Table of contents - Wikipedia Table of contents For information on Wikipedia 's Help : Magic words. For Wikipedia 's tables of contents, see Portal : Contents. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2012 ) A table of contents A table of contents, usually headed simply Contents and abbreviated informally as TOC, is a list, usually found on a page before the start of a written work, of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers. Contents 1 Earliest use 2 Form 3 Examples 4 References 5 Notes Earliest Use Pliny the Elder credits Quintus Valerius Soranus ( d. 82 B.C. ) as the first author to provide a table of contents to help readers navigate a lengthy work. Pliny 's own table of contents for his encyclopedic Historia naturalis ( `` Natural History '' ) may be viewed online in Latin and in English ( following dedication ). Form A table of contents usually includes the titles or descriptions of the first - level headers, such as chapter titles in longer works, and often includes second - level or section titles ( A-heads ) within the chapters as well, and occasionally even third - level titles ( subsections or B - heads ). The depth of detail in tables of contents depends on the length of the work, with longer works having less. Formal reports ( ten or more pages and being too long to put into a memo or letter ) also have a table of contents. Within an English - language book, the table of contents usually appears after the title page, copyright notices, and, in technical journals, the abstract ; and before any lists of tables or figures, the foreword, and the preface. Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts, while digital ones offer links to go to each part. The format and location of the page numbers is a matter of style for the publisher. If the page numbers appear after the heading text, they might be preceded by characters called leaders, usually dots or periods, that run from the chapter or section titles on the opposite side of the page, or the page numbers might remain closer to the titles. In some cases, the page number appears before the text. If a book or document contains chapters, articles, or stories by different authors, their names usually appear in the table of contents. Matter preceding the table of contents is generally not listed there. However, all pages except the outside cover are counted, and the table of contents is often numbered with a lowercase Roman numeral page number. Many popular word processors, such as Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and StarWriter are capable of automatically generating a table of contents if the author of the text uses specific styles for chapter titles, headings, subheadings, etc. Examples Example with leaders : Chapter 1 : Getting Started... 1 Introduction... 2 Next Steps... 3 Example without leaders : Chapter 1 : Getting Started 1 Introduction 2 Next Steps 3 Example with authors : 1. Introduction to Biology Arthur C. Smith 1 2. Microbiology Susan Jones 10 3. Advances in Biotechnology T.C. Chang 24 Example with descriptive text : Chapter 1 3 In which we first meet our hero and heroine, attend a gala feast, and begin an unexpected journey. Chapter 2 12 The journey takes an unusual turn, and new villains are discovered. References The Chicago Manual of Style ( 15th Edition ) Gerald J. Alred ; Charles T. Brusaw ; Walter E. Oliu ( 2003 ). Handbook of Technical Writing. ISBN 0 - 312 - 30923 - 6. Notes Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder, preface 33, Historia naturalis ; John Henderson, `` Knowing Someone Through Their Books : Pliny on Uncle Pliny ( Epistles 3.5 ), '' Classical Philology 97 ( 2002 ), p. 275. Book design General page layout and typography choices Fonts Front and back covers Buckram Leather Anthropodermic bibliopegy Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Dedication Epigraph Table of contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer 's mark Body matter, which may include : Body text Chapters Parts Sections Tipped - in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Appendix / Addendum Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Other elements Bookplate or ex-librīs Catchword Die cutting Fore - edge painting Pop - ups Thumb index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_contents&oldid=831439191 '' Categories : Technical communication Book design Index ( publishing ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018, at 16 : 29. 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Question: where do you find the table of contents in a book
Answer: on a page before the start of a written work