Arnold Schoenberg - wikipedia Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948 Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg or Schönberg ( / ˈʃɜːrnbɜːrɡ / ; German : ( ˈaːʁnɔlt ˈʃøːnbɛʁk ) ( listen ) ; 13 September 1874 -- 13 July 1951 ) was an Austrian composer, music theorist, and painter. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. With the rise of the Nazi Party, Schoenberg 's works were labelled degenerate music, because they were modernist, atonal and what even Paul Hindemith called `` sonic orgies '' and `` decadent intellectual efforts '' ( Petropoulos 2014, 94 -- 95 ). He emigrated to the United States of America in 1934. Schoenberg 's approach, both in terms of harmony and development, has been one of the most influential of 20th - century musical thought. Many European and American composers from at least three generations have consciously extended his thinking, whereas others have passionately reacted against it. Schoenberg was known early in his career for simultaneously extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic styles of Brahms and Wagner. Later, his name would come to personify innovations in atonality ( although Schoenberg himself detested that term ) that would become the most polemical feature of 20th - century art music. In the 1920s, Schoenberg developed the twelve - tone technique, an influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term developing variation and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motifs without resorting to the dominance of a centralized melodic idea. Schoenberg was also an influential teacher of composition ; his students included Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Hanns Eisler, Egon Wellesz, Nikos Skalkottas, and later John Cage, Lou Harrison, Earl Kim, Roberto Gerhard, Leon Kirchner, Dika Newlin, and other prominent musicians. Many of Schoenberg 's practices, including the formalization of compositional method and his habit of openly inviting audiences to think analytically, are echoed in avant - garde musical thought throughout the 20th century. His often polemical views of music history and aesthetics were crucial to many significant 20th - century musicologists and critics, including Theodor W. Adorno, Charles Rosen, and Carl Dahlhaus, as well as the pianists Artur Schnabel, Rudolf Serkin, Eduard Steuermann, and Glenn Gould. Schoenberg 's archival legacy is collected at the Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 1901 -- 1914 : experimenting in atonality 1.3 World War I 1.4 Development of the twelve - tone method 1.5 Third Reich and move to America 1.6 Later years and death 2 Music 2.1 First period : Late Romanticism 2.2 Second period : Free atonality 2.3 Third period : Twelve - tone and tonal works 3 Reception and legacy 3.1 First works 3.2 Twelve - tone period 3.3 Criticism 4 Personality and extramusical interests 5 Writings 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Recordings by Schoenberg Biography Early life Arnold Schönberg in Payerbach, 1903 Arnold Schoenberg was born into a lower middle - class Jewish family in the Leopoldstadt district ( in earlier times a Jewish ghetto ) of Vienna, at `` Obere Donaustraße 5 ''. His father Samuel, a native of Bratislava, was a shopkeeper, and his mother Pauline was native of Prague. Arnold was largely self - taught. He took only counterpoint lessons with the composer Alexander Zemlinsky, who was to become his first brother - in - law ( Beaumont 2000, 87 ). In his twenties, Schoenberg earned a living by orchestrating operettas, while composing his own works, such as the string sextet Verklärte Nacht ( `` Transfigured Night '' ) ( 1899 ). He later made an orchestral version of this, which became one of his most popular pieces. Both Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler recognized Schoenberg 's significance as a composer ; Strauss when he encountered Schoenberg 's Gurre - Lieder, and Mahler after hearing several of Schoenberg 's early works. Strauss turned to a more conservative idiom in his own work after 1909, and at that point dismissed Schoenberg. Mahler adopted him as a protégé and continued to support him, even after Schoenberg 's style reached a point Mahler could no longer understand. Mahler worried about who would look after him after his death. Schoenberg, who had initially despised and mocked Mahler 's music, was converted by the `` thunderbolt '' of Mahler 's Third Symphony, which he considered a work of genius. Afterward he `` spoke of Mahler as a saint '' ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 103 ; Schoenberg 1975, 136 ). In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church. According to MacDonald ( 2008, 93 ) this was partly to strengthen his attachment to Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self - defence `` in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism ''. In 1933, after long meditation, he returned to Judaism, because he realised that `` his racial and religious heritage was inescapable '', and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism. He would self - identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life ( Marquis Who 's Who n.d. ). 1901 -- 1914 : experimenting in atonality In October 1901, he married Mathilde Zemlinsky, the sister of the conductor and composer Alexander von Zemlinsky, with whom Schoenberg had been studying since about 1894. He and Mathilde had two children, Gertrud ( 1902 -- 1947 ) and Georg ( 1906 -- 1974 ). Gertrud would marry Schoenberg 's pupil Felix Greissle in 1921 ( Neighbour 2001 ). During the summer of 1908, his wife Mathilde left him for several months for a young Austrian painter, Richard Gerstl. This period marked a distinct change in Schoenberg 's work. It was during the absence of his wife that he composed `` You lean against a silver - willow '' ( German : Du lehnest wider eine Silberweide ), the thirteenth song in the cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten, Op. 15, based on the collection of the same name by the German mystical poet Stefan George. This was the first composition without any reference at all to a key ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 96 ). Also in this year, he completed one of his most revolutionary compositions, the String Quartet No. 2, whose first two movements, though chromatic in color, use traditional key signatures, yet whose final two movements, also settings of George, daringly weaken the links with traditional tonality. Both movements end on tonic chords, and the work is not fully non-tonal. Breaking with previous string - quartet practice, it incorporates a soprano vocal line. During the summer of 1910, Schoenberg wrote his Harmonielehre ( Theory of Harmony, Schoenberg 1922 ), which remains one of the most influential music - theory books. From about 1911, Schoenberg belonged to a circle of artists and intellectuals who included Lene Schneider - Kainer, Franz Werfel, Herwarth Walden and the latter 's wife, Else Lasker - Schüler. In 1910 he met Edward Clark, an English music journalist then working in Germany. Clark became his sole English student, and in his later capacity as a producer for the BBC he was responsible for introducing many of Schoenberg 's works, and Schoenberg himself, to Britain ( as well as Webern, Berg and others ). Another of his most important works from this atonal or pantonal period is the highly influential Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21, of 1912, a novel cycle of expressionist songs set to a German translation of poems by the Belgian - French poet Albert Giraud. Utilizing the technique of Sprechstimme, or melodramatically spoken recitation, the work pairs a female vocalist with a small ensemble of five musicians. The ensemble, which is now commonly referred to as the Pierrot ensemble, consists of flute ( doubling on piccolo ), clarinet ( doubling on bass clarinet ), violin ( doubling on viola ), violoncello, speaker, and piano. Wilhelm Bopp, director of the Vienna Conservatory from 1907, wanted a break from the stale environment personified for him by Robert Fuchs and Hermann Graedener. Having considered many candidates, he offered teaching positions to Schoenberg and Franz Schreker in 1912. At the time Schoenberg lived in Berlin. He was not completely cut off from the Vienna Conservatory, having taught a private theory course a year earlier. He seriously considered the offer, but he declined. Writing afterward to Alban Berg, he cited his `` aversion to Vienna '' as the main reason for his decision, while contemplating that it might have been the wrong one financially, but having made it he felt content. A couple of months later he wrote to Schreker suggesting that it might have been a bad idea for him as well to accept the teaching position ( Hailey 1993, 55 -- 57 ). World War I Arnold Schoenberg, by Egon Schiele 1917 World War I brought a crisis in his development. Military service disrupted his life when at the age of 42 he was in the army. He was never able to work uninterrupted or over a period of time, and as a result he left many unfinished works and undeveloped `` beginnings ''. On one occasion, a superior officer demanded to know if he was `` this notorious Schoenberg, then '' ; Schoenberg replied : `` Beg to report, sir, yes. Nobody wanted to be, someone had to be, so I let it be me '' ( Schoenberg 1975, 104 ) ( according to Norman Lebrecht ( 2001 ), this is a reference to Schoenberg 's apparent `` destiny '' as the `` Emancipator of Dissonance '' ). In what Alex Ross calls an `` act of war psychosis '', Schoenberg drew comparisons between Germany 's assault on France and his assault on decadent bourgeois artistic values. In August 1914, while denouncing the music of Bizet, Stravinsky and Ravel, he wrote : `` Now comes the reckoning ! Now we will throw these mediocre kitschmongers into slavery, and teach them to venerate the German spirit and to worship the German God '' ( Ross 2007, 60 ). The deteriorating relation between contemporary composers and the public led him to found the Society for Private Musical Performances ( Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen in German ) in Vienna in 1918. He sought to provide a forum in which modern musical compositions could be carefully prepared and rehearsed, and properly performed under conditions protected from the dictates of fashion and pressures of commerce. From its inception through 1921, when it ended because of economic reasons, the Society presented 353 performances to paid members, sometimes at the rate of one per week. During the first year and a half, Schoenberg did not let any of his own works be performed ( Rosen 1975, 65 ). Instead, audiences at the Society 's concerts heard difficult contemporary compositions by Scriabin, Debussy, Mahler, Webern, Berg, Reger, and other leading figures of early 20th - century music ( Rosen 1996, 66 ). Development of the twelve - tone method Arnold Schoenberg, 1927, by Man Ray Later, Schoenberg was to develop the most influential version of the dodecaphonic ( also known as twelve - tone ) method of composition, which in French and English was given the alternative name serialism by René Leibowitz and Humphrey Searle in 1947. This technique was taken up by many of his students, who constituted the so - called Second Viennese School. They included Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Hanns Eisler, all of whom were profoundly influenced by Schoenberg. He published a number of books, ranging from his famous Harmonielehre ( Theory of Harmony ) to Fundamentals of Musical Composition ( Schoenberg 1967 ), many of which are still in print and used by musicians and developing composers. Schoenberg viewed his development as a natural progression, and he did not deprecate his earlier works when he ventured into serialism. In 1923 he wrote to the Swiss philanthropist Werner Reinhart : For the present, it matters more to me if people understand my older works... They are the natural forerunners of my later works, and only those who understand and comprehend these will be able to gain an understanding of the later works that goes beyond a fashionable bare minimum. I do not attach so much importance to being a musical bogey - man as to being a natural continuer of properly - understood good old tradition ! ( Stein 1987, 100 ; quoted in Strimple 2005, 22 ) His first wife died in October 1923, and in August of the next year Schoenberg married Gertrud Kolisch ( 1898 -- 1967 ), sister of his pupil, the violinist Rudolf Kolisch ( Neighbour 2001 ; Silverman 2010, 223 ). She wrote the libretto for Schoenberg 's one - act opera Von heute auf morgen under the pseudonym Max Blonda. At her request Schoenberg 's ( ultimately unfinished ) piece, Die Jakobsleiter was prepared for performance by Schoenberg 's student Winfried Zillig. After her husband 's death in 1951 she founded Belmont Music Publishers devoted to the publication of his works ( Shoaf 1992, 64 ). Arnold used the notes G and E ♭ ( German : Es, i.e., `` S '' ) for `` Gertrud Schoenberg '', in the Suite, for septet, Op. 29 ( 1925 ) ( MacDonald 2008, 216 ) ( see musical cryptogram ). Following the death in 1924 of composer Ferruccio Busoni, who had served as Director of a Master Class in Composition at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to this post the next year, but because of health problems was unable to take up his post until 1926. Among his notable students during this period were the composers Roberto Gerhard, Nikos Skalkottas, and Josef Rufer. Along with his twelve - tone works, 1930 marks Schoenberg 's return to tonality, with numbers 4 and 6 of the Six Pieces for Male Chorus Op. 35, the other pieces being dodecaphonic ( Auner 1999, 85 ). Third reich and move to America Schoenberg continued in his post until the Nazis came to power under Adolf Hitler in 1933. While vacationing in France, he was warned that returning to Germany would be dangerous. Schoenberg formally reclaimed membership in the Jewish religion at a Paris synagogue, then traveled with his family to the United States ( Friedrich 1986, 31 ). However, this happened only after his attempts to move to Britain came to nothing. He enlisted the aid of his former student and great champion Edward Clark, a senior producer with the BBC, in helping him gain a British teaching post or even a British publisher, but to no avail. His first teaching position in the United States was at the Malkin Conservatory in Boston. He moved to Los Angeles, where he taught at the University of Southern California and the University of California, Los Angeles, both of which later named a music building on their respective campuses Schoenberg Hall ( UCLA Department of Music & ( 2008 ) ; University of Southern California Thornton School of Music & ( 2008 ) ). He was appointed visiting professor at UCLA in 1935 on the recommendation of Otto Klemperer, music director and conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra ; and the next year was promoted to professor at a salary of $5,100 per year, which enabled him in either May 1936 or 1937 to buy a Spanish Revival house at 116 North Rockingham in Brentwood Park, near the UCLA campus, for $18,000. This address was directly across the street from Shirley Temple 's house, and there he befriended fellow composer ( and tennis partner ) George Gershwin. The Schoenbergs were able to employ domestic help and began holding Sunday afternoon gatherings that were known for excellent coffee and Viennese pastries. Frequent guests included Otto Klemperer ( who studied composition privately with Schoenberg beginning in April 1936 ), Edgard Varèse, Joseph Achron, Louis Gruenberg, Ernst Toch, and, on occasion, well - known actors such as Harpo Marx and Peter Lorre ( Crawford 2009, 116 ; Feisst 2011, 6 ; Laskin 2008 ; MacDonald 2008, 79 ; Schoenberg 1975, 514 ; Starr 1997, 383 ; Watkins 2010, 114 ). Composers Leonard Rosenman and George Tremblay studied with Schoenberg at this time. After his move to the United States in 1934 ( Steinberg 1995, 463 ), the composer used the alternative spelling of his surname Schoenberg, rather than Schönberg, in what he called `` deference to American practice '' ( Foss 1951, 401 ), though according to one writer he first made the change a year earlier ( Ross 2007, 45 ). He lived there the rest of his life, but at first he was not settled. In around 1934, he applied for a position of teacher of harmony and theory at the New South Wales State Conservatorium in Sydney. The Director, Edgar Bainton, rejected him for being Jewish and for having `` modernist ideas and dangerous tendencies ''. Schoenberg also at one time explored the idea of emigrating to New Zealand. His secretary and student ( and nephew of Schoenberg 's mother - in - law Henriette Kolisch ), was Richard ( Dick ) Hoffmann Jr, Viennese - born but who lived in New Zealand 1935 -- 47, and Schoenberg had since childhood been fascinated with islands, and with New Zealand in particular, possibly because of the beauty of the postage stamps issued by that country ( Plush 1996 ). Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. In 1947 Schoenberg wrote A Survivor from Warsaw in commemoration of this event. During this final period, he composed several notable works, including the difficult Violin Concerto, Op. 36 ( 1934 / 36 ), the Kol Nidre, Op. 39, for chorus and orchestra ( 1938 ), the Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte, Op. 41 ( 1942 ), the haunting Piano Concerto, Op. 42 ( 1942 ), and his memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 ( 1947 ). He was unable to complete his opera Moses und Aron ( 1932 / 33 ), which was one of the first works of its genre written completely using dodecaphonic composition. Along with twelve - tone music, Schoenberg also returned to tonality with works during his last period, like the Suite for Strings in G major ( 1935 ), the Chamber Symphony No. 2 in E ♭ minor, Op. 38 ( begun in 1906, completed in 1939 ), the Variations on a Recitative in D minor, Op. 40 ( 1941 ). During this period his notable students included John Cage and Lou Harrison. In 1941, he became a citizen of the United States. Later years and death Schoenberg 's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna Schoenberg 's superstitious nature may have triggered his death. The composer had triskaidekaphobia ( the fear of the number 13 ), and according to friend Katia Mann, he feared he would die during a year that was a multiple of 13 ( quoted in Lebrecht 1985, 294 ). He dreaded his sixty - fifth birthday in 1939 so much that a friend asked the composer and astrologer Dane Rudhyar to prepare Schoenberg 's horoscope. Rudhyar did this and told Schoenberg that the year was dangerous, but not fatal. But in 1950, on his seventy - sixth birthday, an astrologer wrote Schoenberg a note warning him that the year was a critical one : 7 + 6 = 13 ( Nuria Schoenberg - Nono, quoted in Lebrecht 1985, 295 ). This stunned and depressed the composer, for up to that point he had only been wary of multiples of 13 and never considered adding the digits of his age. He died on Friday, 13 July 1951, shortly before midnight. Schoenberg had stayed in bed all day, sick, anxious and depressed. His wife Gertrud reported in a telegram to her sister - in - law Ottilie the next day that Arnold died at 11 : 45 pm, 15 minutes before midnight ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 520 ). In a letter to Ottilie dated 4 August 1951, Gertrud explained, `` About a quarter to twelve I looked at the clock and said to myself : another quarter of an hour and then the worst is over. Then the doctor called me. Arnold 's throat rattled twice, his heart gave a powerful beat and that was the end '' ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 521 ). Schoenberg 's ashes were later interred at the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna on 6 June 1974 ( McCoy 1999, 15 ). Music See also : List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg Second String Quartet, fourth movement Played by the Carmel Quartet with soprano Rona Israel - Kolatt, in 2007 Problems playing this file ? See media help. In Schoenberg 's Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 tone row form P1 's second half has the same notes, in a different order, as the first half of I10 : `` Thus it is possible to employ P1 and I10 simultaneously and in parallel motion without causing note doubling '' ( Leeuw 2005, 154 -- 55 ). Play ( help info ) Featuring hexachordal combinatoriality between its primary forms, P1 and I6, Schoenberg 's Piano Piece, Op. 33a tone row Play ( help info ) contains three perfect fifths, which is the relation between P1 and I6, and a source of contrast between `` accumulations of 5ths '' and `` generally more complex simultaneity '' ( Leeuw 2005, 155 -- 57 ). For example, group A consists of B ♭ - F-C-B ♮, while the `` more blended '' group B consists of A-F ♯ - C ♯ - D ♯ Schoenberg 's significant compositions in the repertory of modern art music extend over a period of more than 50 years. Traditionally they are divided into three periods though this division is arguably arbitrary as the music in each of these periods is considerably varied. The idea that his twelve - tone period `` represents a stylistically unified body of works is simply not supported by the musical evidence '' ( Haimo 1990, 4 ), and important musical characteristics -- especially those related to motivic development -- transcend these boundaries completely. The first of these periods, 1894 -- 1907, is identified in the legacy of the high - Romantic composers of the late nineteenth century, as well as with `` expressionist '' movements in poetry and art. The second, 1908 -- 1922, is typified by the abandonment of key centers, a move often described ( though not by Schoenberg ) as `` free atonality ''. The third, from 1923 onward, commences with Schoenberg 's invention of dodecaphonic, or `` twelve - tone '' compositional method. Schoenberg 's best - known students, Hanns Eisler, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern, followed Schoenberg faithfully through each of these intellectual and aesthetic transitions, though not without considerable experimentation and variety of approach. First period : late romanticism Beginning with songs and string quartets written around the turn of the century, Schoenberg 's concerns as a composer positioned him uniquely among his peers, in that his procedures exhibited characteristics of both Brahms and Wagner, who for most contemporary listeners, were considered polar opposites, representing mutually exclusive directions in the legacy of German music. Schoenberg 's Six Songs, Op. 3 ( 1899 -- 1903 ), for example, exhibit a conservative clarity of tonal organization typical of Brahms and Mahler, reflecting an interest in balanced phrases and an undisturbed hierarchy of key relationships. However, the songs also explore unusually bold incidental chromaticism, and seem to aspire to a Wagnerian `` representational '' approach to motivic identity. The synthesis of these approaches reaches an apex in his Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 ( 1899 ), a programmatic work for string sextet that develops several distinctive `` leitmotif '' - like themes, each one eclipsing and subordinating the last. The only motivic elements that persist throughout the work are those that are perpetually dissolved, varied, and re-combined, in a technique, identified primarily in Brahms 's music, that Schoenberg called `` developing variation ''. Schoenberg 's procedures in the work are organized in two ways simultaneously ; at once suggesting a Wagnerian narrative of motivic ideas, as well as a Brahmsian approach to motivic development and tonal cohesion. Second period : free atonality Schoenberg 's music from 1908 onward experiments in a variety of ways with the absence of traditional keys or tonal centers. His first explicitly atonal piece was the second string quartet, Op. 10, with soprano. The last movement of this piece has no key signature, marking Schoenberg 's formal divorce from diatonic harmonies. Other important works of the era include his song cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 ( 1908 -- 1909 ), his Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 16 ( 1909 ), the influential Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 ( 1912 ), as well as his dramatic Erwartung, Op. 17 ( 1909 ). The urgency of musical constructions lacking in tonal centers, or traditional dissonance - consonance relationships, however, can be traced as far back as his Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 ( 1906 ), a work remarkable for its tonal development of whole - tone and quartal harmony, and its initiation of dynamic and unusual ensemble relationships, involving dramatic interruption and unpredictable instrumental allegiances ; many of these features would typify the timbre - oriented chamber music aesthetic of the coming century. Third period : twelve - tone and tonal works In the early 1920s, he worked at evolving a means of order that would make his musical texture simpler and clearer. This resulted in the `` method of composing with twelve tones which are related only with one another '' ( Schoenberg 1984, 218 ), in which the twelve pitches of the octave ( unrealized compositionally ) are regarded as equal, and no one note or tonality is given the emphasis it occupied in classical harmony. He regarded it as the equivalent in music of Albert Einstein 's discoveries in physics. Schoenberg announced it characteristically, during a walk with his friend Josef Rufer, when he said, `` I have made a discovery which will ensure the supremacy of German music for the next hundred years '' ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 277 ). This period included the Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 ( 1928 ) ; Piano Pieces, Opp. 33a & b ( 1931 ), and the Piano Concerto, Op. 42 ( 1942 ). Contrary to his reputation for strictness, Schoenberg 's use of the technique varied widely according to the demands of each individual composition. Thus the structure of his unfinished opera Moses und Aron is unlike that of his Fantasy for Violin and Piano, Op. 47 ( 1949 ). Ten features of Schoenberg 's mature twelve - tone practice are characteristic, interdependent, and interactive ( Haimo 1990, 41 ) : Hexachordal inversional combinatoriality Aggregates Linear set presentation Partitioning Isomorphic partitioning Invariants Hexachordal levels Harmony, `` consistent with and derived from the properties of the referential set '' Metre, established through `` pitch - relational characteristics '' Multidimensional set presentations Reception and legacy First works After some early difficulties, Schoenberg began to win public acceptance with works such as the tone poem Pelleas und Melisande at a Berlin performance in 1907. At the Vienna première of the Gurre - Lieder in 1913, he received an ovation that lasted a quarter of an hour and culminated with Schoenberg 's being presented with a laurel crown ( Rosen 1996, 4 ; Stuckenschmidt 1977, 184 ). Nonetheless, much of his work was not well received. His Chamber Symphony No. 1 premièred unremarkably in 1907. However, when it was played again in the Skandalkonzert on 31 March 1913, ( which also included works by Berg, Webern and Zemlinsky ), `` one could hear the shrill sound of door keys among the violent clapping, and in the second gallery the first fight of the evening began. '' Later in the concert, during a performance of the Altenberg Lieder by Berg, fighting broke out after Schoenberg interrupted the performance to threaten removal by the police of any troublemakers ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 185 ). Twelve - tone period According to Ethan Haimo, understanding of Schoenberg 's twelve - tone work has been difficult to achieve owing in part to the `` truly revolutionary nature '' of his new system, misinformation disseminated by some early writers about the system 's `` rules '' and `` exceptions '' that bear `` little relation to the most significant features of Schoenberg 's music '', the composer 's secretiveness, and the widespread unavailability of his sketches and manuscripts until the late 1970s. During his life, he was `` subjected to a range of criticism and abuse that is shocking even in hindsight '' ( Haimo 1990, 2 -- 3 ). Watschenkonzert, caricature in Die Zeit from 6 April 1913 Schoenberg criticized Igor Stravinsky 's new neoclassical trend in the poem `` Der neue Klassizismus '' ( in which he derogates Neoclassicism, and obliquely refers to Stravinsky as `` Der kleine Modernsky '' ), which he used as text for the third of his Drei Satiren, Op. 28 ( Schonberg 1970, 503 ). Schoenberg 's serial technique of composition with twelve notes became one of the most central and polemical issues among American and European musicians during the mid - to late - twentieth century. Beginning in the 1940s and continuing to the present day, composers such as Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luigi Nono and Milton Babbitt have extended Schoenberg 's legacy in increasingly radical directions. The major cities of the United States ( e.g., Los Angeles, New York, and Boston ) have had historically significant performances of Schoenberg 's music, with advocates such as Babbitt in New York and the Franco - American conductor - pianist Jacques - Louis Monod. Schoenberg 's students have been influential teachers at major American universities : Leonard Stein at USC, UCLA and CalArts ; Richard Hoffmann at Oberlin ; Patricia Carpenter at Columbia ; and Leon Kirchner and Earl Kim at Harvard. Musicians associated with Schoenberg have had a profound influence upon contemporary music performance practice in the US ( e.g., Louis Krasner, Eugene Lehner and Rudolf Kolisch at the New England Conservatory of Music ; Eduard Steuermann and Felix Galimir at the Juilliard School ). In Europe, the work of Hans Keller, Luigi Rognoni ( it ), and René Leibowitz has had a measurable influence in spreading Schoenberg 's musical legacy outside of Germany and Austria. His pupil and assistant Max Deutsch, who later became a professor of music, was also a conductor ( Lewis n.d. ) who made a recording of three `` master works '' Schoenberg with the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, released posthumously in late 2013. This recording includes short lectures by Deutsch on each of the pieces ( Anon. 2013 ). Criticism In the 1920s, Ernst Krenek criticized a certain unnamed brand of contemporary music ( presumably Schoenberg and his disciples ) as `` the self - gratification of an individual who sits in his studio and invents rules according to which he then writes down his notes. '' Schoenberg took offense at this masturbatory metaphor and answered that Krenek `` wishes for only whores as listeners '' ( Ross 2007, 156 ). Allen Shawn has noted that, given Schoenberg 's living circumstances, his work is usually defended rather than listened to, and that it is difficult to experience it apart from the ideology that surrounds it ( Taruskin 2004, 7 ). Richard Taruskin asserts that Schoenberg committed what he terms a `` poietic fallacy '', the conviction that what matters most ( or all that matters ) in a work of art is the making of it, the maker 's input, and that the listener 's pleasure must not be the composer 's primary objective ( Taruskin 2004, 10 ). Taruskin also criticizes the ideas of measuring Schoenberg 's value as a composer in terms of his influence on other artists, the overrating of technical innovation, and the restriction of criticism to matters of structure and craft while derogating other approaches as vulgarian ( Taruskin 2004, 12 ). Personality and extramusical interests Arnold Schoenberg, self - portrait, 1910 Schoenberg was a painter of considerable ability, whose works were considered good enough to exhibit alongside those of Franz Marc and Wassily Kandinsky ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 142 ) as fellow members of the expressionist Blue Rider group. He was interested in Hopalong Cassidy films, which Paul Buhle and David Wagner ( 2002, v -- vii ) attribute to the films ' left - wing screenwriters -- a rather odd claim in light of Schoenberg 's statement that he was a `` bourgeois '' turned monarchist ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 551 -- 52 ). Schoenberg experienced triskaidekaphobia ( the fear of the number 13 ), which possibly began in 1908 with the composition of the thirteenth song of the song cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten Op. 15 ( Stuckenschmidt 1977, 96 ). According to friend Katia Mann, he feared he would die during a year that was a multiple of 13 ( quoted in Lebrecht 1985, 294 ). Writings 1922. Harmonielehre, third edition. Vienna : Universal Edition. ( Originally published 1911 ). English edition, translated by Roy E. Carter, based on the third edition, as Theory of Harmony. Berkeley, Los Angeles : University of California Press, 1978. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04945 - 1. 1947. `` The Musician ''. In The Works of the Mind, edited by Robert B. Heywood, Chicago : University of Chicago Press. OCLC 752682744 1959. Structural Functions of Harmony, translated by Leonard Stein. London : Williams and Norgate Revised edition, New York, London : W.W. Norton and Company 1969. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00478 - 6. 1964a. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London : Faber. Paperback reprint, Berkeley : University of California Press, 1987. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06009 - 8. 1964b. Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint, edited with a foreword by Leonard Stein. New York, St. Martin 's Press. Reprinted, Los Angeles : Belmont Music Publishers 2003. 1967. Fundamentals of Musical Composition, edited by Gerald Strang, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York : St. Martin 's Press. Reprinted 1985, London : Faber and Faber. ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 09276 - 5 1975. Style and Idea : Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg, edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York : St. Martins Press ; London : Faber & Faber. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05294 - 9. Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library ( New York ) publication edited by Dika Newlin ( 559 pages from 231 ). The volume carries the note `` Several of the essays... were originally written in German ( translated by Dika Newlin ) '' in both editions. 1979. Die Grundlagen der musikalischen Komposition, translated into German by Rudolf Kolisch ; edited by Rudolf Stephan. Vienna : Universal Edition ( German translation of Fundamentals of Musical Composition ). 1984. Style and Idea : Selected Writings, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley : California University Press. See also Biography portal Arnold Schönberg Prize References Adorno, Theodor. 1967. Prisms, translated from the German by Samuel and Shierry Weber London : Spearman ; Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press. Anon. 2001. `` Arnold Schoenberg ''. Find - a-Grave ( Accessed 1 April 2013 ). Anon. 2002. `` Arnold Schönberg and His God ''. Vienna : Arnold Schönberg Center ( accessed 1 December 2008 ). Anon. 1997 -- 2013. `` ' Degenerate ' Music ''. In A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust. The Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida ( accessed 16 June 2014 ). Anon. 2013. `` Max Deutsch Conducts Arnold Schonberg '' ( sic ). ArkivMusic : The Source for Classical Music ( accessed 27 December 2015 ). Auner, Joseph H. 1999. `` Schoenberg and His Public in 1930 : The Six Pieces For Male Chorus, Op. 35 ''. In Schoenberg and His World, edited by Walter Frisch, 85 -- 125. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04860 - 4 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04861 - 1 ( pbk ). Beaumont, Antony. 2000. Zemlinsky. London : Faber and Faber. ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 16983 - 2 Ithaca : Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3803 - 5. Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner. 2002. Radical Hollywood : The Untold Story Behind America 's Favorite Movies. New York : The New Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 819 - 1. Clausen, Detlev. 2008. Theodor W. Adorno : One Last Genius, translated by Rodney Livingstone. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02618 - 6. Crawford, Dorothy L. 2009. A Windfall of Musicians : Hitler 's Émigrés and Exiles in Southern California. New Haven and London : Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15548 - 8. Feisst, Sabine. 2011. Schoenberg 's New World : The American Years. Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537238 - 0. Friedrich, Otto. 1986. City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940 's ( sic ). New York : Harper & Row. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015626 - 8. Reprinted, Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20949 - 7. Frisch, Walter ( ed. ). 1999. Schoenberg and His World. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04860 - 4 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04861 - 1 ( pbk ). Genette, Gérard. 1997. Immanence and Transcendence, translated by G.M. Goshgarian. Ithaca : Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8272 - 4. Greissle - Schönberg, Arnold, and Nancy Bogen. ( n.d. ) Arnold Schönberg 's European Family ( e-book ). The Lark Ascending, Inc. ( accessed 2 May 2010 ) Foss, Hubert. 1951. `` Schoenberg, 1874 -- 1951 '' Musical Times 92, no. 1 ( September ) : 401 -- 403. Hailey, Christopher. 1993. Franz Schreker, 1878 -- 1934 : A Cultural Biography. Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39255 - 6. Haimo, Ethan. 1990. Schoenberg 's Serial Odyssey : The Evolution of his Twelve - Tone Method, 1914 -- 1928. Oxford ( England ) : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 315260 - 1. Laskin, David. 2008. When Weimar Luminaries Went West Coast. New York Times ( 3 October 2008 ). Lebrecht, Norman. 1985. The Book of Musical Anecdotes. New York : Simon & Schuster ; London : Sphere Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 918710 - 4. Lebrecht, Norman. 2001. `` Why We 're Still Afraid of Schoenberg ''. The Lebrecht Weekly ( 8 July ). Leeuw, Ton de. 2005. Music of the Twentieth Century : A Study of Its Elements and Structure, translated from the Dutch by Stephen Taylor. Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 765 - 4. Translation of Muziek van de twintigste eeuw : een onderzoek naar haar elementen en structuur. Utrecht : Oosthoek 's Uitgevers Mij. N.V., 1964. Third impression, Utrecht : Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1977. ISBN 978 - 90 - 313 - 0244 - 4. Lewis, Uncle Dave. n.d. `` Max Deutsch / Rheinland - Pfalz Staatsphilharmonie / Frank Strobel : Max Deutsch : Der Schatz ''. AllMusic Review. allmusic.com. Retrieved December 26, 2015. McCoy, Marilyn. 1999. `` A Schoenberg Chronology ''. In Schoenberg and His World, edited by Walter Frisch, 1 -- 15. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04860 - 4 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04861 - 1 ( pbk ). MacDonald, Malcolm. 2008. Schoenberg, second, revised edition. The Master Musicians Series. Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517201 - 0 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803840 - 5. Mahler, Alma. 1960. Mein Leben, with a foreword by Willy Haas. Frankfurt am Main : S. Fischer, My Life, My Loves : The Memoirs of Alma Mahler, St. Martin 's Griffin ( 1958 ) PaperbackISBN 978 - 0312025403. Marquis Who 's Who. n.d. ( Who Was Who in America, Volume III ( 1951 -- 1960 ) ). ( accessed 4 October 2012 ). Neighbour, O ( liver ) W. 2001. `` Schoenberg ( Schönberg ), Arnold ( Franz Walter ) ''. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London : Macmillan Publishers. Orenstein, Arbie. 1975. Ravel : Man and Musician. London : Columbia University Press. Petropoulos, Jonathan. 2014. Artists Under Hitler. New Haven and London : Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 19747 - 1 Plush, Vincent. 1996. `` They Could Have Been Ours '', ABC Radio 24 Hours ( January ). Rosen, Charles. 1975. Arnold Schoenberg. New York : Viking Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 13316 - 1 ( pbk ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 01986 - 1 ( cloth ). Reprinted 1996, with a new preface. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 72643 - 4. Ross, Alex. 2007. The Rest Is Noise : Listening to the Twentieth Century. New York : Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 24939 - 7. Schoenberg, Arnold. 1922. Harmonielehre, third edition. Vienna : Universal Edition. ( Originally published 1911 ). Translation by Roy E. Carter, based on the third edition, as Theory of Harmony. Berkeley, Los Angeles : University of California Press, 1978. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04945 - 1. Schoenberg, Arnold. 1959. Structural Functions of Harmony. Translated by Leonard Stein. London : Williams and Norgate ; Revised edition, New York, London : W.W. Norton and Company 1969. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00478 - 6. Schoenberg, Arnold. 1964. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London : Faber. Paperback reprint, Berkeley : University of California Press, 1987. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06009 - 8. Schoenberg, Arnold. 1967. Fundamentals of Musical Composition. Edited by Gerald Strang, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York : St. Martin 's Press. Reprinted 1985, London : Faber and Faber. ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 09276 - 5. Schoenberg, Arnold. 1975. Style and Idea : Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg. Edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York : St. Martins Press ; London : Faber & Faber. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05294 - 9. Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library ( New York ) publication edited by Dika Newlin. The volume carries the note `` Several of the essays... were originally written in German ( translated by Dika Newlin ) '' in both editions. Schoenberg, Arnold. 1984. Style and Idea : Selected Writings, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley : California University Press. Schonberg, Harold C. 1970. The Lives of the Great Composers. New York : W.W. Norton. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02146 - 2 ( Revised ed., New York : W.W. Norton, 1980. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 01302 - 3 Third ed. New York : W.W. Norton, 1997. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03857 - 6 ). Shoaf, R. Wayne. 1992. `` Satellite Collections in the Archive of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute ''. Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute 15, no. 1 ( June ) : 9 -- 110. Silverman, Kenneth. 2010. Begin Again : A Biography of John Cage. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, Toronto : Random House. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4437 - 5. Reprinted, Evanston, IL : Northwestern University Press, 2012. Starr. 1997. Stein. 1987. Steinberg, Michael. 1995. The Symphony : A Listener 's Guide. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506177 - 2 ( cloth ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512665 - 5 ( pbk ). Strimple, Nick. 2005. Choral Music in the Twentieth Century. Portland, Oregon & Cambridge, UK : Amadeus. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57467 - 122 - 3. Stuckenschmidt, Hans Heinz. 1977. Schoenberg : His Life, World and Work, translated from the German by Humphrey Searle. New York : Schirmer Books. Taruskin, Richard. 2004. The Poietic Fallacy. New York : The Musical Times no. 1885 ( Reissued in The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays, 2007, pp. 301 -- 329 ). UCLA Department of Music. ( 2008 ). `` Facilities and Maintenance '' ( accessed 1 December 2008 ). University of Southern California Thornton School of Music. ( 2008 ). `` Performance Halls and Studios '' ( accessed 1 December 2008 ). Watkins, Glenn. 2010. The Gesualdo Hex : Music, Myth, and Memory. New York : W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07102 - 3. Worldspace Radio. 2007. Maestro `` Concert Hall Presentation ''. 13 July 2007 ; Featured piece. Further reading Auner, Joseph. 1993. A Schoenberg Reader. New Haven : Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09540 - 1. Boulez, Pierre. 1991. `` Schoenberg is Dead '' ( 1952 ). In his Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, translated by Stephen Walsh, with an introduction by Robert Piencikowski, 209 -- 14. Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 311210 - 0. Brand, Julianne, Christopher Hailey, and Donald Harris ( editors ). 1987. The Berg - Schoenberg Correspondence : Selected Letters. New York, London : W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 01919 - 3. Byron, Avior. 2006. `` The Test Pressings of Schoenberg Conducting Pierrot lunaire : Sprechstimme Reconsidered ''. Music Theory Online 12, no. 1 ( February ). http://www.societymusictheory.org/mto/issues/mto.06.12.1/mto.06.12.1.byron_frames.html Cohen, Mitchell, `` A Dissonant Schoenberg in Berlin and Paris, '' `` Jewish Review of Books, '' April 2016. Everdell, William R... 1998 ' ' The First Moderns : Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth - Century Thought. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Eybl, Martin. 2004. Die Befreiung des Augenblicks : Schönbergs Skandalkonzerte von 1907 und 1908 : eine Dokumentation. Wiener Veröffentlichungen zur Musikgeschichte 4. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar : Böhlau. ISBN 978 - 3 - 205 - 77103 - 6. Floirat, Bernard. 2001. Les Fonctions structurelles de l'harmonie d'Arnold Schoenberg. Eska, Musurgia. ISBN 978 - 2 - 7472 - 0209 - 1. Gur, Golan. 2009. `` Arnold Schoenberg and the Ideology of Progress in Twentieth - Century Musical Thinking ''. Search : Journal for New Music and Culture 5 ( Summer ). Online journal ( Accessed 17 October 2011 ). Hyde, Martha M. 1982. Schoenberg 's Twelve - Tone Harmony : The Suite Op. 29 and the Compositional Sketches. Studies in Musicology, series edited by George Buelow. Ann Arbor : UMI Research Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8357 - 1512 - 6. Kandinsky, Wassily. 2000. `` Arnold Schönberg als Maler / Arnold Schönberg as Painter ''. Journal of the Arnold Schönberg Center, no. 1 : 131 -- 76. Mailman, Joshua B. 2015. `` Schoenberg 's Chordal Experimentalism Revealed Through Representational Hierarchy Association ( RHA ), Contour Motives, and Binary State Switching ''. Music Theory Spectrum 37, no. 2 : 224 -- 52. Meyer, Esther da Costa. 2003. `` Schoenberg 's Echo : The Composer as Painter ''. In Schoenberg, Kandinsky, and the Blue Rider, edited by Fred Wasserman and Esther da Costa Meyer, foreword by Joan Rosenbaum, preface by Christian Meyer. London and New York : Scala. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85759 - 312 - 9 Ringer, Alexander. 1990. `` Arnold Schoenberg : The Composer as Jew ''. Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 315466 - 7. Rollet, Philippe ( ed. ). 2010. Arnold Schönberg : Visions et regards, with a preface by Frédéric Chambert and Alain Mousseigne. Montreuil - sous - Bois : Liénart. ISBN 978 - 2 - 35906 - 028 - 7. Shawn, Allen. 2002. Arnold Schoenberg 's Journey. New York : Farrar Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 10590 - 7. Stegemann, Benedikt. 2013. Theory of Tonality : Theoretical Studies. Wilhelmshaven : Noetzel. ISBN 978 - 3 - 7959 - 0963 - 5. Weiss, Adolph. 1932. `` The Lyceum of Schonberg '', Modern Music 9, no. 3 ( March -- April ) : 99 -- 107. Wright, James K. 2007. Schoenberg, Wittgenstein, and the Vienna Circle. Bern : Verlag Peter Lang. ISBN 978 - 3 - 03911 - 287 - 6. Wright, James and Alan Gillmor ( eds. ). 2009. Schoenberg 's Chamber Music, Schoenberg 's World. New York : Pendragon Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57647 - 130 - 2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arnold Schoenberg. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg at Encyclopædia Britannica Scores by Arnold Schoenberg in the Open Music Library Arnold Schoenberg Center in Vienna `` biography '' ( in French ). IRCAM. Complete Schoenberg Discography & List of Works Texts of vocal works by Schoenberg with translations in various languages at The LiederNet Archive. `` How Arnold Schoenberg Became Lonely : Imagination versus Reality '', Sabine Feisst, Free scores by Arnold Schoenberg at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) `` Arnold Schoenberg material ''. BBC Radio 3 archives. Excerpts from sound archives of Schoenberg 's works. Recordings by Schoenberg Recordings at archive.org Video and audio as part of musicology studies Arnold Schoenberg Orchestral Pelleas und Melisande, Op. 5 Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Chamber Symphony No. 2, Op. 38 Concertante Violin Concerto, Op. 36 Piano Concerto, Op. 42 Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra ( 1933 ) Chamber String quartets ( 1897, Opp. 7, 10, 30, 37 ) Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 Wind Quintet, Op. 26 Instrumental Drei Klavierstücke, Op. 11 Sechs kleine Klavierstücke, Op. 19 Suite for Piano, Op. 25 Zwei Klavierstücke, Op. 33 Opera Erwartung, Op. 17 Die glückliche Hand, Op. 18 Moses und Aron ( 1930 - 32 ) Von heute auf morgen, Op. 32 Oratorio Gurre - Lieder ( 1900 - 1911 ) Die Jakobsleiter ( 1917 - 22 ) Prelude to Genesis Suite, Op. 44 A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 Vocal Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 ( 1908 / 09 ) Herzgewächse, Op. 20 Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 Four Orchestral Songs, Op. 22 Other pages Expressionist music Sprechstimme Students Neoclassicism 6 - 20 6 - Z44 List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg Der Blaue Reiter Leaders Wassily Kandinsky Franz Marc Artists Albert Bloch David Burliuk Heinrich Campendonk Lyonel Feininger Natalia Goncharova Alexej von Jawlensky Paul Klee August Macke Gabriele Münter Arnold Schoenberg See also Die Brücke Expressionism Twelve - tone technique and Serialism Fundamentals Combinatoriality Complementation Derivation Hexachord Interval class Invariance Partition Cross partition Tone row Aggregate List Permutations Prime row Retrograde Inversion Retrograde inversion Multiplication Notable composers Milton Babbitt Pierre Boulez Josef Matthias Hauer Second Viennese School Alban Berg Arnold Schoenberg Anton Webern Charles Wuorinen... more... Related articles All - interval twelve - tone row All - trichord hexachord Atonality Chromatic scale Duration series Equivalence Formula composition Modernism ( music ) Punctualism Semitone Set theory Time point Trope List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions Twelve - tone and serial composers Hans Abrahamsen Gilbert Amy Louis Andriessen Denis ApIvor Hans Erich Apostel Kees van Baaren Milton Babbitt Osvaldas Balakauskas Don Banks Jean Barraqué Richard Barrett Jürg Baur Arthur Berger Erik Bergman Luciano Berio Konrad Boehmer André Boucourechliev Pierre Boulez Martin Boykan Ole Buck Jacques Calonne Niccolò Castiglioni Aldo Clementi Aaron Copland Luigi Dallapiccola Karel Goeyvaerts Henryk Górecki Josef Matthias Hauer Ben Johnston Gottfried Michael Koenig Ernst Krenek Witold Lutosławski Bruno Maderna Donald Martino Luigi Nono Juan Carlos Paz Krzysztof Penderecki George Perle Henri Pousseur Humphrey Searle Second Viennese School Alban Berg Arnold Schoenberg Anton Webern Roger Sessions Nikos Skalkottas Karlheinz Stockhausen Richard Swift Charles Wuorinen... more... Modernist composers Europe Béla Bartók Alban Berg Luciano Berio Pierre Boulez Benjamin Britten Ferruccio Busoni Jacques Calonne Paul Dukas Henri Dutilleux Hans Werner Henze Arthur Honegger Leoš Janáček György Ligeti Witold Lutosławski Gustav Mahler Igor Markevitch Olivier Messiaen Darius Milhaud Nikolai Myaskovsky Luigi Nono Gavriil Popov Francis Poulenc Sergei Prokofiev Nikolai Roslavets Arnold Schoenberg Alexander Scriabin Dmitri Shostakovich Karlheinz Stockhausen Richard Strauss Igor Stravinsky Michael Tippett Ernst Toch Fartein Valen Edgard Varèse William Walton Kurt Weill Iannis Xenakis N. America George Antheil Milton Babbitt John J. Becker John Cage Elliott Carter Carlos Chávez Aaron Copland Henry Cowell Ruth Crawford Seeger Charles Ives Conlon Nancarrow Leo Ornstein Silvestre Revueltas Wallingford Riegger George Rochberg Dane Rudhyar Carl Ruggles Charles Seeger Roger Sessions S. America Mozart Camargo Guarnieri Alberto Ginastera Heitor Villa - Lobos Gilberto Mendes Leon Schidlowsky Musical modernism Genres and techniques Abstractionism Athematicism Atonality Dissonant counterpoint Dada Experimental music Expressionism Futurism Impressionism Microtonal music Modality Modes of limited transposition Neoclassicism Neotonality New Objectivity Noise music Pandiatonicism Polyrhythm Polytonality Process music Quartal and quintal harmony Serialism Surrealism Sound collage Sound mass Tone cluster Tropes Twelve - tone technique Related topics Postmodern music See also : ( ( Modernist composers ) ) Second Viennese School Alban Berg Altenberg Lieder ( 1912 ) Wozzeck ( 1922 ) Lyric Suite ( 1926 ) Lulu ( 1937 ) Violin Concerto ( 1935 ) Arnold Schoenberg Chamber Symphony No. 1 ( 1906 ) Erwartung ( 1909 ) Harmonielehre ( 1910 ) Gurre - Lieder ( 1911 ) Variations for Orchestra ( 1928 ) Anton Webern Concerto for Nine Instruments ( 1934 ) Variations for piano ( 1936 ) String Quartet ( 1937 -- 38 ) Other topics Skandalkonzert ( 1913 ) Twelve - tone technique Atonality Athematicism Expressionist music Theodor W. Adorno René Leibowitz VIAF : 12492826 LCCN : n80032780 ISNI : 0000 0003 5408 605X GND : 118610023 SELIBR : 198575 SUDOC : 027342603 BNF : cb138995262 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90077345 ULAN : 500030015 MusicBrainz : 9b490b96 - ad82 - 4d7b - 9055 - f0a196ad64cc NLA : 36175870 NDL : 00455723 NKC : jn20000402196 BNE : XX1723110 RKD : 224820 IATH : w6ms3qtx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&oldid=813116917 '' Categories : 1874 births 1951 deaths 20th - century American musicians 20th - century Austrian painters Austrian male painters 20th - century classical composers American classical composers American former Christians American male classical composers American music theorists American opera composers American painters American people of Austrian - Jewish descent Ashkenazi Jews Austrian Christians Austrian classical composers Austrian emigrants to the United States Austrian Jews Austrian male classical composers Austrian monarchists Austrian music theorists Austrian opera composers Austrian refugees Austro - Hungarian military personnel of World War I Baalei teshuva Ballet composers Berlin University of the Arts alumni Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery Composers for piano Composers for pipe organ Composers for violin Converts to Christianity from Judaism Converts to Judaism from Christianity Expressionist music Jewish American classical composers Jewish classical composers Jewish painters Male opera composers People from Leopoldstadt Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States Prussian Academy of Arts faculty Pupils of Alexander Zemlinsky Second Viennese School Viennese composers People from Brentwood, Los Angeles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016 Articles needing more detailed references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links AC with 16 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017, at 21 : 44. 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Question: – composer arnold schoenberg was highly influential in the movement called –
Answer: expressionist