Pinhole camera - wikipedia Pinhole camera A pinhole camera A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture, a pinhole -- effectively a light - proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, which is known as the camera obscura effect. Contents 1 History 1.1 Camera obscura 1.2 Early pinhole photography 1.3 Film and integral photography experiments 2 Usage 3 Characteristics of pinhole camera photography 4 Construction 5 Selection of pinhole size 6 Calculating the f - number & required exposure 7 Coded apertures 8 Natural pinhole phenomenon 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 12 Further reading History Camera obscura The camera obscura or pinhole image is a natural optical phenomenon. Early known descriptions are found in the Chinese Mozi writings ( circa 500 BC ) and the Aristotelian Problems ( circa 300 BC -- 600 AD ). A practical demonstration of the pinhole effect from 700 AD is still in existence at the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, India. Starting with Alhazen ( 965 -- 1039 ), the effect was used in dark rooms, mostly to study the nature of light and to safely watch solar eclipses. Giambattista della Porta wrote in 1558 in his Magia Naturalis about using a convex mirror to project the image onto paper and to use this as a drawing aid. However, about the same time the use of a lens instead of a pinhole was introduced. In the 17th century the camera obscura with a lens became a popular drawing aid that was further developed into a mobile device, first in a little tent and later in a box. The photographic camera, as developed early in the 19th century, was basically an adaptation of the box - type camera obscura. Further information : Camera Obscura Early pinhole photography The first known description of pinhole photography is found in the 1856 book The Stereoscope by Scottish inventor David Brewster, including the description of the idea as `` a camera without lenses, and with only a pin - hole ''. One older use of the term `` pin - hole '' in the context of optics was found in James Ferguson 's 1764 book Lectures on select subjects in mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, and optics. Sir William Crookes and William de Wiveleslie Abney were other early photographers to try the pinhole technique. Film and integral photography experiments According to inventor William Kennedy Dickson, the first experiments directed at moving pictures by Thomas Edison and his researchers took place around 1887 and involved `` microscopic pin - point photographs, placed on a cylindrical shell ''. The size of the cylinder corresponded with their phonograph cylinder as they wanted to combine the moving images with sound recordings. Problems arose in recording clear pictures `` with phenomenal speed '' and the `` coarseness '' of the photographic emulsion when the pictures were enlarged. The microscopic pin - point photographs were soon abandoned. In 1893 the Kinetoscope was finally introduced with moving pictures on celluloid film strips. The camera that recorded the images, dubbed Kinetograph, was fitted with a lens. Eugène Estanave experimented with integral photography, exhibiting a result in 1925 and publishing his findings in La Nature. After 1930 he chose to continue his experiments with pinholes replacing the lenticular screen. Usage The image of a pinhole camera may be projected onto a translucent screen for real - time viewing ( used for safe observation of solar eclipses ) or to trace the image on paper. But it is more often used without a translucent screen for pinhole photography with photographic film or photographic paper placed on the surface opposite to the pinhole aperture. A common use of pinhole photography is to capture the movement of the sun over a long period of time. This type of photography is called solargraphy. Pinhole photography is used for artistic reasons, but also for educational purposes to let pupils learn about, and experiment with, the basics of photography. Pinhole cameras with CCDs ( charge - coupled devices ) are sometimes used for surveillance because they are difficult to detect. Related cameras, image forming devices, or developments from it include Franke 's widefield pinhole camera, the pinspeck camera, and the pinhead mirror. Characteristics of pinhole camera photography Pinhole photographs have nearly infinite depth of field, everything appears in focus. As there 's no lens distortion, wide angle images remain absolutely rectilinear. Exposure times are usually long, resulting in motion blur around moving objects and the absence of objects that moved too fast. Other special features can be built into pinhole cameras such as the ability to take double images by using multiple pinholes, or the ability to take pictures in cylindrical or spherical perspective by curving the film plane. Construction A home - made pinhole camera ( on the left ), wrapped in black plastic to prevent light leaks, and related developing supplies Pinhole cameras can be handmade by the photographer for a particular purpose. In its simplest form, the photographic pinhole camera can consist of a light - tight box with a pinhole in one end, and a piece of film or photographic paper wedged or taped into the other end. A flap of cardboard with a tape hinge can be used as a shutter. The pinhole may be punched or drilled using a sewing needle or small diameter bit through a piece of tinfoil or thin aluminum or brass sheet. This piece is then taped to the inside of the light - tight box behind a hole cut through the box. A cylindrical oatmeal container may be made into a pinhole camera. The interior of an effective pinhole camera is black to avoid any reflection of the entering light onto the photographic material or viewing screen. Pinhole cameras can be constructed with a sliding film holder or back so the distance between the film and the pinhole can be adjusted. This allows the angle of view of the camera to be changed and also the effective f - stop ratio of the camera. Moving the film closer to the pinhole will result in a wide angle field of view and a shorter exposure time. Moving the film farther away from the pinhole will result in a telephoto or narrow angle view and a longer exposure time. Pinhole cameras can also be constructed by replacing the lens assembly in a conventional camera with a pinhole. In particular, compact 35 mm cameras whose lens and focusing assembly have been damaged can be reused as pinhole cameras -- maintaining the use of the shutter and film winding mechanisms. As a result of the enormous increase in f - number while maintaining the same exposure time, one must use a fast film in direct sunshine. Pinholes ( homemade or commercial ) can be used in place of the lens on an SLR. Use with a digital SLR allows metering and composition by trial and error, and is effectively free, so is a popular way to try pinhole photography. Unusual materials have been used to construct pinhole cameras, e.g., a Chinese roast duck by Martin Cheung. Selection of pinhole size Up to a certain point, the smaller the hole, the sharper the image, but the dimmer the projected image. Optimally, the size of the aperture should be 1 / 100 or less of the distance between it and the projected image. Within limits, a smaller pinhole ( with a thinner surface that the hole goes through ) will result in sharper image resolution because the projected circle of confusion at the image plane is practically the same size as the pinhole. An extremely small hole, however, can produce significant diffraction effects and a less clear image due to the wave properties of light. Additionally, vignetting occurs as the diameter of the hole approaches the thickness of the material in which it is punched, because the sides of the hole obstruct the light entering at anything other than 90 degrees. The best pinhole is perfectly round ( since irregularities cause higher - order diffraction effects ), and in an extremely thin piece of material. Industrially produced pinholes benefit from laser etching, but a hobbyist can still produce pinholes of sufficiently high quality for photographic work. One method is to start with a sheet of brass shim or metal reclaimed from an aluminium drinks can or tin foil / aluminum foil, use fine sand paper to reduce the thickness of the centre of the material to the minimum, before carefully creating a pinhole with a suitably sized needle. A method of calculating the optimal pinhole diameter was first attempted by Jozef Petzval. The crispest image is obtained using a pinhole size determined by the formula d = 2 f λ ( displaystyle d = 2 ( sqrt ( f lambda ) ) ) where d is pinhole diameter, f is focal length ( distance from pinhole to image plane ) and λ is the wavelength of light. For standard black - and - white film, a wavelength of light corresponding to yellow - green ( 550 nm ) should yield optimum results. For a pinhole - to - film distance of 1 inch ( 25 mm ), this works out to a pinhole 0.236 mm in diameter. For 5 cm, the appropriate diameter is 0.332 mm. The depth of field is basically infinite, but this does not mean that no optical blurring occurs. The infinite depth of field means that image blur depends not on object distance, but on other factors, such as the distance from the aperture to the film plane, the aperture size, the wavelength ( s ) of the light source, and motion of the subject or canvas. An example of a 20 minute exposure taken with a pinhole camera A photograph taken with a pinhole camera using an exposure time of 2s A graph of the resolution limit of the pinhole camera as a function of focal length ( image distance ). In the 1970s, Young measured the resolution limit of the pinhole camera as a function of pinhole diameter and later published a tutorial in The Physics Teacher. Partly to enable a variety of diameters and focal lengths, he defined two normalized variables : pinhole radius divided by resolution limit, and focal length divided by the quantity s / λ, where s is the radius of the pinhole and λ is the wavelength of the light, typically about 550 nm. His results are plotted in the figure. To the left, the pinhole is large, and geometric optics applies ; the resolution limit is about 1.5 times the radius of the pinhole. ( Spurious resolution is also seen in the geometric - optics limit. ) To the right, the pinhole is small, and Fraunhofer diffraction applies ; the resolution limit is given by the far - field diffraction formula shown in the graph and now increases as the pinhole is made smaller. In the region of near - field diffraction ( or Fresnel diffraction ), the pinhole focuses the light slightly, and the resolution limit is minimized when the focal length f ( the distance between the pinhole and the film plane ) is given by f = s / λ. At this focal length, the pinhole focuses the light slightly, and the resolution limit is about 2 / 3 of the radius of the pinhole. The pinhole in this case is equivalent to a Fresnel zone plate with a single zone. The value s / λ is in a sense the natural focal length of the pinhole. The relation f = s / λ yields an optimum pinhole diameter d = 2 √ fλ, so the experimental value differs slightly from the estimate of Petzval, above. Calculating the f - number & required exposure A fire hydrant photographed by a pinhole camera made from a shoe box, exposed on photographic paper ( top ). The length of the exposure was 40 seconds. There is noticeable flaring in the bottom - right corner of the image, likely due to extraneous light entering the camera box. The f - number of the camera may be calculated by dividing the distance from the pinhole to the imaging plane ( the focal length ) by the diameter of the pinhole. For example, a camera with a 0.5 mm diameter pinhole, and a 50 mm focal length would have an f - number of 50 / 0.5, or 100 ( f / 100 in conventional notation ). Due to the large f - number of a pinhole camera, exposures will often encounter reciprocity failure. Once exposure time has exceeded about 1 second for film or 30 seconds for paper, one must compensate for the breakdown in linear response of the film / paper to intensity of illumination by using longer exposures. Exposures projected on to modern light - sensitive photographic film can typically range from five seconds up to as much as several hours, with smaller pinholes requiring longer exposures to produce the same size image. Because a pinhole camera requires a lengthy exposure, its shutter may be manually operated, as with a flap made of opaque material to cover and uncover the pinhole. Coded apertures Main article : Coded aperture A non-focusing coded - aperture optical system may be thought of as multiple pinhole cameras in conjunction. By adding pinholes, light throughput and thus sensitivity are increased. However, multiple images are formed, usually requiring computer deconvolution. Natural pinhole phenomenon Replica images of a partial solar eclipse. Replica images of an annular solar eclipse. A pinhole camera effect can sometimes occur naturally. Small `` pinholes '' formed by tree leaves will create replica images of the sun on flat surfaces. During an eclipse, this produces small crescents in the case of a partial eclipse, or hollow rings in the case of an annular eclipse. See also Alternative photography Bleach bypass Bromoil process Cross processing Cyanotype Double exposure Gum bichromate Infrared Oil print process Pinhole Platinum process Polaroid art Redscale Solarisation Sprocket hole Through the Viewfinder Pinhole glasses Spatial filter Zone plate Dirkon Ibn al - Haytham Fox Talbot Wolf Howard Billy Childish Jesse Richards Pinhole camera model Nautilus ( whose pinhole eye functions as a camera obscura ) Pinhole occluder, a similar device used by ophthalmologists Camera obscura, uses the same principle as a pinhole camera The Great Picture References Jump up ^ `` Nick 's pinhole photography ''. idea.uwosh.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Pinhole photography history ''. photo.net. Retrieved 29 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` History of the kinetograph, kinetoscope, & kinetophonograph ( by ) W.K.L. Dickson and Antonia Dickson. '' HathiTrust. Retrieved 29 January 2018. Jump up ^ Timby, Kim. 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography. Jump up ^ `` How to Make and Use a Pinhole Camera ''. Jump up ^ http://www.pcw.co.uk/personal-computer-world/features/2213298/hands-digital-pinhole-camera Jump up ^ http://www.urbanphoto.net/blog/2010/11/25/how-a-roast-duck-sees-chinatown/ Jump up ^ Hecht, Eugene ( 1998 ). `` 5.7. 6 The Camera ''. Optics ( 3rd ed. ). ISBN 0 - 201 - 30425 - 2. Jump up ^ Rayleigh, ( 1891 ) Lord Rayleigh on Pin - hole Photography in Philosophical Magazine, vol. 31, pp. 87 -- 99 presents his formal analysis, but the layman 's formula `` pinhole radius = √ fλ '' appears in Strutt, J.W. Lord Rayleigh ( 1891 ) Some applications of photography in Nature. Vol. 44 p. 254. Jump up ^ `` 2 * sqrt ( 1in * 550nm ) = - Google Search ''. www.google.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2 * sqrt ( 5cm * 550nm ) = - Google Search ''. www.google.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018. Jump up ^ Young, M. ( 1971 ). `` Pinhole optics ''. Applied Optics. 10 : 2763 -- 2767. doi : 10.1364 / ao. 10.002763. Jump up ^ Young, Matt ( 1989 ). `` The pinhole camera : Imaging without lenses or mirrors ''. The Physics Teacher. 27 : 648 -- 655. doi : 10.1119 / 1.2342908. Jump up ^ breslin, nancy a. `` Nancy Breslin 's pinhole camera exposure tips ''. www.nancybreslin.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinhole photography. pinhole.cz Pinhole Photography by Vladimir Zivkovic Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day website An easy way to convert a DSLR to a pinhole camera Pinhole Photography and Camera Design Calculators Illustrated history of cinematography How to Make and Use a Pinhole Camera Oregon Art Beat : Pinhole Photos by Zeb Andrews Further reading Eric Renner Pinhole Photography : From Historic Technique to Digital Application Photography Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle ( composition ) Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinhole_camera&oldid=832567751 '' Categories : Cameras by type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 19 : 32. 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Question: where do you find a natural pinhole camera
Answer: Small "pinholes" formed by tree leaves