Pituitary gland - wikipedia Pituitary gland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2016 ) Pituitary gland Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic. Details Precursor neural and oral ectoderm, including Rathke 's pouch Artery superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery, prechiasmal artery, inferior hypophyseal artery, capsular artery, artery of the inferior cavernous sinus Identifiers Latin hypophysis, glandula pituitaria MeSH D010902 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1353 TA A11. 1.00. 001 FMA 13889 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Play media An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland ( Hypophysis cerebri ) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams ( 0.018 oz ) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity ( sella turcica ) covered by a dural fold ( diaphragma sellae ). The anterior pituitary ( or adenohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that regulates several physiological processes ( including stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation ). The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte - stimulating hormone. The posterior pituitary ( or neurohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the pituitary stalk ( also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum ). Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control : growth, blood pressure, management of energy, all functions of the sex organs, thyroid glands and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, nursing, water / salt concentration at the kidneys, temperature regulation and pain relief. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Anterior 1.2 Posterior 2 Function 2.1 Anterior 2.2 Intermediate 2.3 Posterior 2.4 Hormones 3 Clinical significance 4 History 4.1 Etymology 4.1. 1 Pituitary gland 4.1. 2 Hypophysis 5 Other animals 5.1 Intermediate lobe 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure The pituitary gland, in humans, is a pea - sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica. It is composed of three lobes : anterior, intermediate, and posterior. In many animals, these three lobes are distinct. The intermediate is avascular and almost absent in human beings. The intermediate lobe is present in many lower animal species, in particular in rodents, mice and rats, that have been used extensively to study pituitary development and function. In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary, which is an extension of the hypothalamus. Histology of pituitary gland Anterior Main article : Anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary arises from an invagination of the oral ectoderm and forms Rathke 's pouch. This contrasts with the posterior pituitary, which originates from neuroectoderm. Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by parvocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic capillaries leading to infundibular blood vessels, which in turn lead to a second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary. This vascular relationship constitutes the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system. Diffusing out of the second capillary bed, the hypothalamic releasing hormones then bind to anterior pituitary endocrine cells, upregulating or downregulating their release of hormones. The anterior lobe of the pituitary can be divided into the pars tuberalis ( pars glandularis ) and pars distalis ( pars glandularis ) that constitutes ~ 80 % of the gland. The pars intermedia ( the intermediate lobe ) lies between the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis, and is rudimentary in the human, although in other species it is more developed. It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx ( stomal part ) known as Rathke 's pouch. The anterior pituitary contains several different types of cells that synthesize and secrete hormones. Usually there is one type of cell for each major hormone formed in anterior pituitary. With special stains attached to high - affinity antibodies that bind with distinctive hormone, at least 5 types of cells can be differentiated. S.No. Type of cell Hormone secreted Percentage of type of cell 1. Somatotropes human growth hormone ( hGH ) 30 - 40 % 2. Corticotropes adrenocorticotropin ( ACTH ) 20 % 3. Thyrotropes thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) 3 - 5 % 4. Gonadotropes gonadotropic hormone i.e., both luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) 3 - 5 % 5. Lactotropes prolactin ( PRL ) 3 - 5 % Posterior Main article : Posterior pituitary The posterior lobe develops as an extension of the hypothalamus. The Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by cell bodies in the hypothalamus. The magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei located in the hypothalamus that project axons down the infundibulum to terminals in the posterior pituitary. This simple arrangement differs sharply from that of the adjacent anterior pituitary, which does not develop from the hypothalamus. The release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the hypothalamus, albeit in different ways. Function Anterior The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones. All releasing hormones ( - RH ) referred to, can also be referred to as releasing factors ( - RF ). Somatotropes : Human growth hormone ( HGH ), also referred to as ' growth hormone ' ( GH ), and also as somatotropin, is released under the influence of hypothalamic growth hormone - releasing hormone ( GHRH ), and is inhibited by hypothalamic somatostatin. Corticotropes : Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein, and include adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ), and beta - endorphin, and melanocyte - stimulating hormone are released under the influence of hypothalamic corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ). Thyrotropes : Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ), is released under the influence of hypothalamic thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) and is inhibited by somatostatin. Gonadotropes : Luteinizing hormone ( LH ). Follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ), both released under influence of Gonadotropin - Releasing Hormone ( GnRH ) Lactotropes : Prolactin ( PRL ), whose release is inconsistently stimulated by hypothalamic TRH, oxytocin, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, angiotensin II, neuropeptide Y, galanin, substance P, bombesin - like peptides ( gastrin - releasing peptide, neuromedin B and C ), and neurotensin, and inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine. These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic - hypophysial portal system. There is also a non-endocrine cell population called folliculostellate cells. Intermediate The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormone : Melanocyte -- stimulating hormone ( MSH ). This is also produced in the anterior lobe. When produced in the intermediate lobe, MSHs are sometimes called `` intermedins ''. Posterior The posterior pituitary stores and secretes ( but does not synthesize ) the following important endocrine hormones : Magnocellular neurons : Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH, also known as vasopressin and arginine vasopressin AVP ), the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin, most of which is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout labour. Hormones Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control the following body processes : Growth ( GH ) Blood pressure Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth ( Parturition ) Breast milk production Sex organ functions in both males and females Thyroid gland function The conversion of food into energy ( metabolism ) Water and osmolarity regulation in the body Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys Temperature regulation Pain relief Clinical significance A normal sized hand ( left ) and the enlarged hand of someone with acromegaly ( right ) Main article : Pituitary disease Some of the diseases involving the pituitary gland are : Central diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of vasopressin. Gigantism and acromegaly caused by an excess of growth hormone in childhood and adult respectively. Hypothyroidism caused by a deficiency of thyroid - stimulating hormone. Hyperpituitarism, the increased ( hyper ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland. Hypopituitarism, the decreased ( hypo ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland. Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones. Pituitary tumours. Pituitary adenomas, noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland. All of the functions of the pituitary gland can be adversely affected by an over - or under - production of associated hormones. The pituitary gland is important for mediating the stress response, via the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis ( HPA axis ) Critically, pituitary gland growth during adolescence can be altered by early life stress such as childhood maltreatment or maternal dysphoric behavior. It has been demonstrated that, after controlling for age, sex, and BMI, larger quantities of DHEA and DHEA - S tended to be linked to larger pituitary volume. Additionally, a correlation between pituitary gland volume and Social Anxiety subscale scores was identified which provided a basis for exploring mediation. Again controlling for age, sex, and BMI, DHEA and DHEA - S have been found to be predictive of larger pituitary gland volume, which was also associated with increased ratings of social anxiety. This research provides evidence that pituitary gland volume mediates the link between higher DHEA ( S ) levels ( associated with relatively early adrenarche ) and traits associated with social anxiety. Children who experience early adrenarcheal development tend to have larger pituitary gland volume compared to children with later adrenarcheal development. History Etymology Pituitary gland The Greek physician Galen referred to the pituitary gland by only using the ( Ancient Greek ) name ἀδήν, gland. He described the pituitary gland as part of a series of secretory organs for the excretion of nasal mucus. Anatomist Andreas Vesalius translated ἀδήν with glans, in quam pituita destillat, `` gland in which slime ( pituita ) drips ''. Besides this ' descriptive ' name, Vesalius used glandula pituitaria, from which the English name pituitary gland is ultimately derived. The expression glandula pituitaria is still used as official synonym beside hypophysis in the official Latin nomenclature Terminologia Anatomica. In the seventeenth century the supposed function of the pituitary gland to produce nasal mucus was debunked. The expression glandula pituitaria and its English equivalent pituitary gland can only be justified from a historical point of view. The inclusion of this synonym is merely justified by noting that the main term hypophysis is a much less popular term. Hypophysis The anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring coined the name hypophysis. This name consists of ὑπό ( ' under ' ) and φύειν ( ' to grow ' ). In later Greek ὑπόφυσις is used differently by Greek physicians as outgrowth. Sömmering also used the equivalent expression appendix cerebri, with appendix as appendage. In various languages, Hirnanhang in German and hersenaanhangsel in Dutch, the terms are derived from appendix cerebri. Other animals The pituitary gland is found in all vertebrates, but its structure varies among different groups. The division of the pituitary described above is typical of mammals, and is also true, to varying degrees, of all tetrapods. However, only in mammals does the posterior pituitary have a compact shape. In lungfish, it is a relatively flat sheet of tissue lying above the anterior pituitary, but in amphibians, reptiles, and birds, it becomes increasingly well developed. The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in any species and is entirely absent in birds. The structure of the pituitary in fish, apart from the lungfish, is generally different from that in other animals. In general, the intermediate lobe tends to be well developed, and may equal the remainder of the anterior pituitary in size. The posterior lobe typically forms a sheet of tissue at the base of the pituitary stalk, and in most cases sends irregular finger - like projection into the tissue of the anterior pituitary, which lies directly beneath it. The anterior pituitary is typically divided into two regions, a more anterior rostral portion and a posterior proximal portion, but the boundary between the two is often not clearly marked. In elasmobranchs there is an additional, ventral lobe beneath the anterior pituitary proper. The arrangement in lampreys, which are among the most primitive of all fish, may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates. Here, the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain, and there is no pituitary stalk. Rathke 's pouch remains open to the outside, close to the nasal openings. Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue, corresponding to the intermediate lobe, and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary. These various parts are separated by meningial membranes, suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate, but associated, glands. Most armadillos also possess a neural secretory gland very similar in form to the posterior pituitary, but located in the tail and associated with the spinal cord. This may have a function in osmoregulation. There is a structure analogous to the pituitary in the octopus brain. Intermediate lobe Although rudimentary in humans ( and often considered part of the anterior pituitary ), the intermediate lobe located between the anterior and posterior pituitary is important to many animals. For instance, in fish, it is believed to control physiological color change. In adult humans, it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( MSH ), although this function is often ( imprecisely ) attributed to the anterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in tetrapods, and is entirely absent in birds. Additional images Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain Pituitary and pineal glands The arteries of the base of the brain. Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. Pituitary Pituitary gland Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection. See also Dantian Head and neck anatomy Melanotroph References Jump up ^ Gibo H, Hokama M, Kyoshima K, Kobayashi S ( 1993 ). `` ( Arteries to the pituitary ) ''. Nippon Rinsho. 51 ( 10 ) : 2550 -- 4. PMID 8254920. Jump up ^ Mancall, Elliott L. ; Brock, David G., eds. ( 2011 ). `` Cranial Fossae ''. Gray 's Clinical Anatomy. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 154. ISBN 9781437735802. ^ Jump up to : Melmed, Shlomo ( 2011 ). The Pituitary - ( Third Edition ). San Diego, CA 92101 - 4495, USA : Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 23 -- 25. ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 380926 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Boron, Walter F. ; Boulpaep, Emile L. ( 2009 ). Medical Physiology ( 2nd ed. ). Philadelphia : Saunders Elsevier. pp. 1016 -- 1017. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3115 - 4. Jump up ^ Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier Saunders. Jump up ^ Knepel W, Homolka L, Vlaskovska M, Nutto D. ( 1984 ). Stimulation of adrenocorticotropin / beta - endorphin release by synthetic ovine corticotropin - releasing factor in vitro. Enhancement by various vasopressin analogs. Neuroendocrinology. 38 ( 5 ) : 344 - 50. Jump up ^ Brunton, Laurence L. ; Chabner, Bruce A. ; Knollmann, Björn C., eds. ( 2011 ). Goodman & Gilman 's pharmacological basis of therapeutics ( 12th ed. ). New York : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 162442 - 8. Jump up ^ Shlomo Melmed ( 3 December 2010 ). The pituitary. Academic Press. p. 40. ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 380926 - 1. Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian ( 2006 ). Human Physiology ( Third ed. ). Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0. Jump up ^ Ganella, Despina E. ; Allen, Nicholas B. ; Simmons, Julian G. ; Schwartz, Orli ; Kim, Jee Hyun ; Sheeber, Lisa ; Whittle, Sarah. `` Early life stress alters pituitary growth during adolescence -- A longitudinal study ''. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 53 : 185 -- 194. doi : 10.1016 / j. psyneuen. 2015.01. 005. PMID 25622011. ^ Jump up to : Murray, CR ; Simmons, JG ; Allen, NB ; Byrne, ML ; Mundy, LK ; Seal, ML ; Patton, GC ; Olsson, CA ; Whittle, S ( February 2016 ). `` Associations between dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) levels, pituitary volume, and social anxiety in children ''. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 64 : 31 -- 9. doi : 10.1016 / j. psyneuen. 2015.11. 004. PMID 26600008. ^ Jump up to : Hyrtl, J. ( 1880 ). Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart. Wien : Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof - und Universitätsbuchhändler. ^ Jump up to : Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. ( 1940 ). A Greek - English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford : Clarendon Press. ^ Jump up to : Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. ( 1879 ). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews ' edition of Freund 's Latin dictionary. Oxford : Clarendon Press. ^ Jump up to : Schreger, C.H. Th. ( 1805 ). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth : im Bureau für Literatur. Jump up ^ Anderson, D.M. ( 2000 ). Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 29th edition ). Philadelphia / London / Toronto / Montreal / Sydney / Tokyo : W.B. Saunders Company. Jump up ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology ( FCAT ) ( 1998 ). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart : Thieme ^ Jump up to : Triepel, H. ( 1927 ). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Anhang : Biographische Notizen. ( Elfte Auflage ). München : Verlag J.F. Bergmann. Jump up ^ International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee ( 1966 ). Nomina Anatomica. Amsterdam : Excerpta Medica Foundation, p. 62 Jump up ^ Pinkhof, H. ( 1923 ). Vertalend en verklarend woordenboek van uitheemsche geneeskundige termen. Haarlem : De Erven F. Bohn. ^ Jump up to : Romer, Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons, Thomas S. ( 1977 ). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA : Holt - Saunders International. pp. 549 -- 550. ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X. Jump up ^ Wells, M.J. ; Wells, J. ( 1969 ). `` Pituitary Analogue in the Octopus ''. Nature. 222 ( 5190 ) : 293 -- 294. doi : 10.1038 / 222293a0. External links Look up pituitary gland or hypophysis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pituitary gland at Encyclopædia Britannica hier - 382 at NeuroNames Histology image : 14201loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University The Pituitary Gland, from the UMM Endocrinology Health Guide Oklahoma State, Endocrine System The Pituitary Foundation The Pituitary Network Association -- pituitary.org Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Anatomy of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) GND : 4026389 - 7 NDL : 00565139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&oldid=828004997 '' Categories : Endocrine system Human head and neck Neuroendocrinology Human female endocrine system Pituitary gland Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018, at 00 : 24. 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Question: where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland made
Answer: hypothalamus