Chahamanas of Shakambhari - Wikipedia Chahamanas of Shakambhari Chahamanas of Shakambhari 7th century -- 12th century Capital Shakambhari Religion Hinduism Government Monarchy History Established 7th century Disestablished 12th century Preceded by Succeeded by Gurjara - Pratihara Tomara dynasty Ghurid dynasty Today part of India The Chahamanas of Shakambhari ( IAST : Cāhamāna ), colloquially known as the Chauhans of Sambhar, were an Indian dynasty that ruled parts of the present - day Rajasthan and its neighbouring areas between 7th to 12th centuries. The territory ruled by them was known as Sapadalaksha. They were the most prominent ruling family of the Chahamana ( Chauhan ) clan, and were categorized among Agnivanshi Rajputs in the later medieval legends. The Chahamanas originally had their capital at Shakambhari ( present - day Sambhar ). Until the 10th century, they ruled as Gurjara - Pratihara vassals. When the Pratihara power declined after the Tripartite Struggle, the Chahamana ruler Simharaja assumed the title Maharajadhiraja. In the early 12th century, Ajayaraja II moved the kingdom 's capital to Ajayameru ( modern Ajmer ). For this reason, the Chahamana rulers are also known as the Chauhans of Ajmer. The Chahamanas fought several wars with their neighbours, including the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Tomaras of Delhi, and the Paramaras of Malwa. From 11th century onwards, they started facing Muslim invasions, first by the Ghaznavids, and then by the Ghurids. The Chahamana kingdom reached its zenith under Vigraharaja IV in the mid-12th century. The dynasty 's power effectively ended in 1192 CE, when the Ghurids defeated his nephew Prithviraja III. Contents 1 Origin 2 Territory 3 History 4 Cultural activities 5 List of rulers 6 References 6.1 Bibliography Origin Coin of the Chahamana ruler Vigraharaja IV, circa 1150 - 1164. According to the 1170 CE Bijolia rock inscription of Someshvara, the early Chahamana king Samantaraja was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of sage Vatsa. Historian R.B. Singh theorizes that the Chahamanas probably started out as petty rulers of Ahichchhatrapura ( identified with Nagaur ), and moved their capital to Shakambhari ( Sambhar ) as their kingdom grew. Later, they became the vassals of the imperial Gurjara - Pratiharas. Several mythical accounts of the dynasty 's origin also exist. The earliest of the dynasty 's inscriptions and literary works state that the dynasty 's progenitor was a legendary hero named Chahamana. They variously state that this hero was born from Indra 's eye, in the lineage of the sage Vatsa, in the solar dynasty and / or during a ritual sacrifice performed by Brahma. In the later period, the Chahamanas were categorized as one of the Rajput clans, although the Rajput identity did not exist during their time. A popular medieval account classifies the dynasty among the four Agnivanshi Rajput clans, whose ancestors are said to have come out of sacrificial fire pit. The earliest source to mention this legend are the 16th century recensions of Prithviraj Raso. Some colonial - era historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin of the dynasty, speculating that the foreign warriors were initiated into the Hindu society through a fire ritual. However, the earliest extant copy of Prithviraj Raso does not mention this legend at all. Instead, it states that the first ruler of the dynasty was Manikya Rai, who is said to have been born from Brahma 's sacrifice. Territory Ajmer ( Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra ) Amalda ( Anvalda ) Bajta Barla Bassi Bijolia Bisaldeo temple ( Bisalpur or Visalapur ) Charlu ( Charla, Churu ) Chittorgarh Dhod Harsh ( Harsha or Harshnath temple ) Jodhpur Kinsariya Ladnu ( Ladnun ) Lohari ( Bhilwara district ) Madanpur Narhar ( Narhada or Narhad ) Phalodi Pushkar Rewasa ( Revasa ) Sewari ( Sevadi ) Tantoti Thanwala ( Thanvala ) Topra Udaipur Jeenmata temple Find spots of the inscriptions issued during the Shakambhari Chahamana reign. The Topra inscription was issued during Vigraharaja IV 's northern campaign ; the Madanpur inscription was issued during Prithviraja III 's raid against the Chandelas. All other inscriptions have been found in Rajasthan or close to its borders. The core territory of the Chahamanas was located in present - day Rajasthan. It was known as Sapadalaksha ( IAST : Sapādalakṣa ) or Jangala - desha ( IAST : Jangaladeśa ). The term Jangladesha ( `` rough and arid country '' ) appears to be older, as it mentioned in the Mahabharata. The text does not mention the exact location of the region. The later Sanskrit texts, such as Bhava - Prakasha and Shabdakalpadruma - Kosha suggest that it was a hot, arid region, where trees requiring little water grew. The region is identified with the area around Bikaner. The term Sapadalaksha ( literally `` one and a quarter lakhs '' or 125,000 ) refers to the large number of villages in the area. It became prominent during the Chahamana reign. It appears that the term originally referred to the area around modern Nagaur near Bikaner. This area was known as Savalak ( vernacular form of Sapadalaksha ) in as late as 20th century. The early Chahamana king Samantaraja was based in Ahichchhatrapura, which can be identified with modern Nagaur. The ancient name of Nagaur was Nagapura, which means `` the city of the serpent ''. Ahichchhatrapura has a similar meaning : `` the city whose chhatra or protector is serpent ''. As the Chahamana territory expanded, the entire region ruled by them came to be known as Sapadalaksha. This included the later Chahamana capitals Ajayameru ( Ajmer ) and Shakambhari ( Sambhar ). The term also came to be applied to the larger area captured by the Chahamanas. The early medieval Indian inscriptions and the writings of the contemporary Muslim historians suggest that the following cities were also included in Sapadalaksha : Hansi ( now in Haryana ), Mandore ( now in Marwar region ), and Mandalgarh ( now in Mewar region ). History The earliest historical Chahamana king is the 6th century ruler Vasudeva. According to a mythical account in Prithviraja Vijaya, he received the Sambhar Salt Lake as a gift from a vidyadhara ( a supernatural being ). Little is known about his immediate successors. The 8th century Chahamana ruler Durlabharaja I and his successors are known to have served the Gurjara - Pratiharas as vassals. In 10th century, Vakpatiraja I made an attempt to overthrow the Gurjara - Pratihara suzerainty, and assumed the title Maharaja ( `` great king '' ). His younger son Lakshmana established the Naddula Chahamana branch. Vakpatiraja 's elder son and successor Simharaja assumed the title Maharajadhiraja ( `` king of great kings '' ), which suggests that he was a sovereign ruler. The Ana Sagar lake in Ajmer was commissioned by the Chahamana ruler Arnoraja alias Ana Simharaja 's successors consolidated the Chahamana power by engaging in wars with their neighbours, including the Chaulukyas of Gujarat and the Tomaras of Delhi. The dynasty 's earliest extant inscription ( 973 CE ) is from the reign of Vigraharaja II. During the reign of Viryarama ( r.c. 1040 CE ), the Paramara king Bhoja invaded the Chahamana kingdom, and probably occupied their capital Shakambhari for a brief period. Chamundaraja restored the Chahamana power, possibly with the help of the Naddula Chahamanas. The subsequent Chahamana kings faced several Ghaznavid raids. Ajayaraja II ( r.c. 1110 - 1135 CE ) repulsed a Ghaznavid attack, and also defeated the Paramara king Naravarman. He moved the kingdom 's capital from Shakambhari to Ajayameru ( Ajmer ), a city that he either established or greatly expanded. His successor Arnoraja raided the Tomara territory, and also repulsed a Ghaznavid invasion. However, he suffered setbacks against the Gujarat Chaulukya kings Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala, and was killed by his own son Jagaddeva. Bisaldeo temple commissioned by Vigraharaja IV Arnoraja 's younger son Vigraharaja IV greatly expanded the Chahamana territories, and captured Delhi from the Tomaras. His kingdom included parts of the present - day Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi. It probably also included a part of Punjab ( to the south - east of Sutlej river ) and a portion of the northern Gangetic plain ( to the west of Yamuna ). His 1164 CE Delhi - Shivalik pillar inscription claims that he conquered the region between the Himalayas and the Vindhyas, and thus restored the rule of Aryans in Aryavarta. While this is an exaggeration, it is not completely baseless. The inscription was originally found in Topra village, near the Shivalik Hills ( Himalayan foothills ). Also, the exiled ruler of Malwa ( Vindhyan region ) possibly acknowledged his suzerainty. Thus Vigraharaja 's influence extended from the Himalayas to the Vindhyas, at least in name. Vigraharaja was succeeded by his son Amaragangeya, and then his nephew Prithviraja II. Subsequently, his younger brother Someshvara ascended the throne. The most celebrated ruler of the dynasty was Someshvara 's son Prithviraja III, better known as Prithviraj Chauhan. He defeated several neighbouring kings, including the Chandela ruler Paramardi in 1182 - 83, although he could not annex the Chandela territory to his kingdom. In 1191, he defeated the Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor at the first Battle of Tarain. However, the next year, he was defeated at the second Battle of Tarain, and subsequently killed. Muhammad of Ghor appointed Prithviraja 's son Govindaraja IV as a vassal. Prithviraja 's brother Hariraja dethroned him, and regained control of a part of his ancestral kingdom. Hariraja was defeated by the Ghurids in 1194 CE. Govindaraja was granted the fief of Ranthambore by the Ghurids. There, he established a new branch of the dynasty. Cultural activities The Harshnath temple was commissioned by the Chahamana rulers The Chahamanas commissioned a number of Hindu temples, several of which were destroyed by the Ghurid invaders after the defeat of Prithviraja III. Multiple Chahamana rulers contributed to the construction of the Harshanatha temple, which was probably commissioned by Govindaraja I. According to Prithviraja Vijaya : Simharaja commissioned a large Shiva temple at Pushkar Chamundaraja commissioned a Vishnu temple at Narapura ( modern Narwar in Ajmer district ) Prithviraja I built a food distribution centre ( anna - satra ) on the road to Somnath temple for pilgrims. Someshvara commissioned a number of temples, including five temples in Ajmer. Vigraharaja IV was known for his patronage to arts and literature, and himself composed the play Harikeli Nataka. The structure that was later converted into the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque was constructed during his reign. The Chahamana rulers also patronized Jainism. Vijayasimha Suri 's Upadeśāmālavritti ( 1134 CE ) and Chandra Suri 's Munisuvrata - Charita ( 1136 CE ) state that Prithviraja I donated golden kalashas ( cupolas ) for the Jain temples at Ranthambore. The Kharatara - Gachchha - Pattavali states that Ajayaraja II allowed the Jains to build their temples in his capital Ajayameru ( Ajmer ), and also donated a golden kalasha to a Parshvanatha temple. Someshvara granted the Revna village to a Parshvanatha temple. List of rulers Prithviraja III, the most celebrated ruler of the dynasty Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Shakambhari and Ajmer, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R.B. Singh : Chahamana ( possibly mythical ) Vasu - deva ( c. 6th century CE ) Samanta - raja ( c. 684 - 709 CE ) ; identified as the legendary Manik Rai by R.B. Singh Nara - deva ( c. 709 - 721 CE ) Ajaya - raja I ( c. 721 - 734 CE ), alias Jayaraja or Ajayapala Vigraha - raja I ( c. 734 - 759 CE ) Chandra - raja I ( c. 759 - 771 CE ) Gopendra - raja ( c. 771 - 784 CE ) Durlabha - raja I ( c. 784 - 809 CE ) Govinda - raja I ( c. 809 - 836 CE ), alias Guvaka I Chandra - raja II ( c. 836 - 863 CE ) Govindaraja II ( c. 863 - 890 CE ), alias Guvaka II Chandana - raja ( c. 890 - 917 CE ) Vakpati - raja ( c. 917 - 944 CE ) ; his younger son established the Naddula Chahamana branch Simha - raja ( c. 944 - 971 CE ) Vigraha - raja II ( c. 971 - 998 CE ) Durlabha - raja II ( c. 998 - 1012 CE ) Govinda - raja III ( c. 1012 - 1026 CE ) Vakpati - raja II ( c. 1026 - 1040 CE ) Viryarama ( c. 1040 CE ) Chamunda - raja ( c. 1040 - 1065 CE ) Durlabha - raja III ( c. 1065 - 1070 CE ), alias Duśala Vigraha - raja III ( c. 1070 - 1090 CE ), alias Visala Prithvi - raja I ( c. 1090 - 1110 CE ) Ajaya - raja II ( c. 1110 - 1135 CE ), moved the capital to Ajayameru ( Ajmer ) Arno - raja ( c. 1135 - 1150 CE ), alias Ana Jagad - deva ( c. 1150 CE ) Vigraha - raja IV ( c. 1150 - 1164 CE ), alias Visaladeva Apara - gangeya ( c. 1164 - 1165 CE ) Prithvi - raja II ( c. 1165 - 1169 CE ) Someshvara ( c. 1169 - 1178 CE ) Prithvi - raja III ( c. 1178 - 1192 CE ), better known as Prithviraj Chauhan Govinda - raja IV ( c. 1192 CE ) ; banished by Hari - raja for accepting Muslim suzerainty ; established the Chahamana branch of Ranastambhapura Hari - raja ( c. 1193 - 1194 CE ) References Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 11. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 89. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, pp. 10 - 12. Jump up ^ Cynthia Talbot 2015, pp. 33 - 35. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 25 - 26. Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel 1999, p. 447. Jump up ^ Anita Sudan 1989, pp. 312 - 316. Jump up ^ Har Bilas Sarda 1935, pp. 220 - 221. ^ Jump up to : Har Bilas Sarda 1935, p. 217. Jump up ^ Har Bilas Sarda 1935, p. 214. ^ Jump up to : Cynthia Talbot 2015, p. 33. Jump up ^ Har Bilas Sarda 1935, p. 223. Jump up ^ Har Bilas Sarda 1935, p. 224. Jump up ^ Har Bilas Sarda 1935, p. 225. Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 23. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 100. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 103. ^ Jump up to : Dasharatha Sharma 1959, pp. 34 - 35. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, pp. 131 - 132. Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 40. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 140 - 141. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 150. Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 62. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 156. Jump up ^ Cynthia Talbot 2015, pp. 39. Jump up ^ Iqtidar Alam Khan 2008, p. xvii. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 221. Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 87. Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 26. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 104. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 124. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 128. ^ Jump up to : Dasharatha Sharma 1959, pp. 69 - 70. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, p. 159. Jump up ^ Cynthia Talbot 2015, pp. 37 - 38. Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 38. Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 41. Jump up ^ R.B. Singh 1964, pp. 51 - 70. Bibliography Alf Hiltebeitel ( 1999 ). Rethinking India 's Oral and Classical Epics : Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 34055 - 5. Anita Sudan ( 1989 ). A study of the Cahamana inscriptions of Rajasthan. Research. OCLC 20754525. Cynthia Talbot ( 2015 ). The Last Hindu Emperor : Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200 -- 2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107118560. Dasharatha Sharma ( 1959 ). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842606189. Har Bilas Sarda ( 1935 ). Speeches And Writings Har Bilas Sarda. Ajmer : Vedic Yantralaya. Iqtidar Alam Khan ( 2008 ). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864016. R.B. Singh ( 1964 ). History of the Chāhamānas. N. Kishore. OCLC 11038728. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari&oldid=840117484 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in Asia States and territories established in the 7th century States and territories disestablished in the 12th century Chahamanas of Shakambhari Dynasties of India History of Rajasthan 7th - century establishments in India 12th - century disestablishments in India Rajput rulers Agnivansha Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use Indian English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch हिन्दी Magyar Nederlands संस्कृतम् Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 20 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: write the name of two kings of chahamanas dynasty
Answer: Durlabharaja I