soon joined forces with those already gathered at the Square. As its size grew, the gathering gradually evolved into a protest, as students began to draft a list of pleas and suggestions ( Seven Demands ) for the government : Affirm as correct Hu Yaobang 's views on democracy and freedom ; Admit that the campaigns against spiritual pollution and bourgeois liberalization had been wrong ; Publish information on the income of state leaders and their family members ; End the ban on privately run newspapers and stop press censorship ; Increase funding for education and raise intellectuals ' pay ; End restrictions on demonstrations in Beijing Provide objective coverage of students in official media. On the morning of April 18, students remained in the Square. Some gathered around the Monument to the People 's Heroes singing patriotic songs and listening to impromptu speeches by student organizers, others gathered at the Great Hall. Meanwhile, a few thousand students gathered at Xinhua Gate, the entrance to Zhongnanhai, the seat of the party leadership, where they demanded dialogue with the leadership. Police restrained the students from entering the compound. Students then staged a sit - in. On April 20, most students had been persuaded to leave Xinhua Gate. To disperse about 200 students that remained, police employed batons ; minor clashes were reported. Many students felt they were abused by the police, and rumours about police brutality spread quickly. The Xinhua Gate incident angered students on campus, where those who were not politically active decided to join the protests. Also on this date, a group of workers calling themselves the `` Beijing Workers ' Autonomous Federation '' issued two handbills challenging the central leadership. Hu 's state funeral took place on April 22. On the evening of April 21, some 100,000 students marched on Tiananmen Square, ignoring orders from Beijing municipal authorities that the Square was to be closed off for the funeral. The funeral, which took place inside the Great Hall and attended by the leadership, was broadcast live to the students. General secretary Zhao Ziyang delivered the eulogy. The funeral seemed rushed, and only lasted 40 minutes, as emotions ran high in the Square. Students wept. Security cordoned off the east entrance to the Great Hall, but several students pressed forward. Three of these students knelt on the steps of the Great Hall to present a petition and demanded to see Premier Li Peng. However, no leaders emerged from the Great Hall, leaving the students disappointed and angry ; some called for a class boycott. From April 21 to 23, students began organizing under the banners of formal organizations. On April 23, the `` Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation '' ( also known as `` the Union '' ) was formed. It elected CUPL student Zhou Yongjun as chair ; Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi also emerged as leaders. From this vantage point, the Union called for a general class boycott at all Beijing universities. Such an independent organization operating outside of party jurisdiction alarmed the leadership. On April 22, near dusk, serious rioting broke out in Changsha and Xi'an. In Xi'an, arson from rioters destroyed cars and houses, and looting occurred in shops near the city 's Xihua Gate. In Changsha, 38 stores were ransacked by looters. Over 350 people were arrested in both cities. In Wuhan, university students organized protests against the provincial government. As the situation became more volatile nationally, Zhao Ziyang called numerous meetings of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ). Zhao stressed three points : discourage students from further protests and ask them to go back to class, use all measures necessary to combat rioting, and open forms of dialogue with students at different levels of government. Premier Li Peng called upon Zhao to condemn protestors and recognize the need to take more serious action. Zhao dismissed Li 's views. Despite calls for him to remain in Beijing, Zhao left for a scheduled state visit to North Korea on April 23. Turning point : April 26 editorial General Secretary Zhao Ziyang ( left ) who declared dialogue with students and Premier Li Peng ( right ) who declared martial law and backed military action. Main article : April 26 Editorial Zhao 's departure to North Korea left Li Peng as the acting executive authority in Beijing. On April 24, Li Peng and the PSC met with Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing and mayor Chen Xitong to gauge the situation at the Square. The municipal officials wanted a quick resolution to the crisis, and framed the protests as a conspiracy to overthrow China 's political system and major party leaders, including Deng Xiaoping. In Zhao 's absence, the PSC agreed that firm action against protesters must be taken. On the morning of April 25, President Yang Shangkun and Premier Li Peng met with Deng at the latter 's residence. Deng endorsed a hardline stance and said an appropriate ' warning ' must be disseminated via mass media to curb further demonstrations. The meeting firmly established the first official evaluation of the protests from the leadership, and highlighted Deng 's having ' final say ' on important issues. Li Peng subsequently ordered Deng 's views to be drafted as a communique and issued to all high - level Communist Party officials in an effort to mobilize the party apparatus against protesters. On April 26, the party 's official newspaper People 's Daily issued a front - page editorial titled `` It is necessary to take a clear - cut stand against disturbances. '' The language in the editorial effectively branded the student movement to be an anti-party, anti-government revolt. The article enraged students, who interpreted it as a direct indictment on the protests and its cause. The editorial backfired. Instead of scaring students into submission, it squarely antagonized the students against the government. The polarizing nature of the editorial made it a major sticking point for the remainder of the protests. The editorial evoked memories of the Cultural Revolution, employing similar rhetoric as that used during the 1976 Tiananmen Incident -- an event that was initially branded an anti-government conspiracy but was later rehabilitated as `` patriotic '' under Deng 's leadership. Han Dongfang, founder of the Beijing Workers ' Autonomous Federation April 27 demonstration Main article : April 27 Demonstration Organized by the Union, on April 27 some 50,000 -- 100,000 students from all Beijing universities marched through the streets of the capital to Tiananmen Square, breaking through lines set up by police, and receiving widespread public support along the way, particularly from factory workers. The student leaders, eager to show the patriotic nature of the movement, also toned down anti-Communist slogans, choosing to present a message of `` anti-corruption, anti-cronyism '' but `` pro-party ''. In a twist of irony, student factions who genuinely called for the overthrow of the Communist Party gained traction as the result of an April 26 editorial. The stunning success of the March forced the government into making concessions and meeting with student representatives. On April 29, State Council spokesman Yuan Mu ( 袁 木 ) met with appointed representatives of government - sanctioned student associations. While the talks discussed a wide range of issues, including the editorial, the Xinhua Gate incident, and freedom of the press, they achieved few substantive results. Independent student leaders such as Wuer Kaixi refused to attend. The government 's tone grew increasingly conciliatory as Zhao Ziyang returned from Pyongyang on April 30 and resumed his executive authority. In Zhao 's view, the hardliner approach was not working, and concession was the only alternative. Zhao asked that the press be opened to report the movement positively, and delivered two sympathetic speeches on 3 -- 4 May. In the speeches, Zhao said that the student 's concerns about corruption were legitimate, and that the student movement was patriotic in nature. The speeches essentially negated the message presented by April 26 Editorial. While some 100,000 students marched on the streets of Beijing on 4 May to commemorate the May Fourth Movement and repeat demands from earlier marches, many students were satisfied with the government 's concessions. On 4 May, all Beijing universities except PKU and BNU announced the end of the class boycott. Subsequently, the majority of students began to lose interest in the movement. Protests escalate Party and government leaders Name Position ( s ) in 1989 Deng Xiaoping Chairman of the Central Military Commission ; de facto `` paramount leader '' Chen Yun Chairman of the CPC Central Advisory Commission Zhao Ziyang General Secretary of the Communist Party of China First Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Peng Premier of the People 's Republic of China Qiao Shi Secretary of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary of the CPC Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Hu Qili First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Yao Yilin First Vice Premier of the People 's Republic of China Yang Shangkun President of the People 's Republic of China Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Xiannian Chairman of the Conference National Committee Wan Li Chairman of the Congress Standing Committee Wang Zhen Vice President of the People 's Republic of China Jiang Zemin Communist Party Shanghai Municipal Secretary Zhu Rongji Mayor of Shanghai Hu Jintao Communist Party Tibet Regional Secretary Wen Jiabao Chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China Bold text indicates membership in the Politburo Standing Committee Italics text indicates Great Eminent Officials Preparing for dialogue Main article : Student and Government Dialogue during the 1989 Student Movement The leadership was divided on how to respond to the movement as early as mid-April. After Zhao Ziyang 's return from North Korea, the divisions intensified. Those who supported continued dialogue and a soft approach with students rallied behind Zhao Ziyang, while hardliner conservatives who opposed the movement rallied behind Premier Li Peng. Zhao and Li clashed at a PSC meeting on 1 May. Li maintained that the need for stability overrides all else, while Zhao said that the party should show support for increased democracy and transparency. Zhao pushed the case for further dialogue. In preparation for dialogue, the Autonomous Student Union elected representatives to a formal Dialogue Delegation. However, the Union leaders were reluctant to let the Delegation unilaterally take control of the movement. Facing internal discord and declining engagement from the student body at large, a group of charismatic leaders, including Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi, called for more radical measures to regain momentum. They believed that the government 's ' dialogue ' was merely a way to trick the students into submission. They began mobilizing students for a hunger strike on 11 May. Hunger strikes begin Main article : The Students ' Hunger Strike of the 1989 Tiananmen Protests A photo of Pu Zhiqiang, a student protester at Tiananmen, taken on 10 May 1989. Students began the hunger strike on 13 May, two days prior to the highly publicized state visit by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Knowing that the welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev was scheduled to be held on the Square, student leaders wanted to use the hunger strike there as a bargaining chip to force the government into meeting their demands. Moreover, the hunger strike gained widespread sympathy from the population at large and earned the student movement the moral high ground that it sought. By the afternoon of 13 May, some 300,000 were gathered at the Square. Inspired by the course of events in Beijing, protests and strikes began at universities in other cities, with many students traveling to Beijing to join the demonstration. Generally, the demonstration at Tiananmen Square was well - ordered, with daily marches of students from various Beijing - area colleges displaying their solidarity with the class boycott and with the demands of the protest. The students sang The Internationale, the world socialist anthem, on their way to, and within, the square. Afraid that the movement would now spin out of control, Deng Xiaoping asked that the Square be cleared for the Gorbachev visit. Executing Deng 's request, Zhao used a soft approach, and directed his subordinates to coordinate negotiations with students immediately. Zhao believed he could appeal to the students ' patriotism, and that the students understood signs of internal turmoil during the Sino - Soviet summit would embarrass the nation ( not just the government ). On the morning of 13 May, Yan Mingfu, head of the Communist Party 's United Front, called an emergency meeting, gathering prominent student leaders and intellectuals, including Liu Xiaobo, Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao. Yan said the government was prepared to hold immediate dialogue with student representatives, but that the Tiananmen welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev would be cancelled whether the students withdraw or not -- in effect removing the bargaining power the students thought they possessed. The announcement sent the student leadership into disarray. Gorbachev visit Press restrictions were loosened significantly during early to mid May. State media began broadcasting footage sympathetic to protesters and the movement, including the hunger strikers. On 14 May, intellectuals led by Dai Qing gained permission from Hu Qili to bypass government censorship and air the progressive views of the nation 's intellectuals on Guangming Daily. The intellectuals then issued an urgent appeal for the students to leave the Square in an attempt to deescalate the conflict. Many students, however, believed that the intellectuals were speaking for the government, and refused to budge. That evening, formal negotiations took place between government representatives led by Yan Mingfu and student representatives led by Shen Tong and Xiang Xiaoji. Yan affirmed the patriotic nature of the student movement and pleaded for the students to withdraw from the Square. While Yan 's apparent sincerity for compromise satisfied some students, the meeting grew increasingly chaotic as competing student factions relayed uncoordinated and incoherent demands to the leadership. Shortly after student leaders learned that the event had not been broadcast nationally as initially promised by the government, the meeting fell apart. Yan then personally went to the Square to appeal to the students, even offering himself to be held hostage. Yan also took the student 's pleas to Li Peng the next day, asking Li to consider formally retracting the April 26 editorial and re-branding the movement as `` patriotic and democratic '' ; Li refused. The students remained in the Square during the Gorbachev visit ; his welcoming ceremony was held at the airport. The Sino - Soviet summit, the first of its kind in some thirty years, marked the normalization of Sino - Soviet relations, and was seen as a breakthrough of tremendous historical significance for China 's leaders. That the smooth proceedings of this event had been derailed by the student movement embarrassed the leadership on the global stage, and drove many moderates in government onto a more ' hardliner ' path. The summit between Deng and Gorbachev took place at the Great Hall of the People amidst the backdrop of commotion and protest in the Square. When Gorbachev met with Zhao on 16 May, Zhao told the Soviet leader, and by extension the international press, that Deng was still the ' paramount authority ' in China. Deng felt that this remark was Zhao 's attempt to shift blame for mishandling the movement to him. The statement marked a decisive split between the country 's two most senior leaders. Gathering momentum The hunger strike galvanized support for the students and aroused sympathy across the country. Around a million Beijing residents from all walks of life demonstrated in solidarity on 17 -- 18 May. These included PLA personnel, police officers, and lower party officials. Many grassroots Party and Youth League organizations, as well as government - sponsored labour unions, encouraged their membership to demonstrate. In addition, several of China 's non-Communist parties sent a letter to Li Peng in support of students. The Chinese Red Cross issued a special notice and sent in a large number of personnel to provide medical services to the hunger strikers on the Square. After the departure of Mikhail Gorbachev, many foreign journalists remained in the Chinese capital to cover the protests, giving the movement international spotlight. Western governments urged Beijing to exercise restraint. The movement, on the wane at the end of April, now regained significant momentum. By 17 May, as students from across the country poured into the capital to join the movement, protests of varying sizes were occurring in some 400 Chinese cities. Students demonstrated at provincial party headquarters in Fujian, Hubei, and Xinjiang. Without a clearly articulated official position from the Beijing leadership, local authorities did not know how to respond. Since the demonstrations now incorporated a wide array of social groups, each carrying its own set of grievances, it became increasingly unclear with whom the government should negotiate, and what exactly the demands were. The government, continuing to be split on how to deal with the movement, saw its authority and legitimacy gradually erode as the hunger strikers took the limelight and gained widespread sympathy. These combined circumstances put immense pressure on the authorities to act, and martial law was discussed as a viable response. Since the situation seemed intractable, the weight of taking decisive action fell on paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. On 17 May, a PSC meeting was called at Deng 's residence. At the meeting, Zhao Ziyang 's concessions - based strategy, which called for the retraction of the April 26 Editorial, was thoroughly criticized. Li Peng and Deng asserted that by making a conciliatory speech on 4 May, Zhao exposed divisions within the top leadership and emboldened the students. Deng warned that if Beijing was not pacified quickly, the country risked civil war and another Cultural Revolution ; his views were echoed by the party elders. Deng then moved to declare martial law as a show of the government 's no - tolerance stance. To justify martial law, the demonstrators were described as tools of `` bourgeois liberalism '' advocates who were pulling the strings behind the scenes, as well as tools of elements within the party who wished to further their personal ambitions. On the evening of 17 May, the PSC met at Zhongnanhai to finalize plans for martial law. At the meeting, Zhao announced that he was ready to `` take leave '', citing he could not bring himself to carry out martial law. The elders in attendance at the meeting, Bo Yibo and Yang Shangkun, urged the PSC to follow Deng 's orders. Zhao did not consider the inconclusive PSC vote to have legally binding implications on martial law ; Yang Shangkun, in his capacity as Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission, went on to mobilize the military to move into the capital. Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak, it is the 7th day since you went on hunger strike, you ca n't continue like this. (... ) You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live healthy, and see the day when China accomplishes the four modernizations. You are not like us, we are already old, it does n't matter to us any more. `` '' -- Zhao Ziyang at Tiananmen Square. 19 May 1989. Wen Jiabao, then chief of the Party 's General Office, accompanied Zhao Ziyang to meet with students in the Square. Wen survived the political purge of the Party 's liberals and later served as Premier from 2003 to 2013. Li Peng met with students for the first time on 18 May in an attempt to placate public concern over the hunger strike. During the talks, student leaders once again demanded that the government rescind the April 26 editorial and affirm the student movement as `` patriotic ''. Li Peng said the government 's main concern was sending hunger strikers to hospital. The discussions yielded little substantive results, but gained student leaders prominent airtime on national television. In the early morning of 19 May, Zhao Ziyang went to Tiananmen in what became his political swan song. He was accompanied by Wen Jiabao. Li Peng also went to the Square, but left shortly thereafter. At 4 : 50 am Zhao made a speech with a bullhorn to a crowd of students, urging the students to end the hunger strike. He told the students that they were still young and urged them to stay healthy and not to sacrifice themselves without due concern for their futures. Zhao 's emotional speech was applauded by some students. It would be his last public appearance. On 19 May, the PSC met with military leaders and party elders. Deng presided over the meeting and said that martial law was the only option. At the meeting Deng declared that he was ' mistaken ' in choosing Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang as his successors, and resolved to remove Zhao from his position as general secretary. Deng also vowed to deal resolutely with Zhao 's supporters and begin propaganda work. Outside Beijing Main article : Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests University students in Shanghai also took to the streets to commemorate the death of Hu Yaobang and protest against certain policies of the government. In many cases, these were supported by the universities ' Party committees. Jiang Zemin, then - Municipal Party Secretary, addressed the student protesters in a bandage and ' expressed his understanding ', as he was a former student agitator before 1949. At the same time, he moved swiftly to send in police forces to control the streets and to purge Communist Party leaders who had supported the students. On April 19, the editors of the World Economic Herald, a magazine close to reformists, decided to publish a commemorative section on Hu. Inside was an article by Yan Jiaqi, which commented favourably on the Beijing student protests, and called for a reassessment of Hu 's 1987 purge. Sensing the conservative political trends in Beijing, Jiang Zemin demanded that the article be censored. Many newspapers were printed with a blank page. Jiang then suspended Qin Benli. His decisive action earned accolades from party elders, who praised Jiang 's loyalty. In Hong Kong, on 27 May, over 300,000 people gathered at Happy Valley Racecourse for a gathering called `` Democratic songs dedicated for China '' ( 民主 歌聲 獻 中華 ). Many Hong Kong celebrities sang songs and expressed their support for the students in Beijing. The following day, a procession of 1.5 million people, one fourth of Hong Kong 's population, led by Martin Lee, Szeto Wah and other organization leaders, paraded through Hong Kong Island. Across the world, especially where ethnic - Chinese lived, people gathered and protested. Many governments, including those of the United States and Japan, issued travel warnings to China. Military action Main article : People 's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Martial law The Chinese government declared martial law on 20 May, and mobilized at least 30 divisions from five of the country 's seven military regions. At least 14 of PLA 's 24 army corps contributed troops. As many as 250,000 troops were eventually sent to the capital, some arriving by air and others by rail. Guangzhou 's civil aviation authorities put regular airline tickets on hold to prepare for transporting military units. The army 's entry into the city was blocked at its suburbs by throngs of protesters. Tens of thousands of demonstrators surrounded military vehicles, preventing them from either advancing or retreating. Protesters lectured soldiers and appealed to them to join their cause ; they also provided soldiers with food, water, and shelter. Seeing no way forward, the authorities ordered the army to withdraw on 24 May. All government forces retreated to bases outside the city. While the Army 's withdrawal was initially seen as ' turning the tide ' in favour of protesters, in reality mobilization took place across the country for a final assault. At the same time, internal divisions intensified within the student movement itself. By late May, the students became increasingly disorganized with no clear leadership or unified course of action. Moreover, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and facing serious hygiene problems. Hou Dejian suggested an open election of the student leadership to speak for the movement, but was met with opposition. Meanwhile, Wang Dan moderated his position, ostensibly sensing the impending military action and consequences, and advocated for a temporary withdrawal from Tiananmen Square to re-group on campus, but this was opposed by ' hardliner ' student factions who wanted to hold the Square. The increasing internal friction would lead to struggles for control of the loudspeakers in the middle of the square in a series of ' mini-coups ' : whoever controlled the loudspeakers was ' in charge ' of the movement. Some students would wait at the train station to greet arrivals of students from other parts of the country in an attempt to enlist factional support. Student groups began accusing each other of ulterior motives such as collusion with the government and attempting to gain personal fame from the movement. Some students even attempted to oust Chai Ling and Feng Congde from their leadership positions in an attempted kidnapping, an action Chai called a `` well - organized and pre-meditated plot. '' June 1 -- 3 On June 1, Li Peng issued a report titled `` On the True Nature of the Turmoil '', which was circulated to every member of the Politburo. The report aimed to persuade the Politburo of the necessity and legality of clearing Tiananmen Square by referring to the protestors as terrorists and counterrevolutionaries. The report stated that turmoil was continuing to grow, the students had no plans to leave, and they were gaining popular support. Further justification for martial law came in the form of a report submitted by the Ministry of State Security ( MSS ) to the party leadership, which emphasized the infiltration of bourgeois liberalism into China and the negative effect that the West -- particularly the United States -- had on the students. The MSS expressed its belief that American forces had intervened in the student movement in hopes of overthrowing the Communist Party. The report created a sense of urgency within the party, and provided justification for military action. In conjunction with the plan to clear the Square by force, the Politburo received word from the martial law troops headquarters stating that the troops were ready to help stabilize the capital, and that they understood the necessity and legality of martial law to overcome the turmoil. On June 2, the movement saw an increase in action and protest, solidifying the CPC 's decision that it was time to act. Protests broke out as newspapers published articles that called for the students to leave Tiananmen Square and end the movement. Many of the students in the Square were not willing to leave and were outraged by the articles. They were also outraged by Beijing Daily 's June 1 article `` Tiananmen, I Cry for You '', written by a fellow student who had become disillusioned with the movement, as he thought it was chaotic and disorganized. In response to the articles, thousands of students lined the streets of Beijing to protest against leaving the Square. Three intellectuals, Liu Xiaobo, Zhou Duo, Gao Xin, and a Taiwanese singer Hou Dejian declared a second hunger strike because they wanted to revive the pro-democracy movement. After weeks of occupying the Square, the students were tired, and internal rifts opened between moderate and hardliner student groups. In their declaration speech, the hunger strikers openly criticized the government 's suppression of the movement to remind the students that their cause was worth fighting for, and pushed them to continue their occupation of the Square. On June 2, Deng Xiaoping and several party elders met with the three remaining politburo standing committee members, Li Peng, Qiao Shi and Yao Yilin, Zhao Ziyang and Hu Qili having been ousted, and they agreed to clear the Square so `` the riot can be halted and order be restored to the Capital. '' They also agreed that the Square needed to be cleared as peacefully as possible, but if protesters did not cooperate, the troops were authorized to use force to complete the job. That day, state - run newspapers reported that troops were positioned in ten key areas in the city. Units of the 27th, 65th and the 24th Armies were secretly moved into the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the Square and the Ministry of Public Security compound east of the Square. On the evening of June 2, reports that an army trencher ran into four civilians, killing three sparked fear that the army and the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square. Student leaders issued emergency orders to set up roadblocks at major intersections to prevent the entry of troops into the center of the city. On the morning of June 3, students and residents discovered troops dressed in plainclothes trying to smuggle weapons into the city. The students seized and handed the weapons to Beijing Police. The students protested outside the Xinhua Gate of the Zhongnanhai leadership compound and the police fired tear gas. Unarmed troops emerged from the Great Hall of the People and were quickly met with crowds of protesters. Several protesters attempted to injure the troops as they collided outside the Great Hall of the People. Forcing soldiers to retreat, but, only for a short while. At 4 : 30pm on June 3, the three politburo standing committee members met with military leaders, Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing, mayor Chen Xitong, and State Council secretariat Luo Gan, and finalized the order for the enforcement of martial law : The operation to quell the counterrevolutionary riot was to begin at 9 : 00 pm. Military units should converge on the Square by 1 : 00 am on June 4 and the Square must be cleared by 6 : 00 am. No delays would be tolerated. No person may impede the advance of the troops enforcing martial law. The troops may act in self - defense and use any means to clear impediments. State media will broadcast warnings to citizens. The order did not explicitly contain a shoot - to - kill directive but permission to `` use any means '' was understood by some units as authorization to use lethal force. That evening, the leaders monitored the operation from the Great Hall of the People and Zhongnanhai. June 3 -- 4 : clearing the Square See also : People 's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 On the evening of June 3, state - run television warned residents to stay indoors but crowds of people took to the streets, as they had two weeks before, to block the incoming army. PLA units advanced on Beijing from every direction -- the 38th, 63rd and 28th Armies from the west, the 15th Airborne Corps, 20th, 26th and 54th Armies from the south, the 39th Army and the 1st Armored Division from the east and the 40th and 64th Armies from the north. A Type 59 main battle tank on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution in western Beijing. On June 3, 1989, People 's Liberation Army deployed Type 59 tanks in the crackdown. Type 63 armored personnel carrier deployed in Beijing in 1989 Unlike in the 1976 Tiananmen Incident, which did not involve the military, in 1989 soldiers were armed with the Type 56 assault rifle ( above ), a variant of the AKS - 47 ( below ), and fired live ammunition at civilians. At about 10 : 00 pm, the 38th Army opened fire on protesters at the Wukesong intersection on Chang'an Avenue, about 10 km west of Square. The crowds were stunned that the army was using live ammunition and reacted by hurling insults and projectiles. Song Xiaoming, a 32 - year - old aerospace technician, killed at Wukesong, was the first confirmed fatality of the night. The troops used expanding bullets, which expand upon entering the body and create larger wounds and also prevented collateral damage from bullets. At about 10 : 30 pm, the advance of the army was briefly halted at Muxidi, about 5 km west of the Square, where articulated trolleybuses were placed across a bridge and set on fire. Crowds of residents from nearby apartment blocks tried to surround the military convoy and halt its advance. The 38th Army again opened fire, inflicting heavy casualties. According to the tabulation of victims by Tiananmen Mothers, 36 people died at Muxidi, including Wang Weiping, a doctor tending to the wounded. Several were killed in the apartments of high - ranking party officials overlooking the boulevard. Soldiers raked the apartment buildings with gunfire, and some people inside or on their balconies were shot. The 38th Army also used armored personnel carriers ( APCs ) to ram through the buses. They continued to fight off demonstrators, who hastily erected barricades and tried to form human chains. As the army advanced, fatalities were recorded all along Chang'an Avenue, at Nanlishilu, Fuxingmen, Xidan, Liubukou and Tiananmen. Among those killed was Duan Changlong, a Tsinghua University graduate student, who was shot in the chest as he tried to negotiate with soldiers at Xidan. To the south, paratroopers of the 15th Airborne Corps also used live ammunition, and civilians deaths were recorded at Hufangqiao, Zhushikou, Tianqiao, and Qianmen. The killings infuriated city residents, some of whom attacked soldiers with sticks, rocks and molotov cocktails, setting fire to military vehicles. The Chinese government and its supporters have attempted to argue that the troops acted in self - defense and seized upon troop casualties to justify the use of force. Lethal attacks on troops occurred after the military had opened fire at 10 : 00 pm on June 3 and the number of military fatalities caused by protesters is relatively few -- seven, according to Wu Renhua 's study, compared to hundreds of civilian deaths. At 8 : 30 pm, army helicopters appeared above the Square and students called for campuses to send reinforcements. At 10 : 00 pm, the founding ceremony of the Tiananmen Democracy University was held as scheduled at the base of the Goddess of Democracy. At 10 : 16 pm, the loudspeakers controlled by the government warned that troops may take `` any measures '' to enforce martial law. By 10 : 30pm, news of bloodshed to the west and south of the city began trickling into the Square, often told by witnesses drenched in blood. At midnight, the students ' loudspeaker announced news that a student had been killed on West Chang'an Avenue, near the Military Museum and a somber mood settled on the Square. Li Lu, the deputy commander of the student headquarters, urged students to remain united in defending the Square through non-violent means. At 12 : 30 am, Wu'erkaixi fainted after learning that a female student at Beijing Normal University, who had left campus with him earlier in the evening, had just been killed. Wuerkaixi was taken away by ambulance. By then, there were still 70,000 -- 80,000 people in the Square. At about 12 : 15 am, a flare lit up the sky and the first armored personnel vehicle appeared on the Square from the west. At 12 : 30 am, two more APCs arrived from the South. The students threw chunks of cement at the vehicles. One APC stalled, perhaps by metal poles jammed into its wheels, and the demonstrators covered it with gasoline - doused blankets and set it on fire. The intense heat forced out the three occupants, who were swarmed by demonstrators. The APCs had reportedly run over tents and many in the crowd wanted to beat the soldiers. But students formed a protective cordon and escorted the three men to the medic station by the History Museum on the east side of the Square. Pressure mounted on the student leadership to abandon non-violence and retaliate against the killings. At one point, Chai Ling picked up the megaphone and called on fellow students to prepare to `` defend themselves '' against the `` shameless government. '' But she and Li Lu agreed to adhere to peaceful means and had the students ' sticks, rocks and glass bottles confiscated. At about 1 : 30 am, the vanguard of the 38th Army and paratroopers from the 15th Airborne Corps arrived at the north and south ends of the Square, respectively. They began to seal off the Square from reinforcements of students and residents, killing more demonstrators who were attempting to enter the Square. Meanwhile, the 27th and 65th Armies poured out of the Great Hall of the People to the west and the 24th Army emerged from behind the History Museum to the east. The remaining students, numbering several thousand, were completely surrounded at the Monument of the People 's Heroes in the center of the Square. At 2 am, the troops fired shots over the heads of the students at the Monument. The students broadcast pleadings back toward the troops : `` We entreat you in peace, for democracy and freedom of the motherland, for strength and prosperity of the Chinese nation, please comply with the will of the people and refrain from using force against peaceful student demonstrators. '' At about 2 : 30 am, several workers near the Monument emerged with a machine gun they had captured from the troops and vowed to take revenge. They were persuaded to give up the weapon by Hou Dejian. The workers also handed over an assault rifle without ammunition, which Liu Xiaobo smashed against the marble railings of the Monument. Shao Jiang, a student who had witnessed the killings at Muxidi, pleaded with the older intellectuals to retreat, saying too many lives had been lost. Initially, Liu Xiaobo was reluctant, but eventually joined Zhou Tuo, Gao Xin and Hou Dejian in making the case to the student leaders for a withdrawal. Chai Ling, Li Lu and Feng Congde initially rejected the idea of withdrawal. At 3 : 30am, at the suggestion of two doctors in the Red Cross camp, Hou Dejian and Zhuo Tuo agreed to attempt to negotiate with the soldiers. They rode in an ambulance to the northeast corner of the Square and spoke with Ji Xinguo, the political commissar of the 38th Army 's 336th Regiment, who relayed the request to command headquarters, which agreed to grant safe passage for the students to the southeast. The commissar told Hou, `` it would be a tremendous accomplishment, if you can persuade the students to leave the Square. At 4 : 00 am, the lights on the Square suddenly turned off, and the government 's loudspeaker announced : `` Clearance of the Square begins now. We agree with the students ' request to clear the Square. '' The students sang The Internationale and braced for a last stand. Hou returned and informed student leaders of his agreement with the troops. At 4 : 30 am, the lights relit and the troops began to advance on the Monument from all sides. At about 4 : 32 am, Hou Dejian took the student 's loudspeaker and recounted his meeting with the military. Many students, who learned of the talks for the first time, reacted angrily and accused him of cowardice. The soldiers initially stopped about 10 meters from the students. The first row of troops took aim with machine guns in the prone position. Behind them soldiers squatted and stood with assault rifles. Mixed among them were anti-riot police with clubs. Further back were tanks and APCs. Feng Congde took to the loudspeaker and explained that there was no time left to hold a meeting. Instead, a voice vote would decide the collective action of the group. Although the `` stays '' were louder than `` gos '', Feng said the `` gos '' had prevailed. Just at that time, at about 4 : 40 am, a squad of soldiers in camouflaged uniform charged up the Monument and shot out the students ' loudspeaker. Other troops beat and kicked dozens of students at the Monument, seizing and smashing their cameras and recording equipment. An officer with a loudspeaker called out `` you better leave or this wo n't end well. '' Some of the students and professors persuaded others still sitting on the lower tiers of the Monument to get up and leave, while soldiers beat them with clubs and gunbutts and prodded them with bayonets. Witnesses heard bursts of gunfire. At about 5 : 10 am, the students began to leave the Monument. They linked hands and marched through a corridor to the southeast, though some departed through the north. Those who refused to leave were beaten by soldiers and ordered to join the departing procession. Having removed the students from the square, soldiers were ordered to relinquish their ammunition, after which they were allowed a short reprieve from 7 : 00 am to 9 : 00 am. The soldiers were then ordered to clear the square of all debris left over from the student occupation. The debris was either piled and burnt on the square, or placed in large plastic bags that were then airlifted away by military helicopters. After the cleanup of the square was completed the troops stationed at The Great Hall of the People remained confined within for the next nine days. During this time the soldiers were left to sleep on the floors and fed a single packet of instant noodles split between three men daily. Officers apparently suffered no such deprivation, and were served regular meals apart from their troops. Just past 6 : 00 am on June 4, as a convoy of students who had vacated the Square were walking westward in the bicycle lane along Chang'an Avenue back to campus, three tanks pursued them from the Square, firing tear gas and one drove through the crowd, killing 11 students, injuring scores. Later in the morning, thousands of civilians tried to re-enter the Square from the northeast on East Chang'an Avenue, which was blocked by rows of infantry. Many in the crowd were parents of the demonstrators who had been in the Square. As the crowd approached the troops, an officer sounded a warning, and the troops opened fire. The crowd scurried back down the avenue in view of journalists in the Beijing Hotel. Dozens of civilians were shot in the back as they fled. Later, the crowds surged back toward the troops, who opened fire again. The people fled in panic. An ambulance that was arriving was also caught in the gunfire. The crowd attempted several more times but could not enter the Square, which remained closed to the public for two weeks. June 5 On June 5, suppression of the protest was immortalized in Western media by the famous video footage and photographs of a lone man standing in front of a column of tanks driving out of Tiananmen Square. The iconic photo that would eventually make its way around the world was taken on June 5 on Chang'an Avenue. As the tank driver attempted to go around him, the `` Tank Man '' moved into the tank 's path. He continued to stand defiantly in front of the tanks for some time, then climbed up onto the turret of the lead tank to speak to the soldiers inside. After returning to his position in front of the tanks, the man was pulled aside by a group of people. A stopped convoy of 37 APCs on Changan Boulevard at Muxidi was forced to abandon their vehicles after becoming stuck among an assortment of burned out buses and military vehicles. In addition to occasional incidents of soldiers opening fire on civilians in Beijing, Western news outlets reported clashes between Units of the PLA. Late in the afternoon 26 tanks, three armored personnel carriers and supporting infantry took up defensive positions facing East at Jianguomen and Fuxingmen overpasses. Shellfire was heard throughout the night and the next morning a U.S. Marine in the Eastern part of the city reported spotting a damaged armored vehicle that had been disabled by an armor - piercing shell. The ongoing turmoil in the capital disrupted the flow of everyday life. No editions of the People 's Daily were available in Beijing on June 5 despite assurances that they had been printed. Many shops, offices, and factories were not able to open as workers remained in their homes, and public transit services were limited to Subway and suburban bus routes. By and large, the government regained control in the week following the military 's seizure of the Square. A political purge followed in which officials responsible for organizing or condoning the protests were removed, and protest leaders jailed. Protests outside Beijing After order was restored in Beijing on June 4, protests of varying scales continued in some 80 other Chinese cities, outside of the spotlight of the international press. In the then - British colony of Hong Kong, people again took to wearing black in solidarity with the demonstrators in Beijing. There were also protests in other countries, many adopting the use of black armbands as well. In Shanghai, students marched on the streets on June 5, and erected roadblocks on major thoroughfares. Factory workers went on a general strike and took to the streets as well ; railway traffic was also blocked. Public transport was also suspended and prevented people from getting to work. On June 6, the municipal government attempted clearing the rail blockade, but was met with fierce resistance from the crowds. Several people died from having been run over by a train. On June 7, students from major Shanghai universities stormed various campus facilities to erect biers in commemoration of the dead in Beijing. The situation gradually came under control without resorting to deadly force. The municipal government gained recognition from the top leadership in Beijing for averting a major upheaval. In the interior cities of Xi'an, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Chengdu, many students continued protests after June 4, often erecting roadblocks. In Xi'an, students stopped workers from entering factories. In Wuhan, students blocked the Yangtze River Railway bridge, and another 4,000 gathered at the railway station. About one thousand students staged a railroad ' sit - in '. Rail traffic on the Beijing - Guangzhou and Wuhan - Dalian lines was interrupted. The students also urged employees of major state - owned enterprises to go on strike. In Wuhan the situation was so tense that residents reportedly began a bank run and resorted to panic - buying. Similar scenes unfolded in Nanjing. On June 7, hundreds of students staged a blockade at the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge as well as the Zhongyangmen Railway Bridge ; they were persuaded to evacuate without incident later that day, though returned the next day to occupy the main railway station and the bridges. The atmosphere in Chengdu was more violent. On the morning of June 4, police forcibly broke up the student demonstration taking place in Chengdu 's main square. The resulting violence killed eight people, and injured hundreds more. The most brutal attacks occurred on June 5 and 6. Witnesses estimate that 30 to 100 bodies were thrown onto a truck after a crowd broke into the Jinjiang Hotel. According to Amnesty International, at least 300 people were killed in Chengdu on June 5. Troops in Chengdu used concussion grenades, truncheons, knives and electric cattle prods against civilians. Hospitals were ordered to not accept students and on the second night the ambulance service was stopped by police. Government pronouncements At a news conference on June 6, State Council spokesperson Yuan Mu announced that based on `` preliminary statistics '', `` nearly 300 people died... includ ( ing ) soldiers '', 23 students, `` bad elements who deserve ( d ) this because of their crimes, and people who were killed by mistake. '' The wounded, he said, included `` 5,000 ( police ) officers and ( soldiers ) '' and over `` 2,000 civilians, including the handful of lawless ruffians and the onlooking masses who do understand the situation. '' Military spokesperson Zhang Gong stated that no one was killed in Tiananmen Square and no one was run over by tanks in the Square. Deng addresses the Army Main article : June 9 Deng Speech On June 9, Deng Xiaoping, appearing in public for the first time since the protests began, delivered a speech praising the `` martyrs '' ( PLA soldiers who had died ). Deng stated that the goal of the movement was to overthrow the Party and the state. `` Their goal is to establish a totally Western - dependent bourgeois republic '', Deng said of the protesters. Deng argued that protesters had complained about corruption to cover their real motive, which was to replace the socialist system. He said that `` the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road ''. Death toll The civilians killed in the city of Beijing, according to the city police, `` included university professors, technical people, officials, workers, owners of small private enterprises, retired workers, high school students and grade school students, of whom the youngest was nine years old. '' The number of deaths and the extent of bloodshed in the Square itself have been in dispute since the events. As the Chinese authorities actively suppress discussion of the events as well as research of the subject, it is difficult to verify exact figures. As a result, large discrepancies exist among various casualty estimates. Official figures Official figures of the dead range from 200 to 300. At the State Council press conference on June 6, spokesman Yuan Mu said that `` preliminary tallies '' by the government showed that about 300 civilians and soldiers died, including 23 students from universities in Beijing, along with a number of people he described as `` ruffians ''. Yuan also said some 5,000 soldiers and police along with 2,000 civilians were wounded. On June 19, Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing reported to the Politburo that the government 's confirmed death toll was 241, including 218 civilians ( of which 36 were students ), 10 PLA soldiers and 13 People 's Armed Police, along with 7,000 wounded. Other estimates Unofficial estimates of the death toll have usually been higher than government figures, and go as high as several thousand. Nicholas D. Kristof, then Beijing bureau chief for The New York Times wrote on June 21 that `` it seems plausible that about a dozen soldiers and policemen were killed, along with 400 to 800 civilians. '' U.S. ambassador James Lilley said that, based on visits to hospitals around Beijing, a minimum of several hundred had been killed. In a 1990 article addressing the question, Time magazine said that the Chinese Red Cross had given a figure of 2,600 deaths on the morning of June 4, though later this figure was retracted. A declassified NSA cable filed on the same day estimated 180 -- 500 deaths up to the morning of June 4. Amnesty International 's estimates puts the number of deaths at between several hundred and close to 1,000, while a Western diplomat who compiled estimates put the number at 300 to 1,000. Identifying the dead The Tiananmen Mothers, a victims ' advocacy group co-founded by Ding Zilin and Zhang Xianling, whose children were killed during the crackdown, have identified 202 victims as of August 2011. The group has worked painstakingly, in the face of government interference, to locate victims ' families and collect information about the victims. Their tally has grown from 155 in 1999 to 202 in 2011. The list includes four individuals who committed suicide on or after June 4, for reasons that related to their involvement in the demonstrations. Wu Renhua of the Chinese Alliance for Democracy, an overseas group agitating for democratic reform in China, said that he was only able to verify and identify 15 military deaths. Wu asserts that if deaths from events unrelated to demonstrators were removed from the count, only seven deaths among military personnel may be counted as those `` killed in action '' by rioters. Deaths in Tiananmen Square itself A replica of Goddess of Democracy outside of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Chinese government officials have long asserted that no one died in the Square itself in the early morning hours of June 4, during the ' hold - out ' of the last batch of students in the south of the Square. Initially foreign media reports of a `` massacre '' on the Square were prevalent, though subsequently journalists have acknowledged that most of the deaths occurred outside of the Square in western Beijing. Several people who were situated around the square that night, including Jay Mathews, former Beijing bureau chief of the Washington Post, and Richard Roth, CBS correspondent, reported that while they had heard sporadic gunfire, they could not find enough evidence to suggest that a massacre took place on the Square itself. Records by the Tiananmen Mothers suggest that three students died in the Square the night of the Army 's push into the Square. Democracy activist Wu Renhua asserted that the government 's discussion of the issue was a red herring intended to absolve itself of responsibility and showcase its benevolence. Wu said that it was irrelevant whether the shooting occurred inside or outside of the Square itself, as it was still a reprehensible massacre of unarmed civilians. Aftermath Arrests and punishment The authorities carried out mass arrests. Many workers were summarily tried and executed. In contrast, the students -- many of whom came from relatively affluent backgrounds and were well - connected -- received much lighter sentences. Wang Dan, the student leader who topped the most wanted list, spent seven years in prison. Many of the students and university staff implicated were permanently politically stigmatized, some never to be employed again. Some student leaders such as Chai Ling and Wuer Kaixi were able to escape to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and other Western nations under Operation Yellowbird that was organized from Hong Kong, a British territory at the time. Smaller protest actions continued in other cities for a few days. Some university staff and students who had witnessed the killings in Beijing organized or spurred commemorative events upon their return to school. At Shanghai 's prestigious Jiaotong University, for example, the party secretary organized a public commemoration event, with engineering students producing a large metal wreath. According to the Dui Hua Foundation, citing a provincial government, 1,602 individuals were imprisoned for protest - related activities in the early 1989. As of May 2012, at least two remain incarcerated in Beijing and five others remain unaccounted for. In June 2014 it was reported that Miao Deshun was believed to be the last known prisoner incarcerated for their participation in the protests ; he was last heard from a decade ago. All are reported to be suffering from mental illness. Leadership changes The Party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ). Hu Qili, another PSC member who opposed the martial law but abstained from voting, was also removed from the committee. He was, however, able to retain his party membership, and after `` changing his opinion '', was reassigned as deputy minister in the Ministry for Machinery and Electronics Industry. Another reform - minded Chinese leader, Wan Li, was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of his plane at Beijing Capital Airport upon returning from his shortened trip abroad ; the authorities declared his detention to be on health grounds. When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally `` changed his opinion '' he, like Qiao Shi, was transferred to a different position with equal rank but a mostly ceremonial role. Several Chinese ambassadors abroad claimed political asylum. Jiang Zemin, the party secretary of Shanghai, where student protests were subdued largely without violence, was promoted to succeed Zhao Ziyang as CPC general secretary in 1989. Jiang Zemin, then Party Secretary of Shanghai, was promoted to General Secretary of the Communist Party. Jiang 's decisive actions in Shanghai involving the World Economic Herald and his having prevented deadly violence in the city won him support from party elders in Beijing. Having put the new leadership team in place and recognising his weakened position, Deng Xiaoping himself also bowed out of the party leadership -- at least officially -- by resigning his last leadership position as Chairman of the Central Military Commission later that year. He kept a low profile until 1992. According to diplomatic cables de-classified by Canada, the then Swiss ambassador informed Canadian diplomats in confidence that over several months following the massacre, `` every member of the Politburo Standing Committee has approached him about transferring very significant amounts of money to Swiss bank accounts ''. Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang 's aide, was the highest - ranking official to be formally charged with a crime in connection with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of `` revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing '' and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators among the party 's rank - and - file, the party leadership initiated a one - and - a-half - year - long rectification program to `` deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization ''. Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 communist officers were deployed to assess ' political reliability ' of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street ; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon. Media coverage Chinese media An article that compiles all the important editorials released by the People 's Daily can be found at the following page, People 's Daily during the 1989 Student Protest. The suppression on June 4 marked the end of a period of relative press freedom in China, and media workers -- both foreign and domestic -- faced heightened restrictions and punishment in the aftermath of the crackdown. State media reports in the immediate aftermath were sympathetic to the students. As a result, those responsible were all later removed from their posts. Two news anchors Xue Fei and Du Xian, who reported this event on June 4 in the daily Xinwen Lianbo broadcast on China Central Television were fired because they displayed sad emotions. Wu Xiaoyong, the son of former foreign minister Wu Xueqian was removed from the English Program Department of Chinese Radio International, ostensibly for his sympathies towards protesters. Editors and other staff at People 's Daily, including director Qian Liren and Editor - in - Chief Tan Wenrui, were also sacked because of reports in the paper which were sympathetic towards the protesters. Several editors were arrested. Foreign media Main article : Foreign Media and the Tiananmen Square Protests With the imposition of martial law, the Chinese government cut off the satellite transmissions of foreign broadcasters such as CNN and CBS. Broadcasters attempted to defy these orders by reporting via telephone. Footage was quickly smuggled out of the country. The only network which was able to record shots during the night of June 4 was Televisión Española of Spain ( TVE ). During the military action, some foreign journalists faced harassment from authorities. CBS correspondent Richard Roth and his cameraman were taken into custody while filing a report from the Square via mobile phone. Several foreign journalists who had covered the crackdown were expelled in the weeks that followed, while others were harassed by authorities or blacklisted from reentering the country. In Shanghai, foreign consulates were told that the safety of journalists who failed to heed newly enacted reporting guidelines could not be guaranteed. The USC U.S. - China Institute 's Assignment : China series includes a segment on American media coverage of the protests and their suppression. Tiananmen Square features interviews with correspondents for the Associated Press and United Press International, the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, the Voice of America, ABC, CBS, and CNN. International reaction A replica of the memorial in the Polish city of Wrocław depicting a destroyed bicycle and a tank track as a symbol of the Tiananmen Square protests. The original was destroyed by Security Service despite the fact that it was after the 1989 elections. Main article : Reactions to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 The Chinese government 's response was widely denounced, particularly by Western governments and media. Criticism came from both Western and Eastern Europe, North America, Australia and some west Asian and Latin American countries. Many Asian countries remained silent throughout the protests ; the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum, so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China, and to offer political empathy for the events. Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, among others, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests. Overseas Chinese students demonstrated in many cities in Europe, America, the Middle East and Asia. Economic impact There was a significant impact on the Chinese economy after the incident. Foreign loans to China were suspended by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and foreign governments ; tourism revenue decreased from US $2.2 billion to US $1.8 billion ; foreign direct investment commitments were cancelled and there was a rise in defense spending from 8.6 % in 1986, to 15.5 % in 1990, reversing a previous 10 year decline. Chinese Premier Li Peng visited the United Nations Security Council on January 31, 1992, and argued that the economic and arms embargoes on China were a violation of national sovereignty. Legacy Student leaders Among the student leaders, Wang Dan and Zhao Changqing were arrested. As a lesser figure in the demonstrations, Zhao was released after six months in prison. However, he was once again incarcerated for continuing to petition for political reform in China. Wang Dan was sent to prison, then allowed to emigrate to the United States in 1998 on the grounds of medical parole. He eventually received a PhD from Harvard University and went on to teach modern Chinese history at National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Wu'erkaixi fled to Taiwan and has since become a political commentator on Taiwanese national radio. Chai Ling fled to France, and then went on to the United States to study at Princeton and Harvard. She then founded an IT start - up company and a non-profit organization called `` All Girls Allowed '', which addresses issues such as women 's rights and female infanticide in China. Li Lu became an investment banker and venture capitalist on Wall Street, started his own hedge fund and became a business partner to Charlie Munger of Berkshire Hathaway, partly through human rights contacts was acquainted with as a result of his involvement at Tiananmen Square. Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao were arrested in late 1989 for their involvement in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Chinese authorities alleged they were the `` black hands '' behind the movement. Both Chen and Wang rejected the allegations made against them. They were put on trial in 1990 and sentenced to 13 years in prison. Domestic political developments The protests led to a strengthened role for the state. In its aftermath, many of the freedoms introduced during the 1980s were rescinded, as the party returned to a conventional Leninist mold and re-established firm control over the press, publishing, and mass media. The protests were also a blow to the ' separation of powers ' model established by the 1982 Constitution and by convention, whereby the President was a symbolic position ( figurehead ), and the real centres of power of the General Secretary of the Communist Party, the Premier of the State Council and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission were intended to be different people, to prevent the excesses of Mao - style personal rule. However, when President Yang Shangkun asserted his reserve powers with his post of Vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and openly split with general secretary Zhao Ziyang over the use of force to side with Premier Li Peng and Central Military Commission chairman Deng Xiaoping, official policy became inconsistent and incoherent, significantly impeding the exercise of power. In 1993, the positions of General Secretary, Central Military Commission Chairman and President were all consolidated into the same office, reverting to the previous Maoist distribution of power that had previously existed since 1972. In 1989, neither the Chinese military nor the Beijing police had sufficient anti-riot gear, such as rubber bullets and tear gas. After the Tiananmen Square protests, riot police in Chinese cities were equipped with non-lethal equipment for riot control. The protests led to increased spending on internal security and expanded the role of the People 's Armed Police in suppressing urban protests. The aftermath of the protests saw the resurgence of conservative attitudes towards reform among policymakers, intended to slow the rapid changes that were said to have contributed to the causes of the protest. Deng Xiaoping, the `` architect '' of the reform policy, saw his influence significantly reduced following the protests, forcing him into making concessions with socialist hardliners. In dismissing Zhao Ziyang, who shared Deng 's vision for economic reform but disagreed with him over politics, Deng had lost the foremost champion of his own economic vision. Facing pressure from the conservative camp, Deng distanced himself from the affairs of state. This slow pace of reform was met with stiff resistance from provincial governors and broke down completely in the early 1990s as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Deng 's Southern Tour of 1992, designed by the ailing but influential leader as a means to reinstate his economic reform agenda. On the tour, Deng criticized the leftist hardliners that had gained power following the protests, and praised entrepreneurship and other market - driven policies. Initially ignored by Beijing, the Chinese Politburo eventually sided with Deng and economic reforms again gained prominence. Hong Kong Candlelight vigil in Hong Kong in 2009 on 20th anniversary of the June 4th incident In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen square protests led to fears that the PRC would renege on its commitments under one country, two systems following the impending handover in 1997. In response, Governor Chris Patten attempted to expand the franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, which led to friction with Beijing. For many Hong Kongers, Tiananmen served as a turning point for when they lost trust in the Beijing government. The event, coupled with general uncertainty over the status of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty, led to a sizeable exodus of Hong Kong people to Western countries such as Canada and Australia prior to 1997. There have been large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989 and these vigils have continued following the transfer of power to the PRC in 1997. The June 4th Museum closed in July 2016, after only two years in its location. The group that runs the museum, the Hong Kong Alliance, has started to crowdfund money to open the museum in a new location. Impact on China 's national image The Chinese government drew widespread condemnation for its suppression of the protests. In its immediate aftermath, China seemed well on its way to becoming a pariah state, increasingly isolated on the international stage. This was a significant setback for the leadership, who had courted international investment for much of the 1980s as the country emerged from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping and the core leadership, however, vowed to continue economic liberalization policies after 1989. From there on, China would work domestically as well as internationally to reshape its national image from that of a repressive regime to a benign global economic and military partner. Domestic trends During the early 1990s, officials such as Yang Shangkun, Li Peng and others sought to return to a planned economy. Deng Xiaoping largely stayed out of politics until his groundbreaking 1992 `` southern tour '', which was intended to re-instate policies of economic liberalization. Along with the liberalization came the loosening of state control in many areas of daily life. Privately run print media flourished. Private newspapers increased from 250 in the 1980s to over 7,000 by 2003. Provincially run satellite TV stations sprung up all over the country and challenged the market share of state - run CCTV. The leadership also stepped away from promoting communism as an all - encompassing belief system. State - approved religious organizations increased their membership significantly, as traditional beliefs suppressed during the Mao era also re-appeared. This state - sanctioned plurality also created the environment for unsanctioned forms of spirituality and worship to grow. In order to reduce the need for controversial methods of state control, while Protestants, Buddhists, and Taoists were largely left alone, the state often employed these ' approved ' denominations to `` fight against cults '' such as Falun Gong -- playing sects off each other. As the party departed from the orthodox communism it was founded upon, much of its attention was focused on the cultivation of nationalism as an alternative ideology. This policy largely succeeded in tying the party 's legitimacy to China 's `` national pride '', turning public opinions in its favour. This is perhaps most prominently seen in May 1999, when the US bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. The bombings saw an outpouring of nationalist sentiment and increased support for the party as the foremost advocate of China 's national interest. International perception Facing global condemnation for their handling of the protests in 1989, China has endeavored to demonstrate its willingness to participate in international economic and defense institutions in order to secure investment for continued economic reforms. Before the end of 1991, China normalized ties with the Russian government 's newly elected president, Boris Yeltsin. The PRC also welcomed Taiwanese business as a replacement for Western investment. Further, China expedited negotiations with the World Trade Organization as well as established relations with Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, and others in 1992. Regarding defense alignments, the government signed The Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992, The Convention on Chemical Weapons in 1993, and The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996. Whereas China had been a member of just 30 international organizations in 1986, this membership increased to over 50 by 1997. Finally, while China was a net recipient of aid throughout the 1980s, its growing economic and military role transformed it into a provider of aid, with $100 million given to Thailand in 1997 alone. Furthermore, the government has successfully promoted China as an attractive destination for investment by emphasizing the country 's skilled workers, comparatively lower wages, established infrastructure, and sizeable consumer base. Increased foreign investment in the country led many world leaders to believe that by constructively engaging China in the global marketplace, political reforms would inevitably follow. At the same time, the explosion of commercial interest in the country opened the way for multinational corporations to turn a blind eye to politics and human rights in favour of `` doing business. '' Since then, Western leaders who were previously critical of China have generally paid lip service to the legacy of Tiananmen, but the substance of bilateral relationships focus on business and trade interests. In Hong Kong, the events of Tiananmen in 1989 -- perhaps to a greater degree than anywhere else outside of mainland China -- have become permanently etched in the public consciousness. The events continue to have a strong impact on perceptions of China, its government, attitudes towards democracy, and the extent to which Hong Kong'ers should identify as `` Chinese ''. The events of June 4 are seen as emblematic of the Chinese ' brand ' of authoritarianism and is prominently discussed in Hong Kong 's political circles, often in relation to democratic reform in Hong Kong and the territory 's relationship with Beijing. Academic studies indicate that those who supported the rehabilitation of the Tiananmen Square movement had a tendency to support democratization in the territory as well as the election of pro-democracy parties. EU and us arms embargo Main article : European Union arms embargo on the People 's Republic of China The European Union and United States embargo on armament sales to the PRC, put in place as a result of the violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests, remains in place today. The PRC has been calling for a lift of the ban for years and has had a varying amount of support from EU members. Since 2004, China has portrayed the ban as `` outdated '', and damaging to China - EU relations. In early 2004, French President Jacques Chirac spearheaded a movement within the EU to lift the ban, which was supported by German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. However, the passing of the Anti-Secession Law of the People 's Republic of China in March 2005 increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, damaging attempts to lift the ban, and several EU Council members retracted their support for a lift of the ban. Moreover, Schröder 's successor Angela Merkel opposed lifting the ban. Members of the U.S. Congress had also proposed restrictions on the transfer of military technology to the EU if the latter lifted the ban. The UK also opposed the lifting of the embargo when it took charge of the EU presidency in July 2005. The election of José Manuel Barroso as European Commission President also made a lifting of the ban more difficult, because Barroso is a critic of China 's human rights record. In addition, the European Parliament has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to the PRC. Though its agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban, many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the only directly elected European body. The arms embargo has limited China 's options from where it may seek military hardware. Among the sources that were sought included the former Soviet bloc that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the Sino - Soviet split. Other willing suppliers have previously included Israel and South Africa, but American pressure has restricted this co-operation. Remembrance Censorship in China Part of a series on Denial of mass killings Instances of denial Armenian Genocide denial Denial of the Holodomor Holocaust denial Nanking Massacre denial Serbian genocide denial Denial of the Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 66 Denial of 1971 genocide and war crimes in Bangladesh Cambodian Genocide denial Cover up of the Tiananmen Square massacre Rwandan genocide denial Srbrenica massacre denial Scholarly controversy over mass killings Holodomor genocide question Legacy of Mao Zedong Legacy of Augusto Pinochet Legacy of the colonization of Australia Legacy of the Islamic rule of India Legacy of the Mongol conquest Causes of Native American population decline Legacy of the 1944 -- 1950 Expulsions of Germans Great Irish Famine genocide question Individuals who have denied, or been accused of denying, mass killings Holocaust denial List of Holocaust Deniers David Irving Armenian Genocide denial Bernard Lewis Justin McCarthy Rwandan Genocide denial Robin Philpot Peter Erlinder Cambodian Genocide denial Malcolm Caldwell Nanking Massacre denial Shūdō Higashinakano Masaaki Tanaka Holodomor denial Walter Duranty Douglas Tottle Serbian Genocide denial Franjo Tuđman Bosnian Genocide denial Milorad Dodik Tomislav Nikolić Related Topics Historical negationism Historical revisionism Further information : Censorship in the People 's Republic of China See also : Internet censorship of the protest The Communist Party of China ( CPC ) forbids discussion of the Tiananmen Square protests, and has taken measures to block or censor related information. Textbooks have little, if any, information related to the protests. Following the protests, officials banned controversial films and books, and shut down a large number of newspapers. Within a year, 12 percent of all newspapers, 8 percent of publishing companies, 13 percent of social science periodicals and more than 150 films were banned or shut down. In addition, the government also announced it had seized 32 million contraband books and 2.4 million video and audio cassettes. Access to media and internet resources on the subject are restricted or blocked by censors. Banned literature and films include Summer Palace, Forbidden City, Collection of June Fourth Poems, The Critical Moment : Li Peng diaries, and any writings of Zhao Ziyang or his aide Bao Tong, including Zhao 's memoirs. However, contraband and internet copies of these publications can be found. The party 's official stance towards the incident is that the use of force was necessary in order to control a ' political disturbance ' and that it ensured the stability necessary for economic prosperity. Chinese leaders, including former paramount leaders Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, reiterate this line when questioned by foreign press. Public memory of the Tiananmen Square protests has been suppressed by the authorities since 1989. Print media containing reference to the protests must be consistent with the government 's version of events. Currently, many Chinese citizens are reluctant to speak about the protests because of potential repercussions. Rob Gifford held that many young people born after 1980 are unfamiliar with the events and are apathetic about politics while some older intellectuals no longer aspire for political change and instead focus on economic issues. Youth in China are generally unaware of the events that took place, of the symbols such as tank man, or of the significance of the date June 4 itself. While public discussion of the events have become a social taboo, private discussions continue to take place despite frequent interference and harassment from the authorities. Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo remained in China to speak out about Tiananmen in the 1990s despite offers of asylum ; he faced constant surveillance. Zhang Xianling and Ding Zilin, mothers of victims who lost their lives in 1989, founded the Tiananmen Mothers organization and were particularly outspoken on the humanitarian aspects of the subject. The authorities mobilize security forces, including members of the People 's Armed Police, every year on June 4 to prevent public displays of remembrance, with especially ' beefed up ' security forces for major anniversaries such as the 20th anniversary in 2009 and the 25th anniversary in 2014. Journalists have been frequently denied entry to the Square on anniversaries. In addition, the authorities are known to have detained foreign journalists and increase surveillance on prominent human rights activists during this time of year. Internet searches of ' June 4 ' or ' Tiananmen Square ' return censored results or result in temporarily severed server connections. Specific web pages with select keywords are censored, while other websites, such as those of overseas Chinese democracy movements, are blocked wholesale. The censorship, however, has been inconsistent -- with many sites being blocked, unblocked, and re-blocked over the years, including YouTube, Wikipedia, and Flickr. In addition, the policy is much more stringent with Chinese - language sites than foreign - language ones. Social media censorship is more stringent during anniversaries ; even oblique references to the protests are usually deleted within hours. In January 2006, Google agreed to censor their mainland China site to remove information about Tiananmen and other subjects considered ' sensitive ' by the authorities. Google withdrew its cooperation on censorship in January 2010. Calls to reverse the verdict Over the years some Chinese citizens have called for a reassessment of the protests and compensation from the government to victims ' families. One group in particular, Tiananmen Mothers, seeks compensation, vindication for victims and the right to receive donations from within the mainland and abroad. Zhang Shijun, a former soldier who was involved in the military crackdown, had published an open letter to President Hu Jintao seeking to have the government reevaluate its position on the protests. He was subsequently arrested and taken from his home. Although the Chinese government never officially acknowledged relevant accusations when it came to the incident, in April 2006 a payment was made to the mother of one of the victims, the first publicized case of the government offering redress to a Tiananmen - related victim 's family. The payment was termed a `` hardship assistance '', given to Tang Deying ( 唐德英 ) whose son, Zhou Guocong ( simplified Chinese : 周国聪 ; traditional Chinese : 周國聰 ) died at the age of 15 while in police custody in Chengdu on June 6, 1989, two days after the Chinese Army dispersed the Tiananmen protesters. She was reportedly paid CNY70, 000 ( approximately US $10,250 ). This has been welcomed by various Chinese activists, but was regarded by some as a measure to maintain social stability and not believed to herald a changing of the Party 's official position. Leaders voicing regret Before his death in 1998, Yang Shangkun told army doctor Jiang Yanyong that `` June 4 '' was the most serious mistake committed by the Communist Party in its history, a mistake that Yang himself could not correct but one that certainly will eventually be corrected. Zhao Ziyang remained under house arrest until his death in 2005. Zhao 's aide Bao Tong has repeatedly called on the government to reverse the verdict for the demonstrations. Chen Xitong, the mayor of Beijing, who read the martial law order and was later disgraced by a political scandal, expressed regret for the death of innocent civilians in 2012, a year before his death. Premier Wen Jiabao reportedly suggested reversing the government 's position on Tiananmen in party meetings prior to his departure from politics in 2013, only to be rebuffed by his colleagues. United nations report The Committee Against Torture met for its forty - first session from November 3 -- 21, 2008 to consider reports submitted by member states under article 19 of the Convention. The Committee found that China 's response to the 1989 Democracy movement was worrying. The Committee was concerned that despite the multiple requests by relatives of people `` killed, arrested or disappeared on or following the 4 June 1989 Beijing suppression '', there was a lack of investigations into these matters. It was also concerned with the failure of the Chinese government to inform families of the fate of relatives involved, and it regretted that those responsible for the use of excessive force have not `` faced any sanction, administrative or criminal. '' The Committee recommended that : The State party should conduct a full and impartial investigation into the suppression of the Democracy Movement in Beijing in June 1989, provide information on the persons who are still detained from that period, inform the family members of their findings, offer apologies and reparation as appropriate and prosecute those found responsible for excessive use of force, torture and other illtreatment. In December 2009, the Chinese government responded to the Committee 's recommendations. It stated that the government had closed the case concerning the `` political turmoil in the spring and summer of 1989. '' It also stated that the `` practice of the past 20 years has made it clear that the timely and decisive measures taken by the Chinese Government at the time were necessary and correct. '' It claimed that the labelling of the `` incident as ' the Democracy Movement ' '' is a `` distortion in the nature of the incident. '' According to the Chinese Government these observations were `` inconsistent with the Committee 's responsibilities. '' Documentaries In 1995, Richard Gordon and Carma Hinton produced The Gate of Heavenly Peace an award - winning three - hour documentary film about the Tiananmen Square protests. The film contains interviews with Liu Xiaobo, Wang Dan, Wu'erkaixi, Han Dongfang, Ding Zilin, Chai Ling, Dai Qing, Feng Congde, and Hou Dejian. The same year saw the release of Moving the Mountain a feature documentary directed by Michael Apted and produced by Trudie Styler, with cinematography by Maryse Alberti. The film takes its title from the memoir by Li Lu, one of the student leaders of the Tiananmen Square protests. Though Li Lu is a central figure in the finished film, the project set out to provide a comprehensive understanding of the events leading up to and following the protests, and features many other interviews. A primetime special hosted by Tom Brokaw honored both the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing and the fall of the Berlin Wall in that momentous year for human rights around the world, 1989. In April 2006, the PBS series Frontline produced an episode titled The Tank Man, which examined his role in the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and the change that has overtaken the PRC economically and politically since. On June 3, 2009, the BBC aired the documentary Kate Adie returns to Tiananmen, in which documented reporter Kate Adie 's return to China, where she recalls the events she witnessed in 1989. Cultural references Political In May 1998, an Indonesian general threatened a `` Tiananmen Square massacre '' in Jakarta to suppress student - led demonstrations against President Suharto. CNN news anchor Kyra Phillips drew criticism in March 2006 when she compared the 2006 youth protests in France, in which it was later determined that no one was killed, to the Tiananmen Square protests, saying `` Sort of brings back memories of Tiananmen Square, when you saw these activists in front of tanks. '' In February 2011, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, in response to an uprising in Benghazi against his rule, held up China 's 1989 military assault on Tiananmen Square as an example of how to deal with popular unrest. Chinese media censored Gaddafi 's reference to Tiananmen Square. `` Tank Man '' Main article : Tank Man Since Tiananmen, the iconic `` tank man '' image has become a worldwide symbol for civil disobedience. What happened to the `` Tank Man '' following the demonstration is not known. Some say he was pulled away and went into hiding, others say he was executed by the authorities. Time Magazine dubbed him The Unknown Rebel and later named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. In an interview with U.S. media, then Chinese paramount leader Jiang Zemin said he did not think the man was killed. Songs Joan Baez ' song `` China '', from her 1989 Speaking of Dreams album, was a chronicle of the events. She also dedicated the album to the students who `` nonviolently, and at an enormous price, have changed the face of China forever ''. The 1989 song `` The King of Sunset Town '' by Marillion has its lyrical roots in the massacre. The 1989 song `` Tin Omen '' by Skinny Puppy is about the massacre. The 1990 song `` Tiananmen Square '' by Chumbawamba, from their album Slap !, explicitly refers to the tragedy. The 1991 song `` Shiny Happy People '' by R.E.M. is supposedly an ironic reference to a piece of roughly translated Chinese propaganda regarding the massacre, two years before the song was released. The 1992 song `` Watching TV '' by Roger Waters ( from his album Amused to Death ) describes a fictional woman killed at Tiananmen Square in 1989 to show how much of an effect someone 's death can have on the world if it happens live on TV. The 1996 song `` The Tienanmen Man '' by Nevermore appears on their album, The Politics of Ecstasy. The song is about the anonymous person who became known as `` Tank Man ''. The 2005 song `` Hypnotize '' by System of a Down calls the nature of protest movements themselves into question, implying that for most young people involved their participation is staged simply out of a desire to appear trendy and hip rather than out of an actual desire to take any real action. For this reason protesters can be just as `` simple minded '' as those who fall under the influence of regime and nation state propaganda. The 2013 song `` Gunfight '' by Sick Puppies has a verse about the incident. See also China portal Beijing portal 1980s portal Cold War portal Communism portal Social movements portal February 28 Incident Gwangju Uprising People 's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 Executive Order 12711 List of massacres in China May Fourth Movement Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang The Gate of Heavenly Peace Tiananmen Incident ( April Fifth Movement of 1976 ) 8888 Uprising EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 June 4th Museum Bonus Army Egypt 's Rabaa Massacre of 2013 Women 's roles during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Finances of Student Organizations during the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 Notes Jump up ^ Jay Mathews, former Beijing bureau chief for the Washington Post said `` as far as can be determined from the available evidence, no one died that night in Tiananmen Square ''. He goes on to conclude : A few people may have been killed by random shooting on streets near the square, but all verified eyewitness accounts say that the students who remained in the square when troops arrived were allowed to leave peacefully. Hundreds of people, most of them workers and passersby, did die that night, but in a different place and under different circumstances. Jump up ^ Richard Roth reported that he was held captive by troops in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the Square on the night of June 3 and could hear but not see into the Square until dawn when they were driven through the Square. He heard a `` volley of gunfire '' to silence the students ' loudspeakers. He added that there 's no doubt that many people were killed in the area on the way to and around the Square, mostly in western Beijing, which the Chinese government denies. References Citations ^ Jump up to : Kristoff, Nicholas D. ( June 21, 1989 ). `` A Reassessment of How Many Died in the Military Crackdown in Beijing ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Jan Wong, Red China Blues, Random House 1997, p. 278. Jump up ^ Nathan, Andrew J. ( January -- February 2001 ). `` The Tiananmen Papers ''. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on July 6, 2004. Retrieved November 3, 2010. Jump up ^ Tiananmen Square, 1989 : The Declassified History ; George Washington University ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 171. Jump up ^ Anthony Saich, The People 's Movement : Perspective on Spring 1989 M.E. Sharpe 1990, ISBN 9780873327466. p. 172. ^ Jump up to : Thomas 2006. ^ Jump up to : Miles, James ( June 2, 2009 ). `` Tiananmen killings : Were the media right ? ''. BBC News. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Declassified British cable '' ( PDF ). Retrieved January 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Clayton Dube, Talking Points, June 3 -- 18, 2014 ^ Jump up to : Vogel, Ezra F. ( 2011 ). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. 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Donna Rouviere Anderson, Forrest Anderson. p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Dingxin Zhao. The Power of Tiananmen : State - Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2001. ISBN 0226982602. p. 127. Jump up ^ Chamberlain, John. `` Chinese Milton '', in National Review. Vol. 40 ( 24 ), December 9, 1988 ; p. 41 Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Vogel, E. 600 -- 01 Jump up ^ Wang, Hui, Thomas Huters ed. China 's New Order : Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition. Cambridge, MA : Harvard Press, 2003. ISBN 0 - 674 - 02111 - 8. p. 54. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 81. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 82. ( University enrollment increased from 625,319 in 1977 to 2,065,923 in 1988 ) Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 84 Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 82 Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 89. Jump up ^ Zhao D. p. 137. ^ Jump up to : Wang, H. p. 57 ^ Jump up to : `` The Gate of Heavenly Peace ''. Long Bow Group Inc. in collaboration with ITVS. 1995. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. pp. 64, 215 ^ Jump up to : Standoff at Tiananmen ( 2009 ). Eddie Cheng. p. 33 Jump up ^ Wang, Hui, Thomas Huters ed. China 's New Order : Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition. Cambridge, MA : Harvard Press, 2003. ISBN 0 - 674 - 02111 - 8. pp. 56 -- 7. Jump up ^ Spence, Jonathan D. ( 1999 ). The Search for Modern China. p. 685. New York : Norton. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 138 Jump up ^ Calhoun, Craig. `` Revolution and repression in Tiananmen square ''. Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pan, Philip P. ( 2008 ). Out of Mao 's Shadow : The Struggle for the Soul of a New China. Simon & Schuster. p. 274. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 3705 - 2. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 147 Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 148 Jump up ^ Zhang 2001. Jump up ^ Zhao D. p. 148 Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 149 Jump up ^ Walder, Andrew W., and Gong Xiaoxia. `` Workers in the Tiananmen Protests : The Politics of the Beijing Workers ' Autonomous Federation. '' Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 29, January 1993. pp. 1 -- 2. Full text of article available at http://www.tsquare.tv/links/Walder.html Jump up ^ Zhao, D. pp. 152 -- 3 Jump up ^ Li, Peng ( 2010 ). `` 21 April Entry ''. Li Peng Diary : The Critical Moments. Hong Kong : Au Ya Publishing. ISBN 1 - 921815 - 00 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 153 Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 154 Jump up ^ Zhao, Ziyang ( 2009 ). `` The origins of the 1989 Student Movement ''. Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4938 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Liu, Alan P.L. ( May 1990 ). `` Aspects of Beijing 's Crisis Management : The Tiananmen Square Demonstration ''. Asian Survey. 5. 30 ( 5 ) : 505 -- 521. JSTOR 2644842. doi : 10.1525 / as. 1990.30. 5.01 p0385c. ^ Jump up to : Vogel, E. pp. 603 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Full text of the April 26 Editorial ''. Xinhua News Agency. February 23, 2005. Archived from the original on April 24, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 155 Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 157. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Vogel, E. p. 608. ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 159. ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 161. ^ Jump up to : Vogel, E. pp. 612 -- 4. ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 167. Jump up ^ Amnesty International ( August 30, 1989 ). Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Executions Since June 3, 1989. p. 19. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 164. ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 165. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 169 Jump up ^ Li, Peng. Diary entry for 15 May. Jump up ^ Zhao, D. p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Zhao, D. p. 181 Jump up ^ Li, Peng ( 2010 ). `` Entry for 17 May ''. The Critical Moment -- Li Peng Diaries. Hong Kong : Au Ya Publishing. ISBN 1 - 921815 - 00 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Nathan, Andrew ( 2002 ). `` On the Tiananmen Papers ''. Foreign Affairs. 80 ( 1 ) : 18. JSTOR 20050041. doi : 10.2307 / 20050041. Jump up ^ Zhao Ziyang. Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Chapter 4 : `` May 17... '' Jump up ^ Delury, John. ( May 24, 2009 ). Tiananmen Square revisited Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine... Pakistan Daily Times Jump up ^ Nathan, Andrew ( 2002 ). `` On the Tiananmen Papers ''. Foreign Affairs. 80 ( 1 ) : 20. JSTOR 20050041. doi : 10.2307 / 20050041. Jump up ^ Miles, J.A.R. ( 1997 ). The Legacy of Tiananmen : China in Disarray. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08451 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Nathan, Andrew ( 2002 ). `` On the Tiananmen Papers ''. Foreign Affairs. 80 ( 1 ) : 22. JSTOR 20050041. doi : 10.2307 / 20050041. Jump up ^ Ignatius, Adi. `` Preface ''. In Zhao Ziyang. Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York : Simon & Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4938 - 0. p.x. Jump up ^ Exiled Tiananmen dissident back in Taiwan. Yahoo ! News. June 4, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Ignatius, Adi. `` Preface ''. In : Zhao Ziyang, Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. New York, NY : Simon & Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4938 - 0. p. xv. Jump up ^ Kate Wright, `` The Political Fortunes of the World Economic Herald '', Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, nr 23, pp 121 -- 132 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Playlist of `` Democratic Songs for China '' on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Wu 2009, pp. 30 -- 31. Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 六 四 北京 戒严 部队 的 数量 和 番号 '' 《 1989 天安门 事件 二 十 周年 祭 》 之 三 Accessed June 29, 2013 ^ Jump up to : Brook, Timothy ( 1998 ). Quelling the People : The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press. pp. 80 -- 82. ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3638 - 3. ^ Jump up to : `` Secretary of State 's Morning Summary for 3 June 1989 ''. George Washington University. Retrieved August 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Gate of Heavenly Peace ''. ITVN, The Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation. Retrieved January 13, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001, p. 330. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 335. ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001, p. 338. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 343. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 349. ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001, p. 353. ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001, p. 362. Jump up ^ Michael Fathers. ( June 3, 1989 ). `` Moveable Feast Starts Again on Tiananmen Square ''. The Independent. Retrieved November 19, 2010, from LexisNexis. ^ Jump up to : Jay Mathews. ( June 2, 1989 ). `` Chinese Army Moving Closer to Protesters : Finances, Leadership Split Student Ranks ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 19, 2010, from ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post ( 1877 -- 1994 ). ( Document ID : 734005592 ). Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 363. ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 天安门 广场 清场 命令 的 下达 '' 《 1989 天安门 事件 二 十 周年 祭 》 之 五 Accessed June 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Tiananmen Papers, 355 -- 362. Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 戒严 部队 的 挺进 目标 和 路线 '' 《 1989 天安门 事件 二 十 周年 祭 》 系列 之 十 三. Accessed June 30, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001, p. 366. ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 89 天安门 事件 大事记 : 6 月 3 日 星期六 '' Accessed July 1, 2013 Jump up ^ Nicholas Kristof. ( June 3, 1989 ). `` Beijing Residents Block Army Move Near City Center : Tear Gas said to be Fired ''. New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2010, from ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2007 ). ( Document ID : 115057724 ). Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richelson & Michael Evans ( June 1, 1999 ). On the Brink : Document 9 `` Secretaries Morning Summary, 3 June 1989 ''. Retrieved November 16, 2010, from Tiananmen Square, 1989 : The Declassified History : http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/documents/09-01.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Timothy Brook ''. Pbs.org. Retrieved November 9, 2009. ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Tiananmen Mothers, 六 四 天安门 惨案 死难 者 遇难 地点 示意图 ( Map of Fatalities from the June Fourth Tiananmen Tragedy ) February 2008 edition Accessed June 26, 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with John Pomfret ''. Pbs.org. Retrieved November 9, 2009. Jump up ^ Thomas, Tony : The Tank Man ( documentary film ) Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 调停 者 段 昌隆 之 死 '' Tiananmen Mothers Accessed July 2, 2013 ; Duan was the grand nephew of the warlord Duan Qirui, whose troops were responsible for the March 18 Massacre of 1926, the deadliest use of force against students in Beijing until 1989. ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 戒严 部队 军 警 的 死亡 情况 '' 《 1989 天安门 事件 二 十 周年 祭 》 No. 9 Accessed June 7, 2013 Jump up ^ Wu 2009, p. 58. ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 天安门 事件 的 最后 一幕 '' Accessed July 2, 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 天安门 事件 的 最后 一幕 ''. Accessed July 2, 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 89 天安门 事件 大事记 : 6 月 4 日 星期日 '' Accessed July 2, 2013 Jump up ^ BBC News, June 2, 2009 : Tiananmen killings : Were the media right ? '' ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 天安门 事件 的 最后 一幕 '' Accessed July 2, 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 天安门 事件 的 最后 一幕 '' Accessed July 2, 2013 Jump up ^ Image of soldiers storming the Monument Jump up ^ Lim, Louisa ( 2014 ). The People 's Republic of Amnesia : Tiananmen Revisited. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022791 - 3. Jump up ^ Lim, Louisa ( 2014 ). The People 's Republic of Amnesia : Tiananmen Revisited. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022791 - 3. Jump up ^ Lilley, James ( July 12, 1989 ). `` Latin American Diplomat Eyewitness Account of June 3 -- 4 Events on Tiananmen Square ''. WikiLeaks. Retrieved April 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Lim, Louisa ( 2014 ). The People 's Republic of Amnesia : Tiananmen Revisited. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 25 -- 26. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022791 - 3. Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua, `` 六部 口 坦克 追 轧 学生 撤退 队伍 事件 '' Accessed June 7, 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` Olympic hopeful who lost his legs in Tiananmen Square '' Independent August 6, 2008 ^ Jump up to : Thomas 2006, 32 : 23 -- 34 : 50. Jump up ^ `` Interview with Jan Wong ''. PBS. April 11, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Committee of June Fourth Memorial '' published `` Folk June Fourth Whitepaper '' 2009 - 04 - 28, retrieved on March 12, 2014. RFA Cantonese Jump up ^ Karl Schoenberger, `` 8 Sentenced to Die in Beijing Fighting : Are Convicted of Beating Soldiers, Burning Vehicles '' L.A. Times, June 18, 1989 Jump up ^ `` FRONTLINE : The Tank Man transcript ''. ^ Jump up to : Brook, Timothy ( 1992 ). Quelling the People : The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 178 -- 179. ISBN 0 - 19 - 507457 - 2. Jump up ^ Nicholas D. Kristof, `` UNITS SAID TO CLASH : Troops in Capital Seem to Assume Positions Against an Attack '', The New York Times, June 6, 1989, A1. Jump up ^ Brook, Timothy ( 1992 ). Quelling the People : The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 190. ISBN 0 - 19 - 507457 - 2. Jump up ^ Nicholas D. Kristof, `` UNITS SAID TO CLASH : Troops in Capital Seem to Assume Positions Against an Attack '', The New York Times, June 6, 1989, A14. Jump up ^ Jan Wong, `` Troops Brace for Attack in Beijing '', The Globe and Mail, June 6, 1989, A1. Jump up ^ Tsui, Anjali ; Pang, Esther. `` China 's Tiananmen activists : Where are they now ? ''. CNN. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Tianamen Square : Ageing rebels, bitter victims ''. The Economist citing Louisa Lim. May 31, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 389. Jump up ^ BBC Shanghai City Service, `` Public Transport Suspended, Roads Barricaded in Shanghai '', June 6, 1989, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, ( 1 ). Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 403. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 407. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, pp. 399, 404. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 400. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 405. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 408. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 409. Jump up ^ Louisa Lim, NPR Jump up ^ Cheng, Chu - Yuan ( 1990 ). Behind the Tiananmen Massacre : Social, Political and Economic Ferment in China. p. 139. Westview Press, Inc., Oxford. ^ Jump up to : Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990, p. 364. Jump up ^ Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990, pp. 361 -- 67. Jump up ^ Deng Xiaoping ( June 9, 1989 ). 在 接见 首都 戒严 部队 军 以上 干部 时 的 讲话 ( in Chinese ). Xinhua. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Deng 's June 9 Speech : ' We Faced a Rebellious Clique ' and ' Dregs of Society ' ''. New York Times. June 30, 1989. Retrieved May 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Deng 's 9 June Speech ''. World Affairs. 3. 152. June 28, 1989. JSTOR 20672226. Jump up ^ Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990, p. 378. Jump up ^ China since Tiananmen : the politics of transition ( 2001 ). Joseph Fewsmith. p. 42 Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 437. Jump up ^ Zhang 2001, p. 436. Jump up ^ Frontline -- The Memory of Tiananmen 1989. PBS. 2006. Jump up ^ Lilley, James, China Hands, 322. ^ Jump up to : How Many Really Died ? Time magazine, June 4, 1990 Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State 's Morning Summary for 4 June 1989 ''. George Washington University. Retrieved August 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` China : 15 years after Tiananmen, calls for justice continue and the arrests go on ''. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2009. Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Tiananmen Mothers Victims of June Fourth Name List Accessed June 20, 2013 Jump up ^ Ren Jianmin ( Victim No. 106 ), was a farmer from Hebei who was passing through the city and wounded by gunfire in the stomach on June 4. He was unable to afford medical bills and hung himself in August because of unbearable pain. Zou Bing ( Victim No. 51 ), a 19 - year - old student at the Beijing Broadcasting Institute, hung herself in September 1989 because of her inability to pass interrogation into her involvement in the protest. Qi Li, ( Victim No. 162 ), a student at the Central Academy of Drama, hung himself to escape the pressure of post-protest investigation at his school. Wei Wumin ( Victim No. 163 ), also a student at the Central Academy of Drama, who participated in the hunger strike, committed suicide by standing in front of an oncoming train. List of casualties, Ding Zilin. Retrieved May 21, 2007 ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ Jay Mathews ( September -- October 1998 ). `` The Myth of Tiananmen ''. Columbia Journalism Review. Jump up ^ There was no `` Tiananmen Square Massacre '', CBS News Jump up ^ An English translation of the Tiananmen Mothers ' Database -- Note : contains incorrect English spellings of some victims ' names. `` Not Forget Us '' Accessed June 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Wu Renhua, Regarding the Clearing of the Square of June 4 ( in Chinese ) : `` Really, whether the fully equipped army of troops massacred peaceful ordinary folks inside or outside the Square makes very little difference. It is not even worthwhile to have this discussion at all. '' Jump up ^ `` Article : Still on the wing ; inside Operation Yellowbird, the daring plot to help dissidents escape. ( special report : China ) ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Less Than a Dozen June Fourth Protesters Still in Prison '' Dui Hua Foundation May 31, 2012 Jump up ^ Harron, Celia. `` Miao Deshun : China 's last Tiananmen prisoner ? ''. BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2014. Jump up ^ Beijing Orders Its Ambassadors Home for a Meeting, New York Times, June 29, 1989. Jump up ^ Washington Post, June 17, 1989 Jump up ^ Fresh details of ' savage ' Tiananmen massacre emerge in embassy cables -- Telegraph Jump up ^ Miles, James ( 1997 ). The Legacy of Tiananmen : China in Disarray. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08451 - 7. pp. 27 -- 30. Jump up ^ Miles, James ( 1997 ). The Legacy of Tiananmen : China in Disarray. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08451 - 7. p. 30 Jump up ^ See Assignment : China -- Tiananmen Square for footage of the shutting down of CNN. Jump up ^ Interview with Eugenio Bregolat, Spanish ambassador in Beijing during the Tiananmen Square protests ( in Spanish ) ( August 9, 2007 ) Jump up ^ Bregolat, Eugenio ( June 4, 2007 ). `` TVE in Tiananmen ''. La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2007. Jump up ^ Roth, Richard ( February 11, 2009 ). `` Remembering Tiananmen Square ''. CBS. Jump up ^ Michael Fathers, `` China in Crisis : Reporting continues, but for how long ? '', The Independent, June 10, 1989. Jump up ^ Nicholas Kristof, `` Beijing Ousts 2 American Correspondents '', New York Times, June 14, 1989. See Assignment : China -- Tiananmen Square for interviews with Al Pessin ( VOA ) and John Pomfret ( AP ), both of whom were expelled. Jump up ^ Michael Bociurkiw, `` Shanghai student leaders prepare offensive despite crackdown '', The Globe and Mail, June 12, 1989. Jump up ^ `` Assignment : China -- Tiananmen Square ''. USC Annenberg. USC US - China Institute. May 31, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` China : Aftermath of the Crisis '' State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, ( July 27, 1989 ) Jump up ^ Places 20 years apart -- column by C. Raja Mohan, The Indian Express, June 4, 2009 Jump up ^ Troubles in China provoke protests, Spokane Chronicle, June 7, 1989, page A8 Jump up ^ Thakur, M., Burton, G.E. & Srivastava, B.N. International Management : Concepts and Cases. Tata McGraw - Hill, 1997. pp. 404 -- 405. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3. Jump up ^ Kelley, N.L. & Shenkar, O. International Business in China. Routledge, 1993. pp. 120 -- 122. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05345 - 7. Jump up ^ Gordon, W.C. The United Nations at the Crossroads of Reform. M.E. Sharpe, 1994. p. 167. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 400 - 1. Jump up ^ Listening to China 's Dissidents Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Bloomberg BusinessWeek, December 17, 2001. Jump up ^ Pulliam, Susan. `` From Tiananmen Square to Possible Buffett Successor ''. Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce ( 2014 - 10 - 25 ). `` Chen Ziming, Dissident in China, Is Dead at 62 ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29. Jump up ^ Chinese human rights official says the crackdown ' completely correct ' Rebecca MacKinnon, `` Tiananmen Ten Years Later. '' CNN, June 2, 1999. Jump up ^ The Politics of China By Roderick MacFarquhar Jump up ^ Kam, Vivian ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ). `` Hong Kong 's Tiananmen Museum to close ''. CNN. Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 11. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11. Jump up ^ Deng et al., `` Minutes of the CCP Central Politburo Standing Committee Meeting '', in The Tiananmen Papers : The Chinese Leadership 's Decision to use Force Against their own People -- In their Own Words, eds. Zhang Liang, Andrew J. Nathan, and Perry Link ( New York : Perseus, 2001 ), 424. Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Cabestan, `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself on the International Stage and Re-Engage the World after Tiananmen '', in The Impact of China 's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre, ed. Jean - Philippe Beja ( New York : Routledge, 2011 ), 194. Jump up ^ Cabestan, `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '', 195. Jump up ^ Joshua Kurlantzick, `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth : How the West Winks at Chinese Repression '', World Policy Journal, 20 no. 1 ( 2003 ) : 50, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209847 Jump up ^ Kurlantzick, `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '', 50. ^ Jump up to : Kurlantzick, `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '', 52. ^ Jump up to : Cabestan, `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '', 199. Jump up ^ Cabestan, `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '', 201. ^ Jump up to : Link, `` June Fourth : Memory and Ethics '', 30. Jump up ^ Link, `` June Fourth : Memory and Ethics '', 19. ^ Jump up to : Cabestan, `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '', 196. Jump up ^ Cabestan, `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '', 198. ^ Jump up to : Kurlantzick, `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '', 56. Jump up ^ Kurlantzick, `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '', 55. Jump up ^ Francis L.F. Lee, `` Generational Differences in the Impact of Historical Events : The Tiananmen Square Incident in Contemporary Hong Kong Public Opinion '', International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24 no. 2 ( 2012 ) : 144, doi : 10.1093 / ijpor / edro42, 153. Jump up ^ Lee, `` Generational Differences '', 155. Jump up ^ Daniel Griffiths, EC leader urges China to reform, BBC News, July 15, 2005 Jump up ^ `` Japan concerned by call to lift China embargo -- official '' Archived November 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Forbes, November 27, 2008. Jump up ^ Robert Saiget, `` China Faces Dark Memory of Tiananmen '', Agence France - Presse, https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ixE-jRK7NgYPxXveg0taL2WzXr0w Jump up ^ Alexa Olesen, Associated Press Jump up ^ Pei, M. ( 1994 ). From Reform to Revolution : The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union. Harvard University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 32563 - 0. Jump up ^ Zetter, `` China Censors : The Tiananmen Square Anniversary Will Not Be Tweeted '', Wired, https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/06/china-censors-internet-before-tiananmen-square-anniversary/ Jump up ^ Higgins, Charlotte ( September 5, 2006 ). Director hailed at Cannes faces five - year film ban in China. The Guardian. Jump up ^ China : ban on anthology of poems about Tiananmen Square movement Archived June 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine... Reporters Without Borders. September 7, 2007. Jump up ^ Trying times for journalists in China, Asia Times, August 29, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Human Rights Watch, `` China : Tiananmen 's Unhealed Wounds '', https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/05/12/china-tiananmen-s-unhealed-wounds ^ Jump up to : International Herald Tribune, `` Relatives of dead at Tiananmen seek review '', https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/29/world/asia/29iht-china.1839321.html?_r=1 Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 's Long - Haired ' Provocateur '' OhmyNews International, David Kootnikoff Jump up ^ `` China 's Youth post-Tiananmen : Apathy a fact or front ? ''. CNN. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Gifford, Rob. `` No Longer Relying on Heaven. '' China Road. 167 -- 168. Jump up ^ segment Archived November 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Young clerk let Tiananmen ad slip past censors : paper ''. Reuters. June 6, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Reporters Without Borders, `` All references to Tiananmen Square massacre closely censored for 20 years '', http://en.rsf.org/china-all-references-to-tiananmen-square-02-06-2009,33198.html ^ Jump up to : Michael Bristow, `` Journalists banned from Tiananmen ''. BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8082407.stm Jump up ^ `` Security tight on Tiananmen Anniversary : China clamps down on Web access 20 years after bloody crackdown '' MSNBC / Associated Press, June 3, 2009. Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Alexa was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ). Jump up ^ China eases its Tiananmen taboo, The National, April 29, 2009 Jump up ^ BBC News, `` Tiananmen in anniversary lockdown '', http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8080437.stm Jump up ^ Google censors itself for China, BBC News, January 25, 2006 Jump up ^ Wines, Michael ( January 14, 2010 ). `` Far - Ranging Support for Google 's China Move ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2010. Jump up ^ Tania Branigan, `` Chinese detain soldier who spoke out against Tiananmen Square massacre ''. The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/20/tiananmen-square-china-zhang-shijun Jump up ^ `` China makes 1989 Tiananmen payout ''. BBC News. April 30, 2006. Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 镇压 六 四 主将 、 党 内 斗争 牺牲品 杨白冰 病逝 '' Voice of America January 17, 2013 Jump up ^ Buckley, Chris. `` Chen Xitong, Beijing Mayor During Tiananmen Protests, Dies at 82 ''. Retrieved June 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Anderlini, Jamil ( March 20, 2013 ). `` Wen lays ground for Tiananmen healing ''. Retrieved June 6, 2014. ^ Jump up to : 5. Committee Against Torture, `` Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention : China '', CAT / C / CHN / CO / 4, page 8, paragraph 21. ^ Jump up to : `` Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention : Comments by the Government of the People 's Republic of China concerning the Concluding Observations and Recommendations of the Committee Against Torture '', Committee Against Torture, CAT / C / CHN / CO / 4 / ADD. 2, page 13, paragraph 9. Jump up ^ `` Kate Adie returns to Tiananmen ''. BBC. June 3, 2009. Jump up ^ Andreas Harsano, `` ' Tiananmen threat ' halts rally '' The Nation May 21, 1998 Jump up ^ `` French protests ' Tiananmen ' ''. FIN24. March 28, 2006. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Andrew Higgins, `` For China, relations with Libya a balancing act '' Washington Post August 26, 2011 Jump up ^ Picture Power : Tiananmen Standoff BBC News. Last updated October 7, 2005. Jump up ^ Iyer, Pico ( April 13, 1998 ). `` TIME 100 : The Unknown Rebel ''. Time. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2010. Jump up ^ Montesano, Jeri. `` Marillion -- Seasons End ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 8 August 2016. Jump up ^ Nichols, Kathy ( 17 November 2015 ). `` Skinny Puppy bring Politicized Industrial, Over-the - Top Theatrics to The Rave ''. MilwaukeeRecord.com. Retrieved 26 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 111 Wussiest Songs of All Time ( No. 1 ) -- AOL Music ''. Music.aol.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Watching TV by Roger Waters -- Songfacts ''. Retrieved June 5, 2016. Sources Binyan, Liu ; Ruan Ming ; Xu Gang ( 1989 ). Tell the World : What happened in China and Why. New York : Random House. ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 58370 - 9. OCLC 20392647. Black, George ; Robin Munro ( 1993 ). Black Hands of Beijing : Lives of Defiance in China 's Democracy Movement. New York : John Wiley. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 57977 - 9. OCLC 243766880. Calhoun, Craig C ; Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth Perry ( Editors ) ( 1994 ). `` Science, Democracy, and the Politics of Identity ''. Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Westview Press. pp. 140 -- 7. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2042 - 7. OCLC 30623957. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Cunningham, Philip J. ( 2010 ). Tiananmen Moon : Inside the Chinese Student Uprising of 1989. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6673 - 6. Oksenberg, Michel ; Sullivan, Lawrence R. ; Lambert, Marc, eds. ( 1990 ). Beijing Spring, 1989 : Confrontation and Conflict : The Basic Documents. Qiao Li. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765640574. Retrieved July 2, 2013. Salisbury, Harrison ( 1992 ). The New Emperors : China in the Era of Mao and Deng. New York : Avon. ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 72025 - 5. OCLC 28306886. Spence, Jonathan D ( 1999 ). `` Testing the Limits ''. The Search for Modern China. New York : W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97351 - 8. OCLC 39143093. Thomas, Antony ( 2006 ). The Tank Man ( Video ). PBS. Retrieved July 2, 2013. Wong, Jan ( 1997 ). Red China Blues : My Long March from Mao to Now ( Trade paperback, 416 pages ed. ). Doubleday. ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 48232 - 5. OCLC 37690446. `` Deng Is Said to Have Backed Tiananmen Violence '' article by Michael Wines and Andrew Jacobs in The New York Times June 4, 2010 Wu, Renhua ( 2009 ). 六 四 事件 中 的 戒严 部队 ( Military Units Enforcing Martial Law During the June 4 Incident ) ( in Chinese ). Hong Kong : 真相 出版 社. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9823203 - 8 - 9. Retrieved July 16, 2013. Zhang, Liang ( 2001 ). Nathan, Andrew ; Link, Perry, eds. The Tiananmen Papers. Public Affairs. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 122 - 3. Review and synopsis of the book is in the journal Foreign Affairs at The Tiananmen Papers Zhang, Liang ( pseudonym ) ( 2001 ). June Fourth : The True Story ( in Chinese ). Hong Kong : Ming jing chu ban she. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 122 - 3. OCLC 243498894. Further reading Peter Li ; Marjorie H. Li ; Steven Mark ( 31 December 2011 ). Culture and Politics in China : An Anatomy of Tiananmen Square. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 1199 - 6. External links Find more aboutTiananmen Square protests of 1989at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity The Gate of Heavenly Peace -- Feature - length Documentary And various archival documents Secret recordings resurrect Chinese PM 's criticism of Tiananmen crackdown -- Radio France Internationale The Tank Man, 2006 PBS documentary BBC 's Witnessing Tiananmen : Clearing the Square with eyewitness accounts of Tiananmen Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Declassified History Tiananmen Dossiers and Video Clips ( in French ) Official site of Hong Kong `` Concert For Democracy In China '' ( in Traditional Chinese ) SBS 's `` After 6 / 4 '' interactive with Western and CPC perspectives on events of Tiananmen Square, 1989 ( in English and Simplified Chinese ) `` Voices from Tiananmen ''. SCMP Chronicles. South China Morning Post. Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Background May Fourth Movement Tiananmen Incident of 1976 Beijing Spring 1986 Chinese Student Demonstrations Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Corruption Economic reform Household - responsibility system Socialism with Chinese characteristics Criticism of communism Chronology April 26 Editorial April 27 demonstrations The Students ' Hunger Strike Dialogue between students and government Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China Mao portrait incident Sino - Soviet Summit June 9 Deng speech Military involvement Communist Party Elders Deng Xiaoping Chen Yun Yang Shangkun Li Xiannian Wang Zhen Peng Zhen Bo Yibo Standing Committee Zhao Ziyang Li Peng Qiao Shi Hu Qili Yao Yilin Regional leaders Li Ximing Chen Xitong Jiang Zemin Zhu Rongji Hu Jintao Others Bao Tong Hu Yaobang Luo Gan Yan Mingfu Yuan Mu Wan Li Wen Jiabao Wu Xueqian Dissidents Leading figures Bei Dao Chai Ling Cui Jian Dai Qing Ding Zilin Fang Lizhi Fang Zheng Feng Congde Liu Gang Han Dongfang Hou Dejian Li Lu Liu Xianbin Liu Xiaobo Qin Benli Shen Tong Tang Baiqiao Wang Bingzhang Wang Dan Wang Youcai Wu'erkaixi Xiong Yan Yan Jiaqi Yu Dongyue Zhang Boli Zhao Changqing Zhou Yongjun Groups Beijing Workers ' Autonomous Federation Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Military Generals Liu Huaqing Chi Haotian Yang Baibing Zhao Nanqi Qin Jiwei Hong Xuezhi Liang Guanglie Xu Qinxian Army units 12th 15th 20th 24th 26th 27th 28th 38th 39th 40th 54th 63rd 64th 65th 67th Works Almost a Revolution Collection of June Fourth Poems The Critical Moment Escape from China Execution The Gate of Heavenly Peace A Heart for Freedom Prisoner of the State Quelling the People Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Papers Hong Kong Goddess of Democracy Pillar of Shame Human rights groups China Support Network Democracy Party of China Hong Kong Alliance Human Rights in China Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy Operation Yellowbird Tiananmen Mothers Anniversaries 1st ( 1990 ) 5th ( 1994 ) 10th ( 1999 ) 20th ( 2009 ) 21st ( 2010 ) 24th ( 2013 ) 25th ( 2014 ) Icons Goddess of Democracy `` Nothing to My Name '' Tank Man June 4th Museum Related Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia People Power Revolution Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker János Kádár Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Pope John Paul II Opposition movements Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Charter 77 New Forum Civic Forum Democratic Party of Albania Democratic Russia Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Sąjūdis Peaceful Revolution People 's Movement of Ukraine Solidarity Popular Front of Latvia Popular Front of Estonia Public Against Violence Belarusian Popular Front National League for Democracy National Salvation Front Unification Church political activities Union of Democratic Forces Events by location Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Elsewhere Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo - Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen Individual events 1988 Polish strikes April 9 tragedy Black January Baltic Way 1987 -- 89 Tibetan unrest Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Removal of Hungary 's border fence with Austria Polish Round Table Agreement Hungarian Round Table Talks Pan-European Picnic Monday Demonstrations Alexanderplatz demonstration Malta Summit German reunification January Events in Lithuania January Events in Latvia 1991 protests in Belgrade August Coup Dissolution of the Soviet Union Later events Colour revolution Decommunization Lustration Democratization Economic liberalization Post-Soviet conflicts Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Post-communism Yugoslav Wars Armed conflicts involving the People 's Republic of China Internal Chinese Civil War ( 1927 -- 50 ) Kuomintang Islamic insurgency ( 1950 -- 58 ) Kuomintang insurgency ( 1949 - 1961 ) Battle of Chamdo ( 1950 ) Tibetan uprising ( 1959 ) Xinjiang conflict ( 1980 -- present ) Tiananmen Square protests ( 1989 ) Cross-Taiwan Strait ( vs Taiwan ) ( after 1 Oct 1949 ) Kuningtou ( 1949 ) Dengbu Island ( 1949 ) Hainan Island ( 1950 ) Nanri Island ( 1952 ) Dongshan Island ( 1953 ) Yijiangshan Islands ( 1955 ) Dachen Archipelago ( 1955 ) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1958 ) Burmese border Dong - Yin ( 1965 ) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1995 -- 96 ) Others vs USSR Sino - Soviet border conflict ( 1969 ) vs United States and allies Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 70 ) vs India Sino - Indian War ( 1962 ) Chola incident ( 1967 ) Sino - Indian skirmish ( 1987 ) Sino - Indian Standoff ( 2017 ) vs South Vietnam / Vietnam Paracel Islands ( 1974 ) Sino - Vietnamese War ( 1979 ) Sino - Vietnamese conflicts 1979 -- 90 Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 ) See also Incorporation of Tibet into the People 's Republic of China Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People 's Republic of China Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts GND : 4242020 - 9 NKC : ph249600 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989&oldid=807754794 '' Categories : Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Protests in China 1989 in China 1980s in Beijing Conflicts in 1989 Civil rights protests History of Beijing History of the People 's Republic of China Mass murder in 1989 Massacres in China Political controversies in China Political repression in China Protest - related deaths Revolutions in China Student protests in China Tiananmen Square April 1989 events May 1989 events June 1989 events Chinese democracy movements Censorship in China Deng Xiaoping Human rights in China Riots and civil disorder in China Socialism in China 1989 in Asia 1980s in China 20th century in Beijing Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from June 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - 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Question: the government's response to the protest in tiananmen square resulted in
Answer: martial law