Exocytosis - wikipedia Exocytosis For the meaning of `` exocytosis '' in dermatopathology, see exocytosis ( dermatopathology ). Neuron A ( transmitting ) to neuron B ( receiving ) 1. Mitochondrion 2. Synaptic vesicle with neurotransmitters 3. Autoreceptor 4. Synapse with neurotransmitter released ( serotonin ) 5. Postsynaptic receptors activated by neurotransmitter ( induction of a postsynaptic potential ) 6. Calcium channel 7. Exocytosis of a vesicle 8. Recaptured neurotransmitter Exocytosis ( / ˌɛksoʊsaɪˈtoʊsɪs / ) is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules ( e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins ) out of the cell ( exo - + cytosis ) by expelling them through an energy - dependent process. Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis, are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to them are large polar molecules that can not pass through the hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive means. In exocytosis, membrane - bound secretory vesicles are carried to the cell membrane, and their contents ( i.e., water - soluble molecules ) are secreted into the extracellular environment. This secretion is possible because the vesicle transiently fuses with the outer cell membrane. In the context of neurotransmission, neurotransmitters are typically released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis ; however, neurotransmitters can also be released via reverse transport through membrane transport proteins. Exocytosis is also a mechanism by which cells are able to insert membrane proteins ( such as ion channels and cell surface receptors ), lipids, and other components into the cell membrane. Vesicles containing these membrane components fully fuse with and become part of the outer cell membrane. Contents 1 History 2 Types 3 Steps 3.1 Vesicle trafficking 3.2 Vesicle tethering 3.3 Vesicle docking 3.4 Vesicle priming 3.5 Vesicle fusion 4 Vesicle retrieval 5 References 6 External links 7 See also History The term was proposed by De Duve in 1963. Types In eukaryotes there are two types of exocytosis : 1 ) Ca triggered non-constitutive ( i.e., regulated exocytosis ) and 2 ) non-Ca triggered constitutive ( i.e., non-regulated ). Ca triggered non-constitutive exocytosis requires an external signal, a specific sorting signal on the vesicles, a clathrin coat, as well as an increase in intracellular calcium. Exocytosis in neuronal chemical synapses is Ca triggered and serves interneuronal signalling. Constitutive exocytosis is performed by all cells and serves the release of components of the extracellular matrix or delivery of newly synthesized membrane proteins that are incorporated in the plasma membrane after the fusion of the transport vesicle. Vesicular exocytosis in prokaryote gram negative bacteria is a third mechanism and latest finding in exocytosis. The periplasm is pinched off as bacterial outer membrane vesicles ( OMVs ) for translocating microbial biochemical signals into eukaryotic host cells or other microbes located nearby, accomplishing control of the secreting microbe on its environment - including invasion of host, endotoxemia, competing with other microbes for nutrition, etc. This finding of membrane vesicle trafficking occurring at the host - pathogen interface also dispels the myth that exocytosis is purely a eukaryotic cell phenomenon. Steps Five steps are involved in exocytosis : Vesicle trafficking Certain vesicle - trafficking steps require the transportation of a vesicle over a moderately small distance. For example, vesicles that transport proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface area, will be likely to use motor proteins and a cytoskeletal track to get closer to their target. Before tethering would have been appropriate, many of the proteins used for the active transport would have been instead set for passive transport, because the Golgi apparatus does not require ATP to transport proteins. Both the actin - and the microtubule - base are implicated in these processes, along with several motor proteins. Once the vesicles reach their targets, they come into contact with tethering factors that can restrain them. Vesicle tethering It is useful to distinguish between the initial, loose tethering of vesicles to their objective from the more stable, packing interactions. Tethering involves links over distances of more than about half the diameter of a vesicle from a given membrane surface ( > 25 nm ). Tethering interactions are likely to be involved in concentrating synaptic vesicles at the synapse. Tethered vesicles are also involved in regular cell 's transcription processes. Vesicle docking Secretory vesicles transiently dock at the cell plasma membrane, preceding the formation of a tight t - / v - SNARE complex. Vesicle priming In neuronal exocytosis, the term priming has been used to include all of the molecular rearrangements and ATP - dependent protein and lipid modifications that take place after initial docking of a synaptic vesicle but before exocytosis, such that the influx of calcium ions is all that is needed to trigger nearly instantaneous neurotransmitter release. In other cell types, whose secretion is constitutive ( i.e. continuous, calcium ion independent, non-triggered ) there is no priming. Vesicle fusion Further information : Vesicle fusion Transient vesicle fusion is driven by SNARE proteins, resulting in release of vesicle contents into the extracellular space ( or in case of neurons in the synaptic cleft ). The merging of the donor and the acceptor membranes accomplishes three tasks : The surface of the plasma membrane increases ( by the surface of the fused vesicle ). This is important for the regulation of cell size, e.g., during cell growth. The substances within the vesicle are released into the exterior. These might be waste products or toxins, or signaling molecules like hormones or neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission. Proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane are now part of the plasma membrane. The side of the protein that was facing the inside of the vesicle now faces the outside of the cell. This mechanism is important for the regulation of transmembrane and transporters. Vesicle retrieval Retrieval of synaptic vesicles occurs by endocytosis. Some synaptic vesicles are recycled without a full fusion into the membrane ( kiss - and - run fusion ), while others require a complete reformation of synaptic vesicles from the membrane by a specialized complex of proteins ( clathrin ). Non-constitutive exocytosis and subsequent endocytosis are highly energy expending processes, and thus, are dependent on mitochondria. Examination of cells following secretion using electron microscopy demonstrate increased presence of partially empty vesicles following secretion. This suggested that during the secretory process, only a portion of the vesicular content is able to exit the cell. This could only be possible if the vesicle were to temporarily establish continuity with the cell plasma membrane, expel a portion of its contents, then detach, reseal, and withdraw into the cytosol ( endocytose ). In this way, the secretory vesicle could be reused for subsequent rounds of exo - endocytosis, until completely empty of its contents. References Jump up ^ `` Exocytosis ''. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Exocytosis ''. Merriam - Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21. Jump up ^ Rieger, R. ; Michaelis, A. ; Green, M.M. 1991. Glossary of Genetics. Classical and Molecular ( Fifth edition ). Springer - Verlag, Berlin, ( 1 ). Jump up ^ YashRoy RC ( 1993 ) Eelectron microscope studies of surface pili and vesicles of Salmonella 3, 10 : r : - organisms. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 63, pp. 99 - 102. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230817087_Electron_microscope_studies_of_surface_pilli_and_vesicles_of_Salmonella_310r-_organisms?ev=prf_pub Jump up ^ Kadurugamuwa, JL ; Beveridge, TJ ( 1996 ). `` Bacteriolytic effect of membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on other bacterial including pathogens : conceptually new antibiotics ''. Journal of Bacteriology. 178 ( 10 ) : 2767 -- 2774. PMC 178010. PMID 8631663. Jump up ^ YashRoy, R.C. ( 1998 ). `` Discovery of vesicular exocytosis in procaryotes and its role in Salmonella invasion '' ( PDF ). Current Science. 75 ( 10 ) : 1062 -- 1066. Jump up ^ Ivannikov, M. ; et al. ( 2013 ). `` Synaptic vesicle exocytosis in hippocampal synaptosomes correlates directly with total mitochondrial volume ''. J. Mol. Neurosci. 49 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 230. doi : 10.1007 / s12031 - 012 - 9848 - 8. PMC 3488359. PMID 22772899. Jump up ^ Boron, WF & Boulpaep, EL ( 2012 ), Medical Physiology. A Cellular and Molecular Approach, 2, Philadelphia : Elsevier External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exocytosis. Look up exocytosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Exocytosis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) See also Phagocytosis Endocytic cycle Membrane nanotube Viral shedding Presynaptic active zone Residual body Degranulation Membrane transport Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes Passive transport Simple diffusion ( or non-mediated transport ) Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Channels Carriers Active transport Uniporter Symporter Antiporter Primary active transport Secondary active transport Cytosis Endocytosis Efferocytosis Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Potocytosis Receptor - mediated endocytosis Transcytosis Exocytosis Degranulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exocytosis&oldid=839926640 '' Categories : Cellular processes Neurophysiology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018, at 16 : 43. 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Question: packages protein for transport out of the cell
Answer: Exocytosis