Hazelnut - wikipedia Hazelnut This article is about the type of nut. For the type of tree, see Hazel ( Corylus ). Ripe hazelnuts Corylus colurna, Turkey A sweeper gathers hazelnuts in an orchard The hazelnut is the nut of the hazel and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus, especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana. It also is known as cobnut or filbert nut according to species. A cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15 -- 25 mm ( 0.59 -- 0.98 in ) long and 10 -- 15 mm ( 0.39 -- 0.59 in ) in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell. A filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about 7 to 8 months after pollination. The kernel of the seed is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which sometimes is removed before cooking. Hazelnuts are used in confectionery to make praline, and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as Nutella and Frangelico liqueur. Hazelnut oil, pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavoured and used as a cooking oil. Turkey is the world 's largest producer of hazelnuts. Hazelnuts are rich in protein, monounsaturated fat, vitamin E, manganese, and numerous other essential nutrients ( nutrition table below ). Contents 1 History 2 Cultivars 3 Harvesting 4 Production 5 Nutrients 6 Edible uses 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History In 1995, evidence of large - scale Mesolithic nut processing, some 9,000 years old, was found in a midden pit on the island of Colonsay in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7720 + / - 110BP, which calibrates to circa 6000 BC. Similar sites in Britain are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on the Isle of Man. This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and pollen analysis suggests the hazel trees were all cut down at the same time. The scale of the activity, unparalleled elsewhere in Scotland, and the lack of large game on the island, suggest the possibility that Colonsay contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on the island. The pit was originally on a beach close to the shore, and was associated with two smaller, stone - lined pits whose function remains obscure, a hearth, and a second cluster of pits. The traditional method to increase nut production is called ' brutting ', which involves prompting more of the trees ' energy to go into flower bud production, by snapping, but not breaking off, the tips of the new year shoots ' six or seven leaf groups from the join with the trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season. The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat. Cultivars The many cultivars of the hazel include ' Atababa ', ' Barcelona ', ' Butler ', ' Casina ', ' Clark ', ' Cosford ', ' Daviana ', ' Delle Langhe ', ' England ', ' Ennis ', ' Fillbert ', ' Halls Giant ', ' Jemtegaard ', ' Kent Cob ', ' Lewis ', ' Tokolyi ', ' Tonda Gentile ', ' Tonda di Giffoni ', ' Tonda Romana ', ' Wanliss Pride ', and ' Willamette '. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut, including large nut size, or early or late fruiting, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert. One cultivar grown in Washington, the ' DuChilly ', has an elongated appearance, a thinner and less bitter skin, and a distinctly sweeter flavor than other varieties. Production of hazelnuts in 2014 Country Production thousands of tonnes Turkey 450.0 Italy 75.5 Georgia 37.4 United States 32.7 Azerbaijan 29.8 World 713.5 Hazelnuts or filberts, raw Nutritional value per 100 g Energy 2,629 kJ ( 628 kcal ) Carbohydrates 16.70 g Sugars 4.34 g Dietary fiber 9.7 g Fat 60.75 g Protein 14.95 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 0 % ) 1 μg ( 0 % ) 11 μg 92 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 56 % ) 0.643 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 9 % ) 0.113 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 12 % ) 1.8 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 18 % ) 0.918 mg Vitamin B6 ( 43 % ) 0.563 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 28 % ) 113 μg Vitamin C ( 8 % ) 6.3 mg Vitamin E ( 100 % ) 15.03 mg Vitamin K ( 14 % ) 14.2 μg Minerals Calcium ( 11 % ) 114 mg Iron ( 36 % ) 4.7 mg Magnesium ( 46 % ) 163 mg Manganese ( 294 % ) 6.175 mg Phosphorus ( 41 % ) 290 mg Potassium ( 14 % ) 680 mg Selenium ( 3 % ) 2.4 μg Sodium ( 0 % ) 0 mg Zinc ( 26 % ) 2.45 mg Other constituents Water 5.31 g Full Link to complete USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source : USDA Nutrient Database Harvesting Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop on their own, rather than using equipment to shake them from the tree. The harvesting of hazelnuts is performed either by hand or, by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts. Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting : the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart, and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris ( i.e. twigs and leaves ), the nut cart holds the nuts picked up by the harvester, and the forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then, stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor ( nut dryer ). The sweeper is a low - to - the - ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the center of the row as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to 90 m / s ( 300 ft / s ). Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest may eliminate the need for hand raking around the trunk of the tree, where nuts may accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on the center row. It is best to sweep only a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the quantity of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop as a result of weather. The harvester is a slow - moving machine pushed by a tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines, rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks any lightweight soil and leaves from the nuts, and discharges them into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into a nut cart that is pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift hauls away the full totes and bring empty ones back to the harvester to maximize the harvester 's time. Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early, when about half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of a breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Although the first option is considered the better of the two, two or three passes do take more time to complete than one. Weather also must be a consideration. Rain inhibits harvest and should a farmer wait for all the nuts to fall after a rainy season, it becomes much more difficult to harvest. Pickup also varies with how many acres are being farmed as well as the number of sweepers, harvesters, nut carts, and forklifts available. Production In 2014, world production of hazelnuts ( in shells ) was 713,451 tonnes, a 17 % decrease from 2013. Turkey produced 63 % of the world total, followed by Italy, Georgia, the United States, and Azerbaijan ( table ). In the United States, Oregon accounted for 99 % of the nation 's production in 2014, having a crop value of $129 million that is purchased mainly by the snack food industry. Nutrients In a 100 - gram serving, raw hazelnuts supply 2,630 kilojoules ( 628 kcal ) and are a rich source ( 20 % or more of the Daily Value, DV ) of numerous essential nutrients ( see table ). Particularly in high amounts are protein, dietary fiber, vitamin E, thiamin, phosphorus, manganese, and magnesium, all exceeding 30 % DV ( table ). Several B vitamins have appreciable content. In lesser, but still significant amounts ( moderate content, 10 - 19 % DV ), are vitamin K, calcium, zinc, and potassium ( table ). Hazelnuts are a significant source of total fat, accounting for 93 % DV in a 100 - gram serving. The fat components are monounsaturated fat as oleic acid ( 75 % of total ), polyunsaturated fat mainly as linoleic acid ( 13 % of total ), and saturated fat, mainly as palmitic acid and stearic acid ( together, 7 % of total ). Edible uses Piccillatti, typical biscuits made with hazelnuts, Sicily Ferrero SpA, the maker of Nutella and Ferrero Rocher, uses 25 % of the global supply of hazelnuts. Hazelnuts are used in confections to make pralines, chocolate truffles, and hazelnut paste products. In Austria, hazelnut paste is an ingredient for making tortes, such as Viennese hazelnut torte. In Kiev cake, hazelnut flour is used to flavor its meringue body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. Dacquoise, a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut meringue. Hazelnuts are used in Turkish cuisine and Georgian cuisine ; the snack churchkhela and sauce satsivi are used, often with walnuts. The nuts may be eaten fresh or dried, having different flavors. See also Filbertone, the principal flavor compound of hazelnuts List of hazelnut diseases The Hazel - nut Child References Jump up ^ Martins, S. ; SimAues, F. ; Matos, J. ; Silva, A.P. ; Carnide, V. ( 2014 ). `` Genetic relationship among wild, landraces, and cultivars of hazelnut ( Corylus avellana ) from Portugal revealed through ISSR and AFLP markers ''. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 300 ( 5 ) : 1035 -- 1046. doi : 10.1007 / s00606 - 013 - 0942 - 3. ^ Jump up to : `` Full Report ( All Nutrients ) : 12120, Nuts, hazelnuts or filberts ''. USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR - 27. 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Mesolithic food industry on Colonsay '' Dec 1995 ) British Archaeology. No. 5. Retrieved 25 May 2008. ^ Jump up to : Moffat, Alistair ( 2005 ) Before Scotland : The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. p. 91 -- 2. ^ Jump up to : Huxley, A., ed. ( 1992 ). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0 - 333 - 47494 - 5. Jump up ^ Flora of NW Europe : Corylus avellana Archived 2008 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` No Ordinary Nut '', Deborah Madison, Los Angeles Times, Jan 31, 2001 Jump up ^ `` Neat and Sweet, But an Odd Nut '', Melissa Clark, New York Times, Jan 16, 2002 ^ Jump up to : `` Hazelnuts ( with shell ) ; Crops by Region, World List, Production Quantity, 2014 ''. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ). 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hazelnuts in Ontario -- Growing, Harvesting and Food Safety ''. gov.on.ca. Jump up ^ `` Fındık ''. Yeni Ansiklopedi ( in Turkish ). January 2011. Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 04. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Hazelnuts ''. Ag Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. August 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2016. Jump up ^ Narula, Svati Kirsten ( 14 August 2014 ). `` A frost in Turkey may drive up the price of your Nutella ''. Quartz ( publication ). Atlantic Media. Jump up ^ Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall ( 8 September 2007 ). `` Nuts, whole hazelnuts ''. The Guardian. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corylus avellana. The dictionary definition of hazelnut at Wiktionary Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Bacon fat Fatback Lardo Salo Salt pork Szalonna Lard Lardon Pork belly Pancetta Tocino Speck Beef / mutton fats Dripping Suet Tallow Tail fat Dairy fats Butter Clarified butter Ghee Niter kibbeh Smen Poultry fats Chicken fat Duck fat Schmaltz Other animal fats Blubber Muktuk Vegetable fats Cocoa butter Margarine Shea butter Vegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oil Shark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Palm oil palm kernel oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Canola oil and Colza oil ( toxic oil syndrome ) Safflower oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Nut oils Almond oil Argan oil Cashew oil Hazelnut oil Macadamia oil Marula oil Mongongo nut oil Pecan oil Pine nut oil Pistachio oil Walnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oil Avocado oil Castor oil Grape seed oil Hemp oil Linseed oil ( flaxseed oil ) Mustard oil Olive oil Perilla oil Poppyseed oil Pumpkin seed oil Rice bran oil Sesame oil Tea seed oil Watermelon seed oil See also List of vegetable oils Cooking oil Essential oil Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazelnut&oldid=817786079 '' Categories : Corylus Crops originating from Europe Edible nuts and seeds Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English ไทย Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017, at 15 : 49. 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Question: where do most hazelnuts come from in the us
Answer: Oregon