Tirthankara - Wikipedia Tirthankara This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( September 2016 ) Jain miniature painting of 24 Jain Tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850 The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable Hrim, painting on cloth, Gujarat, c. 1800 Part of a series on Jainism Jain prayers Bhaktamara Stotra Micchami Dukkadam Ṇamōkāra mantra Jai Jinendra Philosophy Anekantavada Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Mokṣa Kevala Jnana Dravya Tattva Brahmacharya Aparigraha Gunasthana Saṃsāra Ethics Ethics of Jainism Sallekhana Major figures The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Pārśva Mahavira Arihant Ganadhara Kundakunda Siddhasena Samantabhadra Haribhadra Yashovijaya Major sects Digambara Śvētāmbara Texts Samayasāra ( Digambara ) Pravachanasara ( Digambara ) Agama ( Shwetambara ) Tattvartha Sutra Dravyasamgraha ( Digambara ) Kalpa Sūtra ( Shwetambara ) Other History Jain flag Jain symbols Parasparopagraho Jivanam Schools and Branches Timeline Topics list Festivals Diwali Mahavir Jayanti Paryushana Samvatsari Pilgrimages Tirth Abu Palitana Girnar Shikharji Shravanabelagola Jainism portal In Jainism, a tirthankara ( Sanskrit : tīrthaṅkara ; English : literally a ' Ford - maker ' ) is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma ( righteous path ). The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha, which is a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths, the saṃsāra. According to Jains, a tirthankara is a rare individual who has conquered the saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth, on his own and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the Self or soul, the Tīrthaṅkara attains Kevala Jnana ( omniscience ), and the first Tirthankara refounds Jainism. Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow the new teacher from saṃsāra to moksha ( liberation ). In Jain cosmology, the wheel of time is divided in two halves, Utsarpiṇī or ascending time cycle and avasarpiṇī, the descending time cycle ( said to be current now ). In each half of the cosmic time cycle, exactly twenty - four tirthankaras grace this part of the universe. There have been an infinite number of tirthankaras in the past time periods. The first tirthankara in this present time cycle was Rishabhanatha, who is credited for formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last tirthankara of present half - cycle was Mahavira ( 599 -- 527 BC ). History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, Parshvanath, the twenty - third tirthankara. A tirthankara organises the sangha, a fourfold order of male and female monastics, srāvaka s ( male followers ) and śrāvikās ( female followers ). The tirthankara 's teachings form the basis for the Jain canons. The inner knowledge of tirthankara is believed to be perfect and identical in every respect and their teachings do not contradict one another. However, the degree of elaboration varies according to the spiritual advancement and purity of the society during their period of leadership. The higher the spiritual advancement and purity of mind of the society, the lower the elaboration required. While tirthankaras are documented and revered by Jains, their grace is said to be available to all living beings, regardless of religious orientation. Tīrthaṅkaras are arihants who after attaining kevalajñāna ( pure infinite knowledge ) preach the true dharma. An Arihant is also called Jina ( victor ), that is one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride and greed. They dwell exclusively within the realm of their Soul, and are entirely free of kashayas, inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited siddhis, or spiritual powers, are readily available to them -- which they use exclusively for the spiritual elevation of living beings. Through darśana, divine vision, and deshna, divine speech, they help others in attaining kevalajñana, and moksha ( final liberation ) to anyone seeking it sincerely. Contents 1 Meaning 2 Tīrthaṅkara - naam - karma 3 Panch Kalyanaka 4 Samavasarana 5 Tīrthaṅkaras of present cosmic age 6 List of the 24 tirthankaras 6.1 Present cosmic age 6.2 Next cosmic age 7 Iconography 8 In other religions 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources Meaning Tirthankara images at Gwalior Fort Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha which means a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths ( called saṃsāra ). Tirthankaras are variously called `` Teaching Gods '', `` Ford - Makers '', `` Crossing Makers '' and `` Makers of the River - Crossing. Tirthankara - naam - karma Jain texts propound that a special type of karma, the tīrthaṅkara nama - karma, raises a soul to the supreme status of a Tīrthaṅkara. Tattvartha Sutra, a major Jain text, list down sixteen observances which lead to the bandha ( bondage ) of this karma : Purity of right faith Reverence Observance of vows and supplementary vows without transgressions Ceaseless pursuit of knowledge Perpetual fear of the cycle of existence Giving gifts ( charity ) Practising austerities according to one 's capacity Removal of obstacles that threaten the equanimity of ascetics Serving the meritorious by warding off evil or suffering Devotion to omniscient lords, chief preceptors, preceptors, and the scriptures Practice of the six essential daily duties Propagation of the teachings of the omniscient Fervent affection for one 's brethren following the same path. Panch kalyāṇaka Main article : Panch Kalyanaka Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara 's mother during pregnancy Five auspicious events called, Pañca kalyāṇaka marks the life of every tirthankara : Gārbha kalyāṇaka ( conception ) : When ātman ( soul ) of a tirthankara comes into his mother 's womb. Janma kalyāṇaka ( birth ) : Birth of a tirthankara. Indra performs a ceremonial bath on tirthankara on Mount Meru. Dīkṣā kalyāṇaka ( renunciation ) : When a tirthankara renounces all worldly possessions and become an ascetic. Jñāna kalyāṇaka : The event when a tirthankara attains kevalajñāna ( infinite knowledge ). A samavasarana ( divine preaching hall ) is erected from where he delivers sermons and restores sangha after that. Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka ( liberation ) : When a tirthankara leaves his mortal body, it is known as nirvana. It is followed by the final liberation, moksha. Their souls dwells in Siddhashila after that. Samavasarana Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha ( Ajmer Jain temple ) Main article : Samavasarana After attaining kevalajñāna, a tirthankara preaches the path to liberation in the samavasarana. According to Jain texts, the heavenly pavilion is erected by devas ( heavenly beings ) where devas, humans and animals assemble to hear the tirthankara. A tirthankara 's speech is heard by all humans and animals in their own language. It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site. Tirthankaras of present cosmic age Tirthankars of present cosmic age Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. The wheel of time is divided in two halves, Utsarpiṇī ( ascending half cycle ) and Avasarpiṇī ( descending half cycle ). 24 tirthankaras are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition the tirthankaras were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of their previous lives. Their clan and families are also among those recorded in very early, or legendary, Hindu history. Jain canons state that Rishabhanatha, the first tirthankara, founded the Ikshvaku dynasty, from which 21 other tirthankaras also rose over time. Two tirthankaras -- Munisuvrata, the 20th, and Neminatha, the 22nd -- belonged to the Harivamsa dynasty. In Jain tradition, the 20 tirthankaras attained moksha on mount Shikharji, in the present Indian state of Jharkhand. Rishabhanatha attained nirvana on Mount Kailash, presently located in Tibet, close to Indian border, Vasupujya at Champapuri in North Bengal, Neminatha on mount Girnar, Gujarat, and Mahavira, the last tirthankara, at Pawapuri, near modern Patna. Twenty - one of the tirthankaras are said to have attained moksha in the kayotsarga ( standing meditation posture ), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Mahavira are said to have attained moksha in the Padmasana ( lotus position ). List of the 24 tirthankaras Present cosmic age Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century Famous idol of Mahavir Swami at Shri Mahavirji The tirthankara Naminatha, 12th century, Government Museum, Mathura In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 tirthankaras of this age are mentioned below : Dhanuṣa means `` bow '', hatha means `` hands '' and 1 Purva equals 8,400,000 x 8,400,000 or 70,560,000,000,000 years. No. Name Symbol Colour Height Age Rishabhanatha ( Adinatha ) Bull Golden 500 dhanuṣa 84, 00,000 Purva Ajitanatha Elephant Golden 450 dhanuṣa 72, 00,000 Purva Sambhavanatha Horse Golden 400 dhanuṣa 60, 00,000 Purva Abhinandananatha Monkey Golden 350 dhanuṣa 50, 00,000 Purva 5 Sumatinatha Heron Golden 300 dhanuṣa 40, 00,000 Purva 6 Padmaprabha Padma Red 250 dhanuṣa 30, 00,000 Purva 7 Suparshvanatha Swastika Golden 200 dhanuṣa 20, 00,000 Purva 8 Chandraprabha Crescent Moon White 150 dhanuṣa 10, 00,000 Purva 9 Pushpadanta ( Suvidhinath ) Crocodile or Makara White 100 dhanuṣa 2, 00,000 Purva 10 Shitalanatha Shrivatsa Golden 90 dhanuṣa 1, 00,000 Purva 11 Shreyanasanatha Rhinoceros Golden 80 dhanuṣa 84, 00,000 Years 12 Vasupujya Buffalo Red 70 dhanusa 72, 00,000 Years 13 Vimalanatha Boar Golden 60 dhanusa 60, 00,000 Years 14 Anantanatha Porcupine according to the Digambara Falcon according to the Śvētāmbara Golden 50 dhanuṣa 30, 00,000 Years 15 Dharmanatha Vajra Golden 45 dhanuṣa 10, 00,000 Years 16 Shantinatha Antelope or deer Golden 40 dhanuṣa 1, 00,000 Years 17 Kunthunatha Goat Golden 35 dhanuṣa 95,000 Years 18 Aranatha Nandyavarta or fish Golden 30 dhanuṣa 84,000 Years 19 Māllīnātha Kalasha Blue 25 dhanuṣa 55,000 Years 20 Munisuvrata Tortoise Black 20 dhanuṣa 30,000 Years 21 Naminatha Blue lotus Golden 15 dhanuṣa 10,000 Years 22 Neminatha Shankha Black 10 dhanuṣa 1000 Years 23 Parshvanatha Snake Blue 9 hath 100 Years 24 Mahavira Lion Golden 7 hath 72 Years Next cosmic age This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2015 ) The 24 tirthankaras of the present age ( avasarpinī ) are the ones listed above. The names of the next 24, which will be born in utsarpinī age are as follows. ( Mentioned in the parentheses is one of the ( previous human birth ) of that soul. ) Padmanabha ( King Shrenika ) Surdev ( Mahavira 's uncle Suparshva ) Suparshva ( King Kaunik 's son king Udayin ) Svamprabh ( The ascetic Pottil ) Sarvanubhuti ( Śrāvaka Dridhayadha ) Devshruti ( Kartik 's Shreshti ) Udaynath ( Shravak Shamkha ) Pedhalputra ( Shravak Ananda ) Pottil ( Shravak Sunand ) Shatak ( Sharavak Shatak ) Munivrat ( Krishna 's mother Devaki ) Amam ( Krishna ) Shrinishkashay ( Satyaki Rudhra also Satyaki of Mahabharata ) Nishpulak ( Krishna 's brother Balbhadra also known as Balrama ) Nirmam ( Shravika Sulsa ) Chitragupta ( Krishna 's brother 's mother Rohini Devi ) Samadhinath ( Revati Gathapatni ) Samvarnath ( Sharavak Shattilak ) Yashodhar ( Rishi Dwipayan ) Vijay ( Karna of Mahabharata ) Malyadev ( Nirgranthaputra or Mallanarada ) Devachandra ( Shravak Ambadh ) Anantvirya ( Shravak Amar ) Shribhadrakar ( Shanak ) Iconography A tīrthaṅkara is represented either seated in lotus position ( Padmasana ) or standing in the meditation ( Kayotsarga ) posture. Usually they are depicted seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee of the other, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap. Tirthanakar idols looks similar and are differentiated on the basis of symbol or emblem ( Lanchhana ) belonging to each tirthanakar except Parshvanatha, statues of Parshvanath have snake crown on head. The first Tirthankara Rishabha can be identified with locks of hair falling on his shoulders. Sometimes Suparshvanath is shown with small snake - hood. The symbols are marked in centre or in the corner of the pedestal of statue. Both sects of Jainism Digambara and Svetambara have different depiction of idols. Digambara images are naked without any beautification whereas Svetambara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments. The images are often marked with Srivatsa on the chest and Tilaka on fore head. Srivatsa is one of the ashtamangala ( auspicious symbol ). It can look somewhat like a fleur - de-lis, an endless knot, a flower or diamond - shaped symbol. In other religions The first Tirthankara, Rishabhanatha is mentioned in Hindu texts like the Rigveda, Vishnupurana and Bhagwata Purana. The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras -- Ṛiṣhabha, Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi. The Bhāgavata Purāṇa includes legends about the Tirthankaras of Jainism particularly Rishabha. Champat Rai Jain, a 20th - century Jain writer, claimed that the `` Four and Twenty Elders '' mentioned in the Book of Revelation ( the final book of the Christian Bible ) are `` Twenty - four Tirthankaras ''. Gallery Image of Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, 7th century Tirthankara statue, late medieval period, The Prince of Wales Museum Rishabhanatha ( left ) and Mahavira ( right ), 11th Century, British Museum 52.5 foot Image of Neminatha at Tirumalai Image of Parshvanatha, Victoria and Albert Museum, 6th - 7th Century Jina Suparshvanatha from Karnataka, India, c. 900 CE, Norton Simon Museum Idol of Chandraprabha at Saavira Kambada Basadi Parshvanatha, at the Adinatha Temple in Ranakpur, Rajasthan See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tirthankara. Mythological data of Tirthankara God in Jainism Tattva ( Jainism ) Simandhar Swami Kundakunda References Citations ^ Jump up to : Britannica Tirthankar Definition, Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Babb 1996, p. 5. ^ Jump up to : Sangave 2006, p. 16. ^ Jump up to : Taliaferro & Marty 2010, p. 286. Jump up ^ Sanghvi, Vir ( 14 September 2013 ), Rude Travel : Down The Sages, Hindustan Times Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 182 - 183. Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009, p. 17. Jump up ^ Flügel, P. ( 2010 ). The Jaina Cult of Relic Stūpas. Numen : International Review For The History Of Religions, 57 ( 3 / 4 ), 389 -- 504. doi : 10.1163 / 156852710X501351 Jump up ^ Sangave 2006, p. 164. ^ Jump up to : Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313. Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009, p. 16. Jump up ^ Sangave 2006, p. 169 - 170. ^ Jump up to : Champat Rai Jain 1930, p. 3. ^ Jump up to : Zimmer 1953, p. 212. Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 91. Jump up ^ Cort 2001, p. 110. Jump up ^ `` HereNow4U.net : : Glossary / Index -- Terms -- Eastern Terms -- Chyavana Kalyanak '', HereNow4u : Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness Jump up ^ Wiley 2009, p. 200. Jump up ^ Wiley 2009, p. 246. Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 200. Jump up ^ Pramansagar 2008, p. 39 - 43. Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 15. Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 151. Jump up ^ Doniger 1999, p. 550. Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 181 - 208. Jump up ^ Tirthankara ( EMBLEMS OR SYMBOLS ) pdf Jump up ^ Structural View of the Universe -- Time ( Kal or Samaya ) Jump up ^ Dundas 2002, p. 276. Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 209 - 210. Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987, p. 79. Jump up ^ Cort 2010. Jump up ^ Red sandstone figure of a tirthankara Jump up ^ Jain & Fischer 1978, p. 15, 31. Jump up ^ George 2008, p. 318. Jump up ^ Rao 2007, p. 13. Jump up ^ Dr. K.R. Shah 2011, p. 9. Jump up ^ Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey ( 2013 ), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978 - 0231149990, pages 151 -- 155 Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1930, p. 78. Sources Balcerowicz, Piotr ( 2009 ), Jainism and the definition of religion ( 1st ed. ), Mumbai : Hindi Granth Karyalay, ISBN 978 - 81 - 88769 - 29 - 2 Cort, John E. ( 2010 ) ( 1953 ), Framing the Jina : Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538502 - 1 Cort, John E. ( 2001 ), Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195132342 Doniger, Wendy, ed. ( 1999 ), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam - Webster, ISBN 0 - 87779 - 044 - 2 Dundas, Paul ( 2002 ) ( 1992 ), The Jains ( Second ed. ), London and New York : Routledge, ISBN 0 - 415 - 26605 - X George, Vensus A. ( 2008 ), Paths to the Divine : Ancient and Indian, XII, The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, ISBN 978 - 1 - 56518 - 248 - 6 Jain, Champat Rai ( 1930 ), Jainism, Christianity and Science, Allahabad : The Indian Press, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Jain, Jyotindra ; Fischer, Eberhard ( 1978 ), Jaina Iconography, Part 12 - Iconography of religions : Indian religions, BRILL, ISBN 978 - 9004052598 Jain, Vijay K. ( 2015 ), Acarya Samantabhadra 's Svayambhustotra : Adoration of The Twenty - four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978 - 81 - 903639 - 7 - 6, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Jain, Vijay K. ( 2011 ), Acharya Umasvami 's Tattvarthsutra ( 1st ed. ), Uttarakhand : Vikalp Printers, ISBN 81 - 903639 - 2 - 1, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Pramansagar, Muni ( 2008 ), Jain Tattvavidya, India : Bhartiya Gyanpeeth, ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 1480 - 5 Rao, P Raghunadha ( 2007 ) ( 1988 ), Indian Heritage and Culture, Sterling Publishers, ISBN 9788120709300 Sangave, Vilas Adinath ( 2006 ) ( 1990 ), Aspects of Jaina religion ( 5 ed. ), Bharatiya Jnanpith, ISBN 81 - 263 - 1273 - 4 Shah, K.R. ( 2011 ), The Philosophy of welfare economics of Dr. Amartya Sen and Jain Philosophy, Trafford Publishing, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4269 - 5023 - 0 Shah, Natubhai ( 2004 ) ( First published in 1998 ), Jainism : The World of Conquerors, I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81 - 208 - 1938 - 1 Umakant Premanand Shah ( 1987 ), Jaina Rupa Mandana - Jaina Iconography, Abhinav Publication, ISBN 81 - 7017 - 218 - 7, Wikidata Q40348271 Singh, Upinder ( 2016 ), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978 - 93 - 325 - 6996 - 6 Taliaferro, Charles ; Marty, Elsa J. ( 2010 ), A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion, A&C Black, ISBN 1441111972 Wiley, Kristi L. ( 2009 ), The A to Z of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810868212 Zimmer, Heinrich ( 1953 ) ( April 1952 ), Campbell, Joseph, ed., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4 : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0739 - 6 Babb, Lawrence A. ( 1996 ), Absent Lord : Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture, University of California Press Jainism portal India portal God in Jainism Arihant ; Siddha ; Pañca - Parameṣṭhi Tirthankara Rishabhanatha Ajitanatha Sambhavanatha Abhinandananatha Sumatinatha Padmaprabha Suparshvanatha Chandraprabha Pushpadanta Shitalanatha Shreyansanatha Vasupujya Vimalanatha Anantanatha Dharmanatha Shantinatha Kunthunatha Aranatha Māllīnātha Munisuvrata Naminatha Neminatha Pārśvanātha Mahavira Simandhar Swami ( other world ) Samanya Bahubali Bharata Chakravartin Ganadhara Indrabhuti Gautama Sudharmaswami Jambuswami Nabhi Samudravijaya Jainism topics Gods Tirthankara Ganadhara Arihant Philosophy Ethics Ahimsa Epistemology Kevala Jñāna Jaina logic Anekāntavāda Jain cosmology Siddhashila Naraka Heavenly beings Karma Types Causes Gunasthana Dravya Jīva Ajiva Pudgala Dharma Tattva Asrava Bandha Samvara Nirjara Mokṣa Death Saṃsāra Ratnatraya Kashaya Branches Digambara Mula Sangha Balatkara Gana Kashtha Sangha Taran Panth Bispanthi Terapanth Yapaniya Kanji Panth Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka Gaccha Kharatara Tapa Tristutik Sthānakavāsī Terapanth Practices Sallekhana Meditation Sāmāyika Monasticism Vegetarianism Fasting Rituals Festivals Paryushana Kshamavani Mahamastakabhisheka Upadhan Tapas Pratikramana Literature Agama Shatkhandagama Kasayapahuda Mantra Namokar Mantra Bhaktamara Stotra Tattvartha Sutra Samayasāra Aptamimamsa Kalpa Sūtra Symbols Jain flag Siddhachakra Ashtamangala Shrivatsa Nandavarta Auspicious dreams Swastika Ascetics Digambara monk Aryika Kshullak Pattavali Acharya Scholars Nalini Balbir Colette Caillat Chandabai John E. 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Question: who is considered the first tirthankar in jain religion
Answer: Rishabhanatha