Secret ballot - wikipedia Secret ballot For 2001 Iranian film, see Secret Ballot ( film ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2014 ) Luis Guillermo Solís, President of Costa Rica, votes behind a privacy screen The secret ballot is a voting method in which a voter 's choices in an election or a referendum is anonymous, forestalling attempts to influence the voter by intimidation, blackmailing, and potential vote buying. The system is one means of achieving the goal of political privacy. Secret ballots are used in conjunction with various voting systems. The most basic form of secret ballot utilizes blank pieces of paper, upon which each voter writes his or her choice. Without revealing the votes to anyone, the voter would fold the ballot paper and place it in a sealed box, which is emptied later for counting. An aspect of secret voting is the provision of a voting booth to enable the voter to write on the ballot paper without others being able to see what is being written. Today, printed ballot papers are usually provided, with the names of the candidates or questions and respective check boxes. Provisions are made at the polling place for the voters to record their preferences in secret, and the ballots are designed to eliminate bias and to prevent anyone from linking voter to ballot. A problem of privacy arises with moves to improve efficiency of voting by the introduction of postal voting and electronic voting. Some countries permit proxy voting, which some argue is inconsistent with voting privacy. Contents 1 History 1.1 France 1.2 United Kingdom 1.3 Australia and New Zealand 1.4 United States 2 International law 3 Disabled people 4 Secrecy vs. reliability 5 Criticism 6 Chronology of introduction 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links History In ancient Greece, secret ballots were used in several situations, like ostracism, and also to remain hidden from people seeking favors. In ancient Rome, the laws regulating elections were collectively known as Tabellariae Leges, the first of which was introduced in 139 BC ( lex Gabinia tabellaria ). Today, the practice of casting secret ballots is so commonplace that most voters would not consider that any other method might be used. Other methods which had been used and which are still used in some places and contexts include `` oral votes '' as well as Open ballot systems involving the public display of votes or roll calls. Other public voting methods include raising a hand to indicate a vote, or the use of coloured marbles or cards to indicate a voting choice. France Article 31 of the Constitution of the Year III of the revolution ( 1795 ) states that `` All elections are to be held by secret ballot ''. The same goes with the constitution of 1848 : voters could hand - write the name of their preferred candidate on their ballot at home ( the only condition was to write on white paper ) or receive one distributed on the street. The ballot was folded in order to prevent other people from reading its contents. Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte attempted to abolish the secret ballot for the 1851 plebiscite with an electoral decree requesting electors to write down `` yes '' or `` no '' ( in French : `` oui '' or `` non '' ) under the eyes of everyone. But he faced strong opposition and finally changed his mind, allowing secret ballot to take place. According to the official web site of the Assemblée nationale ( the lower house of the French parliament ), the voting booth was permanently adopted only in 1913. United Kingdom The Polling by William Hogarth ( 1755 ). Before the secret ballot was introduced, voter intimidation was commonplace. A British ballot paper from 1880 The demand for a secret ballot was one of the six points of Chartism. The British parliament of the time refused even to consider the Chartist demands, but it is notable that Lord Macaulay, in his speech of 1842, while rejecting Chartism 's six points as a whole, admitted that the secret ballot was one of the two points he could support. The London School Board election of 1870 was the first large - scale election by secret ballot in Britain. After several failed attempts ( several of them spearheaded by George Grote ) the secret ballot was eventually extended generally in the Ballot Act 1872, substantially reducing the cost of campaigning ( as `` treating '' was no longer realistically possible ) and was first used on 15 August 1872 to re-elect Hugh Childers as MP for Pontefract in a ministerial by - election following his appointment as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The original ballot box, sealed in wax with a liquorice stamp, is held at Pontefract museum. However, the use of numbered ballots makes it possible in theory if given access to the relevant documents, to identify which candidate voters voted for. Meaning voting in the UK is not physically secret only in so much as the law says the information should not be accessed. Australia and New Zealand In Australia, secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in Tasmania on 7 February 1856. Until the original Tasmanian Electoral Act 1856 was `` re-discovered '' recently, credit for the first implementation of the secret ballot often went to Victoria, where it was pioneered by the former mayor of Melbourne, William Nicholson, and simultaneously South Australia. Victoria enacted legislation for secret ballots on 19 March 1856, and South Australian Electoral Commissioner William Boothby generally gets credit for creating the system finally enacted into law in South Australia on 2 April of that same year ( a fortnight later ). The other Australian colonies followed : New South Wales ( 1858 ), Queensland ( 1859 ), and Western Australia ( 1877 ). New Zealand implemented secret voting in 1870. State electoral laws, including the secret ballot, applied for the first election of the Australian Parliament in 1901, and the system has continued to be a feature of federal elections and referenda. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 does not explicitly set out the secret ballot but a reading of sections 206, 207, 325, 327 of the Act would imply its assumption. Sections 323 and 226 ( 4 ) do however, apply the principle of a secret ballot to polling staff and would also support the assumption. United States New York polling place circa 1900, showing voting booths on the left. Before 1890, partisan newspapers printed filled - out ballots which party workers distributed on election day so voters could drop them directly into the boxes. All of the states replaced these with secret ballots around 1890, popularly called `` Australian ballots. '' They were printed by the local government and listed all the candidates impartially. The `` Australian ballot '' is defined as having four parts : an official ballot being printed at public expense, on which the names of the nominated candidates of all parties and all proposals appear, being distributed only at the polling place and being marked in secret. In the United States, most states had moved to secret ballots soon after the presidential election of 1884. Kentucky was the last state to do so in 1891, when it quit using an oral ballot. But seven states did not have government - printed ballots until the 20th century ; South Carolina created them in 1950 and Georgia in 1922. The first city to start using the Australian ballot in the United States was Louisville, Kentucky, using a ballot drafted by Lewis Naphtali Dembitz, the uncle of and inspiration for future Supreme Court associate justice Louis Brandeis, and the first state to adopt the Australian ballot was Massachusetts. For this reason it is also known as the `` Massachusetts ballot ''. In the U.S., voting by secret ballot was universal by 1892 but criminal prohibitions against paying people to vote were only instituted in 1925. Elections in the United States are mostly held by secret ballot, although some states use mail ballots instead, which violate requirements 3 and 4 of the `` Australian ballot '', as it is distributed to the home, and potentially marked in the presence of other people. The states of Colorado, Oregon, and Washington conduct all elections by mailed ballots. The Constitution for the state of West Virginia still allows voters to cast `` open ballots ''. International law The right to hold elections by secret ballot is included in numerous treaties and international agreements that obligate their signatory states : Article 21.3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, `` The will of the people... shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which... shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. '' Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights ( the Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica ) grants to every citizen of member states of the Organization of American States the right and opportunity `` to vote and to be elected in genuine periodic elections, which shall be by universal and equal suffrange and by secret ballot that guarantees the free expression of the will of the voters ''. Paragraph 7.4 of the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, obligates the member states of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe to `` ensure that votes are cast by secret ballot or by equivalent free voting procedure, and that they are counted and reported honestly with the official results made public. '' Article 5 of the Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States obligates electoral bodies not to perform `` any action violating the principle of voter 's secret will expression. '' Disabled people ISG TopVoter, a voting machine which assures secret ballot for voters with disabilities. Ballot design and polling place architecture often denies the disabled the possibility to cast a vote in secret. In many democracies disabled persons may vote by appointing another person who fills the ballot in their name. This does not assure secrecy of the ballot. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which entered into force in 2008 assures secret ballot for disabled voters. Article 29 of the Convention requires that all Contracting States protect `` the right of the person with disabilities to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums ''. According to this provision, each Contracting State should provide for voting equipment which would enable disabled voters to vote independently and secretly. Some democracies, e.g. the United States, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Albania or India allow disabled voters to use electronic voting machines. In others, among them Azerbaijan, Canada, Ghana, the United Kingdom, and most African and Asian countries, visually impaired voters can use ballots in Braille or paper ballot templates. Article 29 also requires that Contracting States ensure `` that voting procedures, facilities and materials are appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use. '' In some democracies, e.g. United Kingdom, Sweden and the United States, all the polling places already are fully accessible for disabled voters. Secrecy vs. reliability This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2010 ) The United Kingdom secret ballot arrangements are sometimes criticised because it is possible to link a ballot paper to the voter who cast it. Each ballot paper is individually numbered and each elector also has a number. When an elector is given a ballot paper, their number is noted down on the counterfoil of the ballot paper ( which also carries the ballot paper number ). This means, of course, that the secrecy of the ballot is not guaranteed, if anyone can gain access to the counterfoils, which are locked away securely before the ballot boxes are opened at the count. Polling station officials colluding with election scrutineers may therefore determine how individual electors have voted. This measure is thought to be justified as a security arrangement so that if there was an allegation of fraud, false ballot papers could be identified. The process of matching ballot papers to voters is formally permissible only if an Election Court requires it ; in fact the Election Court has never made such an order since the secret ballot was introduced in 1872, although reportedly prisoners in a UK prison were observed identifying voters ' ballot votes on a list in 2008. The legal authority for this system is set out in the Parliamentary Elections Rules in Schedule 1 of the Representation of the People Act 1983. In the United States, sometimes the number on the ballot is printed on a perforated stub which is torn off and placed on a ring ( like a shower curtain ring ) before the ballot is cast into the ballot box. The stubs prove that an elector has voted and ensure that they can only vote once, but the ballots themselves are both secret and anonymous. At the end of voting day, the number of ballots inside the box should match the number of stubs on the ring, certifying that every ballot was cast by a registered elector, and that none of them were lost or fabricated. Sometimes the ballots themselves are numbered, making the vote trackable. This was ruled legal by Federal District Judge Christine Arguello, who ruled that the U.S. Constitution does not grant a right to a secret ballot. Criticism Some people believe that the secret ballot enables election fraud and so should be eliminated or supplemented with other ways of verifying voting, such as cryptographically secure receipts. Others oppose the secret ballot because it discourages voter participation. Chronology of introduction This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2008 ) Date Country Notes 1831 France 1849 Netherlands, United States 1853 Colombia 1856 ( February 7 ) Australia ( Tasmania ) The other Australian colonies of Victoria ( March 19, 1856 ), South Australia ( April 2, 1856 ), New South Wales ( 1858 ), Queensland ( 1859 ), and Western Australia ( 1877 ) followed. 1861 Italy 1861 Ecuador 1866 Sweden Voter currently chooses party - specific ballot in the open, which has been criticised for limiting the secrecy. There is, however, the possibility to choose a blank ballot or a multitude of ballots to denote a specific party and candidate in secrecy. 1867 Germany North German federal election, August 1867, see also Frankfurter Reichswahlgesetz 1849 1870 New Zealand 1872 United Kingdom Ballot Act 1872 1872 Switzerland 1874 Canada 1877 Belgium 1879 Serbia 1885 Norway 1891 United States of America Massachusetts was the first state to adopt a secret ballot, in 1888, and South Carolina was the last to do so, in 1950. 1900 Japan 1901 Denmark In connection with The Shift of Government ( Danish : Systemskiftet ) 1903 Iceland Originally passed by the Icelandic parliament in 1902, but the legislation was rejected by King Christian IX for technical reasons unrelated to ballot secrecy. Passed into law 1903. 1906 Russia 1907 Austria 1907 Finland 1912 Argentina Sáenz Peña Law 1918 Poland 1918 Uruguay 1919 Romania 1925 Costa Rica 1931 Peru 1932 Brazil 1946 Venezuela 1947 Hungary 1950 Turkey 1950 El Salvador See also Open ballot voting Ballot Election fraud Voter suppression Notes Jump up ^ Saalfeld, Thomas. 1995. On Dogs and Whips : Recorded Votes. In : Herbert Döring. Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe. New York : St. Martin 's Press, 1995. Page 531 Jump up ^ Tabellariae Leges. William Smith, D.C.L., LL. D. : A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. Jump up ^ Full text of the Constitution of the Year III on Wikisource ( in French ) Jump up ^ Article 24. -- Le suffrage est direct et universel. Le scrutin est secret. s : fr : Constitution du 4 novembre 1848 Jump up ^ Pour être recevable, chaque vote doit être inscrit sur un papier blanc : fr : Élection présidentielle française de 1848 Jump up ^ See the picture captioned Distribution des bulletins d'élections dans les rues. L'Illustration du 23 septembre 1848 on Assemblée Nationale website Jump up ^ Karl Marx The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon : For the bourgeois and the shopkeeper had learned that in one of his decrees of December 2 Bonaparte had abolished the secret ballot and had ordered them to put a `` yes '' or `` no '' after their names on the official registers. The resistance of December 4 intimidated Bonaparte. During the night he had placards posted on all the street corners of Paris announcing the restoration of the secret ballot. Full text ( chapter VII ) Jump up ^ Nationale, Assemblée. `` Le suffrage universel - Histoire - Assemblée nationale ''. www.assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ In the words of the petition that was published in 1838 : `` The suffrage, to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy and the violence of the powerful, must be secret. '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kinzer, Bruce ( 2004 ), `` George Grote, the Philosophical Radical and Politician '', Brill 's Companion to George Grote and the Classical Tradition, London : Brill, pp. 16 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` BBC - A History of the World - Object : Pontefract 's secret ballot box, 1872 ''. www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ Blainey, G 2016, ' ' The story of Australia 's people : the rise and rise of a new Australia ' ', Viking, Penguin Random House, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia, p. 18. Jump up ^ Terry Newman, `` Tasmania and the Secret Ballot '' ( PDF ). ( 144 KiB ) ( 2003 ), 49 ( 1 ) Aust J Pol & Hist 93, accessed May 20, 2015 Jump up ^ `` Documenting Democracy ''. foundingdocs.gov.au. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ Eldon Cobb Evans, A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States # ( 1917 ) online. Jump up ^ Webster 's Seventh New Colligiate Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts : G&C Merriam Company. 1967. p. 59. Jump up ^ See 1922 Georgia session laws, chapter 530, p. 100. Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 597 - Expenditures to influence voting ''. LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ The party nominating caucuses in some U.S. states ( most significantly the leadoff Presidential nominating state of Iowa ) still require an open casting of ballots. Jump up ^ Washington Secretary of State. `` Vote by Mail in Washington State ''. State of Washington. Retrieved 27 April 2014. Jump up ^ See W. Va. Const. Art. IV, § 2, `` In all elections by the people, the mode of voting shall be by ballot ; but the voter shall be left free to vote by either open, sealed or secret ballot, as he may elect. ''. Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights ''. www.un.org. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ American Convention on Human Rights, `` Pact of San Jose '', Costa Rica, Organization of American States, Nov. 22, 1969. Jump up ^ Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, Copenhagen, June 29, 1990. Jump up ^ Convention on the Stnadards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Oct. 7, 2002, Chisinau. Unofficial English translation provided by the European Commission for Democracy through Law ( Venice Commission ), Jan. 22, 2007. Jump up ^ `` What happens to the voting slips used in British elections after they have been counted ? - The Guardian ''. Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Ballot secrecy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 09. ( 48 KiB ) ( 2006 ), Electoral Commission of the United Kingdom Jump up ^ `` Federal judge says no constitutional right to secret ballot in Boulder case ''. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ Lynne Landes. `` Scrap the `` secret '' ballot - return to open voting ``. Jump up ^ `` Evolving Meaning of the Secret Ballot ''. Jump up ^ Todd Davies. `` Consequences of the Secret Ballot '' ( PDF ). Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University. Jump up ^ `` Abolish the Secret Ballot ''. The Atlantic. Jump up ^ Radio, Sveriges. `` Inget ökat skydd av valhemligheten 2018 - Nyheter ( Ekot ) ''. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ Mackie, Thomas T. and Rose, Richard ; The International Almanac of Electoral History ; p. 421 ISBN 1349098515 Jump up ^ Goldstein, Robert J. ; Political Repression in 19th - Century Europe ; p. 15 ISBN 0389204196 Jump up ^ `` 国立 国会 図書館 デジタル コレクション - 法令 全書. 明治 33 年 ''. kindai.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 24 March 2018. Jump up ^ Elklit, Jørgen ( 1988 ). Fra åben til hemmelig afstemning. Århus, Denmark : Politica. pp. 299 ff. Jump up ^ Stjórnartíðindi ( Legal Gazette ) ( in Icelandic ). Icelandic Government. 1902. pp. 273 -- 275. Jump up ^ Alþingistíðindi ( Parliamentary Gazette ) ( in Icelandic ). Alþingi. 1903. pp. 120 -- 133. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States A little bit of revision : Tasmania adopts the ballot in 1856 Death of the secret ballot The Guardian, `` What happens to the voting slips used in British elections after they have been counted ? '' The Secret Ballot Comes To Utah ( 1878 ) Celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Australian ballot Secrecy of the Vote, article from the ACE Project A handbook of electoral system Design from International IDEA Decing - Simple Web 2.0 online service for quick decision making via Secret Ballot for small teams. Philip Pettit & Geoffrey Brennan, `` Unveiling the Vote '' British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 20, pp. 311 - 33 Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union ( former directive ) Germany Ghana New Zealand Switzerland USA Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation European Digital Rights Global Network Initiative NOYB -- European Center for Digital Rights Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secret_ballot&oldid=835806779 '' Categories : Elections Secrecy Voting Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 Articles needing additional references from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018, at 21 : 51. 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Question: when did the secret ballot start in america
Answer: 1890