Philippines - Wikipedia Philippines `` Philippine '' redirects here. For the town in the Netherlands, see Philippine, Netherlands. Republic in Southeast Asia Coordinates : 13 ° N 122 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 13 ° N 122 ° E ﻿ / 13 ; 122 Republic of the Philippines Republika ng Pilipinas Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Maka - Diyos, Maka - Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa '' `` For God, People, Nature, and Country '' Anthem : Lupang Hinirang Chosen Land Great Seal Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas ( Tagalog ) Great Seal of the Philippines Capital Manila 14 ° 35 ′ N 120 ° 58 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 14.583 ° N 120.967 ° E ﻿ / 14.583 ; 120.967 Largest city Quezon City 14 ° 38 ′ N 121 ° 02 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 14.633 ° N 121.033 ° E ﻿ / 14.633 ; 121.033 Official languages Filipino English Recognized regional languages 19 languages Aklanon Bikol Cebuano Chavacano Hiligaynon Ibanag Ilocano Ivatan Kapampangan Kinaray - a Maguindanao Maranao Pangasinan Sambal Surigaonon Tagalog Taūsug Waray Yakan National language Filipino Auxiliary languages Spanish Arabic Ethnic groups ( 2010 ) 33.8 % Visayan 27.7 % Tagalog 9.8 % Ilocano 6.8 % Bicolano 5.1 % Moro 3.1 % Kapampangan 1.7 % Igorot 1.4 % Pangasinense 1.2 % Chinese 1.1 % Zamboangueño 8.3 % others Demonym Filipino ( masculine or neutral ) Filipina ( feminine ) Pinoy ( colloquial masculine ) Pinay ( colloquial feminine ) Philippine Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic President Rodrigo Duterte Vice President Leni Robredo Senate President Vicente Sotto III House Speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Chief Justice Teresita de Castro Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Formation of the republic Independence from Spain declared June 12, 1898 Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) / Spanish Cession December 10, 1898 Malolos Constitution / First Philippine Republic January 21, 1899 Tydings -- McDuffie Act March 24, 1934 Commonwealth of the Philippines May 14, 1935 Treaty of Manila / Independence from United States July 4, 1946 Current constitution February 2, 1987 Area Total 300,000 km ( 120,000 sq mi ) ( 63rd ) Water ( % ) 0.61 ( inland waters ) Land 300,000 Population 2015 census 100,981,437 ( 13th ) Density 336 / km ( 870.2 / sq mi ) ( 47th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $960.7 billion Per capita $9,862 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $371.8 billion Per capita $3,541 Gini ( 2015 ) 40.1 medium 44th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.682 medium 116th Currency Peso ( ₱ ) ( PHP ) Time zone PST ( UTC + 8 ) Summer ( DST ) not observed ( UTC + 8 ) Date format mm - dd - yyyy dd - mm - yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 63 ISO 3166 code PH Internet TLD. ph Website National Government Portal Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines ^ While Manila proper is designated as the nation 's capital, the whole of National Capital Region ( NCR ) is designated as seat of government, hence the name of a region. This is because it has many national government institutions aside from Malacanang Palace and some agencies / institutions that are located within the capital city. ^ The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies `` Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis. '' ^ Filipino revolutionaries declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, but Spain ceded the islands to the United States for $20 million in the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898 which eventually led to the Philippine -- American War. ^ The United States of America recognized the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, through the Treaty of Manila. This date was chosen because it corresponds to the U.S. Independence Day, which was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until May 12, 1962, when President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, shifting it to June 12, the date of Emilio Aguinaldo 's proclamation. ^ In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government Decree of June 23, 1898, the Malolos Congress selected a commission to draw up a draft constitution on September 17, 1898. The commission was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, Joaquín González, Gregorio Araneta, Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, Tomás del Rosario, José Alejandrino, Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, Antonio Luna, Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, Felipe Calderón, Arsenio Cruz and Felipe Buencamino. They were all wealthy and well educated. The Philippines ( / ˈfɪləpiːnz / ( listen ) FIL - ə - peenz ; Filipino : Pilipinas ( ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ) or Filipinas ( ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ) ), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ), is a unitary sovereign and archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south. The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons, but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 km ( 120,000 sq mi ), according to the Philippines Statistical Authority and the WorldBank and, as of 2015, had a population of at least 100 million. As of January 2018, it was the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred. Then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for the Spanish, in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the first Hispanic settlement in the archipelago was established. The Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Catholicism becoming the dominant religion. During this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans - Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. As the 19th century gave way to the 20th, the Philippine Revolution quickly followed, which then spawned the short - lived First Philippine Republic, followed by the bloody Philippine -- American War. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation. Since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a founding member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank. The Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country, which has an economy transitioning from being based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. Along with East Timor, the Philippines is one of Southeast Asia 's predominantly Christian nations. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Precolonial epoch 2.2. 1 Early historic coastal city - states and polities 2.3 Colonial era 2.3. 1 Spanish rule 2.3. 2 American rule 2.3. 3 Japanese rule 2.4 Postcolonial period 2.5 Contemporary history 3 Politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 Administrative divisions 3.3. 1 Administrative regions 4 Geography 4.1 Biodiversity 4.2 Climate 5 Economy 5.1 Transportation 5.2 Science and technology 5.3 Communications 5.4 Tourism 5.5 Water supply and sanitation 6 Demographics 6.1 Cities 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 7 Health 8 Education 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Music 9.3 Dance 9.4 Visual art 9.5 Values 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Literature 9.8 Media 9.9 Cinema 9.10 Sports 9.11 Games 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Government 13.2 Trade 13.3 General information 13.4 Books and articles 13.5 Wikimedia 13.6 Other Etymology Main article : Name of the Philippines Philip II of Spain. The Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar Felipinas after the then - Prince of Asturias. Eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other names such as Islas del Poniente ( Islands of the West ) and Magellan 's name for the islands San Lázaro were also used by the Spanish to refer to the islands. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history. During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) and the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) until the Commonwealth period ( 1935 -- 46 ), American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name. Since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. Philippines has steadily gained currency as the common name since being the name used in Article VI of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, with or without the definite article. History Main article : History of the Philippines Prehistory Further information : Prehistory of the Philippines Tabon Caves are the site of one of the oldest human remains found in the Philippines : Tabon Man Recent discovery of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga has pushed back evidence of early hominins in the archipelago to as early as 709,000 years. However, the metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium - series dating to 67,000 years ago remains the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date. This distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon - dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated. There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally. Wilhelm Solheim 's Island Origin Theory postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide - scale migration. The Austronesian Expansion Theory explains that Malayo - Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, displacing earlier arrivals. The most widely accepted theory, based on linguistic and archeological evidence, is the `` Out - of - Taiwan '' model, which hypothesizes that Austronesians from Taiwan, who were themselves descended from the neolithic civilizations of the Yangtze river such as the Liangzhu culture, began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, displacing earlier arrivals. During the neolithic period, a `` jade culture '' is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC. The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies. By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups : hunter - gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities. Precolonial epoch Further information : History of the Philippines ( 900 -- 1521 ), Religion in pre-colonial Philippines, and Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines A Boxer Codex image illustrating the ancient kadatuan or tumao ( noble class ). The current demarcation between the Prehistory and the Early history of the Philippines is 21 April 900, which is the equivalent on the Proleptic Gregorian calendar for the date indicated on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription -- the earliest known surviving written record to come from the Philippines. This date came in the middle of what anthropologists refer to as the Philippines ' `` Emergent Phase '' ( 1st -- 14th centuries CE ), which was characterized by newly emerging socio - cultural patterns, the initial development of large coastal settlements, greater social stratification and specialization, and the beginnings of local and international trade. By the 1300s, a number of the large coastal settlements had become progressive trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes, ushering complex lifeways which characterized what F. Landa Jocano called the `` Barangic Phase '' of early Philippine history, beginning from the 14th century through the arrival of Spanish colonizers and the beginning of the Philippines ' colonial period. The discovery of iron at around the 1st century AD created significant social and economic changes which allowed settlements to grow larger and develop new social patterns, characterized by social stratification and specialization. Some of these polities, particularly the coastal settlements at or near the mouths of large rivers, eventually developed substantial trade contacts with the early trading powers of Southeast Asia, most importantly the Indianized kingdoms of Malaysia and Java, the various dynasties of China, Thailand, and later, the Muslim Sultanate of Brunei. They also traded with Vietnam, Japan, and other Austronesian islands. Based on archeological findings, trade with China is believed to have begun in the Tang dynasty, but grew more extensive during the Song dynasty. By the 2nd millennium CE, some ( but not all ) Philippine polities were known to have sent trade delegations which participated in the Tributary system enforced by the Chinese imperial court. These `` tributary states '' nominally acknowledged the Sinocentric system which saw China and the imperial court as the cultural center of the world. Among the early Philippine polities, this arrangement fulfilled the requirements for trade with China, but did not actually translate into political or military control. The Ifugao / Igorot people utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago. Regarding the relations of early Philippine polities with the various state - level polities of Indonesia and Malaysia, legendary accounts often mention the interaction of early Philippine polities with the Srivijaya empire, but there is not much archeological evidence to definitively support such a relationship. Considerable evidence exists, on the other hand, for extensive trade with the Majapahit empire. The exact scope and mechanisms of Indian cultural influences on early Philippine polities are still the subject of some debate among Southeast Asian historiographers, but the current scholarly consensus is that there was probably little or no direct trade between India and the Philippines, and Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, filtered in during the 10th through the early 14th centuries, through early Philippine polities ' relations with the Hindu Majapahit empire. The Philippine archipelago is thus one of the countries, ( others include Afghanistan and Southern Vietnam ) just at the outer edge of what is considered the `` Greater Indian cultural zone ''. The early polities of the Philippine archipelago were typically characterized by a three - tier social structure. Although different cultures had different terms to describe them, this three - tier structure invariably consisted of an apex nobility class, a class of `` freemen '', and a class of dependent debtor - bondsmen called `` alipin '' or `` oripun. '' Among the members of the nobility class were leaders who held the political office of `` Datu, '' which was responsible for leading autonomous social groups called `` barangay '' or `` dulohan ''. Whenever these barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance group, the more senior or respected among them would be recognized as a `` paramount datu '', variedly called a Lakan, Sultan, Rajah, or simply a more senior Datu. Early Historic coastal City - States and polities The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, c. 900. The oldest known historical record found in the Philippines, discovered at Lumban, Laguna. The earliest historical record of these polities and kingdoms is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which indirectly refers to the Tagalog polity of Tondo ( c. before 900 -- 1589 ) and two to three other settlements believed to be located somewhere near Tondo, as well as a settlement near Mt. Diwata in Mindanao, and the temple complex of Medang in Java. Although the precise political relationships between these polities is unclear in the text of the inscription, the artifact is usually accepted as evidence of intra - and inter-regional political linkages as early as 900 CE. By the arrival of the earliest European ethnographers during the 1500s, Tondo was led by the paramount ruler called a `` Lakan ''. It had grown into a major trading hub, sharing a monopoly with the Rajahnate of Maynila over the trade of Ming dynasty products throughout the archipelago. This trade was significant enough that the Yongle Emperor appointed a Chinese governor named Ko Ch'a - lao to oversee it. The next historical record referring to a location in the Philippines, is Volume 186 of the official history of the Song dynasty which describes the purportedly Buddhist `` country '' of Ma - i ( c. before 971 -- after 1339 ). Song dynasty traders visited Ma - i annually, and their accounts described Ma - i 's geography, trade products, and the trade behaviors of its rulers. Chinese merchants noted that Ma - i 's citizens were honest and trustworthy. Because the descriptions of Mai 's location in these accounts are not clear, there is some dispute about Mai 's possible location, with some scholars believing it was located in Bay, Laguna, and others believing it was on the island of Mindoro. The Butuan Ivory Seal ( c. 1002 ) was recovered in the 1970s in Butuan. The official history of the Song dynasty next refers to the Rajahnate of Butuan ( c. before 1001 -- 1756 ) in northeastern Mindanao which is the first polity from the Philippine archipelago recorded as having sent a tribute mission to the Chinese empire -- on March 17, 1001 CE. Butuan attained prominence under the rule of Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, who was from a Buddhist ruling - class governing a Hindu nation. This state became powerful due to the local goldsmith industry and it also had commercial ties and a diplomatic rivalry with the Champa civilization. Historian Efren Isorena has asserted that Visayan raiding parties conducted raids on the port cities of southern China between A.D. 1174 and 1190 which are attributed by other historians to raiders from Formosa ( today 's Taiwan ). The Visayan raiding parties were composed of people from the Kedatuan of Dapitan. According to legend, the Kedatuan of Madja - as ( c. 1200 -- 1569 ) was founded following a civil war in collapsing Srivijaya, wherein loyalists of the Malay datus of Srivijaya defied the invading Chola dynasty and its puppet - Rajah, called Makatunao, and set up a remnant state in the islands of the Visayas. Its founding datu, Puti, had purchased land for his new realms from the aboriginal Ati hero, Marikudo. Madja - as was founded on Panay island ( named after the destroyed state of Pannai, a constituent state of Srivijaya which was located in Sumatra ). The people of Madja - as conducted resistance movements against the Hindu and Islamic invaders that arrived from the west. The Rajahnate of Cebu ( c. 1200 -- 1565 ) was a neighbor of Madja - as in the Visayas led by Rajamuda Sri Lumay, a monarch with partial Tamil descent. Sri Lumay was sent by the Chola Maharajah to invade Madja - as, but he rebelled and formed his own independent rajahnate. This state grew wealthy by making use of the inter-island shipping within the archipelago. Both the Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu were allied to each other and they also maintained contact and had trade routes with Kutai, a Hindu country in south Borneo established by Indian traders. The earliest legendary date mentioning the Rajahnate of Maynila ( c. 1258 -- 1571 ) on the island of Luzon across the Pasig River from Tondo has to do with the naval victory of the Bruneian Rajah Ahmad over the Majapahit Rajah Avirjirkaya, who ruled a prior pre-Muslim settlement in the same location. Chinese records of this period also mention a polity called `` Luzon. '' This is believed to be a reference to Maynila since Portuguese and Spanish accounts from the 1520s explicitly state that `` Luçon '' and `` Maynila '' were `` one and the same '', although some historians argue that since none of these observers actually visited Maynila, `` Luçon '' may simply have referred to all the Tagalog and Kapampangan polities that rose up on the shores of Manila Bay. Either way, from the early 1500s to as late as the 1560s, this seafaring people was referred to in Portuguese Malacca as Luções, and they set up many overseas communities across Southeast Asia where they participated in trading ventures and military campaigns in Burma, Malacca and Eastern Timor as traders and mercenaries. One prominent Luções was Regimo de Raja, who was a spice magnate and a Temenggung ( Jawi : تمڠݢوڠ ) ( Governor and Chief General ) in Portuguese Malacca. He was also the head of a fleet which traded and protected commerce between the Indian Ocean, the Strait of Malacca, the South China Sea, and the medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines. In northern Luzon, Caboloan ( Pangasinan ) ( c. 1406 -- 1576 ) sent emissaries to China in 1406 -- 1411 as a tributary - state, and it also traded with Japan. The 1300s saw the arrival and eventual spread of Islam in the Philippine archipelago. In 1380, Karim ul ' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived in Sulu from Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu by converting Sulu 's rajah, Rajah Baguinda Ali and marrying his daughter. At the end of the 15th century, Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao. The sultanate form of government extended further into Lanao. Islam then started to spread out of Mindanao in the south and went into Luzon in the north. Manila in Luzon was Islamized during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521. This was accomplished because the Sultanate of Brunei subjugated Tondo by defeating Rajah Gambang in battle and thereafter installing the Muslim rajah, Rajah Salalila to the throne and by establishing the Bruneian puppet - state of the Rajahnate of Maynila. Sultan Bolkiah also married Laila Mecana, the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul - Ombra to expand Brunei 's influence in both Luzon and Mindanao. The Muslims then proceeded to wage wars and conduct slave - raids against the Visayans. Participating in the Muslim raids, the Sultanate of Ternate consequently destroyed the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol. The Hindu Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu also endured slave raids from, and waged wars against the Sultanate of Maguindanao. Simultaneous with these slave - raids, was the rebellion of Datu Lapu - Lapu of Mactan against Rajah Humabon of Cebu. There was also a simmering territorial conflict between the Polity of Tondo and the Bruneian vassal - state, the Islamic Rajahnate of Maynila, to which the ruler of Maynila, Rajah Matanda, sought military assistance against Tondo from his relatives at the Sultanate of Brunei. The rivalries between the Datus, Rajahs, Sultans, and Lakans eventually eased Spanish colonization. Furthermore, the islands were sparsely populated due to consistent natural disasters and inter-kingdom conflicts. Therefore, colonization was made easy and the small states of the archipelago quickly became incorporated into the Spanish Empire and were Hispanicized and Christianized. Colonial era Journalist Alan Robles has opined, `` Colonialism created the Philippines, shaped its political culture and continues to influence its mindset. The 333 years under Spain and nearly five decades under the USA decisively moulded the nation ''. Anthropologist Prospero Covar has observed, `` Our thinking, culture, and psychology became virtually westernized, when we were, in fact, Asians. '' Spanish rule Further information : History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) A sketch of a Manila galleon used during the Manila - Acapulco Trade. In 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition arrived in the Philippines, claimed the islands for Spain and was then killed at the Battle of Mactan. Colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first Hispanic settlements in Cebu. After relocating to Panay island and consolidating an alliance of native Filipino ( Visayan ) allies, Hispanic soldiers and Latin - American recruits, lead by conquistadors such as Juan de Salcedo, the Spanish - Mexican - Filipino coalition then invaded Islamic Manila, therein they put down the Tondo Conspiracy and exiled the conspirators to Guam and Guerrero. Under Spanish rule, they established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies ( 1571 ). They also defeated the Chinese warlord Limahong. To counteract the Islamization of the Philippines, the Spanish then conducted the Castilian War which was aimed against the Sultanate of Brunei and war was also waged against the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore ( in response to Ternatean slaving and piracy against Spain 's vassal states : Dapitan and Butuan ). The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista, a centuries - long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero - Islamic world conflict that included a rivalry with the Ottoman Caliphate which had a center of operations at its nearby vassal state, the Sultanate of Aceh. Consequently, fortifications were also set up in Taiwan and the Maluku islands. These were abandoned and the Spanish soldiers, along with the newly Christianized natives of the Moluccas, withdrew back to the Philippines in order to re-concentrate their military forces because of a threatened invasion by the Japan - born Ming - dynasty loyalist, Koxinga, ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning. However, the planned invasion was aborted. Meanwhile, settlers were sent to the Pacific islands of Palau and the Marianas. Map showing the extent of the Sultanate of Sulu in 1822. Spanish rule eventually contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the fragmented states of the archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico - based Viceroyalty of New Spain and then was administered directly from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence. The Manila galleons, the largest wooden ships ever built, were constructed in Bicol and Cavite. The Manila galleons were accompanied with a large naval escort as it traveled to and from Manila and Acapulco. The galleons sailed once or twice a year, between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Manila Galleons brought with them goods, settlers and military reinforcements destined for the Philippines, from Latin America. The reverse voyage also brought Asian commercial products and immigrants to the western side of the Americas. Trade introduced foodstuffs such as maize, tomatoes, potatoes, chili peppers, chocolate and pineapples from Mexico and Peru. Within the Philippines, the Marquisate of Buglas was established and the rule of it was awarded to Sebastian Elcano and his crew, the survivors of the first circumnavigation of the world, as well as his descendants. New towns were also created and Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity. They also founded schools, a university, hospitals and churches which were built along the Earthquake Baroque architectural style. To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of military fortresses ( called `` Presidios '' ) across the archipelago. The Spanish also decreed the introduction of free public schooling in 1863. As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially. The landing of the Spanish expedition to Sulu by Antonio Brugada. During its rule, Spain quelled various indigenous revolts. There were also several external military challenges from Chinese and Japanese pirates, the Dutch, the English, the Portuguese and the Muslims of Southeast Asia. Those challengers were fought off despite the hostile forces having encircled the Philippine archipelago in a crescent formed from Japan to Indonesia. British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 in an extension of the fighting of the Seven Years ' War. Spanish rule was restored following the 1763 Treaty of Paris. The Spanish -- Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and the Moro Muslims in the Sulu Sultanate formally recognized Spanish sovereignty. Photograph of armed Filipino revolutionaries known as Katipuneros. In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Filipino society. Many Spaniards born in the Philippines ( criollos ) and those of mixed ancestry ( mestizos ) became wealthy and an influx of Latin American immigrants opened up government positions traditionally held by Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula ( peninsulares ). Hispanic - Philippines reached its zenith when the Philippine - born Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero became Prime Minister of the Spanish Empire. However, ideas of rebellion and independence began to spread through the islands. Criollo dissatisfaction resulted in the 1872 Cavite Mutiny that was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution. Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three priests -- Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora ( collectively known as Gomburza ) -- were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed. This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. As attempts at reform met with resistance, Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the militant secret society called the Katipunan, who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt. Bonifacio and the Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the Katipunan, the Magdalo of Cavite province, eventually came to challenge Bonifacio 's position as the leader of the revolution and Emilio Aguinaldo took over. In 1898, the Spanish -- American War began in Cuba and reached the Philippines. Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898, and the First Philippine Republic was established in the Barasoain Church in the following year. American rule Further information : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) A depiction of the Battle of Paceo during the Philippine -- American War. The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter 's victory in the Spanish -- American War. A compensation of US $20 million was paid to Spain according to the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris. As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent First Philippine Republic, the Philippine -- American War broke out, the First Republic was defeated, and the archipelago was administered under an Insular Government. The war resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of combatants as well as a couple of hundred thousand civilians, mostly from a cholera epidemic. The Americans then suppressed other rebellious sub-states : mainly, the waning Sultanate of Sulu, as well as the insurgent Tagalog Republic, the Cantonal Republic of Negros in the Visayas, and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao. During this era, a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred, with the expansion of Philippine cinema and literature. Daniel Burnham built an architectural plan for Manila which would have transformed it into a modern city. In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status with Manuel Quezon as president. He designated a national language and introduced women 's suffrage and land reform. Japanese rule Further information : Japanese occupation of the Philippines General Douglas MacArthur landing ashore during the Battle of Leyte on October 20, 1944. Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire invaded and the Second Philippine Republic of José P. Laurel was established as a collaborator state. Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre that culminated with the Battle of Manila. In 1944, Quezon died in exile in the United States and Sergio Osmeña succeeded him. The Allied Forces then employed a strategy of island hopping towards the Philippine archipelago, in the process, retaking territory conquered by Imperial Japan. From mid-1942 through mid-1944, the Filipino guerrilla resistance had been supplied and encouraged by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural areas, jungles and mountains -- thus, the Japanese Empire only controlled 12 out of 48 provinces. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already - promised independence. Eventually, the largest naval battle in history, according to gross tonnage sunk, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, occurred when Allied forces started the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese Empire. Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died. Postcolonial period Further information : History of the Philippines ( 1946 -- 65 ) and History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 86 ) Proclamation of Philippine independence from the United States ( 1946 ). On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the founding members of the United Nations. The following year, on July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas. Disgruntled remnants of the communist Hukbalahap continued to roam the countryside but were put down by President Elpidio Quirino 's successor Ramon Magsaysay. Magsaysay 's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, initiated the Filipino First Policy, which was continued by Diosdado Macapagal, with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12, the date of Emilio Aguinaldo 's declaration, while furthering the claim on the eastern part of North Borneo. In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated numerous infrastructure projects but was accused of massive corruption and embezzling billions of dollars in public funds. Nearing the end of his term, Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. This period of his rule was characterized by political repression, censorship, and human rights violations but the US were steadfast in their support. On August 21, 1983, Marcos ' chief rival, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr., was assassinated on the tarmac at Manila International Airport. Marcos eventually called snap presidential elections in 1986. Marcos was proclaimed the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent. Cardinal Jaime Sin then roused the people to rebel, leading to the People Power Revolution. Marcos and his allies fled to Hawaii and Aquino 's widow, Corazon Aquino was recognized as president. Contemporary History Further information : History of the Philippines ( 1986 -- present ) The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. The return of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, coup attempts, disasters, a persistent communist insurgency, and a military conflict with Moro separatists. During Corazon Aquino 's administration, U.S. forces withdrew from the Philippines, due to the rejection of the U.S. Bases Extension Treaty, and leading to the official transfer of Clark Air Base in November 1991 and Subic Bay to the government in December 1992. The administration also faced a series of natural disasters, including the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. After introducing a constitution that limited presidents to a single term, Aquino did not stand for re-election. Aquino was succeeded by Fidel V. Ramos, who won the Philippine presidential election held in May 1992. During this period the country 's economic performance remained modest, with a 3.6 % percent GDP growth rate. However, the political stability and economic improvements, such as the peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front in 1996, were overshadowed by the onset of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. On his Presidency the death penalty was revived in the light of the Rape - slay case of Eileen Sarmienta and Allan Gomez in 1993 and the first person to be executed was Leo Echegaray in 1999. Ramos ' successor, Joseph Estrada assumed office in June 1998 and managed to regain the economy from − 0.6 % growth to 3.4 % by 1999 amidst the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The government had announced a war against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in March 2000 and neutralized the camps including the headquarters of the insurgents. In the middle of ongoing conflict with the Abu Sayyaf, accusations of alleged corruption, and a stalled impeachment process, Estrada 's administration was overthrown by the 2001 EDSA Revolution and succeeded by his Vice President, Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo on January 20, 2001. In Arroyo 's 9 - year administration, the economy experienced a phenomenal growth of 4 - 7 % averaging at 5.33 % from 2002 to 2007 with the completion of infrastructure projects like LRT Line 2 in 2004 and managed to avoid the Great Recession. By comparison, the Philippines has been growing an average of 3.6 % from 1965 to 2001 or 3.5 % ( 1986 - 2001 ) if we include only those years when democracy was already achievement in the Philippines on 1986. The improvement of the Philippine annual growth rate from her predecessors ( since Marcos Regime to Estrada Administration ) was around 1.7 -- 1.87 %. And this jumpstart from a sluggish economy for almost 5 decades that left it behind by its neighbors in the 1960s would prove to be the Philippines rise from being the sick man of Asia to become one of the `` Tiger Cub Economy '' for the next decade after her administration. Nevertheless, it was tied with graft and political scandals like the Hello Garci scandal pertaining to the alleged manipulation of votes in the 2004 presidential elections. On November 23, 2009, 34 journalists and several civilians were massacred in Maguindanao. Benigno Aquino III won the 2010 national elections and served as the 15th President of the Philippines. The first major issue he dealt with was the 2010 Manila hostage crisis that caused deeply strained relations between Manila and Hong Kong for a time. The Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro was signed on October 15, 2012, as the first step of the creation of an autonomous political entity named Bangsamoro. However, a clash that took place in Mamasapano, Maguindanao killed 44 members of the Philippine National Police - Special Action Force and put the efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law into law in an impasse. Tensions regarding the Philippines ' territorial disputes in eastern Sabah and the South China Sea escalated. On May 15, 2013, the Philippines implemented the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly known as K -- 12 program. It added two more years to the country 's ten - year schooling system for primary and secondary education. The country was then hit by Typhoon Yolanda ( Haiyan ) on November 8, 2013, which heavily devastated the Visayas. When the United States President Barack Obama visited the Philippines on April 28, 2014, the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, was signed, paving the way for the return of United States Armed Forces bases into the country. Rodrigo Duterte takes his oath as he is sworn in as the 16th President of the Philippines Former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte of PDP -- Laban won the 2016 presidential election becoming the first president from Mindanao. On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines in its case against China 's claims in the South China Sea. After winning the Presidency, Duterte launched an intensified anti-drug campaign to fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months. By March 2017, the death toll for the Philippine Drug War passed 8,000 people, with 2,679 killed in legitimate police operations and the rest the government claims to be homicide cases. Duterte initiated the `` Build, Build, Build '' program, which aims to usher the Philippines into a new `` golden age '' of infrastructure. It will create more jobs and business opportunities, which, in turn, would sustain the country 's economic growth and accelerate poverty reduction. The construction industry needs two million more workers to sustain the program. The Build, Build, Build program is made up of 75 projects, which includes six air transport projects, 12 rail transport projects, and four water transport projects. It also includes four major flood management projects, 11 water supply and irrigation projects, four power projects, and three other public infrastructure projects. The Philippines is expected to spend $160 billion to $180 billion up to 2022 for the public investments in infrastructure. Politics Main articles : Politics of the Philippines, President of the Philippines, and Constitution of the Philippines Malacañang Palace is the official residence of the President of the Philippines. The Philippines has a democratic government in the form of a constitutional republic with a presidential system. It is governed as a unitary state with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( ARMM ), which is largely free from the national government. There have been attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government since the Ramos administration. The President functions as both head of state and head of government and is the commander - in - chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote for a single six - year term, during which he or she appoints and presides over the cabinet. The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six - year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three - year term. Senators are elected at large while the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of the Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte and U.S. President Donald Trump discuss matters during a bilateral meeting in Pasay, 2017. The main office of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines in Pasay. The Philippines ' international relations are based on trade with other nations and the well - being of the 10 million overseas Filipinos living outside the country. As a founding and active member of the United Nations, the Philippines has been elected several times into the Security Council. Carlos P. Romulo was a former President of the United Nations General Assembly. The country is an active participant in the Human Rights Council as well as in peacekeeping missions, particularly in East Timor. In addition to membership in the United Nations, the Philippines is also a founding and active member of ASEAN ( Association of Southeast Asian Nations ), an organization designed to strengthen relations and promote economic and cultural growth among states in the Southeast Asian region. It has hosted several summits and is an active contributor to the direction and policies of the bloc. The Philippines values its relations with the United States. It supported the United States during the Cold War and the War on Terror and is a major non-NATO ally. Despite this history of goodwill, controversies related to the presence of the now former U.S. military bases in Subic Bay and Clark and the current Visiting Forces Agreement have flared up from time to time. Japan, the biggest contributor of official development assistance to the country, is thought of as a friend. Although historical tensions still exist on issues such as the plight of comfort women, much of the animosity inspired by memories of World War II has faded. Relations with other nations are generally positive. Shared democratic values ease relations with Western and European countries while similar economic concerns help in relations with other developing countries. Historical ties and cultural similarities also serve as a bridge in relations with Spain. Despite issues such as domestic abuse and war affecting overseas Filipino workers, relations with Middle Eastern countries are friendly as seen in the continuous employment of more than two million overseas Filipinos living there. With communism no longer the threat it once was, once hostile relations in the 1950s between the Philippines and China have improved greatly. Issues involving Taiwan, the Spratly Islands, and concerns of expanding Chinese influence, however, still encourage a degree of caution. Recent foreign policy has been mostly about economic relations with its Southeast Asian and Asia - Pacific neighbors. The Philippines is an active member of the East Asia Summit ( EAS ), the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ), the Latin Union, the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It is also seeking to strengthen relations with Islamic countries by campaigning for observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Military Main article : Armed Forces of the Philippines Clockwise from top : Philippine Marine Corps, BRP Gregorio del Pilar ( FF - 15 ) of the Philippine Navy, Philippine Army AIFVs and FA - 50 of the Philippine Air Force. The Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) are responsible for national security and consist of three branches : the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine Navy ( includes the Marine Corps ). The Armed Forces of the Philippines are a volunteer force. Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government ( DILG ). In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the largest separatist organization, the Moro National Liberation Front, is now engaging the government politically. Other more militant groups like the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the communist New People 's Army, and the Abu Sayyaf have previously kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly on the southern island of Mindanao. Their presence decreased due to successful security provided by the Philippine government. At 1.1 percent of GDP, the Philippines spent less on its military forces than the regional average. As of 2014 Malaysia and Thailand were estimated to spend 1.5 %, China 2.1 %, Vietnam 2.2 % and South Korea 2.6 %. The Philippines has been an ally of the United States since World War II. A mutual defense treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951. The Philippines supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars. It was a member of the now dissolved SEATO, a group that was intended to serve a role similar to NATO and that included Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. After the start of the War on Terror, the Philippines was part of the coalition that gave support to the United States in Iraq. Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of the Philippines The Philippines is divided into three island groups : Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These are further divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces, 145 cities, 1,489 municipalities, and 42,036 barangays. In addition, Section 2 of Republic Act No. 5446 asserts that the definition of the territorial sea around the Philippine archipelago does not affect the claim over the eastern part of Sabah. Administrative Divisions of the Philippines Administrative Regions Ilocos Region ( Region I ) Cagayan Valley ( Region II ) Central Luzon ( Region III ) Calabarzon ( Region IV - A ) Southwestern Tagalog Region ( Mimaropa Region ) Bicol Region ( Region V ) Western Visayas ( Region VI ) Central Visayas ( Region VII ) Eastern Visayas ( Region VIII ) Zamboanga Peninsula ( Region IX ) Northern Mindanao ( Region X ) Davao Region ( Region XI ) Soccsksargen ( Region XII ) Caraga ( Region XIII ) Cordillera Administrative Region ( CAR ) National Capital Region ( NCR ) Autonomous Region Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( ARMM ) Provinces Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Compostela Valley Cotabato Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Occidental Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar Guimaras Ifugao Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Kalinga La Union Laguna Lanao del Norte Lanao del Sur Leyte Maguindanao Marinduque Masbate Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental Mountain Province Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Samar Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon Quirino Rizal Romblon Samar Sarangani Siquijor Sorsogon South Cotabato Southern Leyte Sultan Kudarat Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Tarlac Tawi - Tawi Zambales Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay Cities and Municipalities See : List of cities in the Philippines and List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines Barangays See : Lists of barangays in Philippine provinces Administrative regions Main article : Regions of the Philippines Regions in the Philippines are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. The Philippines is divided into 17 regions ( 16 administrative and 1 autonomous ). Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, usually ( but not always ) in the city designated as the regional center. As of 2015, CALABARZON was the most populated region while the National Capitol Region ( NCR ) the most densely populated. 10 Most Populous Regions of the Philippines ( 2015 ) Rank Designation Name Area Population ( as of 2015 ) % of Population Population density 1st Region IV Calabarzon 16,873.31 km ( 6,514.82 sq mi ) 14,414,774 7001142700000000000 ♠ 14.27 % 850 / km ( 2,200 / sq mi ) 2nd NCR National Capital Region 619.57 km ( 239.22 sq mi ) 12,877,253 7001127500000000000 ♠ 12.75 % 21,000 / km ( 54,000 / sq mi ) 3rd Region III Central Luzon 22,014.63 km ( 8,499.90 sq mi ) 11,218,177 7001111100000000000 ♠ 11.11 % 510 / km ( 1,300 / sq mi ) 4th Region VII Central Visayas 10,102.16 km ( 3,900.47 sq mi ) 6,041,903 7000598000000000000 ♠ 5.98 % 600 / km ( 1,600 / sq mi ) 5th Region V Bicol Region 18,155.82 km ( 7,010.00 sq mi ) 5,796,989 7000574000000000000 ♠ 5.74 % 320 / km ( 830 / sq mi ) 6th Region I Ilocos Region 16,873.31 km ( 6,514.82 sq mi ) 5,026,128 7000498000000000000 ♠ 4.98 % 300 / km ( 780 / sq mi ) 7th Region XI Davao Region 20,357.42 km ( 7,860.04 sq mi ) 4,893,318 7000485000000099999 ♠ 4.85 % 240 / km ( 620 / sq mi ) 8th Region X Northern Mindanao 20,496.02 km ( 7,913.56 sq mi ) 4,689,302 7000464000000099999 ♠ 4.64 % 230 / km ( 600 / sq mi ) 9th Region XII SOCCSKSARGEN 22,513.30 km ( 8,692.43 sq mi ) 4,545,276 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.50 % 200 / km ( 520 / sq mi ) 10th Region VI Western Visayas 12,828.97 km ( 4,953.29 sq mi ) 4,477,247 7000443000000000000 ♠ 4.43 % 350 / km ( 910 / sq mi ) Geography Main article : Geography of the Philippines Topography of the Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago composed of about 7,641 islands with a total land area, including inland bodies of water, of 300,000 square kilometers ( 115,831 sq mi ). The 36,289 kilometers ( 22,549 mi ) of coastline makes it the country with the fifth longest coastline in the world. It is located between 116 ° 40 ', and 126 ° 34 ' E longitude and 4 ° 40 ' and 21 ° 10 ' N latitude and is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east, the South China Sea to the west, and the Celebes Sea to the south. The island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan is located directly to the north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are located to the south - southwest and Palau is located to the east of the islands. Most of the mountainous islands are covered in tropical rainforest and volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to 2,954 meters ( 9,692 ft ) above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao. The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea. The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon. Manila Bay, upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf, and the Moro Gulf are other important bays. The San Juanico Strait separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the San Juanico Bridge. Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The Benham Plateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active in tectonic subduction. Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake. Mayon is the Philippines ' most active volcano. There are many active volcanoes such as the Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century. Not all notable geographic features are so violent or destructive. A more serene legacy of the geological disturbances is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, the area represents a habitat for biodiversity conservation, the site also contains a full mountain - to - the - sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia. Due to the volcanic nature of the islands, mineral deposits are abundant. The country is estimated to have the second - largest gold deposits after South Africa and one of the largest copper deposits in the world. It is also rich in nickel, chromite, and zinc. Despite this, poor management, high population density, and environmental consciousness have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped. Geothermal energy is a product of volcanic activity that the Philippines has harnessed more successfully. The Philippines is the world 's second - biggest geothermal producer behind the United States, with 18 % of the country 's electricity needs being met by geothermal power. Biodiversity Main article : Wildlife of the Philippines See also : List of threatened species of the Philippines Philippine tarsier ( Tarsius syrichta ), one of the smallest primates. The Philippines ' rainforests and its extensive coastlines make it home to a diverse range of birds, plants, animals, and sea creatures. It is one of the ten most biologically megadiverse countries. Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 170 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere. The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the rate of endemism for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise. Native mammals include the palm civet cat, the dugong, the cloud rat and the Philippine tarsier associated with Bohol. Although the Philippines lacks large mammalian predators, it does have some very large reptiles such as pythons and cobras, together with gigantic saltwater crocodiles. The largest crocodile in captivity, known locally as Lolong, was captured in the southern island of Mindanao. The national bird, known as the Philippine eagle has the longest body of any eagle, it generally measures 86 to 102 cm ( 2.82 to 3.35 ft ) in length and weighs 4.7 to 8.0 kg ( 10.4 to 17.6 lb ). The Philippine eagle is part of the Accipitridae family and is endemic to the rainforests of Luzon, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao. Rafflesia speciosa is endemic to the island of Panay. Philippine maritime waters encompass as much as 2,200,000 square kilometers ( 849,425 sq mi ) producing unique and diverse marine life, an important part of the Coral Triangle. The total number of corals and marine fish species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively. New records and species discoveries continuously increase these numbers, underlining the uniqueness of the marine resources in the Philippines. The Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993. Philippine waters also sustain the cultivation of pearls, crabs, and seaweeds. With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country, 3,200 of which are unique to the islands, Philippine rainforests boast an array of flora, including many rare types of orchids and rafflesia. Deforestation, often the result of illegal logging, is an acute problem in the Philippines. Forest cover declined from 70 % of the Philippines 's total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 % in 1999. Many species are endangered and scientists say that Southeast Asia, which the Philippines is part of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20 % by the end of the 21st century. According to Conservation International, `` the country is one of the few nations that is, in its entirety, both a hotspot and a megadiversity country, placing it among the top priority hotspots for global conservation. '' Climate Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Super Typhoon Yolanda, is one of the strongest typhoons that hit the Philippines. Main article : Climate of the Philippines The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate that is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons : tag - init or tag - araw, the hot dry season or summer from March to May ; tag - ulan, the rainy season from June to November ; and tag - lamig, the cool dry season from December to February. The southwest monsoon ( from May to October ) is known as the Habagat, and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon ( from November to April ), the Amihan. Temperatures usually range from 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) to 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) although it can get cooler or hotter depending on the season. The coolest month is January ; the warmest is May. The average yearly temperature is around 26.6 ° C ( 79.9 ° F ). In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor. Whether in the extreme north, south, east, or west of the country, temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average annual temperature of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters ( 4,900 ft ) above sea level is 18.3 ° C ( 64.9 ° F ), making it a popular destination during hot summers. Sitting astride the typhoon belt, most of the islands experience annual torrential rains and thunderstorms from July to October, with around nineteen typhoons entering the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and eight or nine making landfall. Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters ( 200 in ) in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters ( 39 in ) in some of the sheltered valleys. The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 1911 cyclone, which dropped over 1,168 millimeters ( 46.0 in ) of rainfall within a 24 - hour period in Baguio. Bagyo is the local term for a tropical cyclone in the Philippines. Natural hazards often cause lots of casualties in the Philippines. However, the government has lately been trying to manage and reduce disaster risks through innovative legislation. Economy Main article : Economy of the Philippines A proportional representation of the Philippines ' exports, 2012. The Philippine economy is the 34th largest in the world, with an estimated 2018 gross domestic product ( nominal ) of $371.8 billion. Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits. Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand. Its unit of currency is the Philippine peso ( ₱ or PHP ). Filipinos planting rice. Agriculture employs 30 % of the Filipino workforce as of 2014. A newly industrialized country, the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based upon agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and manufacturing. Of the country 's total labor force of around 40.813 Million, the agricultural sector employs 30 % of the labor force, and accounts for 14 % of GDP. The industrial sector employs around 14 % of the workforce and accounts for 30 % of GDP. Meanwhile, the 47 % of workers involved in the services sector are responsible for 56 % of GDP. The unemployment rate as of 14 December 2014, stands at 6.0 %. Meanwhile, due to lower charges in basic necessities, the inflation rate eases to 3.7 % in November. Gross international reserves as of October 2013 are $83.201 billion. The Debt - to - GDP ratio continues to decline to 38.1 % as of March 2014 from a record high of 78 % in 2004. The country is a net importer but it is also a creditor nation. After World War II, the Philippines was for a time regarded as the second wealthiest in East Asia, next only to Japan. In the 1960s its economic performance started being overtaken. The economy stagnated under the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos as the regime spawned economic mismanagement and political volatility. The country suffered from slow economic growth and bouts of economic recession. Only in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization did the economy begin to recover. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the peso and falls in the stock market. The extent it was affected initially was not as severe as that of some of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth. There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4 % GDP growth and 7.1 % in 2007, its fastest pace of growth in three decades. Average annual GDP growth per capita for the period 1966 -- 2007 still stands at 1.45 % in comparison to an average of 5.96 % for the East Asia and the Pacific region as a whole. The daily income for 45 % of the population of the Philippines remains less than $2. The economy is heavily reliant upon remittances from overseas Filipinos, which surpass foreign direct investment as a source of foreign currency. Remittances peaked in 2010 at 10.4 % of the national GDP, and were 8.6 % in 2012 and in 2014, Philippines total worth of foreign exchange remittances was US $28 billion. Regional development is uneven, with Luzon -- Metro Manila in particular -- gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions, although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the country. Despite constraints, service industries such as tourism and business process outsourcing have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the country. Goldman Sachs includes the country in its list of the `` Next Eleven '' economies but China and India have emerged as major economic competitors. Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2050, it will be the 20th largest economy in the world. HSBC also projects the Philippine economy to become the 16th largest economy in the world, 5th largest economy in Asia and the largest economy in the South East Asian region by 2050. The Philippines is a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization ( WTO ), the Asian Development Bank which is headquartered in Mandaluyong, the Colombo Plan, the G - 77 and the G - 24 among other groups and institutions. Transportation Main article : Transportation in the Philippines A section of the Tarlac -- Pangasinan -- La Union Expressway. Transportation infrastructure in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped. This is partly due to mountainous terrain and the scattered geography of the islands, but also the result of consistently low investment in infrastructure by successive governments. In 2013, about 3 % of national GDP went towards infrastructure development -- much lower than many of its neighbors. There are 216,387 kilometers ( 134,457 mi ) of roads in the Philippines, with only 61,093 kilometers ( 37,961 mi ) of roads paved. Buses, jeepneys, taxis, and motorized tricycles are commonly available in major cities and towns. In 2007, there were about 5.53 million registered motor vehicles with registrations increasing at an average annual rate of 4.55 %. The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines manages airports and implementation of policies regarding safe air travel with 85 public airports operational as of 2014. Ninoy Aquino International Airport ( NAIA ) serves the Greater Manila Area together with Clark International Airport. Philippine Airlines, Asia 's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name, and Cebu Pacific, the leading low - cost airline, are the major airlines serving most domestic and international destinations. Expressways and highways are mostly located on the island of Luzon including the Pan-Philippine Highway, connecting the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, the North Luzon Expressway, South Luzon Expressway, and the Subic -- Clark -- Tarlac Expressway. A LRT - 2 train at Santolan LRT Station. Rail transport in the Philippines only plays a role in transporting passengers within Metro Manila, the province of Laguna, and some parts of the Bicol Region. Freight transport was almost non-existent. As of 2017, the country had a railway footprint of only 77 kilometers, which it had plans to expand to more than 320 kilometers by 2022. Metro Manila is served by three rapid transit lines : LRT - 1, LRT - 2, MRT - 3 and starting 2019, by MRT - 7. In the past, railways served major parts of Luzon, and railroad services were available on the islands of Cebu and Negros. Railways were also used for agricultural purposes, especially in tobacco and sugar cane production. A few transportation systems are under development : DOST - MIRDC and UP are implementing pre-feasibility studies on Automated Guideway Transit. As an archipelago, inter-island travel using watercraft is often necessary. The busiest seaports are Manila, Batangas, Subic, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, and Zamboanga. 2GO Travel and Sulpicio Lines serve Manila, with links to various cities and towns through passenger vessels. The 919 - kilometer ( 571 mi ) Strong Republic Nautical Highway ( SRNH ), an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities was established in 2003. The Pasig River Ferry Service serves the major rivers in Metro Manila, including the Pasig River and Marikina River having numerous stops in Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina. Science and Technology Main article : Science and technology in the Philippines An IRRI researcher studying rice DNA under ultraviolet light. The Philippines has pursued efforts to improve the field of science and technology. The Department of Science and Technology is the governing agency responsible for the development of coordination of science - and technology - related projects in the Philippines. The National Scientist of the Philippines award is given to individuals that have contributed to different field of science in the country. Notable Filipino scientists include Maria Orosa, a food technologist famous for her formulated food products like calamansi nip, soyalac and the banana ketchup. Fe del Mundo, a pediatrician whose pioneering work in pediatrics as an active medical practice spanned 8 decades, Paulo Campos, a physician who was dubbed as `` The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines '' for his contributions in the field of nuclear medicine, Ramon Barba, an inventor and horticulturist known for his method to induce more flowers in mango trees. Research organizations include the International Rice Research Institute, an international independent research and training organization established in 1960 with headquarters in Los Baños, Laguna, focusing on the development of new rice varieties and rice crop management techniques to help farmers in the country improve their lives. The Philippines bought its first satellite in 1996. In 2016, the Philippines first micro-satellite, Diwata - 1 was launched aboard the US Cygnus spacecraft. Communications Main articles : Telecommunications in the Philippines, Internet in the Philippines, and Social networking in the Philippines The Philippines has a sophisticated cellular phone industry and a high concentration of users. Text messaging is a popular form of communication and, in 2007, the nation sent an average of one billion SMS messages per day. Over five million mobile phone users also use their phones as virtual wallets, making it a leader among developing nations in providing financial transactions over cellular networks. The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company commonly known as PLDT is the leading telecommunications provider. It is also the largest company in the country. The National Telecommunications Commission is the agency responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all telecommunications services throughout the country. There are approximately 383 AM and 659 FM radio stations and 297 television and 873 cable television stations. On March 29, 1994, the country went live on the Internet via a 64 kbit / s connection from a router serviced by PLDT to a Sprint router in California. Estimates for Internet penetration in the Philippines vary widely ranging from a low of 2.5 million to a high of 24 million people. Social networking and watching videos are among the most frequent Internet activities. Tourism Main article : Tourism in the Philippines Limestone cliffs of El Nido, Palawan. The travel and tourism sector is a major contributor to the economy, contributing 7.1 % to the Philippine GDP in 2013 and providing 1,226,500 jobs or 3.2 percent of total employment. 2,433,428 international visitors arrived from January to June 2014 up by 2.22 % in the same period in 2013. South Korea, China, and Japan accounted for 58.78 % while the Americas accounted for 19.28 % and Europe 10.64 %. The Department of Tourism has responsibility for the management and promotion of the tourism sector. The country 's rich biodiversity is one of the main tourist attractions with its beaches, mountains, rainforests, islands and diving spots among the most popular tourist destinations. As an archipelago consisting of about 7,500 islands, the Philippines has numerous beaches, caves and other rock formations. Boracay has glaring white sand beaches and was named as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure in 2012. The Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao, the historic town of Vigan in Ilocos Sur, the Chocolate Hills in Bohol, Magellan 's Cross in Cebu and the Tubbataha Reef in Visayas are other highlights. The Philippines is also one of the favorite retirement destinations for foreigners due to its warm climate all year round, beaches and low cost of living. Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines Ambuklao Dam in Bokod, Benguet. Among the achievements of the government in the Philippines are a high access to an improved water source of 92 % in 2010 ; the creation of financially sustainable water service providers ( `` Water Districts '' ) in small and medium towns with the continuous long - term support of a national agency ( the `` Local Water Utilities Administration '' LWUA ) ; and the improvement of access, service quality and efficiency in Manila through two high - profle water concessions awarded in 1997. The challenges include limited access to sanitation services, high pollution of water resources, often poor drinking water quality and poor service quality, a fragmentation of executive functions at the national level among numerous agencies, and a fragmentation of service provision at the local level into many small service providers. In 2015 it was reported by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation by WHO and UNICEF that 74 % of the population had access to improved sanitation and that `` good progress '' had been made. The access to improved sanitation was reported to be similar for the urban and rural population. Demographics Main articles : Demographics of the Philippines, Filipinos, and Overseas Filipinos Population density per province as of 2009 per square kilometer. Population Year Million 1950 18.6 2000 78.0 2016 103.3 The population of the Philippines increased from 1990 to 2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45 % growth in that time frame. The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685. It is estimated that half of the population resides on the island of Luzon. The 3.21 % population growth rate between 1995 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.95 % for the 2005 -- 2010 period, but remains a contentious issue. The population 's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9 % aged from 15 to 64 years old. Life expectancy at birth is 69.4 years, 73.1 years for females and 65.9 years for males. Poverty incidence also significantly dropped to 21.6 % in 2015 from 25.2 % in 2012. Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the United States having Filipino ancestry has grown substantially. In 2007 there were an estimated 12 million Filipinos living overseas. According to the official count the population of the Philippines hit 100 million at the time of midnight on July 27, 2014, making it the 12th country to reach this number. The Philippine population will continue to increase throughout 2018 and is projected to reach around 107,190,081 by Dec. 31, 2018, based on projections made by the Commission on Population using the latest population census of 2015 ( Philippine Statistics Authority ). Cities Main article : Cities of the Philippines Metro Manila is the most populous of the 3 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines and the 11th most populous in the world. as of 2007, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13 % of the national population. Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ( Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal ) of Greater Manila, the population is around 21 million. Metro Manila 's gross regional product was estimated as of 2009 to be ₱ 468.4 billion ( at constant 1985 prices ) and accounts for 33 % of the nation 's GDP. In 2011 Manila ranked as the 28th wealthiest urban agglomeration in the world and the 2nd in Southeast Asia. Largest cities in the Philippines PSA Census August 2015 Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop. Quezon City Manila Quezon City National Capital Region 2,936,116 11 Parañaque National Capital Region 665,822 Davao City Caloocan Manila National Capital Region 1,780,148 12 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 659,019 Davao City Davao Region 1,632,991 13 Valenzuela National Capital Region 620,422 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,583,978 14 Bacoor Calabarzon 600,609 5 Cebu City Central Visayas 922,611 15 General Santos Soccsksargen 594,446 6 Zamboanga City Zamboanga Peninsula 861,799 16 Las Piñas National Capital Region 588,894 7 Taguig National Capital Region 804,915 17 Makati National Capital Region 582,602 8 Antipolo Calabarzon 776,386 18 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 574,089 9 Pasig National Capital Region 755,300 19 Bacolod Western Visayas 561,875 10 Cagayan de Oro Northern Mindanao 675,950 20 Muntinlupa National Capital Region 504,509 Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in the Philippines Dominant ethnic groups by province According to the 2000 census, 28.1 % of Filipinos are Tagalog, 13.1 % Cebuano, 9 % Ilocano, 7.6 % Visayans / Bisaya ( excluding Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray ), 7.5 % Hiligaynon, 6 % Bikol, 3.4 % Waray, and 25.3 % as `` others '', which can be broken down further to yield more distinct non-tribal groups like the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Pangasinense, the Ibanag, and the Ivatan. There are also indigenous peoples like the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the Bajau, and the tribes of Palawan. Filipinos generally belong to several Asian ethnic groups classified linguistically as part of the Austronesian or Malayo - Polynesian speaking people. It is believed that thousands of years ago Austronesian - speaking Taiwanese aborigines migrated to the Philippines from Taiwan, bringing with them knowledge of agriculture and ocean - sailing, eventually displacing the earlier Negrito groups of the islands. Negritos, such as the Aeta and the Ati, are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands. Being at the crossroads of the West and East, the Philippines is also home to migrants from places as diverse as China, Spain, Mexico, Peru, United States, India, South Korea, and Japan. The Chinese are mostly the descendants of immigrants from Fujian in China after 1898, numbering around 2 million, although there are an estimated 27 percent of Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonial and colonial Chinese migrants. Intermarriage between the groups is evident in the major cities and urban areas. At least one - third of the population of Luzon, where Spaniards mixed with natives, as well as old settlements in the Visayas ( founded by Mexicans ) and Zamboanga City ( colonized by Peruvians ) or around 13.33 % of the Philippine population, have partial Hispanic ancestry ( from varying points of origin and ranging from Latin America to Spain ). Recent genetic studies confirm this partial European and Latino ancestry. The Philippines was a former American colony and during the American colonial era, there were over 800,000 Americans who were born in the Philippines. As of 2015, there are now 220,000 to 600,000 American citizens currently living in the country. There are also 250,000 Amerasians scattered across the cities of Angeles, Manila, Clark and Olongapo. Other important non-indigenous minorities include Indians, Britons, and Japanese people. The descendants of mixed - race couples are known as mestizos. Languages Main article : Languages of the Philippines Population by mother tongue ( 2010 ) Language Speakers Tagalog 24.44 % 24.44 22,512,089 Cebuano 21.35 % 21.35 19,665,453 Ilokano 8.77 % 8.77 8,074,536 Hiligaynon 8.44 % 8.44 7,773,655 Waray 3.97 % 3.97 3,660,645 Other local languages / dialects 26.09 % 26.09 24,027,005 Other foreign languages / dialects 0.09 % 0.09 78,862 Not reported / not stated 0.01 % 0.01 6,450 TOTAL 92,097,978 Source : Philippine Statistics Authority Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo - Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family. The only language not classified as an Austronesian language are the various Spanish - based creole varieties collectively called Chavacano. Filipino and English are the official languages of the country. Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog, spoken mainly in Metro Manila and other urban regions. Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business. In most towns, the local indigenous language is spoken. The Philippine constitution provides for the promotion of Spanish and Arabic on a voluntary and optional basis, although neither are used on as wide a scale as in the past. However, Spanish loanwords are still present today in many of the indigenous Philippine languages. Spanish, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the late nineteenth century, has since declined greatly in use, but is experiencing a revival due to government promotion, while Arabic is mainly used in Islamic schools in Mindanao. A theory that the indigenous scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script was presented at the 2010 meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as media of instruction : Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray - a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan. Other indigenous languages such as, Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Malay, and several Visayan languages are prevalent in their respective provinces. Languages not indigenous to the islands are also taught in select schools. Mandarin is used in Chinese schools catering to the Chinese Filipino community. Islamic schools in Mindanao teach Modern Standard Arabic in their curriculum. French, German, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish are taught with the help of foreign linguistic institutions. The Department of Education began teaching the Malay languages of Indonesian and Malaysian in 2013. Religion Main article : Religion in the Philippines The historical Paoay Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte. It is declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the collective group of Baroque Churches of the Philippines in 1993. The Philippines is an officially secular state, although Christianity is the dominant faith. Census data from 2010 found that about 80.58 % of the population professed Catholicism. Around 37 % regularly attend Mass and 29 % identify as very religious. Protestants are 10.8 % of the total population, mostly endorsing evangelical Protestant denominations that were introduced by American missionaries at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, they are heavily concentrated in Northern Luzon and Southern Mindanao. The Philippine Independent Church is a notable independent Catholic denomination. Iglesia ni Cristo is a notable Unitarian and Restorationist denomination in the country and are mostly concentrated at Central Luzon. Islam is the second largest religion. The Muslim population of the Philippines was reported as 5.57 % of the total population according to census returns in 2010. A recent statistic shown by the National Commission of Muslim Filipinos ( NCMF ) on 2012 which stated that about 10,700,000 or 11 % of the Filipinos are Muslims. Some Muslim scholars argue that census taken in 2000 is significantly undercounted the number of Muslims because of security concerns and hostility of the inhabitants to government personnel in Muslim - majority areas, thus lead difficulty in getting accurate data of the Muslim population in the country. The majority of Muslims live in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Most practice Sunni Islam under the Shafi'i school. An unknown percentage of irreligion in the Philippines because there is no official statistic of it but it may be form as high as 20 % of the population. The Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society ( PATAS ) is a nonprofit organization for the public understanding of atheism and agnosticism in the Philippines which educate society, and eliminate myths and misconceptions about atheism and agnosticism. An estimated 2 % of the total population practice Philippine traditional religions, whose practices and folk beliefs are often syncretized with Christianity and Islam. Buddhism is practiced by around 2 % of the population, and is concentrated among Filipinos of Chinese descent. The remaining population is divided between a number of religious groups, including Hindus, Jews, and Baha'is. Health Main article : Health in the Philippines St. Luke 's Medical Center -- Global City has been described as one of the `` World 's Most Beautiful Hospitals '' by the US based magazine Healthcare Management News and Insights. There are an increasing number of private health providers and, as of 2009, 67.1 % of healthcare came from private expenditures while 32.9 % was from government. In 2013, total expenditures on the health sector was 3.8 % of GDP, below the WHO target of 5 %. Health expenditure represented about 6.1 % of total government spending. Per capita total expenditure at average exchange rate was USD52. The budget allocation for Healthcare in 2010 was ₱ 28 billion ( about USD597 million ) or ₱ 310 ( $7 ) per person but had an increase in budget in 2014 with a record high in the collection of taxes from the House Bill 5727 ( commonly known as Sin tax Bill ). There are an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses, 43,220 dentists, and 1 hospital bed per every 769 people. Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. 70 % of nursing graduates go overseas to work. The Philippines is the biggest supplier of nurses for export. In 2001 there were about 1,700 hospitals, of which about 40 % were government - run and 60 % private. Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 25 % of all deaths. According to official estimates, 1,965 cases of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) were reported in 2003, of which 636 had developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Despite the increase of HIV / AIDS cases from 12,000 in 2005 to 17,450 as of April 2014 with 5,965 people who were under anti-retroviral therapy, the country is still a low - HIV - prevalence country with less than 0.1 % of the adult population estimated to be HIV - positive. Education Main article : Education in the Philippines The University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611, has the oldest extant university charter in Asia. The University of the Philippines Diliman, the flagship university campus of the University of the Philippines, where various Philippine contemporary figures studied. The Philippines has a simple literacy rate of 95.6 %, with 95.1 % for males and 96.1 % for females. The Philippines had a functional literacy rate of 86.45 %, with 84.2 % for males and 88.7 % for females in 2008. Spending on education accounted for 16.11 % in the national budget proposed for 2015. The Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) lists 2,180 higher education institutions, 607 of which are public and 1,573 private. Classes start in June and end in March. The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March. There are a number of foreign schools with study programs. A 6 - year elementary, a 4 - year junior high school and a 2 - year senior high school education is mandatory of the K - 12 educational program in 2013. Several government agencies are involved with education. The Department of Education covers elementary, secondary, and non-formal education. The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority ( TESDA ) administers post-secondary, middle - level education training and development. The Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) supervises college and graduate academic programs and degrees as well as regulates standards in higher education. In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions nationwide, mainly in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and program of the Department of Education. Public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are further classified as State Universities and Colleges ( SUC ) or Local Colleges and Universities ( LCU ). The University of the Philippines, a system of eight ( 8 ) constituent universities, is the national university system of the Philippines. Culture Main articles : Festivals of the Philippines and Culture of the Philippines A participant of the Ati - Atihan Festival. Tanghalang Pambansa ( National Theater ) of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. Philippine culture is a combination of Eastern and Western cultures. The Philippines exhibits aspects found in other Asian countries with a Malay heritage, yet its culture also displays a significant number of Spanish and American influences. Traditional festivities known as barrio fiestas ( district festivals ) to commemorate the feast days of patron saints are common, these community celebrations are times for feasting, music, and dancing. The Ati - Atihan, Moriones and Sinulog festivals are a couple of the most well - known. Some traditions, however, are changing or gradually being forgotten due to modernization. The Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company has been lauded for preserving many of the various traditional folk dances found throughout the Philippines. They are famed for their iconic performances of Philippine dances such as the tinikling and singkil that both feature clashing bamboo poles. One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish names and surnames among Filipinos ; a Spanish name and surname, however, does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial edict by Governor - General Narciso Clavería y Zaldua, which ordered the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of Hispanic nomenclature on the population. The names of many streets, towns, and provinces are also in Spanish. The common use of the English language is an example of the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the ready acceptance and influence of American pop cultural trends. This affinity is seen in Filipinos ' love of fast food and American film and music. Fast food outlets are found on many street corners. American global fast food chain stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast food chains like Goldilocks and most notably Jollibee, the leading fast food chain in the country, have emerged and compete successfully against their foreign rivals. Architecture Main article : Architecture of the Philippines Colonial houses in Vigan. Spanish architecture has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around a central square or plaza mayor, but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during World War II. Some examples remain, mainly among the country 's churches, government buildings, and universities. Four Philippine baroque churches are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the San Agustín Church in Manila, Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción ( Santa María ) Church in Ilocos Sur, and Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo. Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic - style houses and buildings preserved there. The American occupation in 1898 introduced a new breed of architectural structures in the Philippines. This led to the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters. During the American period, some semblance of city planning using the architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was done on the portions of the city of Manila. Part of the Burnham 's plan was the construction of government buildings that resembled Greek or Neoclassical architecture. In Iloilo, a lot of the colonial edifices constructed during the American occupation in the country can still be seen. Commercial buildings, houses and churches in that era are abundant in the city and especially in Calle Real. However, certain areas of the country like Batanes have slight differences as both Spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently due to the climate. Limestones and coral were used as building materials. Idjangs or Ivatan castles were the primary shelter of the people prior to the Spanish conquest of the whole Philippines. Music Main articles : Music of the Philippines and Original Pilipino Music Percussion instruments that make up the Philippine kulintang ensemble, an example of pre-Hispanic musical tradition Philippine music has evolved rapidly due to the different influences stemming from colonialism under other countries. Before the Spanish conquest of the islands, most music was reminiscent of, or heavily influenced by, nature. Some examples of this tribal music is Koyu No Tebulul of the T'boli and Ambo Hato of the Ifugao. This genre is often accompanied by gong music and one well known instrument is the Kulintang. During the Spanish era Rondalya music, where traditional string orchestra mandolin type instruments were used, was widespread. In the Philippines, Rondalya refers to any group of stringed instruments that are played using a plectrum or pick. Filipino instruments are made from indigenous Philippine wood ; plectrums, or picks, are made from tortoise - shell. Other stringed instruments composing the standard Filipino rondalla are the 14 - string bandurria found only in the Philippines, the laúd, the octavina, the Twelve - string guitar, the Ukulele, the bajo de uñas or double bass, the Guitarrón mexicano, and other Filipino - made instruments modeled and developed after the guitar. Harana and Kundiman are prevalent during this time wherein these songs are often used in courtship rituals. Marcelo Adonay ( organist ), Simplicio Solis ( organist ), Diego C. Perez ( pianist ), Jose Conseco ( pianist ) and Doña Dolores Paterno ( composer ) were some of the recognized musicians in this era. Nowadays, American pop culture has a heavy hold on the Filipinos that evolved from the Spanish times when the American occupation happened. Along with Korean pop, these two are dominating the recent music scene in media. However, the revival of Spanish - influence folk music has been possible thanks to the different choir groups coming in and going out of the country, such as the Philippine Madrigal Singers. Dance Main article : Philippine dance Singkil, a Pre-Hispanic dance depicting the Maranao nobility. Cariñosa, a Hispanic era dance for traditional Filipino courtship. Just like the evolution of Philippine music, dance as well has been in constant change. Prior to colonial rule, the Philippines has a wide array of ethnic dances from different tribal groups. This is due mainly to the fact that Philippines is an archipelago thus the different varieties of dance developed. Both Luzon and Visayas, at first, were more akin to tribal movements until the Spanish came. Mindanao represents more of an array of Muslim inspired dances and Spanish influence was limited to the region of Zamboanga. Universal dances in the Philippines are found at societal functions such as rituals, mimicry, life cycle and parties. During the Spanish era, most dances are accompanied by Rondalya music usually with 14 - string bandurrias that the Filipinos invented or by other type of stringed instruments that locally evolved in to the culture as well. One famous dance that is well known is called the Tinikling, where a band of Rondalya musicians play along with the percussive beat of the two bamboo poles. It usually starts with men and women acting a scene about `` How rural townsfolk mingle ''. The dancers then graze thru the clashing of the bamboo poles held on opposite sides. The end displays the paired bamboo poles crossing each other. The Muslim version of this where bamboo poles are also used is called the Singkil. Cariñosa is a Hispanic Filipino dance, unofficially considered as the `` National Dance of the Philippines ''. It 's a courtship dance which involves a woman holding a fan or a handkerchief, where it plays an instrumental role as it places the couple in romance scenario. Nowadays, in the Modern and Post-Modern time periods, dances may vary from the delicate ballet up to the more street - oriented styles of breakdancing to name a few. Visual art Main article : Art of the Philippines The Spoliarium ( 1884 ) by Juan Luna. Pottery and weaving are among the very first art forms showcasing Filipino artistic design and are evident from cave dwellings all over the country. Among these are mostly anthropomorphic earthenware jars dating from c. 5 BC to 225 AD. Weaving was mostly done by women, using fibers from abaca, pineapple, cotton, and bark to make clothes, rugs and hats. Baskets were mostly utilized to carry grain and other foods. Early Philippine sculpture is characterized by frontal nudity. One of the earliest forms are the bulols by the Ifugao people which serve as an assurance for bountiful harvests. The original function of these sculptures are related to the ceremonies and beliefs of the tribes who created them. Arab and Russian missionaries also brought beveled type of carvings in the form of Okkil. The beginnings of this sculpture type started with the Islamization of Sulu. The Spanish colonization of the country did not hinder Filipinos creating sculptures for objects of adoration. During this time, sculptures of deities and saints were used to teach Filipinos Christian doctrines. During the American colonialism, worshippers of faith were not discouraged to sculpt in order to adorn churches. Filipinos ' first exposure to painting happened when Spain conquered the Philippines and these were used as religious propaganda often displayed in churches. However, as education progressed and wealth increased, more and more artists started to shift from the traditional religious motifs to a more secular pattern of imagery. Paintings of early modernist painters such as Damián Domingo often still had a religious association but the art of Juan Luna and Félix Hidalgo showed a trend towards political statement. The first Philippine national artist Fernando Amorsolo used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated aspects of Philippine culture, while other artists such as Fernando Zóbel used both realistic and abstract techniques. In the modern period, the integration of architecture in the Art Deco style happened. Many of these examples can be seen in statues all over the country especially in public parks and spaces. Values Further information : Filipino values As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion ( particularly Christianity ), and commercial relationships. Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group. The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of `` Hiya '', roughly translated as ' a sense of shame ', and `` Amor propio '' or ' self - esteem '. Social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos. Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating and thievery. Cuisine Main article : Filipino cuisine Clockwise from top left : Lumpia, Adobo, Halo - halo and Sisig. Filipino cuisine has evolved over several centuries from its Malayo - Polynesian origins to become a mixed cuisine with many Hispanic, Chinese, American, and other Asian influences that have been adapted to local ingredients and the Filipino palate to create distinctively Filipino dishes. Dishes range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the elaborate, such as the paellas and cocidos created for fiestas. Popular dishes include lechón, adobo, sinigang, kare - kare, tapa, crispy pata, pancit, lumpia, and halo - halo. Some common local ingredients used in cooking are calamansi, coconuts, saba ( a kind of short wide plantain ), mangoes, ube, milkfish, and fish sauce. Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors, but the cuisine is not as spicy as those of its neighbors. Unlike many Asians, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks ; they use Western cutlery. However, possibly due to rice being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews and main dishes with broth in Filipino cuisine, the main pairing of utensils seen at the Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork. The traditional way of eating with the hands known as kamayan ( using the washed right hand for bringing food to the mouth ) was previously more often seen in the less urbanized areas. However, due to the various Filipino restaurants that introduced Filipino food to people of other nationalities as well as to Filipino urbanites, kamayan fast became popular. This recent trend also sometimes incorporates the `` Boodle Fight '' concept ( as popularized and coined by the Philippine Army ), wherein banana leaves are used as giant plates on top of which rice portions and Filipino viands are placed all together for a filial, friendly and / or communal kamayan feasting. Literature Main articles : Philippine literature, Philippine mythology, and Deities of Philippine mythology José Rizal is a pioneer of Philippine Revolution through his literary works. Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through the traditional oral folk literature of the Filipino people. While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanish influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology mostly consists of creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures, such as the aswang, the manananggal, the diwata / engkanto, and nature. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are Maria Makiling, Lam - Ang, and the Sarimanok. Philippine literature comprises works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most known were created from the 17th to 19th century. Adarna, for example, is a famous epic about an eponymous magical bird allegedly written by José de la Cruz or `` Huseng Sisiw ''. Francisco Balagtas, the poet and playwright who wrote Florante at Laura, is recognized as a preeminent writer in the Filipino language. José Rizal wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere ( Touch Me Not ) and El Filibusterismo ( The Filibustering, also known as The Reign of Greed ). He is considered a national hero. His depiction of the injustices of Spanish rule, and his death by firing squad, inspired other Filipino revolutionaries to seek independence. Several Filipino writers were awarded National Artist of the Philippines such as N.V.M. Gonzalez, Amado V. Hernandez, Francisco Arcellana, Nick Joaquín, F. Sionil José and many more. Media Main articles : Television in the Philippines, Radio in the Philippines, and Philippine drama Philippine media uses mainly Filipino and English. Other Philippine languages, including various Visayan languages are also used, especially in radio due to its ability to reach remote rural locations that might otherwise not be serviced by other kinds of media. The dominant television networks ABS - CBN, GMA and TV5 also have extensive radio presence. The entertainment industry is vibrant and feeds broadsheets and tabloids with an unending supply of details about celebrities and sensationalist daily scandals. Drama and fantasy shows are anticipated as are Latin telenovelas, Asianovelas, and anime. Daytime television is dominated by game shows, variety shows, and talk shows such as Eat Bulaga and It 's Showtime. Philippine cinema has a long history and is popular domestically, but has faced increasing competition from American, Asian and European films. Critically acclaimed directors and actors include Lino Brocka and Nora Aunor for films like Maynila : Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag ( Manila : In the Claws of Light ) and Himala ( Miracle ). In recent years it has become common to see celebrities flitting between television and movies and then moving into politics provoking concerns. Cinema Main article : Cinema of the Philippines Brillante Mendoza is a prominent Filipino film director. Salón de Pertierra was the first introduced moving picture on January 1, 1897 in the Philippines. All films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final years of the Spanish era of the country. Antonio Ramos was the first known movie producer. He used the Lumiere Cinematograph when he filmed Panorama de Manila ( Manila landscape ), Fiesta de Quiapo ( Quiapo Fiesta ), Puente de España ( Bridge of Spain ), and Escenas Callejeras ( Street scenes ). Meanwhile, Jose Nepomuceno was dubbed as the `` Father of Philippine Cinema ''. Dubbed as the `` Father of Philippine Cinema '', his work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines. His first film produced was entitled Dalagang Bukid ( Country Maiden ) in 1919. Film showing resumed in 1900 during the American period. Walgrah, a British entrepreneur, opened the Cine Walgrah at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros. It was also during this time that a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies. These silent films were always accompanied by gramophone, a piano, a quartet, or a 200 - man choir. During the Japanese occupation, filmmaking was put on hold. Nonetheless, it was continued on 1930s up until 1945 replacing the Hollywood market with Japanese films but met with little success. Postwar 1940s and the 1950s were known as the first golden age of Philippine cinema with the resurgence of mostly Visayan films through Lapu - Lapu Pictures. During the 1960s, James Bond movies, bomba ( soft porn ) pictures and an era of musical films, produced mostly by Sampaguita Pictures, dominated the cinema. The second golden age occurred from 1970s to early 1980s. It was during this era that filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. A rise in Hollywood films dominated theater sales during the late 1980s until the 2000s. The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the mainstream Philippine movie industry. In the year 2009, however, presence of box - office films in the Philippine Box Office has surged. The mid 2010s also saw broader commercial success of films produced by independent studios. Sports Main article : Sports in the Philippines A PBA game at the Smart Araneta Coliseum. Various sports and pastimes are popular in the Philippines including basketball, boxing, volleyball, football ( soccer ), American football, both codes of Rugby football, badminton, karate, taekwondo, billiards, ten - pin bowling, chess, and sipa. Motocross, cycling, and mountaineering are also becoming popular. Basketball is played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most popular sport in the Philippines. In 2010, Manny Pacquiao was named `` Fighter of the Decade '' for the 2000s ( decade ) by the Boxing Writers Association of America ( BWAA ), World Boxing Council ( WBC ), and World Boxing Organization ( WBO ). The national martial art and sport of the country is Arnis, Eskrima or Kali in some regions The Philippines has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1924 and was the first country in Southeast Asia to compete and win a medal. The country had competed in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except when they participated in the American - led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The Philippines is also the first tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games debuting in the 1972 edition. Games Sungka, a traditional Filipino game. Traditional Philippine games such as luksung baka, patintero, piko, and tumbang preso are still played primarily as children 's games among the youth. Sungka is a traditional native Philippine board game. Card games are popular during festivities, with some, including pusoy and tong - its, being used as a form of illegal gambling. Mahjong is played in some Philippine communities. Sabong or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men, and existed prior to the arrival of the Spanish. Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan 's chronicler, first documented this pastime in the kingdom of Taytay. The yo - yo, a popular toy in the Philippines, was introduced in its modern form by Pedro Flores with its name coming from the Ilocano language. See also List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines Outline of the Philippines Culture of the Philippines Philippines portal Asia portal Notes Jump up ^ In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines : Aklan : Republika it Pilipinas Bikol : Republika kan Filipinas Cebuano : Republika sa Pilipinas Chavacano : República de Filipinas Hiligaynon : Republika sang Filipinas Ibanag : Republika nat Filipinas Ilokano : Republika ti Filipinas Ivatan : Republika nu Filipinas Kapampangan : Republika ning Filipinas Kinaray - a : Republika kang Pilipinas Maranao : Republika san Pilipinas Pangasinan : Republika na Filipinas Sambal : Republika nin Pilipinas Surigaonon : Republika nan Pilipinas Tausug : Republika sin Pilipinas Waray : Republika han Pilipinas In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines : Spanish : República de Filipinas Arabic : جمهورية الفلبين ‎, translit. Jumhuriat al - Falabin Jump up ^ On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. 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University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 0368 - 1. Jump up ^ The Tenggarong Kutai in the Joshua Project Jump up ^ Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. ( 2016 ). The Nameless Hero : Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom. Angeles : Holy Angel University Press. ISBN 9789710546527. Jump up ^ Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. SOURCE : Ibidem, page 195. Jump up ^ The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD. SOURCE : Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente ( 1628 ), Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay : Sixteenth - Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194. Jump up ^ Pigafetta, Antonio ( 1969 ) ( 1524 ). `` First voyage round the world ''. Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila : Filipiniana Book Guild. Jump up ^ Pires, Tomé ( 1944 ). A suma oriental de Tomé Pires eo livro de Francisco Rodriguez : Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão ( 1512 -- 1515 ) ( in Portuguese ). Translated by Armando Cortesao. Cambridge : Hakluyt Society. Jump up ^ Lach, Donald Frederick ( 1994 ). `` Chapter 8 : The Philippine Islands ''. Asia in the Making of Europe. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 46732 - 0. 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Jump up ^ Charles A. Truxillo ( 2012 ), Jain Publishing Company, `` Crusaders in the Far East : The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero - Islamic World War ''. Jump up ^ Peacock Gallop ( 2015 ) `` From Anatolia to Aceh : Ottomans, Turks and Southeast Asia ''. Jump up ^ Borao, José Eugenio ( 2010 ). The Spanish experience in Taiwan, 1626 -- 1642 : the Baroque ending of a Renaissance endeavor. Hong Kong University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 083 - 5. JSTOR j. ctt1xcrpk. Jump up ^ `` Catholic Missions in the Carolines and Marshall Islands ''. Jump up ^ `` Astilleros : the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon '' ( PDF ). Mary Jane Louise A. Bolunia. Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved October 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Williams, Glyn ( 1999 ). The Prize of All the Oceans. New York : Viking. p. 4. ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 89197 - 9. Jump up ^ Schurz, William Lytle. The Manila Galleon, 1939. P 193. 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I can not see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered. '' ) Jump up ^ Fish, Shirley. The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific, with an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815. Central Milton Keynes, England : Authorhouse 2011. Jump up ^ Tatiana Seijas ( 23 June 2014 ). Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico : From Chinos to Indians. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 95285 - 9. Rose, Christopher ( 13 January 2016 ). `` Episode 76 : The Trans - Pacific Slave Trade ''. 15 Minute History. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 13 January 2016. Jump up ^ Eloisa Gomez Borah ( 1997 ). `` Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989 '' ( PDF ). Anderson School of Management. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 25 February 2012. Jump up ^ Russell, S.D. ( 1999 ) `` Christianity in the Philippines ''. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The City of God : Churches, Convents and Monasteries ''. Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on July 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Fortress of Empire, Rene Javellana, S.J. 1997 ''. Jump up ^ Dolan, Ronald E. ( Ed. ). ( 1991 ). `` Education ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Country Studies US Website. Jump up ^ Lahmeyer, Jan ( 1996 ). `` The Philippines : historical demographic data of the whole country ''. Retrieved July 19, 2003. Jump up ^ `` Censos de Cúba, Puerto Rico, Filipinas y España. Estudio de su relación ''. Voz de Galicia. 1898. Retrieved December 12, 2010. Jump up ^ Halili, Maria Christine N. ( 2004 ). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore. pp. 119 -- 120. ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 3934 - 9. Jump up ^ de Borja, Marciano R. ( 2005 ). Basques in the Philippines. University of Nevada Press. pp. 81 -- 83. 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Australian Warren Rodwell emerged early yesterday withered after being held for 15 months by Abu Sayyaf bandits in southern Mindanao... '' Jump up ^ Sun Star, April 25, 2014, Abducted tourist, hotel staff now in Sulu, Retrieved September 3, 2014, ``... Abu Sayyaf bandits have brought a Chinese tourist and a Filipino hotel receptionist to their jungle stronghold in southern Philippines after kidnapping the women from a dive resort in eastern Malaysia... '' Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Philippines conflict ''. ( August 10, 2007 ). BBC News. Retrieved December 16, 2009. Jump up ^ World Bank. Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction Unit. ( February 2005 ). The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines : Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend by Salvatore Schiavo - Campo and Mary Judd. Washington, D.C. : World Bank. ( Social Development Paper No. 24 ). Retrieved December 16, 2009. Jump up ^ `` SIPRI Military Expenditure Database ''. 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( January 2009 ). `` Member Report to the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session '' ( PDF ). Retrieved December 17, 2009. Jump up ^ Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts. ( 2010 ). Retrieved April 24, 2010 from the National Institute of Informatics, Kitamoto Laboratory, Digital Typhoon Website. ^ Jump up to : Glossary of Meteorology. Baguio. ( archived from the original Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. on 2014 - 08 - 30 ). Jump up ^ Raissa Robles ( 19 June 2018 ). `` Changing attitude ''. D + C, development and cooperation. Retrieved 13 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Compare currencies in South East Asia ''. aroundtheworldinaday.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Employment in agriculture ( % of total employment ) ''. Retrieved March 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. `` Third Quarter 2009 Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product by Industrial Origin ''. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Philippine Statistics Authority ( October 2009 ). `` Quickstat '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 11, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Philippines jobless rate eases to 6 % in October ''. MarketWatch. December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Philippine Unemployment Rate Falls In October ''. RTTNews. December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Magtulis, Prinz P. ( August 28, 2014 ). `` Philippine GDP Growth Beats Estimate in Boost to Aquino Goal ''. Bloomberg News. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Denis Somoso. ( September 30, 2013 ). `` $83.201 Billion -- Philippines GIR now Rank 26th World 's highest International Reserves '' Archived October 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine... Philippines, ASIA and the Global Economy Site. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Debt - to - gov 't ratio hits 38.1 % in end - March ''. Rappler. September 23, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Dela Peña, Zinnia B. ( September 24, 2014 ). `` Debt - to - GDP ratio continues to improve ''. The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Mendoza, Ronlad U. ( June 25, 2012 ). `` Debt free ? ''. Rappler. Retrieved December 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` From butt of jokes in 1986, Philippines has risen to creditor nation, says ex-finance chief ''. Newsinfo.inquirer.net. February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Jump up ^ The Filipina sisterhood. ( December 20, 2001 ). The Economist. Retrieved November 9, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Ure, John ( 2008 ). Telecommunications Development in Asia. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 301 -- 302. ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 903 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Philippines ''. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved April 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Felix, Rocel. ( January 25, 2008 ). 2007 GDP seen growing at fastest rate in 30 years. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 29, 2010. ( archived from the original on February 22, 2015 ) Jump up ^ United Nations Development Programme ( 2009 ). `` Table G : Human development and index trends, Table I : Human and income poverty ''. ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 23904 - 3. Jump up ^ Reddel, Paul ( May 27, 2009 ). Infrastructure & Public - Private Partnerships in East Asia and the Philippines ( PowerPoint slides ). Presentation in Manila to the American Foreign Chambers of Commerce of the Philippines. Retrieved February 13, 2010 from the Public - Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility ( PPIAF ) Website. Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects ''. Imf.org. September 14, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2011. Jump up ^ Sakib Sherani. `` Pakistan 's remittances ''. dawn.com. Retrieved December 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` OFW remittances to increase by 8.5 % in 2014 -- Standard Chartered ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 13, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Why PH improves in competitiveness ranking ''. Rappler. Aug 22, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Poverty and regional development imbalance ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 5, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Llorito, David ( May 10, 2006 ). `` Help wanted for Philippines outsourcing ''. Asia Times. Retrieved December 11, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Brics : A Look at the ' Next 11 ' '' ( PDF ). April 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Armstrong, Aristidi ( April 21, 2013 ). `` Move over BRICS, the `` Next Eleven '' has emerged ``. Economics Student Society of Australia. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Olchondra, Riza T. ( October 2, 2006 ). As India gets too costly, BPOs turn to Philippines. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 16, 2009. ( archived from the original on February 12, 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` GOLDMAN : Here 's What Global GDP Will Look Like In 2050 ''. Business Insider. November 19, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Platt, Eric ( January 13, 2012 ). `` These Economies Will Dominate The World In 2050 ''. Business Insider. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Fajardo, Fernando ( February 29, 2012 ). `` The Philippines in 2050 ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Kevin Voigt ( January 12, 2012 ). World 's top economies in 2050 will be... CNN. ( archived from the original on August 14, 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Arangkada Philippines 2010 : A Business Perspective -- Infrastructure '' ( PDF ). Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Larano, Cris ( June 3, 2014 ). `` Philippines Bets on Better Infrastructure ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The CIA World Factbook -- Philippines ''. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. Land Transportation Office. Number of Motor Vehicles Registered. ( January 29, 2008 ). Retrieved January 22, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No, 9447 ''. Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Manual of Standards for AERODROMES ''. Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Airport Directory ''. Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. July 2014. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` About PAL ''. Philippineairlines.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2013. Jump up ^ State of Hawaii. Department of Transportation. Airports Division. ( c. 2005 ). `` Philippine Air Lines ''. Hawaii Aviation. Retrieved January 9, 2010. Jump up ^ Oxford Business Group ( 2009 ). The Report : Philippines 2009. p. 97. ISBN 978 - 1 - 902339 - 12 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Philippines Transportation ''. Retrieved August 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Linking the Philippine Islands, Through the highway of the Sea '' ( PDF ) : 51. Retrieved August 23, 2014. Jump up ^ The North Luzon Expressway Project ( NLEX ) is for the rehabilitation, expansion, operation and maintenance of the existing 83.7 km ( 52 mi ) NLEX that connects Metro Manila to the northern provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. Jump up ^ Super User. `` South Luzon Expressway ( SLEX ) ''. Toll Regulatory Board. Retrieved December 17, 2015. Jump up ^ SCTEx delay worsens as Japan firm seeks new extension -- INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Jump up ^ BCDA, Japanese contractor asked to explain SCTEx delay -- INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Jump up ^ Arroyo adviser says SCTEx extension OKd -- INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Jump up ^ Arroyo order : Open SCTEx, interchanges on time -- INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Archived February 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Camus, Miguel R. ( November 28, 2017 ). `` PH railway footprint to quadruple by 2022 ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The LRT Line 1 System -- The Green Line ''. Light Rail Transit Authority. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2016. Jump up ^ United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. ( 1993 ). Provision of Travelway Space for Urban Public Transport in Developing Countries. UN -- HABITAT. pp. 15, 26 -- 70, 160 -- 179. ISBN 92 - 1 - 131220 - 5. Jump up ^ `` About Us ; MRT3 Stations ''. Metro Rail Transit. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Valmero, Anna. `` DoST to develop electric - powered monorail for mass transport ''. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Regidor, Anna Kristine. `` UPD monorail project begins ''. July 27, 2011. University of the Philippines Diliman. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Usman, Edd K. ( February 27, 2014 ). `` Bigger Automated Guideway Train ready for testing ''. Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Jump up ^ PH firm takes on challenge to improve sea travel. Published by Philippine Daily Inquirer ( Written By : Ira P. Pedrasa ) Jump up ^ The Philippine Transportation System. ( August 30, 2008 ). Asian Info. Retrieved January 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Strong Republic Nautical Highway. ( n.d. ). Official Website of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Retrieved January 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Gov 't revives Pasig River ferry service. ( February 14, 2007 ). GMA News. Retrieved December 18, 2009. Jump up ^ `` MMDA to reopen Pasig River ferry system on April 28 ; offers free ride ''. Philippine Information Agency. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` About DOST ; The DOST in Brief ''. Department of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Roces, Alejandro R. ( November 29, 2007 ). `` Maria Ylagan Orosa ''. The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Engel, KeriLynn. `` Fe del Mundo, first female student at Harvard Medical School ''. Amazing Wome History. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Sabater, Madel R. ( June 5, 2007 ). `` National Scientist Dr. Paulo Campos passes away at 85 ''. Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2007. Jump up ^ Sabater, Madel ( August 12, 2014 ). `` Dr Ramon Barba : Science ' against all odds ' ''. Rappler. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` IRRI website : About IRRI ''. Jump up ^ `` International Rice Research Institute on Google maps ''. Jump up ^ `` An adventure in applied science : A history of the International Rice Research Institute ''. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite ; sets new orbit ''. Manila Standard. July 25, 1996. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Ronda, Rainier ( March 24, 2016 ). `` US aircraft with Philippines 's first microsatellite launched into space ''. Philstar. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Asia 's Fab 50 Companies : PLDT - Philippine Long Distance Telephone ''. Forbes. September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 13 - 14. Jump up ^ Francisco, Rosemarie. ( March 4, 2008 ). Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Reuters. Retrieved December 18, 2009. Jump up ^ Teves, Oliver. ( October 29, 2007 ). Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines. USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved December 11, 2009. Jump up ^ Special Report : The Global 2000. ( April 2, 2008 ). Forbes. p. 10. Retrieved December 14, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Laws, Rules & Regulations ''. National Telecommunications Commission. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Telecommunications Commission. ( c. 2010 ). `` Broadcast ( AM, FM, TV, CATV ) -- Number of Broadcast and CATV Stations by Region ''. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010. Jump up ^ Guerrero, Alora Uy ( March 20, 2014 ). `` # 20PHnet : A timeline of Philippine Internet ''. Yahoo. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Telecommunications Commission. ( c. 2010 ). `` Internet Service Providers -- Internet Service ''. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2010. Jump up ^ Internet World Stats. ( 2009 ). Philippines : Internet Usage Stats and Marketing Report Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine... Miniwatts Marketing Group. Retrieved January 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Liao, Jerry ( May 9, 2008 ). `` The Philippines -- Social Networking Capital of the World ''. Cnet Asia. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Philippines -- Travel & Tourism Total Contribution to GDP -- Travel & Tourism Total Contribution to GDP -- % share ''. Retrieved September 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Travel and tourism to contribute P490B or 3.8 % to 2014 PHL output, says council ''. GMA News and Current Affairs. March 19, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts for January to June 2014 ''. Retrieved September 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Boracay 2012 World 's Best Island ''. July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Jump up ^ Best Place to Retire, Wall Street Journal ^ Jump up to : Asian Development Bank ; Asia - Pacific Water Forum ( 2007 ). `` Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007 ''. Retrieved April 14, 2008., p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation ( JMP ) ( 2015 ). 25 years Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water -- 2015 Update and MDG Assessment. UNICEF and World Health Organization Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation ( JMP ), New York, Geneva, p. 68 ( ISBN 978 92 4 150914 5 ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision ''. ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017. Jump up ^ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971 -- 2008 ( pdf page 86 ) ; page 86 of the pdf, IEA ( OECD / World Bank ) ( original population ref OECD / World Bank e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57 ) ( archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 12 ) Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007 Archived July 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved December 11, 2009. Jump up ^ Philippine Statistics Authority ( 2008 ). `` Official population count reveals ''. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill ''. GMA News. September 29, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2010. Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency. `` Field Listing : : Life expectancy at birth ''. Washington, D.C. : Author. Retrieved April 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistics Office. Poverty Incidence Jump up ^ Asis, Maruja M.B. ( January 2006 ). `` The Philippines ' Culture of Migration ''. Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved December 14, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Selected Population Profile in the United States : Filipino alone or in any combination ''. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2009. The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3,053,179 Filipinos ; 2,445,126 native and naturalized citizens, 608,053 of whom were not U.S. citizens. Jump up ^ Global Pinoys to rally at Chinese consulates -- The Philippine Star '' News '' Headlines Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine... The Philippine Star ( April 27, 2012 ). Retrieved on July 4, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Philippine population officially hits 100 million ''. Jump up ^ N / A, N / A. `` 107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END - 2018 ''. POPCOM. 107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END - 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018. ^ Jump up to : Philippine Statistics Authority ( April 2008 ). `` Total Population and Annual Population Growth Rates by Region : Population Censuses 1995, 2000, and 2007 ''. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Demographia. ( July 2010 ). Demographia World Urban Areas ( World Agglomerations ) Population & Projections ( Edition 6.1 ). Retrieved March 29, 2011. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. ( July 2009 ). 2008 Gross Regional Domestic Product -- Levels of GRDP Archived November 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved April 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Hawksworth, John ; Thomas Hoehn & Anmol Tiwari. `` Global City GDP Rankings 2008 -- 2025 ''. UK Economic Outlook November 2009. PricewaterhouseCoopers. p. 20. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Philippine Statistics Authority ( 2009 ). The Philippines in Figures 2009 ( PDF ). ISSN 1655 - 2539. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 11, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Philippines ''. ( 2009 ). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 18, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ^ Jump up to : Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig ( eds. ). ( 2015 ). ( 1 ). Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( 18th ed. ). Dallas, Tex. : SIL International. Retrieved April 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Capelli ; Christian ; James F. Wilson ; Martin Richards ; Michael P.H. Stumpf ; Fiona Gratrix ; Stephen Oppenheimer ; Peter Underhill ; Ko, Tsang - Ming ( 2001 ). `` A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian - Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania '' ( PDF ). American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 ( 2 ) : 432 -- 443. doi : 10.1086 / 318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2009. Jump up ^ Dolan, Ronald E. ( Ed. ). ( 1991 ). `` Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Language ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved April 8, 2010 from Country Studies US Website. Jump up ^ `` Sangley, Intsik und Sino : die chinesische Haendlerminoritaet in den Philippine ''. Jump up ^ `` The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia '' ( PDF ). Retrieved April 23, 2012. Jump up ^ The final component ( dark blue in Fig. 3b ) has a high frequency in South China ( Fig. 2b ) and is also seen in Taiwan at ~ 25 -- 30 %, in the Philippines at ~ 20 -- 30 % ( except in one location which is almost zero ) and across Indonesia / Malaysia at 1 -- 10 %, declining overall from Taiwan within Austronesian - speaking populations. ( `` Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian - speaking populations '', Published by `` Springer : Human Genetics '' January 18 2016. ) Jump up ^ `` Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too ''. Xinhua News ( August 23, 2009 ). ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 26 ) Jump up ^ Filipino Food and Culture. Food-links.com. Retrieved on July 4, 2012. Indian Dating and Matchmaking in Philippines -- Indian Matrimonials Archived October 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine... Futurescopes.com ( January 3, 2011 ). Retrieved on July 4, 2012. Filipino Foods. Philippinecountry.com. Retrieved on July 4, 2012. Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town Inquirer News. Newsinfo.inquirer.net ( May 30, 2011 ). Retrieved on July 4, 2012. Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino. Asiapacificuniverse.com. Retrieved on July 4, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines ''. PHILIPPINE-HISTORY.ORG. 2005. Jump up ^ `` SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE '' ( Zamboanga City History ) `` He ( Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera ) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Peru, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom. '' Jump up ^ `` In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians. '' ~ Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425. `` In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each. '' La Pérouse, ii, p. 368. Jump up ^ Jagor, Fëdor, et al. ( 1870 ). The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes Jump up ^ * Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco ( 2015 ). `` Self - identified East Asian nationalities correlated with genetic clustering, consistent with extensive endogamy. Individuals of mixed East Asian - European genetic ancestry were easily identified ; we also observed a modest amount of European genetic ancestry in individuals self - identified as Filipinos ''. Genetics Online : 1. Jump up ^ With a sample population of 105 Filipinos, the company of Applied Biosystems, analysed the Y - DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 13.33 % of the samples have the Y - DNA Haplotype `` R1b '', which is most common in Western Europe and had spread to the Philippines via Spanish colonists. Jump up ^ `` Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation ''. Jump up ^ Bagel Boy 's Club Website : There are a total of 800,000 Americans born in the Philippines during its American colonial period. Jump up ^ Cooper, Matthew ( November 15, 2013 ). `` Why the Philippines Is America 's Forgotten Colony ''. National Journal. Retrieved January 28, 2015. c. At the same time, person - to - person contacts are widespread : Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino - Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief. Jump up ^ `` 200,000 - 250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA - RP Joint Research Paper Finding '' ( PDF ). Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. ( Press release ). November 5, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2016. Kutschera, P.C. ; Caputi, Marie A. ( October 2012 ). `` The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora '' ( PDF ). 9TH International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI. Retrieved July 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines ''. ( 2009 ). Tagalog at NIU. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. ( archived from the original Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. on October 1, 2007 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Trajano Molnar ( 2017 ), University of Missouri Press, `` American Mestizos, The Philippines, and the Malleability of Race : 1898 -- 1961 '' Jump up ^ Spanish creole : Quilis, Antonio ( 1996 ), La lengua española en Filipinas ( PDF ), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55 Jump up ^ `` Spanish language in Philippines ''. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Rodríguez - Ponga, Rafael. `` New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines ''. Retrieved March 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Miller, Christopher ( 2010 ). `` A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines ''. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 36 ( 1 ) : 276. doi : 10.3765 / bls. v36i1. 3917. ISSN 2377 - 1666. Jump up ^ `` Philippines ''. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Muslim education program gets P252 - M funding. Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 13, 2011. Jump up ^ DepEd to continue teaching French in select public schools in 2013. Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Philippines : Students to take foreign language. Gulf News. March 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Kalaw, Maximo M. ( 1927 ). `` The development of Philippine politics ''. Oriental commercial : 431. ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1.10 ; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex ; 2010 '' ( PDF ). 2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook : 1 -- 30. October 2015. ISSN 0118 - 1564. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Filipino Catholic population expanding, say Church officials ''. inquirer.net. Jump up ^ Asian Americans : A Mosaic of Faiths, Pew Research. July 19, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Table : Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country ''. Pew Research. December 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` WVS Database ''. Jump up ^ `` Intriguing Patterns in Scolbert08 's Map of Religion in Insular Southeast Asia ''. GeoCurrents. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Philippine Church National Summary ''. philchal.org. Jump up ^ Philippine Statistics Authority ( February 18, 2003 ). `` 2000 Census : Additional Three Persons Per Minute ''. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Christianity in the Philippines ''. niu.edu. Jump up ^ Table : Christian Population in Numbers by Country, Pew Research. December 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Demography ''. Philippines in Figures ( PDF ). Manila : Philippine Statistics Authority. 2014. p. 27. ISSN 1655 - 2539. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 28, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook ''. cia.gov. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 2013 International Religious Freedom Report ''. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report for 2014 ''. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy, Thomas J ( 1975 ). `` HOW MANY MUSLIMS HAS THE PHILIPPINES ? ''. Philippine Studies. 23 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 382. JSTOR 42632278. Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report for 2014 ''. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved February 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` PHILIPPINES 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT '' ( PDF ). United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report for 2013 ''. state.gov. Jump up ^ RP closer to becoming observer - state in Organization of Islamic Conference Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine... ( May 29, 2009 ). The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10, `` Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population,... ''. Jump up ^ `` National Commission on Muslim Filipinos ''. ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of State. ( 2010 ). Philippines : International Religious Freedom Report 2010. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20, `` Islam is the largest minority religion, and Muslims constitute between 5 and 9 percent of the total population. '' Jump up ^ R Michael Feener ; Terenjit Sevea ( 2009 ). Islamic Connections : Muslim Societies in South and Southeast Asia. p. 144. ISBN 9789812309235. Jump up ^ `` End of Year Survey 2014 : Regional & Country Results ''. WIN - Gallup International. Jump up ^ Dentsu Communication Institute 電通 総研 ・ 日本 リサーチ センター 編 「 世界 60 カ国 価値 観 データ ブック ( in Japanese ) Jump up ^ `` Agnosticism and Atheism in the Philippines ''. The Free Thinker. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project : Philippines. Pew Research Center. 2010. Jump up ^ The Largest Baha'i Communities. ( September 30, 2005 ). Retrieved April 26, 2010 from www.adherents.com. Jump up ^ `` St. Luke 's rated among world 's most beautiful hospitals ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 10, 2012. Jump up ^ `` PHL spends less on health care amid economic boom -- PIDS ''. GMA News and Public Affairs. September 4, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization ( 2009 ). World Health Statistics 2009 ( PDF ). Geneva. ISBN 978 - 92 - 4 - 156381 - 9. Retrieved December 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Philippine News Agency. ( December 14, 2009 ). `` Senate approves proposed 2010 national budget ''. ( archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 06 ). Jump up ^ `` DOH budget increase for 2014 ' biggest ever ' due to sin tax law ''. Action for Economic Reforms. January 15, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ World Health Organization. ( April 2006 ). Philippines. Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance. Retrieved December 23, 2009. Jump up ^ United States Agency for International Development. ( May 2008 ). USAID Country Health Statistical Report -- Philippines. Retrieved April 8, 2010. Jump up ^ Santos, Tina G. ( April 1, 2013 ). `` HIV cases rose 43 % to 486 in February ; 16 AIDS deaths reported -- DOH ''. Philippines Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Mydans, Seth ( April 20, 2003 ). `` Low Rate Of AIDS Virus In Philippines Is a Puzzle ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Literacy of Men and Women in the Philippines '' ( PDF ). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved September 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the 2008 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey ( FLEMMS ) '' ( PDF ). Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. Retrieved September 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Last leg ' before K to 12 : DepEd gets highest budget ''. Rappler. September 19, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` DepEd gets largest share of proposed 2015 budget ''. Manila Bulletin. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on August 23, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Republic of the Philippines. Commission on Higher Education. ( August 2010 ). `` Information on Higher Education System ''. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ). Official Website of the Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved April 17, 2011. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. ( Approved : August 11, 2001 ). Republic Act No. 9155 -- Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001. Retrieved December 11, 2009 from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Jump up ^ Dexter San Pedro ( May 15, 2013 ). `` Aquino signs K - 12 enhanced basic education law ''. InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 14. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` K to 12 Basic Education Program Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ). Department of Education. November 25, 2011. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Commission on Higher Education The Commission on Higher Education is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions as well as degree - granting programs in all tertiary educational institutions in the Philippines. The CHED was established on May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act. Jump up ^ Jerry E. Esplanada ( July 20, 2009 ). `` Mainstreaming Madrasa ''. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. ( Approved : April 29, 2008 ). Republic Act 9500 -- An Act to Strengthen the University of the Philippines as the National University. Chan Robles Law Library. Jump up ^ Baringer, Sally E. ( c. 2006 ). `` The Philippines ''. In Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg Inc. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from www.everyculture.com. Jump up ^ Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom ( 2006 ). Philippines ( 9th ed. ). Lonely Planet. p. 44. ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 289 - 4. Jump up ^ Dumont, Jean - Paul ( 1992 ). Visayan Vignettes : Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. pp. 160 -- 162. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 16954 - 5. Jump up ^ `` The Jollibee Phenomenon ''. Jollibee Inc. Archived from the original on June 23, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Conde, Carlos H. ( May 31, 2005 ). `` Jollibee stings McDonald 's in Philippines ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2010. Jump up ^ United Nations Educational ; Scientific and Cultural Organization ( 2010 ). `` Baroque Churches of the Philippines ''. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved January 12, 2010. Jump up ^ Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom ( 2006 ). Philippines ( 9th ed. ). Lonely Planet. p. 145. ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 289 - 4. Jump up ^ `` History of Philippine Architecture ''. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 8 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Official Iloilo Province Webpage ''. oocities.org. Jump up ^ Datar, Francisco A. ( April 19, 2015 ). `` The Batanes Islands ''. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History ''. FilipiKnow. Jump up ^ Anupol ; Cayabyab ; Chua ; Luarca ; Shimamoto ; Torio ; Yumol ( June 20, 2015 ). `` PHILIPPINE MUSIC '' ( PDF ). Balikbayan family - union -- AboutPhilippines. Jump up ^ Alyssa Kristin Cruz. `` Reason Behind the Rising Popularity of K - Pop in the Philippines ''. academia.edu. Jump up ^ Baes, Jonas ( July 25, 2014 ). `` Popular Music in the Philippines ''. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Choirs around the world take on Filipino classics ''. Rappler. Jump up ^ Marcus Felix. `` Strings of Unity ''. stringsofunity.com. Retrieved December 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Villacruz, Basilio Esteban S. ( July 24, 2014 ). `` Philippine Dance in the American Period ''. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Trish Sotto. `` Fa 28 weaving history ''. Slideshare.net. Retrieved August 1, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Anthropomorphic Pots : Metal Age : Ayub Cave, Saranggani Province ''. National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved February 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` History Of Philippine Painting ''. Wiziq.com. Retrieved August 1, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Humanities and the Digital Arts ' ''. google.com.ph ( 2006 ed. ). Jump up ^ Social Values and Organization, Philippines, Country Studies US. Online version of print book Ronald E. Dolan, ed. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. ^ Jump up to : Chris Rowthorn ; Greg Bloom ( 2006 ). Philippines. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 289 - 4. Jump up ^ Hallig, Jason V. Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos : Challenges and Needs Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., The Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness, on pages 2 and 10. didache.nts.edu. Jump up ^ Talisayon, Serafin ( 1994 ). `` Filipino Values, Chapter XIII, Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines ''. crvp.org. The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy ( RVP ), The Catholic University of America. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. File dated April 8, 2000. In Dy, Manuel B., Jr., ed. ( March 10, 1994 ). Values in Philippine Culture and Education ( Philippine Philosophical Studies, Series III, Volume 7 ). Cultural heritage and contemporary change. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56518 - 040 - 6. CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Zialcita, Fernando Nakpil ( 2005 ). Authentic Though not Exotic : Essays on Filipino Identity. Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 479 - 9. Jump up ^ Rowthorn, Chris & Greg Bloom ( 2006 ). Philippines ( 9th ed. ). Lonely Planet. p. 48. ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 289 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Filipino Eating Etiquette, Kamayan Style : the proper way to eat with your hands ''. traveldeepandwide.com. Jump up ^ Zibart, Eve. ( 2001 ). The Ethnic Food Lover 's Companion : Understanding the Cuisines of the World. Menasha Ridge Press. p. 277. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89732 - 372 - 7. Jump up ^ Captain A 's Seafood Grill In Philippine usage, the boodle fight is a military academy terminology for `` eating combat '' or `` attack the food. '' Jump up ^ Lopez, Mellie Leandicho ( 2006 ). A Handbook of Philippine Folklore. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 514 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Ibong Adarna in the year 2014 ''. philstar.com. Jump up ^ Zaide, Gregorio and Sonia ( 1999 ). Jose Rizal : Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon City : All Nations publishing Co. Inc. ISBN 978 - 971 - 642 - 070 - 8. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The National Artists of the Philippines. Retrieved December 26, 2009 from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts Website. Jump up ^ Country profile : The Philippines. ( December 8, 2009 ). BBC News. Retrieved December 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Santiago, Erwin ( April 12, 2010 ). `` AGB Mega Manila TV Ratings ( April 7 -- 11 ) : Agua Bendita pulls away ''. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ). Retrieved May 23, 2010 from the Philippine Entertainment Portal Website. Jump up ^ `` Restoring Himala ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 5, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` May Himala ! Restored film proves real global classic ''. Yahoo !. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Restored version of Himala will premiere at the 69th Venice Film Festival ''. pep.ph. August 13, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cannes Classics 2013 line - up unveiled ''. Screen Daily. Retrieved April 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Philippines ' celebrity - obsessed elections ''. ( April 26, 2007 ). The Economist. Retrieved January 15, 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society : What language did his silent film speaks ? ''. Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Armes, Roy. `` Third World Film Making and the West '', p. 152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry. Conde, Carlos H. International Herald Tribune. February 11, 2007. ( archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 01 ) Jump up ^ RP Movie Industry Dying Archived February 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine... Vanzi, Sol Jose. Newsflash. January 15, 2006. Jump up ^ News, ABS - CBN. `` ' Tadhana ' is top grossing local indie film of all time ''. Jump up ^ News, ABS - CBN. `` Angelica calls out fans on ' Tadhana ' piracy ''. Jump up ^ `` Billiard Congress of America : Hall of Fame Inductees ''. ( 2009 ). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from the Billiard Congress of America Website. Jump up ^ Mga Kilalang Pilipino ( Known Filipinos ). ( n.d. ) ( in Filipino ). Tagalog at NIU. Retrieved April 25, 2010 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. Jump up ^ Himmer, Alastair ( June 5, 2010 ). `` Pacquiao named fighter of the decade ''. Reuters. Jump up ^ Republic of the Philippines. ( Approved : December 11, 2009 ). An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from the Senate of the Philippines Website. Jump up ^ `` The Games of the VIII Olympiad : Official Report ( part 1, page 91 ) '' ( PDF ). la84foundation.org ( in French ). French Olympic Committee. July 28, 2012. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Smothers, Ronald ( July 19, 1996 ). `` OLYMPICS ; Bitterness Lingering Over Carter 's Boycott ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 ( PDF ). The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games. 1973. pp. 32, 145, 447. Retrieved January 31, 2008. Jump up ^ Mga Larong Kinagisnan at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 6, 2007 ) ( Games One Grows Up With ). Hagonoy.com. ( archived from the original on November 6, 2007 ) Jump up ^ Mga Larong Pilipino ( Philippine Games ). ( 2009 ). Tagalog at NIU. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. ( archived from the original Archived August 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. on June 28, 2014 ) Jump up ^ Dundes, Alan ( 1994 ). The Cockfight : A Casebook. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 136 -- 137. ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 14054 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Sabong : An Enduring Hallmark of Philippines History ''. Top Destination Choice The Philippines.com. Jump up ^ Yo - yo. ( 2010 ). In Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2010. Bibliography Agoncillo, Teodoro A. ( 1990 ). History of the Filipino People ( 8th ed. ). Garotech Publishing. ISBN 978 - 9718711064. Armes, Roy ( 1987 ). Third World Film Making and the West. University of California Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 90801 - 7. Chandler, David P. ; Steinberg, David Joel ( 1987 ). In Search of Southeast Asia : A Modern History ( revised 2nd ed. ). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1110 - 5. De Borja, Marciano R. ( 2005 ). Basques in the Philippines. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 590 - 5. Dumont, Jean - Paul ( 1992 ). Visayan Vignettes : Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 16954 - 5. Fox, Robert B. ( 1970 ). The Tabon Caves : Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan. National Museum. ASIN B001O7GGNI. Friis, Herman Ralph, ed. ( 1967 ). The Pacific Basin : A History of Its Geographical Exploration. American Geographical Society. Go, Julian ; Foster, Anne L. ( 2003 ). The American Colonial State in the Philippines : Global Perspectives. Duke University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3099 - 8. Halili, Maria Christine N. ( 2004 ). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore. ISBN 978 - 9712339349. Hirahara, Naomi ( 2003 ). Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 344 - 4. Kurlansky, Mark ( 1999 ). The Basque History of the World. Nueva York : Walker & Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1349 - 0. McAmis, Robert Day ( 2002 ). Malay Muslims : The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4945 - 8. Munoz, Paul Michel ( 2006 ). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore : Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978 - 9814155670. Osborne, Milton E. ( 2004 ). Southeast Asia : An Introductory History ( 9th ed. ). Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 448 - 2. Oxford Business Group ( 2009 ). The Report : Philippines 2009. Oxford Business Group. ISBN 978 - 1 - 902339 - 12 - 2. Price, Michael G. ( 2002 ). America at War : the Philippines, 1898 -- 1913. Westport, CT : Greenwood. ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96821 - 2. Ring, Trudy ; Salkin, Robert M. ; La Boda, Sharon ( 1996 ). International Dictionary of Historic Places : Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 04 - 6. Rottman, Gordon L. ( 2002 ). World War 2 Pacific Island Guide -- A Geo - Military Study. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31395 - 0. Rowthorn, Chris ; Bloom, Greg ( 2006 ). Philippines ( 9th ed. ). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 289 - 4. Scott, William Henry ( 1984 ). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City : New Day Publishers. ISBN 978 - 9711002275. Scott, William Henry ( 1994 ). Barangay : Sixteenth - century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978 - 9715501354. Solheim, Wilhelm G., II ( 2006 ). Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 9789715425087. Spate, Oskar H.K. ( 1979 ). `` Magellan 's Successors : Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures : Grijalva and Villalobos ''. The Spanish Lake -- The Pacific since Magellan. I. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7099 - 0049 - 8. Tarling, Nicholas ( 1999 ). `` Part Two -- From c. 1500 to c. 1800 ''. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. 1. Cambridge, RU : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66370 - 0. Tarling, Nicholas ( 2000 ). `` From World War II to the Present ''. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66372 - 4. Tople, Lily Rose R. ; Nonan - Mercado, Detch P. ( 2002 ). Philippines. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1475 - 9. Ure, John ( 2008 ). Telecommunications Development in Asia. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622099036. Zaide, Gregorio F. ( 1957 ). Philippine Political and Cultural History. Philippine Education Co. Zanini, Gianni ( 1999 ). Philippines : From Crisis to Opportunity : Country Assistance Review. World Bank Publications. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 4294 - 7. Zialcita, Fernando Nakpil ( 2005 ). Authentic Though not Exotic : Essays on Filipino Identity. Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978 - 9715504799. Zibart, Eve ( 2001 ). The Ethnic Food Lover 's Companion : Understanding the Cuisines of the World. Menasha Ridge Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89732 - 372 - 7. `` Philippines in Figures 2014 '' ( PDF ). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 16, 2014. 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Officially the Republic of China, participates as `` Chinese Taipei '' World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) 11th ( 2017 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China, participates as `` Hong Kong, China '' and `` Macao China ''. 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Languages English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics. 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Question: what is the other name of the philippines
Answer: ]), officially the Republic of