Epiphyseal plate - wikipedia Epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal plate Radiogram of distal tibia ( left ) and fibula ( right ) showing two epiphyseal plates. Light micrograph of epiphyseal plate showing the hypertrophic zone with its typical chondrocytes, matrix and three zones : maturation ( top ), degenerative ( middle ) and provisional calcification ( bottom ). Details Identifiers Latin lamina epiphysialis MeSH D006132 TA A02. 0.00. 020 FMA 75427 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology. The epiphyseal plate ( or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate ) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place ; that is, the whole bone is alive, with maintenance remodeling throughout its existing bone tissue, but the growth plate is the place where the long bone grows longer ( adds length ). The plate is not only found in children and adolescents ; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. This replacement is known as epiphyseal closure or growth plate fusion. Complete fusion happens between ages 12 -- 16 for girls and 14 - 19 for boys. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Histology 2 Clinical significance 3 Other animals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure Development Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate 's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate. Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone, leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears. Histology The growth plate has a very specific morphology in having a zonal arrangement as follows : Epiphyseal plate zone ( from epiphysis to diaphysis ) Description Zone of reserve Quiescent chondrocytes are found at the epiphyseal end Zone of proliferation Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone Zone of maturation and hypertrophy Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and begin to hypertrophy by accumulating glycogen, lipids, and alkaline phosphatase Zone of calcification Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis. Cartilagenous matrix begins to calcify. Zone of ossification Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the diaphyseal side break down the calcified cartilage and replace with mineralized bone tissue. A mnemonic for remembering the names of the epiphyseal plate growth zones is `` Real People Have Career Options, '' standing for : Resting zone, Proliferative zone, Hypertrophic cartilage zone, Calcified cartilage zone, Ossification zone. The growth plate is clinically relevant in that it is often the primary site for infection, metastasis, fractures and the effects of endocrine bone disorders. Masson Goldner trichrome stain of rabbit epiphysial plate. Clinical significance Defects in the development and continued division of epiphyseal plates can lead to growth disorders. The most common defect is achondroplasia, where there is a defect in cartilage formation. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism. Salter -- Harris fractures are fractures involving epiphyseal plates and hence tend to interfere with growth, height or physiologic functions. Osgood - Schlatter disease results from stress on the epiphyseal plate in the tibia, leading to excess bone growth and a painful lump at the knee. Other animals John Hunter studied growing chickens. He observed bones grew at the ends and thus demonstrated the existence of the epiphyseal plates. Hunter is considered the `` father of the growth plate ''. See also Human development ( biology ) Salter -- Harris fracture References Jump up ^ Crowder, C ; Austin, D ( September 2005 ). `` Age ranges of epiphyseal fusion in the distal tibia and fibula of contemporary males and females ''. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 50 ( 5 ) : 1001 -- 7. PMID 16225203. complete fusion in females occurs as early as 12 years in the distal tibia and fibula. All females demonstrated complete fusion by 16 years with no significant differences between ancestral groups. Complete fusion in males occurs as early as 14 years in both epiphyses. All males demonstrated complete fusion by 19 years Jump up ^ Zhong, M ; Carney, DH ; Boyan, BD ; Schwartz, Z ( January 2011 ). `` 17β - Estradiol regulates rat growth plate chondrocyte apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway not involving nitric oxide or MAPKs ''. Endocrinology. 152 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 92. doi : 10.1210 / en. 2010 - 0509. PMID 21068162. Jump up ^ `` Skeletal System / Bone Development and Growth ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ Ovalle, William K. ; Nahirney, Patrick C. ( 2007 ). Netter 's essential histology : with Student consult online access ( 1st ed. ). Philadelphia, Pa. : Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 9781929007868. Jump up ^ `` Medical Mnemonics ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20. Jump up ^ Mirghasemi, Alireza ; Mohamadi, Amin ; Ara, Ali Majles ; Gabaran, Narges Rahimi ; Sadat, Mir Mostafa ( November 2009 ). `` Completely displaced S - 1 / S - 2 growth plate fracture in an adolescent : case report and review of literature ''. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 23 ( 10 ) : 734 -- 738. doi : 10.1097 / BOT. 0b013e3181a23d8b. ISSN 1531 - 2291. PMID 19858983. Jump up ^ `` Growth Plate ( Physeal ) Fractures ''. EMedicine.com. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15. External links Normal bones at GetTheDiagnosis.org, showing the development of epiphyseal plates for different ages and bones. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epiphyseal plate. Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphyseal_plate&oldid=864768574 '' Categories : Skeletal system Medical mnemonics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018, at 10 : 17 ( UTC ). 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Question: where is longitudinal growth occurring in long bones
Answer: in the epiphyseal plate