Nobel Peace Prize - wikipedia Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Peace Prize Awarded for Outstanding contributions in peace Location Oslo, Norway Presented by Norwegian Nobel Committee on behalf of the estate of Alfred Nobel Reward ( s ) 9 million SEK ( 2017 ) First awarded 10 December 1901 ; 116 years ago ( 1901 - 12 - 10 ) Currently held by International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons ( 2017 ) Most awards International Committee of the Red Cross ( 3 ) Website Nobelprize.org The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish : Nobels fredspris ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually ( with some exceptions ) to those who have `` done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses ''. As per Alfred Nobel 's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five - member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law ( 1947 -- 89 ), the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905 -- 46 ), and the Parliament ( 1901 -- 04 ). Due to its political ideology and interferences, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the subject of controversies. Contents 1 Background 2 Nomination and selection 2.1 Nomination 2.2 Selection 3 Awarding the prize 4 Criticism 4.1 Criticism of individual conferments 4.2 Notable omissions 5 List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background Alfred Nobel According to Nobel 's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year `` shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses ''. Alfred Nobel 's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category. Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel 's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company. It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel 's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union 's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration. Nomination and selection The Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Nomination Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. These nominators are : Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague Members of Institut de Droit International University professors of history, social sciences, philosophy, law, and theology, university presidents, and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes Former recipients, including board members of organizations that have previously received the prize Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute The 14th Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize laureates Nominations must usually be submitted to the Committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations ; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded. Over time, many individuals have become known as `` Nobel Peace Prize Nominees '', but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person 's name for consideration. Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the ( serious but unsuccessful ) nomination of Neville Chamberlain. Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have been released in a database. Selection Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created. This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute 's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October. Awarding the Prize Obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize Medal presented to Sir Ralph Norman Angell in 1933 ; the Imperial War Museum, London The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year ( the anniversary of Nobel 's death ). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount. As of 2013, the prize was worth 10 million SEK ( about US $1.5 million ). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall. From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, a few hundred metres from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute. From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting ( Parliament ). Criticism It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements, or with the intention of encouraging future achievements. Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges can not themselves be said to be impartial observers. In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament ; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize ; and that the adherence to Nobel 's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway 's foreign policy and economic interests. In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel 's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel 's will. Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has criticized the management of the Peace Prize. Criticism of individual conferments Main article : Nobel Prize controversies Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony From left - to - right, Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin receiving the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords Nobel Peace Prize 2001 United Nations - diploma in the lobby of the United Nations Headquarters in New York City The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev, Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat, Lê Đức Thọ, Henry Kissinger, Jimmy Carter, Al Gore, IPCC, Liu Xiaobo, Aung San Suu Kyi Barack Obama, and the European Union have all been the subject of controversy. The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign. Thọ refused to accept the prize, on the grounds that such `` bourgeois sentimentalities '' were not for him and that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam. Kissinger donated his prize money to charity, did not attend the award ceremony and would later offer to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later. Notable omissions Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro - Wiwa, Fazle Hasan Abed, Sari Nusseibeh, and Corazon Aquino as people who `` never won the prize, but should have ''. Other notable omissions that have drawn criticism include Pope John Paul II, Hélder Câmara, and Dorothy Day. Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award. The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee. The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, `` The greatest omission in our 106 - year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question ''. In 1948, following Gandhi 's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that `` there was no suitable living candidate '' that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was `` in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi ''. List of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Main article : List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates As of 2016, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes : the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times ( 1917, 1944, and 1963 ) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice ( 1954 and 1981 ). Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize. See also List of peace prizes List of Nobel laureates Nobel Foundation Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Nobel Peace Prize Concert Nobel Women 's Initiative World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates List of peace activists Ramon Magsaysay Award Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Confucius Peace Prize References Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize amount is raised by SEK 1 million ''. Nobelprize.org. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 ''. www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29. Jump up ^ `` The Noble Peace Prize 1901 ''. NoblePrize. 1972. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Noble Peace Prize '', The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel ''. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Why Norway ? ''. The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Retrieved 11 October 2009. Jump up ^ Altman, L. ( 2006 ). Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost did n't happen. New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2006. Jump up ^ BBC History -- 1916 Easter Rising -- Profiles -- The Irish Republican Brotherhood BBC Jump up ^ `` Nomination for the Noble Peace Prize ''. Noble Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Who may submit nominations ? ''. The Norwegian Nobel Committee. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2009. Jump up ^ `` President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize ''. Associated Press on yahoo.com. Retrieved 9 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize ''. Nobel Foundation. 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Jump up ^ `` Obama 's peace prize did n't have desired effect, former Nobel official says ''. Associated Press. Retrieved 17 September 2015. Jump up ^ Murphy, Clare ( 10 August 2004 ). `` The Nobel : Dynamite or damp squib ? ''. BBC online. BBC News. Retrieved 11 October 2009. Jump up ^ Aspøy, Arild ( 4 October 2011 ). `` Fredsprisens gråsoner ''. Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ). p. 4. Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter. Jump up ^ Nobel, Michael ( 9 December 2011 ). `` I strid med Nobels vilje ''. Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ). Oslo, Norway. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Jump up ^ Fredrik S. Heffermehl ( 2010 ). The Nobel Peace Prize : What Nobel Really Wanted. Greenwood Publishing Group. Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements ''. The New York Times. 16 October 1990. Jump up ^ Said, Edward ( 1996 ). Peace and Its Discontents : Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process. Vintage. ISBN 0 - 679 - 76725 - 8. Jump up ^ Gotlieb, Michael ( 24 October 1994 ). `` Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy ''. The San Diego Union -- Tribune. p. B7. Jump up ^ `` Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards ''. The Times. London. 18 October 1973. Retrieved 11 October 2009. Jump up ^ Douglas G. Brinkley. The Unfinished Presidency : Jimmy Carter 's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` A Nobel Disgrace ''. National Review Online. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Nobel Peace Prize nominations show how ' hopelessly politicized ' and ' screwy ' the controversial award has been ''. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Overseas Chinese in Norway Protest Against Nobel Committee 's Wrong Decision ''. English.cri.cn. Retrieved 13 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Not so noble ''. Frontlineonnet.com. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Nobel Harbors Political Motives behind Prize to Liu Xiaobo ''. English.cri.cn. Retrieved 13 October 2012. Jump up ^ Monbiot, George ( 5 September 2017 ). `` Take away Aung San Suu Kyi 's Nobel peace prize. She no longer deserves it ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12. Jump up ^ Kristof, Nicholas ( 9 September 2017 ). `` A Nobel Peace Prize Winner 's Shame ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12. Jump up ^ Taylor, Adam ( 9 September 2017 ). `` Why Aung San Suu Kyi is unlikely to have her Nobel Peace Prize revoked ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960?post_id=641257059307725_682012315232199 Nobel secretary regrets Obama peace prize Jump up ^ `` Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize ''. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009. Jump up ^ Otterman, Sharon ( 9 October 2009 ), `` World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise '', The New York Times, retrieved 9 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why ? ''. Reuters.com. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award ''. Retrieved 8 December 2012. Jump up ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind ( 29 June 2000 ). `` Controversies and Criticisms ''. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 February 2010. ^ Jump up to : Horne, Alistair. Kissinger 's Year : 1973. p. 195. Jump up ^ Kenner, David. ( 7 October 2009 ). `` Nobel Peace Prize Also - Rans ''. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 October 2009 Jump up ^ James, Frank ( 9 October 2009 ). `` Nobel Peace Prize 's Notable Omissions ''. NPR. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Pope John Paul II deserves the Nobel Peace Prize ''. The Kingdom. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2009. Jump up ^ Governo militar destrói sonho do Nobel da Paz -- Sementes do Dom Jump up ^ Roberts, Nancy L. ( 1984 ). `` Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker ''. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 938 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Tønnesson, Øyvind ( 1 December 1999 ). `` Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate ''. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 17 October 2007. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901 -- 1956 : Gandhi ''. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 October 2008. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011. Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century Jump up ^ `` Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ''. Retrieved 10 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates ''. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts ''. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 01. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ Rothman, Lily. `` Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected ''. TIME.com. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize. `` The Nobel Peace Prize '' -- Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Committee `` The Nobel Peace Prize '' at the official site of the Nobel Prize `` All Nobel Laureates in Peace '' `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, official site with information on annual summits beginning in 1999 `` National Peace Nobel Prize shares 1901 -- 2009 by citizenship ( or home of organization ) at the time of the award. '' -- From J. Schmidhuber ( 2010 ) : Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv : 1009.2634 v1 `` South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world '', article published in Global Education Magazine, by Mr. Frederik Willem de Klerk, Nobel Peace Prize 1993, in the special edition of International Day for the Eradication of Poverty ( 17 October 2012 ) Martin Luther King, Jr. 's Nobel Peace Prize, Civil Rights Digital Library The Nobel Peace Prize Watch, the main project of The Lay Down your Arms Association Nobel Peace Prize General topics Laureates Committee ( members ) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit By year 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Nobel Prizes Lists of Nobel laureates Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ). 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Question: who invented nobel peace prize and for which reasons
Answer: Alfred Nobel