High - speed steel - wikipedia High - speed steel Steels and other iron -- carbon alloy phases Ferrite Austenite Cementite Graphite Martensite Microstructures Spheroidite Pearlite Bainite Ledeburite Tempered martensite Widmanstatten structures Classes Crucible steel Carbon steel Spring steel Alloy steel Maraging steel Stainless steel Weathering steel Tool steel Other iron - based materials Cast iron Gray iron White iron Ductile iron Malleable iron Wrought iron This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) High - speed steel ( HSS or HS ) is a subset of tool steels, commonly used as Cutting tool material. It is often used in power - saw blades and drill bits. It is superior to the older high - carbon steel tools used extensively through the 1940s in that it can withstand higher temperatures without losing its temper ( hardness ). This property allows HSS to cut faster than high carbon steel, hence the name high - speed steel. At room temperature, in their generally recommended heat treatment, HSS grades generally display high hardness ( above Rockwell hardness 60 ) and abrasion resistance ( generally linked to tungsten and vanadium content often used in HSS ) compared with common carbon and tool steels. Contents 1 History 2 Types 2.1 Tungsten Steels 2.2 Molybdenum High Speed Steels ( HSS ) 2.3 Cobalt High Speed Steels ( HSS ) 3 Coatings 4 Surface modification 5 Applications 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Although development of modern high speed steel began in the second half of the 19th century, there is documented evidence of steels produced earlier with similar content. These include hardened steels in China in 13th century BC, wootz steel manufactured in India around 350 BC and production of Damascus and Japanese layered steel blades in years 540 AD and 900 AD. High - speed properties of those steels would be mostly coincidental ( as no machining technology that involved quantification of speeds and feeds existed at the time ) and would be the result of local iron ores containing natural traces of tungsten or other favorable alloying components. In 1868 the English metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet developed Mushet steel, considered to be the forerunner of modern high speed steels. It consisted of 2 % carbon ( C ), 2.5 % manganese ( Mn ), and 7 % tungsten ( W ). The major advantage of this steel was that it hardened when air cooled from a temperature at which most steels had to be quenched for hardening. Over the next 30 years the most significant change was the replacement of manganese ( Mn ) with chromium ( Cr ). In 1899 and 1900, Frederick Winslow Taylor and Maunsel White, working with a team of assistants at the Bethlehem Steel Company at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, US, performed a series of experiments with the heat treating of existing high - quality tool steels, such as Mushet steel, heating them to much higher temperatures than were typically considered desirable in the industry. Their experiments were characterised by a scientific empiricism in that many different combinations were made and tested, with no regard for conventional wisdom or alchemic recipes, and with detailed records kept of each batch. The end result was a heat treatment process that transformed existing alloys into a new kind of steel that could retain its hardness at higher temperatures, allowing much higher speeds and rate of cutting when machining. The Taylor - White process was patented and created a revolution in the machining industries. Heavier machine tools with higher rigidity were needed to use the new steel to its full advantage, prompting redesigns and replacement of installed plant. The patent was hotly contested and eventually nullified. The first alloy that was formally classified as high - speed steel is known by the AISI designation T1, which was introduced in 1910. It was patented by Crucible Steel Co. at the beginning of the 20th century. Although molybdenum - rich high - speed steels such as AISI M1 have been used since the 1930s, material shortages and high costs caused by World War II spurred development of less expensive alloys substituting molybdenum for tungsten. The advances in molybdenum - based high speed steel during this period put them on par with and in certain cases better than tungsten - based high speed steels. This started with the use of M2 steel instead of T1 steel. Types This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) High speed steels are alloys that gain their properties from either tungsten or molybdenum, often with a combination of the two. They belong to the Fe -- C -- X multi-component alloy system where X represents chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, or cobalt. Generally, the X component is present in excess of 7 %, along with more than 0.60 % carbon. The alloying element percentages do not alone bestow the hardness - retaining properties ; they also require appropriate high - temperature heat treatment to become true HSS ; see History above. In the unified numbering system ( UNS ), tungsten - type grades ( e.g. T1, T15 ) are assigned numbers in the T120xx series, while molybdenum ( e.g. M2, M48 ) and intermediate types are T113xx. ASTM standards recognize 7 tungsten types and 17 molybdenum types. The addition of about 10 % of tungsten and molybdenum in total maximises efficiently the hardness and toughness of high speed steels and maintains those properties at the high temperatures generated when cutting metals. A sample of alloying compositions of common high speed steel grades ( by % wt ) ( impurity limits are not included ) Grade Cr Mo V Co Mn Si T1 0.65 -- 0.80 4.00 - 18 - 0.1 -- 0.4 0.2 -- 0.4 M1 0.80 8 1.5 1.0 - - - M2 0.95 5 6.0 2.0 - - - M7 1.00 8.75 1.75 2.0 - - - M35 0.92 4.3 5 6.4 1.8 5 - 0.35 M42 1.10 3.75 9.5 1.5 1.15 8.0 - - M50 0.85 4.25. 10 1.0 - - - Tungsten steels T1 The original HSS, it has been generally superseded by M2. Molybdenum high speed steels ( HSS ) Adding molybdenum, tungsten and chromium steel creates several alloys commonly called `` HSS '', measuring 63 - 65 Rockwell hardness. M1 M1 lacks some of the red - hardness properties of M2, but is less susceptible to shock and will flex more. M2 M2 is the `` standard '' and most widely used industrial HSS. It has small and evenly distributed carbides giving high wear resistance, though its decarburization sensitivity is a little bit high. After heat treatment, its hardness is the same as T1, but its bending strength can reach 4700 MPa, and its toughness and thermo - plasticity are higher than T1 by 50 %. It is usually used to manufacture a variety of tools, such as drill bits, taps and reamers. M7 M7 is used for making heavier construction drills where flexibility and extended drill life are equally important. M50 M50 does not have the red - hardness of other grades of tungsten HSS, but is very good for drills where breakage is a problem due to flexing the drill. Generally favored for hardware stores and contractor use. It is also used in high - temperature ball bearings. Cobalt high speed steels ( HSS ) The addition of cobalt increases heat resistance, and can give a Rockwell hardness up to 67 Min... M35 M35 is similar to M2, but with 5 % cobalt added. M35 is also known as Cobalt Steel, HSSE or HSS - E. It will cut faster and last longer than M2. M42 M42 is a molybdenum - series high - speed steel alloy with an additional 8 % or 10 % cobalt. It is widely used in metal manufacturing industries because of its superior red - hardness as compared to more conventional high - speed steels, allowing for shorter cycle times in production environments due to higher cutting speeds or from the increase in time between tool changes. M42 is also less prone to chipping when used for interrupted cuts and costs less when compared to the same tool made of carbide. Tools made from cobalt - bearing high speed steels can often be identified by the letters HSS - Co. Coatings This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) The life of high - speed steel can be prolonged by coating the tool. One such coating is TiN ( titanium nitride ). Most coatings generally increase a tool 's hardness and / or lubricity. A coating allows the cutting edge of a tool to cleanly pass through the material without having the material gall ( stick ) to it. The coating also helps to decrease the temperature associated with the cutting process and increase the life of the tool. Surface modification Lasers and electron beams can be used as sources of intense heat at the surface for heat treatment, remelting ( glazing ), and compositional modification. It is possible to achieve different molten pool shapes and temperatures. Cooling rates range from 10 to 10 K s. Beneficially, there is little or no cracking or porosity formation. While the possibilities of heat treating at the surface should be readily apparent, the other applications beg some explanation. At cooling rates in excess of 10 K s eutectic microconstituents disappear and there is extreme segregation of substitutional alloying elements. This has the effect of providing the benefits of a glazed part without the associated run in wear damage. The alloy composition of a part or tool can also be changed to form a high speed steel on the surface of a lean alloy or to form an alloy or carbide enriched layer on the surface of a high speed steel part. Several methods can be used such as foils, pack boronising, plasma spray powders, powder cored strips, inert gas blow feeders, etc. Although this method has been reported to be both beneficial and stable, it has yet to see widespread commercial use. Applications This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) The main use of high - speed steels continues to be in the manufacture of various cutting tools : drills, taps, milling cutters, tool bits, gear cutters, saw blades, planer and jointer blades, router bits, etc., although usage for punches and dies is increasing. High speed steels also found a market in fine hand tools where their relatively good toughness at high hardness, coupled with high abrasion resistance, made them suitable for low speed applications requiring a durable keen ( sharp ) edge, such as files, chisels, hand plane blades, and damascus kitchen knives and pocket knives. High speed steel tools are the most popular for use in woodturning, as the speed of movement of the work past the edge is relatively high for handheld tools, and HSS holds its edge far longer than high carbon steel tools can. See also Crucible Industries List of steel producers References ^ Jump up to : Roberts, George ( 1998 ) Tool Steels, 5th edition, ASM International, ISBN 1615032010 ^ Jump up to : * Boccalini, M. ; H. Goldenstein ( February 2001 ). `` Solidification of high speed steels ''. International Materials Reviews. 46 ( 2 ) : 92 -- 115 ( 24 ). doi : 10.1179 / 095066001101528411. Jump up ^ Kanigel, Robert ( 1997 ). The One Best Way : Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0 - 670 - 86402 - 1. Jump up ^ Misa, Thomas J. ( 1995 ). A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America 1865 -- 1925. Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6502 - 2. Jump up ^ `` taylor - white process ''. Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. Retrieved 13 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` two + fundamental + patents + of + F. + W. + Taylor + and + M. + White '' &hl = en&sa = X&ved = 0ahUKEwjk1dnJk7vVAhUSdiYKHRj1AF8Q6AEIKDAA # v = onepage&q = % 22two % 20fundamental % 20patents % 20of % 20F. % 20W. % 20Taylor % 20and % 20M. % 20White % 22&f = false `` The High - Speed Tool - Steel Patent Decision ''. Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry. 7. March 1909. Retrieved 3 August 2017. The famous patent suit of the Bethlehem Steel company against the Niles - Bement - Pond Company for infringement of two fundamental patents of F.W. Taylor and M. White ( 668,369 and 668,270, both of Feb. 19, 1907, ) has been decided in favor of the defendant... The decision of the court emphasizes that there is no new composition of steel invented by Taylor and White... Jump up ^ The Metals Society, London, `` Tools and dies for industry '', 1977 Jump up ^ High Speed Steel ( HSS ), Retrieved 17 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Properties of Tool Steel AISI T1 ''. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ http://www.icscuttingtools.com/Tooldata.htm External links Metalworking Tools Cutting machines Bandsaw Cold saw Laser Miter saw Plasma Water jet cutter Cutting tools Broach Burr Chisel Counterbore Countersink End mill File Hand scraper Milling cutter Nibbler Reamer Shears Tipped tool Tool bit Forming tools Brake Die English wheel Hydraulic press Machine press Punch press Screw press Stamping press Hand tools Clamp Combination square Drift pin Hacksaw Hammer Hand scraper Machinist square Needlegun scaler Piercing saw Pliers Punch Scriber Tap and die Tongs Vise Workbench Wrench Machine tooling Angle plate Chuck Collet Fixture Indexing head Jig Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic base Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler Measuring instruments Bore gauge Caliper Center gauge Dial indicator Engineer 's blue Engineer 's spirit level Feeler gauge Gauge Gauge block Go / no go gauge Height gauge Machinist square Marking blue Marking gauge Marking out Micrometer Optical comparator Radius gauge Ruler Sine bar Straightedge Surface plate Tape measure Thread pitch gauge Vernier scale Smithing tools Anvil Forge Fuller Hardy tools Pritchel Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer Casting Fabrication Forming Jewellery Machining Metallurgy Smithing Tools and terminology Welding NDL : 00566742 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_steel&oldid=806136605 '' Categories : Steels Metalworking cutting tools Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017, at 23 : 10. 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Question: the percentage of carbon in high speed steel is
Answer: 2%