Mountain Meadows Massacre - wikipedia Mountain Meadows Massacre Mountain Meadows Massacre Part of the Mormon wars Date September 7 -- 11, 1857 Location Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory, United States Deaths 120 -- 140 members of the Baker -- Fancher wagon train Non-fatal injuries Around 17 Accused Utah Territorial Militia ( Iron County district ), Paiute Native American auxiliaries Weapons Guns, Bowie knives The Mountain Meadows Massacre was a series of attacks on the Baker -- Fancher emigrant wagon train, at Mountain Meadows in southern Utah. The attacks began on September 7 and culminated on September 11, 1857, resulting in the mass slaughter of the emigrant party by members of the Utah Territorial Militia from the Iron County district. The militia, officially called the Nauvoo Legion, was composed of southern Utah 's Mormon settlers ( members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints, or the LDS Church ). Intending to leave no witnesses and thus prevent reprisals, the perpetrators killed all the adults and older children -- about 120 men, women, and children in total. Seventeen children, all younger than seven, were spared. The wagon train, mostly families from Arkansas, was bound for California on a route that passed through the Utah Territory, during a conflict later known as the Utah War. After arriving in Salt Lake City, the Baker -- Fancher party made their way south, eventually stopping to rest at Mountain Meadows. While the emigrants were camped at the meadow, nearby militia leaders, including Isaac C. Haight and John D. Lee, joined forces to organize an attack on the wagon train. Intending to give the appearance of Native American aggression, the militia 's plan was to arm some Southern Paiute Native Americans and persuade them to join with a larger party of their own militiamen -- disguised as Native Americans -- in an attack. During the militia 's first assault on the wagon train the emigrants fought back, and a five - day siege ensued. Eventually fear spread among the militia 's leaders that some emigrants had caught sight of white men and had likely discovered the identity of their attackers. As a result militia commander William H. Dame ordered his forces to kill the emigrants. By this time the emigrants were running low on water and provisions, and allowed some approaching members of the militia -- who carried a white flag -- to enter their camp. The militia members assured the emigrants they were protected and escorted them from the hasty fortification. After walking a distance from the camp, the militiamen, with the help of auxiliary forces hiding nearby, attacked the emigrants and killed all of them that they thought were old enough to be potential witnesses to report the attack. Following the massacre, the perpetrators hastily buried the victims, leaving the bodies vulnerable to wild animals and the climate. Local families took in the surviving children, and many of the victims ' possessions were sold by auction. Investigations, after interruption by the American Civil War, resulted in nine indictments during 1874. Of the men indicted, only John D. Lee was tried in a court of law. After two trials in the Utah Territory, Lee was convicted by a jury, sentenced to death, and executed by a Utah firing squad on March 23, 1877. Today, historians attribute the massacre to a combination of factors, including war hysteria about possible invasion of Mormon territory and hyperbolic Mormon teachings against outsiders, which were part of the excesses of the Mormon Reformation period. Scholars debate whether senior Mormon leadership, including Brigham Young, directly instigated the massacre or if responsibility lay with the local leaders in southern Utah. Contents 1 History 1.1 Baker -- Fancher party 1.2 Interactions with Mormon settlers 1.3 Conspiracy and siege 1.4 Killings and aftermath of the massacre 1.5 Investigations and prosecutions 2 Criticism and analysis of the massacre 2.1 Media coverage about the event 2.2 Historical theories explaining the massacre 2.2. 1 Strident Mormon teachings 2.2. 2 War hysteria 2.2. 3 Brigham Young 3 Remembrances 4 Media detailing the massacre 4.1 Newspapers 4.2 Films 4.3 Literature 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links History Baker -- Fancher party Main article : Baker -- Fancher party In early 1857, the several groups of emigrants from the northwestern Arkansas region started their trek to California, when they later joined all together to form a group known as the Baker -- Fancher party. The groups were mostly from Marion, Crawford, Carroll, and Johnson counties in Arkansas, and had assembled into a wagon train at Beller 's Stand, south of Harrison, to emigrate to southern California. This group was initially referred to as both the Baker train and the Perkins train, but after being joined by other Arkansas trains and making its way west, was soon called the Baker -- Fancher train ( or party ). It was named for `` Colonel '' Alexander Fancher who, having already made the journey to California twice before, had become its main leader. By contemporary standards the Baker -- Fancher party was prosperous, carefully organized, and well - equipped for the journey. They were joined along the way by families and individuals from other states, including Missouri. This group was relatively wealthy and planned to restock its supplies in Salt Lake City, as did most wagon trains at the time. The party reached Salt Lake City with about 120 members. Interactions with Mormon settlers See also : War hysteria preceding the Mountain Meadows massacre At the time of the Fanchers ' arrival, the Utah Territory was organized as a theocratic democracy under the lead of Brigham Young, who had established colonies along the California Trail and Old Spanish Trail. President James Buchanan had recently issued an order to send troops to Utah. Rumors spread in the territory about the motives for the federal troop movement. Young issued various orders, urging the local population to prepare for the arrival of the troops. Eventually Young issued a declaration of martial law. The Baker -- Fancher party were refused stocks in Salt Lake City and chose to leave there and take the Old Spanish Trail, which passed through southern Utah. In August 1857, the Mormon apostle George A. Smith, of Parowan, traveled throughout southern Utah, instructing the settlers to stockpile grain. While on his return trip to Salt Lake City, Smith camped near the Baker -- Fancher party on August 25 at Corn Creek, ( near present - day Kanosh ) 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Parowan. They had traveled the 165 miles ( 266 km ) south from Salt Lake City, and Jacob Hamblin suggested that the wagon train continue on the trail and rest their cattle at Mountain Meadows, which had good pasture and was adjacent to his homestead. Christopher Kit Fancher ( survivor of the Mountain Meadows Massacre ) While many witnesses said that the Fanchers were in general a peaceful party whose members behaved well along the trail, rumors spread about aggressive and threatening behavior and other misdeeds. Brevet Major James Henry Carleton led the first federal investigation of the murders, published in 1859. He recorded Hamblin 's account that the train was alleged to have poisoned a spring near Corn Creek ; this resulted in the deaths of 18 head of cattle and two or three people who ate the contaminated meat. Carleton interviewed the father of a child who allegedly died from this poisoned spring, and accepted the sincerity of the grieving father. But, he also included a statement from an investigator who did not believe the Fancher party was capable of poisoning the spring, given its size. Carleton invited readers to consider a potential explanation for the rumors of misdeeds, noting the general atmosphere of distrust among Mormons for strangers at the time, and that some locals appeared jealous of the Fancher party 's wealth. Conspiracy and siege Main article : Conspiracy and siege of the Mountain Meadows massacre The Baker -- Fancher party left Corn Creek and continued the 125 miles ( 201 km ) to Mountain Meadows, passing Parowan, and Cedar City ; southern Utah communities led respectively by Stake Presidents William H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight. Haight and Dame were, in addition, the senior regional military leaders of the Mormon militia. As the Baker -- Fancher party approached, several meetings were held in Cedar City and nearby Parowan by the local Latter Day Saint ( LDS ) leaders pondering how to implement Young 's declaration of martial law. In the afternoon of Sunday, September 6, Haight held his weekly Stake High Council meeting after church services, and brought up the issue of what to do with the emigrants. The plan for a Native American massacre was discussed, but not all the Council members agreed it was the right approach. The Council resolved to take no action until Haight sent a rider, James Haslam, out the next day to carry an express to Salt Lake City ( a six - day round trip on horseback ) for Brigham Young 's advice, as Utah did not yet have a telegraph system. Following the Council, Isaac C. Haight decided to send a messenger south to John D. Lee. What Haight told Lee remains a mystery, but considering the timing it may have had something to do with Council 's decision to wait for advice from Brigham Young. The somewhat dispirited Baker -- Fancher party found water and fresh grazing for its livestock after reaching grassy, mountain - ringed Mountain Meadows, a widely known stopover on the old Spanish Trail, in early September. They anticipated several days of rest and recuperation there before the next 40 miles ( 64 km ) would take them out of Utah. But, on September 7, the party was attacked by Mormon militiamen dressed as Native Americans and some Native American Paiutes. The Baker -- Fancher party defended itself by encircling and lowering their wagons, wheels chained together, along with digging shallow trenches and throwing dirt both below and into the wagons, which made a strong barrier. Seven emigrants were killed during the opening attack and were buried somewhere within the wagon encirclement. Sixteen more were wounded. The attack continued for five days, during which the besieged families had little or no access to fresh water or game food and their ammunition was depleted. Meanwhile, organization among the local Mormon leadership reportedly broke down. Eventually fear spread among the militia 's leaders that some emigrants had caught sight of white men, and had probably discovered who their attackers really were. This resulted in an order to kill all the emigrants, with the exception of small children. Four of the nine Utah Territorial militiamen of the Tenth Regiment `` Iron Brigade '' who were indicted in 1874 for murder or conspiracy ( Not shown : William H. Dame William C. Stewart Ellott Willden Samuel Jukes George Adair, Jr. ) Isaac C. Haight -- Battalion Commander -- died 1886 Arizona Maj. John H. Higbee, said to have shouted the command to begin the killings. He claimed that he reluctantly participated in the massacre and only to bury the dead who he thought were victims of an `` Indian attack. '' Maj. John D. Lee, constable, judge, and Indian Agent. Having conspired in advance with his immediate commander, Isaac C. Haight, Lee led the initial assault, and falsely offered emigrants safe passage prior to their mile - long march to the field where they were ultimately massacred. He was the only participant convicted. Philip Klingensmith, a Bishop in the church and a private in the militia. He participated in the killings, and later turned state 's evidence against his fellows, after leaving the church. Killings and aftermath of the Massacre Main article : Killings and aftermath of the Mountain Meadows massacre On Friday, September 11, 1857, two militiamen approached the Baker -- Fancher party wagons with a white flag and were soon followed by Indian Agent and militia officer John D. Lee. Lee told the battle - weary emigrants that he had negotiated a truce with the Paiutes, whereby they could be escorted safely the 36 miles ( 58 km ) back to Cedar City under Mormon protection in exchange for turning all of their livestock and supplies over to the Native Americans. Accepting this, the emigrants were led out of their fortification. The adult men were separated from the women and children. The men were paired with a militia escort. When a signal was given, the militiamen turned and shot the male members of the Baker -- Fancher party standing by their side. The women and children were then ambushed and killed by more militia that were hiding in nearby bushes and ravines. Members of the militia were sworn to secrecy. A plan was set to blame the massacre on the Native Americans. The militia did not kill some small children who were deemed too young to relate the story. These children were taken in by local Mormon families. Seventeen of the children were later reclaimed by the U.S. Army and returned to relatives in Arkansas. Some of the property of the dead was reportedly taken by the Native Americans involved, while large amounts of their valuables and cattle were taken by the Mormons in southern Utah, including John D. Lee. Some of the cattle were taken to Salt Lake City and sold or traded. The remaining personal property of the Baker -- Fancher party was taken to the tithing house at Cedar City and auctioned off to local Mormons. Investigations and prosecutions Main article : Investigations and prosecutions relating to the Mountain Meadows massacre An early investigation was conducted by Brigham Young, who interviewed John D. Lee on September 29, 1857. In 1858, Young sent a report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs stating that the massacre was the work of Native Americans. The Utah War delayed any investigation by the U.S. federal government until 1859, when Jacob Forney, and U.S. Army Brevet Major James Henry Carleton conducted investigations. In Carleton 's investigation, at Mountain Meadows he found women 's hair tangled in sage brush and the bones of children still in their mothers ' arms. Carleton later said it was `` a sight which can never be forgotten. '' After gathering up the skulls and bones of those who had died, Carleton 's troops buried them and erected a cairn and cross. Carleton interviewed a few local Mormon settlers and Paiute Native American chiefs, and concluded that there was Mormon involvement in the massacre. He issued a report in May 1859, addressed to the U.S. Assistant Adjutant - General, setting forth his findings. Jacob Forney, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Utah, also conducted an investigation that included visiting the region in the summer of 1859 and retrieved many of the surviving children of massacre victims who had been housed with Mormon families, and gathered them in preparation of transporting them to their relatives in Arkansas. Forney concluded that the Paiutes did not act alone and the massacre would not have occurred without the white settlers, while Carleton 's report to the U.S. Congress called the mass killings a `` heinous crime '', blaming both local and senior church leaders for the massacre. A federal judge brought into the territory after the Utah War, Judge John Cradlebaugh, in March 1859 convened a grand jury in Provo, concerning the massacre, but the jury declined any indictments. Nevertheless, Cradlebaugh conducted a tour of the Mountain Meadows area with a military escort. Cradlebaugh attempted to arrest John D. Lee, Isaac Haight, and John Higbee, but these men fled before they could be found. Cradlebaugh publicly charged Brigham Young as an instigator to the massacre and therefore an `` accessory before the fact. '' Possibly as a protective measure against the mistrusted federal court system, Mormon territorial probate court judge Elias Smith arrested Young under a territorial warrant, perhaps hoping to divert any trial of Young into a friendly Mormon territorial court. When no federal charges ensued, Young was apparently released. The scene at Lee 's execution by Utah firing squad on March 23, 1877. Lee is seated, next to his coffin. Justice At Last ! -- Leslie 's Monthly Magazine article of 1877. Further investigations, cut short by the American Civil War in 1861, again proceeded in 1871 when prosecutors obtained the affidavit of militia member Philip Klingensmith. Klingensmith had been a bishop and blacksmith from Cedar City ; by the 1870s, however, he had left the church and moved to Nevada. During the 1870s Lee, Dame, Philip Klingensmith and two others ( Ellott Willden and George Adair, Jr. ) were indicted and arrested while warrants were obtained to pursue the arrests of four others ( Haight, Higbee, William C. Stewart and Samuel Jukes ) who had gone into hiding. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify. Brigham Young removed some participants including Haight and Lee from the LDS Church in 1870. The U.S. posted bounties of $500 ( equivalent to $9,676 in 2017 ) each for the capture of Haight, Higbee and Stewart, while prosecutors chose not to pursue their cases against Dame, Willden and Adair. Lee 's first trial began on July 23, 1875, in Beaver, before a jury of eight Mormons and four non-Mormons. This trial led to a hung jury on August 5, 1875. Lee 's second trial began September 13, 1876, before an all - Mormon jury. The prosecution called Daniel Wells, Laban Morrill, Joel White, Samuel Knight, Samuel McMurdy, Nephi Johnson, and Jacob Hamblin. Lee also stipulated, against advice of counsel, that the prosecution be allowed to re-use the depositions of Young and Smith from the previous trial. Lee called no witnesses in his defense. This time, Lee was convicted. At Lee 's sentencing, as required by Utah Territory statute, he was given the option of being hanged, shot, or beheaded, and he chose to be shot. In 1877, before being executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877, Lee professed that he was a scapegoat for others involved. Brigham Young stated that Lee 's fate was just, but not a sufficient blood atonement, given the enormity of the crime. Criticism and analysis of the Massacre Media coverage about the event Main articles : Mountain Meadows massacre and the media and Mountain Meadows massacre and Mormon public relations The cover of the August 13, 1859, issue of Harper 's Weekly illustrating the killing field as described by Brevet Major Carleton `` one too horrible and sickening for language to describe. Human skeletons, disjointed bones, ghastly skulls and the hair of women were scattered in frightful profusion over a distance of two miles. '' `` the remains were not buried at all until after they had been dismembered by the wolves and the flesh stripped from the bones, and then only such bones were buried as lay scattered along nearest the road ''. The first published report on the incident was made in 1859 by Carleton, who had been tasked by the U.S. Army to investigate the incident and bury the still exposed corpses at Mountain Meadows. Although the massacre was covered to some extent in the media during the 1850s, the first period of intense nation - wide publicity about the massacre began around 1872, after investigators obtained Klingensmith 's confession. In 1867 C.V. Waite published `` An Authentic History Of Brigham Young '' which described the events. In 1872, Mark Twain commented on the massacre through the lens of contemporary American public opinion in an appendix to his semi-autobiographical travel book Roughing It. In 1873, the massacre was a prominent feature of a history by T.B.H. Stenhouse, The Rocky Mountain Saints. National newspapers covered the Lee trials closely from 1874 to 1876, and his execution in 1877 was widely covered. The massacre has been treated extensively by several historical works, beginning with Lee 's own Confession in 1877, expressing his opinion that George A. Smith was sent to southern Utah by Brigham Young to direct the massacre and stating that the local church and city leaders had prayed together in a circle and told him it was their duty to kill the emigrants. In 1910, the massacre was the subject of a short book by Josiah F. Gibbs, who also attributed responsibility for the massacre to Young and Smith. In 1915, the massacre was described in Jack London 's novel `` The Star Rover '' from the point - of - view of a young boy, Jesse, son of Captain Fancher. The first detailed and comprehensive work using modern historical methods was The Mountain Meadows Massacre in 1950 by Juanita Brooks, a Mormon scholar who lived near the area in southern Utah. Brooks found no evidence of direct involvement by Brigham Young, but charged him with obstructing the investigation and provoking the attack through his rhetoric. Initially, the LDS Church denied any involvement by Mormons, and was relatively silent on the issue. In 1872, it excommunicated some of the participants for their role in the massacre. Since then, the LDS Church has condemned the massacre and acknowledged involvement by local Mormon leaders. In September 2007, the LDS Church published an article in its publications marking 150 years since the tragedy occurred. Historical theories explaining the Massacre Historians have ascribed the massacre to a number of factors, including strident Mormon teachings in the years prior to the massacre, war hysteria, and alleged involvement of Brigham Young. According to author Sally Denton, the involvement of Young and other LDS Church leaders is further complicated by the LDS Church 's reluctance to assume responsibility for the massacre, which, Denton argues, is because it would risk `` calling into question Brigham Young 's divinity and the Mormon belief that they are God 's chosen people. '' Strident Mormon teachings Main article : Mountain Meadows massacre and Mormon theology For the decade prior to the Baker -- Fancher party 's arrival there, Utah Territory existed as a theodemocracy led by Brigham Young. During the mid-1850s, Young instituted a Mormon Reformation, intending to `` lay the axe at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity ''. Mormon teachings during this era were dramatic and strident. In addition, during the prior decades, the religion had undergone a period of intense persecution in the American Midwest, and faithful Mormons moved west to escape persecution in midwestern towns. In particular, they were officially expelled from the state of Missouri during the 1838 Mormon War, during which prominent Mormon apostle David W. Patten was killed in battle. After Mormons moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, the religion 's founder Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum Smith were killed in 1844. Just months before the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Mormons received word that yet another apostle had been killed : in April 1857, apostle Parley P. Pratt was shot in Arkansas by Hector McLean, the estranged husband of one of Pratt 's plural wives, Eleanor McLean Pratt. Mormon leaders immediately proclaimed Pratt as another martyr, and many Mormons held the people of Arkansas responsible. In 1857, Mormon leaders taught that the Second Coming of Jesus was imminent, and that God would soon exact punishment against the United States for persecuting Mormons and martyring Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith, Patten and Pratt. In their Endowment ceremony, faithful early Latter - day Saints took an oath to pray that God would take vengeance against the murderers. As a result of this oath, several Mormon apostles and other leaders considered it their religious duty to kill the prophets ' murderers if they ever came across them. The sermons, blessings, and private counsel by Mormon leaders just before the Mountain Meadows Massacre can be understood as encouraging private individuals to execute God 's judgment against the wicked. In Cedar City, the teachings of church leaders were particularly strident. Thus, historians argue that southern Utah Mormons would have been particularly affected by an unsubstantiated rumor that the Baker -- Fancher wagon train had been joined by a group of eleven miners and plainsmen who called themselves `` Missouri Wildcats '', some of whom reportedly taunted, vandalized and `` caused trouble '' for Mormons along the route. Various rumors asserted that the Wildcats had bragged of killing Mormons at Haun 's Mill Massacre ; John D. Lee claimed they bragged that Buchanan 's army would wipe out the Mormon population. They were also affected by the report to Brigham Young that the Baker -- Fancher party was from Arkansas where Pratt was murdered ; It was also rumored -- as presented in the `` Argus '' letters later published in the Corinne Daily Reporter -- that Eleanor McLean Pratt, one of Pratt 's plural wives, recognized one or more of the Mountain Meadows emigrants as being present at her husband 's murder. Other sources, however, state that Eleanor Pratt herself was not present at or during the murder ( and so could not have identified the murderers ). War hysteria George A. Smith Apostle who met the Baker -- Fancher party before touring Parowan and neighboring settlements before the massacre Main article : War hysteria preceding the Mountain Meadows massacre The Mountain Meadows Massacre was caused in part by events relating to the Utah War, an 1857 deployment toward the Utah Territory of the United States Army, whose arrival was peaceful. In the summer of 1857, however, the Mormons expected an all - out invasion of apocalyptic significance. From July to September 1857, Mormon leaders and their followers prepared for a siege. Mormons were required to stockpile grain, and were enjoined against selling grain to emigrants for use as cattle feed. As far - off Mormon colonies retreated, Parowan and Cedar City became isolated and vulnerable outposts. Brigham Young sought to enlist the help of Native American tribes in fighting the `` Americans '', encouraging them to steal cattle from emigrant trains, and to join Mormons in fighting the approaching army. Scholars have asserted that George A. Smith 's tour of southern Utah influenced the decision to attack and destroy the Fancher -- Baker emigrant train near Mountain Meadows, Utah. He met with many of the eventual participants in the massacre, including W.H. Dame, Isaac Haight, John D. Lee and Chief Jackson, leader of a band of Paiutes. He noted that the militia was organized and ready to fight, and that some of them were eager to `` fight and take vengeance for the cruelties that had been inflicted upon us in the States. '' Among Smith 's party were a number of Paiute Native American chiefs from the Mountain Meadows area. When Smith returned to Salt Lake, Brigham Young met with these leaders on September 1, 1857, and encouraged them to fight against the Americans in the anticipated clash with the U.S. Army. They were also offered all of the livestock then on the road to California, which included that belonging to the Baker -- Fancher party. The Native American chiefs were reluctant, and at least one objected they had previously been told not to steal, and declined the offer. Brigham Young Main article : Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows massacre Historians debate the role of Brigham Young in the massacre. Young was theocratic leader of the Utah Territory at the time of the massacre. There is a consensus among historians that Brigham Young played a role in provoking the massacre, at least unwittingly, and in concealing its evidence after the fact ; however, they debate whether Young knew about the planned massacre ahead of time and whether he initially condoned it before later taking a strong public stand against it. Young 's use of inflammatory and violent language in response to the Federal expedition added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. Following the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the Baker -- Fancher party. It is unclear whether Young held this view because he believed that this specific group posed an actual threat to colonists or because he believed that the group was directly responsible for past crimes against Mormons. However, in Young 's only known correspondence prior to the massacre, he told the Church leaders in Cedar City : In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. You must not meddle with them. The Indians we expect will do as they please but you should try and preserve good feelings with them. There are no other trains going south that I know of (. ) ( I ) f those who are there will leave let them go in peace. According to historian MacKinnon, `` After the ( Utah ) war, U.S. President James Buchanan implied that face - to - face communications with Brigham Young might have averted the conflict, and Young argued that a north - south telegraph line in Utah could have prevented the Mountain Meadows Massacre. '' MacKinnon suggests that hostilities could have been avoided if Young had traveled east to Washington D.C. to resolve governmental problems instead of taking a five - week trip north on the eve of the Utah War for church related reasons. A modern forensic assessment of a key affidavit, purportedly given by a elderly man named William Edwards in 1924, stating that when he was 15 years old he was ordered by Mormon leadership to assist the Indians in the attack, has complicated the debate on complicity of senior Mormon leadership in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Analysis indicates that Edwards 's signature may have been traced and that the typeset belonged to a typewriter manufactured in the 1950s. The Utah State Historical Society, who maintains the document in its archives, acknowledges a possible connection to Mark Hofmann, a convicted forger and extortionist, via go - between Lyn Jacobs who provided the society with the document. Similarly, a letter supposedly written by John D. Lee, stating he was given direct orders from Brigham Young, is also suspected to be a forgery after being compared with other samples of Lee 's handwriting. Remembrances Main article : Remembrances of the Mountain Meadows massacre The first monument for the victims was built two years after the massacre, by Major Carleton and the U.S. Army. This monument was a simple cairn built over the gravesite of 34 victims, and was topped by a large cedar cross. The monument was found destroyed and the structure was replaced by the U.S. Army in 1864. By some reports, the monument was destroyed in 1861, when Young brought an entourage to Mountain Meadows. Wilford Woodruff, who later became President of the Church, claimed that upon reading the inscription on the cross, which read, `` Vengeance is mine, thus saith the Lord. I shall repay '', Young responded, `` it should be vengeance is mine and I have taken a little. '' In 1932 citizens of the surrounding area constructed a memorial wall around the remnants of the monument. The 1999 burial site monument Starting in 1988, the Mountain Meadows Association, composed of descendants of both the Baker -- Fancher party victims and the Mormon participants, designed a new monument in the meadows ; this monument was completed in 1990 and is maintained by the Utah State Division of Parks and Recreation. In 1999 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints replaced the U.S. Army 's cairn and the 1932 memorial wall with a second monument, which it now maintains. In 1955, to memorialize the victims of the massacre, a monument was installed in the town square of Harrison, Arkansas. On one side of this monument is a map and short summary of the massacre, while the opposite side contains a list of the victims. In 2005 a replica of the U.S. Army 's original 1859 cairn was built in Carrollton, Arkansas ; it is maintained by the Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation. In 2007, the 150th anniversary of the massacre was remembered by a ceremony held in the meadows. Approximately 400 people, including many descendants of those slain at Mountain Meadows and Elder Henry B. Eyring of the LDS Church 's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles attended this ceremony. In 2011, the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark after joint efforts by descendants of those killed and the LDS Church. In 2014, California archaeologist Everett Bassett, after an examination of U.S. Army records and a site visit, concluded that two mass graves of the massacre victims, which had been thought to be at the site of the memorial erected by the LDS Church, were actually on private land nearby. The Mountain Meadows Association is trying to come to an agreement with the land owner for conservation of the sites via National Monument status. Media detailing the Massacre Newspapers Los Angeles Star, 3 October 1857, Rumored Massacre on the Plains, p. 2, col. 3 Los Angeles Star, 10 October 1857 ; Horrible Massacre of Emigrants ! Over 100 Persons Murdered !, p. 2, col. 2 -- 3 Daily Alta California, 12 October 1857, Horrible Massacre of Emigrants ! Over 100 Persons Murdered !, p. 1 col. 1 Los Angeles Star, 17 October 1857, The Late Horrible Massacre, p. 4, col. 2 -- 4 Los Angeles Star, 24 October 1857, More Outrages on the Plains ! ! Two Men Wounded ! ! 326 Head of Cattle Run Off, &c., &c ! !, p. 2, col. 1 -- 3 Daily Alta California, 27 October 1857, Later From The South, p. 1, col. 2 -- 5 Los Angeles Star, 31 October 1857, The Late Outrages on the Plains -- Another account, p. 2, col. 1 -- 3 Daily Alta California, 1 November 1857 ; LETTER FROM ANGEL 'S CAMP. ( FROM AN OCCASIONAL CORRESPONDENT. ) Los Angeles Star, 7 November 1857, The late Outrages on the Plains -- Further Particulars., p. 2, col. 1 -- 3 Films Burying The Past : Legacy of The Mountain Meadows Massacre ( 2004 ), documentary film by Brian Patrick September Dawn ( 2007 ), Western drama film by Christopher Cain Literature Bagley, Will ( 2002 ). Blood of the Prophets : Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows. Brooks, Juanita ( 1950 ). The Mountain Meadows Massacre. Denton, Sally ( 2003 ). American Massacre : The Tragedy At Mountain Meadows, September 1857. MacKinnon, William P. ( 2016 ). At Sword 's Point, Part 1 : A Documentary History of the Utah War to 1858. Kingdom in the West : The Mormons and the American Frontier Series. 10. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806157252. MacKinnon, William P. ( 2016 ). At Sword 's Point, Part 2 : A Documentary History of the Utah War, 1858 -- 1859. Kingdom in the West : The Mormons and the American Frontier Series. 11. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806157252. Novak, Shannon A. ( 2008 ). House of Mourning : A Biocultural History of the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607811695. Turley, Richard E. & Johnson, Janiece L. & Carruth, LaJean Purcell ( 2017 ). Mountain Meadows Massacre : Collected Legal Papers. University of Oklahoma Press. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Turley, Richard E. & Walker, Ronald W. ( 2009 ). Mountain Meadows Massacre : The Andrew Jenson and David H. Morris Collections. Brigham Young University Press & University of Utah Press. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Walker, Ronald W. & Turley, Richard E. & Leonard, Glen M. ( 2008 ). Massacre at Mountain Meadows. Oxford University Press. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) See also Book : LDS Church History Book : Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints LDS Church portal Utah portal History of the Latter Day Saint movement portal Fountain Green Massacre Haun 's Mill Massacre, an attack on Mormons Missouri Executive Order 44 Salt Creek Canyon Massacre Utah War References Jump up ^ Bagley ( 2002 ), pp. 55 -- 68 ; Finck ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1889 ) p. 545 ; Linn ( 1902 ) Chap. XVI, 4th full paragraph. Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1889 ) p. 544 ; Gibbs ( 1910 ) p. 12. Jump up ^ Shirts, ( 1994 ) Paragraph 2 ^ Jump up to : Carleton 1859 Jump up ^ Shirts ( 1994 ), Paragraph 6 ^ Jump up to : Morrill 1876 Jump up ^ Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley, JR., Glen M. Leonard ( 2008 ), Massacre at Mountain Meadows, Oxford University Press, p. 157, ISBN 0 - 19 - 516034 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Shirts, ( 1994 ) Paragraph 8 Jump up ^ Penrose 1885 ^ Jump up to : Brigham Young : American Moses, Leonard J. Arrington, University of Illinois Press, ( 1986 ), p. 257 Jump up ^ Shirts, ( 1994 ) Paragraph 6 Jump up ^ Walker, Ronald W. ; Turley, Richard E. ; Leonard, Glen M. ( 2008 ), Massacre at Mountain Meadows, New York : Oxford University Press, pp. 174, 178 -- 180, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516034 - 5 Jump up ^ Shirts, ( 1994 ) Paragraph 9. Jump up ^ Brooks, 1950, pp. 101 -- 105. Jump up ^ Brooks, 1950. See also Klingensmith Testimony at first trial of John D. Lee Archived December 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ Forney 1859, p. 1. Jump up ^ Fisher 2003. Jump up ^ Forney 1859, p. 1 ; Jump up ^ Cradlebaugh 1859, p. 3 ; Carrington 1859, p. 2. ^ Jump up to : Bagley ( 2004, p. 225 ). Jump up ^ Bagley ( 2004, p. 226 ). Jump up ^ Bagley ( 2004, p. 234 ). Jump up ^ Brooks 1950, p. 133 Jump up ^ Briggs 2006, p. 315 Jump up ^ Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. `` John D. Lee Arrested '', Deseret News, November 18, 1874, p. 16. Jump up ^ Tragedy at Mountain Meadows Massacre : Toward a Consensus Account and Time Line Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` The Lee Trial '', Deseret News, July 28, 1875, p. 5. Jump up ^ Lee 1877, pp. 317 -- 78. Jump up ^ Lee 1877, pp. 302 -- 03. Jump up ^ Lee 1877, p. 378. Jump up ^ `` Territorial Dispatches : the Sentence of Lee '', Deseret News, October 18, 1876, p. 4. Jump up ^ Lee 1877, pp. 225 -- 226. Jump up ^ Young 1877, p. 242 ) ( Young was asked after Lee 's execution if he believed in blood atonement. Young replied, `` I do, and I believe that Lee has not half atoned for his great crime ''. ) Jump up ^ Brevet Major J.H. Carleton 's Report to his commanding officer. ( 1859 ) Jump up ^ Lyman 2004, p. 138 Jump up ^ Stenhouse 1873. Jump up ^ Lee 1877, pp. 234 -- 235 `` The men then in council, I must here state, now knelt down in a prayer circle and prayed, invoking the Spirit of God to direct them how to act in the matter. After prayer, Major Higbee said, `` Here are the orders, '' and handed me a paper from Haight ( the Stake President ). It was in substance that it was the orders of Haight to decoy the emigrants from their position, and kill all of them that could talk. The substance of the orders were that the emigrants should be decoyed from their strong - hold, and all exterminated, so that no one would be left to tell the tale, and then the authorities could say it was done by the Indians... Charles Hopkins, a man that I had great confidence in, came to me from the Council, and tried to comfort me by saying that he believed it was all right, for the brethren in the Priesthood were all united in the thing, and it would not be well for me to oppose them... At the earnest solicitation of Brother Hopkins, I returned with him to the Council. When I got back, the Council again prayed for aid. The Council was called, The City Counselors, the Church or High Counselors ; and all in authority, together with the private citizens, then formed a circle, and kneeling down, so that elbows would touch each other, several of the brethren prayed for Divine instructions. After prayer, Major Higbee said, ' I have the evidence of God 's approval of our mission. It is God 's will that we carry out our instructions to the letter. '... The meeting was then addressed by some one in authority, I do not remember who it was. He spoke in about this language : ' Brethren, we have been sent here to perform a duty. It is a duty that we owe to God, and to our Church and people. The orders of those in authority are that all the emigrants must die. Our leaders speak with inspired tongues, and their orders come from the God of Heaven. We have no right to question what they have commanded us to do ; it is our duty to obey. ' '' Jump up ^ `` Last Confessions and Statement of John D. Lee ''. umkc.edu. The University of Missouri - Kansas City. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Gibbs 1910 Jump up ^ Bagley, Will ( 2002 ), Blood of the prophets : Brigham Young and the massacre at Mountain Meadows, Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, p. 273, ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3639 - 1 Jump up ^ Richard E. Turley Jr., Writing ' Massacre at Mountain Meadows ' Archived July 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., lds.org, August 29, 2007 Jump up ^ Michael De Groote, Writing ' Massacre at Mountain Meadows ' Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Mormon Times, Sep. 11, 2008 Jump up ^ Denton, Sally ( May 24, 2003 ). `` A Utah Massacre And Mormon Memory ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Jump up ^ In 1856, Young said `` the government of God, as administered here '' may to some seem `` despotic '' because `` ( i ) t lays the axe at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity ; judgment is dealt out against the transgression of the law of God '' ; however, `` does not ( it ) give every person his rights ? '' Young 1856, p. 256. Jump up ^ Pratt 1975, pp. 6, 24 n. 26 ( Parley and Eleanor entered a Celestial marriage under the theocratic law of the Utah Territory ), but Hector had refused Eleanor a divorce. `` When she left San Francisco she left Hector, and later she was to state in a court of law that she had left him as a wife the night he drove her from their home. Whatever the legal situation, she thought of herself as an unmarried woman. '' ( p. 6 ) Jump up ^ `` Murder of Parley P. Pratt, One of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints '' Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., JD 19 ( 27 ) : 417 ( July 4, 1857 ) ( `` Another Martyr has fallen -- another faithful servant of God has sealed his pure and heavenly testimony of the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon with his blood. '' ) ; Pratt 1975, p. 16 ; `` Reminiscences of Mrs. A. Agatha Pratt, January 7, F564, No. 16, LDS Church Archives, stating that Brigham Young said, `` Nothing has happened so hard to reconcile my mind to since the death of Joseph. '' ). Jump up ^ Eleanor McLean Pratt, `` Mrs. McLean 's Letter to the Judge '' Archived June 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., JD 19 ( 27 ) : 426 ( July 4, 1857 ) ( `` ( T ) he blood of innocence has freely flowed to stain the soil of the fair State of Arkansas. '' ) ; Brooks 1950, pp. 36 -- 37 ; Linn 1902, pp. 519 -- 20 : `` It was in accordance with Mormon policy to hold every Arkansan accountable for Pratt 's death, just as every Missourian was hated because of the expulsion of the church from that state. '' ). Jump up ^ Young et al. 1845, p. 5 ( `` ( t ) here are those now living upon the earth who will live to see the consummation '' ). Based on a somewhat ambiguous statement by Joseph Smith, some Mormons believed that Jesus would return in 1891 Erickson 1996, p. 9. Jump up ^ Grant 1854, p. 148 `` ( I ) t is a stern fact that the people of the United States have shed the blood of the Prophets, driven out the Saints of God,... ( c ) onsequently I look for the Lord to use His whip on the refractory son called ' Uncle Sam '. '' Jump up ^ Diary of Heber C. Kimball ( December 21, 1845 ) ; Beadle 1970, pp. 496 -- 97 ( describing the oath prior to 1970 as requiring a `` private, immediate duty to avenge the death of the Prophet and Martyr, Joseph Smith '' ) ; George Q. Cannon ( Daily Journal of Abraham H. Cannon, December 6, 1889, p. 205 ). In 1904, several witnesses said that the oath as it then existed was that participants would never cease to pray that God would avenge the blood of the prophets on this nation ``, and that they would teach this practice to their posterity `` unto the 3rd and 4th generation '' Buerger 2002, p. 134. The oath was deleted from the ceremony in the early 20th century. Jump up ^ Diary of Heber C. Kimball ( December 21, 1845 ) ( saying that in the temple he had `` covenanted, and will never rest... until those men who killed Joseph & Hyrum have been wiped out of the earth '' ) ; George Q. Cannon ( Daily Journal of Abraham H. Cannon, December 6, 1889, p. 205 ) ( stating that he understood that his Endowment in Nauvoo included `` an oath against the murders of the Prophet Joseph as well as other prophets, and if he had ever met any of those who had taken a hand in that massacre he would undoubtedly have attempted to avenge the blood of the Martyrs '' ). Jump up ^ Diary of Daniel Davis, July 8, 1849, the LDS archives, as quoted in Quinn 1997, p. 247 ( A Mormon who listened to a sermon by Young in 1849 recorded that Young said `` if any one was catched stealing to shoot them dead on the spot and they should not be hurt for it. '' ) ; Young 1856b, p. 247 ( stating that a man would be justified in putting a javelin through his plural wife caught in the act of adultery, but anyone intending to `` execute judgment... has got to have clean hands and a pure heart,... else they had better let the matter alone '' ) ; Young 1857, p. 219 ( `` ( I ) f ( your neighbor ) needs help, help him ; and if he wants salvation and it is necessary to spill his blood on the earth in order that he may be saved, spill it '' ) ; Young 1857, p. 311 ( `` ( I ) n regard to those who have persecuted this people and driven them to the mountains, I intend to meet them on their own grounds.... I will tell you how it could be done, we could take the same law they have taken, viz., mobocracy, and if any miserable scounderels come here, cut their throats. ( All the people said, Amen ). '' ) ; Quinn 1997, p. 260 ( `` LDS leaders publicly and privately encouraged Mormons to consider it their right to kill antagonistic outsiders, common criminals, LDS apostates, and even faithful Mormons who committed sins `` worthy of death. '' ). Jump up ^ Mormons in Cedar City were taught that members should ignore dead bodies and go about their business. See Letter from Mary L. Campbell to Andrew Jenson, January 24, 1892, LDS archives, in Moorman & Sessions, Camp Floyd and the Mormons, p. 142. Col. William H. Dame, the ranking officer in southern Utah who ordered the Mountain Meadows Massacre, received a patriarchal blessing in 1854 that he would `` be called to act at the head of a portion of thy Brethren and of the Lamanites ( Native Americans ) in the redemption of Zion and the avenging of the blood of the prophets upon them that dwell on the earth ''. See Patriarchal blessing of William H. Dame, February 20, 1854, in Harold W. Pease, `` The Life and Works of William Horne Dame '', M.A. thesis, BYU, 1971, pp. 64 -- 66. In June 1857, Philip Klingensmith, another participant, was similarly blessed that he would participate in `` avenging the blood of Brother Joseph ''. See Patriarchal blessing of Philip Klingensmith, Anna Jean Backus, Mountain Meadows Witness : The Life and Times of Bishop Philip Klingensmith ( Spokane : Arthur H. Clark Co., 1995 ), pp. 118, 124 ; Salt Lake Cutoff and the California Trail Archived October 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. ; Spanish Trail Cut a Roundabout Path Through Utah ; Scott 1877. Jump up ^ if the Missouri Wildcats existed, it is unknown if the group stayed with the slow - moving Baker -- Fancher party after leaving Salt Lake City. See Brooks 1991, page xxi ; Bagley ( 2002 ), p. 280 ( referring to the `` Missouri Wildcats '' story as `` Utah mythology '' ). Jump up ^ Denton, Sally ( 2007 ). American Massacre : The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows, September 1857. Knopf Doubleday. p. 155. Retrieved August 17, 2016. Haight had used his pulpit to begin a defamation campaign against the Fancher Train. The slander was carefully crafted, well placed, oft - repeated, the claims exaggerated with each retelling... Word spread from settlement to settlement. Some on the train, it was said, had participated in the Haun 's Mill Massacre... Jump up ^ `` Death Runs Riot ''. The West. Episode 4. PBS, WETA - TV. 2001. Jump up ^ `` Legacy : A Distorted View of Mormon History ''. Salt Lake City Messenger. Utah Lighthouse Ministry Number = 88. May 1995. Jump up ^ Young 1875. Jump up ^ Stenhouse 1873, p. 431 ( citing `` Argus '', an anonymous contributor to the Corinne Daily Reporter whom Stenhouse met and vouched for ) Jump up ^ Grow, Robert J. ( April 26, 2008 ). `` Who Was Parley P ; Pratt ? ''. ldschurchnewsarchive.com. Retrieved June 12, 2016. A local blacksmith, Zealey Wynn, witnessed the murder and gathered some neighbors. Though surprised to find Pratt alive, they cared for him in his final minutes... Eleanor and Elder Higginson soon arrived Jump up ^ Armstrong, Greg. `` Parley P. Pratt ( Murder of ) ''. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture ( encyclopediaofarkansas.net ). Retrieved June 12, 2016. There, Eleanor was brought before Judge John Ogden, who released her without further charges. Pratt, whose trial was postponed because of public outrage and general hostility, was kept overnight and secretly released early the next day. Hector McLean learned of Pratt 's release and caught up with Pratt on the Zealey Wynn property in Fine Springs ( Crawford County ), some twelve miles northwest of Van Buren, where he shot and stabbed Pratt. Jump up ^ Pratt, Steven ( Winter 1975 ). `` Eleanor McLean and the Murder of Parley P. Pratt ''. BYU Studies Quarterly. 15 ( 2 ) : 15 -- 17. At about half past noon a lady came to the hotel in Van Buren where Eleanor was staying and told her that Parley had been shot... After Eleanor received definite word that Parley was dead, she asked Marshal Hays if she and George Higginson might go prepare the body for burial. Jump up ^ Lyman, Edward Leo, The Overland Journey from Utah to California : Wagon Travel from the City of Saints to the City of Angels, University of Nevada Press, ( 2004 ), p. 130 ISBN 0 - 87417 - 501 - 1 Jump up ^ Martineau 1857 Jump up ^ Lyman 2004, p. 133 Jump up ^ Dimick B. Huntington Journal Archived April 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ MacKinnon 2007, p. 57 Jump up ^ Bagley 2002, p. 247. Jump up ^ Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, 10 September 1857, Letterpress Copybook 3 : 827 -- 28, Brigham Young Office Files, LDS Church Archives. Jump up ^ MacKinnon 2007, p. endnote 50 Jump up ^ MacKinnon 2007, p. 17 Jump up ^ Smart, Christopher. ( September 10, 2010 ). `` Mountain Meadows affidavit Hofmann forgery ? ''. Salt Lake Tribune. Jump up ^ The Utah Division of State History. `` Probable Hofmann Forgery Uncovered ''. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved 2010. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jeffreys, Keith B. `` Mountain Meadows Massacre Artifact Now Believed To Be A Fake ''. Free Inquiry magazine. 22 ( 4 ). Archived from the original on August 18, 2005. Jump up ^ Carleton, James H. ( 1902 ), Special Report of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Government Printing Office, p. 15, ISBN 0 - 87062 - 249 - 8 Jump up ^ Daily Union Vedette, June 8, 1864 Jump up ^ Sally Denton ( 2003 ). American Massacre : The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows, September 1857 ( New York : Vintage Books, ISBN 0 - 375 - 72636 - 5 ) p. 210. Jump up ^ Scott G. Kenney, ed., Wilford Woodruff 's Journal, 9 vols. ( Salt Lake City : Signature Books, 1984 ), 5 : 577. Jump up ^ Shirts, Morris A. ( 1994 ), `` Mountain Meadows Massacre '', in Powell, Allan Kent, Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah : University of Utah Press, ISBN 0874804256, OCLC 30473917, archived from the original on August 9, 2013, The most enduring was a wall which still stands at the siege site. It was erected in 1932 and surrounds the 1859 cairn. Jump up ^ `` Mountain Meadows Association -- 1990 MONUMENT ''. Mountain Meadows Association. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2010. Jump up ^ Utah History To Go. Pioneers and Cowboys. Morris A. Shirts, Mountain Meadows Massacre. Archived October 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 9, 2009. Jump up ^ Mountain Meadows Association. 1990 Monument. Archived December 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 9, 2009. Jump up ^ Mountain Meadows Association. 1999 Monument. Archived February 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 9, 2009. Jump up ^ Flickr. J. Stephen Conn 's photostream. Mountain Meadows Massacre Monument ( photograph ). Retrieved March 9, 2009. Jump up ^ Eyring expresses regret for pioneer massacre Jump up ^ Ravitz, Jessica, LDS Church Apologizes for Mountain Meadows Massacre Archived November 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., Salt Lake Tribune ; September 11, 2007. Jump up ^ Stack, Peggy Fletcher ( June 30, 2011 ). `` Mountain Meadows now a national historic landmark ''. Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Osinski, Nichole ( September 20, 2015 ). `` Archaeologist : Mountain Meadows Massacre graves found ''. The ( St. George, Utah ) Spectrum. Jump up ^ Los Angeles Star, 3 October 1857, Rumored Massacre on the Plains, p. 2, col. 3 Jump up ^ Los Angeles Star, 10 October 1857 ; Horrible Massacre of Emigrants ! Over 100 Persons Murdered !, p. 2, col. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Daily Alta California, 12 October 1857, Horrible Massacre of Emigrants ! Over 100 Persons Murdered !, p. 1 col. 1 Jump up ^ Los Angeles Star, 17 October 1857, The Late Horrible Massacre, p. 4, col. 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Los Angeles Star, 24 October 1857, More Outrages on the Plains ! ! Two Men Wounded ! ! 326 Head of Cattle Run Off, &c., &c ! !, p. 2, col. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Daily Alta California, 27 October 1857, Later From The South, p. 1, col. 2 -- 5 Jump up ^ Los Angeles Star, 31 October 1857, The Late Outrages on the Plains -- Another account, p. 2, col. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Daily Alta California, 1 November 1857 ; LETTER FROM ANGEL 'S CAMP. ( FROM AN OCCASIONAL CORRESPONDENT. ) Jump up ^ Los Angeles Star, 7 November 1857, The late Outrages on the Plains -- Further Particulars., p. 2, col. 1 -- 3 Sources Abanes, Richard ( 2003 ), One Nation Under Gods : A History of the Mormon Church, New York : Four Walls Eight Windows, ISBN 1 - 56858 - 283 - 8. Bagley, Will ; Bigler, David L. ( 2008 ), Innocent Blood : Essential Narratives of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Norman, Oklahoma : The Authur H. Clark Company, ISBN 978 - 0 - 87062 - 362 - 2. Bagley, Will ( 2002 ), Blood of the Prophets : Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows, Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3426 - 7. Bancroft, Hubert Howe ( 1889 ), The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft : History of Utah, 1540 -- 1886, 26, San Francisco : History Company, LCCN 07018413, LCC F826. B2 1889, ( Internet Archive versions ). Beadle, John Hanson ( 1870 ), `` Chapter VI. The Bloody Period. '', Life in Utah, Philadelphia : National Publishing, pp. 177 -- 195, ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5951 - 5, LCCN 30005377, LCC BX8645. B4 1870,. Bigler, David ( 1998 ), Forgotten Kingdom : The Mormon Theocracy in the American West, 1847 -- 1896, Logan, Utah : Utah State University Press, ISBN 0 - 87421 - 245 - 6. Briggs, Robert H. ( 2006 ), `` The Mountain Meadows Massacre : An Analytical Narrative Based on Participant Confessions '' ( PDF ), Utah Historical Quarterly, 74 ( 4 ) : 313 -- 333. Brooks, Juanita ( 1950 ), The Mountain Meadows Massacre, Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2318 - 4. Brown ( October 3, 1857 ), Hamilton, Henry, ed., `` Rumored Massacre on the Plains '' ( -- ), Los Angeles Star, VIII ( 21 ), p. 1. Buerger, David John ( 2002 ), The Mysteries of Godliness : A History of Mormon Temple Worship ( 2nd ed. ), Salt Lake City : Signature Books, ISBN 1 - 56085 - 176 - 7. Burns, Ken ; Ives, Stephen ( 1996 ), New Perspectives on the West ( Documentary ), Washington, D.C. : PBS. Cannon, Frank J. ; Knapp, George L. ( 1913 ), Brigham Young and His Mormon Empire, New York : Fleming H. Revell Co... Carleton, James Henry ( 1859 ), Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Washington : Government Printing Office ( published 1902 ), ISBN 0 - 87062 - 249 - 8, archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Carleton, James Henry ( 1859 ), ( alternate ) Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Washington : Government Printing Office ( published 1902 ). Carrington, Albert, ed. ( April 6, 1859 ), `` The Court & the Army '', Deseret News, 9 ( 5 ), p. 2, archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Carrington, Albert, ed. ( December 1, 1869 ), `` Mountain Meadows Massacre '', Deseret News, 18 ( 43 ) : 6 -- 7. Christian, J. Ward ( October 4, 1857 ), Hamilton, Henry, ed., `` Horrible Massacre of Arkansas and Missouri Emigrants '' ( -- ), Los Angeles Star, San Bernardino ( published October 10, 1857 ) contribution = ignored ( help ). Cradlebaugh, John ( March 15, 1859 ), Anderson, Kirk, ed., `` Charge '', Valley Tan, 1 ( 20 ), p. 1, archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 13. Cradlebaugh, John ( March 29, 1859 ), Anderson, Kirk, ed., `` Discharge of the Grand Jury '', Valley Tan, 1 ( 22 ), p. 3, archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Cradlebaugh, John ( February 7, 1863 ), Utah and the Mormons : a Speech on the Admission of Utah as a State, 37th United States Congress, 3rd Session. Crockett, Robert D. ( 2003 ), `` A trial lawyer reviews Will Bagleys ' Blood of the Prophets '', FARMS Review, 15 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 254, archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Cuch, Forrest S. ( 2000 ), History of Utah 's American Indians, Salt Lake City : Utah State Division of Indian Affairs : Utah State Division of History : Distributed by Utah State University Press, pp. 131 -- 139, ISBN 0 - 913738 - 48 - 4, OCLC 45321868, retrieved July 8, 2007. Denton, Sally ( 2003 ), American Massacre : The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0 - 375 - 41208 - 5. Dunn, Jacob Piatt ( 1886 ), Massacres of the Mountains : A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West, New York : Harper & Brothers, ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2813 - 7. Erickson, Dan ( 1996 ), `` Joseph Smith 's 1891 Millennial Prophecy : The Quest for Apocalyptic Deliverance '', Journal of Mormon History, 22 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34, archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Fancher, Lynn - Marie ; Wallner, Alison C. ( 2006 ), 1857 : An Arkansas Primer To The Mountain Meadows Massacre. Fillmore, Millard ( September 26, 1850 ), `` I nominate Brigham Young, of Utah, as governor of the Territory of Utah '', in McCook, Anson G., Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, 8, Washington, D.C. : GPO ( published 1887 ), p. 252 Finck, James ( 2005 ), `` Mountain Meadows Massacre '', in Dillard, Tom W., Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, Little Rock, Arkansas : Encyclopedia of Arkansas Project. Fisher, Alyssa ( September 16, 2003 ), `` A Sight Which Can Never Be Forgotten '', Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America. Ford, Thomas ( 1854 ), A History of Illinois, from its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847, Chicago : S.C. Griggs & Co., ISBN 0 - 252 - 02140 - 1. Forney, J. ( May 5, 1859 ), `` Kirk Anderson Esq '', Valley Tan ( published May 10, 1859 ), 1 ( 28 ), p. 1, archived from the original on December 12, 2012 ; also included in Brooks ( 1991 ) Appendix X. Forney, J ( acob ). ( May 5, 1859 ), `` Visit of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to Southern Utah '', Deseret News ( published May 11, 1859 ), 9 ( 10 ), p. 1, archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Gibbs, Josiah F. ( 1910 ), The Mountain Meadows Massacre, Salt Lake City : Salt Lake Tribune, ISBN 0 - 548 - 30943 - 4, LCCN 37010372, LCC F826. G532. Grant, Jedediah M. ( March 12, 1854a ), `` Discourse '', Deseret News ( published July 27, 1854 ), 4 ( 20 ), pp. 1 -- 2, ISBN 0 - 9653734 - 4 - 4, archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Grant, Jedediah M. ( April 2, 1854 ), `` Fulfilment of Prophecy -- Wars and Commotions '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 2, Liverpool : F.D. & S.W. Richards ( published 1855 ), pp. 145 -- 49. Hamblin, Jacob ( September 1876 ), `` Testimony of Jacob Hamblin '', in Linder, Douglas, Mountain Meadows Massacre Trials ( John D. Lee Trials ) 1875 -- 1876, University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law ( published 2006 ), archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Hamblin, Jacob ( 1881 ), `` Jacob Hamblin : A Narrative of His Personal Experience '', Faith Promoting Series, 5. Hamilton, Henry, ed. ( October 10, 1857 ), `` Horrible Massacre of Arkansas and Missouri Emigrants '' ( -- ), Los Angeles Star. Higbee, John M. ( February 1894 ), `` Statement '', in Brooks, Juanita, The Mountain Meadows Massacre, Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press ( published 1950 ), pp. 226 -- 35, ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2318 - 4. Huntington, Dimick B. ( 1857 ), Journal, LDS Archives, Ms d. 1419, ISBN 0 - 87328 - 181 - 0. Hurt, Garland ( October 24, 1857 ), Letter from Garland Hurt, Utah Territorial Indian Agent, to Col. A.S. Johnston, U.S. Army, archived from the original on August 27, 2006. Kimball, Heber C. ( January 11, 1857a ), `` The Body of Christ -- Parable of the Vine -- A Wile Enthusiastic Spirit Not of God -- The Saints Should Not Unwisely Expose Each Others ' Follies '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 4, Liverpool : S.W. Richards ( published 1857 ), pp. 164 -- 81. Kimball, Heber C. ( August 16, 1857b ), `` Limits of Forebearance -- Apostates -- Economy -- Giving Endowments '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 4, Liverpool : S.W. Richards ( published 1857 ), pp. 374 -- 76. Kimball, Heber C. ( August 28, 1859 ), `` Greater Responsibilities of Those Who Know the Truth, &c. '', in Lyman, Amasa, Journal of Discourses, 7, Liverpool : Amasa Lyman ( published 1860 ), pp. 231 -- 37 Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ). Klingensmith, Philip ( September 5, 1872 ), written at Lincoln County, Nevada, Toohy, Dennis J., ed., `` Mountain Meadows Massacre '', Corinne Daily Reporter, Corinne, Utah ( published September 24, 1872 ), 5 ( 252 ) : 1 contribution = ignored ( help ). Klingensmith, Philip ( July 23 -- 24, 1875 ), written at Beaver City, Utah, Testimony, First trial of John D. Lee, Braintree, MA : Mountain Meadows Association. Lee, John D. ( 1877 ), Bishop, William W., ed., Mormonism Unveiled ; or the Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop, John D. Lee, St. Louis, Missouri : Bryan, Brand & Co., ISBN 1 - 4366 - 1518 - 6. Linn, William Alexander ( 1902 ), The Story of the Mormons : From the Date of their Origin to the Year 1901, New York : McMillan, ISBN 1 - 4191 - 8411 - 3 ( scanned versions ). Lynch, James ( July 22, 1859 ), Affidavit of James Lynch Regarding the Mountain Meadows Massacre September 1857 Sworn Testimony, archived from the original on September 26, 2006 ; also included in Brooks ( 1991 ) Appendix XII. MacKinnon, William P. ( 2003 ), `` ' Like Splitting a Man Up His Backbone ' : The Territorial Dismemberment of Utah '' ( PDF ), Utah Historical Quarterly, 71 ( 2 ) : 1850 -- 96, archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16, 2007. MacKinnon, William P. ( 2007 ), `` Loose in the stacks, a half - century with the Utah War and its legacy '' ( PDF ), Dialogue : A Journal of Mormon Thought, 40 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 81, archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26, 2009. Martineau, James H. ( August 22, 1857 ), `` Correspondence : Trip to the Santa Clara '', Deseret News, Parowan, Utah Territory ( published September 23, 1857 ), 9 ( 5 ), p. 3. McMurtry, Larry ( 2005 ), Oh what a slaughter : massacres in the American West, 1846 -- 1890, New York : Simon & Schuster, ISBN 074325077X. BookReporter.com review. Melville, J. Keith ( 1960 ), `` Theory and Practice of Church and State During the Brigham Young Era '' ( PDF ), BYU Studies, 3 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 55. Mitchell, William C. ( April 26, 1860 ), List of the Mountain Meadows Massacre Victims, Letter to A.B. Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C. Morrill, Laban ( September 1876 ), `` Laban Morrill Testimony -- witness for the prosecution '', in Linder, Douglas, Mountain Meadows Massacre Trials ( John D. Lee Trials ) 1875 -- 1876, University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law ( published 2006 ). Novak, Shannon ; Rodseth, Lars ( 2006 ), `` Remembering Mountain Meadows : Collective violence and manipulation of social boundaries '', Journal of Anthropological Research, 62 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25, ISSN 0091 - 7710. Parshall, Ardis E. ( 2005 ), `` ' Pursue, Retake and Punish ' : The 1857 Santa Clara Ambush '' ( PDF ), Utah Historical Quarterly, 73 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 86, archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 19, 2008. Penrose, Charles W. ( July 4, 1883 ), `` An Unpardonable Offense '', Deseret News, 32 ( 24 ), p. 376. Penrose, Charles W. ; Haslam, James Holt ( 1885 ), Supplement to the lecture on the Mountain Meadows massacre. Important additional testimony recently received, Salt Lake City : Printed at Juvenile Instructor Office, p. 40. Pratt, Parley P. ( December 31, 1855 ), `` Marriage and Morals in Utah '', Deseret News ( published January 16, 1856 ), 5 ( 45 ), pp. 356 -- 57, archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Pratt, Steven ( 1975 ), `` Eleanor McLean and the Murder of Parley P. Pratt '' ( PDF ), BYU Studies, 15 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 56. Prince, Gregory A. ; Wright, Wm. Robert ( 2005 ), David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism, Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press, ISBN 0 - 87480 - 822 - 7. 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Young, Brigham ( July 8, 1855 ), `` The Kingdom of God '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 2, Liverpool : F.D. & S.W. Richards ( published 1855 ), pp. 309 -- 17 Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ). Young, Brigham ( March 2, 1856a ), `` The Necessity of the Saints Living up to the Light Which Has Been Given Them '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 3, Liverpool : Orson Pratt ( published 1856 ), pp. 221 -- 226. Young, Brigham ( March 16, 1856b ), `` Instructions to the Bishops -- Men Judged According to their Knowledge -- Organization of the Spirit and Body -- Thought and Labor to be Blended Together '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 3, Liverpool : Orson Pratt ( published 1856 ), pp. 243 -- 49. Young, Brigham ( March 16, 1856c ), `` Difficulties Not Found Among the Saints Who Live Their Religion -- Adversity Will Teach Them Their Dependence on God -- God Invisibly Controls the Affairs of Mankind '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 3, Liverpool : Orson Pratt ( published 1856 ), pp. 254 -- 60. Young, Brigham ( September 21, 1856d ), `` The People of God Disciplined by Trials -- Atonement by the Shedding of Blood -- Our Heavenly Father -- A Privilege Given to all the Married Sisters in Utah '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 4, Liverpool : S.W. Richards ( published 1857 ), pp. 51 -- 63. Young, Brigham ( February 8, 1857b ), `` To Know God is Eternal Life -- God the Father of Our Spirits and Bodies -- Things Created Spiritually First -- Atonement by the Shedding of Blood '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 4, Liverpool : S.W. Richards ( published 1857 ), pp. 215 -- 21. Young, Brigham ( July 5, 1857c ), `` True Happiness -- Fruits of Not Following Counsel -- Popular Prejudice Against the Mormons -- The Coming Army -- Punishment of Evildoers '', in Calkin, Asa, Journal of Discourses, 5, Liverpool : Asa Calkin ( published 1858 ), pp. 1 -- 6. Young, Brigham ( July 26, 1857d ), `` Nebuchadnezzar 's Dream -- Opposition of Men and Devils to the Latter - Day Kingdom -- Governmental Breach of the Utah Mail Contract '', in Calkin, Asa, Journal of Discourses, 5, Liverpool : Asa Calkin ( published 1858 ), pp. 72 -- 78. Young, Brigham ( August 5, 1857a ), Proclamation by the Governor, Salt Lake City : Utah Territory, archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Young, Brigham ( April 7, 1867 ), `` Word of wisdom '', in Watt, G.D., Journal of Discourses, 12, Liverpool : S.W. Richards ( published 1869 ), p. 27. Young, Brigham ( July 30, 1875 ), `` Deposition, People v. Lee '', Deseret News, Salt Lake City ( published August 4, 1875 ), 24 ( 27 ), p. 8, archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Young, Brigham ( April 30, 1877 ), `` Interview with Brigham Young '', Deseret News ( published May 23, 1877 ), 26 ( 16 ), pp. 242 -- 43, archived from the original on September 2, 2012 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mountain Meadows Massacre. Mountain Meadows Association Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation PBS Frontline documentary : The Mormons, Part One, episodes 8 & 9 : Mountain Meadows. Bringhurst, Newell G., The Mountain Meadows Massacre : A Bibliographic Perspective, Signature Books Library Josiah Hazen Shinn ( 1905 ), Mountain Meadows Massacre Mountain Meadows massacre at Crime Library Mountain Meadows Massacre Memorial at Find a Grave Mountain Meadows massacre Precursors Haun 's Mill massacre Mormon pioneers Paiutes Kingdom of God ( LDS ) Utah War Blood atonement Plural marriage Theodemocracy Series of articles about the Mountain Meadows massacre Theological factors War hysteria Conspiracy and siege Killings and aftermath Investigations and prosecutions Remembrances LDS public relations Media depictions Other related articles Baker -- Fancher Wagon Train Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows massacre Books and films The Mountain Meadows Massacre ( 1950 ) The Mountain Meadows Massacre ( 2001 ) Blood of the Prophets ( 2002 ) American Massacre ( 2003 ) Burying the Past : Legacy of the Mountain Meadows Massacre ( 2004 ) September Dawn ( 2007 ) Massacre at Mountain Meadows ( 2008 ) State of Utah Salt Lake City ( capital ) Topics Cities Congressional districts Counties Flag Geography Government Governors Healthcare History People Portal State fair Symbols Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert Monument Valley San Rafael Swell Uinta Basin Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Largest cities American Fork Bountiful Cedar City Clearfield Cottonwood Heights Draper Holladay Kaysville Layton Lehi Logan Midvale Millcreek Murray Ogden Orem Pleasant Grove Provo Riverton Roy St. George Salt Lake City Sandy South Jordan South Salt Lake Spanish Fork Springville Taylorsville Tooele West Jordan West Valley City Counties Beaver Box Elder Cache Carbon Daggett Davis Duchesne Emery Garfield Grand Iron Juab Kane Millard Morgan Piute Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete Sevier Summit Tooele Uintah Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber Attractions Festivals Sundance Film Festival Utah Shakespeare Festival National Monuments Bears Ears National Monument Cedar Breaks National Monument Dinosaur National Monument Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument Hovenweep National Monument Natural Bridges National Monument Rainbow Bridge National Monument Timpanogos Cave National Monument National parks Arches National Park Bryce Canyon National Park Canyonlands National Park Capitol Reef National Park Zion National Park National Recreation Areas Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Ski resorts Alta Ski Area Beaver Mountain Brian Head Ski Resort Brighton Ski Resort Cherry Peak Resort Deer Valley Park City Mountain Resort Powder Mountain Snowbasin Snowbird Ski Resort Solitude Mountain Resort Sundance Resort Wolf Mountain Other Bonneville Salt Flats Golden Spike National Historic Site Great Salt Lake Lagoon ( amusement park ) Temple Square Coordinates : 37 ° 28 ′ 31.7316 '' N 113 ° 38 ′ 37.05 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 37.475481000 ° N 113.6436250 ° W ﻿ / 37.475481000 ; - 113.6436250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Meadows_Massacre&oldid=826724036 '' Categories : Mountain Meadows massacre 1857 crimes 1857 in Utah Territory American murder victims Battles involving Native Americans Crimes in Utah Criticism of Mormonism Deaths by firearm Massacres in the United States Mormonism and Native Americans Mormon pioneers Murdered American children Nauvoo Legion Religious controversies Utah War September 1857 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2011 Pages using infobox event with blank parameters CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with dead external links from March 2009 Articles with dead external links from February 2018 CS1 errors : chapter ignored Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 17 : 49. 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Question: when did the mountain meadows massacre take place
Answer: September 7–11, 1857