Universal Design - wikipedia Universal Design Disability Theory and models Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists Universal design ( close relation to inclusive design ) refers to broad - spectrum ideas meant to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible to older people, people without disabilities, and people with disabilities. The term `` universal design '' was coined by the architect Ronald Mace to describe the concept of designing all products and the built environment to be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by everyone, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life. However, it was the work of Selwyn Goldsmith, author of Designing for the Disabled ( 1963 ), who really pioneered the concept of free access for people with disabilities. His most significant achievement was the creation of the dropped curb -- now a standard feature of the built environment. Universal design emerged from slightly earlier barrier - free concepts, the broader accessibility movement, and adaptive and assistive technology and also seeks to blend aesthetics into these core considerations. As life expectancy rises and modern medicine increases the survival rate of those with significant injuries, illnesses, and birth defects, there is a growing interest in universal design. There are many industries in which universal design is having strong market penetration but there are many others in which it has not yet been adopted to any great extent. Universal design is also being applied to the design of technology, instruction, services, and other products and environments. Curb cuts or sidewalk ramps, essential for people in wheelchairs but also used by all, are a common example. Color - contrast dishware with steep sides that assists those with visual or dexterity problems are another. There are also cabinets with pull - out shelves, kitchen counters at several heights to accommodate different tasks and postures, and, amidst many of the world 's public transit systems, low - floor buses that `` kneel '' ( bring their front end to ground level to eliminate gap ) and / or are equipped with ramps rather than on - board lifts. Contents 1 Principles 2 Goals of Universal Design 3 Examples 4 Design standards 5 Design for All ( DfA ) 5.1 Background 5.2 Examples 5.3 In information and communication technology ( ICT ) 5.4 European DfA organizational networks 6 The `` Barrier - Free '' concept 7 National legislation 8 Regional legislation 9 Funding agencies 10 References 11 External links Principles The Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University expounds the following principles : Equitable use Flexibility in use Simple and intuitive Perceptible information Tolerance for error Low physical effort Size and space for approach and use Each principle above is succinctly defined and contains a few brief guidelines that can be applied to design processes in any realm : physical or digital. These principles are broader than those of accessible design and barrier - free design. Goals of universal Design In 2012, The Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access at The University at Buffalo expanded definition of the principles of universal design to include social participation and health and wellness. Rooted in evidence based design, the 8 goals of universal design were also developed. Body Fit Comfort Awareness Understanding Wellness Social Integration Personalization Cultural Appropriateness The first four goals are oriented to human performance : anthropometry, biomechanics, perception, cognition. Wellness bridges human performance and social participation. The last three goals addresses social participation outcomes. The definition and the goals are expanded upon in the textbook `` Universal Design : Creating Inclusive Environments. '' Examples Smooth, ground level entrances without stairs Surface textures that require low force to traverse on level, less than 5 pounds force per 120 pounds rolling force Surfaces that are stable, firm, and slip resistant per ASTM 2047 Wide interior doors ( 3'0 `` ), hallways, and alcoves with 60 '' × 60 '' turning space at doors and dead - ends Functional clearances for approach and use of elements and components Lever handles for opening doors rather than twisting knobs Single - hand operation with closed fist for operable components including fire alarm pull stations Components that do not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist Components that require less than 5 pounds of force to operate Light switches with large flat panels rather than small toggle switches Buttons and other controls that can be distinguished by touch Bright and appropriate lighting, particularly task lighting Auditory output redundant with information on visual displays Visual output redundant with information in auditory output Contrast controls on visual output Use of meaningful icons with text labels Clear lines of sight to reduce dependence on sound Volume controls on auditory output Speed controls on auditory output Choice of language on speech output Ramp access in swimming pools Closed captioning on television networks Signs with light - on - dark visual contrast Web pages that provide alternative text to describe images Instruction that presents material both orally and visually Labels on equipment control buttons that is large print A museum that allows visitors to choose to listen to or read descriptions Design standards In 1960, specifications for barrier free design were published. It was a compendium of over 11 years of disability ergonomic research. In 1961, the specifications became the first Barrier Free Design standard called the American National Standard, A1171. 1 was published. It was the first standard to present the criteria for designing facilities and programs for the use of disabled individuals. The research started in 1949 at the University of Illinois Urbana - Champaign and continues to this day. The principal investigator is Dr. Timothy Nugent ( his name is listed in the front of the 1961, 1971, 1980 standard ). In 1949 Dr. Nugent also started the National Wheelchair Basketball Association. This ANSI A117. 1 standard was adopted by the US federal government General Services Administration under 35 FR 4814 - 3 / 20 / 70, 39 FR 23214 - 6 / 27 / 74, 43 FR 16478 ABA - 4 / 19 / 78, 44 FR 39393 7 / 6 / 79, 46 FR 39436 8 / 3 / 81, in 1984 for UFAS and then in 1990 for ADA. The archived research documents are at the International Code Council ( ICC ) - ANSI A117. 1 division. Dr. Nugent made presentations around the globe in the late 50 's and 60 's presenting the concept of independent functional participation for individuals with disabilities through program options and architectural design. Another comprehensive publication by the Royal Institute of British Architects published three editions 1963, 1967, 1976 and 1997 of Designing for the Disabled by Selwyn Goldsmith UK. These publications contain valuable empirical data and studies of individuals with disabilities. Both standards are excellent resources for the designer and builder. Disability ergonomics should be taught to designers, engineers, non-profits executives to further the understanding of what makes an environment wholly tenable and functional for individuals with disabilities. In October 2003, representatives from China, Japan, and South Korea met in Beijing and agreed to set up a committee to define common design standards for a wide range of products and services that are easy to understand and use. Their goal is to publish a standard in 2004 which covers, among other areas, standards on containers and wrappings of household goods ( based on a proposal from experts in Japan ), and standardization of signs for public facilities, a subject which was of particular interest to China as it prepared to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. The International Organization for Standardization, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, and the International Electrotechnical Commission have developed : CEN / CENELEC Guide 6. Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities ( Identical to ISO / IEC Guide 71, but free for download ) ISO 20282 - 1 : 2006 -- Ease of operation of everyday products -- Part 1 : Context of use and user characteristics ISO / TS 20282 - 2 : 2013 - Usability of consumer products and products for public use -- Part 2 : Summative test method, published 1 August 2013. Design for All ( DfA ) The term Design for All ( DfA ) is used to describe a design philosophy targeting the use of products, services and systems by as many people as possible without the need for adaptation. `` Design for All is design for human diversity, social inclusion and equality '' ( EIDD Stockholm Declaration, 2004 ). According to the European Commission, it `` encourages manufacturers and service providers to produce new technologies for everyone : technologies that are suitable for the elderly and people with disabilities, as much as the teenage techno wizard. '' The origin of Design for All lies in the field of barrier free accessibility for people with disabilities and the broader notion of universal design. Background Design for All has been highlighted in Europe by the European Commission in seeking a more user - friendly society in Europe. Design for All is about ensuring that environments, products, services and interfaces work for people of all ages and abilities in different situations and under various circumstances. Design for All has become a mainstream issue because of the aging of the population and its increasingly multi-ethnic composition. It follows a market approach and can reach out to a broader market. Easy - to - use, accessible, affordable products and services improve the quality of life of all citizens. Design for All permits access to the built environment, access to services and user - friendly products which are not just a quality factor but a necessity for many aging or disabled persons. Including Design for All early in the design process is more cost - effective than making alterations after solutions are already in the market. This is best achieved by identifying and involving users ( `` stakeholders '' ) in the decision - making processes that lead to drawing up the design brief and educating public and private sector decision - makers about the benefits to be gained from making coherent use of Design ( for All ) in a wide range of socio - economic situations. Examples The following examples of Designs for All were presented in the book Diseños para todos / Designs for All published in 2008 by Optimastudio with the support of Spain 's Ministry of Education, Social Affairs and Sports ( IMSERSO ) and CEAPAT : Audiobook Automatic door Electric Toothbrush Flexible drinking straw Google Low - floor bus Q - Drums Tactile paving Trolley case ( roll along suitcase ) Velcro Other useful items for those with mobility limitations : Washlet Wireless remote controlled power sockets Wireless remote controlled window shades In Information and communication technology ( ICT ) Main article : Design for All ( in ICT ) Design for All criteria are aimed at ensuring that everyone can participate in the Information society. The European Union refers to this under the terms eInclusion and eAccessibility. A three - way approach is proposed : goods which can be accessed by nearly all potential users without modification or, failing that, products being easy to adapt according to different needs, or using standardized interfaces that can be accessed simply by using assistive technology. To this end, manufacturers and service providers, especially, but not exclusively, in the Information and Communication Technologies ( ICT ), produce new technologies, products, services and applications for everyone. European DfA organizational networks In Europe, people have joined in networks to promote and develop Design for All : The European Design for All eAccessibility Network ( EDeAN ) was launched under the lead of the European Commission and the European Member States in 2002. It fosters Design for All for eInclusion, that is, creating an information society for all. It has national contact centres ( NCCs ) in almost all EU countries and more than 160 network members in national networks. EIDD - Design for All Europe is a NGO and a 100 % self - financed European organization that covers the entire area of theory and practice of Design for All, from the built environment and tangible products to communication, service and system design. Originally set up in 1993 as the European Institute for Design and Disability ( EIDD ), to enhance the quality of life through Design for All, it changed its name in 2006 to bring it into line with its core business. EIDD - Design for All Europe disseminates the application of Design for All to business and administration communities previously unaware of its benefits and currently ( 2016 ) has 31 member organizations in 20 European countries. EuCAN - The European Concept for Accessibility Network started in 1984 as an open network of experts and advocates from all over Europe in order to promote and support the Design for All approach. The coordination work of EuCAN and the functioning of the network are mainly voluntary work. In 1999 the Luxembourg Disability Information and Meeting Centre ( better known by its acronym `` Info - Handicap '' ) took over the coordination of the steering group, together with the implicit responsibility for the follow - up of the European Concept for Accessibility ( ECA ). The EuCAN publications - like ECA - aim to provide practical guidance. They are neither academic nor policy documents. The `` barrier - free '' concept Barrier - free ( バリア フリー, bariafurii ) building modification consists of modifying buildings or facilities so that they can be used by people who are disabled or have physical impairments. The term is used primarily in Japan and non-English speaking countries ( e.g. German : Barrierefreiheit ; Finnish : Esteettömyys ), while in English - speaking countries, terms such as `` accessibility '' and `` handicapped accessible '' dominate in regular everyday use. An example of barrier - free design would be installing a ramp for wheelchairs alongside or in place of steps. In the case of new buildings, however, the idea of barrier free modification has largely been superseded by the concept of universal design, which seeks to design things from the outset to support easy access. Freeing a building of barriers means : Recognizing the features that could form barriers for some people Thinking inclusively about the whole range of impairments Reviewing everything - from structure to smallest detail Seeking feedback from users and learning from mistakes Barrier free is also a term that applies to handicap accessibility in situations where legal codes such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Guidelines do n't make specifications. An example of a country that has sought to implement barrier - free accessibility in housing estates is Singapore. Within five years, all public housing estates in the country, all of 7,800 blocks of apartments, have benefited from the program. National legislation Chile - Ley no 20.422, `` ESTABLECE NORMAS SOBRE IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES E INCLUSIÓN SOCIAL DE PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD. '' U.S. - Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Australia - Disability Discrimination Act 1992 India - Persons with Disabilities ( Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights & Full Participation ) Act, 1995 United Kingdom - Disability Discrimination Act 1995, Disability Discrimination Act 2005 and Equality Act 2010 Ireland - Disability Act 2005 France - Loi n ° 2005 - 102 du 11 février 2005 pour l'égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées ( Act n ° 2005 - 102 of 11 February 2005 for equality of rights and of opportunities, for participation and for citizenship of people with disabilities ) Italy - Law 1 March 2006, n. 67 - Misure per la tutela giudiziaria delle persone con disabilità vittime di discriminazioni ( Measures for the judicial protection of disabled persons who are victims of discrimination ) Norway - Discrimination and Accessibility Act of 2009 Vietnam - National Law on Persons with Disability, enacted 17 June 2010. Regional legislation This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( September 2010 ) Ontario, Canada - Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 Funding agencies U.S. Department of Education 's National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research ( NIDRR ) funds the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center ( RERC ) on Universal Design in the Built Environment. The current recipient is the Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access at the University at Buffalo. References Jump up ^ `` Ronald L. Mace on NC State University, College of Design ''. Design.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University ''. Design.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The Principles of Universal Design Version 2.0 ''. Design.ncsu.edu. 1997 - 04 - 01. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The Goals of Universal Design ''. Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. April 10, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Steinfeld, Edward ; Maisel, Jordana, eds. ( April 10, 2012 ). Universal Design : Creating Inclusive Environments. Wiley. pp. 408 pages. Jump up ^ Ease of operation of everyday products -- Part 1 : Design requirements for context of use and user characteristics Archived May 26, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Usability of consumer products and products for public use -- Part 2 : Summative test method accessed 14 November 2016 ^ Jump up to : European Commission : Design for All ( DfA ). Jump up ^ `` The UK Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ Feo, Roberto & Hurtado, Rosario & Optimastudio Diseños para Todos / Designs for All Madrid 2008 ISBN 978 - 84 - 691 - 3870 - 0 Downloadable free version of Designs for All Jump up ^ `` Q - Drums ''. Qdrum.co.za. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ European Design for All eAccessibility Network Archived December 11, 2003, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ http://www.dfaeurope.eu Jump up ^ http://www.eca.lu Jump up ^ Making HDB Towns User Friendly Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Disability Discrimination Act 1992 ''. Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Disability and the Equality Act 2010 ''. Direct.gov.uk. 2013 - 05 - 30. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` DISABILITY ACT 2005 ''. Irishstatutebook.ie. 2005 - 07 - 08. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Loi n ° 2005 - 102 du 11 février 2005 pour l'égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées '' ( in French ). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ Misure per la tutela giudiziaria delle persone con disabilità vittime di discriminazioni Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 ''. E-laws.gov.on.ca. 2009 - 12 - 15. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` NIDRR Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center ''. Rectech.org. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access web site ''. Ap.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access in University at Buffalo ''. Ap.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26. External links Universal Design Product Collection - a digital collection of over 200 products through our two gallery installations of the Unlimited by Design exhibition and a traveling exhibit called `` live work eat play. '' - from the University at Buffalo Libraries Design Outline Portal Designer Disciplines Communication design Advertising Book design Corporate design Exhibit design Film title design Graphic design Motion Postage stamp design Print design Illustration Information design Instructional design News design Photography Retail design Signage / Traffic sign design Typography / Type design Video design Visual merchandising Environmental design Architecture Architectural lighting design Building design Passive solar Ecological design Environmental impact design Garden design Computer - aided Healthy community design Hotel design Interior architecture Interior design EID Keyline design Landscape architecture Sustainable Landscape design Spatial design Urban design Industrial design Automotive design Automotive suspension design CMF design Corrugated box design Electric guitar design Furniture design Sustainable Hardware interface design Motorcycle design Packaging and labeling Photographic lens design Product design Production design Sensory design Service design Interaction design Experience design EED Game design Level design Video game design Hardware interface design Icon design Immersive design Information design Sonic interaction design User experience design User interface design Web design Other applied arts Public art design Ceramic / glass design Fashion design Costume design Jewelry design Floral design Game art design Property design Scenic design Sound design Stage / set lighting design Textile design Other design & engineering Algorithm design Boiler design Conceptual design Database design Drug design Electrical system design Experimental design Filter design Job design Integrated circuit design Circuit design Physical design Power network design Mechanism design Nuclear weapon design Nucleic acid design Organization design Process design Processor design Protein design Research design Social design Software design Spacecraft design Strategic design Systems design Approaches Activity - centered Adaptive web Affective Brainstorming By committee By contract C-K theory Closure Co-design Concept - oriented Contextual Continuous Cradle - to - cradle Creative problem - solving Creativity techniques Critical Design fiction Defensive Design -- bid -- build Design -- build architect - led Domain - driven Ecodesign Energy neutral Engineering design process Probabilistic design Error - tolerant Fault - tolerant Framework - oriented For assembly For behaviour change For manufacturability For Six Sigma For testing For X Functional Generative Geodesign High - level Integrated Integrated topside Intelligence - based Iterative KISS principle Low - level Metadesign Mind mapping Modular New Wave Object - oriented Open Parametric Participatory Platform - based Policy - based Process - centered Public interest Rational Regenerative Reliability engineering Research - based Responsibility - driven RWD Safe - life Sustainable Systemic SOD Tableless web Theory of constraints Top - down and bottom - up Transformation Transgenerational TRIZ Universal Design for All Usage - centered Use - centered User - centered Empathic User innovation Value - driven Value sensitive Privacy by Design choice computing controls flow leadership management marker methods pattern research science strategy theory thinking Tools Intellectual property Organizations Awards Tools AAD Architectural model Blueprint Comprehensive layout CAD CAID Virtual home design software CAutoD Design quality indicator Electronic design automation Flowchart Mockup Product design specification Prototype Sketch Storyboard Technical drawing Web design program Website wireframe Intellectual property Community design Design around Design patent Geschmacksmuster Industrial design rights European Union Organizations AIGA Chartered Society of Designers Design and Industries Association Design Council International Forum Design The Design Society Design Research Society Awards European Design Award German Design Award Good Design Award ( Chicago ) Good Design Award ( Japan ) Graphex IF product design award James Dyson Award Prince Philip Designers Prize Related topics Aesthetics Agile Concept art Creative industries Cultural icon. design Enterprise architecture Futures studies Innovation Management Intelligent design Lean Startup New product development OODA Loop Philosophy of design Process simulation Slow design STEAM fields Unintelligent design Visualization Wicked problem Design brief change classic director education elements and principles engineer firm history knowledge language life load museum paradigm rationale review specification studio technology Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary NDL : 00925695 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&oldid=806723518 '' Categories : Accessible building Architectural design Architectural theory Design Accessibility Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles to be expanded from September 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Tools Български Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latina 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 19 : 29. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: in what engineering disciplines do designers have to employ universal design principles
Answer: Universal design