Homo rhodesiensis - wikipedia Homo rhodesiensis Homo rhodesiensis Temporal range : Pleistocene, 0.4 -- 0.12 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Skull found in 1921 Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Primates Family : Hominidae Tribe : Hominini Genus : Homo Species : H. rhodesiensis Binomial name † Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921 Homo rhodesiensis refers to an extinct hominin species of the genus Homo, first described in 1921 by Arthur Smith Woodward in reference to the Kabwe skull fossil recovered from a cave at Broken Hill, or Kabwe, in Zambia ( then known as Northern Rhodesia ). A number of morphologically - comparable fossil remains came to light in East Africa ( Bodo, Ndutu, Eyasi, Ileret ) and North Africa ( Salé, Rabat, Dar - es - Soltane, Djbel Irhoud, Sidi Aberrahaman, Tighenif ) during the 20th century and were classified as Homo rhodesiensis. Smith Woodward decided the fossils represented an extinct hominin species as the ``... thick skull, sloped forehead and giant brow ridges made the species distinct from living people ''. The finds were dated between 300,000 and 125,000 years BC. `` However, this ( African ) group of fossils has ( also ) been known by many other now - obscure names '', none ever having been accepted universally, including the taxon Homo rhodesiensis. The Saldanha cranium, found in 1953 in South Africa was subject to at least three taxonomic revisions from 1955 to 1996. Consensus is confined to informal taxonomic categories, such as `` pre-modern ''. Most scientists now regard Homo rhodesiensis as such the direct ancestor of anatomically modern humans. Contents 1 Discovery 1.1 Bodo Cranium 1.2 Ndutu cranium 2 Classification 3 Present location 4 See also 5 References 6 Literature 7 External links Discovery Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← LCA - Gorilla separation ← Possibly bipedal ← LCA - Chimpanzee separation ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : million years Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land animals Land plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary ice ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Replica of the skull Kabwe 1, also called the Broken Hill skull, was assigned by Arthur Smith Woodward in 1921 as the type specimen for Homo rhodesiensis ; most contemporary scientists forego the taxon `` rhodesiensis '' altogether and assign it to Homo heidelbergensis. The cranium was discovered in Mutwe Wa Nsofu Area in a lead and zinc mine in Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia ( now Kabwe, Zambia ) on June 17, 1921 by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss miner. In addition to the cranium, an upper jaw from another individual, a sacrum, a tibia, and two femur fragments were also found. The skull was dubbed `` Rhodesian Man '' at the time of the find, but is now commonly referred to as the Broken Hill skull or the Kabwe cranium. Artist interpretation of Rhodesian Men. The association between the bones is unclear, but the tibia and femur fossils are usually associated with the skull. Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. Cranial capacity of the Broken Hill skull has been estimated at 1,230 cm3. Bada, & al., ( 1974 ) published the direct date of 110 ka for this specimen measured by aspartic acid racemisation. The destruction of the paleoanthropological site has made layered dating impossible. The massive skull suggests an extremely robust individual with the comparatively largest brow - ridges of any known hominin. It was described as having a broad face similar to that of Homo neanderthalensis ( i.e. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges ). Consequently, researchers came up with interpretations such as `` African Neanderthal ''. However, with regard to the skull 's extreme robustness, recent research has highlighted several intermediate features between modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthal. Bodo cranium The 600,000 year old Bodo cranium was found in 1976 by members of an expedition led by Jon Kalb at Bodo D'ar in the Awash River valley of Ethiopia. Although the skull is most similar to those of Kabwe, Woodward 's nomenclature was discontinued and its discoverers attributed it to H. heidelbergensis. It has features, that represent a transition between Homo ergaster / erectus and Homo sapiens. Ndutu cranium Another specimen, `` the hominid from Lake Ndutu '' in northern Tanzania, around 400,000 years old. In 1976 R.J. Clarke classified it as Homo erectus and it has generally been viewed as such since, although points of similarity to H. sapiens have also been recognized. After comparative studies with similar finds in Africa allocation to an African subspecies of H. sapiens seems most appropriate. An indirect cranial capacity estimate suggests 1100 ml. Its supratoral sulcus morphology and the presence of protuberance as suggested by Philip Rightmire `` give the Nudutu occiput an appearance which is also unlike that of Homo erectus '', but Stinger ( 1986 ) pointed out that a thickened iliac pillar is typical for Homo erectus. In a 1989 publication Clarke concludes : `` It is assigned to archaic Homo sapiens on the basis of its expanded parietal and occipital regions of the brain ''. Classification In Africa, there is a distinct difference in the Acheulean tools made before and after 600,000 years ago with the older group being thicker and less symmetric and the younger being more extensively trimmed. Rupert Murrill has studied the relations between the Archanthropus skull of Petralona ( Chalcidice, Greece ) and Rhodesian Man. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of Homo heidelbergensis though other designations such as Homo sapiens arcaicus and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have also been proposed. According to Tim White, it is probable that Rhodesian Man was the ancestor of Homo sapiens idaltu ( Herto Man ), which itself was the ancestor of Homo sapiens sapiens. The skull has cavities in ten of the upper teeth and is considered one of the oldest known occurrences of cavities. Pitting indicates significant infection before death and implies that the cause of death may have been due to dental disease infection or possibly chronic ear infection. Present location The Broken Hill skull is one of the treasures in the collections cared for by the Natural History Museum, London. There is a replica in the Museum in Livingstone, Zambia. See also Homo heidelbergensis List of fossil sites ( with link directory ) List of hominina ( hominid ) fossils ( with images ) References Jump up ^ `` GBIF 787018738 Fossil of Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921 ''. GBIF org. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo '' ( PDF ). Department of Anthropology, Harvard University. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Fossil Trail : How We Know what We Think We Know about Human Evolution By Ian Tattersal ''. Google Books. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric World Hominid Chronology by Peter Kessler Homo rhodesiensis ''. Kessler Associates. July 26, 2005. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Four Species of Homo You 've Never Heard Of, Part II ''. smithsonianmag com. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Wiley - Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set ''. Google Books. Retrieved December 9, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Kabwe 1 ''. The Smithsonian Institution 's Human Origin Program. Retrieved 2 November 2010. Jump up ^ Stringer, Chris ( 2011 ). The Origin of our Species. Penguin. p. 202. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103720 - 2. Jump up ^ Johansson, Donald ; Edgar, Blake ( 2006 ). From Lucy to Language. Simon & Schuster. p. 222. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8064 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Five Accidental Hominid Fossil Discoveries ''. smithsonianmag com. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Begun, David R., ed. ( 2012 ). `` The African Origin of Homo Sapiens ''. A Companion to Paleoanthropology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33237 - 5. Jump up ^ https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/zambia-resolute-recovering-broken-hill-man-britain/ Jump up ^ Rightmire, G. Philip. The Evolution of Homo erectus : Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0 - 521 - 44998 - 7, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44998 - 4. Jump up ^ Bada, Jeffrey L., Roy A. Schroeder, Reiner Protsch, and Rainer Berger. Concordance of Collagen - Based Radiocarbon and Aspartic - Acid Racemization Ages PNAS abstract URL. Jump up ^ Amino Acid Racemization Dating of Fossil Bones Jump up ^ `` Bodo -- Paleoanthropology site information ''. Fossilized org. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bodo Skull and Jaw ''. Skulls Unlimited. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bodo fossil ''. Britannica Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Meet Bodo and Herto There is some discussion around the species assigned to Bodo : ''. Nutcracker Man. April 7, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Rightmire, G. Philip ( 2005 ). `` The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa ''. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 61 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 254. doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330610214. PMID 6410925. Jump up ^ Rightmire GP ( June 3, 1983 ). `` The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa ''. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 61 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 54. doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330610214. PMID 6410925. Jump up ^ The Evolution of Homo erectus : Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species By G. Philip Rightmire Published by Cambridge University Press, 1993 ISBN 0 - 521 - 44998 - 7, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44998 - 4 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Ndutu cranium and the origin of Homo sapiens -- R.J. Clarke '' ( PDF ). American Museum of Natural History. November 27, 1989. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ H. James Birx ( 10 June 2010 ). 21st Century Anthropology : A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6630 - 5. Jump up ^ Bernard Wood ( 31 March 2011 ). Wiley - Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 761 -- 762. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 4247 - 5. Jump up ^ White, Tim D. ; Asfaw, B. ; DeGusta, D. ; Gilbert, H. ; Richards, G.D. ; Suwa, G. ; Howell, F.C. ( 2003 ). `` Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia ''. Nature. 423 ( 6491 ) : 742 -- 747. doi : 10.1038 / nature01669. PMID 12802332 Jump up ^ `` Collections - Natural History Museum ''. www.nhm.ac.uk. Literature Woodward, Arthur Smith ( 1921 ). `` A New Cave Man from Rhodesia, South Africa ''. Nature. 108 ( 2716 ) : 371 -- 372. doi : 10.1038 / 108371a0. Singer Robert R. and J. Wymer ( 1968 ). `` Archaeological Investigation at the Saldanha Skull Site in South Africa ''. The South African Archaeological Bulletin. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 91. 23 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 73. doi : 10.2307 / 3888485. JSTOR 3888485. Murrill, Rupert I. ( 1975 ). `` A comparison of the Rhodesian and Petralona upper jaws in relation to other Pleistocene hominids ''. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. 66 : 176 -- 187... Murrill, Rupert Ivan ( 1981 ). Ed. Charles C. Thomas, ed. Petralona Man. A Descriptive and Comparative Study, with New Information on Rhodesian Man. Springfield, Illinois : Thomas. ISBN 0 - 398 - 04550 - X. Rightmire, G. Philip ( 2005 ). `` The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa ''. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 61 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 254. doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330610214. PMID 6410925... Asfaw, Berhane ( 2005 ). `` A new hominid parietal from Bodo, middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia ''. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 61 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 371. doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330610311. PMID 6412559... External links Media related to Homo rhodesiensis at Wikimedia Commons Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ). Homo heidelbergensis Ancestral species Homo erectus → Homo antecessor Homo erectus → Homo cepranensis Regional variants Homo heidelbergensis Homo rhodesiensis Archaeology Notable fossils Mauer 1 Steinheim skull Kabwe skull Petralona 1 Saldanha man Boxgrove Man Tautavel Man Bodo cranium Miguelón Schöningen Spears Galilee skull Salé Ndutu cranium Ciampate del Diavolo Saccopastore skulls Sites Mauer ( Baden ) Steinheim an der Murr Kabwe Petralona cave Hopefield, Western Cape Boxgrove Quarry Arago 21 Awash River Sima de los Huesos Schöningen Mugharet el - Zuttiyeh Ciampate del Diavolo Transitional fossils with H. heidelbergensis traits Homo erectus Madam Buya Bodo Homo neanderthalensis Steinheim skull Miguelón Swanscombe Skull Contemporary species Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Evolutionary hypothesis H. heidelbergensis > H. neanderthalensis H. heidelbergensis > Homo sp. 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Question: who discovered the remains of broken hill man
Answer: Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss miner