Topiramate - wikipedia Topiramate Topiramate Clinical data Trade names Topamax, Trokendi XR, Qudexy XR AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a697012 License data US FDA : Topiramate Pregnancy category AU : D US : D ( Evidence of risk ) Routes of administration Oral ATC code N03AX11 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : S4 ( Prescription only ) CA : ℞ - only UK : POM ( Prescription only ) US : ℞ - only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 80 % Protein binding 13 -- 17 % ; 15 -- 41 % Metabolism Hepatic ( 20 -- 30 % ) Biological half - life 19 -- 25 hours Excretion Urine ( 70 -- 80 % ) Identifiers IUPAC name 2, 3 : 4, 5 - Bis - O - ( 1 - methylethylidene ) - β - D - fructopyranose sulfamate CAS Number 97240 - 79 - 4 PubChem CID 5284627 IUPHAR / BPS 6849 DrugBank DB00273 ChemSpider 4447672 UNII 0H73WJJ391 KEGG D00537 ChEMBL CHEMBL220492 ECHA InfoCard 100.129. 713 Chemical and physical data Formula C H NO S Molar mass 339.363 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image SMILES O = S ( = O ) ( OC ( C @ @ ) 21OC ( O ( C@H ) 1 ( C @ @ H ) 3OC ( O ( C @ @ H ) 3CO2 ) ( C ) C ) ( C ) C ) N InChI InChI = 1S / C12H21NO8S / c1 - 10 ( 2 ) 18 - 7 - 5 - 16 - 12 ( 6 - 17 - 22 ( 13, 14 ) 15 ) 9 ( 8 ( 7 ) 19 - 10 ) 20 - 11 ( 3, 4 ) 21 - 12 / h7 - 9H, 5 - 6H2, 1 - 4H3, ( H2, 13, 14, 15 ) / t7 -, 8 -, 9 +, 12 + / m1 / s1 Key : KJADKKWYZYXHBB - XBWDGYHZSA - N ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Topiramate ( brand name Topamax ) is an anticonvulsant ( antiepilepsy ) drug. In late 2012, topiramate was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in combination with phentermine for weight loss. The drug had previously been used off - label for this purpose. Topiramate was originally produced by Ortho - McNeil Neurologics and Noramco, Inc., both divisions of the Johnson & Johnson Corporation. This medication was discovered in 1979 by Bruce E. Maryanoff and Joseph F. Gardocki during their research work at McNeil Pharmaceuticals. Topiramate came into commercial use in 1996. Generic versions are available in Canada and these were approved by the FDA in September 2006. Mylan Pharmaceuticals was granted final approval for generic topiramate by the FDA for sale in the United States. The last patent for topiramate in the U.S. was for use in children and expired on February 28, 2009. Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Research and off - label 2 Warnings and contraindications 3 Adverse effects 4 Overdose 5 Interactions 6 Pharmacology 6.1 Detection in body fluids 7 References 8 External links Medical uses Topiramate is used to treat epilepsy in children and adults, and it was originally used as an anticonvulsant. In children, it is indicated for the treatment of Lennox - Gastaut syndrome, a disorder that causes seizures and developmental delay. It is also Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved for, and most frequently prescribed for, the prevention of migraines. The drug is also used to treat migraines due to the effect it has on the blood vessels in the brain. It has been found to be increasingly effective for migraine sufferers with limited side effects. Research and off - label This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2016 ) Psychiatrists have used topiramate to treat bipolar disorder, although the available evidence does not support its use in any phase of bipolar disorder treatment. A more recent review, published in 2010, suggested a benefit of topiramate in the treatment of symptoms of borderline personality disorder, however the authors note that this was based only on one randomized controlled trial and requires replication. Also the authors noted that the long - term effects have not been studied. Topiramate has been used as a treatment for alcoholism. The VA / DoD 2015 guideline on substance use disorders lists topiramate as a `` strong for '' in its recommendations for alcohol use disorder. Other uses include treatment of obesity and antipsychotic - induced weight gain. The drug is also used in clinical trials to treat post traumatic stress disorder. A pilot study suggested that topiramate is effective against infantile spasms. Another study recommends topiramate as an effective treatment in the prevention of periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants after an hypoxic - ischemic injury. Recent clinical reports indicate that it may have mood stabilizing properties. Other off - label and investigational uses of topiramate include the treatment of essential tremor, bulimia nervosa, obsessive - compulsive disorder, idiopathic intracranial hypertension and cluster headache. Topiramate has not been shown to work as a pain medicine in diabetic neuropathy, the only neuropathic condition in which it has been adequately tested. Dispensing errors have been reported between Topamax ( topiramate ) tablets and Toprol - XL ( metoprolol succinate ) extended - release tablets thereby requiring extra care to ensure the correct medication is being taken. ( 2 ) Warnings and contraindications People taking topiramate should be aware of the following risks : Avoid activities requiring mental alertness and coordination until drug effects are realized. Topiramate may impair heat regulation, especially in children. Use caution with activities leading to an increased core temperature, such as strenuous exercise, exposure to extreme heat, or dehydration. Topiramate may cause visual field defects. Topiramate may decrease effectiveness of oestrogen - containing oral contraceptives. Taking topiramate in the 1st trimester of pregnancy may increase risk of cleft lip / cleft palate in infant. As is the case for all antiepileptic drugs, it is advisable not to suddenly discontinue topiramate as there is a theoretical risk of rebound seizures. Adverse effects Adverse effects by incidence : Very common ( > 10 % incidence ) adverse effects include : Dizziness Weight loss Paraesthesia - e.g., pins and needles Somnolence Nausea Diarrhoea Fatigue Nasopharyngitis - common cold Depression Common ( 1 - 10 % incidence ) adverse effects include : Weight gain Anaemia Disturbance in attention Memory impairment Amnesia Cognitive disorder Mental impairment Psychomotor skills impaired Convulsion Coordination abnormal Tremor Lethargy Hypoaesthesia ( reduced sense of touch ) Nystagmus Dysgeusia Balance disorder Dysarthria Intention tremor Sedation Blurred vision Diplopia ( double vision ) Visual disturbance Vertigo Tinnitus Ear pain Dyspnoea Epistaxis Nasal congestion Rhinorrhoea Vomiting Constipation Abdominal pain upper Dyspepsia Abdominal pain Dry mouth Stomach discomfort Paraesthesia oral Gastritis Abdominal discomfort Nephrolithiasis Pollakisuria Dysuria Alopecia ( hair loss ) Rash Pruritus Arthralgia Muscle spasms Myalgia Muscle twitching Muscular weakness Musculoskeletal chest pain Anorexia Decreased appetite Pyrexia Asthenia Irritability Gait disturbance Feeling abnormal Malaise Hypersensitivity Bradyphrenia ( slowness of thought ) Insomnia Expressive language disorder Anxiety Confusional state Disorientation Aggression Mood altered Agitation Mood swings Anger Abnormal behaviour Rarely, the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase may be strong enough to cause metabolic acidosis of clinical importance. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has notified prescribers that topiramate can cause acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma in a small subset of people who take topiramate regularly. The symptoms, which typically begin in the first month of use, include blurred vision and eye pain. Discontinuation of topiramate may halt the progression of the ocular damage, and may reverse the visual impairment. Preliminary data suggests that, as with several other anti-epileptic drugs, topiramate carries an increased risk of congenital malformations. This might be particularly important for women who take topiramate to prevent migraine attacks. In March 2011 the FDA notified healthcare professionals and patients of an increased risk of development of cleft lip and / or cleft palate ( oral clefts ) in infants born to women treated with Topamax ( topiramate ) during pregnancy and placed it in Pregnancy Category D. Topiramate has been associated with a statistically significant increase in suicidality, and `` suicidal thoughts or actions '' is now listed as one of the possible side effects of the drug `` in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500. '' Overdose Symptoms of acute and acute on chronic exposure to topiramate range from asymptomatic to status epilepticus, including in patients with no seizure history. In children, overdose may also result in hallucinations. Topiramate has been deemed the primary substance that led to fatal overdoses in cases that were complicated by polydrug exposure. The most common signs of overdose are dilated pupils, somnolence, dizziness, psychomotor agitation, and abnormal, uncoordinated body movements. Symptoms of overdose may include but are not limited to : Agitation Depression Speech problems Blurred vision, double vision Troubled thinking Loss of coordination Inability to respond to things around you Loss of consciousness Confusion and coma Fainting Upset stomach and stomach pain Loss of appetite and vomiting Shortness of breath ; fast, shallow breathing Pounding or irregular heartbeat Muscle weakness Bone pain Seizures A specific antidote is not available. Treatment is entirely supportive. Interactions Topiramate has many drug - drug interactions. Some of the most common are listed below : As topiramate inhibits carbonic anhydrase, use with other inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase ( e.g. acetazolamide ) increases the risk of kidney stones. Enzyme inducers ( e.g. carbamazepine ) can increase the elimination of topiramate, possibly necessitating dose escalations of topiramate. Topiramate may increase the plasma - levels of phenytoin. Topiramate itself is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19 and induces CYP3A4 ; a decrease in plasma levels of estrogens and digoxin has been noted during topiramate therapy. This can reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives ( birth control pills ) ; use of alternative birth control methods is recommended. Neither intrauterine devices ( IUDs ) nor Depo - Provera are affected by topiramate. Alcohol may cause increased sedation or drowsiness, and increase the risk of having a seizure. As listed in the 06 / 29 / 2005 label posted at the Drugs@FDA website page 14, ' conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of Topiramate '. Oligohidrosis and hyperthermia were reported in post-marketing reports about topiramate ; antimuscarinic drugs ( like trospium ) can aggravate these disorders. Pharmacology Chemically, topiramate is a sulfamate - substituted monosaccharide, related to fructose, a rather unusual chemical structure for an anticonvulsant. Topiramate is quickly absorbed after oral use. Most of the drug ( 70 % ) is excreted in the urine unchanged. The remainder is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5 % of an administered dose. Several cellular targets have been proposed to be relevant to the therapeutic activity of topiramate. These include ( 1 ) voltage - gated sodium channels ; ( 2 ) high - voltage - activated calcium channels ; ( 3 ) GABA - A receptors ; ( 4 ) AMPA / kainate receptors ; and ( 5 ) carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. There is evidence that topiramate may alter the activity of its targets by modifying their phosphorylation state instead of by a direct action. The effect on sodium channels could be of particular relevance for seizure protection. Although topiramate does inhibit high - voltage - activated calcium channels, the relevance to clinical activity is uncertain. Effects on specific GABA - A receptor isoforms could also contribute to the antiseizure activity of the drug. Topiramate selectively inhibits cytosolic ( type II ) and membrane associated ( type IV ) forms of carbonic anhydrase. The action on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes may contribute to the drug 's side - effects, including its propensity to cause metabolic acidosis and calcium phosphate kidney stones. Topiramate inhibits maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol - induced seizures as well as partial and secondarily generalized tonic - clonic seizures in the kindling model, findings predictive of a broad spectrum of activities clinically. Its action on mitochondrial permeability transition pores has been proposed as a mechanism. While many anticonvulsants have been associated with apoptosis in young animals, animal experiments have found that topiramate is one of the very few anticonvulsants ( see : levetiracetam, carbamazepine, lamotrigine ) that do not induce apoptosis in young animals at doses needed to produce an anticonvulsant effect. Detection in body fluids Blood, serum or plasma topiramate concentrations may be measured using immunoassay or chromatographic methods to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma levels are usually less than 10 mg / L during therapeutic administration, but can range from 10 -- 150 mg / L in overdose victims. References Jump up ^ Maryanoff, BE ; Nortey, SO ; Gardocki, JF ; Shank, RP ; Dodgson, SP ( 1987 ). `` Anticonvulsant O - alkyl sulfamates. 2, 3 : 4, 5 - Bis - O - ( 1 - methylethylidene ) - beta - D - fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds ''. 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Topamax ( topiramate ) : Treatment for Migraine Prevention Topamax : Treatment for Epilepsy Currently listed clinical trials related to topiramate FDA topiramate safety MSN article MedlinePlus : Topiramate FAQ : Topiramate ( Topamax ), Mood Disorders and PTSD RxList.com : Topiramate Focus on Topiramate - a new anti-epileptic, Ben Green, Priory Lodge Education Ltd., 1997 - 99. Version 1.1 Topiramate bound to proteins in the PDB Anticonvulsants ( N03 ) GABAergics GABA R PAMs Barbiturates : Barbexaclone Metharbital Methylphenobarbital Pentobarbital Phenobarbital Primidone ; Carbamates : Felbamate ; Benzodiazepines : Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Diazepam Lorazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam ; Others : Bromide ( potassium bromide, sodium bromide ) Imepitoin Paraldehyde Stiripentol GABA - T inhibitors Fatty acids ( and related ) : Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil Vigabatrin Others GABAR agonists : Progabide ; GAT - 1 inhibitors : Tiagabine Channel modulators Sodium blockers Hydantoins : Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Mephenytoin Phenytoin ; Ureides : Acetylpheneturide Chlorphenacemide Phenacemide Pheneturide ; Fatty acids : Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil ; Carboxamides : Carbamazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Oxcarbazepine ; Others : Lacosamide Lamotrigine Rufinamide Topiramate Zonisamide Calcium blockers Oxazolidinediones : Ethadione Paramethadione Trimethadione ; Succinimides : Ethosuximide Mesuximide Phensuximide ; Gabapentinoids : Gabapentin Pregabalin ; Others : Imepitoin Lamotrigine Topiramate Zonisamide Potassium openers Retigabine Others CA inhibitors Sulfonamides : Acetazolamide Ethoxzolamide Sultiame Topiramate Zonisamide Others Albutoin Beclamide Brivaracetam Etiracetam Levetiracetam Perampanel WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Antimigraine preparations ( N02C ) Analgesic / abortive Serotonergics Ergolines Dihydroergotamine Ergotamine Methysergide Lisuride 5 - HT agonists Triptans Almotriptan Avitriptan Eletriptan Frovatriptan Naratriptan Rizatriptan Sumatriptan Zolmitriptan Alniditan Others Dimetotiazine Dotarizine Iprazochrome Oxetorone Pizotifen Others Paracetamol Amidrine Prophylactic Calcium channel blockers Dotarizine Lomerizine Verapamil Progestogens Flumedroxone acetate Sympatholytics Beta blockers Propranolol Timolol Clonidine Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Nortriptyline Imipramine Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine Oxcarbazepine Topiramate Valproate WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Ion channel modulators Calcium VDCCs Blockers L - type - selective : Dihydropyridines : Amlodipine Aranidipine Azelnidipine Barnidipine Clevidipine Cronidipine Darodipine Dexniguldipine Elgodipine Elnadipine Felodipine Flordipine Furnidipine Iganidipine Isradipine Lacidipine Lemildipine Lercanidipine Levamlodipine Levniguldipine Manidipine Mepirodipine Mesudipine Nicardipine Nifedipine Niguldipine Niludipine Nilvadipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine Olradipine Oxodipine Palonidipine Pranidipine Ryodipine ( riodipine ) Sagandipine Sornidipine Teludipine Tiamdipine Trombodipine Vatanidipine ; Diltiazem derivatives : Clentiazem Diltiazem Iprotiazem Nictiazem Siratiazem ; Phenylalkylamines : Anipamil Dagapamil Devapamil Dexverapamil Emopamil Etripamil Falipamil Gallopamil Levemopamil Nexopamil Norverapamil Ronipamil Tiapamil Verapamil ; Others : AH - 1058 Brinazarone Budiodarone Celivarone Cyproheptadine Dronedarone Fantofarone SR - 33805 Tetrahydropalmatine N - type - selective : ω - Conotoxins ω - Conotoxin GVIA Caroverine Huwentoxin XVI Leconotide ( ω - conotoxin CVID ) PD - 173212 Ralfinamide Safinamide Z160 Ziconotide ( ω - conotoxin MVIIA ) P - type - selective : ω - Agatoxin IVA ω - Agatoxin IVB R - type - selective : SNX - 482 T - type - selective : ABT - 639 ML - 218 Niflumic acid NNC 55 - 0396 ProTx I Z944 Zonisamide Non-selective : ω - Agatoxin TK ω - Conotoxin MVIIC Benidipine Bepridil Cilnidipine Cinnarizine Dotarizine Efonidipine Flunarizine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Lomerizine Loperamide Mibefradil NP078585 Ruthenium red TROX - 1 α δ subunit - selective ( gabapentinoids ) : 4 - Methylpregabalin Arbaclofen Arbaclofen placarbil Atagabalin Baclofen Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Imagabalin Mirogabalin PD - 200,347 PD - 217,014 PD - 299,685 Phenibut Pregabalin Others / unsorted : Bencyclane Berbamine Bevantolol Canadine Carboxyamidotriazole Cycleanine Dauricine Dimeditiapramine Diproteverine Enpiperate Eperisone Elpetrigine Ethadione Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethosuximide Fasudil Fendiline Fostedil Imepitoin JTV - 519 Lidoflazine Magnesium Manoalide Mesuximide Monatepil Naftopidil Ochratoxin A Osthol Otilonium bromide Paramethadione Phensuximide Pinaverium Prenylamine Rhynchophylline Sesamodil Silperisone Sipatrigine Terodiline Tetrandrine Tolperisone Trimethadione Valperinol Activators L - type - selective : Bay K8644 Potassium VGKCs Blockers 3, 4 - Diaminopyridine ( amifampridine ) 4 - Aminopyridine ( fampridine / dalfampridine ) Adekalant Almokalant Amiodarone Azimilide Bretylium Bunaftine Charybdotoxin Clamikalant Conotoxins Dalazatide Dendrotoxin Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Hanatoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Ibutilide Inakalant Kaliotoxin Linopirdine Lolitrem B Maurotoxin Nifekalant Notoxin Paxilline Pinokalant Quinidine ShK - 186 Sotalol Tedisamil Terikalant Tetraethylammonium Vernakalant hERG ( KCNH2, K 11.1 ) - specific : Ajmaline Amiodarone AmmTX3 Astemizole Azaspiracid AZD1305 Azimilide Bedaquiline BeKm - 1 BmTx3 BRL - 32872 Chlorpromazine Cisapride Clarithromycin Darifenacin Dextropropoxyphene Diallyl trisulfide Domperidone E-4031 Ergtoxins Erythromycin Gigactonine Haloperidol Ketoconazole Norpropoxyphene Orphenadrine Pimozide PNU - 282,987 Promethazine Quinidine Ranolazine Roxithromycin Sertindole Solifenacin Tamulotoxin Terodiline Terfenadine Thioridazine Tolterodine Vanoxerine Vernakalant KCNQ ( K 7 ) - specific : Linopirdine XE - 991 Activators KCNQ ( K 7 ) - specific : Flupirtine Retigabine IRKs Blockers K - specific : Acetohexamide Carbutamide Chlorpropamide Glibenclamide ( glyburide ) Glibornuride Glicaramide Gliclazide Glimepiride Glipizide Gliquidone Glisoxepide Glyclopyramide Glycyclamide Metahexamide Mitiglinide Nateglinide Repaglinide Tolazamide Tolbutamide GIRK - specific : Barium Caramiphen Cloperastine Clozapine Dextromethorphan Ethosuximide Ifenprodil Tertiapin Tipepidine Activators K - specific : Aprikalim Bimakalim Cromakalim Diazoxide Emakalim Levcromakalim Mazokalim Minoxidil Naminidil Nicorandil Pinacidil Rilmakalim Sarakalim GIRK - specific : ML - 297 ( VU0456810 ) Blockers BK - specific : Ethanol ( alcohol ) GAL - 021 Activators BK - specific : Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Niflumic acid Nimesulide Rottlerin ( mallotoxin ) Tolfenamic acid K2Ps Blockers 12 - O - Tetradecanoylphorbol - 13 - acetate Arachidonic acid Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine Activators Riluzole Sodium VGSCs Blockers Antianginals : Ranolazine Antiarrhythmics ( class I ) : Ajmaline Aprindine Disopyramide Dronedarone Encainide Flecainide Lidocaine Lorajmine Lorcainide Mexiletine Moricizine Pilsicainide Prajmaline Procainamide Propafenone Quinidine Sparteine Tocainide Anticonvulsants : Acetylpheneturide Carbamazepine Cenobamate Chlorphenacemide Elpetrigine Eslicarbazepine acetate Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Lacosamide Licarbazepine Mephenytoin Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Phenacemide Pheneturide Phenytoin Rufinamide Sipatrigine Topiramate Sodium valproate Valnoctamide Valproate pivoxil Valproate semisodium Valproic acid Valpromide Zonisamide Local anesthetics : pFBT Amylocaine Articaine Benzocaine Bupivacaine ( Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine ) Butacaine Butamben Chloroprocaine Cinchocaine Cocaine Cyclomethycaine Dimethocaine Diphenhydramine Etidocaine Hexylcaine Iontocaine Lidocaine Mepivacaine Meprylcaine Metabutoxycaine Orthocaine Piperocaine Prilocaine Procaine Propoxycaine Proxymetacaine Risocaine Tetracaine Trimecaine Analgesics : AZD - 3161 DSP - 2230 Funapide GDC - 0276 NKTR - 171 PF - 04531083 PF - 05089771 Ralfinamide Raxatrigine RG7893 ( GDC - 0287 ) Toxins : Conotoxins Neosaxitoxin Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Others : Buprenorphine Evenamide Menthol ( mint ) Safinamide Tricyclic antidepressants Activators Atracotoxins ( Robustoxin, Versutoxin ) Batrachotoxin Ciguatoxins Poneratoxin ENaC Blockers Amiloride Benzamil Triamterene Activators Solnatide ASICs Blockers A-317567 Amiloride Aspirin Ibuprofen PcTX1 Chloride CaCCs Blockers Crofelemer DIDS Ethacrynic acid Flufenamic acid Fluoxetine Furosemide Glibenclamide Mefloquine Mibefradil Niflumic acid Activators Carbachol CFTR Blockers Glibenclamide Lonidamine Piretanide Activators 1, 7 - Phenanthroline 1, 10 - Phenanthroline 4, 7 - Phenanthroline 7, 8 - Benzoquinoline Ivacaftor Phenanthridine Unsorted Blockers Bumetanide Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Mepacrine Niflumic acid Talniflumate Tolfenamic acid Trifluoperazine Others TRPs See here instead. See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Transient receptor potential channel modulators GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g., baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7, 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5, 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7, 8 - Dihydrokavain 5, 6, 7, 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5, 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7, 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 Imepitoin JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g., ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g., 4 - O - methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g., sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ), tetronal, trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g., borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators AMPAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine ; Positive allosteric modulators : Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX - 516 CX - 546 CX - 614 Farampator ( CX - 691, ORG - 24448 ) CX - 717 CX - 1739 CX - 1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide ( HCTZ ) IDRA - 21 LY - 392098 LY - 395153 LY - 404187 LY - 451646 LY - 503430 Mibampator ( LY - 451395 ) Nooglutyl ORG - 26576 Oxiracetam PEPA PF - 04958242 Piracetam Pramiracetam S - 18986 Tulrampator ( S - 47445, CX - 1632 ) Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel ( MPQX ) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue GYKI - 52466 GYKI - 53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : Minocycline KAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Bromowillardiine 5 - Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY - 339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM - 2081 ; Positive allosteric modulators : Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LY - 382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP - 302 ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue NS - 3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDAR Agonists : Main site agonists : AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid ( L - HCA ) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine ; Glycine site agonists : β - Fluoro - D - alanine ACBD ACC ( ACPC ) ACPD AK - 51 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) B6B21 CCG D - Alanine D - Cycloserine D - Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA - 966 L - 687414 L - Alanine L - Serine Milacemide Neboglamine ( nebostinel ) Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) Sarcosine ; Polyamine site agonists : Neomycin Spermidine Spermine ; Other positive allosteric modulators : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol DHEA ( prasterone ) DHEA sulfate ( prasterone sulfate ) Epipregnanolone sulfate Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE - 718 Antagonists : Competitive antagonists : AP5 ( APV ) AP7 CGP - 37849 CGP - 39551 CGP - 39653 CGP - 40116 CGS - 19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY - 233053 LY - 235959 LY - 274614 MDL - 100453 Midafotel ( d - CPPene ) NPC - 12626 NPC - 17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ - 220581 Selfotel ; Glycine site antagonists : 4 - Cl - KYN ( AV - 101 ) 5, 7 - DCKA 7 - CKA ACC ACEA - 1011 ACEA - 1328 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) AV - 101 Carisoprodol CGP - 39653 CNQX D - Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV - 196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L - 689560 L - 701324 Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LU - 73068 MDL - 105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2 / 576 PNQX Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) ZD - 9379 ; Polyamine site antagonists : Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine ; Uncompetitive pore blockers ( mostly dizocilpine site ) : 2 - MDP 3 - HO - PCP 3 - MeO - PCE 3 - MeO - PCMo 3 - MeO - PCP 4 - MeO - PCP 8A - PDHQ 18 - MC α - Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin - 636 Arketamine ARL - 12495 ARL - 15896 - AR ARL - 16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine ( NPS - 1506 ) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD - 137889 Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol ; Ifenprodil ( NR2B ) site antagonists : Besonprodil Buphenine ( nylidrin ) CO-101244 ( PD - 174494 ) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil ( RGH - 896 ) Rislenemdaz ( CERC - 301, MK - 0657 ) Ro 8 - 4304 Ro 25 - 6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil ( CP - 101606 ) ; NR2A - selective antagonists : MPX - 004 MPX - 007 TCN - 201 TCN - 213 ; Cations : Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc ; Alcohols / volatile anesthetics / related : Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : ARR - 15896 Bumetanide Caroverine D - αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL - 12495 FR - 115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone ( MLV - 6976 ) MDL - 27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin ( saffron ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism / transport modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topiramate&oldid=807497005 '' Categories : Anticonvulsants Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Monosaccharide derivatives Sulfamates AMPA receptor antagonists Kainate receptor antagonists GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Sodium channel blockers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Articles with changed DrugBank identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields Articles needing additional medical references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017, at 10 : 07. 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Question: topiramate (topamax trokendi) is used to treat which of the following diseases
Answer: epilepsy