Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia Non-Aligned Movement This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2017 ) Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) Member countries Observer countries Location Jakarta, Indonesia ( Headquarters ) Coordinating Bureau New York City, New York, U.S. Membership 120 members 17 observers Leaders Principal decision - making organ Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries Presidency Venezuela Secretary - General Nicolás Maduro Establishment 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia as the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries Website csstc.org The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members. It was established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. An initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries. The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement. The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure `` the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries '' in their `` struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics, '' by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979. The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two - thirds of the United Nations ' members and contain 55 % of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World, though the Non-Aligned Movement also has a number of developed nations. Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement 's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the superpowers, the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War, even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement. In the years since the Cold War 's end, it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those within the Global South. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins and the Cold War 1.2 Since the end of the Cold War 2 Organizational structure and membership 3 Policies and ideology 4 Current activities and positions 5 Summits 6 Secretary general 7 Members, observers and guests 7.1 Current members 7.1. 1 Africa 7.1. 2 Americas 7.1. 3 Asia 7.1. 4 Europe 7.1. 5 Oceania 7.2 Former members 7.3 Observers 7.3. 1 Countries 7.3. 2 Organisations 7.4 Guests 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Videos History Origins and the Cold War The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were Josip Broz Tito of Socialist Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as ' The Initiative of Five '. The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956, and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th, 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia 's president, Josip Broz Tito, India 's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt 's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is `` Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another ''. According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence `` in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers ''. The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V.K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations. But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term `` non-alignment '' was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino - Indian relations called Panchsheel ( five restraints ) ; these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were : Mutual respect for each other 's territorial integrity and sovereignty. Mutual non-aggression. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs. Equality and mutual benefit. Peaceful co-existence. A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a `` declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation '', which included Nehru 's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade. The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement. Belgrade Conference, September 1961 At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries. Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members ( e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq ). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement ( particularly predominantly Muslim states ) condemned it. Since the end of the Cold War Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to throw out the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively. Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states, but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis - à - vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard - line resolutions. The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world 's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio - economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security. The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend. Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys. At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015. Organizational structure and membership The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical / military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure. Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is `` the highest decision making authority ''. The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit. Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten `` Bandung principles '' of 1955 : Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations. Recognition of the movements for national independence. Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small. Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country. Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country. Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation. Respect for justice and international obligations. Policies and ideology The South Africa Conference NAM logo Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto, militaristic anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as `` history 's biggest peace movement ''. The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM 's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order ( NIEO ), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order ( NWICO ). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005. The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN. African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab - Asian concerns about Palestine and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa. Current activities and positions This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( March 2017 ) Criticism of US policy In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea 's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations ; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong - nam, the head of North Korea 's parliament, stated, `` The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities. '' Self - determination of Puerto Rico Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico 's self - determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement. Self - determination of Western Sahara Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara 's self - determination before the United Nations. The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting ( Sharm El Sheikh 2009 ) the support to the Self - determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue. Sustainable development The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision - making are cited as factors inhibiting development. Reforms of the UN The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement 's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of `` non-aligned '' states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision - making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping. South - South cooperation The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world -- primarily the Group of 77 -- forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout. Cultural diversity and human rights The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation. In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio - cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region. Working groups, task forces, committees Committee on Palestine High - Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations Joint Coordinating Committee ( chaired by Chairman of G - 77 and Chairman of NAM ) Non-Aligned Security Caucus Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation Task Force on Somalia Working Group on Disarmament Working Group on Human Rights Working Group on Peace - Keeping Operations Summits 1st summit, Belgrade 16th summit of the NAM, Tehran The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years : Date Host country Host city 1st 1 -- 6 September 1961 Yugoslavia Belgrade 2nd 5 -- 10 October 1964 United Arab Republic Cairo 3rd 8 -- 10 September 1970 Zambia Lusaka 4th 5 -- 9 September 1973 Algeria Algiers 5th 16 -- 19 August 1976 Sri Lanka Colombo 6th 3 -- 9 September 1979 Cuba Havana 7th 7 -- 12 March 1983 India New Delhi 8th 1 -- 6 September 1986 Zimbabwe Harare 9th 4 -- 7 September 1989 Yugoslavia Belgrade 10th 1 -- 6 September 1992 Indonesia Jakarta 11th 18 -- 20 October 1995 Colombia Cartagena 12th 2 -- 3 September 1998 South Africa Durban 13th 20 -- 25 February 2003 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 14th 15 -- 16 September 2006 Cuba Havana 15th 11 -- 16 July 2009 Egypt Sharm el - Sheikh 16th 26 -- 31 August 2012 Iran Tehran 17th 13 -- 18 September 2016 Venezuela Porlamar 18th 2019 Azerbaijan TBA A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the meeting on `` Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace '', held in Manila, the Philippines, 16 -- 18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23 -- 27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26 -- 29 May 2014. The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5 -- 6 September 2011. Secretary General This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2011 ) Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary general elected at the last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement 's task forces, committees and working groups. Image Secretary - General Country ( holding the Presidency ) Party From To Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1961 1964 Gamal Abdel Nasser United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union 1964 1970 Kenneth Kaunda Zambia United National Independence Party 1970 1973 Houari Boumediène Algeria Revolutionary Council 1973 1976 William Gopallawa Sri Lanka Independent 1976 1978 Junius Richard Jayewardene United National Party 1978 1979 Fidel Castro Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 1979 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy India Janata Party Zail Singh Indian National Congress 1986 Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe ZANU - PF 1986 1989 Janez Drnovšek Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1989 1990 Borisav Jović Socialist Party of Serbia 1990 1991 Stjepan Mesić Croatian Democratic Union 1991 Branko Kostić Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992 Dobrica Ćosić FR Yugoslavia Independent 1992 Suharto Indonesia Golkar 1992 1995 Ernesto Samper Colombia Colombian Liberal Party 1995 1998 Andrés Pastrana Arango Colombian Conservative Party 1998 Nelson Mandela South Africa African National Congress 1998 1999 Thabo Mbeki 1999 2003 Mahathir Mohamad Malaysia United Malays National Organisation 2003 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 2003 2006 Fidel Castro Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 2006 2008 Raúl Castro 2008 2009 Hosni Mubarak Egypt National Democratic Party 2009 2011 Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Independent 2011 2012 Mohamed Morsi Freedom and Justice Party 2012 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Iran Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2012 2013 Hassan Rouhani Moderation and Development Party 2013 2016 Nicolás Maduro Venezuela United Socialist Party 2016 present Members, Observers and guests Current members The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission : Africa Currently every African country ( except South Sudan and Western Sahara ) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Algeria ( 1961 ) Angola ( 1976 ) Benin ( 1964 ) Botswana ( 1970 ) Burkina Faso ( 1973 ) Burundi ( 1964 ) Cameroon ( 1964 ) Cape Verde ( 1976 ) Central African Republic ( 1964 ) Chad ( 1964 ) Comoros ( 1976 ) Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1961 ) Djibouti ( 1983 ) Egypt ( 1961 ) Equatorial Guinea ( 1970 ) Eritrea ( 1995 ) Ethiopia ( 1961 ) Gabon ( 1970 ) Gambia ( 1973 ) Ghana ( 1961 ) Guinea ( 1961 ) Guinea - Bissau ( 1976 ) Côte d'Ivoire ( 1973 ) Kenya ( 1964 ) Lesotho ( 1970 ) Liberia ( 1964 ) Libya ( 1964 ) Madagascar ( 1973 ) Malawi ( 1964 ) Mali ( 1961 ) Mauritania ( 1964 ) Mauritius ( 1973 ) Morocco ( 1961 ) Mozambique ( 1976 ) Namibia ( 1979 ) Niger ( 1973 ) Nigeria ( 1964 ) Republic of the Congo ( 1964 ) Rwanda ( 1970 ) São Tomé and Príncipe ( 1976 ) Senegal ( 1964 ) Seychelles ( 1976 ) Sierra Leone ( 1964 ) Somalia ( 1961 ) South Africa ( 1994 ) Sudan ( 1961 ) Swaziland ( 1970 ) Tanzania ( 1964 ) Togo ( 1964 ) Tunisia ( 1961 ) Uganda ( 1964 ) Zambia ( 1964 ) Zimbabwe ( 1979 ) Americas Antigua and Barbuda ( 2006 ) Bahamas ( 1983 ) Barbados ( 1983 ) Belize ( 1976 ) Bolivia ( 1979 ) Chile ( 1973 ) Colombia ( 1983 ) Cuba ( 1961 ) Dominica ( 2006 ) Dominican Republic ( 2000 ) Ecuador ( 1983 ) Grenada ( 1979 ) Guatemala ( 1993 ) Guyana ( 1970 ) Haiti ( 2006 ) Honduras ( 1995 ) Jamaica ( 1970 ) Nicaragua ( 1979 ) Panama ( 1976 ) Peru ( 1973 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 2006 ) Saint Lucia ( 1983 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 2003 ) Suriname ( 1983 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 1970 ) Venezuela ( 1989 ) Asia Afghanistan ( 1961 ) Azerbaijan ( 2011 ) Bahrain ( 1973 ) Bangladesh ( 1973 ) Bhutan ( 1973 ) Brunei ( 1993 ) Cambodia ( 1961 ) India ( 1961 ) Indonesia ( 1961 ) Iran ( 1979 ) Iraq ( 1961 ) Jordan ( 1964 ) Kuwait ( 1964 ) Laos ( 1964 ) Lebanon ( 1961 ) Malaysia ( 1970 ) Maldives ( 1976 ) Mongolia ( 1993 ) Myanmar ( 1961 ) Nepal ( 1961 ) North Korea ( 1976 ) Oman ( 1973 ) Pakistan ( 1979 ) Palestine ( 1976 ) Philippines ( 1993 ) Qatar ( 1973 ) Saudi Arabia ( 1961 ) Singapore ( 1970 ) Sri Lanka ( 1961 ) Syria ( 1964 ) Thailand ( 1993 ) East Timor ( 2003 ) Turkmenistan ( 1995 ) United Arab Emirates ( 1970 ) Uzbekistan ( 1993 ) Vietnam ( 1976 ) Yemen ( 1990 ) Europe Belarus ( 1998 ) Oceania Fiji ( 2011 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1993 ) Vanuatu ( 1983 ) Former members Cyprus ( 1961 -- 2004 ) Malta ( 1973 -- 2004 ) Yugoslavia ( 1961 -- 1992 ) Observers The following countries and organizations have observer status ( 2012 ) : Countries Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil China Costa Rica Cyprus Armenia El Salvador Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Mexico Montenegro Paraguay Serbia South Sudan Tajikistan Uruguay Organisations African Union Afro - Asian People 's Solidarity Organisation Arab League Association of Southeast Asian Nations Commonwealth Secretariat Commonwealth of Nations Hostosian National Independence Movement Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front Organisation of Islamic Cooperation South Centre United Nations World Peace Council International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies Guests There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests. See also Asian -- African Conference Country neutrality Dual loyalty Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence G - 77 New World Information and Communication Order North -- South divide Policy of deliberate ambiguity India and the Non-Aligned Movement South - South Cooperation Third World References ^ Jump up to : `` NAM Members & Observers - 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement ''. Tehran. 26 -- 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 08. Retrieved 24 August 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` The Non-Aligned Movement : Background Information ''. Government of Zaire. 21 September 2001. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2011. Jump up ^ ( 1 ), znaci.net Jump up ^ Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979 Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ; `` Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement '' Archived 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine... Board of Investment -- Government of Pakistan. 2003. Jump up ^ Laskar, Rejaul Karim ( June 2004 ). `` Respite from Disgraceful NDA Foreign Policy ''. Congress Sandesh. 6 ( 10 ) : 8. Jump up ^ Ma'aroof, Mohammad Khalid ( 1987 ). Afghanistan in World Politics : ( a Study of Afghan - U.S. Relations ). Gyan Publishing House. pp. 75 --. ISBN 978 - 81 - 212 - 0097 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries '' ( PDF ). Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of non-aligned nations '' ( PDF ). Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : Suvedi, Sūryaprasāda ( 1996 ). Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law. Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 169 -- 170. ISBN 978 - 0 - 198 - 26096 - 7. ^ Jump up to : `` The Non-Aligned Movement : Member States '' Archived 9 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine... XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2 -- 3 September 1998. Retrieved 24 August 2012. Jump up ^ Lai Kwon Kin ( 2 September 1992 ). `` Yugoslavia casts shadow over non-aligned summit ''. The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2009. Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out, saying it no longer represents the country which helped to found the movement. ^ Jump up to : Najam, Adil ( 2003 ). `` Chapter 9 : The Collective South in Multinational Environmental Politics ''. In Nagel, Stuard. Policymaking and prosperity : a multinational anthology. Lanham, MD : Lexington Books. pp. 197 -- 240 ( 233 ). ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0460 - 8. Retrieved 10 November 2009. Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants. The application of Bosnia - Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998. Jump up ^ Putting Differences Aside Archived 12 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Daria Acosta, 18 September 2006. Jump up ^ Staff ( 7 August 2009 ). `` Profile : Non-Aligned Movement ''. BBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2012. Jump up ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2 -- 3 September 1998 : Final Document Archived 19 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine., no. 10 - 11. Jump up ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2 -- 3 September 1998 : NAM XII Summit : Basic Documents -- Final Document : 1 Global Issues Archived 19 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine... Nam.gov.za. Retrieved 3 August 2013. Jump up ^ NAM summit will raise Iran 's profile in the international arena Archived 28 January 2013 at Archive.is Jump up ^ NAM summit kicks off in Tehran Archived 29 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Southern Africa : Media Briefing By Deputy Minister Ebrahim Ebrahim On International Developments ''. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2016 -- via AllAfrica. ^ Jump up to : `` Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries, Caratagena de Indias, May 14 -- 16, 1996 ''. Head of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. Government of Zaire. 14 -- 16 May 1996. Retrieved 24 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Suharto tops corruption rankings ''. BBC News. 25 March 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2006. Jump up ^ Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group ( 9 February 2006 ). `` The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor - Leste, 1974 -- 1999 ''. A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor - Leste. Human Rights Data Analysis Group ( HRDAG ). Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. ^ Jump up to : Ohlson, Thomas ; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( 1988 ). Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978 - 0 - 198 - 29124 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Morphet, Sally. `` Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement : What Is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going ? ''. Global Governance : A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. 10 ( 2004 ), pp. 517 -- 537. Jump up ^ Grant, Cedric. `` Equity in Third World Relations : a third world perspective ''. International Affairs 71, 3 ( 1995 ), 567 -- 587. Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 September 2006 ). `` Non-Aligned Nations Slam U.S. '' CBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2012. Jump up ^ Transcript ( 14 July 2009 ). `` No Alineados preparan apoyo a la libre determinación de Puerto Rico -- El texto se presentaría al cierre de la cita del NOAL en Sharm el Sheij '' ( in Spanish ). Radio Cooperativa. Retrieved 23 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` 3162 ( XXVIII ) Question of Spanish Sahara. U.N. General assembly 28th session, 1973 '' Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ( PDF format ). United Nations. Jump up ^ XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non Aligned Movement -- Final Document. Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. 16 - 04 - 2009. Archived 17 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. See points 237, 238 & 239. Jump up ^ Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine., 7 January 2008. Jump up ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2 -- 3 September 1998 : Final Document Archived 19 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine., no. 55. Jump up ^ Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights Day Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2 -- 3 September 1998 : The Non-Aligned Movement : Background Information 2.4. Archived 9 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Sharm El Sheikh, 11 -- 16 July 2009 : Previous Summits Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Serbia, RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. `` Nesvrstani ponovo u Beogradu ''. Retrieved 18 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Secretary - General 's Message to Additional Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement - United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ''. Retrieved 18 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Cahoon, Ben. `` Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) ''. World Statesmen.org. Retrieved 4 September 2012. Jump up ^ Fidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery, was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother, Cuba 's acting president Raúl Castro. See `` Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations ''. People 's Daily. 16 September 2006. Jump up ^ In a joint letter to the UN Secretary - General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that `` All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue. '' Bühler, Konrad ( 2001 ). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. Jump up ^ North Yemen is one of the founders in 1961. South Yemen joined in 1970. In 1990 both were unified into a single state which accepted responsibility for all treaties of its predecessors. Jump up ^ `` Cyprus and the Non -- Aligned Movement ''. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement ''. South Africa Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement - ( New Delhi Declaration ) '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2016. Jump up ^ Kin, Lai Kwok ( 2 September 1992 ). `` Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit ''. The Independent. Reuters. Retrieved 24 August 2012. Jump up ^ Serrat, Oscar J. ( 20 September 1991 ). `` Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement ''. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 March 2014. Jump up ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2 -- 3 September 1998 : The Non-Aligned Movement : Background Information 4.4. Archived 9 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Further reading Hans Köchler ( ed. ), The Principles of Non-Alignment. The Non-aligned Countries in the Eighties -- Results and Perspectives. London : Third World Centre, 1982. ISBN 0 - 86199 - 015 - 3 ( Google Print ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Non-Aligned Movement. 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Question: where did the first non aligned summit take place
Answer: Belgrade