Enteral administration - wikipedia Enteral administration A medical professional demonstrates how to offer oral medication to a dummy. A medical professional injects medication into a gastric tube. Administering medication rectally In general medicine, enteral administration ( Greek enteros, `` intestine '' ) is food or drug administration via the human gastrointestinal tract. This contrasts with parenteral nutrition or drug administration ( Greek para, `` besides '' + enteros ), which occurs from routes outside the GI tract, such as intravenous routes. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines ( i.e., the gastrointestinal tract ). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual ( dissolving the drug under the tongue ), and rectal. Parenteral administration is via a peripheral or central vein. In pharmacology, the route of drug administration is important because it affects drug metabolism, drug clearance, and thus dosage. Contents 1 Forms 2 Drug absorption from the intestine 3 First pass metabolism 4 See also 5 References Forms Enteral administration may be divided into three different categories, depending on the entrance point into the GI tract : oral ( by mouth ), gastric ( through the stomach ), and rectal ( from the rectum ). ( Gastric introduction involves the use of a tube through the nasal passage ( NG tube ) or a tube in the belly leading directly to the stomach ( PEG tube ). Rectal administration usually involves rectal suppositories. ) Oral administration Rectal administration Solids Liquids - Pill Solution Ointment Tablet Softgel Suppository Time release technology Suspension Enema Osmotic controlled release capsule Emulsion Murphy drip Syrup Nutrient enema Elixir Tincture hydrogel Drug absorption from the intestine The mechanism for drug absorption from the intestine is for most drugs passive transfer, a few exceptions include levodopa and fluorouracil, which are both absorbed through carrier - mediated transport. For passive transfer to occur, the drug has to diffuse through the lipid cell membrane of the epithelial cells lining the inside of the intestines. The rate at which this happens is largely determined by two factors : Ionization and lipid solubility. Factors influencing gastrointestinal absorption : Gastrointestinal motility. Splanchnic blood flow. Particle size and formulation. Physicochemical factors. First pass metabolism Drugs given by enteral administration may be subjected to significant first pass metabolism, and therefore, the amount of drug entering the systemic circulation following administration may vary significantly for different individuals and drugs. Rectal administration is not subject to extensive first pass metabolism. See also Enteric ( disambiguation ) Enteral nutrition References Jump up ^ `` Enteral administration - pharmacology ''. britannica.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018. Jump up ^ Rang, H.P. ( 2007 ). Rang and Dale 's Pharmacology. Elsevier. p. 104. ISBN 0 - 443 - 06911 - 5. hide Routes of administration, dosage forms Oral Digestive tract ( enteral ) Solids Pill Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system ( OROS ) Liquids Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Extended - release syrup Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Syrup Concentrate for dilution and / or addition of carbonated water Tincture Buccal ( sublabial ), sublingual Solids Orally disintegrating tablet ( ODT ) Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent buccal tablet Chewing gum Liquids Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Oral spray Respiratory tract Solids Smoking device Dry - powder inhaler ( DPI ) 0 0 Liquids Anaesthetic vaporizer Vaporizer Nebulizer Metered - dose inhaler ( MDI ) Gas Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Relative analgesia machine Ophthalmic, otologic, nasal Nasal spray Ear drops Eye drops Ointment Hydrogel Nanosphere suspension Insufflation Mucoadhesive microdisc ( microsphere tablet ) Urogenital Ointment Pessary ( vaginal suppository ) Vaginal ring Vaginal douche Intrauterine device ( IUD ) Extra-amniotic infusion Intravesical infusion Rectal ( enteral ) Ointment Suppository Enema Solution Hydrogel Murphy drip Nutrient enema Dermal Ointment Topical cream Topical gel Liniment Paste Film DMSO drug solution Electrophoretic dermal delivery system Hydrogel Liposomes Transfersome vesicles Cream Lotion Lip balm Medicated shampoo Dermal patch Transdermal patch Contact ( rubbed into break in the skin ) Transdermal spray Jet injector Injection, infusion ( into tissue / blood ) Skin Intradermal Subcutaneous Transdermal implant Organs Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular injection Transscleral Central nervous system Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural Circulatory, musculoskeletal Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient - Controlled Analgesia pump PIC line WikiProject Pharmacy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enteral_administration&oldid=837232002 '' Categories : Routes of administration Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 14 : 56. 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Question: drugs that are subjected to the first pass affect enter the body by which route
Answer: the human gastrointestinal tract