Rocky Mountain National Park - wikipedia Rocky Mountain National Park Rocky Mountain National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) View from Bear Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park Location in Colorado Location in the United States Show map of Colorado Show map of the US Show all Location Larimer / Grand / Boulder counties, Colorado, United States Nearest city Estes Park and Grand Lake, Colorado Coordinates 40 ° 20 ′ 00 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 32 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.33333 ° N 105.70889 ° W ﻿ / 40.33333 ; - 105.70889 Coordinates : 40 ° 20 ′ 00 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 32 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.33333 ° N 105.70889 ° W ﻿ / 40.33333 ; - 105.70889 Area 265,461 acres ( 1,074.28 km ) Established January 26, 1915 Visitors 4,437,215 ( in 2017 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Official website Rocky Mountain National Park is an American national park located approximately 76 mi ( 122 km ) northwest of Denver International Airport in north - central Colorado, within the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. The eastern and westerns slopes of the Continental Divide run directly through the center of the park with the headwaters of the Colorado River located in the park 's northwestern region. The main features of the park include mountains, alpine lakes and a wide variety of wildlife within various climates and environments, from wooded forests to mountain tundra. The Rocky Mountain National Park Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson on January 26, 1915, establishing the park boundaries and protecting the area for future generations. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the main automobile route, Trail Ridge Road, in the 1930s. In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as one of the first World Biosphere Reserves. In 2017, more than 4.4 million recreational visitors entered the park. The park is one of the most visited in the National Park System, ranking as the third most visited national park in 2015. The park has a total of five visitor centers with park headquarters located at the Beaver Meadows Visitor Center -- a National Historic Landmark designed by the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture at Taliesin West. National Forest lands surround the park including Roosevelt National Forest to the north and east, Routt National Forest to the north and west, and Arapaho National Forest to the west and south, with the Indian Peaks Wilderness area located directly south of the park. Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Region 1 : Moose and big meadows 2.2 Region 2 : Alpine region 2.3 Region 3 : Wilderness 2.4 Region 4 : Heart of the park 2.5 Region 5 : Waterfalls and backcountry 3 Climate 3.1 Elevation 3.2 Continental Divide 3.3 Climate change study 4 Geology 4.1 Glaciation 5 Ecology 5.1 Montane zone 5.2 Subalpine zone 5.3 Alpine tundra 5.4 Riparian zone 5.5 Wildlife 5.5. 1 Elk 5.5. 2 Other ungulates 5.5. 3 Predators 6 Recreational activities 7 Access 7.1 Trail Ridge Road and other roads 7.2 Estes Park 7.3 Grand Lake 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Location of the Rocky Mountains Main article : History of Rocky Mountain National Park The history of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo - Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt and forage for food. Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, while others were removed to reservations by 1878. Lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims. The railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road -- a section of U.S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park -- was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges and roads in the park, culminating with the construction of Trail Ridge Road to Fall River Pass between 1929 and 1932, then to Grand Lake by 1938. Prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The national park was established on January 26, 1915. Geography See also : List of peaks in Rocky Mountain National Park Rocky Mountain National Park encompasses 265,461 acres ( 414.78 sq mi ; 1,074.28 km ) of federal land, with an additional 253,059 acres ( 395.40 sq mi ; 1,024.09 km ) of U.S. Forest Service wilderness adjoining the park boundaries. The Continental Divide runs generally north -- south through the center of the park, with rivers and streams on the western side of the divide flowing toward the Pacific Ocean while those on the eastern side flow toward the Atlantic. A geographical anomaly is found along the slopes of the Never Summer Mountains where the Continental Divide forms a horseshoe -- shaped bend for about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ), heading from south -- to -- north but then curving sharply southward and westward out of the park. The sharp bend results in streams on the eastern slopes of the range joining the headwaters of the Colorado River that flow south and west, eventually reaching the Pacific. Meanwhile, streams on the western slopes join rivers that flow north and then east and south, eventually reaching the Atlantic. View from Many Parks Curve on Trail Ridge Road. The `` parks '' in the Rockies are meadows that formed when glacial lakes drained. The headwaters of the Colorado River are located in the park 's northwestern region. The park contains approximately 450 miles ( 724 km ) of rivers and streams, 350 miles ( 563 km ) of trails, and 150 lakes. Rocky Mountain National Park is one of the highest national parks in the nation, with elevations from 7,860 to 14,259 feet ( 2,396 to 4,346 m ), the highest point of which is Longs Peak. Trail Ridge Road is the highest paved through - road in the country, with a peak elevation of 12,183 feet ( 3,713 m ). Sixty mountain peaks over 12,000 feet ( 3,658 m ) high provide scenic vistas. On the north side of the park, the Mummy Range contains a number of thirteener peaks, including Hagues Peak, Mummy Mountain, Fairchild Mountain, Ypsilon Mountain, and Mount Chiquita. Several small glaciers and permanent snowfields are found in the high mountain cirques. There are five regions, or geographical zones, within the park. Region 1 : moose and Big Meadows Region 1 is known for moose and big meadows and is located on the west, or Grand Lake, side of the Continental Divide. Thirty miles of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail loop through the park and pass through alpine tundra and scenery. Bull elk in a meadow near the headwaters of the Colorado River The Big Meadows area with its grasses and wildflowers can be reached via the Onahu, Tonahutu, or Green Mountain trail. Other scenic areas include Long Meadows and the Kawuneeche Valley ( Coyote Valley ) of the upper Colorado River which is a good place for birdwatching, as well as snowshoeing and cross-country skiing in winter. The valley trail loops through Kawuneeche Valley which contained as many as 39 mines, though less than 20 of those have archived records and archeological remains. LuLu City is the site of an abandoned silver mining town of the early 1880s located along the Colorado River Trail. According to a 1985 report prepared for the NRHP, there were only three cabin ruins remaining along with remnants of six other buildings. Baker Pass crosses the Continental Divide through the Never Summer Mountains and into the Michigan River drainage to the west of Mount Nimbus -- a drainage that feeds streams and rivers that drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Other mountain passes are La Poudre Pass and Thunder Pass, which was once used by stage coaches and is a route to Michigan Lakes. Little Yellowstone has unique geological features similar to the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The Green Mountain trail once was a wagon road used to haul hay from Big Meadows. Flattop Mountain, which can be accessed from the eastern and western sides of the park, is near Green Mountain. Shadow Mountain Lookout -- a wildfire observation tower -- is on the National Register of Historic Places. Paradise Park is an essentially hidden and protected wild area with no maintained trails penetrating it. Skeleton Gulch, Cascade Falls, North Inlet Falls, Granite Falls, and Adams Falls are found in the west side of the park. The west side lakes include Bowen Lake, Lake Verna, Lake of the Clouds, Haynach Lakes, Timber Lake, Lone Pine Lake, Lake Nanita, and Lake Nokoni. Region 2 : alpine region Alpine tundra landscape Region 2 is the alpine region of the park with accessible tundra trails at high elevations -- an area known for its spectacular vistas. Within the region are Mount Ida, with tundra slopes and a wide - open view of the Continental Divide, and Specimen Mountain, which has a steep trail and the opportunity to view bighorn sheep and marmots. Forest Canyon Pass is near the top of the Old Ute Trail that once linked villages across the Continental Divide. Chapin Pass trail traverses a dense forest to beautiful views of the Chapin Creek valley, proceeding onward above timberline to the western flank of Mount Chapin. Tundra Communities Trail, accessible from Trail Ridge Road, is a hike offering tundra views and alpine wildflowers. Other trails are Tombstone Ridge and Ute Trail, which starts at the tundra and is mostly downhill from Ute Crossing to Upper Beaver Meadows, with one backcountry camping site. Cache La Poudre River trail begins north of Poudre Lake on the west side of the valley near Milner Pass and heads downward toward the Mummy Pass trail junction. Lake Irene is a recreation and picnic area. The alpine tundra of Rocky Mountain National Park taken along the Tundra Communities Trail at approximately 12,000 feet. Longs Peak ( 14,259 ' ) is located in the distance near the center of the panorama. Region 3 : Wilderness Region 3, known for wilderness escape, is in the northern part of the park and is accessed from the Estes Park area. Ypsilon Mountain from the Ypsilon Lake Trail The Mummy Range is a short mountain range in the north of the park. The Mummies tend to be gentler and more forested than the other peaks in the park, though some slopes are rugged and heavily glaciated, particularly around Ypsilon Mountain and Mummy Mountain. Bridal Veil Falls is a scenic point and trail accessible from the Cow Creek trailhead, at the Continental Divide Research Center. West Creek Falls and Chasm Falls, near Old Fall River Road, are also in this region. The Alluvial Fan trail leads to a bridge over the river that had been the site of the Lawn Lake Flood. Lumpy Ridge Trail leads to Paul Bunyan 's Boot at about 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) from the trailhead, then Gem Lake, and a further 2.2 mi ( 3.5 km ) to Balanced Rock. Black Canyon Trail intersects Cow Creek Trail, forming part of the Gem Lake loop which goes through the old McGregor Ranch valley, passing Lumpy Ridge rock formations, with a loop hike that goes into the McGraw Ranch valley. Cow Creek Trail follows Cow Creek, with its many beaver ponds, extending past the Bridal Falls turnoff as the Dark Mountain trail, then joining the Black Canyon trail to intersect the Lawn Lake trail shortly below the lake. North Boundary Trail connects to the Lost Lake trail system. North Fork Trail begins outside of the park in the Comanche Peak Wilderness before reaching the park boundary and ending at Lost Lake. Stormy Peaks Trail connects Colorado State University 's Pingree Park campus in the Comanche Peak Wilderness and the North Fork Trail inside the park. Beaver Mountain Loop, also used by horseback riders, passes through forests and meadows, crosses Beaver Brook and several aspen - filled drainages, and has a great view of Longs Peak. Deer Mountain Trail gives a 360 degree view of eastern part of the park. The summit plateau of Deer Mountain offers expansive views of the Continental Divide. During the winter, the lower trail generally has little snow, though packed and drifted snow are to be expected on the switchbacks. Snow cover on the summit may be three to five feet deep, requiring the use of snowshoes or skis. The trail to Lake Estes in Estes Park meanders through a bird sanctuary, beside a golf course, along the Big Thompson River and Fish Creek, through the lakeside picnic area and along the lakeshore. The trail is used by birdwatchers, bikers and hikers. Lawn Lake Trail climbs to Lawn Lake and Crystal Lake, one of the parks deepest lakes, in the alpine ecosystem and along the course of the Roaring River. The river shows the massive damage caused by a dam failure in 1982 that claimed the lives of three campers. The trail is a strenuous snowshoe hike in the winter. Ypsilon Lake Trail leads to its namesake as well as Chipmunk Lake, with views of Longs Peak, while traversing pine forests with grouseberry and bearberry bushes. The trail also offers views of the canyon gouged out by rampaging water that broke loose from Lawn Lake Dam in 1982. Visible is the south face of Ypsilon Mountain, with its Y shaped gash rising sharply from the shoreline. Gem Lake is high among the rounded granite domes of Lumpy Ridge. Untouched by glaciation, this outcrop of 1.8 billion - year - old granite has been sculpted by wind and chemical erosion into a backbone - like ridge. Pillars, potholes, and balanced rocks are found around the midpoint of the trail, along with views of the Estes Valley and Continental Divide. Potts Puddle trail is accessible from the Black Canyon trail. Region 4 : heart of the Park Bear Lake Region 4 is the heart of the park with easy road and trail access, great views, and lake hikes including the most popular trails. Flattop Mountain is a tundra hike and the easiest hike to the Continental Divide in the park. Crossing over Flattop Mountain, the hike to Hallett Peak passes through three climate zones, traversing the ridge that supports Tyndall Glacier and finally ascending to the summit of Hallett Peak. Bear Lake is a high - elevation lake in a spruce and fir forest at the base of Hallett Peak and Flattop Mountain. Bierstadt Lake sits atop a lateral moraine named Bierstadt Moraine, and drains into Mill Creek. There are several trails that lead to Bierstadt Lake through groves of aspens and lodgepole pines. North of Bierstadt Moraine is Hollowell Park, a large and marshy meadow along Mill Creek. The Hollowell Park trail runs along Steep Mountain 's south side. Ranches, lumber and sawmill enterprises operated in Hollowell Park into the early 1900s. Glacial Basin was the site of a resort run by Abner and Alberta Sprague, after whom Sprague Lake is named. The lake is a shallow body of water that was created when the Spragues dammed Boulder Brook to create a fish pond. Sprague Lake is a popular place for birdwatching, hiking and viewing the mountain peaks, along with camping at the Glacier Basin campground. Emerald Lake and Hallett Peak Dream Lake is one of the most - photographed lakes and is also noted for its winter snowshoeing. Emerald Lake is located directly below the saddle between Hallett Peak and Flattop Mountain, only a short hike beyond Dream Lake. The shore of Lake Haiyaha ( a Native American word for `` big rocks '' ) is surrounded by boulders along with ancient, twisted and picturesque pine trees growing out of rock crevices. Nymph Lake is named for the yellow lily, Nymphaea polysepala, on its surface. Lake Helene is at the head of Odessa Gorge, east of Notchtop Mountain. Two Rivers Lake is found along the hike to Odessa Lake from Bear Lake, and has one backcountry campsite. The Cub Lake trail passes Big Thompson River, flowery meadows, and stands of pine and aspen trees. Ice and deep snow are present during the winter, requiring the use of skis or snowshoes. The Fern Lake trail passes Arch Rock formations, The Pool, and the cascading water of Fern Falls. Two backcountry campsites are located near the lake, and two more are closer to the trailhead. Odessa Lake has two approaches : one is along the Flattop trail from Bear Lake while the other is from the Fern Lake trailhead, along which are Fern Creek, The Pool, Fern Falls, and Fern Lake itself. One backcountry campsite is available. Other lakes are Jewel Lake, Mills Lake, Black Lake, Blue Lake, Lake of Glass, and Spruce Lake. View from the summit of Hallett Peak The Pool is a large turbulent water pocket formed below where Spruce and Fern Creeks join the Big Thompson River. The winter route is along a gravel road, which leads to a trail at the Fern Lake trailhead. Along the route are beaver - cut aspen, frozen waterfalls on the cliffs, and the Arch Rocks. The trail to Alberta Falls runs by Glacier Creek and Glacier Gorge. Wind River Trail leaves the East Portal and follows the Wind River to join with the Storm Pass trail. There are three backcountry campsites. Other sites in the area are The Loch, Loch Vale, Mill Creek Basin, Andrews Glacier, Sky Point, Timberline Falls, Upper Beaver Meadows, and Storm Pass. Region 5 : waterfalls and backcountry Region 5, known for waterfalls and backcountry, is south of Estes Park and contains Longs Peak -- the park 's iconic fourteener -- and the Wild Basin area. Other peaks and passes include Lily Mountain, Estes Cone, Twin Sisters, Boulder - Grand Pass, and Granite Pass. Eugenia Mine operated about the late - 19th to early - 20th century, with some old equipment and a log cabin remaining. Sites and trails include Boulder Field, Wild Basin Trail, and Homer Rouse Memorial Trail. Enos Mills, the main figure behind the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park, enjoyed walking to Lily Lake from his nearby cabin. Wildflowers are common in the spring and early summer. In the winter, the trail around the lake is often suitable for walking in boots, or as a short snowshoe or ski. Other lakes in the Wild Basin include Chasm Lake, Snowbank Lake, Lion Lakes 1 and 2, Thunder Lake, Ouzel Lake, Finch Lake, Bluebird Lake, Pear Lake, and Sandbeach Lake. Many of the lakes have backcountry campsites. Waterfalls include Ouzel Falls, Trio Falls, Copeland Falls, and Calypso Cascades. Climate The complex interactions of elevation, slope, exposure and regional - scale air masses determine the climate within the park, which is noted for its extreme weather patterns. A `` collision of air masses '' from several directions produces some of the key weather events in the region. When cold arctic air from the north meets warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico at the Front Range, `` intense, very wet snowfalls with total snow depth measured in the feet '' accumulate in the park. Elevation Higher elevation areas within the park receive twice as much precipitation as lower elevation areas, generally in the form of deep winter snowfall. Arctic conditions are prevalent during the winter, with sudden blizzards, high winds, and deep snowpack. High country overnight trips require gear suitable for - 35 ° F or below. Wild roses ( Rosa acicularis ) bloom from montane to subalpine regions The subalpine region does not begin to experience spring - like conditions until June. Wildflowers bloom from late June to early August. Below 9,400 feet ( 2,865 m ), temperatures are often moderate, although nighttime temperatures are cool, as is typical of mountain weather. Spring comes to the montane area by early May, when wildflowers begin to bloom. Spring weather is subject to unpredictable changes in temperature and precipitation, with potential for snow along trails through May. In July and August, temperatures are generally in the 70s or 80s ° F during the day, and as low as the 40s ° F at night. Lower elevations receive rain as most of their summer precipitation. Sudden dramatic changes in the weather may occur during the summer, typically due to afternoon thunderstorms that can cause as much as a 20 ° F drop in temperature and windy conditions. Continental Divide The park 's climate is also affected by the Continental Divide, which runs northwest to southeast through the center of the park atop the high peaks. The Continental Divide creates two distinct climate patterns - one typical of the east side near Estes Park and the other associated with the Grand Lake area on the park 's west side. The west side of the park experiences more snow, less wind, and clear cold days during the winter months. Climate change study Rocky Mountain National Park was selected to participate in a climate change study, along with two other National Park Service areas in the Rocky Mountain region and three in the Appalachian Mountain region. The study began in 2011, orchestrated by members of the academic scientific community in cooperation with the National Park Service and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ). The stated objective : `` develop and apply decision support tools that use NASA and other data and models to assess vulnerability of ecosystems and species to climate and land use change and evaluate management options. '' Trees killed by mountain pine beetles. As of 2010, the preceding one hundred years of records indicated an increase in the average annual temperature of approximately 3 ° F ( 1.7 ° C ). The average low temperature has increased more than the average high temperature during the same time period. As a result of the temperature increase, snow is melting from the mountains earlier in the year, leading to drier summers and probably to an earlier, longer fire season. Since the 1990s, mountain pine beetles have reproduced more rapidly and have not died off at their previous mortality rate during the winter months. Consequently, the increased beetle population has led to an increased rate of tree mortality in the park. The climate change study projects further temperature increases, with greater warming in the summer and higher extreme temperatures by 2050. Due to the increased temperature, there is a projected moderate increase in the rate of water evaporation. Reduced snowfall -- perhaps 15 % to 30 % less than current amounts -- and the elimination of surface hail, along with the higher likelihood of intense precipitation events are predicted by 2050. Droughts may be more likely due to increased temperatures, increased evaporation rates, and potential changes in precipitation. Geology Main articles : Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Prehistory of Colorado Precambrian metamorphic rock formed the core of the North American continent during the Precambrian eon 4.5 -- 1 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic era, western North America was submerged beneath a shallow sea, with a seabed composed of limestone and dolomite deposits many kilometers thick. Pikes Peak granite formed during the late Precambrian eon, continuing well into the Paleozoic era, when mass quantities of molten rock flowed, amalgamated, and formed the continents about 1 billion -- 300 million years ago. Concurrently, in the period from 500 -- 300 million years ago, the region began to sink while lime and mud sediments were deposited in the vacated space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that formed strata -- layers of sediment -- in the sinking basin. About 300 million years ago, the land was uplifted creating the ancestral Rocky Mountains. Fountain Formation was deposited during the Pennsylvanian period of the Paleozoic era, 290 -- 296 million years ago. Over the next 150 million years, the mountains uplifted, continued to erode, and covered themselves in their own sediment. Wind, gravity, rainwater, snow, and glacial ice eroded the granite mountains over geologic time scales. The Ancestral Rockies were eventually buried under subsequent strata. Cretaceous seaway The Pierre Shale formation was deposited during the Paleogene and Cretaceous periods about 70 million years ago. The region was covered by a deep sea -- the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway -- which deposited massive amounts of shale on the seabed. Both the thick stratum of shale and embedded marine life fossils -- including ammonites and skeletons of fish and such marine reptiles as mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and extinct species of sea turtles, along with rare dinosaur and bird remains -- were created during this time period. The area now known as Colorado was eventually transformed from being at the bottom of an ocean to dry land again, giving yield to another fossiliferous rock layer known as the Denver Formation. At about 68 million years ago, the Front Range began to rise again due to the Laramide orogeny in the west. During the Cenozoic era, block uplift formed the present Rocky Mountains. The geologic composition of Rocky Mountain National Park was also affected by deformation and erosion during that era. The uplift disrupted the older drainage patterns and created the present drainage patterns. Glaciation Andrews Glacier Glacial geology in Rocky Mountain National Park can be seen from the mountain peaks to the valley floors. Ice is a powerful sculptor of this natural environment and large masses of moving ice are the most powerful tools. Telltale marks of giant glaciers can be seen all throughout the park. Streams and glaciations during the Quaternary period cut through the older sediment, creating mesa tops and alluvial plains, and revealing the present Rocky Mountains. The glaciation removed as much as 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of sedimentary rocks from earlier inland sea deposits. This erosion exposed the basement rock of the Ancestral Rockies. Evidence of the uplifting and erosion can be found on the way to Rocky Mountain National Park in the hogbacks of the Front Range foothills. Many sedimentary rocks from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras exist in the basins surrounding the park. While the glaciation periods are largely in the past, the park still has several small glaciers. The glaciers include Andrews, Sprague, Tyndall, Taylor, Rowe, Mills, and Moomaw Glaciers. Ecology Main article : Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Clickable examples of ecosystem elements Colorado has one of the most diverse plant and animal environments of the United States, partially due to the dramatic temperature differences arising from varying elevation levels and topography. In dry climates, the average temperature drops 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit with every 1,000 foot increase in elevation ( 9.8 degrees Celsius per 1,000 meters ). Most of Colorado is semi-arid with the mountains receiving the greatest amount of precipitation in the state. The Continental Divide runs north to south through the park, creating a climatic division. Ancient glaciers carved the topography into a range of ecological zones. The east side of the Divide tends to be drier with heavily glaciated peaks and cirques. The west side of the park is wetter with more lush, deep forests. There are four ecosystems, or zones, in Rocky Mountain National Park : montane, subalpine, alpine tundra, and riparian. The riparian zone occurs throughout all of the three other zones. Each individual ecosystem is composed of organisms interacting with one other and with their surrounding environment. Living organisms ( biotic ), along with the dead organic matter they produce, and the abiotic ( non-living ) environment that impacts those living organisms ( water, weather, rocks, and landscape ) are all members of an ecosystem. The park was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations in 1976 to protect its natural resources. The park 's biodiversity includes afforestation and reforestation, ecology, inland bodies of water, and mammals, while its ecosystems are managed for nature conservation, environmental education and public recreation purposes. The areas of research and monitoring include ungulate ecology and management, high - altitude revegetation, global change, acid precipitation effects, and aquatic ecology and management. Montane zone View from the Fall River Road illustrating the montane ecosystem with forested slopes and grassland in between The montane ecosystem is at the lowest elevations in the park, between 5,600 to 9,500 feet ( 1,700 to 2,900 m ), where the slopes and large meadow valleys support the widest range of plant and animal life, including montane forests, grasslands, and shrublands. The area has meandering rivers and during the summer, wildflowers grow in the open meadows. Ponderosa pine trees, grass, shrubs and herbs live on dry, south - facing slopes. North - facing slopes retain moisture better than those that face south. The soil better supports dense populations of trees, like Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, and ponderosa pine. There are also occasional Engelmann spruce and blue spruce trees. Quaking aspens thrive in high - moisture montane soils. Other water - loving small trees like willows, grey alder, and water birch may be found along streams or lakeshores. Water - logged soil in flat montane valleys may be unable to support growth of evergreen forests. The following areas are part of the montane ecosystem : Moraine Park, Horseshoe Park, Kawuneeche Valley, and Upper Beaver Meadows. Some of the mammals that inhabit the montane ecosystem include snowshoe hares, coyotes, cougars, beavers, mule deer, moose, bighorn sheep, black bears, and Rocky Mountain elk. During the fall, visitors often flock to the park to witness the elk rut. Subalpine zone Main article : Rocky Mountains subalpine zone From 9,000 ft ( 2,700 m ) to 11,000 ft ( 3,400 m ), the montane forests give way to subalpine forests. Forests of fir and Engelmann spruce cover the mountainsides in subalpine areas. Trees grow straight and tall in the lower subalpine forests, but become shorter and more deformed the nearer they are to the tree line. At the tree line, seedlings may germinate on the lee side of rocks and grow only as high as the rock provides wind protection, with any further growth being more horizontal than vertical. The low growth of dense trees is called krummholz, which may become well - established and live for several hundred to a thousand years old. Odessa Lake in the subalpine ecosystem In the subalpine zone, lodgepole pines and huckleberry have established themselves in previous burn areas. Crystal clear lakes and fields of wildflowers are hidden among the trees. Mammals of the subalpine zone include bobcats, cougars, coyotes, elk, mule deer, chipmunks, shrews, porcupines and yellow - bellied marmots. Black bears are attracted by the berries and seeds of subalpine forests. Clark 's nutcracker, Steller 's jay, mountain chickadee and yellow - rumped warbler are some of the many birds found in the subalpine zone. Sprague Lake and Odessa Lake are two of the park 's subalpine lakes. Alpine tundra Above tree line, at approximately 11,000 ft ( 3,400 m ), trees disappear and the vast alpine tundra takes over. Over one third of the park resides above the tree line, an area which limits plant growth due to the cold climate and strong winds. The few plants that can survive under such extreme conditions are mostly perennials. Many alpine plants are dwarfed at high elevations, though their occasional blossoms may be full - sized. View on Tundra Communities Trail Cushion plants have long taproots that extend deep into the rocky soil. Their diminutive size, like clumps of moss, limits the effect of harsh winds. Many flowering plants of the tundra have dense hairs on stems and leaves to provide wind protection or red - colored pigments capable of converting the sun 's light rays into heat. Some plants take two or more years to form flower buds, which survive the winter below the surface and then open and produce fruit with seeds in the few weeks of summer. Grasses and sedges are common where tundra soil is well - developed. Non-flowering lichens cling to rocks and soil. Their enclosed algal cells can photosynthesize at any temperature above 32 degrees Fahrenheit ( 0 ° C ), and the outer fungal layers can absorb more than their own weight in water. Adaptations for survival amidst drying winds and cold temperatures may make tundra vegetation seem very hardy, but in some respects it remains very fragile. Footsteps can destroy tundra plants and it may take hundreds of years to recover. Mammals that live on the alpine tundra, or visit during the summer season, include bighorn sheep, elk, badgers, pikas, yellow - bellied marmots, and snowshoe hares. Birds include prairie falcons, white - tailed ptarmigans, and common ravens. Flowering plants include mertensia, sky pilot, alpine sunflowers, alpine dwarf columbine, and alpine forget - me - not. Grasses include kobresia, spike trisetum, spreading wheatgrass, and tufted hairgrass. Riparian zone Mountain stream along Fall River Road is an example of a riparian ecosystem. The riparian ecosystem runs through the montane, subalpine, and alpine tundra zones and creates a foundation for life, especially for species that thrive next to streams, rivers, and lakes. The headwaters of the Colorado River, which provides water to many of the southwestern states, are located on the west side of the park. The Fall River, Cache la Poudre River and Big Thompson Rivers are located on the east side of the park. Just like the other ecosystems in the park, the riparian zone is affected by the climatic variables of temperature, precipitation, and elevation. Generally, riparian zones in valleys will have cooler temperatures than communities located on slopes and ridge tops. Depending on elevation, a riparian zone may have more or less precipitation than other riparian zones in the park, with the difference creating a shift in the types of plants and animals found in a specific zone. Wildlife Rocky Mountain National Park is home to many species of animals, including nearly 70 mammals and almost 300 species of birds. This diversity is due to the park 's varying topography, which creates a variety of habitats. However, some species have been extirpated from the park, including the gray wolf, the wolverine, the grizzly bear, and the American bison. Elk The park is home to some 2,000 to 3,000 elk in summer, and between 800 and 1,000 elk spend the winter within its boundaries. Because of lack of predation, the National Park Service culls around 50 elk each winter. Overgrazing by elk has become a major problem in the park 's riparian areas, so much so that the NPS fences them out of many critical wetland habitats to let willows and aspens grow. The program seems to be working, as the deciduous wetland plants thrive within the fencing. Many people think the elk herd is too large, but are reluctant to reintroduce predators because of its proximity to large human populations and ranches. Other ungulates Apart from elk, many other ungulates reside in the park, including bighorn sheep, moose, and mule deer. Bison were eliminated from the park in the 1800s, as were pronghorn and moose, the latter of which was restored to the area in 1978. Moose are now frequently seen in the park, especially on the park 's west side. The park 's bighorn sheep population has recovered and is estimated at 350 animals. Predators The park is home to many predatory animals, including Canadian lynx, foxes, bobcat, cougar, black bear, and coyotes. Wolves and grizzly bears were extirpated in the early 1900s. Most of these predators kill smaller animals, but mountain lions and coyotes kill deer and occasionally elk. Bears also eat larger prey. Moose have no predators in the park. Black bears are relatively uncommon in the park, numbering only 24 - 35 animals. They also have fewer cubs and the bears seem skinnier than they do in most areas. Canadian lynx are quite rare within the park, and they have probably spread north from the San Juan Mountains, where they were reintroduced in 1999. Cougars feed mainly on mule deer in the park, and live 10 -- 13 years. Cougar territories can be as large as 500 square miles. Coyotes hunt both alone and in pairs, but occasionally hunt in packs. They mainly feed on rodents but occasionally bring down larger animals, including deer, and especially fawns and elk calves. Scat studies in Moraine Park showed that their primary foods were deer and rodents. They form strong family bonds and are very vocal. Recreational activities The park contains a network of trails that range from easy, paved paths suitable for all visitors including those with disabilities, to strenuous mountain trails for experienced, conditioned hikers as well as off - trail routes for backcountry hikes. Most trails are for summer use only, since at other times of the year many trails are not safe due to weather conditions. The park provides dozens of designated backcountry campsites and horseback riding is permitted on most trails. Llamas and other pack animals are also allowed on most of the trails. Longs Peak seen from Dream Lake trail Rock climbing and mountaineering opportunities include Lumpy Ridge, Hallett Peak, and Longs Peak, the highest peak in the park, with the easiest route being the Keyhole Route. This 8 mi ( 13 km ) one - way climb has an elevation gain of 4,850 ft ( 1,480 m ). The vast east face, including the area known as The Diamond, is home to many classic big wall rock climbing routes. Many of the highest peaks have technical ice and rock routes on them, ranging from short scrambles to long multi-pitch climbs. Fishing is found in the many lakes and streams in the park, and camping is allowed at several designated campgrounds. During the winter, only the edges of the park are accessible for recreational activities since most of Trail Ridge Road is closed due to heavy snow. Winter activities include snowshoeing and cross-country skiing which are possible from either the Estes Park or Grand Lake entrances. On the east side near Estes Park, skiing and snowshoeing trails are available off Bear Lake Road, such as the Bear Lake, Bierstadt Lake, and Sprague Lake trails and at Hidden Valley. Slopes for sledding are also available at Hidden Valley. The west side of the park near Grand Lake also has viable snowshoeing trails. Backcountry - style Telemark skiing and snowboarding can be enjoyed after climbing up one of the higher slopes, late in the snow season after avalanche danger has subsided. Access Trail Ridge Road is the highest continuously paved highway in the United States. The park may be accessed through Estes Park or via the western entrance at Grand Lake. Trail Ridge Road, also known as U.S. Route 34, connects the eastern and western sides of the park. The park has a total of five visitor centers. The Alpine Visitor Center is located in the tundra environment along Trail Ridge Road, while Beaver Meadows and Fall River are both near Estes Park, with Kawuneeche in the Grand Lake area, and the Moraine Park Discovery Center near the Beaver Meadows entrance and visitor center. Trail Ridge Road and other roads Trail Ridge Road is 48 miles ( 77 km ) long and connects the entrances in Grand Lake and Estes Park. Running generally east -- west through many hairpin turns, the road crosses Milner Pass through the Continental Divide at an elevation of 10,758 ft ( 3,279 m ). The highest point of the road is 12,183 feet ( 3,713 m ), with eleven miles of the road being above tree line which is approximately 11,500 feet ( 3,505 m ). The road is the highest continuously paved highway in the country, and includes many large turnouts at key points to stop and observe the scenery. Schematic map of Trail Ridge Road 's northern sections Most visitors to the park drive over the famous Trail Ridge Road, but other roads include Fall River Road and Bear Lake Road. The park is open every day of the year, weather permitting. Due to the extended winter season in higher elevations, Trail Ridge Road between Many Parks Curve and the Colorado River Trailhead is closed much of the year. The road is usually open again by Memorial Day and closes in mid-October, generally after Columbus Day. Fall River Road does not open until about July 4 and closes by, or in, October for vehicular traffic. Snow may also fall in sufficient quantities in higher elevations to require temporary closure of the roads into July, which is reported on the road status site. Estes Park Most visitors enter the park through the eastern entrances near Estes Park, which is about 71 miles ( 114 km ) northwest of Denver. The most direct route to Trail Ridge Road is the Beaver Meadows entrance, located just west of Estes Park on U.S. Route 36, which leads to the Beaver Meadows Visitor Center and the park 's headquarters. North of the Beaver Meadows entrance station is the Fall River entrance, which also leads to Trail Ridge Road and Old Fall River Road. There are three routes into Estes Park : I - 25 to U.S. 34 west which runs alongside the Big Thompson River ; U.S. 36 west ( northwest ) from Boulder connecting to U.S. 34 west ; and the Peak to Peak Highway, also known as State Highway 7, from points south. The nearest airport is Denver International Airport and the closest train station is the Denver Union Station. Estes Park may be reached by rental car, shuttle or RTD bus. During peak tourist season, there is free shuttle service within the park and the town of Estes Park provides shuttle service to Estes Park Visitor Center, surrounding campgrounds, and the Rocky Mountain National Park 's shuttles. Grand Lake Visitors may also enter at the western side of the park from U.S. 34 near Grand Lake. U.S. 34 is reached by taking U.S. 40 north from I - 70. The closest railroad station is the Amtrak station in Granby, which is 20 miles ( 32 km ) from the western entrance of the park. Taxi service is available into the park. See also Birds of Rocky Mountain National Park Rocky Mountain National Park topics Southern Rocky Mountain Front - where the Rocky Mountains meet the plains List of national parks of the United States List of areas in the United States National Park System -- parks, monuments, preserves, historic sites, etc. Notes Jump up ^ Montana State University states in their profile of Rocky Mountain National Park that there has been an increase of 2.5 ° F ( 1.4 ° C ) in the average park temperature over `` the past century '' ( charts show the period from about 1895 - 2010 ). The National Park Service site states that the increase has been 3.4 ° F ( 1.9 ° C ) over `` the last century '' ( chart shows the period from about 1905 - 2010 ). References ^ Jump up to : `` The National Parks : Index 2009 - 2011 '' ( PDF ). nps.gov. National Park Service. p. 33. Retrieved February 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Brief Park History ''. nps.gov. National Park Service. n.d. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report ''. National Park Service. Retrieved February 28, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain National Park Mileages and Elevations ''. nps.gov. National Park Service. n.d. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park Maps ''. nps.gov. National Park Service. n.d. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Biosphere Reserve Information, United States of America, Rocky Mountain ''. unesco.org. UNESCO. August 17, 2000. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Annual Visitation Report by Years : 2006 to 2016 ''. National Park Service. n.d. Retrieved February 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` These Were the Most Visited National Parks in 2015 ''. Time Magazine. 2016 - 02 - 17. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park Visitor Centers ''. National Park Service. n.d. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Beaver Meadows Visitor Center Review Rocky Mountain NP Fodor 's Travel Guides ''. Fodors.com. Retrieved June 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Buchholtz, `` Chap. 1 '' 1983a. Jump up ^ Perry 2008, p. 9 ; Buchholtz, `` Chap. 1 '' 1983a. Jump up ^ Buchholtz, `` Chap. 1 '' 1983a ; Law 2015, pp. 53 -- 54. ^ Jump up to : Law 2015, p. 76. Jump up ^ Buckley and Nokes 2016, p. 131. Jump up ^ U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers. Jump up ^ Buchholtz, `` Chap. 2 '' 1983b. Jump up ^ Law 2015, pp. 53 -- 54. Jump up ^ Perry, p. 18. Jump up ^ Perry, pp. 50. Jump up ^ Cammerer, Arno B. ( 1934 ). Rocky Mountain National Park. Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office. Jump up ^ `` History of Trail Ridge Road ''. nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Frank 2013, pp. 7 -- 8 ; Buchholtz, `` Chap. 5 '' 1983e. Jump up ^ `` National Forest Ranger Districts ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park ''. Backpacker Magazine. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Kim Lipker ( February 9, 2016 ). Day and Overnight Hikes : Rocky Mountain National Park. Menasha Ridge Press, Incorporated. p. PT19. ISBN 978 - 1 - 63404 - 016 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Where Locals Hike in Rocky Mountain National Park ''. My Rocky Mountain Park. National Park Trips Media. Retrieved November 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` National Hydrography Dataset high - resolution flowline data ''. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ `` About Rocky Mountain National Park ''. Rocky Mountain Hiking Trails. Retrieved October 30, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park : Natural Features and Ecosystems ''. National Park Service. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK ''. NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved February 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Trail Ridge Road : Rocky Mountain National Park ''. codot.gov. Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 22, 2018. Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Mummy Range - Decision Card ''. U.S. Geological Survey - Geological Names Information System. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Glaciers of Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Service. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park Trails and Trailheads by Region ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved October 30, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Hiking trails on the west side of Rocky Mountain National Park ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved October 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain National Park History - Mining '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. Retrieved November 6, 2016. Jump up ^ McWilliams, Carl and Karen ( August 20, 1985 ). `` National Register of Historic Places - Classified Structure Field Inventory Report ''. nps.gov. National Park Service. pp. 10 -- 11. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Lisa Foster ( 2005 ). Rocky Mountain National Park : The Complete Hiking Guide. Big Earth Publishing. p. 284. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56579 - 550 - 1. ^ Jump up to : `` Alpine Trails ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved November 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Brachfeld, Aaron ( September 2015 ). `` Trail to Bridal Veil Falls, Rocky Mountain National Park ''. the Meadowlark Herald ( September 2015 ). the Meadowlark Herald. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16. ^ Jump up to : `` Hiking trails on the north side of Rocky Mountain National Park ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved November 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Gem Lake, Balanced Rock, & Paul Bunyan 's Boot ^ Jump up to : `` Trails in the Heart of the Rocky Mountain National Park ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved November 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Lisa Foster ( 2005 ). Rocky Mountain National Park : The Complete Hiking Guide. Big Earth Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56579 - 550 - 1. Jump up ^ Lisa Foster ( 2005 ). Rocky Mountain National Park : The Complete Hiking Guide. Big Earth Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56579 - 550 - 1. ^ Jump up to : `` Trails in the Wild Basin and Longs Peak of the Rocky Mountain National Park ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved November 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park Climate Primer '' ( PDF ). Montana State University. p. 1. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Weather ''. NPS. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Landscape Climate Change Vulnerability Project ; Using NASA Resources to Inform Climate and Land Use Adaptation ; Ecological Forecasting, Vulnerability Assessment, and Evaluation of Management Options Across Two US DOI Landscape Conservation Cooperatives '' ( PDF ). montana.edu. Montana State University. August 2011. pp. 2, 5. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Landscape Climate Change Vulnerability Project ''. montana.edu. Montana State University. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Climate Change ''. National Park Service. Retrieved November 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park Climate Primer '' ( PDF ). Montana State University. p. 3. Retrieved November 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Gadd, Ben ( 2008 ). `` Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Columbias '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 20, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Kirk R. Johnson ; Robert G. Raynolds ( 2006 ). Ancient Denvers : Scenes from the Past 300 Million Years of the Colorado Front Range. Fulcrum Publishing for Denver Museum of Nature and Science. p. 1. ISBN 1 - 55591 - 554 - X. Jump up ^ Kirk R. Johnson ; Robert G. Raynolds ( 2006 ). Ancient Denvers : Scenes from the Past 300 Million Years of the Colorado Front Range. Fulcrum Publishing for Denver Museum of Nature and Science. p. 6. ISBN 1 - 55591 - 554 - X. Jump up ^ Kirk R. Johnson ; Robert G. Raynolds ( 2006 ). Ancient Denvers : Scenes from the Past 300 Million Years of the Colorado Front Range. Fulcrum Publishing for Denver Museum of Nature and Science. p. 10. ISBN 1 - 55591 - 554 - X. ^ Jump up to : Kirk R. Johnson ; Robert G. Raynolds ( 2006 ). Ancient Denvers : Scenes from the Past 300 Million Years of the Colorado Front Range. Fulcrum Publishing for Denver Museum of Nature and Science. p. 16. ISBN 1 - 55591 - 554 - X. Jump up ^ `` Teacher Guide to RMNP Geology '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. p. 8. Retrieved October 30, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Teacher Guide to RMNP Geology '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. pp. 8 -- 9. Retrieved October 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Kirk R. Johnson ; Robert G. Raynolds ( 2006 ). Ancient Denvers : Scenes from the Past 300 Million Years of the Colorado Front Range. Fulcrum Publishing for Denver Museum of Nature and Science. p. 30. ISBN 1 - 55591 - 554 - X. Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Geologic History ''. National Park Service. Retrieved October 30, 2016. Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Glaciers ''. National Park Service. Retrieved November 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Fraces Alley Kelly ; Carron A. Meaney ( 1995 ). Explore Colorado : A Naturalist 's Notebok. Photography by John Fielder. Englewood, Colorado : Westcliff Publishers and Denver Museum of Natural History. pp. 10 -- 13. ISBN 1 - 56579 - 124 - X. Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document : `` Majestic view from the old, one - way, dirt Fall River Road in Rocky Mountain National Park in the Front Range of the spectacular and high Rockies in north - central Colorado ''. Library of Congress - Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ecosystems of Rocky Teacher Guide '' ( PDF ). Rocky Mountain National Park. p. 4. Retrieved November 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park ''. UNESCO. Retrieved November 10, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Claire Walter ( 2004 ). Snowshoeing Colorado. Fulcrum Publishing. pp. 51 -- 52. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55591 - 529 - 2. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Nature and Ecosystems ''. National Park Service. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Montane Ecosystem ''. National Park Service. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Watching Wildlife - Horseshoe Park ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved November 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Subalpine Ecosystem ''. National Park Service. Retrieved November 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Alpine Tundra Ecosystem ''. National Park Service. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ecosystems of Rocky Teacher Guide '' ( PDF ). Rocky Mountain National Park. p. 9. Retrieved November 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ecosystems of Rocky Teacher Guide '' ( PDF ). Rocky Mountain National Park. p. 17. Retrieved November 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Elk - Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Service. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Moose - Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Service. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Bighorn Sheep - Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Service. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Black Bears - Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Service. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lions - Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Service. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Coyote - Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Service. National Park Service. Jump up ^ Lisa Foster ( 2005 ). Rocky Mountain National Park : The Complete Hiking Guide. Big Earth Publishing. pp. 17 -- 18. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56579 - 550 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Lisa Gollin - Evans ( 3 June 2011 ). Outdoor Family Guide to Rocky Mountain National Park, 3rd Edition. The Mountaineers Books. p. 62. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59485 - 499 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Horse and Pack Animals - Rocky Mountain National Park '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. Retrieved November 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Lisa Gollin - Evans ( 3 June 2011 ). Outdoor Family Guide to Rocky Mountain National Park, 3rd Edition. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 63 -- 64. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59485 - 499 - 6. Jump up ^ Best of Rocky Mountain National Park Hiking Trails. Adler Publishing. 1998. p. 1. ISBN 978 - 0 - 930657 - 39 - 0. Jump up ^ Andy Lightbody ; Kathy Mattoon ( 3 December 2013 ). Winter TrailsTM Colorado : The Best Cross-Country Ski and Snowshoe Trails. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 26 -- 32. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4930 - 0716 - 5. Jump up ^ Alan Apt ; Kay Turnbaugh ( 7 July 2015 ). Afoot and Afield : Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, and Rocky Mountain National Park : 184 Spectacular Outings in the Colorado Rockies. Wilderness Press. p. 150. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89997 - 755 - 3. ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Getting There ''. Frommers. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Trail Ridge Road ''. nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Trail Ridge Road ''. Rocky Mountain National Park. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Milner Pass ''. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Road Status ''. National Park Service. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Getting Around ''. National Park Service. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document : `` Rocky Mountain National Park - Old Fall River Road ''. National Park Service. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Ride a Train, Bus or Taxi to Rocky Mountain National Park ''. National Park Trips Media. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Further reading Andrews, Thomas G. ( 2015 ). Coyote Valley : Deep History in the High Rockies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674088573. Buchholtz, C.W. ( 1983 ). Rocky Mountain National Park : A History. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0 - 87081 - 146 - 0. Buckley, Jay H. ; Nokes, Jeffery D. ( March 28, 2016 ). Explorers of the American West : Mapping the World through Primary Documents. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 732 - 3. Cole, James C. ; Braddock, William A. ( 2009 ). Geologic Map of the Estes Park 30 ' x 60 ' Quadrangle, North - Central Colorado. Scientific Investigations Map 3039. U.S. Geological Survey. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4113 - 2221 - 9. This source discusses the geology of the quadrangle, which covers most of Rocky Mountain National Park. Emerick, John C. ( 1995 ). Rocky Mountain National Park Natural History Handbook. Roberts Hinehart Publishers / Rocky Mountain Nature Association. ISBN 1 - 879373 - 80 - 7. Frank, Jerry J. Making Rocky Mountain National Park : The Environmental History of an American Treasure ( 2013 ) Law, Amy ( March 16, 2015 ). Natural History of Trail Ridge Road : A Rocky Mountain National Park 's Highway to the Sky. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 62619 - 935 - 4. Mills, Enos and John Fielder. Rocky Mountain National Park : A 100 Year Perspective ( 1995 ) Musselman, Lloyd K. ( July 1971 ). Rocky Mountain National Park : Administrative History, 1915 - 1965 ( Online ed. ). Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center. Retrieved 18 November 2014. Perry, Phyllis J. ( 2008 ). Rocky Mountain National Park. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5627 - 7. U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Rocky Mountain ( Colorado ) National Park ( 2011 ) online free U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers. `` Stephen Harriman Long, Topographical Engineers ''. U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Rocky Mountain National Park ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rocky Mountain National Park. Official website of the National Park Service Rocky Mountain National Park map Rocky Mountain Conservancy Virtual ride over Trail Ridge Road Rocky Mountain National Park Attractions Alpine Visitor Center Alpine Tundra Research Beaver Meadows Visitor Center Agnes Vaille Shelter Dutchtown ( ghost town ) Fall River Pass Horseshoe Park Kawuneeche Valley Lulu City ( ghost town ) Lumpy Ridge Middle Park Milner Pass ( Continental Divide ) Moraine Park Museum and Amphitheater Petit Grepon ( spire ) Upper Beaver Meadows Wild Basin Peaks Chief Cheley Peak Fairchild Mountain Hagues Peak Hallett Peak Longs Peak Mount Chiquita Mount Ida Mount Julian Mount Alice Mount Meeker Mummy Mountain Mummy Range Never Summer Mountains Flattop Mountain Lean Mountain Mount Richthofen Static Peak Taylor Peak Twin Sisters Peaks Ypsilon Mountain Hiking trails and technical climbs Hiking trails Bear Lake Bierstadt Lake Continental Divide Trail East Inlet Trail East Longs Peak Trail -- Longs Peak Trail -- Keyhole Route -- Shelf Trail Fern Lake Trail Flattop Mountain Trail Lake Haiyaha Trail Lost Lake Trail Shadow Mountain Trail Thunder Lake Trail - Bluebird Lake Trail Upper Beaver Meadows Technical climbs Casual Route Northcutt - Carter Route ( Hallett Peak ) South Face ( Petit Grepon ) Glaciers Andrews Glacier The Dove ( glacier ) Mills Glacier Moomaw Glacier Rowe Glacier Saint Vrain Glaciers Taylor Glacier Tyndall Glacier Bodies of water Bear Lake Bierstadt Lake Chasm Falls Dream Lake Fern Lake Haynach Lakes Hidden River Murphy Lake La Poudre Pass Lake Roaring River Snowdrift Lake Sprague Lake History History of Rocky Mountain National Park NRHP listings in RMNP NRHP in Rocky Mountain NP template Districts or areas Cache La Poudre River Corridor National Heritage Area Fall River Entrance Historic District Holzwarth Historic District People Earl of Dunraven Elkanah Lamb Stephen H. Long Enos Mills Freelan Oscar Stanley Ute people Lodging & camping Grand Lake Lodge The Stanley Hotel Natural disasters Big Thompson River flash flood ( 1976 ) Lawn Lake Dam flood ( 1982 ) Mountain pine beetle outbreak ( 1996 + ) Big Meadows fire ( 2013 ) Transportation Park Roads Fall River Road Trail Ridge Road / US 34 Highways US 34 US 36 SH 7 Denver International Airport Denver Union Station RTD Nearby municipalities Allenspark Boulder Estes Park Grand Lake Longmont Lyons Geology and geography Geology of the Rocky Mountains Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Continental Divide Front Range Rivers of the Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains subalpine zone Additional information Rocky Mountain National Park Category Colorado Portal National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Gateway Arch Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of Colorado Federal National Parks Black Canyon of the Gunnison Great Sand Dunes Mesa Verde Rocky Mountain National Monuments Browns Canyon ( BLM - USFS ) Canyons of the Ancients ( BLM ) Chimney Rock ( USFS ) Colorado Dinosaur Florissant Fossil Beds Hovenweep Yucca House National Recreation Areas Arapaho ( USFS ) Curecanti National Historic Sites Bent 's Old Fort Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Trails Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Trail Continental Divide Trail National Forests Arapaho Grand Mesa Gunnison Pike Rio Grande Roosevelt Routt San Isabel San Juan Uncompahgre White River National Grasslands Comanche Pawnee National Wilderness Black Canyon of the Gunnison Black Ridge Canyons Buffalo Peaks Byers Peak Cache La Poudre Collegiate Peaks Comanche Peak Dominguez Eagles Nest Flat Tops Fossil Ridge Great Sand Dunes Greenhorn Mountain Gunnison Gorge Holy Cross Hunter - Fryingpan Indian Peaks James Peak La Garita Lizard Head Lost Creek Maroon Bells - Snowmass Mesa Verde Mount Evans Mount Massive Mount Sneffels Mount Zirkel Neota Never Summer Platte River Powderhorn Ptarmigan Peak Raggeds Rawah Rocky Mountain National Park Sangre de Cristo Sarvis Creek South San Juan Spanish Peaks Uncompahgre Vasquez Peak Weminuche West Elk National Conservation Areas Dominguez - Escalante Gunnison Gorge McInnis Canyons National Wildlife Refuges Alamosa Arapaho Baca Browns Park Monte Vista Rocky Flats Rocky Mountain Arsenal Two Ponds BLM ACECs 66 Areas of Critical Environmental Concern Wild and Scenic Rivers Cache la Poudre River State Colorado State Parks Arkansas Headwaters Barr Lake Boyd Lake Castlewood Canyon Chatfield Cherry Creek Cheyenne Mountain Crawford Eldorado Canyon Eleven Mile Elkhead Golden Gate Canyon Harvey Gap Highline Lake Jackson Lake James M. Robb - Colorado River John Martin Reservoir Lake Pueblo Lathrop Lone Mesa Lory Mancos Mueller Navajo North Sterling Paonia Pearl Lake Ridgway Rifle Falls Rifle Gap Roxborough Spinney Mountain St. Vrain Stagecoach State Forest Staunton Steamboat Lake Sweitzer Lake Sylvan Lake Trinidad Lake Vega Yampa River Colorado Natural Areas Aiken Canyon Ant Hill Antero - Salt Creek Arikaree River Badger Wash Blacks Gulch Blue Mountain Bonny Prairie Boston Peak Fen Boulder Mountain Park Boulder Valley Heronry Brush Creek Fen California Park Castlewood Canyon Chalk Bluffs Colorado Tallgrass Prairie Comanche Grassland Copeland Willow Carr Cross Mountain Canyon Daves Draw Deep Creek Deer Gulch Dinosaur Ridge Dome Rock Droney Gulch Duck Creek Dudley Bluffs East Lost Park East Sand Dunes Elephant Rocks Elk River Escalante Canyon Escalante Creek Fairview Fourmile Creek Fruita Paleontological Garden Park Fossil Gateway Palisade Geneva Basin Iron Fens Gothic Gunnison Gravels Haviland Lake High Creek Fen High Mesa Grassland Hoosier Ridge Hurricane Canyon Indian Spring Indian Springs Trace Fossil Irish Canyon Jimmy Creek Ken - Caryl Ranch Kremmling Cretaceous Ammonite Lake Pasture Lake San Cristobal Limestone Ridge Lookout Mountain Lost Park Lower Greasewood Creek McElmo Mexican Cut Mini-Wheeler Miramonte Reservoir Mishak Lakes Moosehead Mountain Mount Callahan Mount Callahan Saddle Mount Emmons Iron Fen Mount Goliath Narraguinnep Needle Rock North Park Phacelia Orient Mine Owl Canyon Paradise Park Park Creek Hogback Park Mesa Pawnee Woodlands Pyramid Rock Rabbit Valley Rajadero Canyon Raven Ridge Redcloud Peak Rocky Mountain Woodfrog Pond Rough Canyon Roxborough Running Creek Ryan Gulch Saddle Mountain San Miguel River Sand Creek Shell Duck Creek Shell Rock Slumgullion Earthflow South Beaver Creek South Boulder Creek South Cathedral Bluffs Specimen Mountain Staunton Tabeguache Tamarack Ranch Tern Island Treasurevault Mountain Trinidad K-T Boundary Two Buttes Unaweep Seep Uncompahgre Fritillary Wacker Ranch West Creek Wheeler Geologic White Rocks Williams Creek Yanks Gulch / Upper Greasewood Creek Natural Area Zapata Falls State Wildlife Areas 307 Colorado State Wildlife Areas Other Trails American Discovery Trail Colorado Trail Continental Divide Trail Great Divide Trail Kokopelli Trail Paradox Trail Tabeguache Trail Colorado Department of Natural Resources ( web ) National Park Travelers Club Conventions 2003 : Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 2004 : Rocky Mountain National Park 2005 : Mammoth Cave National Park 2006 : Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore 2007 : Olympic National Park 2008 : Lowell National Historical Park 2009 : Sequoia National Park 2010 : El Malpais National Monument 2011 : National Mall 2012 : Apostle Islands National Lakeshore 2013 : Shiloh National Military Park 2014 : Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park 2015 : Chamizal National Memorial 2016 ( planned ) : Independence National Historical Park Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland WorldCat Identities GND : 4445595 - 1 NARA : 10038307 SUDOC : 167773399 VIAF : 236300041 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountain_National_Park&oldid=865651674 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Rocky Mountain National Park Rocky Mountains History of the Rocky Mountains Archaeological sites in Colorado Biosphere reserves of the United States Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado National parks in Colorado National parks of the Rocky Mountains Protected areas established in 1915 Protected areas of Boulder County, Colorado Protected areas of Grand County, Colorado Protected areas of Larimer County, Colorado Protected areas on the Colorado River 1915 establishments in Colorado Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 08 : 55 ( UTC ). 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Question: when did rocky mountain became a national park
Answer: January 26, 1915