STS - 35 - Wikipedia STS - 35 STS - 35 The ASTRO - E payload deployed in Columbia 's payload bay Mission type Astronomy Operator NASA COSPAR ID 1990 - 106A SATCAT no. 20980 Mission duration 8 days, 23 hours, 5 minutes, 8 seconds Distance travelled 6,000,658 kilometers ( 3,728,636 mi ) Orbits completed 144 Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Space Shuttle Columbia Launch mass 121,344 kilograms ( 267,518 lb ) Landing mass 102,462 kilograms ( 225,890 lb ) Payload mass 12,095 kilograms ( 26,665 lb ) Crew Crew size 7 Members Vance D. Brand Guy S. Gardner Jeffrey A. Hoffman John M. Lounge Robert A. Parker Samuel T. Durrance Ronald A. Parise Start of mission Launch date 2 December 1990, 06 : 49 : 00 ( 1990 - 12 - 02UTC06 : 49Z ) UTC Launch site Kennedy LC - 39B End of mission Landing date 11 December 1990, 05 : 54 : 08 ( 1990 - 12 - 11UTC05 : 54 : 09Z ) UTC Landing site Edwards Runway 22 Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime Low Earth Perigee 352 kilometres ( 219 mi ) Apogee 362 kilometres ( 225 mi ) Inclination 28.45 degrees Period 91.7 min Left to right - Front row : Gardner, Brand, Lounge ; Back row : Parker, Parise, Hoffman, Durrance Space Shuttle program ← STS - 38 STS - 37 → STS - 35 was the tenth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia, the 38th shuttle flight, and a mission devoted to astronomical observations with ASTRO - 1, a Spacelab observatory consisting of four telescopes. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 2 December 1990. Contents 1 Crew 1.1 Backup crew 1.2 Crew seating arrangements 1.3 Crew notes 2 Preparations and launch 3 Mission highlights 4 Additional payloads and experiments 5 Landing 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Crew Position Astronaut Commander Vance D. Brand Fourth and last spaceflight Pilot Guy S. Gardner Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 1 Jeffrey A. Hoffman Second spaceflight Mission Specialist 2 John M. Lounge Third spaceflight Mission Specialist 3 Robert A. Parker Second spaceflight Payload Specialist 1 Samuel T. Durrance First spaceflight Payload Specialist 2 Ronald A. Parise First spaceflight Backup crew Position Astronaut Payload Specialist 1 Kenneth H. Nordsieck First spaceflight Payload Specialist 2 John - David F. Bartoe Second spaceflight Crew seating arrangements Seat Launch Landing Seats 1 -- 4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5 -- 7 are on the Middeck. S1 Brand Brand S2 Gardner Gardner S3 Hoffman Parker S4 Lounge Lounge S5 Parker Hoffman S6 Durrance Durrance S7 Parise Parise Crew notes Prior to the Challenger disaster, this mission was slated to launch in March 1986 as STS - 61 - E. Jon McBride was originally assigned to command this mission, which would have been his second spaceflight. He chose to retire from NASA in May 1989 and was replaced as mission commander by Vance Brand. In addition, Richard N. Richards ( as pilot ) and David Leestma ( as mission specialist ), were replaced by Guy Gardner and Mike Lounge respectively. 59 - year - old Brand was the oldest astronaut to fly into space until Story Musgrave, 61 on STS - 80 in 1996, and U.S. Senator John Glenn, 77 when he flew on STS - 95 in 1998. Preparations and launch Columbia on Pad 39A with Discovery on 39B in the distance. Columbia finally heads aloft on 2 December. The much - delayed ASTRO - 1 had originally been manifested to fly on what would have been the next shuttle mission after Challenger 's ill - fated STS - 51L as STS - 61E in March 1986. The mission was remanifested as STS - 35 during the long stand - down after the accident with the addition of the Broad - Band X-Ray Telescope ( BBXRT - 01 ), and the original ASTRO - 1 payload was brought out of storage and recertified for flight. Columbia rolled out to Pad 39A in late April 1990 for a scheduled launch date of 16 May. Following the Flight Readiness Review ( FRR ), announcement of a firm launch date was delayed to change a faulty freon coolant loop proportional valve in the orbiter 's coolant system. At the subsequent Delta FRR, the date was set for 30 May. Launch on 30 May was scrubbed during tanking due to a minor hydrogen leak in the tail service mast on the mobile launcher platform and a major leak in the external tank / orbiter quick disconnect assembly. Hydrogen was also detected in the orbiter 's aft compartment and believed to be associated with a leak involving the 17 - inch umbilical assembly. Leakage at the 17 - inch umbilical was confirmed by a mini-tanking test on 6 June. The leakage could not be repaired at the pad, and the vehicle was rolled back to the Vehicle Assembly Building ( VAB ) 12 June, demated, and transferred to the Orbiter Processing Facility ( OPF ). The orbiter - side 17 - inch umbilical assembly was replaced with one borrowed from the yet - to - arrive Shuttle Endeavour. The external tank was then fitted with new umbilical hardware. The ASTRO - 1 payload was reserviced regularly and remained in Columbia 's cargo bay during orbiter repairs and reprocessing. Columbia was rolled out to Pad A for the second time 9 August to support a 1 September launch date. Two days before launch, the avionics box on the BBXRT portion of the ASTRO - 1 payload malfunctioned and had to be changed and retested. Launch was rescheduled for 6 September. During tanking, high concentrations of hydrogen were again detected in the orbiter 's aft compartment, forcing another postponement. NASA managers concluded that Columbia had experienced separate hydrogen leaks from the beginning : one of the umbilical assembly ( now replaced ) and one or more which had resurfaced in the aft compartment. Suspicion focused on the package of three hydrogen recirculation pumps in the aft compartment. These were replaced and retested. A damaged Teflon cover seal in the main engine number three hydrogen prevalve was replaced. Launch was rescheduled for 18 September. The fuel leak in the aft compartment resurfaced during tanking, and the launch was scrubbed again. The STS - 35 mission was put on hold until problem resolved by a special tiger team assigned by the Space Shuttle director. Columbia was transferred to Pad B on 8 October to make room for Atlantis on Mission STS - 38. Tropical storm Klaus forced another rollback to the VAB on 9 October. The vehicle was transferred to Pad B again on 14 October. Another mini-tanking test was conducted on 30 October, using special sensors and video cameras and employing a see - through Plexiglas aft compartment door. No excessive hydrogen was leakage detected. With the problem resolved, the flight had only to wait for the completion of STS - 38, imparting another four - week delay. A scheduled launch date of 30 November was moved by several days due to concerns that observations of astronomical targets would be adversely affected. Liftoff on 2 December was delayed by 21 minutes to allow the Air Force time to observe low - level clouds that might impede the tracking of the Shuttle 's ascent. Liftoff finally occurred on 2 December 1990, 1 : 49 : 01AM EST, the ninth night launch in shuttle history and the second for Columbia. A nominal ascent to orbit followed. This was one of the most delayed launches of the space shuttle program. Mission highlights MS Robert Parker manually points ASTRO - 1 's instruments using a toggle on the aft flight deck. Passing over Lake Eyre, Australia. The primary payload of mission STS - 35 was ASTRO - 1, the fifth flight of the Spacelab system and the second with the Igloo and pallet train configuration. The primary objectives were round - the - clock observations of the celestial sphere in ultraviolet and X-ray spectral wavelengths with the ASTRO - 1 observatory, consisting of four telescopes : Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope ( HUT ) ; Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo - Polarimeter Experiment ( WUPPE ) ; Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope ( UIT ), mounted on the Instrument Pointing System ( IPS ). The Instrument Pointing System consisted of a three - axis gimbal system mounted on a gimbal support structure connected to a Spacelab pallet at one end and the aft end of the payload at the other, a payload clamping system for support of the mounted experiment during launch and landing, and a control system based on the inertial reference of a three - axis gyro package and operated by a gimbal - mounted microcomputer. The Broad - Band X-Ray Telescope ( BBXRT ) and its Two - Axis Pointing System ( TAPS ) rounded out the instrument complement in the aft payload bay. The crew split into shifts after reaching orbit, with Gardner, Parker, and Parise comprising the Red Team ; the Blue team consisted of Hoffman, Durrance, and Lounge. Commander Vance Brand was unassigned to either team and helped coordinate mission activities. The telescopes were powered up and raised from their stowed position by the Red Team 11 hours into the flight. Observations began under the Blue Team 16 hours into the mission after the instruments were checked out. In a typical ASTRO - 1 ultraviolet observation, the flight crew member on duty maneuvered the Shuttle to point the cargo bay in the general direction of the astronomical object to be observed. The mission specialist commanded the pointing system to aim the telescopes toward the target. They also locked on to guide stars to help the pointing system remain stable despite orbiter thruster firings. The payload specialist set up each instrument for the upcoming observation, identified the celestial target on the guide television, and provided the necessary pointing corrections for placing the object precisely in the telescope 's field of view. He then started the instrument observation sequences and monitored the data being recorded. Because the many observations created a heavy workload, the payload and mission specialists worked together to perform these complicated operations and evaluate the quality of observations. Each observation took between 10 minutes to a little over an hour. Issues with the pointing precision of the IPS and the sequential overheating failures of both data display units ( used for pointing telescopes and operating experiments ) during the mission impacted crew - aiming procedures and forced ground teams at Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) to aim the telescopes with fine - tuning by the flight crew. BBXRT was directed from the outset by ground - based operators at Goddard Space Flight Center and was not affected. The X-ray telescope required little attention from the crew. A crew member would turn on the BBXRT and the TAPS at the beginning of operations and then turn them off when the operations concluded. After the telescope was activated, researchers at Goddard could `` talk '' to the telescope via computer. Before science operations began, stored commands were loaded into the BBXRT computer system. Then, when the astronauts positioned the Shuttle in the general direction of the source, the TAPS automatically pointed the BBXRT at the object. Since the Shuttle could be oriented in only one direction at a time, X-ray observations had to be coordinated carefully with ultraviolet observations. Despite the pointing problems, the full suite of telescopes obtained 231 observations of 130 celestial objects over a combined span of 143 hours. Science teams at MSFC and Goddard estimated that 70 % of the mission objectives were completed. ASTRO - 1 was the first shuttle mission controlled in part from the Spacelab Mission Operations Control facility at MSFC in Huntsville, Alabama. During the flight, the crew experienced trouble dumping waste water due to a blocked waste water line, but managed to compensate using spare containers. Problems also affected one RCC thruster and an onboard text and graphics teleprinter used for receiving flight plan updates. Additional payloads and experiments Sam Durrance and Jeffrey Hoffman during the first classroom lesson broadcast from space. Also the first necktie worn in space. Conducting short - wave radio transmissions between ground - based amateur radio operators and a Shuttle - based amateur radio operator was the basis for the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment ( SAREX ) - II. SAREX communicated with amateur stations in line - of - sight of the orbiter in one of four transmission modes : voice, slow scan television ( SSTV ), data or ( uplink only ) fast scan television ( FSTV ). The voice mode was operated in the attended mode while SSTV, data or FSTV could be operated in either attended or unattended modes. During the mission, SAREX was operated by Payload Specialist Ron Parise, a licensed operator ( WA4SIR ), during periods when he was not scheduled for orbiter or other payload activities. A ground - based experiment to calibrate electro - optical sensors at Air Force Maui Optical Site ( AMOS ) in Hawaii was also conducted during the mission. The Space Classroom Program : Assignment : The Stars project was carried out to spark student interest in science, mathematics and technology. Mission Specialist Hoffman conducted the first classroom lesson taught from space on 7 December in support of this objective, covering material on the electromagnetic spectrum and the ASTRO - 1 observatory. A supporting lesson was taught from the ASTRO - 1 control center in Huntsville. Landing Columbia touches down. The mission was cut short by one day due to impending bad weather at the primary landing site, Edwards Air Force Base, California. The Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines were fired at 8 : 48 PM PST over the Indian Ocean to deorbit the spacecraft, which landed on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, CA at 9 : 54 PM, 10 December 1990 after a mission duration of 8 days, 23 hours, and 5 minutes. This was the fourth night landing of the shuttle program. Rollout Distance : 10,447 feet ( 3.184 kilometres ( 1.978 mi ) ). Rollout Time : 58 seconds. Columbia returned to KSC on 20 December on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. Landing Weight : 102,208 kilograms ( 225,330 lb ). Image gallery ASTRO - 1 undergoes processing post-Challenger. ASTRO - 1 aboard Columbia in the Orbiter Processing Facility. Namibia from orbit. Traditional inflight portrait. Payload Specialists Durrance and Parise work out. Another view of the observatory. The payload in its stowed configuration. Columbia heads back to KSC. See also Spaceflight portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to STS - 35. List of human spaceflights List of Space Shuttle missions Outline of space science Space Shuttle References This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Jump up ^ `` STS - 35 ''. Spacefacts. Retrieved 26 February 2014. Jump up ^ STS - 35 Press Kit, p. 40, PAO, 1990 Jump up ^ STS - 35 Press Kit, p. 31, PAO, 1990 Jump up ^ Space Shuttle Columbia : Her Missions and Crews, p. 129, Ben Evans, 2005 Jump up ^ STS - 35 Press Kit, p. 35, PAO, 1990 Jump up ^ Space Shuttle Columbia : Her Missions and Crews, p. 133, Ben Evans, 2005 Jump up ^ STS - 35 Press Kit, p. 41, PAO, 1990 External links NASA mission summary STS - 35 Video Highlights Space Shuttle Columbia ( OV - 102 ) Flights STS - 1 STS - 2 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 9 STS - 61 - C STS - 28 STS - 32 STS - 35 STS - 40 STS - 50 STS - 52 STS - 55 STS - 58 STS - 62 STS - 65 STS - 73 STS - 75 STS - 78 STS - 80 STS - 83 STS - 94 STS - 87 STS - 90 STS - 93 STS - 109 STS - 107 Status Out of service : destroyed 1 February 2003 ( STS - 107 ) See also Columbia Accident Investigation Board STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - H STS - 144 U.S. Space Shuttle missions Completed 1970s 1977 ALT 1980s 1981 STS - 1 STS - 2 1982 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 6 STS - 7 STS - 8 STS - 9 1984 STS - 41 - B STS - 41 - C STS - 41 - D STS - 41 - G STS - 51 - A 1985 STS - 51 - C STS - 51 - D STS - 51 - B STS - 51 - G STS - 51 - F STS - 51 - I STS - 51 - J STS - 61 - A STS - 61 - B 1986 STS - 61 - C STS - 51 - L † STS - 26 STS - 27 1989 STS - 29 STS - 30 STS - 28 STS - 34 STS - 33 1990s 1990 STS - 32 STS - 36 STS - 31 STS - 41 STS - 38 STS - 35 1991 STS - 37 STS - 39 STS - 40 STS - 43 STS - 48 STS - 44 STS - 42 STS - 45 STS - 49 STS - 50 STS - 46 STS - 47 STS - 52 STS - 53 STS - 54 STS - 56 STS - 55 STS - 57 STS - 51 STS - 58 STS - 61 STS - 60 STS - 62 STS - 59 STS - 65 STS - 64 STS - 68 STS - 66 1995 STS - 63 STS - 67 STS - 71 STS - 70 STS - 69 STS - 73 STS - 74 STS - 72 STS - 75 STS - 76 STS - 77 STS - 78 STS - 79 STS - 80 STS - 81 STS - 82 STS - 83 STS - 84 STS - 94 STS - 85 STS - 86 STS - 87 1998 STS - 89 STS - 90 STS - 91 STS - 95 STS - 88 1999 STS - 96 STS - 93 STS - 103 2000s 2000 STS - 99 STS - 101 STS - 106 STS - 92 STS - 97 STS - 98 STS - 102 STS - 100 STS - 104 STS - 105 STS - 108 2002 STS - 109 STS - 110 STS - 111 STS - 112 STS - 113 2003 STS - 107 † 2005 STS - 114 2006 STS - 121 STS - 115 STS - 116 2007 STS - 117 STS - 118 STS - 120 2008 STS - 122 STS - 123 STS - 124 STS - 126 2009 STS - 119 STS - 125 STS - 127 STS - 128 STS - 129 2010s STS - 130 STS - 131 STS - 132 2011 STS - 133 STS - 134 STS - 135 Cancelled STS - 41 - F STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - F STS - 61 - G STS - 62 - A STS - 61 - M STS - 61 - H STS - 144 STS - 3xx STS - 400 Others Orbiters Enterprise Columbia disaster Challenger disaster Discovery Atlantis Endeavour indicates failure missions. ← 1989 Orbital launches in 1990 1991 → Skynet 4A JCSAT - 2 STS - 32 ( Leasat 5 ) Kosmos 2055 Kosmos 2056 SPOT - 2 UoSAT - 3 UoSAT - 4 Pacsat DOVE Webersat LUSat Molniya - 3 No. 53L Hiten Hagoromo USA - 50 ) Kosmos 2057 Kosmos 2058 Zhongxing 3 Kosmos 2059 Momo 1b Orizuru Fuju 1b Soyuz TM - 9 USA - 51 USA - 52 Gran ' No. 35L Superbird B BS 2x Nadezhda No. 405 Okean - O1 No. 5 STS - 36 ( USA - 53 ) Progress M - 3 Intelsat 603 Kosmos 2060 Kosmos 2061 Kosmos 2062 USA - 54 Kosmos 2063 Ofek - 2 Unnamed Pegsat USA - 55 Kosmos 2064 Kosmos 2065 Kosmos 2066 Kosmos 2067 Kosmos 2068 Kosmos 2069 Kosmos 2070 Kosmos 2071 AsiaSat 1 USA - 56 USA - 57 USA - 58 Foton No. 6L Kosmos 2072 Palapa B2R Kosmos 2073 Kosmos 2074 STS - 31 ( Hubble ) Kosmos 2075 Molniya - 1 No. 71 Kosmos 2076 Progress 42 Kosmos 2077 MacSat 1 MacSat 2 Kosmos 2078 Kosmos 2079 Kosmos 2080 Kosmos 2081 Kosmos 2082 Resurs - F1 No. 50 Kristall ROSAT USA - 59 USA - 60 USA - 61 USA - 62 INSAT - 1D Molniya 3 No. 47L Kosmos 2083 Gorizont No. 30L Kosmos 2084 Intelsat 604 Meteor - 2 No. 23 Unnamed Gamma Badr - 1 Optus - MFS Resurs - F2 No. 5 Kosmos 2085 Kosmos 2086 TDF - 2 DFS Kopernikus 2 Kosmos 2087 CRRES Kosmos 2088 Soyuz TM - 10 USA - 63 Kosmos 2089 Kosmos 2090 Kosmos 2091 Kosmos 2092 Kosmos 2093 Kosmos 2094 Kosmos 2095 Ekran - M No. 14L Molniya - 1T No. 68 Progress M - 4 Resurs - F1 No. 49 Marco Polo 2 Kosmos 2096 Kosmos 2097 Yuri 3a Kosmos 2098 Skynet 4C Eutelsat II F - 1 Kosmos 2099 Fengyun I - 02 Qiqiuweixing 1 Qiqiuweixing 2 Resurs - F1 No. 51 Kosmos 2100 Molniya - 3 No. 54L Progress M - 5 Meteor - 2 No. 25 Kosmos 2101 USA - 64 Unnamed FSW - 1 No. 3 STS - 41 ( Ulysses ) SBS 6 Westar 6S Kosmos 2102 Inmarsat - 2F1 Gorizont No. 32L USA - 65 Kosmos 2103 STS - 38 ( USA - 67 Prowler ) Kosmos 2104 Kosmos 2105 Satcom C1 GStar 4 Molniya 1T No. 70 Gorizont No. 33L USA - 66 Kosmos 2106 USA - 68 STS - 35 Soyuz TM - 11 Kosmos 2107 Kosmos 2108 Kosmos 2109 Kosmos 2110 Kosmos 2111 Kosmos 2112 Gran ' No. 37L Kosmos 2113 Kosmos 2114 Kosmos 2115 Kosmos 2116 Kosmos 2117 Kosmos 2118 Kosmos 2119 Kosmos 2120 Globus No. 12 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ), launches by pipes ( ). Manned flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in ( brackets ). Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-35&oldid=825032738 '' Categories : Space Shuttle missions Edwards Air Force Base Manned space observatories Spacecraft launched in 1990 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська Yorùbá 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018, at 02 : 21. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: who commanded the crew of seven of the columbia on the 38th flight of the shuttle on sts-35
Answer: Vance D. Brand