Penny Black - wikipedia Penny Black This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2018 ) For other uses, see Penny Black ( disambiguation ). Penny Black Country of production United Kingdom Location of production London Date of production 1 May 1840 ( 1840 - 05 - 01 ) -- February 1841 ( 1841 - 02 ) Perforation None Notability World 's first adhesive postage stamp Face value 1 penny Estimated value £ 3 -- 4,000 ( mint ) A Penny Black, with a red cancellation that was hard to see and easily removed A large mint block of the Penny Black The Jacob Perkins ' press, which printed the Penny Black and the 2d Blue, in the British Library Philatelic Collections The Penny Black was the world 's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, but was not valid for use until 6 May. It features a profile of Queen Victoria. In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to ⁄ ounce ( 14 grams ) to be delivered at a flat rate of one penny, regardless of distance. Postal delivery systems using what may have been adhesive stamps existed before the Penny Black. The idea had at least been suggested earlier in the Austrian Empire, Sweden, and possibly Greece. Contents 1 Treasury competition 2 Design 3 Issue 4 Imprimatur sheet 5 Printing 6 Rarity 7 The VR official 8 Popular culture 9 See also 10 References and sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Treasury competition On 13 February 1837, Sir Rowland Hill proposed to a government enquiry both the idea of a pre-paid stamp and a pre-paid envelope, a separate sheet folded to form an enclosure for carrying letters. Hill was given a two - year contract to run the new system, and together with Henry Cole he announced a competition to design the new stamps. There were some 2,600 entries, but none was considered suitable ; instead a rough design endorsed by Hill was chosen, featuring an easily recognisable profile of the former Princess Victoria. Hill believed this would be difficult to forge. An envelope bearing a reproduction of a design created by the artist William Mulready was also issued. Design The portrait of Victoria was engraved by Charles Heath and his son Frederick, based on a sketch provided by Henry Corbould. Corbould 's sketch was in turn based on the 1834 cameo - like head by William Wyon, which was used on a medal to commemorate the Queen 's visit to the City of London in 1837. This portrait of Victoria remained on British stamps until her death in 1901, although by then she was 81 years old. All British stamps still bear a portrait or silhouette of the monarch somewhere on the design. They are the only postage stamps in the world that do not indicate a country of origin ; the monarch 's image symbolises the United Kingdom. Initially, Hill specified that the stamps should be 3 / 4 inch square, but altered the dimensions to 3 / 4 inch wide by 7 / 8 inch tall ( approx 19 x 22 mm ) to accommodate the writing at the bottom. The word `` POSTAGE '' at the top of the design distinguishes it from a revenue stamp, which had long been used in the UK ; `` ONE PENNY. '' at the bottom shows the amount pre-paid for postage of the stamped letter. The background to the portrait consists of finely engraved engine turnings. The two upper corners hold Maltese crosses with radiant solar discs at their centres ; the lower corner letters show the position of the stamp in the printed sheet, from `` A A '' at top left to `` T L '' at bottom right. The sheets, printed by Perkins Bacon, consisted of 240 stamps in 20 rows of 12 columns. One full sheet cost 240 pence or one pound ; one row of 12 stamps cost a shilling. As the name suggests, the stamp was printed in black ink. A two penny stamp printed in blue and covering the double - letter rate ( up to 1 oz or 28 g ) was issued on 8 May 1840. Issue Although the stamps were not officially issued for sale until 6 May 1840, some offices such as those in Bath sold the stamps unofficially before that date. There are covers postmarked 2 May, and a single example is known on cover dated 1 May 1840. All London post offices received official supplies of the new stamps but other offices throughout the United Kingdom did not, continuing to accept payments for postage in cash for a period. The Penny Black lasted less than a year. A red cancellation was hard to see on the black design and the red ink was easy to remove ; both made it possible to re-use cancelled stamps. In February 1841, the Treasury switched to the Penny Red and began using black ink for cancellations instead, which was more effective and harder to remove. However, people still reused stamps by combining the uncancelled parts of two stamps to form an unused whole, so in 1864 as a further safeguard the top corner stars on the Penny Red were replaced by the lower corner check letters in reverse order. Imprimatur sheet Imprimatur sheets are from among the first sheets of stamps printed from a finished printing plate. The actual imprimatur ( Let it be printed ) refers to the written permission of the Inland Revenue officials entered on the back of the sheet of stamps. In the 19th century, it was common for officials to remove some stamps from each sheet to present as gifts to dignitaries and other important people. Individual stamps from an Imprimatur sheet can thus be found for sale on the open market. A complete sheet of the Penny Black without check letters is held by the British Postal Museum. This unique item is in fact a plate proof, and by definition not an imprimatur sheet. Printing A mint block of six, plate 11 Main article : Penny Black printing plates The Penny Black was printed from 11 plates, but as Plate 1 was completely overhauled due to excessive wear, it is generally considered to be two separate plates, 1a and 1b. Plate 11 was originally intended solely for the printing of new red stamps, but a small number were printed in black. These are scarce. The stamps were printed in unperforated sheets, to be carefully cut with scissors for sale and use. As a result, stamps with badly cut margins, or no margins, are common and worth very little, while examples with four clear margins are rare and valuable, and fetch very high prices, especially if in mint condition. An original printing press for the Penny Black, the `` D '' cylinder press invented by Jacob Perkins and patented in 1819, is on display at the British Library in London. Rarity The total print run was 286,700 sheets, containing a total of 68,808,000 stamps. Many were saved, and in used condition they remain readily available to stamp collectors. The only known complete sheets of the Penny Black are owned by the British Postal Museum. The vr official Main article : VR official In addition to the general issue of the Penny Black, a similar stamp intended for official mail was produced, with the letters `` V '' and `` R '' replacing the crosses in the top corners. Because the general public quickly accepted the postage stamps and ridiculed the Mulready stationery produced at the same time, vast supplies of Mulready letter sheets were given for official use to government departments such as the tax office and the idea of introducing an official stamp was abandoned. Only a few postally used examples exist, which probably originate from the Post Office circulars sent out as advance notice of the new stamps. Four are known on covers ; all were cut from their envelopes and then replaced. Most of the cancelled examples are from trials of cancellation types, inks, and experiments with their removal. Those trials led to the change from black to red stamps, and vice versa for the cancellations. Popular culture The pub sign of the Penny Black pub in Oxfordshire Considered a British cultural icon, the Penny Black design features in the innovations section of the new British passport in 2015. Also in 2015, the search engine Google marked the 175th anniversary of the postage stamp with a Google doodle of the Penny Black. See also List of British postage stamps List of notable postage stamps Mauritius `` Post Office '' Penny Blue Penny Red Postage stamps and postal history of Great Britain Stamp Centenary Exhibition 1940 Two penny blue Uniform Penny Post References and sources References Jump up ^ Lawrence, Ken ( 1 January 1996 ). `` Before the Penny Black ( First Series ) ''. Toke Nørby. Retrieved 30 April 2013. Jump up ^ Hill, H.W. ( 1940 ). The Fight for the Penny Post. London : Warne. pp. 75 -- 79. Jump up ^ Taylor, R.A. `` Wyon City Medal -- 1837 ''. Images of the World. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013. Jump up ^ Edward Denny Bacon, `` The line - engraved postage stamps of Great Britain printed by Perkins, Bacon & Co. '', 1920 Jump up ^ Letter from Rowland Hill, 16 December 1839, to Perkins, Baker and Petch. `` The whole stamp is to occupy 3⁄4ths of an inch square, including the lettering and engine - turned work. '', in Bacon, Vol. II p. 22. Jump up ^ Memo from Rowland Hill, 31 December 1839. `` Or if practicable increase the length One eighth and insert in white letters at the bottom / 1⁄2 oz One Penny. '' in Bacon, Vol. II p. 22. Jump up ^ Feldman, David ( 17 February 1999 ). The First Cover : May 1, 1840 ( PDF ). Geneva : David Feldman. pp. 1 -- 17. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Victoria Stamps ''. The British Postal Museum & Archive. Retrieved 25 February 2015. Jump up ^ British Library collections -- Philatelic Accessed 30 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Great Britain : Wednesday, May 6, 1840 ''. First Issues Collectors Club. 3 November 2003. Retrieved 30 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Penny Black stamps price guide ''. Jump up ^ `` Introducing the new UK passport design '' ( PDF ). Gov.uk. 7 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` What is a Penny Black stamp ? Google Doodle celebrates landmark British design ''. The Independent. 7 November 2016. Sources Golden, Catherine J. ( 2009 ). Posting It : The Victorian Revolution in Letter Writing. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3379 - 2. Further reading Holyoake, Alan. The World 's First Postage Stamp. London : Royal Philatelic Society, London, 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 900631 - 73 - 3, 159p. Jackson, Mike. May Dates : A survey of Penny Blacks, Twopenny Blues, Mulreadys and caricatures used during May 1840. Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire : Mike Jackson Publications, c1999. ISBN 0 - 952827 - 41 - 7. Litchfield, Percy C. Guide Lines To The Penny Black : a detailed description of each one of the 2880 stamps and the plates from which it was printed. London : R. Lowe, 1979. Muir, Douglas N. Postal Reform and the Penny Black : A New Appreciation. London : National Postal Museum, 1990 ISBN 0 - 951594 - 80 - X Nissen, Charles. Great Britain : The Penny Black : Its Plate Characteristics. Kent, ( England ) : F. Hugh Vallancey, 1948. Nissen, Charles and Bertram McGowan. The Plating of The Penny Black Postage Stamp Of Great Britain, 1840 : with a description of each individual stamp on the eleven different plates, affording a guide to collectors in the reconstruction of the sheets. London : Stanley Gibbons, 1998 ISBN 0 - 85259 - 461 - 5 Proud, Edward B. Penny Black Plates. Heathfield, East Sussex : International Postal Museum, 2015. Rigo de Righi, A.G. The Story of the Penny Black and Its Contemporaries. London : National Postal Museum, 1980 ISBN 0 - 9500018 - 7 - 2 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penny Black. The digitised R.M. Phillips Collection of Victorian philately The 1840 Penny Black at the American National Postal Museum These stamps are the legends of the hobby Linns.com Refresher Courses The Jubilee of Penny Postage 1890 Queen Victoria Events Coronation Honours Hackpen White Horse Wedding Wedding dress Golden Jubilee Honours Medal Police Medal Clock Tower, Weymouth Clock Tower, Brighton Bust Diamond Jubilee Honours Medal Reign Bedchamber Crisis Prime Ministers Edward Oxford Empress of India Victorian era Victorian morality Visits to Manchester Foreign visits Funeral Mausoleum Family Albert, Prince Consort ( husband ) Victoria, Princess Royal ( daughter ) Edward VII ( son ) Princess Alice of the United Kingdom ( daughter ) Alfred, Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( son ) Princess Helena of the United Kingdom ( daughter ) Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll ( daughter ) Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn ( son ) Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany ( son ) Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom ( daughter ) Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn ( father ) Princess Victoria of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld ( mother ) Grandchildren Royal descendants Princess Feodora of Leiningen ( half - sister ) Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen ( half - brother ) Early life Kensington System John Conroy Louise Lehzen Lady Flora Hastings Charlotte Percy George Davys Legitimacy Namesakes Places Royal Family Order Victoria Day Victoria Day ( Scotland ) Victoria Cross Victoria ( plant ) Depictions Film Sixty Years a Queen ( 1913 ) Victoria the Great ( 1937 ) Sixty Glorious Years ( 1938 ) Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) The Young Victoria ( 2009 ) Victoria & Abdul ( 2017 ) The Black Prince ( 2017 ) Television Happy and Glorious ( 1952 ) The Young Victoria ( 1963 ) Victoria & Albert ( 2001 ) Looking for Victoria ( 2003 ) Royal Upstairs Downstairs ( 2011 ) Victoria ( 2016 - ) Stage Victoria and Merrie England ( 1897 ) Victoria Regina ( 1934 ) I and Albert ( 1972 ) Statues and Memorials List of statues Victoria Memorial, London Leeds St Helens Winnipeg Lancaster Penang Bristol Weymouth Chester Sydney Building Square Bangalore Hong Kong Reading Montreal Square Kolkata Victoria, British Columbia Liverpool Adelaide Birmingham London Christchurch Toronto Brisbane Melbourne Guernsey Isle of Man Valletta Birkenhead Regina Dundee Balmoral cairns Poetry `` The Widow at Windsor '' ( 1892 ) `` Recessional '' ( 1897 ) Songs Victoria Choral Songs Stamps Penny stamps Penny Black VR official Penny Blue Penny Lilac Penny Red Penny Venetian Red Two penny blue Others Lilac and Green Embossed stamps Chalon head Canada 12d black Canada 2c Large Queen Dull Rose Three Halfpence Red Halfpenny Rose Red Halfpenny Yellow Inverted Head 4 Annas Jubilee Issue Related Osborne House Queen Victoria 's journals John Brown Abdul Karim Pets Dash Diamond Crown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penny_Black&oldid=865724598 '' Categories : Postage stamps 1840 introductions Postage stamps of the United Kingdom Postal history of the United Kingdom Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria 1840 in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from May 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 18 : 57 ( UTC ). 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Question: what is the oldest stamp in the world
Answer: The Penny Black