Japanese people - wikipedia Japanese people Japanese people 日本 人 National flag of Japan Total population c. 129 million Regions with significant populations Japan 125 million Significant Japanese diaspora in : Brazil 1,600,000 United States 1,304,286 China ( PRC ) 140,134 Philippines 120,000 Canada 109,740 Peru 103,949 Australia 89,133 ( 2015 ) Germany 70,000 ( 2016 ) United Kingdom 67,998 ( 2015 ) Thailand 67,424 ( 2015 ) Argentina 65,000 France 38,349 ( 2014 ) Singapore 36,963 ( 2015 ) South Korea 36,708 ( 2014 ) Mexico 28,100 Hong Kong 27,429 ( 2015 ) Malaysia 22,000 ( 2014 ) Taiwan 20,373 Micronesia 20,000 New Zealand 17,991 ( 2015 ) Indonesia 16,296 ( 2013 ) Bolivia 14,000 Vietnam 13,547 ( 2014 ) Italy 13,299 ( 2015 ) Switzerland 10,166 ( 2014 ) India 8,655 ( 2015 ) Spain 8,080 ( 2015 ) New Caledonia 8,000 Netherlands 7,550 ( 2015 ) Paraguay 7,000 Belgium 6,232 ( 2015 ) Marshall Islands 6,000 Palau 5,000 Macau 4,200 Uruguay 3,456 Languages Japanese, Portuguese, English Religion Predominantly Mahayana ( Buddhism in Japan ) and Shinto Minority Japanese new religions, Christianity, other religions ^ note : The population of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown. Only the number of the permanent residents with Japanese nationality is shown. Japanese people ( Japanese : 日本 人, Hepburn : Nihonjin ) are a nation and an ethnic group that is native to Japan. Japanese people make up 98.5 % of the total population of their country. Worldwide, approximately 129 million people are of Japanese descent ; of these, approximately 125 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry who live outside Japan are referred to as the Nikkeijin ( 日系 人 ), the Japanese diaspora. The term ethnic Japanese may also be used in some contexts to refer to particular ethnic groups, including the Yamato ( the dominant ethnic group, comprising over 120 million ), Ainu, and Ryukyuan people. Contents 1 Language 2 Religion 3 Literature 4 Arts 5 Theories of origins 5.1 Origin of Jōmon and Yayoi 6 History 6.1 Paleolithic era 6.2 Jōmon people 6.3 Yayoi people 7 Genetics 7.1 Y - chromosome DNA 7.2 Mitochondrial DNA 7.3 Single - nucleotide polymorphism 8 Data tables 9 Colonialism 10 Citizenship 11 Diaspora 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Language Main article : Japanese language The Japanese language is a Japonic language that in the past was treated as a language isolate ; it is related to the Ryukyuan languages. The Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji. Domestic Japanese people use primarily Japanese for daily interaction. The adult literacy rate in Japan exceeds 99 %. Religion Main article : Religion in Japan A Shinto festival in Hyogo Prefecture Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism and Shinto ( Shinbutsu - shūgō ). Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japan 's native religion. Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for the right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family, and was codified as the state religion in 1868 ( State Shinto ), but was abolished by the American occupation in 1945. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the sixth century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran. Most Japanese people ( 84 % to 96 % ) profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese people 's religion functions mostly as a foundation for mythology, traditions, and neighborhood activities, rather than as the single source of moral guidelines for one 's life. Christianity in Japan is among the nation 's minority religions. Just under 2 %, or about 2.5 million, of Japan 's population are Christians. Many Japanese practice Christianity in the diaspora in Brazil, which is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan. About 60 % of Japanese Brazilians are Roman Catholics, while 90 % of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholic, and about 37 % of Japanese Americans are Christians ( 33 % are Protestant and 4 % Catholic ). Literature Main article : Japanese literature Bisque doll of Momotarō, a character from Japanese literature and folklore Certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include the haiku, tanka, and I Novel, although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles. Historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Some of the most famous of these include Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji ( 1021 ), about Heian court culture ; Miyamoto Musashi 's The Book of Five Rings ( 1645 ), concerning military strategy ; Matsuo Bashō 's Oku no Hosomichi ( 1691 ), a travelogue ; and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki 's essay `` In Praise of Shadows '' ( 1933 ), which contrasts Eastern and Western cultures. Following the opening of Japan to the West in 1854, some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan ; they include Bushido : The Soul of Japan by Nitobe Inazō ( 1900 ), concerning samurai ethics, and The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzo ( 1906 ), which deals with the philosophical implications of the Japanese tea ceremony. Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well, to varying degrees of success ; one of the most well - known and controversial works resulting from this is Ruth Benedict 's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword ( 1946 ). Twentieth - century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works. Some of the most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Osamu Dazai, Yasunari Kawabata, Fumiko Enchi, Yukio Mishima, and Ryōtarō Shiba. In contemporary Japan, popular authors such as Ryū Murakami, Haruki Murakami, and Banana Yoshimoto are highly regarded. Arts Main articles : Japanese art and Japanese architecture The print Red Fuji from Katsushika Hokusai 's series, Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji Decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation. In the Yayoi period, artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku. Later burial mounds, or kofun, preserve characteristic clay haniwa, as well as wall paintings. Beginning in the Nara period, painting, calligraphy, and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China. Among the architectural achievements of this period are the Hōryū - ji and the Yakushi - ji, two Buddhist temples in Nara Prefecture. After the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China. Extravagant art and clothing was commissioned by nobles to decorate their court, and although the aristocracy was quite limited in size and power, many of these pieces are still extant. After the Tōdai - ji was attacked and burned during the Genpei War, a special office of restoration was founded, and the Tōdai - ji became an important artistic center. The leading masters of the time were Unkei and Kaikei. Painting advanced in the Muromachi period in the form of ink and painting under the influence of Zen Buddhism as practiced by such masters as Sesshū Tōyō. Zen Buddhist tenets were also elaborated into the tea ceremony during the Sengoku period. During the Edo period, the polychrome painting screens of the Kanō school were made influential thanks to their powerful patrons ( including the Tokugawas ). Popular artists created ukiyo - e, woodblock prints for sale to commoners in the flourishing cities. Pottery such as Imari ware was highly valued as far away as Europe. In theater, Noh is a traditional, spare dramatic form that developed in tandem with kyōgen farce. In stark contrast to the restrained refinement of noh, kabuki, an `` explosion of color '', uses every possible stage trick for dramatic effect. Plays include sensational events such as suicides, and many such works were performed in both kabuki and bunraku puppet theaters. Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has absorbed elements of Western culture and gave it a `` Japanese '' feel or modification into it. Its modern decorative, practical and performing arts works span a spectrum ranging from the traditions of Japan to purely Western modes. Products of popular culture, including J - pop, J - rock, manga and anime have found audiences and fans around the world. Theories of origins An Ainu man, circa 1930 Arai Hakuseki, who knew in the 18th century that there were stone tools in Japan, suggested that there was Shukushin in ancient Japan. After him, Philipp Franz von Siebold claimed that indigenous Japanese were Ainu people. Iha Fuyū suggested that Japanese and Ryukyuan people have the same ethnic origin, based on his 1906 research of the Ryukyuan languages. In the Taishō period, Torii Ryūzō claimed that Yamato people used Yayoi pottery and Ainu used Jōmon pottery. A Ryukyuan noro priestess, circa 1935 A common origin of Japanese has been proposed by a number of scholars since Arai Hakuseki first brought up the theory and Fujii Sadamoto, a pioneer of modern archeology in Japan, also treated the issue in 1781. But after the end of World War II, Kotondo Hasebe and Hisashi Suzuki claimed that the origin of Japanese people was not the newcomers in the Yayoi period ( 300 BCE -- 300 CE ) but the people in the Jōmon period. However, Kazuro Hanihara announced a new racial admixture theory in 1984. Hanihara also announced the theory `` dual structure model '' in English in 1991. According to Hanihara, modern Japanese lineages began with Jōmon people, who moved into the Japanese archipelago during Paleolithic times from their homeland in southeast Asia. Hanihara believed that there was a second wave of immigrants, from northeast Asia to Japan from the Yayoi period. Following a population expansion in Neolithic times, these newcomers then found their way to the Japanese archipelago sometime during the Yayoi period. As a result, miscegenation was common in the island regions of Kyūshū, Shikoku, and Honshū, but did not prevail in the outlying islands of Okinawa and Hokkaidō, and the Ryukyuan and Ainu people continued to dominate there. Mark J. Hudson claimed that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE. On the other hand, research in October 2009 by the National Museum of Nature and Science et al. concluded that the Minatogawa Man, who was found in Okinawa and was regarded as evidence that Jōmon people came to Japan via the southern route, had a slender face unlike the Jōmon. Hiroto Takamiya of the Sapporo University suggested that the people of Kyushu immigrated to Okinawa between the 10th and 12th centuries CE. A 2011 study by Sean Lee and Toshikazu Hasegawa reported that a common origin of Japonic languages had originated around 2,182 years before present. A study conducted in 2017 by Ulsan University in Korea presented an evidence that the genetic origin of Koreans is closer to that of southeast Asians. This was additionally supported by Japanese research conducted in 1999 that supported the theory that the origin of the Yayoi people was in southern China near the Yangtze river. This study further supports the already accepted admixture theory between the Jomon and Yayoi populations. Origin of Jōmon and Yayoi Glacier cover in Japan at the height of the last glaciation about 20,000 years ago Currently, the most well - regarded theory is that present - day Japanese are descendants of both the indigenous Jōmon people and the immigrant Yayoi people. The origins of the Jōmon and Yayoi people have often been a subject of dispute, and a recent Japanese publisher has divided the potential routes of the people living on the Japanese archipelago as follows : Aboriginals that have been living in Japan for more than 10,000 years. ( Without geographic distinction, which means, the group of people living in islands from Hokkaido to Okinawa may all be considered to be Aboriginals in this case. ) Immigrants from the northern route ( 北方 ルート in Japanese ) including the people from the Korean Peninsula, Mainland China and Sakhalin Island. Immigrants from the southern route ( 南方 ルート in Japanese ) including the people from the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, and in some context, India. However, a clear consensus has not been reached. History Main article : History of Japan Paleolithic era Archaeological evidence indicates that Stone Age people lived in the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic period between 39,000 and 21,000 years ago. Japan was then connected to mainland Asia by at least one land bridge, and nomadic hunter - gatherers crossed to Japan from Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, and possibly Kamchatka. Flint tools and bony implements of this era have been excavated in Japan. Jōmon people Shakōki - dogū ( 遮光 器 土偶 ) ( 1000 -- 400 BC ), `` goggle - eyed type '' figurine. Tokyo National Museum. Some of the world 's oldest known pottery pieces were developed by the Jōmon people in the Upper Paleolithic period, 14th millennium BC. The name, `` Jōmon '' ( 縄文 Jōmon ), which means `` cord - impressed pattern '', comes from the characteristic markings found on the pottery. The Jōmon people were Mesolithic hunter - gatherers, though at least one middle to late Jōmon site ( Minami Mizote ( 南溝手 ), ca. 1200 -- 1000 BC ) had a primitive rice - growing agriculture. They relied primarily on fish for protein. It is believed that the Jōmon had very likely migrated from South Asia or Southeast Asia and became the Ainu of today. Research suggests that the Ainu retain a certain degree of uniqueness in their genetic make - up, while having some affinities with other regional populations in Japan as well as the Nivkhs of the Russian Far East. Mark J. Hudson of Nishikyushu University posits that Japan was settled by a Proto - Mongoloid population in the Pleistocene who became the Jōmon, and that their features can be seen in the Ainu and Ryukyuan people. The Jomon share some physical characteristics, such as relatively abundant body hair, with Caucasians, but anthropological genetics shows them to derive from a separate genetic lineage from that of Europeans. Anthropologist Joseph Powell of the University of New Mexico said that the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people who are an East Asian population with `` closest biological affinity with south - east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples ''. Turner found remains of Jōmon people of Japan to belong to Sundadont pattern similar with the Southern Mongoloid living populations of Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, Thais, Borneans, Laotians, and Malaysians. Yayoi people Around 400 -- 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jōmon. The Yayoi brought wet - rice farming and advanced bronze and iron technology to Japan. Although the islands were already abundant with resources for hunting and dry - rice farming, Yayoi farmers created more productive wet - rice paddy field systems. This allowed the communities to support larger populations and spread over time, in turn becoming the basis for more advanced institutions and heralding the new civilization of the succeeding Kofun period. The estimated population in the late Jōmon period was about one hundred thousand, compared to about three million by the Nara period. Taking the growth rates of hunting and agricultural societies into account, it is calculated that about one and half million immigrants moved to Japan in the period. Genetics Hideko Hosokawa 's family in traditional folk dress, kimono, in 1957 A Japanese family, showing a range of ages Two girls walking at the Shibuya Crossing Y - chromosome DNA It has been noted since as early as 1995 that the distribution of Y - chromosome DNA markers among Japanese males differs significantly from the males of neighboring populations : `` The Y Alu polymorphic ( YAP ) element is present in 42 % of the Japanese and absent in the Taiwanese, confirming the irregular distribution of this polymorphism in Asia. '' In 1999, a study by Tatiana M. Karafet et al. aimed at identifying the nearest Old World relatives of indigenous American Y - DNA lineages included a sample of 118 Japanese, of whom 55 or 47 % were found to belong to DE-YAP ( xE - SRY4064 ), 54 or 46 % were found to belong to K - M9 ( xTat, SRY9138, P - DYS257 ), 6 or 5.1 % were found to belong to C - RPS4Y, 2 or 1.7 % were found to belong to P - DYS257, and 1 or 0.8 % were found to belong to BT - SRY10831. 1 ( xC - RPS4Y, DE-YAP, K - M9 ). A comprehensive study of worldwide Y - DNA diversity ( Underhill et al. 2000 ) included a sample of 23 males from Japan, of whom eight ( 35 % ) belonged to haplogroup D - M174 ( including one D - M15, one D - M55 ( xM116. 2 ), five D - M125, and one D - M151 ), six ( 26 % ) belonged to O - M175 ( xM122, M119, M95 ), five ( 22 % ) belonged to O - M122 ( including two O - M122 ( xM7, M164, M159, M121, M134 ), two O - M134 ( xM117 / M133 ), and one O - M117 / M133 ( xM162 ) ), three ( 13 % ) belonged to C - M130 ( including one C - M130 ( xM38, M48 / M77 / M86, M93, M8 / M105 / M131 ), one C - M93, and one C - M8 / M105 / M131 ), and one ( 4.3 % ) belonged to N - M128. Among 259 males from Japan ( 70 from Tokushima, 61 from Shizuoka, 53 from Kyūshū, 45 from Okinawa, 26 from Aomori, and 4 Ainus ) whose Y - DNA has been examined in a 2005 study by Michael F. Hammer, ninety ( 34.7 % ) belong to haplogroup D - M55, eighty - two ( 31.7 % ) belong to haplogroup O - P31 ( including 22 % O - 47z, 7.7 % O - M176 ( x47z ), and 1.9 % O - M95 ( xM111 ) ), fifty - two ( 20.1 % ) belong to haplogroup O - M122, fourteen ( 5.4 % ) belong to haplogroup C - M8, ten ( 3.9 % ) belong to haplogroup NO - M214 ( xO - M175 ) ( including 2.3 % NO - M214 ( xO - M175, N - LLY22g ), 1.2 % haplogroup N - LLY22g ( xM128, P43, M178 ), and 0.4 % haplogroup N - M178 ), and eight ( 3.1 % ) belong to haplogroup C - M217 ( including 1.9 % haplogroup C - M217 ( xM86 ) and 1.2 % haplogroup C - M86 ). The patrilines belonging to D - P37. 1 were found in all the Japanese samples, but were more frequently found in the Ainu ( 75.0 % ) and Okinawa ( 55.6 % ) samples and less frequently found in the Tokushima ( 25.7 % ) and Kyūshū samples ( 26.4 % ). Haplogroups O - M175 and C - M8 were not found in the small Ainu sample of four individuals, and C - M217 was not found in the Okinawa sample of 45 individuals. Haplogroup N was detected in samples of Japanese from Aomori ( 2 / 26 N - LLY22g ( xM128, P43, M178 ) ), Shizuoka ( 1 / 61 N - LLY22g ( xM128, P43, M178 ) ), and Tokushima ( 1 / 70 N - M178 ), but was not found in the Kyūshū, Okinawa, or Ainu samples. This study, and others, report that Y - chromosome patrilines crossed from the Asian mainland into the Japanese archipelago, and continue to make up a large proportion of the Japanese male lineage. If focusing haplogroup O - P31 in those researches, the patrilines derived from its subclade O - SRY465 are frequently found in both Japanese ( mean 32 %, with frequency in various samples ranging from 26 % to 36 % ) and Koreans ( mean 30 %, with frequency in various samples ranging from 19 % to 40 % ). According to the research, these patrilines have undergone extensive genetic admixture with the Jōmon period populations previously established in Japan. A 2007 study by Nonaka et al. reported that among a total of 263 healthy unrelated Japanese male individuals born in 40 of the 47 prefectures of Japan, but especially Tokyo ( n = 51 ), Chiba ( n = 45 ), Kanagawa ( n = 14 ), Saitama ( n = 13 ), Shizuoka ( n = 12 ), and Nagano ( n = 11 ), the frequencies of the D2, O2b, and O3 lineages were 38.8 %, 33.5 %, and 16.7 %, respectively, which constituted approximately 90 % of the Japanese population. Haplogroup diversity for the binary polymorphisms was calculated to be 86.3 %. Poznik et al. ( 2016 ) have reported that the males in the JPT ( Japanese in Tokyo, Japan ) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project are 20 / 56 = 36 % D2 - M179, 18 / 56 = 32 % O2b - M176, 10 / 56 = 18 % O3 - M122, 4 / 56 = 7.1 % C1a1 - M8, 2 / 56 = 3.6 % O2a - K18, and 2 / 56 = 3.6 % C2 - M217. In a project approved by the Ethics Committee of Tokai University School of Medicine, Ochiai et al. ( 2016 ) have reported finding D - M174 ( rs2032602 T > C ) in 24 / 59 ( 40.7 % ), O - M268 ( rs13447443 A > G ) in 21 / 59 ( 35.6 % ), C - M130 ( rs35284970 C > T ) in 8 / 59 ( 13.6 % ), O - P198 ( rs17269816 T > C ) in 4 / 59 ( 6.8 % ), N - M231 ( rs9341278 G > A ) in 1 / 59 ( 1.7 % ), and O - P186 ( xM268, P198 ) ( rs16981290 C > A, rs13447443 A, rs17269816 T ) in 1 / 59 ( 1.7 % ) of a sample obtained through buccal swabs from Japanese male volunteers ( n = 59 ) who had given informed consent to participate in the study. Mitochondrial DNA According to an analysis of the 1000 Genomes Project 's sample of Japanese collected in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the mtDNA haplogroups found among modern Japanese include D ( 42 / 118 = 35.6 %, including 39 / 118 = 33.1 % D4 and 3 / 118 = 2.5 % D5 ), B ( 16 / 118 = 13.6 %, including 11 / 118 = 9.3 % B4 and 5 / 118 = 4.2 % B5 ), M7 ( 12 / 118 = 10.2 % ), G ( 12 / 118 = 10.2 % ), N9 ( 10 / 118 = 8.5 % ), F ( 9 / 118 = 7.6 % ), A ( 8 / 118 = 6.8 % ), Z ( 4 / 118 = 3.4 % ), M9 ( 3 / 118 = 2.5 % ), and M8 ( 2 / 118 = 1.7 % ). Single - nucleotide polymorphism A 2011 SNP consortium study done by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society consisting of 1719 DNA samples determined that Koreans and Japanese clustered near to each other, confirming the findings of an earlier study that Koreans and Japanese are related. However, the Japanese were found to be genetically closer to South Asian populations as evident by a genetic position that is significantly closer towards South Asian populations on the principal component analysis ( PCA ) chart. Some Japanese individuals are also genetically closer to Southeast Asian and Melanesian populations when compared to other East Asians such as Koreans and Han Chinese, indicating possible genetic interactions between Japanese and these populations. A 2008 study about genome - wide SNPs of East Asians by Chao Tian et al. reported that Japanese, Koreans and Han Chinese are genetically distinguishable from southeast Asians, and that the Japanese are related to Koreans, who are more closely related to Han Chinese. However, the Japanese are relatively genetically distant from Han Chinese, compared to Koreans. Data tables Frequency of Diego factor in Mongoloids Total number tested Dia+ No. % Korean by Lee, Present series 117 17 14.5 Chinese by Layrisse and Arends, ( 1956 ) 100 5 5.0 Japanese by Layrisse and Arends, ( 1956 ) 65 8 12.31 by Lewis et al., ( 1956 ) 77 6 7.79 by Ueno and Murakata, ( 1957 ) 153 12 7.84 by Lewis et al., ( 1958 ) 145 10 6.89 by Iseki et al., ( 1958 ) 500 16 3.20 Source : Table 12, Page 23, Samuel Y. Lee ( 1965 ) Masatoshi Nei 's standard genetic distances ( lower diagonal matrix ) and modified Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza 's distances ( above diagonal matrix ) for the four populations Hondo - Japanese Korean Ainu Ryukyuan Hondo - Japanese 0.00354 0.00747 0.00217 Korean 0.00404 0.01155 0.00707 Ainu 0.00808 0.01043 0.00642 Ryukyuan 0.00336 0.00899 0.00696 Source : Table 1, Page 438, Keiichi Omoto & Naruya Saitou ( 1997 ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean, Japanese and German populations. Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese, p < 0.001. Korean versus Japanese, p < 0.01. Korean versus German, p < 0.001. Korean versus German, p < 0.01. Korean versus German, p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ). Fukumori et al., 1996. Nishimukai et al., 1996. Source : Table 2, Page 333, Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) F coefficients for pairs of 10 district populations based on the Reynolds ' distances by using five HLA loci Tohoku Kanto Hokuriku Tokai Kinki Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa Hokkaido 0.00000 0.00008 0.00214 0.00157 0.00045 0.00026 0.00100 0.00037 0.00983 Tohoku 0.00000 0.00125 0.00064 0.00000 0.00000 0.00182 0.00086 0.01070 Kanto 0.00145 0.00000 0.00000 0.00067 0.00071 0.00017 0.01127 Hokuriku 0.00367 0.00122 0.00063 0.00570 0.00181 0.01715 Tokai 0.00057 0.00170 0.00077 0.00177 0.01164 Kinki 0.00000 0.00069 0.00043 0.01134 Chugoku 0.00158 0.00169 0.01158 Shikoku 0.00088 0.00544 Kyushu 0.01178 Color Code Significant difference at the P - value < 0.05. Significant difference at the P - value < 0.01 Significant difference after the Bonferroni correction at the P - value < 0.05 / 45. Source : Table 2, Page 3, Hirofumi Nakaoka et al. ( 2013 ) Colonialism See also : Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Location of Imperial Japan During the Japanese colonial period of 1895 to 1945, the phrase `` Japanese people '' was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago, but also to people from colonies who held Japanese citizenship, such as Taiwanese people and Korean people. The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period was `` inland people '' ( 内地 人, naichijin ). Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forced assimilation of colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity. After the end of World War II, many Nivkh people and Orok people from southern Sakhalin, who held Japanese citizenship in Karafuto Prefecture, were forced to repatriate to Hokkaidō by the Soviet Union as a part of Japanese people. On the other hand, many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation. Citizenship Article 10 of the Constitution of Japan defines the term Japanese based on the Japanese Nationality. The concept of the ethnic groups by the Japanese statistics is different from the ethnicity census of North American or some Western European statistics. For example, the United Kingdom Census asks ethnic or racial background which composites the population of the United Kingdom, regardless of their nationalities. The Japanese Statistics Bureau, however, does not have this question. Since the Japanese population census asks the people 's nationality rather than their ethnic background, naturalized Japanese citizens and Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic background are considered to be ethnically Japanese in the population census of Japan. Professor John Lie, from the University of California, Berkeley, in spite of the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous, believes it is more accurate to describe Japan as a multiethnic society. Even though such claims have long been rejected by other sectors of Japanese society such as former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō, who has once described Japan as being a nation of `` one race, one civilization, one language and one culture ''. Diaspora Main article : Japanese diaspora The Japantown Peace Plaza during the Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival The term nikkeijin ( 日系 人 ) is used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants. Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines and Borneo, and in the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. pp. 52 -- 3 But mass migration of Japanese people did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era, when Japanese people began to go to the Philippines, United States, Canada, Peru, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina. There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period ; however, most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia. According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 2.5 million nikkeijin living in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná. There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in the Philippines, East Malaysia, Peru, Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Misiones in Argentina, the U.S states of Hawaii, California, and Washington, and the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Toronto. Separately, the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 12 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Japan - Malaysia Relations ( Basic Data ) ''. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. 7 September 2015. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Letter from Ambassador of FSM to Japan, Micronesia Registration Advisors, Inc. '' ( PDF ). Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia. 24 February 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2016. Jump up ^ ボリビア 日系 協会 連合 会 ( FENABOJA ) Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign affairs of Japan - Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Jump up ^ 外務 省 : インド Jump up ^ Tourism New Caledonia Prepare your trip in New Caledonia Jump up ^ `` Japan - Paraguay Relations ''. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2016. Jump up ^ Pacific Islands President, Bainbridge Lawmakers Find Common Ground '' Kitsap Sun Jump up ^ MOFA : Japan - United Arab Emirates Relations Jump up ^ `` Macau Population Census ''. Census Bureau of Macau. May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2016. Jump up ^ ウルグアイ 東方 共和国 ( Oriental Republic of Uruguay ) 基礎 データ ( Oriental Republic of Uruguay basic data ) ( in Japanese ). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2016. Jump up ^ Dentsu Communication Institute, Japan Research Center : Sixty Countries ' Values Databook ( 世界 60 カ国 価値 観 データ ブック ). Jump up ^ PANIB -- Pastoral Nipo Brasileira ^ Jump up to : `` Asian Americans : A Mosaic of Faiths ''. Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project. July 19, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2006 ''. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of State. 15 September 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2007. Jump up ^ Asia Society - Shinto Jump up ^ `` Japan - People ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ `` Japan. B. Ethnic Groups ''. Encarta. Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 22. Jump up ^ `` 人類 学 的 に は モンゴロイド の 一. 皮膚 は 黄色 、 虹彩 は 黒褐色 、 毛髪 は 黒色 で 直 毛. 言語 は 日本 語. '' ( 日本 人. Kōjien. Iwanami. ) Jump up ^ `` 人類 学 上 は, 旧 石器 時代 あるいは 縄文 時代 以来, 現在 の 北海道 〜 沖縄 諸島 ( 南西 諸島 ) に 住ん だ 集団 を 祖先 に もつ 人々. '' ( 日本 人. マイペディア. 平凡 社. ) Jump up ^ `` 日本 民族 という 意味 で 、 文化 を 基準 に 人間 を 分類 した とき の グループ で ある. また 、 文化 の なか で 言語 は とくに 重要 なので 、 日本 民族 は 日本 語 を 母語 として もち いる 人々 と ほぼ 考え て よい. '' ( 日本 人. エンカルタ. Microsoft. ) Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook Retrieved on 11 June 2012. Jump up ^ United States CIA factbook. Accessed 2007 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ The World Factbook Jump up ^ Japan Jump up ^ Buddhists in the world : Das Who is Who der Buddhisten Jump up ^ `` Christians use English to reach Japanese youth ''. Mission Network News. 3 September 2007. The population of Japan is less than one - percent Christian Jump up ^ `` Japan, Brazil mark a century of settlement, family ties The Japan Times Online ''. 2008 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ PANIB -- Pastoral Nipo Brasileira Jump up ^ `` Colonia japonesa en México visita Guadalupe en 54o peregrinación anual ''. Aciprensa. Retrieved 20 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Americans - Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ''. Retrieved March 17, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Imamura, Keiji ( 2000 ). `` Archaeological Research of the Jomon Period in the 21st Century ''. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Jump up ^ 伊波 普猷 の 卒論 発見 思想 骨格 鮮明 に ( in Japanese ). Ryūkyū Shimpō. July 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011. Jump up ^ Roy A. Miller, The Japanese Language. Tokyo : Charles E. Tuttle. 1967, pp. 61 - 62 ^ Jump up to : Nanta, Arnaud ( 2008 ). `` Physical Anthropology and the Reconstruction of Japanese Identity in Postcolonial Japan ''. Social Science Japan Journal. Oxford University Press. 11 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 47. doi : 10.1093 / ssjj / jyn019. Retrieved January 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Hanihara, K ( 1991 ). `` Dual structure model for the population history of the Japanese ''. Japan Review. 2 : 1 -- 33. Jump up ^ Watanabe, Nobuyuki ( October 1, 2009 ). 旧 石器 時代 の 「 港川 1 号 」 、 顔 ほっそり 縄文 人 と 差. Asahi.com ( in Japanese ). Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Nakamura, Shunsuke ( April 16, 2010 ). 沖縄 人 の ルーツ を 探る. Asahi.com ( in Japanese ). Asahi Shimbun. p. 2. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Hasegawa Laboratory / College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Tokyo ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Lee, Sean ; Hasegawa, Toshikazu ( 2011 ). `` Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports an agricultural origin of Japonic languages ''. Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences. Royal Society. 278 : 3662 -- 3669. PMC 3203502. PMID 21543358. doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0518. Retrieved May 6, 2011. Jump up ^ ( KOCIS ), Korean Culture and Information Service. `` Researchers discover Korean genetic roots in 7,700 - year - old skull : : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea ''. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Yayoi linked to Yangtze area ''. www.trussel.com. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18. Jump up ^ from the book, 2009, Japanese published by Heidansha. `` 日本 人 ''. マイペディア. 平凡 社. Original sentence : 旧 石器 時代 または 縄文 時代 以来 、 現在 の 北海道 から 琉球 諸島 まで の 地域 に 住ん だ 集団 を 祖先 に 持つ. シベリア 、 樺太 、 朝鮮 半島 など を 経由 する 北方 ルート 、 南西 諸島 など を 経由 する 南方 ルート など 複数 の 渡来 経路 が 考え られる Jump up ^ Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes : impli... ( Hum Genet. 2002 ) - PubMed - NCBI Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived March 16, 2006, at Archive.is Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived August 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ NOVA Online Lost Tribes of Israel Where are the Ten Lost Tribes ? ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived June 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill in PNAS online ; Page 3 ( page No. 6233 ), Table 1. The known global sample of proboscidean kill / scavenge sites : Lake Nojiri Japan 33 - 39 ka ( ka : thousand years ). Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric Times ''. Web Site Shinshu. Nagano Prefecture. Retrieved January 22, 2011. Jump up ^ Lake Nojiri Museum, Lake Nojiri Excavation and Research Team ( in Japanese ) ; many flint tools and bony implements were found with the same age of Naumann Elephant in Lake Nojiri. Jump up ^ Hudson, M.J. ( 1999 ) Ruins of Identity : Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands. Honolulu : University of Hawai ` i Press Jump up ^ Koppel, Tom ( 2005 ) Lost World : Rewriting Prehistory -- How New Science Is Tracing America 's Ice Age Mariners. New York : Atria Books. Madsen. ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5357 - 3 Jump up ^ Powell, Joseph F. ; Rose, Jerome C. Chapter 2 Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton ( CENWW. 97. Kennewick ). Retrieved September 10, 2011. Jump up ^ Michael F. Hammer and Satoshi Horai, `` Y Chromosomal DNA Variation and the Peopling of Japan. '' American Journal of Human Genetics 56 : 951 - 962, 1995. Received September 22, 1994 ; accepted for publication January 19, 1995. Jump up ^ T.M. Karafet, S.L. Zegura, O. Posukh, et al., `` Ancestral Asian Source ( s ) of New World Y - Chromosome Founder Haplotypes. '' American Journal of Human Genetics 64 : 817 -- 831, 1999. Received July 16, 1998 ; accepted for publication January 13, 1999 ; electronically published February 19, 1999. Jump up ^ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin, et al., `` Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. '' Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000. ^ Jump up to : Hammer, Michael F. ( 2005 ). `` Dual origins of the Japanese : common ground for hunter - gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes '' ( PDF ). The Japan Society of Human Genetics and Springer - Verlag. Springer Science + Business Media via Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 51 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 58. PMID 16328082. doi : 10.1007 / s10038 - 005 - 0322 - 0. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 28. Retrieved January 19, 2007. Jump up ^ Travis, John ( February 15, 1997 ). `` Jomon genes : using DNA, researchers probe the genetic origins of modern Japanese - Cover Story ''. Science News. BNET. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011. Jump up ^ 238 / 744 = 32.0 % O2b - SRY465 in a pool of all Japanese samples of Xue et al. ( 2006 ), Katoh et al. ( 2004 ), Han - Jun Jin et al. ( 2009 ), Nonaka et al. ( 2007 ), and all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of Hammer et al. ( 2006 ). ^ Jump up to : Han - Jun Jin ; Kyoung - Don Kwak ; Michael F. Hammer ; Yutaka Nakahori ; Toshikatsu Shinka ; Ju - Won Lee ; Feng Jin ; Xuming Jia ; Chris Tyler - Smith ; Wook Kim ( 2003 ). `` Y - chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans ''. Human Genetics. 114 : 27 -- 35. PMID 14505036. doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 003 - 1019 - 0. Jump up ^ Jin, Han - Jun ; Tyler - Smith, Chris ; Kim, Wook ( 2009 ). `` The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y - Chromosomal Markers ''. PLoS ONE. 4 ( 1 ) : e4210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0004210. ^ Jump up to : Katoh, Toru ; Munkhbat, Batmunkh ; Tounai, Kenichi ; Mano, Shuhei ; Ando, Harue ; Oyungerel, Ganjuur ; Chae, Gue - Tae ; Han, Huun ; Jia, Guan - Jun ; Tokunaga, Katsushi ; Munkhtuvshin, Namid ; Tamiya, Gen ; Inoko, Hidetoshi ( 2004 ). `` Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y - chromosomal analysis ''. Gene. 346 : 63 -- 70. PMID 15716011. doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2004.10. 023. Jump up ^ 202 / 677 = 29.8 % O2b - SRY465 in a pool of all ethnic Korean samples of Hammer et al. ( 2006 ), Xue et al. ( 2006 ), Katoh et al. ( 2004 ), Wook Kim et al. ( 2007 ), and Han - Jun Jin et al. ( 2009 ). Jump up ^ Kim, Wook ; Yoo, Tag - Keun ; Kim, Sung - Joo ; Shin, Dong - Jik ; Tyler - Smith, Chris ; Jin, Han - Jun ; Kwak, Kyoung - Don ; Kim, Eun - Tak ; Bae, Yoon - Sun ( January 24, 2007 ). `` Lack of Association between Y - Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population ''. PLoS ONE. 2 ( 1 ) : e172. PMC 1766463. PMID 17245448. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000172. Jump up ^ Nonaka, I. ; Minaguchi, K. ; Takezaki, N. ( February 2, 2007 ). `` Y - chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y - STR Polymorphisms ''. Annals of Human Genetics. John Wiley & Sons. 71 ( Pt 4 ) : 480 -- 95. PMID 17274803. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.2006. 00343. x. Jump up ^ The JPT sample is considered `` as generally representative of the majority population in Japan ''. See Matsuda, Ichiro. `` Japanese in Tokyo, Japan - Population Description ''. Camden, NJ : Coriell Institute for Medical Research. Jump up ^ Poznik, G. David ; Xue, Yali ; Mendez, Fernando L. ; et al. ( 2016 ). `` '', `` Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y - chromosome sequences ''. Nature Genetics. 48 : 593 -- 599. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. doi : 10.1038 / ng. 3559. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Ochiai, Eriko ; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi ; Nambiar, Phrabhakaran ; et al. ( 2016 ). `` Evaluation of Y chromosomal SNP haplogrouping in the HID - Ion AmpliSeqTM Identity Panel ''. Legal Medicine. 22 : 58 -- 61. doi : 10.1016 / j. legalmed. 2016.08. 001. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Zheng, H-X ; Yan, S ; Qin, Z-D ; Wang, Y ; Tan, J-Z ; et al. ( 2011 ). `` Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time : Evidence of mtDNA Genomes ''. PLoS ONE. 6 ( 10 ) : e25835. PMC 3188578. PMID 21998705. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0025835. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Identification of Close Relatives in the HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Database ''. Plos One. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2016. Jump up ^ Tian, Chao ; Kosoy, Roman ; Lee, Annette ; Ransom, Michael ; Belmont, John W. ; Gregersen, Peter K. ; Seldin, Michael F. ( December 5, 2008 ). `` Analysis of East Asia Genetic Substructure Using Genome - Wide SNP Arrays ''. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science. 3 ( 12 ) : e3862. PMC 2587696. PMID 19057645. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003862. Retrieved May 7, 2011. Jump up ^ Lee, Samuel Y. ( 1965 ). Further Analysis of Korean Blood Types. In Yonsei Medical Journal. Volume 6. Page 23. Retrieved June 16, 2017, from link. Jump up ^ Omoto, Keiichi & Saitou, Naruya. ( 1997 ). Genetic Origins of the Japanese : A Partial Support for the Dual Structure Hypothesis. In American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Page 438. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from link. Jump up ^ Kang, Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ). Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population. In Japanese Journal of Human Genetics, 42 ( 2 ), Page 333. doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 Retrieved July 24, 2017, from link. Jump up ^ Nakaoka, Hirofumi et al. ( 2013 ). Detection of Ancestry Informative HLA Alleles Confirms the Admixed Origins of Japanese Population. In PLOS ONE. 8 ( 4 ). Page 3. doi : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060793.t002 Retrieved June 26, 2017, from link to website and link to PDF document. Jump up ^ Eika Tai ( September 2004 ). `` Korean Japanese ''. Critical Asian Studies. Routledge. 36 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 382. doi : 10.1080 / 1467271042000241586. Jump up ^ Lankov, Andrei ( January 5, 2006 ). `` Stateless in Sakhalin ''. The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 21. Retrieved November 26, 2006. Jump up ^ ( 日本 国 憲法 ) Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom population by ethnic group ''. United Kingdom Census 2001. Office for National Statistics. 2001 - 04 - 01. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ John Lie Multiethnic Japan ( Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Aso says Japan is nation of ' one race ' ''. The Japan Times. October 18, 2005. Jump up ^ Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino Jump up ^ `` Interracial Intimacy in Japan ''. google.com. Jump up ^ Lankov, Andrei ( March 23, 2006 ). `` The Dawn of Modern Korea ( 360 ) : Settling Down ''. The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 19. Retrieved December 18, 2006. Jump up ^ IBGE. Resistência e Integração : 100 anos de Imigração Japonesa no Brasil apud Made in Japan. IBGE Traça o Perfil dos Imigrantes ; 21 de junho de 2008 Accessed September 4, 2008. ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Furia, Reiko ( 1993 ). `` The Japanese Community Abroad : The Case of Prewar Davao in the Philippines ''. In Saya Shiraishi ; Takashi Shiraishi. The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Publications. p. 157. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87727 - 402 - 5. Retrieved 30 May 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Japan. 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Question: where did the original habitants of japan come from
Answer: Ainu