Cultural contracts - wikipedia Cultural contracts Cultural contracts refer to the degree that cultural values are exchanged between groups. It extends identity negotiation theory and uncertainty reduction theory by focusing defining the negotiation experience from the perspective of minority groups when dealing with majority cultural norms. Cultural contracts theory was developed in 1999 by Dr. Ronald L. Jackson, an identity scholar and a professor in media and cinema studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. Background Cultural contracts first appeared in Communication Quarterly in 1999. The theory is inspired by Ting - Toomey 's ( 1986 ) identity validation model ( IDM ) that emerged from a study of European American and African American communication experiences. Both theories are rooted in the exchanges between strangers as described in Berger and Calabrese 's ( 1975 ) uncertainty reduction theory. Cultural contracts focuses specifically on the exchanges between traditionally marginalized groups and majority groups in power in American society from the standpoint of the minority member. The theory is not limited to oral communication. Any value that makes up an individual 's worldview, including behavior and other cultural norms, can be negotiated and subjected to a cultural contract. Contracts Cultural Contract Types Ready - to - Sign Quasi-Complete Co-Created Cultural contracts suggests that mainstream and marginalized identities are in natural conflict. In order to achieve communication, individuals must decide how much of their values will be negotiated. This results in one of three contracts by the minority identity : ready - to - sign contracts ( assimilating to mainstream values ) ; quasi-completed contracts ( adapting marginalized values to accommodate mainstream values ) ; and co-completed contracts ( validating both mainstream and marginalized values ). Most individuals are not aware that they create or sign cultural contracts. Each contract is a `` result of how identities have been personally and socially constructed and exposed. '' The first contract is a ready - to - sign contract, or assimilation, which occurs when individuals replace their culture identity for the dominant culture. This contract can be temporary or long - term and benefits the majority. There is no room for negotiating marginalized identity with mainstream ideals in this contract with no perceived benefit to the marginalized group. Quasi-completed contracts ( adaptation ) result in temporarily incorporating a small part of an individual 's value to the mainstream value, and vice versa. This is usually a short - term contract since neither identity is dominant in this interaction. Lastly, co-completed contracts ( mutual validation ) result in blending values together. Cultural differences are acknowledged and valued in this contract. In certain instance, values are deeply penetrated and are not up for exchange. Others are more surface and the perceived benefits of the contract do not conflict with our core identity. This will determine if an individual is willing to sign a cultural contract or remain in conflict. The contracts can be signed one or two ways : the signee perceives a benefit in accommodating or assimilating, or the signee is forced to accommodate or assimilate. Applications. In addition to identity research, cultural contracts theory has been used in higher education scholarship to explore the relationships between White students and African American faculty The theory has also been used to explore the cultural contracts African American women sign in their beauty and hair choices. References Jump up ^ Jackson, R.L. ( 2002 ). Cultural contracts theory : Toward an understanding of identity negotiation. Communication Quarterly, 50, 359 - 67. Jump up ^ Jackson, R.L. ( 1999 ). The Negotiation of Cultural Identity. Westport, CT : Praeger Press. Jump up ^ Ting - Toomey, S. ( 1986 ). Conflict communication styles in black and white subjective cultures. International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 10, 75 - 88 here Jump up ^ Berger, C.R., Calabrese, R.J. ( 1975 ). Some Exploration in Initial Interaction and Beyond : Toward a Developmental Theory of Communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99 -- 112 Jump up ^ Jackson. R.L. ( 2004 ). Cultural contracts theory : Toward a critical rhetorical identity. In New approaches to rhetoric Jump up ^ Jackson, R.L. & Crawley, R. ( 2003 ). White Student Confessions about an African American male professor : A Cultural Contracts Theory approach to intimate conversations about race and worldview. Journal of Men 's Studies, 12 ( 1 ), 25 - 42 Jump up ^ Hecht, M.L., Jackson, R.L., & Ribeau, S.A. ( 2003 ). African American communication : Exploring ethnic identity and culture, p. 248. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum. Jump up ^ Jackson, R.L. ( 2002 ). Cultural contracts are not unique and can either be short - term or long - term. This depends on the level of confidence a person has in her worldview. Although negotiation of cultural differences is expected, mutual validation is not always the goal or intent of human interaction. Cultural contracts theory : Toward an understanding of identity negotiation. Communication Quarterly, 50, 359 - 67 Jump up ^ Jackson, R.L., & Crawley, R.L. ( 2003 ). White student confessions about a Black male professor : A cultural contracts theory approach to intimate conversations about race and worldview. The Journal of Men 's Studies, 12, 25 - 41 Jump up ^ Harris, T.M. ( 2007 ). Black feminist thought and cultural contracts : Understanding the intersection and negotiation of racial, gendered, and professional identities in the academy. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 110, 55 - 64. Jump up ^ ( 2003, April ). `` Intercultural relationships work best when both sides treat each other as equals. '' Science Blog. < http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2003/G/20035017.html > Jump up ^ Robinson - Moore, C.L., 2008 - 11 - 20 `` Beauty Perceptions and Identity Negotiations : Examining Black Female Beauty through Cultural Contracts Theory '' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 94th Annual Convention, TBA, San Diego, CA Online < PDF >. 2010 - 03 - 11 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p260002_index.html Culture Outline Sciences Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Neuroculture Subfields Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Cultural values Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing Types Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location Aspects Acculturation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High - and low - context cultures Interculturality Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Print culture Protoculture Safety culture Technoculture Trans - cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture Politics Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Intraculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Pluriculturalism Polyculturalism Security culture Transculturism Related Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Bullying culture Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Coffee culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural Christian Cultural Mormon Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural Detective Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural encoding Cultural evolutionism Cultural Hindu Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural Judaism Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural Muslim Cultural probe Cultural relativism Culture speculation Cultural tourism Pop - culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and menstruation Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children 's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Western culture Portal Commons WikiProject changes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_contracts&oldid=801588926 '' Categories : Cultural studies Identity Communication theory Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 16 : 18 ( UTC ). 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Question: jackson and crawley three types of social contracts
Answer: ready-to-sign contracts (assimilating to mainstream values); quasi-completed contracts (adapting marginalized values to accommodate mainstream values); and co-completed contracts (validating both mainstream and marginalized values)