Sphere of influence - wikipedia Sphere of influence For other uses, see Sphere of influence ( disambiguation ). A 1912 newspaper cartoon highlighting the United States ' influence in Latin America following the Monroe Doctrine. In the field of international relations, a zone of influence ( SOI ) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it. While there may be a formal alliance or other treaty obligations between the influenced and influence, such formal arrangements are not necessary and the influence can often be more of an example of soft power. Similarly, a formal alliance does not necessarily mean that one country lies within another 's sphere of influence. High levels of exclusivity have historically been associated with higher levels of conflict. In more extreme cases, a country within the `` sphere of influence '' of another may become a subsidiary of that state and serve in effect as a satellite state or de facto colony. The system of spheres of influence by which powerful nations intervene in the affairs of others continues to the present. It is often analyzed in terms of superpowers, great powers, and / or middle powers. An example of spheres of influence was China in the late 19th and early 20th Century, when Britain, France, Germany, and Russia ( later replaced by Japan ) had de facto control over large swaths of territory. These were taken by unequal treaties or as very long term `` leases ''. These powers ( and the United States ) might have their own courts, post offices, commercial institutions, railroads, and gunboats in what was on paper Chinese territory. However, the foreign powers and their influence in some cases could have been exaggerated. The system ended with the Second World War. For another example, during the height of its existence in World War II, the Japanese Empire had quite a large sphere of influence. The Japanese government directly governed events in Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, and parts of China. The `` Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere '' could thus be quite easily drawn on a map of the Pacific Ocean as a large `` bubble '' surrounding the islands of Japan and the Asian and Pacific nations it controlled. Sometimes portions of a single country can fall into two distinct spheres of influence. In the colonial era the buffer states of Iran and Thailand, lying between the empires of Britain / Russia and Britain / France respectively, were divided between the spheres of influence of the imperial powers. Likewise, after World War II, Germany was divided into four occupation zones, which later consolidated into West Germany and East Germany, the former a member of NATO and the latter a member of the Warsaw Pact. The term is also used to describe non-political situations, e.g., a shopping mall is said to have a sphere of influence which designates the geographical area where it dominates the retail trade. Contents 1 Historical remnants 2 Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact 3 End of World War II 4 Cold War 5 1990s to present 6 United States 7 Corporations 8 Other examples 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Historical remnants A map of colonial Africa in 1897 showing the European `` sphere ( s ) of influence ''. Many areas of the world are considered to have inherited culture from a previous sphere of influence, that while perhaps today halted, continues to share the same culture. Examples include the Anglosphere, Arab World, Eurosphere, Francophonie, Françafrique, Germanosphere, Indosphere, Latin Europe / Latin America, Lusophonie, Turkosphere, Chinese cultural sphere, Slavisphere, Hispanophone, Malay World, as well as many others. Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact According to a secret protocol attached to the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact of 1939 ( revealed only after Germany 's defeat in 1945 ), Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence. In the North, Finland, Estonia, and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its `` political rearrangement '' -- the areas east of the Narev, Vistula, and San Rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed in September 1939 assigned Lithuania to the USSR. Another clause of the treaty stipulated that Bessarabia, then part of Romania, would join the Moldovan ASSR and become the Moldovan SSR under the control of Moscow. The Soviet invasion of Bukovina on 28 June 1940 violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence as agreed with the Axis. The USSR continued to deny the existence of the Pact 's protocols until after the dissolution of the USSR when the Russian government fully acknowledged the existence and authenticity of the secret protocols. End of World War II From 1941 and the German attack on the Soviet Union, the Allied Coalition operated on the unwritten assumption that the Western Powers and the Soviet Union had each its own sphere of influence. The presumption of the US - British and Soviet unrestricted rights in their respective spheres started causing difficulties as the Nazi - controlled territory shrank and the allied powers successively liberated other states. The wartime spheres lacked a practical definition and it had never been determined if a dominant allied power was entitled to unilateral decisions only in the area of military activity, or could also force its will regarding political, social and economic future of other states. This overly informal system backfired during the late stages of the war and afterwards, when it turned out that the Soviets and the Western Allies had very different ideas concerning the administration and future development of the liberated regions and of Germany itself. Cold War During the Cold War the Baltic states, Central Europe, some countries in Eastern Europe, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, North Korea, and, until the Sino - Soviet split, the People 's Republic of China, among other countries at various times, were said to lie under the Soviet sphere of influence. Western Europe, Oceania, Japan, and South Korea, among other places, were often said to lie under the sphere of influence of the United States. However, the level of control exerted in these spheres varied and was not absolute. For instance, France and Great Britain were able to act independently to invade ( with Israel ) the Suez Canal ( they were later forced to withdraw by joint U.S. and Soviet pressure ). Later, France was also able to withdraw from the military arm of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ). Cuba often took positions that put it at odds with its Soviet ally, including momentary alliances with the People 's Republic of China, economic reorganizations, and providing support for insurgencies in Africa and the Americas without prior approval from the Soviet Union. With the end of the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc fell apart, effectively ending the Soviet sphere of influence. Then in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, replaced by the Russian Federation and several other ex-Soviet Republics who became independent states. 1990s to present See also : Foreign relations of Russia After the fall of the Soviet Union, the countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia that became independent were often portrayed as part of the Russian Federation 's `` sphere of influence ''. According to Ulrich Speck, writing for Carnegie Europe, `` After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the West 's focus was on Russia. Western nations implicitly treated the post-Soviet countries ( besides the Baltic states ) as Russia 's sphere of influence. '' In 1997, NATO and Russia signed the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, stating the `` aim of creating in Europe a common space of security and stability, without dividing lines or spheres of influence limiting the sovereignty of any state. '' In 2009, Russia asserted that the European Union desires a sphere of influence and that the Eastern Partnership is `` an attempt to extend '' it. In March 2009, Sweden 's foreign minister Carl Bildt stated that `` The Eastern Partnership is not about spheres of influence. The difference is that these countries themselves opted to join ''. Following the 2008 Russo - Georgian War, Václav Havel and other former central and eastern European leaders signed an open letter stating that Russia had `` violated the core principles of the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris... - all in the name of defending a sphere of influence on its borders. '' In April 2014, NATO stated that `` Contrary to ( the Founding Act ), Russia now appears to be attempting to recreate a sphere of influence by seizing a part of Ukraine, maintaining large numbers of forces on its borders, and demanding, as Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov recently stated, that `` Ukraine can not be part of any bloc. '' '' Criticising Russia in November 2014, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that `` old thinking about spheres of influence, which runs roughshod over international law '' put the `` entire European peace order into question ''. In January 2017, British Prime Minister Theresa May said, `` We should not jeopardise the freedoms that President Reagan and Mrs Thatcher brought to Eastern Europe by accepting President Putin 's claim that it is now in his sphere of influence. '' United States See also : Foreign relations of the United States, Carter Doctrine, and Monroe Doctrine Corporations In corporate terms, the sphere of influence of a business, organization or group can show its power and influence in the decisions of other businesses / organizations / groups. Influence shows in several ways, such as in size, frequency of visits, etc. In most cases, a company described as `` bigger '' has a larger sphere of influence. For example, the software company Microsoft has a large sphere of influence in the market of operating systems ; any entity wishing to sell a software product may weigh up compatibility with Microsoft 's products as part of a marketing plan. In another example, retailers wishing to make the most profits must ensure they open their stores in the correct location. This is also true for shopping centers that, to reap the most profits, must be able to attract customers to their vicinity. There is no defined scale measuring such spheres of influence. However, one can evaluate the spheres of influence of two shopping centers by seeing how far people are prepared to travel to each shopping center, how much time they spend in its vicinity, how often they visit, the order of goods available, etc. Other examples An 1878 British cartoon about The Great Game between the United Kingdom and Russia over influence in Central Asia For historical and current examples of significant battles over spheres of influence see : The Great Game Geostrategy in Central Asia See also Geopolitics National interest Balance of power in international relations Eurosphere Lateral pressure theory Unequal treaty References Jump up ^ Spheres of Influence in China Jump up ^ Patrick Fuliang Shan, `` What was the ' Sphere of Influence ' ? A Study of Chinese Resistance to the Russian Empire in North Manchuria, 1900 - 1917, '' The Chinese Historical Review, ( Fall 2006, vol. 13, no. 2 ), pp. 271 - 291. ^ Jump up to : Text of the Nazi - Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, executed August 23, 1939 Jump up ^ Christie, Kenneth, Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe : Ghosts at the Table of Democracy, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1599 - 1 Jump up ^ Brackman, Roman The Secret File of Joseph Stalin : A Hidden Life ( 2001 ) p. 341 Jump up ^ Etkind, Alexander ; Finnin, Rory ; Blacker, Uilleam ; Julie Fedor ; Simon Lewis ; Maria Mälksoo ; Matilda Mroz ( 2013 ). Remembering Katyn. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780745662961. Jump up ^ Norman Davies, Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory, pp. 172 - 174. Penguin Books, New York 2006, ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311409 - 3 Jump up ^ Speck, Ulrich ( 9 December 2014 ). `` The EU Must Prepare for a Cold Peace With Russia ''. Carnegie Europe. Jump up ^ `` Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France ''. NATO. 27 May 1997. ^ Jump up to : Pop, Valentina ( 21 March 2009 ). `` EU expanding its ' sphere of influence, ' Russia says ''. EUObserver. Jump up ^ Valdas Adamkus, Martin Bútora, Emil Constantinescu, Pavol Demeš, Luboš Dobrovský, Mátyás Eörsi, István Gyarmati, Václav Havel, Rastislav Káčer, Sandra Kalniete, Karel Schwarzenberg, Michal Kováč, Ivan Krastev, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Mart Laar, Kadri Liik, János Martonyi, Janusz Onyszkiewicz, Adam Daniel Rotfeld, Vaira Vīķe - Freiberga, Alexandr Vondra, Lech Wałęsa ( 15 July 2009 ). `` An Open Letter to the Obama Administration from Central and Eastern Europe ''. Gazeta Wyborcza. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) `` An Open Letter ''. Radio Free Europe. Jump up ^ `` Russia 's accusations - setting the record straight, Fact Sheet - April 2014 ''. NATO. 12 May 2014. Jump up ^ Rettman, Andrew ( 17 November 2014 ). `` Merkel : Russia can not veto EU expansion ''. EUobserver. Jump up ^ `` FULL TEXT : Theresa May 's speech to the Republican ' Congress of Tomorrow ' conference ''. Business Insider. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spheres of influence. The CommonCensus Map Project -- Calculates the spheres of influence for American cities based on voting Russia - a counterbalancing agent to the Asia. Power in international relations Types Economic Energy Food Hard National Power politics Realpolitik Smart Soft Sharp Status Small Middle Regional Emerging Great Potential Super Hyper Geopolitics American ( Pax ) Asian British Chinese Indian Pacific History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Theory Balance of power European Center of power Hegemonic stability theory Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by region or regions affected Africa African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( GCC ) Organization of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Americas Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summits Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Europe Council of Europe ( CE ) European Union ( EU ) Nordic Council Visegrád Group Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Eurasian Economic Union ( EaEU ) Turkic Council North America -- Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Arctic Council Africa -- Asia -- Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania -- Pacific Australia -- New Zealand -- United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF ) Polynesian Leaders Group ( PLG ) Non -- regional Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) Commonwealth of Nations Francophonie Colombia -- Indonesia -- Vietnam -- Egypt -- Turkey -- South Africa ( CIVETS ) E7 E9 G4 G7 G8 G8 + 5 G20 G24 G77 India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Mexico -- Indonesia -- Nigeria -- Turkey ( MINT ) Next Eleven ( N - 11 ) Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations ( UN ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphere_of_influence&oldid=840958180 '' Categories : Political science theories International relations theory Sociological terminology Influence ( social and political ) Geopolitics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Português Română Русский سنڌي کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018, at 04 : 12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: when was china divided into spheres of influence
Answer: in the late 19th and early 20th Century