Winter Olympic Games - wikipedia Winter Olympic Games For a list of winter Olympic Games, see the list below. `` Winter Olympics '' redirects here. For the TV episode of the The Goodies, see Winter Olympics ( The Goodies ). For the video game, see Winter Olympics ( video game ). Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated Winter Olympic Games The Olympic flame in PyeongChang during the 2018 Winter Olympics Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 Sports ( details ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross ‐ country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating The Winter Olympic Games ( French : Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The original five Winter Olympics sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping ), and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ). The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II, and resumed in 1948. Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four - year cycles in alternating even - numbered years, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994. The Winter Games have evolved since their inception. Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them, such as Alpine skiing, luge, short track speed skating, freestyle skiing, skeleton, and snowboarding, have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme. Some others, including curling and bobsleigh, have been discontinued and later reintroduced ; others have been permanently discontinued, such as military patrol, though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it. Still others, such as speed skiing, bandy and skijoring, were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports. The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games. It generated income via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising, which has become lucrative for the IOC. This allowed outside interests, such as television companies and corporate sponsors, to exert influence. The IOC has had to address numerous criticisms over the decades like internal scandals, the use of performance - enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians, as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics. Nations have used the Winter ( as well as Summer ) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States ( in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002 ) ; three times in France ( in 1924, 1968 and 1992 ) ; and twice each in Austria ( 1964, 1976 ), Canada ( 1988, 2010 ), Japan ( 1972, 1998 ), Italy ( 1956, 2006 ), Norway ( 1952, 1994 ), and Switzerland ( 1928, 1948 ). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany ( 1936 ), Yugoslavia ( 1984 ), Russia ( 2014 ) and South Korea ( 2018 ). The IOC has selected Beijing, China, to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019. As of 2018, no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold - weather - dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer. To date, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States. The only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States. Norway leads the all - time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals, followed by the United States and Germany. Contents 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.1. 1 1900 to 1912 1.1. 2 World War I 1.1. 3 1920 to 1936 1.1. 4 World War II 1.1. 5 1948 to 1960 1.1. 6 1964 to 1980 1.1. 7 1984 to 1998 1.2 21st century 1.2. 1 2002 to 2010 1.2. 2 2014 to 2018 1.2. 3 Future 2 Controversy 2.1 Host city legacy 2.2 Doping 3 Politics 3.1 Cold War 3.2 Boycott 4 Sports 4.1 Current sports 4.2 Demonstration events 5 Ten most successful nations 6 List of Winter Olympic Games 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History 20th century 1900 to 1912 Ulrich Salchow at the 1908 Olympics. A predecessor, the Nordic Games, were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm, Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926. Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin. He attempted to have winter sports, specifically figure skating, added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. Four figure skating events were contested, at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 - time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles. Three years later, Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports. World War I The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games, which were to be held in Berlin, Germany. A winter sports week with speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned, but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I. 1920 to 1936 The first Olympics after the war, the 1920 Summer Olympics, were held in Antwerp, Belgium, and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games. At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics, France, would host a separate `` International Winter Sports Week '' under the patronage of the IOC. Chamonix was chosen to host this `` week '' ( actually 11 days ) of events. The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events. Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals, more than the rest of the participating nations combined. Germany remained banned until 1925, and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele, starting with the Winter edition of 1922 ( which predated the first Winter Olympics ). In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics. St. Moritz, Switzerland, was appointed by the IOC to host the second Winter Games in 1928. Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games. Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed - skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled. The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games : Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she held for 70 years. The next Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid, New York, was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated. This was less than in 1928, as the journey to Lake Placid, United States, was long and expensive for most competitors, who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression. The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports. Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games, and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January. Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title, and Eddie Eagan of the United States, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920, won the gold medal in the men 's bobsleigh event to become the first, and so far only, Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games, held on 6 -- 16 February. This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year. Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut, but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals. Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games. World War II World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics. The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo, Japan, but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China. The Games were then to be held at Garmisch - Partenkirchen, Germany, but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Due to the ongoing war, the 1944 Games, originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo, Italy, were cancelled. 1948 to 1960 The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948. Switzerland 's neutrality had protected the town during World War II, and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games, which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice. Twenty - eight countries competed in Switzerland, but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited. Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived, both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen, as was its replacement. There was unprecedented parity at these Games, during which 10 countries won gold medals -- more than any Games to that point. The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo, was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim, and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis. Bandy, a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was featured as a demonstration sport, though only Norway, Sweden, and Finland fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals, which outpaced all the other nations. They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition. After not being able to host the Games in 1944, Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics. At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Guido Caroli, entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and light the cauldron. These were the first Winter Games to be televised, and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience, though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events. The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact, winning more medals than any other nation. Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete ''. The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full - time. Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom. The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley, United States. It was an undeveloped resort in 1955, so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $80,000,000. The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney. The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first winter Olympics to have a dedicated athletes ' village, the first to use a computer ( courtesy of IBM ) to tabulate results, and the first to feature female speed skating events. The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time due to the cost of building a bobsleigh run. 1964 to 1980 The Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid ( c. 2007 ), site of the `` Miracle on Ice '' in 1980 The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort, warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice to the sports venues. Soviet speed - skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by winning all four speed skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes. Luge was first contested in 1964, but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run. Held in the French town of Grenoble, the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events. French alpine ski racer Jean - Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men 's alpine skiing events. The organising committee sold television rights for US $2 million, which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games. Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes ' villages. The organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances, however critics disputed this, alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes ' expense. The 1972 Winter Games, held in Sapporo, Japan, were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States ; three days before the opening ceremony, IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes. Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz, who earned more than the other skiers, was excluded from the competition. Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues. Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first ( and, as of 2018, only ) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the slalom. The 1976 Winter Olympics had initially been awarded in 1970 to Denver, Colorado in the United States. These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado 's centennial and the United States Bicentennial. However, in November 1972 the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3 : 2 margin. The IOC responded by offering the Games to Vancouver - Garibaldi, British Columbia, which had previously been an official candidate for the 1976 Games. However, a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid, so the IOC 's offer was rejected. Salt Lake City, previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics, then put itself forward, but the IOC opted instead to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games, as most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games had been maintained. Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games, Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973. Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games. The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track, in neighbouring Igls. The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal. In 1980 the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, which had hosted the 1932 Games. The first boycott of a Winter Olympics took place at these Games, when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem. This was an attempt by the IOC to accommodate China, who wished to compete using the same name and anthem as those used by Taiwan. As a result, China participated for the first time since 1952. American speed - skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five events in which he competed, winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ). Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country, Liechtenstein, became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist. In the `` Miracle on Ice '', the American hockey team composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union, and progressed to eventually win the gold medal. 1984 to 1998 Alberto Tomba, winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary, Albertville and Lillehammer Sapporo, Japan, and Gothenburg, Sweden, were front - runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics. It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, was selected as host. The Games were well - organised and not affected by the run - up to the war that engulfed the country eight years later. A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ; their Boléro routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression, earning them the gold medal. The Olympic Torch from the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary In 1988, the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span three weekends, lasting for a total of 16 days. New events were added in ski - jumping and speed skating, while future Olympic sports curling, short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their debut appearance as demonstration sports. The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time, on the Olympic Oval. Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records, beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race. Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen, who won all three events in his sport. Alberto Tomba, an Italian skier, made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom. East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1,000 metre speed skating event. Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul, to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year. The 1992 Winter Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were hosted in the French Savoie region, with 18 events held in the city of Albertville and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie. Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France : this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall, and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games ; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations ; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team, but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II. At 16 years old, Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion. New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women 's slalom. The 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway, were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games. This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session ( 1986 ) to separate the summer and winter Games and place them in alternating even - numbered years. Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway, after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts. The women 's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994, in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding. Both skaters competed in the Games, but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion, while Kerrigan won the silver medal. Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals, coming first in all of the distance speed skating events. 13 - year - old Kim Yoon - Mi became the youngest - ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women 's 3,000 meter speed skating relay. Russia won the most events, with eleven gold medals, while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes, collecting the most medals overall on home ground. Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as `` the best Olympic Winter Games ever '' in his closing ceremony speech. The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes. The men 's ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time. Canada and the United States were favoured to win the tournament as they both fielded numerous NHL players, but surprisingly neither team won any medals and it was the Czech Republic who prevailed. Women 's ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal. Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete, with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall. Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the super-G and the giant slalom. Tara Lipinski of the United States, aged just 15, became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the Ladies ' Singles, a record that had stood since Sonja Henie of Norway won the same event, also aged 15, in St. Moritz in 1928. New world records were set in speed skating largely due to the introduction of the clap skate. 21st century 2002 to 2010 Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, United States, hosting 77 nations and 2,399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports. These Games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001, which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremony saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day, including the flag that flew at Ground Zero, NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '', and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members. German Georg Hackl won a silver in the singles luge, becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics. Canada achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men 's and women 's ice hockey gold medals. Canada became embroiled with Russia in a controversy that involved the judging of the pairs figure skating competition. The Russian pair of Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze competed against the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier for the gold medal. The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition, yet the Russians were awarded the gold. The judging broke along Cold War lines with judges from former Communist countries favouring the Russian pair and judges from Western nations voting for the Canadians. The only exception was the French judge, Marie - Reine Le Gougne, who awarded the gold to the Russians. An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated ; in return the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition. The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games. Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short - track speed skating event. Close - up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games. South Korean athletes won 10 medals, including 6 gold in the short - track speed skating events. Sun - Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun - Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze. In the women 's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and, when he saw her dilemma, Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole. In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team, who finished fourth. On winning the Super-G, Kjetil - Andre Aamodt of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals. He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three different Olympics, winning the Super-G in 1992, 2002 and 2006. Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals. In February 2009, Pechstein tested positive for `` blood manipulation '' and received a two - year suspension, which she appealed. The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team. This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal, which overturned the lower court 's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver. A memorial to Nodar Kumaritashvili in Whistler, photographed on 20 March 2010 In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver, thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games. Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events. The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds. Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women 's programme. She finished the Olympics with three golds, a silver and a bronze. The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes. From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 Games, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal - winning nations, but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals. President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games. Russia 's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi. The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under - performing Russian team, with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries. In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals, three of which were gold. In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty - one, with eleven of them being gold. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea, Japan and China. 2014 to 2018 Sochi, Russia, was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics. The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014. A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana. The Games were the most expensive so far, with a cost of £ 30 billion ( USD 51 billion ). On the snow, Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13, overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time. Another Norwegian, cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds ; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals, alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo. Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of fifteen. On the ice, the Dutch dominated the speed skating events, taking 23 medals, four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events. Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor, taking two golds and three silvers. In figure skating, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100 - point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal. Among the sledding disciplines, luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze, becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games. Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games, and an investment of £ 600 million in elite sport, Russia initially topped the medal table, taking 33 medals including thirteen golds. However Grigory Rodchenkov, the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory, subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games, and that he had been assisted by the Russian Federal Security Service in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with `` clean '' urine. A subsequent investigation commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency led by Richard McLaren concluded that a state - sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from `` at least late 2011 to 2015 '' across the `` vast majority '' of Summer and Winter Olympic sports. On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect and by the end of 2017 the IOC Disciplinary Commission had disqualified 43 Russian athletes, stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table, thus putting Norway in the lead. On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich, Germany, and Annecy, France. This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018. More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon, Pyeongchang, while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung. The lead - up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between North and South Korea and the ongoing Russian doping scandal. Despite tense relations, North Korea agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea, and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey. Individual Russian athletes, who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations, were given the option to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag. The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding, mass start speed skating, mixed doubles curling, and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme. On the ice, the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating, winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events. Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. On the snow, Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing, with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history. Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men 's sprint at age 21. Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games. Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games. Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics. Future The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics, is Beijing in northern China, elected on 31 July 2015, at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur. Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022. Controversy Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics Juan Antonio Samaranch, former IOC president, was implicated in a bidding scandal for the 2002 Winter Olympics. The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games. Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favour with IOC officials. Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City 's bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member 's son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member. The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Games ( both summer and winter ) since 1988. For example, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano 's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as `` astronomical ''. Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support. The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities. Host city legacy According to the IOC, the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for ``... establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games, such as sports planning, venues, finance, technology, accommodation, catering, media services, etc., as well as operations during the Games. '' Due to the cost of hosting the Games, most host cities never realise a profit on their investment. For example, the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, cost $3.6 billion to host. By comparison, the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, cost $12.5 billion. The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the bullet train service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag. The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics, and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo, would benefit the local economy for years afterwards. In actual fact, Nagano 's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two, but the long - term effects have not materialised as anticipated. The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities, as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs into the future with no appreciable post-Olympic value. The Winter games has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location ; the men 's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course. As this is a focal event that is central to the Games, the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city. The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena. Due to cost issues, the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries, and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs. Both the 2006 and 2010 Games, which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions, had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed. The IOC has enacted several initiatives to mitigate these concerns. Firstly, the commission has agreed to fund part of the host city 's budget for staging the Games. Secondly, the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting the region or nation ; this consequently rules out a large portion of the developing world. Finally, any prospective host city planning to bid for the Games is required to add a `` legacy plan '' to their proposal, with a view to the long - term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region. Doping In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics. The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was Alois Schloder, a West German hockey player, but his team was still allowed to compete. During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance - enhancing drugs. The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures, which undermined the credibility of the tests. It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug - testing protocols. The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in November 1999. The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping, the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin ( EPO ) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue. The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team 's residence during the Games where they seized blood - doping specimens and equipment. This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin, which is evidence of blood doping. The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi 's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 ( later increased to 46 ) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with. Politics Cold War A postage stamp issued by East Germany in 1968 in commemoration of their first Winter Olympics as an independent country The Winter Olympics have been an ideological front in the Cold War since the Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games. It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be. The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis. Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the ' 90s. The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers. The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC. Because of its role in World War II, Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics. In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee, and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games. East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany. In 1955 the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state, thereby giving more credibility to East Germany 's campaign to become an independent participant at the Olympics. The IOC agreed to provisionally accept the East German National Olympic Committee with the condition that East and West Germans compete on one team. The situation became tenuous when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1962 and western nations began refusing visas to East German athletes. The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC officially split the teams and threatened to reject the host - city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes. Boycott The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952. China was given permission to compete as the `` People 's Republic of China '' ( PRC ) and to use the PRC flag and anthem. Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name `` Republic of China '' ( ROC ) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem. The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the `` Republic of China ''. The IOC renamed the island `` Chinese Taipei '' and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem, stipulations that Taiwan would not agree to. Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC 's decision stood. When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted. They subsequently left the Olympics in protest, just before the opening ceremonies. Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei. The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal. The agreement remains in place to this day. Sports The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to `` those... which are practised on snow or ice. '' Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme ; which include short track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports. The results are : more parity in the national medal tables ; more interest in the Winter Olympics ; and higher global television ratings. Current sports Sport Years Events Medal events contested in 2014 Alpine skiing Since 1936 11 Men 's and women 's downhill, super G, giant slalom, slalom, and combined, and parallel slalom. Biathlon Since 1960 11 Sprint ( men : 10 km ; women : 7.5 km ), the individual ( men : 20 km ; women : 15 km ), pursuit ( men : 12.5 km ; women : 10 km ), relay ( men : 4x7. 5 km ; women : 4x6 km ; mixed : 2x7. 5 km + 2x6 km ), and the mass start ( men : 15 km ; women : 12.5 km ). Bobsleigh Since 1924 ( except 1960 ) Four - man race, two - man race and two - woman race. Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men 's sprint, team sprint, 30 km pursuit, 15 km, 50 km and 4x10 km relay ; women 's sprint, team sprint, 15 km pursuit, 10 km, 30 km and 4x5 km relay. Curling 1924, since 1998 Men 's, women 's and mixed doubles. tournaments. Figure skating Since 1924 5 Men 's and women 's singles ; pairs ; ice dancing and team event. Freestyle skiing Since 1992 10 Men 's and women 's moguls, aerials, ski cross, superpipe, and slopestyle. Ice hockey Since 1924 Men 's and women 's tournaments. Luge Since 1964 Men 's and women 's singles, men 's doubles, team relay. Nordic combined Since 1924 Men 's 10 km individual normal hill, 10 km individual large hill and team. Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men 's and women 's 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m ; women 's 3000 m relay ; and men 's 5000 m relay. Skeleton 1928, 1948, Since 2002 Men 's and women 's events. Ski jumping Since 1924 Men 's individual large hill, team large hill ; men 's and women 's individual normal hill. Snowboarding Since 1998 8 Men 's and women 's parallel, half - pipe, snowboard cross, and slopestyle. Speed skating Since 1924 14 Men 's and women 's 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, Massstart and team pursuit ; women 's 3000 m ; men 's 10,000 m. ^ Note 1. Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics. ^ Note 2. A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. ^ Note 3. The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon. Demonstration events Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992. Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960. The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Bandy ( Russian hockey ) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it 's considered a national sport. It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games. Ice stock sport, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria. The ski ballet event, later known as ski - acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992. Skijöring, skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928. A sled - dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932. Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Winter pentathlon, a variant of the modern pentathlon, was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included cross-country skiing, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horse riding. Ten most successful nations Main article : All - time Olympic Games medal table The table below uses official data provided by the IOC. Defunct nation No. Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 23 132 125 111 368 United States ( USA ) 23 105 110 90 305 Germany ( GER ) 12 92 86 60 238 Austria ( AUT ) 23 64 81 87 232 5 Canada ( CAN ) 23 73 64 62 199 6 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 78 57 59 194 7 Finland ( FIN ) 23 43 63 61 167 8 Sweden ( SWE ) 23 57 46 55 158 9 Switzerland ( SUI ) 23 55 46 52 153 10 Netherlands ( NED ) 21 45 44 41 130 List of Winter Olympic Games Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Disci - plines Events Top Nation Ref Total Men Women 1924 Chamonix, France 25 January -- 5 February 16 258 247 11 6 9 16 Norway ( NOR ) ( 2 ) II 1928 St. Moritz, Switzerland 11 -- 19 February 25 464 438 26 8 14 Norway ( NOR ) ( 3 ) III 1932 Lake Placid, United States 4 -- 15 February 17 252 231 21 7 14 United States ( USA ) ( 4 ) IV 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen, Germany 6 -- 16 February 28 646 566 80 8 17 Norway ( NOR ) ( 5 ) 1940 Awarded to Sapporo, Japan ; cancelled due to World War II 1944 Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy ; cancelled due to World War II V 1948 St. Moritz, Switzerland 30 January -- 8 February 28 669 592 77 9 22 Norway ( NOR ) Sweden ( SWE ) ( 6 ) VI 1952 Oslo, Norway 14 -- 25 February 30 694 585 109 8 22 Norway ( NOR ) ( 7 ) VII 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 26 January -- 5 February 32 821 687 134 8 24 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 8 ) VIII 1960 Squaw Valley, United States 18 -- 28 February 30 665 521 144 8 27 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 9 ) IX 1964 Innsbruck, Austria 29 January -- 9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 10 34 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 10 ) X 1968 Grenoble, France 6 -- 18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 10 35 Norway ( NOR ) ( 11 ) XI 1972 Sapporo, Japan 3 -- 13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 10 35 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 12 ) XII 1976 Innsbruck, Austria 4 -- 15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 10 37 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 13 ) XIII 1980 Lake Placid, United States 13 -- 24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 10 38 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 14 ) XIV 1984 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 8 -- 19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 10 39 East Germany ( GDR ) ( 15 ) XV 1988 Calgary, Canada 13 -- 28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 10 46 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 16 ) XVI 1992 Albertville, France 8 -- 23 February 64 1801 1313 488 6 12 57 Germany ( GER ) ( 17 ) XVII 1994 Lillehammer, Norway 12 -- 27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 12 61 Russia ( RUS ) ( 18 ) XVIII 1998 Nagano, Japan 7 -- 22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 14 68 Germany ( GER ) ( 19 ) XIX 2002 Salt Lake City, United States 8 -- 24 February 78 2399 1513 886 7 15 78 Norway ( NOR ) ( 20 ) XX 2006 Turin, Italy 10 -- 26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 15 84 Germany ( GER ) ( 21 ) XXI Vancouver, Canada 12 -- 28 February 82 2566 1522 1044 7 15 86 Canada ( CAN ) ( 22 ) XXII 2014 Sochi, Russia 7 -- 23 February 88 2873 1714 1159 7 15 98 Russia ( RUS ) ( 23 ) XXIII 2018 Pyeongchang, South Korea 9 -- 25 February 92 2922 1680 1242 7 15 102 Norway ( NOR ) ( 24 ) XXIV 2022 Beijing, China 4 -- 20 February Future event ( 25 ) Unlike the Summer Olympics, the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games. While the official titles of the Summer Games count Olympiads, the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves. Map of Winter Olympics locations. Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green, while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue. See also List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games Lists of Olympic medallists Olympic Games scandals and controversies Winter Paralympic Games Paralympic Games Summer Olympic Games Notes Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games. '', ( 1 ). (... ) ^ Jump up to : The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon. However, the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing. Jump up ^ At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ), a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' to Charles Granville Bruce, the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922. Jump up ^ The US beat the Soviets as part of a medal round that also included Finland and Sweden, so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later. References Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 17 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals, Chamonix 1924 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 17 February 2014. Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ), p 646 : Le Programme... II. -- Epreuves par équipes - 12. Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres, avec tir ). ( The Programme... II. -- Team events - 12. Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres, with shooting ) ). Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ), p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE. ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) ^ Jump up to : Edgeworth, Ron ( May 1994 ). `` The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games '' ( PDF ). International Society of Olympic Historians Journal. LA84 Foundation. 2 ( 2 ). Retrieved 9 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` 1908 Figure Skating Results ''. CNNSI.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2001. Retrieved 9 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating History ''. CNNSI.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2004. Retrieved 9 March 2009. Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ), p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Chamonix, France ''. CBC Sports. CBC.ca. 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 283 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamonix 1924 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` 1924 Chamonix Winter Games ''. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 290 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games ''. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 March 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Placid 1932 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 298 Jump up ^ Seligmann, Davison, and McDonald ( 2004 ), p. 119 ^ Jump up to : `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen Olympics ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ Lund, Mortund ( December 2001 ). `` The First Four Olympics ''. Skiing Heritage Journal. International Skiing History Association : 21. Retrieved 18 April 2011. Jump up ^ Mallon and Buchanon ( 2006 ), p. xxxii Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 248 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Moritz 1948 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ `` Oslo 1952 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 255 Jump up ^ `` 1952 Oslo Winter Games ''. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 14 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games ''. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 14 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games ''. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 13 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : Guttman ( 1986 ), p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : Benjamin, Daniel ( 1992 - 07 - 27 ). `` Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur ''. Time. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18. Jump up ^ Schantz, Otto. `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ). Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Chiharu Igaya ''. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 23 August 2010. Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ), pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Shipler, Gary ( February 1960 ). `` Backstage at Winter Olympics ''. Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation : 138. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ Jump up to : Judd ( 2008 ), p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Innsbruck 1964 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2010. Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ), p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Grenoble 1968 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 277 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 286 Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ), pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Podnieks, Andrew ; Szemberg, Szymon ( 2008 ). `` Story # 17 -- Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey ''. International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 13 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ). International Olympic Committee. January 2008. p. 5. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics ''. denver.rockymountainnews.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2011. Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ), p. 157 ^ Jump up to : `` Innsbruck 1976 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 17 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 1996 ), p. 299 Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ), pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1980 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Jump up ^ Huber, Jim ( 22 February 2000 ). `` A Golden Moment ''. CNNSI.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - USA ice hockey team ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - Photo - Finland v USA ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` 1984 Sarajevo ''. CNNSI.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2004. Retrieved 18 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Sarajevo 1984 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 18 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Calgary 1988 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Yvonne van Gennip ''. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Albertville 1992 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 400 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ), p. 402 Jump up ^ `` Lillehammer 1994 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ Araton, Harvey ( 27 February 1994 ). `` Winter Olympics ; In Politics and on ice, neighbors are apart ''. The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Harding - Kerrigan timeline ''. The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. 1 March 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ Barshay, Jill J ( 3 March 1994 ). `` Figure Skating ; It 's Stocks and Bouquets as Baiul returns to Ukraine ''. The New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ Phillips, Angus ( 1 March 1999 ). `` Achievements still burn bright ''. The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Johann - Olav Koss ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved 14 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` SPEECH OF THE IOC PRESIDENT AT THE CLOSING CEREMONY OF THE XVII OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES '' ( PDF ). LA84 Foundation. 22 February 1998. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Nagano 1998 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ), p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Ten Famous Olympic Skiers ''. 29 Oct 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014. Jump up ^ Nevius, C.W. ( 5 February 1998 ). `` '' Clap '' Skate draws boos from traditionalists ``. San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved 20 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Salt Lake City 2002 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 21 March 2009. Jump up ^ Roberts, Selena ( 17 February 2002 ). `` The pivotal meeting ; French judge 's early tears indicating controversy to come ''. The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 23 March 2009. Jump up ^ Bose, Mihir ( 17 February 2002 ). `` Skating scandal that left IOC on thin ice ''. London : Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Australia win first ever gold ''. BBC Sport. 17 February 2002. Retrieved 11 March 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Turin 2006 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 21 March 2009. Jump up ^ Berglund, Nina ( 20 February 2006 ). `` Canadians hail Norwegian coach 's sportsmanship ''. Aftenposten. Aftenposten.no. Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009. Jump up ^ Crouse, Karen ( 11 December 2009 ). `` Germany 's Claudia Pechstein Tries to Restore Reputation ''. The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ Dunbar, Graham ( 26 January 2010 ). `` Claudia Pechstein 's Doping Appeal Denied ''. The Huffington Post. HuffingtonPost.com. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Canadian Statistics -- Population by selected ethnic origins, by census metropolitan areas ( 2001 Census ) ''. StatCan. 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2006. Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Jump up ^ Longman, Jere ( 13 February 2010 ). `` Quick to Blame in Luge, and Showing No Shame ''. The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ Jones, Tom ( 28 February 2010 ). `` Best and worst of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver ''. St. Petersberg Times. Tampabay.com. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Russia 's president calls for resignations ''. ESPN.com. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ Pavitt, Michael ( 26 October 2017 ). `` Biathlete Gregorin confirmed as athlete who failed Vancouver 2010 doping retest ''. Inside the Games. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27. Jump up ^ Armour, Nancy ( 28 February 2010 ). `` Surprising success bodes well for South Korea ''. The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Jump up ^ Sappenfield, Mark ( 12 February 2010 ). `` Winter Olympics : Who will win the most medals ? ''. The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 24 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Sochi 2014 ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 11 April 2011. Jump up ^ Pinsent, Matthew ( 15 October 2011 ). `` Sochi 2014 : A look at Russia 's Olympic city ''. BBC News Online. Retrieved 15 October 2011. Jump up ^ Barretto, Lawrence ( 23 February 2014 ). `` Sochi 2014 : Russia top medal table as Olympics come to an end ''. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Russia state - sponsored doping across majority of Olympic sports, claims report ''. bbc.co.uk. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ). International Olympic Committee. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` List of Russia Olympic medals stripped ; new Sochi medal standings ''. NBC Sports. November 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Russia toppled from Sochi 2014 medals first place but final count unknown ''. Reuters. November 28, 2017. Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12, 2017 ''. olympic.org. Retrieved December 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Kim, Rose ; Moore, Niki ( 6 July 2011 ). `` Pyeongchang Beats Munich, Annecy to Host 2018 Winter Olympics ''. Bloomberg. ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics corruption probe ordered ''. BBC News. 22 December 1998. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ), p. 444 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ), p. 445 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2003 ), p. 307 Jump up ^ Payne ( 2006 ), p. 232 Jump up ^ Miller, Lawrence and McCay ( 2001 ), p. 25 Jump up ^ Abrahamson, Alan ( 6 December 2003 ). `` Judge Drops Olympic Bid Case ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret ''. Deseret News. WinterSports2002.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2002. Retrieved 22 March 2002. Jump up ^ `` Roles and Responsibilities during the Olympic Games '' ( PDF ). International Olympic Committee. January 2010. pp. 4 -- 5. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Jump up ^ Berkes, Howard ( 1 October 2009 ). `` Olympic Caveat : Host cities risk debt, scandal ''. National Public Radio. Retrieved 23 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Payne, Bob ( 6 August 2008 ). `` The Olympic Effect ''. MSNBC.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010. Jump up ^ Koba, Mark ( 11 February 2010 ). `` The money pit that is hosting Olympic Games ''. CNBC.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` It 's looking downhill for Quebec 's Olympic bid ''. December 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ), p. 277 Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ), p. 284 Jump up ^ Rogge, Jacques ( 12 February 2010 ). `` Jacques Rogge : Vancouver 's Winter Olympic legacy can last for 60 years ''. The Daily Telegraph. London : Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2010. Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ), p. 57 Jump up ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 ( PDF ). The Organising Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games. 1973. p. 386. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Jump up ^ Hunt, Thomas M. ( 2007 ). `` Sports, Drugs, and the Cold War '' ( PDF ). Olympika, International Journal of Olympic Studie. International Centre for Olympic Studies. 16 ( 1 ) : 22. Retrieved 23 March 2009. Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ), p. 313 Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ), p. 310 Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ), p. 366 Jump up ^ `` A Brief history of anti-doping ''. World Anti-Doping Agency. Retrieved 25 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : Macur, Juliet ( 19 February 2006 ). `` Looking for Doping Evidence, Italian Police Raid Austrians ''. New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 25 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` IOC to hold first hearings on doping during 2006 Winter Olympics ''. USA Today. Gannett Co. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` I.O.C. Starts Proceedings Against 28 Russian Athletes Over Sochi Doping ''. NYTime.com. NYTimes.com. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016. Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz, Michael ( 12 May 2016 ). `` Russian Insider Says State - Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz, Michael ( 13 May 2016 ). `` Mystery in Sochi Doping Case Lies With Tamper - Proof Bottle ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016. Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen ( 1 June 2016 ). `` New doping report will influence decision on Russia 's place at Olympics ''. The Guardian. Jump up ^ `` Russian athletics : IAAF upholds ban before Rio Olympics ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2016. Jump up ^ Schantz, Otto. `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ). Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2008. Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ), p. 34 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ), p. 35 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ), pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ), p. 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ), pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ), p. 48 Jump up ^ `` History of the Winter Olympics ''. BBC Sport. 5 February 1998. Retrieved 26 March 2009. Jump up ^ Brownell ( 2005 ), p. 187 Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ). International Olympic Committee. 2 August 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2016. Jump up ^ Sappenfield, Mark ( 25 February 2010 ). `` USA, Canada ride new sports to top of Winter Olympics medal count ''. The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 23 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Alpine Skiing ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Biathlon ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bobsleigh ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cross Country Skiing ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Curling ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Freestyle skiing ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Luge ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Sskating ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Skeleton ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Snowboard ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating ''. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Olympic Sports ''. Inside The Games. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Biathlon history ''. USBiathlon.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1908 London Summer Games ''. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 26 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan ''. Tatar - Inform. 21 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2009. ^ Jump up to : Arnold, Eric ( 28 January 2010 ). `` Strangest Olympics Sports In History ''. Forbes. Forbes.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Freestyle Skiing History ''. The National Post. Canadian Broadcasting Company. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010. Jump up ^ Janofsky, Michael ( 18 December 1991 ). `` Hitting the slopes in the fast lane ''. The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 26 March 2009. Jump up ^ The IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 77 participated NOCs ; however, one can count 78 nations looking through official results of 2002 Games Part 1 Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine., Part 2 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine., Part 3 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine... Probably this error is consequence that Costa Rica 's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony, so 77 nations participated in Opening Ceremony and 78 nations participated in the Games. Bibliography Barry, Tim ; Crawford, Dee ( 2002 ). Revise for Advanced PE for Edexcel. Oxford, United Kingdom : Heinemann Educational Publishers. ISBN 0 - 435 - 10045 - 9. Brownell, Susan ( 2008 ). Beijing 's games : What the Olympics mean to China. Plymouth, United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield publishers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5640 - 9. Cashmore, Ernest ( 2005 ). Making sense of sports. New York : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 34853 - 6. Cashmore, Ernest ( 2003 ). Sports culture. New York : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 18169 - 0. Cooper - Chen, Anne ( 2005 ). Global entertainment media. Mahwah, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 2. Findling, John E. ; Pelle, Kimberly D. ( 2004 ). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press. ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3. Findling, John ; Pelle, Kimberly ( 1996 ). Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6. Fry, John ( 2006 ). The story of modern skiing. Lebanon, New Hampshire : University Press of New England. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 489 - 6. Gershon, Richard A. ( 2000 ). Telecommunications Management : Industry structures and planning strategies. Mahwah, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3002 - 2. Guttman, Allen ( 1986 ). Sports Spectators. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 0 - 231 - 06401 - 2. Guttman, Allen ( 1992 ). The Olympics, a history of the modern games. Champaign, Illinois : University of Illinois press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 02725 - 6. Hazan, Barukh ( 1982 ). Olympic sports and propaganda games. New Brunswick, New Jersey : Transaction Inc. ISBN 0 - 87855 - 436 - X. Hill, Christopher R. ( 1992 ). Olympic Politics. Manchester, United Kingdom : Manchester University Press. ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3542 - 2. Judd, Ron C. ( 2008 ). The Winter Olympics. Seattle, Washington : The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1. Mallon, Bill ; Buchanan, Ian ( 2006 ). Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Oxford, UK : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5574 - 7. Mandell, Richard D. ( 1987 ). The Nazi Olympics. Champaign, Illinois : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 01325 - 5. Miller, Toby ; Lawrence, Geoffrey ; McKay, Jim ( 2001 ). Globalization and sport. London : Sage Publications. ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5968 - 8. Mottram, David ( 2003 ). Drugs in sport. New York : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 27937 - 2. Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter games : ( ed. ) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ). Paris : Librairie de France. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Payne, Michael ( 2006 ). Olympic turnaround. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0 - 275 - 99030 - 3. Preuss, Holger ( 2004 ). The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008. Cheltenham, United Kingdom : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ISBN 1 - 84376 - 893 - 3. Schaffer, Kay ; Smith, Sidonie ( 2000 ). Olympics at the Millennium. Piscataway, New Jersey : Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2820 - 8. Seligmann, Matthew S. ; Davison, John ; McDonald, John ( 2003 ). Daily Life in Hitler 's Germany. New York : Macmillan. ISBN 0 - 312 - 32811 - 7. Senn, Alfred Erich ( 1999 ). Power, Politics and the Olympic Games. Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics. ISBN 0 - 88011 - 958 - 6. Wallechinsky, David ; Loucky, Jaime ( 2010 ). The complete book of the Winter Olympics ( 8th ed. ). : Greystone Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 502 - 2. Whannel, Garry ( 1992 ). Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation. New York : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 05383 - 8. Yesalis, Charles ( 2000 ). Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise. Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics. ISBN 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Olympics. Olympic Winter Sports IOC official website Winter Olympic Games Venues on Google Maps Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Korea ( unified ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Olympic Athletes from Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia Olympic Games results : summer and winter Summer sports Archery 1900 1904 1908 1920 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Athletics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Badminton 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Baseball 1992 2000 2008 2020 Basketball 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Basque pelota 1900 Beach volleyball 2000 2008 2012 Boxing 1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Canoeing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Cricket 1900 Croquet 1900 Cycling 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Diving 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Equestrian 1900 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Fencing 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Field hockey 1908 1920 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Football 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Golf 1900 1904 2016 2020 Gymnastics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Handball 1936 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Jeu de paume 1908 Judo 1964 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Lacrosse 1904 1908 Modern pentathlon 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Polo 1900 1908 1920 1924 1936 Rackets 1908 Roque 1904 Rowing 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Rugby 1900 1908 1920 1924 2016 2020 Sailing 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Shooting 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Softball 2000 2008 2020 Swimming 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Synchronized swimming 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Table tennis 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Taekwondo 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tennis 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Triathlon 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tug of war 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 Volleyball 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Water motorsports 1908 Water polo 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Weightlifting 1896 1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Wrestling 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Winter sports Alpine skiing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Biathlon 1924 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bobsleigh 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Cross-country skiing 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Curling 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Figure skating 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Freestyle skiing 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ice hockey 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Luge 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Nordic combined 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Short track speed skating 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Skeleton 1928 1948 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ski jumping 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Snowboarding 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Speed skating 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Multi-sport events Global Olympics Olympic Games Summer Winter Youth Olympic Games Disabled sports Deaflympics Défi sportif Invictus Games CPISRA World Games INAS Global Games IBSA World Games IWAS World Games World Dwarf Games Paralympic Games Summer Winter Special Olympics Summer Winter World Transplant Games Professions Lumberjack World Championship World Air Games World Martial Arts Games World Military Games World Police and Fire Games World Firefighters Games World Roller Games European Championship in Forestry Skills Southern Forestry Conclave Stihl Timbersports Series World Logging Championship Youth and students Gymnasiade International Children 's Games SELL Student Games Universiade World Interuniversity Games Commonwealth Youth Games Other types Arafura Games CSIT World Sports Games Dew Tour Mind Sports Olympiad World Mind Sports Games SportAccord World Mind Games TAFISA World Games World Combat Games World Games World Masters Games X Games World Beach Games Intercommunity Commonwealth Games CPLP Games Croatian World Games Gay Games Invictus Games Islamic Solidarity Games Jeux de la Francophonie Lusophony Games Maccabiah Games Pan Arab Games Pan-Armenian Games Transplant Games World Eskimo Indian Olympics World Indigenous Games World Nomad Games World Outgames Regional Africa African Youth Games African Games All - Africa University Games Americas Pan American Pan American Games Parapan American Games Central American and the Caribbean Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Latin American ALBA Games Bolivarian Games North American CANUSA Games North American Indigenous Games North American Outgames South American South American Games South American Beach Games South American Youth Games Asia Pan Asian Asian Games Asian Beach Games Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games Asian Para Games Asian Winter Games Asian Youth Games Southeast Asian Southeast Asian Games ASEAN School Games ASEAN University Games ASEAN Para Games Central Asian Games East Asian Youth Games South Asian Games West Asian Games Europe Black Sea Games European Games European Masters Games European Sports Championships European Youth Olympic Festival Games of the Small States of Europe Jeux des îles EuroGames Oceania Australian Youth Olympic Festival Micronesian Games Pacific Games Intercontinental Arctic Winter Games Asia Pacific Deaf Games Indian Ocean Island Games Island Games Mediterranean Games Pan Arab Games National Africa South African Games Americas Canada British Columbia Quebec Western Colombia United States amateur juniors seniors Warrior Games NCSG, United States Alabama California Florida Massachusetts Missouri Montana Nebraska New York North Carolina North Dakota Lakota Nation Texas Wisconsin Asia Bangladesh China All - China Games National Games National Peasants ' Games National Youth Games India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Para Mongolia Pakistan Philippines National Games Batang Pinoy Palaro Singapore South Korea Summer Winter Thailand youth Vietnam Europe Netherlands Poland ( youth ) All - Union Spartakiad Spartakiad of Albania Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR youth WheelPower Historical Pre-Modern Olympics ( in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD ) Tailteann Games ( ancient ) Panhellenic Games Ancient Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Heraean Games Panathenaic Games Roman Games Cotswold Olimpick Games Gog Magog Games Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games Zappas Olympics Alternatives to the Modern Olympics Aryan Games Friendship Games GANEFO Goodwill Games Inter-Allied Games Islamic Games Liberty Bell Classic People 's Olympiad Workers ' Olympiads Defunct regional or community events Afro - Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Asian Martial Arts Games Central African Games East Asian Games Far Eastern Championship Games FESPIC Games Games of the New Emerging Forces Nordic Games Pacific Ocean Games Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR Tailteann Games ( modern ) Women 's Islamic Games World Youth Games Winter games International Olympics Paralympics Winter Universiade Commonwealth World Scout Arctic Winter Games Kennedy Memorial New Zealand Winter Games Regional National Winter Games of China Asian Winter Games European Youth Olympic Festival Winter X Games Europe Defunct Sub-national 51 component games in 36 U.S. states List WikiProject VIAF : 147224752 LCCN : n2006026303 GND : 4172569 - 4 SUDOC : 052611744 BNF : cb135685825 ( data ) NKC : ko2006341815 Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&oldid=836946544 '' Categories : Winter Olympic Games Olympic Games Recurring sporting events established in 1924 Winter multi-sport events Quadrennial sporting events February sporting events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use dmy dates from January 2013 Use British English from August 2016 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Picard Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 20 : 10. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: when did the olympics start every 2 years
Answer: 1994