White Tower of Thessaloniki - wikipedia White Tower of Thessaloniki This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( January 2016 ) Coordinates : 40 ° 37 ′ 34.93 '' N 22 ° 56 ′ 54.34 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 40.6263694 ° N 22.9484278 ° E ﻿ / 40.6263694 ; 22.9484278 The White Tower of Thessaloniki The White Tower of Thessaloniki ( Greek : Λευκός Πύργος Lefkós Pýrgos ; Turkish : Beyaz Kule ; Ladino : Kuli Blanka ) is a monument and museum on the waterfront of the city of Thessaloniki, capital of the region of Macedonia in northern Greece. The present tower replaced an old Byzantine fortification, known to have been mentioned around the 12th century, that the Ottoman Empire reconstructed to fortify the city 's harbour sometime after Sultan Murad II captured Thessaloniki in 1430. The tower became a notorious prison and scene of mass executions during the period of Ottoman rule. The White Tower was substantially remodeled and its exterior was whitewashed after Greece gained control of the city in 1912. It has been adopted as the symbol of the city. Contents 1 Physical attributes 2 History 2.1 Modifications 2.2 From the Red Tower to the White Tower 3 White Tower Museum 3.1 2002 exhibit 4 White Tower banknotes controversy 5 Gallery 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 External links Physical attributes View of the area surrounding the tower. The White Tower takes the form of a cylindrical drum 23 m ( 75 ft ) in diameter with a height of 34 m ( 112 ft ) above ground level, on top of which is a turret 12 m ( 39 ft ) in diameter and 6 m ( 20 ft ) high. Some of the embrasures in the outer wall of the tower are reached by a spiral ramp ; others are accessed from a central room on each of the six floors. The turret houses a platform with a diameter of 10 m ( 33 ft ), and the platform at the top of the main tower in front of the turret is about 5 m ( 16 ft ) wide. History The tower, which once guarded the eastern end of the city 's sea walls, was for many years attributed to Venice, to which the Byzantines ceded Thessaloniki in 1423. It is now known that the tower was constructed by the Ottomans sometime after the army of Sultan Murad II captured Thessaloniki in 1430. Until 1912, an inscription in Ottoman Turkish verse above the door dated the structure to AH 942 ( 1535 -- 1536 ). The historian Franz Babinger speculated that the work was designed by the great Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, who is known to have built fortifications, including a similar tower at the Albanian port Valona in 1537. Modifications The present tower likely replaced an older Byzantine tower mentioned by the 12th - century archbishop Eustathius of Thessalonica during the sack of the city in 1185. The Ottoman - built structure itself has been altered substantially over the years. Early illustrations show that it was originally covered by a conical roof, like similar towers in the Yedikule Fortress and Rumelihisarı fortress in Istanbul. The White Tower in 1912, showing the chemise that surrounded the tower until its demolition in 1917. Until its demolition in 1917, a chemise stood at the foot of the tower, supporting the heavy guns and enclosing an area at least three times the diameter of the main tower. Octagonal turrets on the chemise and caponiers at ground level provided flanking fire around the tower. It is unclear whether the chemise was part of the original scheme for the tower or was a later addition. The tower was for centuries part of the walls of the old city of Thessaloniki, separating the Jewish quarter of the city from the cemeteries of the Muslims and Jews. The city walls were demolished in 1866. From the Red Tower to the White Tower View of the tower from around 1919. The Tower was used by the Ottomans successively as a fortress, garrison and a prison. In 1826, at the order of the Sultan Mahmud II, there was a massacre of the rebellious Janissaries imprisoned there. Owing to the `` countless victims of Ottoman torturers and executioners '', the tower acquired the name `` Tower of Blood '' or `` Red Tower '' ( Turkish : Kanli Kule ), a name which it kept until the end of the 19th century. When Thessaloniki was annexed from the Ottoman Empire to the Hellenic State in 1912 during the First Balkan War, the tower was whitewashed as a symbolic gesture of cleansing, and acquired its present name. King George I of Greece was assassinated not far from the White Tower in March 1913. The Tower is now a buff colour but has retained the name White Tower. It now stands on Thessaloniki 's waterfront boulevard, Nikis ( Victory ) Street. It houses a museum dedicated to the history of Thessaloniki and is one of the city 's leading tourist attractions. White Tower museum A modern view of the White Tower with the neighbourhood behind it. View from the east side of the roof The White Tower houses an exhibition dedicated to the city of Thessaloniki and its history throughout various periods, organized by the city 's Museum of Byzantine Culture. It is under the administration of the Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities of the Greek Ministry of Culture. The Tower is open to the public, and visitors have the opportunity to view a map of the city with monuments and museums, a timeline with events relevant to Thessaloniki, scientific articles of distinguished historians and archaeologists, bibliography etc. School excursions may be arranged by contacting the Byzantine Museum. 2002 exhibit For the first few months of 2002 the White Tower housed ' Byzantine Hours ', an exhibition devoted to ordinary life in Byzantine times. Exhibits on the first floor were part of the thematic unit entitled ' Professionals in the market place '. To be more precise, there were tools and other objects belonging to goldsmiths, blade - smiths, cobblers, glass - makers and tilers, coins and a model of the city of Thessaloniki market place. The second floor was devoted to journeys and trade. So exhibits included objects and texts related to journeys by sea and overland, fairs, spectacles and pilgrimages. The third floor was focused mainly on the presentation of the Byzantine home and what the inside, the decoration, suppers and the neighbourhood were like. One floor above this there was an exhibition of life at home with garments and footwear, cosmetics, perfume and jewellery, personal grooming, and even superstitions. The theme of the top floor was death, covering burial and graves, funerary customs, finds from graves, gravestone inscriptions from cemeteries, even objects and specimens of magic were on display in the show cases on the top floor of the Tower. The tower is now used as a museum. White Tower banknotes controversy Main article : Macedonia naming dispute Unofficial souvenir banknote from the Republic of Macedonia depicting the White Tower of Thessaloniki In the early 1990s, the White Tower, located in the capital city of the Greek region of Macedonia, became the focus of a major controversy between Greece and the newly independent Republic of Macedonia, previously part of the former Yugoslavia. The controversy was part of a larger dispute over the historically important name of Macedonia. Political Macedonia Μακεδονία ( Macedonia, the largest region of modern Greece ) Македонија ( Republic of Macedonia, the neighbouring country to the Greek region ) Unofficial `` Makedonka '' souvenir banknotes, created by nationalist organizations in the Republic of Macedonia, depicted the White Tower of Thessaloniki, in spite of the tower being located in the Greek region of Macedonia and not in the Republic of Macedonia. VMRO - DPMNE went so far as to propose the White Tower - depicting banknote 's official adoption. However, the government in Skopje rejected its official use and adopted a different design for the new Macedonian denar, which was issued in 1992. IMPRES, nonetheless, printed unofficial banknotes depicting the White Tower, which were sold as souvenirs on the streets of Skopje, bearing the disclaimer, `` This is a souvenir banknote and not for official use. '' The printing of the notes became the subject of a rumor in Greece that the currency of the new neighbouring state did in fact depict Greek symbols -- a highly controversial point, given the dispute with the Republic of Macedonia over its name and flag. The notes were never placed in circulation, as they were not legal tender, but the episode nonetheless exacerbated the ill will felt between the two countries and helped to aggravate tensions. Gallery Postcard before 1912 View from about 1970 View from outside View of circular staircase First floor gallery Second floor gallery Fourth floor gallery View from the roof References Citations ^ Jump up to : Tracy ( 2000 ), p. 303 -- 307. Jump up ^ Tracy ( 2000 ), p. 306, note 56. Jump up ^ Kiel, Machiel ( 1973 ). `` A Note on the Exact Date of Construction of the White Tower of Thessaloniki ''. Balkan Studies. 14 : 325 -- 357. ^ Jump up to : Glenny, p. 181 Jump up ^ `` White Tower. Thessaloniki. - New exhibition at the monument - symbol of the city ''. Museum of Byzantine Culture. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012. Jump up ^ Museums of Macedonia web site Jump up ^ Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 Unported license Jump up ^ Roudometof, Victor ( 2002 ). `` Toward an Archaeology of the Macedonian Question ''. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict. Greenwood Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 0 - 275 - 97648 - 3. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sassoon, Donald ( 1997 ). Looking Left : European Socialism After the Cold War. I.B. Tauris. p. 77. ISBN 1 - 86064 - 180 - 6. Jump up ^ Smith, Helena ( 31 January 1992 ). `` Gamble of the Macedonia Gambit ''. The Guardian. Guardian Newspapers. p. 23. Jump up ^ Karakasidou, Anastasia ; R Brian Ferguson ( 2003 ). The State, Identity and Violence. Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 0 - 415 - 27412 - 5. Jump up ^ Borza, Eugene N. ; Titchener, Frances B. ; Moorton Jr., Richard F. ( 1999 ). The Eye Expanded : Life and the Arts in Greco - Roman Antiquity. University of California Press. p. 256. ISBN 0 - 520 - 21029 - 8. Jump up ^ Marks, Michael P. ; Peter J. Katzenstein ( 1997 ). Tamed Power : Germany in Europe. Cornell University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8449 - 9. Sources Glenny, Misha ( 2001 ). `` A maze of conspiracy ''. The Balkans : Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804 - 1999 ( Penguin 2001 softcover ed. ). New York, New York : Penguin. p. 181. ISBN 0 - 14 - 023377 - 6. Simons, Marlise ( February 3, 1992 ). `` As Republic Flexes, Greeks Tense Up ''. New York Times. Tracy, James D ( 2000 ). City Walls : The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 65221 - 9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Tower ( Thessaloniki ). Official Museum Site Landmarks of Thessaloniki Macedonian period Agios Athanasios tombs Roman period Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Navarinou Square Roman Forum Catacombs of Thessaloniki Paleochristian and Byzantine UNESCO Byzantine Bath Church of the Acheiropoietos Church of the Holy Apostles Church of Hosios David Church of Panagia Chalkeon Church of Saint Catherine Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos Church of Saint Panteleimon Church of Prophet Elijah Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Walls of Thessaloniki Other Agias Sofias Square Heptapyrgion Ottoman period Alaca Imaret Mosque Bey Hamam Gregory Palamas Metropolis Immaculate Conception Cathedral Karipeion Melathron Konaki Lazarist Monastery New Mosque White Tower of Thessaloniki Yahudi Hamam Modern period Alexandreio Melathron Aristotelous Square Kaftanzoglio Stadium Ladadika Modiano Market National Theatre of Northern Greece OTE Tower Port of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Concert Hall Jewish sites Monastir Synagogue Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki Allatini Mills Eleftherias Square Holocaust Museum of Greece Streets Egnatia Street Nikis Avenue Tsimiski Street Vasilissis Olgas Avenue Villas / Mansions Villa Allatini Villa Bianca Villa M. 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Kapanci Villa Modiano Villa Mordoch Gategno - Florentin mansion Longos mansion Stein mansion Palataki State Conservatory of Thessaloniki Centre for Byzantine Research Gardens / Parks Kedrinos Lofos Nea Paralia ( Thessaloniki ) Pedion tou Areos ( Thessaloniki ) Marinas Marina Aretsou Museums Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki Atatürk Museum Balkan Wars Museum Museum of Byzantine Culture Cinema Museum French Museum of Zeitenlik Museum of Ancient Greek, Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Instruments Museum for the Macedonian Struggle NOESIS Museum of Photography Olympic Museum Teloglion Foundation of Art War Museum Events Thessaloniki International Film Festival Thessaloniki International Fair Thessaloniki Song Festival ( not active ) Ottoman monuments of Thessaloniki Mosques Alaca Imaret Mosque Hamza Bey Mosque New ( Yeni ) Mosque Baths Bey Hamam Pasha Hamam Yeni Hamam Yahudi Hamam Churches Immaculate Conception Cathedral Lazarist Monastery Gregory Palamas Metropolis Fortifications Heptapyrgion ( Yedikule ) White Tower Mansions Atatürk Museum Karipeion Melathron Government House ( Konak ) Villa M. 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Basketball Museum Aris Basketball Museum Greek Guiding Museum List of museums in Greece WorldCat Identities GND : 1076934366 LCCN : sh2016000274 ULAN : 500309591 VIAF : 144823938 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Tower_of_Thessaloniki&oldid=857351339 '' Categories : Towers completed in the 16th century Buildings and structures in Thessaloniki Ottoman architecture in Thessaloniki Greek culture Towers in Greece History museums in Greece Museums in Thessaloniki Fortifications in Greece Fortified towers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Ladino - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2016 Articles containing Macedonian - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Ladino Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2018, at 04 : 23 ( UTC ). 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Question: when was the white tower of thessaloniki built
Answer: 1430