Cell wall - wikipedia Cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, situated outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. Cell walls are present in most prokaryotes ( except mycoplasma bacteria ), in algae, plants and fungi but rarely in other eukaryotes including animals. A major function is to act as pressure vessels, preventing over-expansion of the cell when water enters. The composition of cell walls varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Often, other polymers such as lignin, suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls. Algae possess cell walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides such as carrageenan and agar that are absent from land plants. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. The cell walls of archaea have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S - layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. Contents 1 History 2 Properties 2.1 Rigidity of cell walls 2.2 Permeability 3 Evolution 4 Plant cell walls 4.1 Layers 4.2 Composition 4.3 Formation 5 Fungal cell walls 5.1 True fungi 6 Other eukaryotic cell walls 6.1 Algae 6.2 Water molds 6.3 Slime molds 7 Prokaryotic cell walls 7.1 Bacterial cell walls 7.2 Archaeal cell walls 8 Other cell coverings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History A plant cell wall was first observed and named ( simply as a `` wall '' ) by Robert Hooke in 1665. However, `` the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast '' was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health. In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link proved that cells had independent cell walls. Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and that fluid passed between them this way. The mode of formation of the cell wall was controversial in the 19th century. Hugo von Mohl ( 1853, 1858 ) advocated the idea that the cell wall grows by apposition. Carl Nägeli ( 1858, 1862, 1863 ) believed that the growth of the wall in thickness and in area was due to a process termed intussusception. Each theory was improved in the following decades : the apposition ( or lamination ) theory by Eduard Strasburger ( 1882, 1889 ), and the intussusception theory by Julius Wiesner ( 1886 ). In 1930, Ernst Münch coined the term apoplast in order to separate the `` living '' symplast from the `` dead '' plant region, the latter of which included the cell wall. By the 1980s, some authors suggested replacing the term `` cell wall '', particularly as it was used for plants, with the more precise term `` extracellular matrix '', as used for animal cells, but others preferred the older term. Properties This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2017 ) Diagram of the plant cell, with the cell wall in green. Cell walls serve similar purposes in those organisms that possess them. They may give cells rigidity and strength, offering protection against mechanical stress. In multicellular organisms, they permit the organism to build and hold a definite shape ( morphogenesis ). Cell walls also limit the entry of large molecules that may be toxic to the cell. They further permit the creation of stable osmotic environments by preventing osmotic lysis and helping to retain water. Their composition, properties, and form may change during the cell cycle and depend on growth conditions. Rigidity of cell walls In most cells, the cell wall is flexible, meaning that it will bend rather than holding a fixed shape, but has considerable tensile strength. The apparent rigidity of primary plant tissues is enabled by cell walls, but is not due to the walls ' stiffness. Hydraulic turgor pressure creates this rigidity, along with the wall structure. The flexibility of the cell walls is seen when plants wilt, so that the stems and leaves begin to droop, or in seaweeds that bend in water currents. As John Howland explains : Think of the cell wall as a wicker basket in which a balloon has been inflated so that it exerts pressure from the inside. Such a basket is very rigid and resistant to mechanical damage. Thus does the prokaryote cell ( and eukaryotic cell that possesses a cell wall ) gain strength from a flexible plasma membrane pressing against a rigid cell wall. The apparent rigidity of the cell wall thus results from inflation of the cell contained within. This inflation is a result of the passive uptake of water. In plants, a secondary cell wall is a thicker additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity. Additional layers may be formed by lignin in xylem cell walls, or suberin in cork cell walls. These compounds are rigid and waterproof, making the secondary wall stiff. Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls. Other parts of plants such as the leaf stalk may acquire similar reinforcement to resist the strain of physical forces. Permeability The primary cell wall of most plant cells is freely permeable to small molecules including small proteins, with size exclusion estimated to be 30 - 60 kDa. The pH is an important factor governing the transport of molecules through cell walls. Evolution This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( October 2013 ) Cell walls evolved independently in many groups, even in the photosynthetic eukaryotes. In these lineages, the cell wall is closely related to the evolution of multicellularity, terrestrialization and vascularization. Plant cell walls The walls of plant cells must have sufficient tensile strength to withstand internal osmotic pressures of several times atmospheric pressure that result from the difference in solute concentration between the cell interior and external solutions. Plant cell walls vary from 0.1 to several μm in thickness. Layers Cell wall in multicellular plants - its different layers and their placement with respect to protoplasm ( highly diagrammatic ) Molecular structure of the primary cell wall in plants. Up to three strata or layers may be found in plant cell walls : The primary cell wall, generally a thin, flexible and extensible layer formed while the cell is growing. The secondary cell wall, a thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after the cell is fully grown. It is not found in all cell types. Some cells, such as the conducting cells in xylem, possess a secondary wall containing lignin, which strengthens and waterproofs the wall. The middle lamella, a layer rich in pectins. This outermost layer forms the interface between adjacent plant cells and glues them together. Composition In the primary ( growing ) plant cell wall, the major carbohydrates are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. The cellulose microfibrils are linked via hemicellulosic tethers to form the cellulose - hemicellulose network, which is embedded in the pectin matrix. The most common hemicellulose in the primary cell wall is xyloglucan. In grass cell walls, xyloglucan and pectin are reduced in abundance and partially replaced by glucuronarabinoxylan, another type of hemicellulose. Primary cell walls characteristically extend ( grow ) by a mechanism called acid growth, which involves turgor - driven movement of the strong cellulose microfibrils within the weaker hemicellulose / pectin matrix, catalyzed by expansin proteins. The outer part of the primary cell wall of the plant epidermis is usually impregnated with cutin and wax, forming a permeability barrier known as the plant cuticle. Secondary cell walls contain a wide range of additional compounds that modify their mechanical properties and permeability. The major polymers that make up wood ( largely secondary cell walls ) include : cellulose, 35 - 50 % xylan, 20 - 35 %, a type of hemicellulose lignin, 10 - 25 %, a complex phenolic polymer that penetrates the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin components, driving out water and strengthening the wall. Additionally, structural proteins ( 1 - 5 % ) are found in most plant cell walls ; they are classified as hydroxyproline - rich glycoproteins ( HRGP ), arabinogalactan proteins ( AGP ), glycine - rich proteins ( GRPs ), and proline - rich proteins ( PRPs ). Each class of glycoprotein is defined by a characteristic, highly repetitive protein sequence. Most are glycosylated, contain hydroxyproline ( Hyp ) and become cross-linked in the cell wall. These proteins are often concentrated in specialized cells and in cell corners. Cell walls of the epidermis may contain cutin. The Casparian strip in the endodermis roots and cork cells of plant bark contain suberin. Both cutin and suberin are polyesters that function as permeability barriers to the movement of water. The relative composition of carbohydrates, secondary compounds and proteins varies between plants and between the cell type and age. Plant cells walls also contain numerous enzymes, such as hydrolases, esterases, peroxidases, and transglycosylases, that cut, trim and cross-link wall polymers. Secondary walls - especially in grasses - may also contain microscopic silica crystals, which may strengthen the wall and protect it from herbivores. Cell walls in some plant tissues also function as storage deposits for carbohydrates that can be broken down and resorbed to supply the metabolic and growth needs of the plant. For example, endosperm cell walls in the seeds of cereal grasses, nasturtium and other species, are rich in glucans and other polysaccharides that are readily digested by enzymes during seed germination to form simple sugars that nourish the growing embryo. Formation Photomicrograph of onion root cells, showing the centrifugal development of new cell walls ( phragmoplast ). The middle lamella is laid down first, formed from the cell plate during cytokinesis, and the primary cell wall is then deposited inside the middle lamella. The actual structure of the cell wall is not clearly defined and several models exist - the covalently linked cross model, the tether model, the diffuse layer model and the stratified layer model. However, the primary cell wall, can be defined as composed of cellulose microfibrils aligned at all angles. Cellulose microfibrils are produced at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex, which is proposed to be made of a hexameric rosette that contains three cellulose synthase catalytic subunits for each of the six units. Microfibrils are held together by hydrogen bonds to provide a high tensile strength. The cells are held together and share the gelatinous membrane called the middle lamella, which contains magnesium and calcium pectates ( salts of pectic acid ). Cells interact though plasmodesmata, which are inter-connecting channels of cytoplasm that connect to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall. In some plants and cell types, after a maximum size or point in development has been reached, a secondary wall is constructed between the plasma membrane and primary wall. Unlike the primary wall, the cellulose microfibrils are aligned parallel in layers, the orientation changing slightly with each additional layer so that the structure becomes helicoidal. Cells with secondary cell walls can be rigid, as in the gritty sclereid cells in pear and quince fruit. Cell to cell communication is possible through pits in the secondary cell wall that allow plasmodesmata to connect cells through the secondary cell walls. Fungal cell walls Chemical structure of a unit from a chitin polymer chain. There are several groups of organisms that have been called `` fungi ''. Some of these groups ( Oomycete and Myxogastria ) have been transferred out of the Kingdom Fungi, in part because of fundamental biochemical differences in the composition of the cell wall. Most true fungi have a cell wall consisting largely of chitin and other polysaccharides. True fungi do not have cellulose in their cell walls. True fungi In fungi, the cell wall is the outer-most layer, external to the plasma membrane. The fungal cell wall is a matrix of three main components : chitin : polymers consisting mainly of unbranched chains of β - ( 1, 4 ) - linked - N - Acetylglucosamine in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, or poly - β - ( 1, 4 ) - linked - N - Acetylglucosamine ( chitosan ) in the Zygomycota. Both chitin and chitosan are synthesized and extruded at the plasma membrane. glucans : glucose polymers that function to cross-link chitin or chitosan polymers. β - glucans are glucose molecules linked via β - ( 1, 3 ) - or β - ( 1, 6 ) - bonds and provide rigidity to the cell wall while α - glucans are defined by α - ( 1, 3 ) - and / or α - ( 1, 4 ) bonds and function as part of the matrix. proteins : enzymes necessary for cell wall synthesis and lysis in addition to structural proteins are all present in the cell wall. Most of the structural proteins found in the cell wall are glycosylated and contain mannose, thus these proteins are called mannoproteins or mannans. Other eukaryotic cell walls Algae Scanning electron micrographs of diatoms showing the external appearance of the cell wall Like plants, algae have cell walls. Algal cell walls contain either polysaccharides ( such as cellulose ( a glucan ) ) or a variety of glycoproteins ( Volvocales ) or both. The inclusion of additional polysaccharides in algal cells walls is used as a feature for algal taxonomy. Mannans : They form microfibrils in the cell walls of a number of marine green algae including those from the genera, Codium, Dasycladus, and Acetabularia as well as in the walls of some red algae, like Porphyra and Bangia. Xylans : Alginic acid : It is a common polysaccharide in the cell walls of brown algae. Sulfonated polysaccharides : They occur in the cell walls of most algae ; those common in red algae include agarose, carrageenan, porphyran, furcelleran and funoran. Other compounds that may accumulate in algal cell walls include sporopollenin and calcium ions. The group of algae known as the diatoms synthesize their cell walls ( also known as frustules or valves ) from silicic acid ( specifically orthosilicic acid, H SiO ). The acid is polymerised intra-cellularly, then the wall is extruded to protect the cell. Significantly, relative to the organic cell walls produced by other groups, silica frustules require less energy to synthesize ( approximately 8 % ), potentially a major saving on the overall cell energy budget and possibly an explanation for higher growth rates in diatoms. In brown algae, phlorotannins may be a constituent of the cell walls. Water molds The group Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are saprotrophic plant pathogens like fungi. Until recently they were widely believed to be fungi, but structural and molecular evidence has led to their reclassification as heterokonts, related to autotrophic brown algae and diatoms. Unlike fungi, oomycetes typically possess cell walls of cellulose and glucans rather than chitin, although some genera ( such as Achlya and Saprolegnia ) do have chitin in their walls. The fraction of cellulose in the walls is no more than 4 to 20 %, far less than the fraction of glucans. Oomycete cell walls also contain the amino acid hydroxyproline, which is not found in fungal cell walls. Slime molds The dictyostelids are another group formerly classified among the fungi. They are slime molds that feed as unicellular amoebae, but aggregate into a reproductive stalk and sporangium under certain conditions. Cells of the reproductive stalk, as well as the spores formed at the apex, possess a cellulose wall. The spore wall has been shown to possess three layers, the middle of which is composed primarily of cellulose, and the innermost is sensitive to cellulase and pronase. Prokaryotic cell walls Bacterial cell walls Diagram of a typical Gram - positive bacterium. The cell envelope comprises a plasma membrane, seen here in light brown, and a thick peptidoglycan - containing cell wall ( the purple layer ). No outer lipid membrane is present, as would be the case in Gram - negative bacteria. The red layer, known as the capsule, is distinct from the cell envelope. Further information : Cell envelope Around the outside of the cell membrane is the bacterial cell wall. Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan ( also called murein ), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D - amino acids. Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively. The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, although L - form bacteria can be produced in the laboratory that lack a cell wall. The antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by preventing the cross-linking of peptidoglycan and this causes the cell wall to weaken and lyse. The lysozyme enzyme can also damage bacterial cell walls. There are broadly speaking two different types of cell wall in bacteria, called Gram - positive and Gram - negative. The names originate from the reaction of cells to the Gram stain, a test long - employed for the classification of bacterial species. Gram - positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, Gram - negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Most bacteria have the Gram - negative cell wall and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria ( previously known as the low G + C and high G + C Gram - positive bacteria, respectively ) have the alternative Gram - positive arrangement. These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility, for instance vancomycin can kill only Gram - positive bacteria and is ineffective against Gram - negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Archaeal cell walls Although not truly unique, the cell walls of Archaea are unusual. Whereas peptidoglycan is a standard component of all bacterial cell walls, all archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan, with the exception of one group of methanogens. In that group, the peptidoglycan is a modified form very different from the kind found in bacteria. There are four types of cell wall currently known among the Archaea. One type of archaeal cell wall is that composed of pseudopeptidoglycan ( also called pseudomurein ). This type of wall is found in some methanogens, such as Methanobacterium and Methanothermus. While the overall structure of archaeal pseudopeptidoglycan superficially resembles that of bacterial peptidoglycan, there are a number of significant chemical differences. Like the peptidoglycan found in bacterial cell walls, pseudopeptidoglycan consists of polymer chains of glycan cross-linked by short peptide connections. However, unlike peptidoglycan, the sugar N - acetylmuramic acid is replaced by N - acetyltalosaminuronic acid, and the two sugars are bonded with a β, 1 - 3 glycosidic linkage instead of β, 1 - 4. Additionally, the cross-linking peptides are L - amino acids rather than D - amino acids as they are in bacteria. A second type of archaeal cell wall is found in Methanosarcina and Halococcus. This type of cell wall is composed entirely of a thick layer of polysaccharides, which may be sulfated in the case of Halococcus. Structure in this type of wall is complex and not fully investigated. A third type of wall among the Archaea consists of glycoprotein, and occurs in the hyperthermophiles, Halobacterium, and some methanogens. In Halobacterium, the proteins in the wall have a high content of acidic amino acids, giving the wall an overall negative charge. The result is an unstable structure that is stabilized by the presence of large quantities of positive sodium ions that neutralize the charge. Consequently, Halobacterium thrives only under conditions with high salinity. In other Archaea, such as Methanomicrobium and Desulfurococcus, the wall may be composed only of surface - layer proteins, known as an S - layer. S - layers are common in bacteria, where they serve as either the sole cell - wall component or an outer layer in conjunction with polysaccharides. Most Archaea are Gram - negative, though at least one Gram - positive member is known. Other cell coverings Many protists and bacteria produce other cell surface structures apart from cell walls, external ( extracellular matrix ) or internal. Many algae have a sheath or envelope of mucilage outside the cell made of exopolysaccharides. Diatoms build a frustule from silica extracted from the surrounding water ; radiolarians, foraminiferans, testate amoebae and silicoflagellates also produce a skeleton from minerals, called test in some groups. Many green algae, such as Halimeda and the Dasycladales, and some red algae, the Corallinales, encase their cells in a secreted skeleton of calcium carbonate. In each case, the wall is rigid and essentially inorganic. It is the non-living component of cell. Some golden algae, ciliates and choanoflagellates produces a shell - like protective outer covering called lorica. 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( 1995 ) The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes, pages 6, 12 - 21. ( Oxford : Oxford University Press ). ISBN 0 - 19 - 508439 - X. ^ Jump up to : Brock, Thomas D., Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, & Jack Parker. ( 1994 ) Biology of Microorganisms, 7th ed., pages 818 - 819, 824 ( Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall ). ISBN 0 - 13 - 042169 - 3. Jump up ^ Preisig, H.R. Terminology and nomenclature of protist cell surface structures. In : The Protistan Cell Surface. Protoplasma special edition, 1994. Jump up ^ Becker, B. The cell surface of flagellates Archived February 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine... In : The Flagellates. Unity, diversity and evolution. Ed. : Barry S.C. Leadbeater and J.C. Green Taylor and Francis, London 2000. Jump up ^ Barsanti, Laura ; Gualtieri, Paolo ( 2006 ). Algae : anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Florida, USA : CRC Press. Jump up ^ Frantz, Christian ; Stewart, Kathleen M. ; Weaver, Valerie M. ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ). `` The extracellular matrix at a glance ''. J Cell Sci. 123 ( 24 ) : 4195 -- 4200. doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 023820. ISSN 0021 - 9533. PMC 2995612. PMID 21123617. Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce ( 2002 ). Molecular biology of the cell ( 4. ed. ). New York ( u.a. ) : Garland. p. 1065. ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9. External links Look up cell wall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cell wall ultrastructure The Cell Wall Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Microbiology : Bacteria Medical microbiology infection Coley 's toxins Exotoxin Lysogenic cycle Pathogenic bacteria resistance Biochemistry and ecology Oxygen preference Aerobic Obligate Anaerobic Facultative Obligate Microaerophile Nanaerobe Aerotolerant Other Microbial metabolism Primary nutritional groups Nitrogen fixation Microbial ecology Human flora Gut Lung Mouth Skin Vaginal ( In pregnancy ) Placental Uterine Salivary Substrate preference Lipophilic Saccharophilic Shape Bacterial cellular morphologies Coccus Diplococcus Bacillus Coccobacillus Spiral Structure Cell envelope Cell membrane Cell wall : Peptidoglycan NAM NAG DAP Gram - positive bacteria only : Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid Endospore Gram - negative bacteria only : Bacterial outer membrane Porin Lipopolysaccharide Periplasmic space Mycobacteria only : Arabinogalactan Mycolic acid Outside envelope Bacterial capsule Slime layer S - layer Glycocalyx Pilus Fimbria Non-motile bacteria Composite Biofilm Taxonomy Bacteria ( classifications ) Bacterial phyla Former groupings : Schizomycetes Monera Prokaryota Gracilicutes Firmicutes Mollicutes Mendosicutes Microbiology : Fungus Structure Reproduction / spore teleomorph / sexual : Zygospore Ascospore / Ascus Basidiospore / Basidium / Teliospore anamorph / asexual : Sporangium Conidium Chlamydospore Oidium Pycniospore Other Hypha Haustorium Mycelium Cell wall Growth patterns Dimorphic fungi Mold Yeast Mushroom Microbiology : Protistology : Protists Former classifications Protozoa Mastigophora / Flagellates Sarcodina / Amoeboids Testate Heliozoa Infusoria / Ciliates Sporozoa Algae Cryptogams Thallophytes Fungus - like organisms Slime molds Ambiregnal protists Morphology Archaeplastida Chloroplastida `` green algae '' : Phycoplast Phragmoplast Flagellar apparatus Glaucophytes : Cyanelles Phycobilisomes Red algae : Pit connection Phycobilisomes Hacrobia Cryptophyta : Mastigonemes Periplast Haptophyte : Coccolith Haptonema Stramenopiles General : Mastigonemes Diatoms : Frustule Brown algae : Lamina Pneumatocyst Alveolata General : Alveoli Trichocyst Dinoflagellates : Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates : Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans : Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea Cruciform division Excavate Kinetoplastids : Kinetoplast Glycosome Euglenoidea : Periplast / pellicle Amoebozoa Dictyostelids : Macrocyst Sorocarp Opisthokonta Choanoflagellates : Collar of microvilli General Levels of organization Unicellular Monadoid Amoeboid Coccoid Colonial s.s. Colonial flagellated Tetrasporal / capsal / palmelloid Sarcinoid Coenobial Filamentous / trichal / hyphal Parenchymatous Pseudoparenchymatous / plektenchymatic Membranous / thalloid / foliaceous Multinucleated Syncytial Coenocytic Siphonous Siphonocladous Multicellular s.s. / tissular / histonal Cell surface structures Simple cell membrane Mucilage Scale Frustule Cell wall Lorica Skeleton Test Theca Periplast / pellicle Locomotion Flagellum Cilium Pseudopodia Gliding motility Mitochondria Hydrogenosome Mitosome Nucleus Nucleomorph Multinucleate cells Plasmodium Dikaryon Heterokaryon Mitosis in protists Open Closed Orthomitosis Pleuromitosis Meiosis in protists Gametic Zygotic Sporic Other Cyst Cytostome Fimbriae Extrusome Contractile vacuole Eyespot apparatus Pyrenoid Axostyle Mastigont system Ecology and physiology Microbial ecology Microbial biogeography Baas - Becking hypothesis Development / Reproduction Life cycles Fertilization Nutrition : Autotrophy Phototrophy Heterotrophy Phagotrophy Osmotrophy Saprotrophy Parasitism Biotrophy Necrotrophy Mixotrophy Auxotrophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_wall&oldid=810125684 '' Categories : Plant physiology Organelles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 13 : 49. 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Question: where is the cell wall found in plants
Answer: situated outside the cell membrane