Boiling - point elevation - wikipedia Boiling - point elevation Boiling - point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid ( a solvent ) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope. Contents 1 Explanation 2 The general equation for calculations at dilute concentration 2.1 Ebullioscopic constants 3 Uses 4 See also 5 References Explanation The change in chemical potential of a solvent when a solute is added explains why boiling point elevation takes place. The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific solute -- solvent interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase ( except at extremely high temperatures ). Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. For the solvent, the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution. A non-volatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero, so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure, and the boiling point is elevated. Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas ( or vapor ) phase have the same chemical potential ( or vapor pressure ) meaning that they are energetically equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase. This means that when a non-volatile solute is added, the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e., the boiling point is elevated. The phenomenon of freezing - point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute. The general equation for calculations at dilute concentration The extent of boiling - point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausius -- Clapeyron relation and Raoult 's law together with the assumption of the non-volatility of the solute. The result is that in dilute ideal solutions, the extent of boiling - point elevation is directly proportional to the molal Concentration of the solution according to the equation : ΔT = K b where ΔT, the boiling point elevation, is defined as T - T. K, the ebullioscopic constant, which is dependent on the properties of the solvent. It can be calculated as K = RT M / ΔH, where R is the gas constant, and T is the boiling temperature of the pure solvent ( in K ), M is the molar mass of the solvent, and ΔH is the heat of vaporization per mole of the solvent. b is the molality of the solution, calculated by taking dissociation into account since the boiling point elevation is a colligative property, dependent on the number of particles in solution. This is most easily done by using the van ' t Hoff factor i as b = b i. The factor i accounts for the number of individual particles ( typically ions ) formed by a compound in solution. Examples : i = 1 for sugar in water i = 1.9 for sodium chloride in water, due to the near full dissociation of NaCl into Na and Cl ( often simplified as 2 ) i = 2.3 for calcium chloride in water, due to nearly full dissociation of CaCl into Ca and 2Cl ( often simplified as 3 ) Non integer i factors result from ion pairs in solution, which lower the effective number of particles in the solution. Equation after including the van ' t Hoff factor ΔT = K b i At high concentrations, the above formula is less precise due to nonideality of the solution. If the solute is also volatile, one of the key assumptions used in deriving the formula is not true, since it derived for solutions of non-volatile solutes in a volatile solvent. In the case of volatile solutes it is more relevant to talk of a mixture of volatile compounds and the effect of the solute on the boiling point must be determined from the phase diagram of the mixture. In such cases, the mixture can sometimes have a boiling point that is lower than either of the pure components ; a mixture with a minimum boiling point is a type of azeotrope. Ebullioscopic constants Values of the ebullioscopic constants K for selected solvents : Compound Boiling point in ° C Ebullioscopic constant K in units of ( ( ° C kg ) / mol ) or ( ° C / molal ) Acetic acid 118.1 3.07 Benzene 80.1 2.53 Carbon disulfide 46.2 2.37 Carbon tetrachloride 76.8 4.95 Naphthalene 217.9 5.8 Phenol 181.75 3.04 Water 100 0.512 Uses Together with the formula above, the boiling - point elevation can in principle be used to measure the degree of dissociation or the molar mass of the solute. This kind of measurement is called ebullioscopy ( Greek `` boiling - viewing '' ). However, since superheating is difficult to avoid, precise ΔT measurements are difficult to carry out, which was partly overcome by the invention of the Beckmann thermometer. Furthermore, the cryoscopic constant that determines freezing - point depression is larger than the ebullioscopic constant, and since the freezing point is often easier to measure with precision, it is more common to use cryoscopy. Among many urban legends related to the effect of ebullioscopic increase, one of them leads to adding salt when cooking pasta only after water has started boiling. The misconception is that since the water boils at a higher temperature, food will cook faster. However, at the approximate concentration of salt in water for cooking ( 10 g of salt per 1 kg of water, or 1 teaspoon per quart ), the ebullioscopic increase is approximately 0.17 ° C ( 0.31 ° F ), which will arguably make no practical difference for cooking, although salt may add to flavors. See also Colligative properties Freezing point depression Dühring 's rule List of boiling and freezing information of solvents References ^ Jump up to : P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994, ISBN 0 - 19 - 269042 - 6, p. 222 - 225 Jump up ^ P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., p. C17 ( Table 7.2 ) Articles related to solutions Solution Ideal solution Aqueous solution Solid solution Buffer solution Flory -- Huggins Mixture Suspension Colloid Phase diagram Eutectic point Alloy Saturation Supersaturation Serial dilution Dilution ( equation ) Apparent molar property Miscibility gap Concentration and related quantities Molar concentration Mass concentration Number concentration Volume concentration Normality Percentage solution Molality Mole fraction Mass fraction Isotopic abundance Mixing ratio Ternary plot Solubility Solubility equilibrium Total dissolved solids Solvation Solvation shell Enthalpy of solution Lattice energy Raoult 's law Henry 's law Solubility table ( data ) Solubility chart Solvent ( Category ) Acid dissociation constant Protic solvent Inorganic nonaqueous solvent Solvation List of boiling and freezing information of solvents Partition coefficient Polarity Hydrophobe Hydrophile Lipophilic Amphiphile Lyonium ion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling-point_elevation&oldid=802718386 '' Categories : Amount of substance Chemical properties Physical chemistry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017, at 00 : 57. 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Question: the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the pure solvent
Answer: a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent