Niihau - wikipedia Niihau Ni ʻihau Nickname : The Forbidden Isle Aerial view of Ni ʻihau looking southwestward from the north Location of Ni ʻihau in the state of Hawai ʻi Geography Location 21 ° 54 ′ N 160 ° 10 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 21.900 ° N 160.167 ° W ﻿ / 21.900 ; - 160.167 Area 69.5 sq mi ( 180 km ) Area rank 7th largest Hawaiian Island Highest elevation 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) Highest point Mt. Pānī ʻau Administration United States Symbols Flower Pūpū ke ʻokeʻo ( white shell ) Color Ke ʻokeʻo ( White ) Largest settlement Puʻuwai Demographics Population 170 ( 2010 ) Pop. density 1.9 / sq mi ( 0.73 / km ) Ni ʻihau ( / ˈniːhaʊ / ; Hawaiian : ( ˈniʔiˈhɐw ) ) is the westernmost and seventh largest inhabited island in Hawai ʻi. It is 17.5 miles ( 28.2 km ) southwest of Kaua ʻi across the Kaulakahi Channel. Its area is 69.5 square miles ( 180 km ). Several intermittent playa lakes provide wetland habitats for the Hawaiian coot, the black - winged stilt, and the Hawaiian duck. The island is designated as critical habitat for Brighamia insignis, an endemic and endangered species of Hawaiian lobelioid. The United States Census Bureau defines Ni ʻihau and the neighboring island and State Seabird Sanctuary of Lehua as Census Tract 410 of Kauai County, Hawaii. Its 2000 census population was 160 ; Its 2010 census population was 170. Elizabeth Sinclair purchased Ni ʻihau in 1864 for $10,000 from the Kingdom of Hawaii and private ownership passed on to her descendants, the Robinson family. During World War II, the island was the site of the Ni ʻihau Incident : A Japanese navy fighter pilot crashed on the island and terrorized its residents for a week after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The people of Ni ʻihau are known for their gemlike lei pūpū ( shell lei ) craftsmanship, and speak Hawaiian as a primary language. The island is generally off - limits to all but relatives of the island 's owners, U.S. Navy personnel, the Robinson family, government officials and invited guests, giving it the nickname `` The Forbidden Isle. '' Beginning in 1987, a limited number of supervised activity tours and hunting safaris have opened to tourists. The island is currently managed by brothers Bruce Robinson and Keith Robinson. Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 1.2 Flora and fauna 2 History 3 Society 3.1 Politics 3.2 Population 3.3 Education 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Geography See also : List of beaches in Niihau Ni ʻihau is located about 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of Kaua ʻi, and the tiny, uninhabited island of Lehua lies 0.7 miles ( 0.61 nmi ; 1.1 km ) north of Ni ʻihau. Ni ʻihau 's dimensions are 6.2 miles by 18.6 miles ( 10 km x 30 km ). The maximum elevation ( Paniau ) is 1,280 feet ( 390 m ). The island is about 4.9 million years old, making it geologically younger than the 5 - million - year - old neighboring island of Kaua ʻi to the northeast. Ni ʻihau consists of one extinct volcano that had a large landslide to the east. Climate The island is relatively arid because it lies in the rain shadow of Kaua ʻi, and lacks the elevation needed to catch significant amounts of trade wind rainfall. Ni ʻihau therefore depends for its rain on winter Kona storms, when more northerly weather systems intrude into the region. As such, the island is subject to long periods of drought. Historical droughts on Ni ʻihau have been recorded several times, one in 1792 by Captain James Cook 's former junior officer, George Vancouver, who had been told that the people of Ni ʻihau had abandoned the island because of a severe drought and had moved to Kaua ʻi to escape famine. Climate data for Pu'uwai Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 79 ( 26 ) 81 ( 27 ) 82 ( 28 ) 83 ( 28 ) 85 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87 ( 31 ) 87 ( 31 ) 86 ( 30 ) 83 ( 28 ) 81 ( 27 ) 83 ( 28 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 65 ( 18 ) 65 ( 18 ) 65 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 69 ( 21 ) 70 ( 21 ) 71 ( 22 ) 71 ( 22 ) 70 ( 21 ) 68 ( 20 ) 66 ( 19 ) 68 ( 20 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 1.48 ( 37.6 ) 1.53 ( 38.9 ) 0.75 ( 19 ) 0.63 ( 16 ) 0.33 ( 8.4 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 0.62 ( 15.7 ) 0.84 ( 21.3 ) 2.35 ( 59.7 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 2.78 ( 70.6 ) 17.51 ( 444.8 ) Source : The Weather Channel Flora and fauna View of the rugged cliffs of windward Ni ʻihau ( the northeastern shore ) As an arid island, Ni ʻihau was barren of trees for centuries -- Captain James Cook reported it treeless in 1778. Aubrey Robinson, grandfather of current owners Bruce Robinson and Keith Robinson, planted 10,000 trees per year during much of his ownership of the island ; Robinson 's afforestation efforts increased rainfall in the dry climate. Island co-owner Keith Robinson, a noted conservationist, preserved and documented many of Ni ʻihau 's natural plant resources. The island is designated as a critical habitat for the ʻōlulu, an endemic and endangered species of Hawaiian lobelioid. Aylmer robinsonii, a Pritchardia palm tree named for Keith Robinson 's uncle Aylmer Robinson, is an endangered species native to Ni ʻihau. Several bird species thrive on Niʻihau. The largest lakes on the island are Hālaliʻi Lake, Halulu Lake and Nonopapa Lake. These intermittent playa lakes on the island provide wetland habitats for the ʻalae keʻokeʻo ( Hawaiian coot ), the āeʻo ( black - winged stilt ), and the koloa maoli ( Hawaiian duck ). The critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal ( Monachus schauinslandi ) is found in high numbers on Niʻihau 's shores. Robinson states that Niʻihau 's secluded shoreline offers them a safe haven from habitat encroachments. According to Robinson, conditions there are better than the government refuges of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. When the Robinsons originally purchased Niʻihau, no monk seals were present, because they lived in the northwestern part of the Hawaiian island chain, Necker and Midway islands. They have been relocated to the main Hawaiian island chain by NOAA fisheries over the past thirty years, and some have found homes on Niʻihau. Big game herds, imported from stock on Moloka ʻi Ranch in recent years, roam Ni ʻihau 's forests and flatlands. Eland and aoudad are abundant, along with oryxes, wild boars and feral sheep. These big game herds provide income from hunting safari tourism. History Map of Yam Bay and Ni ʻihau, Captain George Dixon 's Journal, 1788. Prior to the unification of the Kingdom of Hawaii under Kamehameha I, Ni ʻihau was ruled by the ali ʻi. Kahelelani was the first of the Ni ʻihau ali ʻi. His name is now used to refer to the Ni ʻihau kahelelani, the puka shell of the wart turbans ( Leptothyra verruca ), used to make exquisite Ni ʻihau shell jewelry. Kāʻeokūlani was a ruler of northern Ni ʻihau who unified the island after defeating his rival, a chief named Kawaihoa. A stone wall ( Pāpōhaku ) across a quarter of the island 's southern end marked the boundaries of the two chiefs : Kā ʻeo 's land was identified by black stones and Kawaihoa 's by white stones. Eventually, a great battle took place, known as Pali Kamakaui. Kā ʻeo 's two brothers from the island of Maui, Kaiana and his half - brother Kahekili II, the King of Maui, fought for Kā ʻeo and Ni ʻihau was united under his rule. Kawaihoa was banished to the south end of the island and Kā ʻeo moved to the middle of the island to govern. Kā ʻeo married the Queen Kamakahelei and a future king of Ni ʻihau and Kaua ʻi named Kaumuali ʻi was born in 1790. Kaua ʻi and Ni ʻihau are said to have carried the `` highest blood lines '' in the Hawaiian Islands. Kamehameha managed to unify all of the islands by 1795, except for Kaua ʻi and Ni ʻihau : Two attempts to conquer those islands had failed, and Kamehameha lost many men : bodies covered the beaches on Kaua ʻi 's eastern shores. Finally, in 1810, Kamehameha amassed a great fleet, and Kaumuali ʻi, the last independent ali ʻi, surrendered rather than risk further bloodshed. Independence again became feasible after Kamehameha 's death in 1819, but was put down when Kamehameha 's widow Ka ʻahumanu kidnapped Kaumuali ʻi and forced him to marry her. Thereafter Ni ʻihau remained part of the unified Kingdom of Hawai ʻi. A group of villagers at Puʻuwai Beach settlement, Ni ʻihau in 1885. Photograph taken by Francis Sinclair, son of Elizabeth McHutchison Sinclair. Elizabeth McHutchison Sinclair ( 1800 -- 1892 ) purchased Ni ʻihau and parts of Kaua ʻi from Kamehameha V in 1864 for $10,000 in gold. Sinclair chose Ni ʻihau over other options, including Waikīkī and Pearl Harbor. By around 1875, Ni ʻihau 's population consisted of about 350 Native Hawaiians, with 20,000 sheep. This era marked the end of the art of Hawaiian mat -- weaving made famous by the people of Ni ʻihau. Makaloa ( Cyperus laevigatus ), a native sedge, used to grow on the edges of Ni ʻihau 's three intermittent lakes. The stems were harvested and used to weave moena makaloa ( mats ), considered the `` finest sleeping mats in Polynesia ''. The mats were valued by ali ʻi and foreign visitors alike, but by the end of the 19th century, Hawaiians had stopped weaving makaloa due to changes in population, culture, economics, and the environment. In 1915, Sinclair 's grandson Aubrey Robinson closed the island to most visitors. Even relatives of the inhabitants could visit only by special permission. Upon Aubrey 's death in 1939 the island passed to his son Aylmer, and in 1968 to Aylmer 's youngest brother Lester. Upon Lester 's wife Helen 's death, the island passed to his sons Bruce Robinson and Keith Robinson, the current co-owners. ( See Sinclair - Robinson family tree ) Ni ʻihau played a small role during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. In what has come to be called the Ni ʻihau Incident ( or the Battle of Ni ʻihau ), a Japanese pilot whose Zero had been hit crash - landed on the island hoping to rendezvous with a rescue submarine. The pilot escaped with the assistance of local Japanese residents, but was later recaptured and killed. It was the subject of a popular song, `` You Ca n't Conquer Niihau, Nohow ''. Despite its self - imposed isolation, Ni ʻihau has a long - standing relationship with the U.S. military dating from 1924. There is a small Navy installation on the island. No military personnel are permanently stationed there, but the U.S. military has used the island for training special operations units, which included hiring Hawaiians who live on Ni ʻihau as `` enemy '' trackers. Society Politics See also : Politics of Hawaii The island of Ni ʻihau was considered as a possible location for the United Nations headquarters in 1944 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt had visited Hawai ʻi in 1934. Under Cordell Hull, Roosevelt 's Secretary of State, the State Department seriously studied the proposal. In 2004 President George W. Bush received all but one of the 40 votes cast on the island. The remaining vote was cast for Green Party nominee David Cobb. 51 registered voters did not cast ballots. In 2006 Dan Akaka received 33 votes in the 2006 Senate election to Cynthia Thielen 's 3. In 2008, Ni ʻihau 's precinct was one of only 3 of Hawai ʻi 's 538 precincts to vote for John McCain over Barack Obama. McCain received 35 votes, Obama received 4, and Cynthia McKinney received 1. In the 2016 Presidential Election, nearly 60 % of the vote went for Donald Trump. Population Navy contractors from PMRF arrive at Paniau Ridge on Ni ʻihau in an Agusta A109 helicopter. The seabird sanctuary island of Lehua can be seen in the background. The 2010 census states that there were 170 people living on the island. However, witness accounts estimate that the population actually ranges between 35 - 50 people. Some support themselves largely by subsistence fishing and farming, while others depend on welfare. All residents live rent - free, and meat is free. Ni ʻihau has no telephone services and no paved roads. Horses are the main form of transportation ; bicycles are also used. There are no power lines ; solar power provides all electricity. There is no plumbing or running water on the island. Water comes from rainwater catchment. The Robinson family established most of these conditions. There is no hotel, and barges deliver groceries from Kaua ʻi, often purchased by relatives, with free shipping. Residents generally speak the Niihau dialect of Hawaiian as their first language, in part encouraged by terms in the original purchase contract which obligated the new owners to help preserve Hawaiian culture and tradition. The Ni ʻihau dialect differs from modern standard Hawaiian in that, for example, ( t ) and ( ɾ ) are the most common realizations of the phonemes / k / and / l /, respectively. Ni ʻihau is the only island where Hawaiian is spoken as a primary language. Oral tradition maintains that the Ni ʻihau dialect is closer to the Hawaiian register spoken during the time of discovery ; there is linguistic evidence to support this claim. English is the second language. Some residents have radio and television sets, although limited reception effectively limits the latter to watching VHS tapes and DVDs. Ni ʻihau is subject to regular droughts that occasionally force the population to evacuate to Kaua ʻi temporarily, until rainfall replenishes their water supply. Residents commonly also commute to Kaua ʻi for work, medical care, or school, and many of them call both islands home. To avoid a long boat ride, the island 's owners maintain an Agusta A109 helicopter for emergencies and for transporting Navy contractors and residents to and from Kaua ʻi. Helicopter tours and safaris help offset the costs of this service. A form of ipu art is known to have developed solely on the island of Ni ʻihau. In this method, after a design is carved in the skin of a fresh gourd, it is filled with dye which, after several weeks, changes the color of the uncarved portions of the surface where the skin is intact. Hawaiian music plays a central role on the island, with a cappella singers making use of only two or three tones and changing rhythms. Ukulele and guitar playing is nearly ubiquitous among the islanders, and there are three separate styles of slack - key music, with an older style originating from Kohala. Education The Hawaii Department of Education operates the Ni ʻihau School, a K - 12 school. Academic subjects and computer literacy are combined with teaching students to `` thrive from the land. '' The school is powered entirely by solar power. The number of students varies from 25 to 50 since families often travel between Ni ʻihau and Kaua ʻi. Schoolchildren may stay with relatives in west Kaua ʻi, where they attend one of two Ni ʻihau - focused public charter schools. At the Ke Kula Ni ʻihau o Kekaha school, students speak primarily the Ni ʻihau dialect through the early elementary grades, and then Hawaiian and English through grade 12. The school has a digital recording and video system, which helps to preserve and teach traditional Ni ʻihau and Hawaiian culture. At the other west Kaua ʻi school, Kula Aupuni Ni ʻihau a Kahelelani Aloha ( KANAKA ), English is used in all grades, while still supporting the Ni ʻihau dialect. Both schools foster the culture, values, and spirituality of Ni ʻihau. Economy Approximately 80 % of Ni ʻihau 's income comes from a small Navy installation atop 1,300 - foot - high cliffs. Remote - controlled tracking devices are used for testing and training with Kaua'i's Pacific Missile Range Facility. Modern missile defense tests are conducted at the site for the U.S. and its allies. The installation brings in millions of dollars a year, and provides the island with a stable economic base without the complexity of tourism or industrial development. The sale of shells and shell jewelry is an additional source of income. Its beaches are known for their pūpū, tiny shells that wash onto shore during winter months. Species used for shell leis includes momi ( Euplica varians ), laiki or rice shells ( Mitrella margarita ) and kahelelani ( Leptothyra verruca ). The shells and jewelry are so popular that Governor Linda Lingle signed a bill in 2004 to protect lei pūpū o Ni ʻihau ( Ni ʻihau shell leis ) from counterfeiting. A single, intricate Ni ʻihau shell lei can sell for thousands of dollars. Trash deposited by the ocean on a windward Ni ʻihau beach Many residents of Ni ʻihau were once employees of Ni ʻihau Ranch, farming cattle and sheep until the Robinsons shut down the operation in 1999. It had not been profitable for most of the 20th century. Honey cultivation was also no longer viable by 1999. Kiawe charcoal was once a large - scale export, but aggressive Mexican price competition ended that as well. Mullet farming has been popular on Ni ʻihau, with ponds and lakes stocked with baby mullet, which reach 9 -- 10 pounds ( 4.1 -- 4.5 kg ) apiece before being harvested and sold on Kaua ʻi and Oʻahu. Bruce Robinson, Ni ʻihau 's co-owner, is seeking and considering new forms of non-invasive income generation. Depending on feasibility, impact, and ecological footprint on the ecosystem and culture, possibilities include : JP - 8 generation by the lignocellulose process ; military, including a possible runway ; and windmill energy production. Robinson has declined offers to purchase sand from Ni ʻihau 's beaches, because of adverse environmental effects. Tourism Ni ʻihau 's owners have offered half - day helicopter and beach tours of the island since 1987, although contact with residents is avoided and no accommodations exist. Since 1992, hunting safaris provide income via tourists who pay to visit the island to hunt eland, aoudad, and oryx, as well as wild sheep and boars. Any meat the hunters do not take with them is given to the village. Notes Jump up ^ Shearer 2002, p. 99. Jump up ^ Shearer 2002, p. 230. Jump up ^ `` Table 5.08 - Land Area of Islands : 2000 '' ( PDF ). 2004 State of Hawaii Data Book. State of Hawaii. 2004. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ Census Tract 410, Kaua'i County Archived copy at WebCite ( January 17, 2010 ). United States Census Bureau Jump up ^ `` Table 5.11 - Elevations of Major Summits '' ( PDF ). 2004 State of Hawaii Data Book. State of Hawaii. 2004. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ Juvik, Sonia P. ; Juvik, James O. ; Paradise, Thomas R. ( 1998 ). Atlas of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 3 -- 6. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2125 - 8. Jump up ^ Tabrah 1987, pp. 10 -- 11. Jump up ^ Tabrah 1987, p. 49. Jump up ^ `` Puuwai, HI Monthly Weather Forecast ''. The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07. ^ Jump up to : Mangieri, Gina ( 22 June 2009 ). `` Niihau : Past, Present and Future '' ( Television production ). KHON - TV ( report with video ). Partial transcript / monograph online in 12 parts Jump up ^ Lloyd J. Soehren ( 2010 ). `` lookup of Nonopapa Lake ''. in Hawaiian Place Names. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved September 24, 2010. Jump up ^ Tava, Rerioterai ; Keale, Moses K. ( 1990 ). Niihau : The Traditions of a Hawaiian Island. Honolulu : Mutual Publishing Company. p. 95. OCLC 21275453. Jump up ^ Tava & Keale 1998, p. 13. Jump up ^ Kam, Nadine ( 2004 - 05 - 17 ). `` The real deal : Genuine Niihau shells have lasting quality ''. Features. Honolulu Star - Bulletin. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21. Jump up ^ Tava & Keale 1998, pp. 13 -- 14. Jump up ^ Coulter, John Wesley ( 1964 ). `` Great Britain in Hawaii : The Captain Cook Monument ''. The Geographical Journal. 130 : 2. doi : 10.2307 / 1794586. Jump up ^ Gay, Lawrence Kainoahou ( 1981 ). Tales of the forbidden island of Ni'ihau. Topgallant Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 0 - 914916 - 43 - 2. Jump up ^ Bird, Isabella L. ( 2006 ). The Hawaiian Archipelago. BiblioBazaar. p. 212. ISBN 1 - 4264 - 4990 - 9. Jump up ^ Joesting, Edward ( 1988 ). Kauai : The Separate Kingdom. University of Hawaii. p. 188. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1162 - 3. Jump up ^ Van Dyke, Peter ( June 2001 ). `` Growing Makaloa ( Cyperus laevigatus L. ) in Constructed Wetlands for Weaving and Treating Wastewater : Final report for U.S. Geological Survey Grant No. 99CRGR0003 '' ( PDF ). Bishop Museum. Jump up ^ Nieuwint, Joris. `` 4789904038_81ca14b47a_b - WAR HISTORY ONLINE ''. Jump up ^ The Ni ʻihau Incident serves as the backdrop for Caroline Paul 's 2006 novel East Wind, Rain ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 078075 - 4 ) and the opening chapter of Michelle Malkin 's In Defense of Internment. ^ Jump up to : Sommer, Anthony. `` Niihau : Opening Up. '' Honolulu Star - Bulletin. May 14, 1999. Jump up ^ Tabrah 1987, p. 1. Jump up ^ Bemis, Samuel Flagg ( December 1949 ). `` The Memoirs of Cordell Hull ''. The Journal of Modern History. University of Chicago Press. 21 ( 4 ) : 317 -- 320. doi : 10.1086 / 237294. Jump up ^ Hawaii 2004 election results for precinct 16 - 09. Hawaii.gov. Retrieved April 21, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Office of Elections '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Who Voted For Donald Trump In Hawaii ? ''. Honolulu Civil Beat. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' ( PDF ). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 24 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` That 's Just How I Rule ''. This American Life, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ni ` ihau Island Today - Learn about the Forbidden Island of Ni ` ihau ''. Jump up ^ Langlas, Charles and Kehaulani Shintani. `` Mälama ka ' Äina : To Care For The Land '' ( review ). CRM : The Journal of Heritage Stewardship. Vol. 3 No. 1 ( Winter 2006 ). Jump up ^ Olsen, Eric P. ( October 2001 ). `` Paradise Preserved ''. World & I. 16 ( 10 ) : 108. Jump up ^ Enomoto, Catherine Kekoa ( 1997 ). `` Niihau : Island at a Crossroad ''. Honolulu Star - Bulletin. Jump up ^ `` Niihau - Hawaii 's `` Forbidden Island '' ``. Kauai Visitor Magazine. Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 30. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ Crites, Jennifer ( October -- November 2007 ). `` The Ipu Guy ''. Hana Hou !. 10 ( 5 ). Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18. This method developed ( circa AD 1600 ) only on Niʻihau -- - nowhere else in the world -- - and then vanished at the end of the 19th century, '' explains Harburg. `` It was lost until Dr. Bruce Kaʻimiloa Chrisman figured out how it was done. Jump up ^ Bordessa, Kris ( 2007 ). `` The Lost Ipu Art of Niʻihau ''. Craft :. 4. Jump up ^ Tava & Keale 1998, p. 105. Jump up ^ Gehrlein, Rachel ( 2007 - 12 - 15 ). `` Niʻihau school first in state on solar power ''. The Garden Island. Jump up ^ Hawaii State Department of Education. `` Niʻihau School ''. Jump up ^ Tava & Keale 1998, pp. 36 -- 37. Jump up ^ Moriarty, Linda Paik ( 1986 ). Niʻihau Shell Leis. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0998 - X. Jump up ^ H.B. No. 2569. See also : `` Governor signs Niihau shell bill ''. Pacific Business News. 2004 - 05 - 24. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ Tava & Keale 1998, p. XV. Jump up ^ Tava & Keale 1998, pp. 66 -- 67. Jump up ^ `` Flying visitors can catch glimpse of `` The Forbidden Isle '' ``. The Globe and Mail. 1987 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ Niihau Island Jump up ^ Christine, Rodrigo ( 1992 - 04 - 06 ). `` Safaris debut on Forbidden Island ''. Pacific Business News. References Beekman, Allan ( 1995 ) ( 1982 ). The Niihau Incident. Honolulu, HI : Heritage Press of Pacific. ISBN 0 - 9609132 - 0 - 3. Fisher, Harvey I. ( Jan -- Feb 1951 ). `` The Avifauna of Niihau Island, Hawaiian Archipelago ''. The Condor. Cooper Ornithological Society. 53 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 42. doi : 10.2307 / 1364585. ISSN 0010 - 5422. JSTOR 1364585. Macdonald, Gordon A. ; Agatin T. Abbott ; Frank L. Peterson ( 1983 ) ( 1970 ). Volcanoes in the Sea : The Geology of Hawaii ( 2nd ed. ). Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0832 - 0. Mitchell, C. ; C. Ogura ; D.W. Meadows ; A. Kane ; L. Strommer ; S. Fretz ; D. Leonard ; A. McClung ( 2005 - 10 - 01 ). `` Hawaii 's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Chapter 6 : Island Conservation Needs - Niʻihau '' ( PDF ). Final. Department of Land and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 23. Morgan, Joseph R. ( 1996 ). `` Kaua'i and Ni'ihau ''. Hawai'i : A Unique Geography. The Bess Press. ISBN 1 - 57306 - 021 - 6. Nordyke, Eleanor C. ( 1989 ). The Peopling of Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1191 - 7. Shearer, Barbara Smith ( 2002 ). State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols : A Historical Guide ( 3 ed. ). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31534 - 3. Sommer, Anthony ( 1999 - 05 - 14 ). `` Niihau : Opening Up ''. News. Honolulu Star - Bulletin. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23. Tabrah, Ruth M. ( 1987 ). Niʻihau, the last Hawaiian island. Press Pacifica. ISBN 0 - 916630 - 59 - 5. Tava, Rerioterai ; Keale, Moses K. ( 1998 ). Niihau, the traditions of a Hawaiian island. Mutual Publishing. ISBN 0 - 935180 - 80 - X. Wichman, Juliet Rice ; St. John, Harold ( 1990 ). A Chronicle and Flora of Niihau. National Tropical Botanical Garden. ISBN 0 - 915809 - 14 - 1. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Niihau. Barnhart, Sky ( July 2008 ). `` The Flowers of Niihau ''. Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine. 12 ( 4 ). Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17. Clark, John R.K. ( 1990 ). Beaches of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau. Honolulu, Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press. pp. 79 -- 102. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1260 - 3. Conover, Adele ; Gary Braasch ( November 1996 ). `` A Onetime Rancher Wages Lonely War to Save Rare Plants ''. Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. 27 ( 8 ) : 114. Daws, Gavan ; Timothy Heap ( October 1962 ). `` Niihau a shoal of time ''. American Heritage. American Heritage Publishing Company. 14 ( 6 ). Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06. Laracy, Hugh ( September 2001 ). `` The Sinclairs of Pigeon bay and the Romantic ' Pre-history ' of the Robinsons of Niihau ''. Journal of Pacific History. Routledge. 36 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 199. doi : 10.1080 / 00223340120075560. Licayan, Emalia ; Nizo, Virginia ; Kanahele, Elama ( 2007 ). Kanahele, Elama ; Armitage, Kimo ; NeSmith, Keao, eds. Aloha Niihau : Oral Histories. Waipahu, Hawaii : Island Heritage Publishing. ISBN 1 - 59700 - 209 - 7. May, Ernest R ( 1946 - 11 - 02 ). `` They Never Leave This Real Shangri - La ''. The Saturday Evening Post. 219 ( 18 ) : 28 -- 67. ISSN 0048 - 9239. Meyer, Philip A. ( 1998 ). `` Niihau - Present Circumstances and Future Requirement in an Evolving Hawaiian Community ''. Ni'ihau, Hawai'i : Hoomana Ia Iesu Church. Paul, Caroline ( 2007 ). East Wind, Rain. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0 - 06 - 078076 - 2. Stepien, Edward R. ( 1988 ) ( 1984 ). Niʻihau, A Brief History. 1. Honolulu : Center for Pacific Islands Studies, School of Hawaiian, Asian, & Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 1 -- 134. hdl : 10125 / 15544. Stepien, Edward R. ( 1988 ) ( 1984 ). Niʻihau, A Brief History. 2. Honolulu : Center for Pacific Islands Studies, School of Hawaiian, Asian, & Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 135 -- 268. hdl : 10125 / 15544. 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Question: what is the name of the forbidden island in hawaii
Answer: Niʻihau