Twenty - One Demands - wikipedia Twenty - One Demands This article is about the Japanese demands on the Chinese government in 1915. For Irish band previously called 21 Demands, see Kodaline. For Solidarity workers ' demands of 1980, see 21 demands of MKS. Japanese Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu, under whose administration the Twenty - One Demands were drafted The Twenty - One Demands ( Japanese : 対 華 21 ヶ条 要求, Taika Nijūikkajō Yōkyū, simplified Chinese : 二 十 一 条 ; traditional Chinese : 二 十 一 條 ; pinyin : Èrshíyī tiáo ) were a set of demands made during the First World War by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu sent to the government of the Republic of China on January 8, 1915. The demands would greatly extend Japanese control of Manchuria and of the Chinese economy, and were opposed by Britain and the United States. In the final settlement Japan gained a little but lost a great deal of prestige and trust in Britain and the US. The Chinese people responded with a spontaneous nationwide boycott of Japanese goods ; Japan 's exports to China fell 40 %. Britain was affronted and no longer trusted Japan as a partner. With the First World War underway, Japan 's position was strong and Britain 's was weak. Nevertheless, Britain ( and the United States ) forced Japan to drop the fifth set of demands that would have given Japan a large measure of control over the entire Chinese economy and ended the Open Door Policy. Japan obtained its first four sets of goals in a treaty with China on May 25, 1915. Contents 1 Background 2 Initial negotiations 3 Japanese ultimatum 4 Consequences 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Background Main article : Japanese expansionism Japan had gained a large sphere of interest in northern China and Manchuria through its victories in the First Sino - Japanese War and the Russo - Japanese War, and had thus joined the ranks of the European imperialist powers in their scramble to establish political and economic domination over China. With the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution, and the establishment of the new Republic of China under General Yuan Shikai, Japan saw an opportunity to expand its position in China. Japan demanded recognition of its seizure of the German spheres of influence in China, and also wanted new powers over the Chinese government that had the potential of making China little more than a puppet state. Initial negotiations `` The Chinese 's Acceptance of the Twenty - One Demands '' Japan, under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu and Foreign Minister Katō Takaaki, drafted the initial list of Twenty - One Demands, which were reviewed by the genrō and Emperor Taishō, and approved by the Diet. This list was presented to Yuan Shikai on January 18, 1915, with warnings of dire consequences if China were to reject them. The Twenty One Demands were grouped into five groups : Group 1 confirmed Japan 's recent seizure of German ports and operations in Shandong Province, and expanded Japan 's sphere of influence over the railways, coasts and major cities of the province. Group 2 pertained to Japan 's South Manchuria Railway Zone, extending the leasehold over the territory for 99 years, and expanding Japan 's sphere of influence in southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, to include rights of settlement and extraterritoriality, appointment of financial and administrative officials to the government and priority for Japanese investments in those areas. Japan demanded access to Inner Mongolia for raw materials, as a manufacturing site, and as a strategic buffer against Russian encroachment in Korea. Group 3 gave Japan control of the Hanyeping mining and metallurgical complex in central China ; it was deep in debt to Japan. Group 4 barred China from giving any further coastal or island concessions to foreign powers. Group 5 was the most aggressive. China was to hire Japanese advisors who could take effective control of China 's finance and police. Japan would be empowered to build three major railways, and also Buddhist temples and schools. Japan would gain effective control of Fujian, opposite the island of Formosa ( modern Taiwan ). Wikisource has original text related to this article : Twenty - One Demands Knowing the negative reaction `` Group 5 '' would cause, Japan initially tried to keep its contents secret. The Chinese government attempted to stall for as long as possible and leaked the full contents of the Twenty - One Demands to the European powers in the hope that due to a perceived threat to their own political and economic spheres of interest, they would help contain Japan. Japanese ultimatum After China rejected Japan 's revised proposal on April 26, 1915, the genrō intervened and deleted ' Group 5 ' from the document, as these had proved to be the most objectionable to the Chinese government. A reduced set of `` Thirteen Demands '' was transmitted on May 7 in the form of an ultimatum, with a two - day deadline for response. Yuan Shikai, competing with other local warlords to become the ruler of all China, was not in a position to risk war with Japan, and accepted appeasement, a tactic followed by his successors. The final form of the treaty was signed by both parties on May 25, 1915. Katō Takaaki publicly admitted that the ultimatum was invited by Yuan to save face with the Chinese people in conceding to the Demands. American Minister Paul Reinsch reported to the US State Department that the Chinese were surprised at the leniency of the ultimatum, as it demanded much less than they had already committed themselves to concede. Consequences Further information : Shandong Problem The results of the revised final ( Thirteen Demands ) version of the Twenty - One Demands were far more negative for Japan than positive. Without `` Group 5 '', the new treaty gave Japan little that it did not already have in China. On the other hand, the United States expressed strongly negative reactions to Japan 's rejection of the Open Door Policy. In the Bryan Note issued by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on March 13, 1915, the U.S., while affirming Japan 's `` special interests '' in Manchuria, Mongolia and Shandong, expressed concern over further encroachments to Chinese sovereignty. Great Britain, Japan 's closest ally, expressed concern over what was perceived as Japan 's overbearing, bullying approach to diplomacy, and the British Foreign Office in particular was unhappy with Japanese attempts to establish what would effectively be a Japanese protectorate over all of China. Afterwards, Japan and the United States looked for a compromise point. As a result, the Lansing -- Ishii Agreement was concluded in 1917. It was approved by Paris Peace Conference in 1919. In China, the overall political impact of Japan 's actions was highly negative, creating a considerable amount of public ill - will towards Japan, contributing to the May Fourth Movement, and a significant upsurge in nationalism. Japan continued to push for outright control over Shandong Province and they won European diplomatic recognition for their claim at the Treaty of Versailles ( despite the refusal of the Chinese delegation to sign the treaty ). This in turn provoked ill - will from the United States government as well as widespread hostility within China. A large - scale boycott against Japanese goods was just one effect. In 1922 the U.S. brokered a solution. China was awarded nominal sovereignty over all of Shandong, while in practice Japan 's economic dominance continued. See also History of the Republic of China Warlord Era Unequal treaties Japanese imperialism References Jump up ^ Chen, Jerome. Yuan Shih - k'ai. Stanford University Press, 1972, p. 152. Jump up ^ Gowen, 1971 ) Jump up ^ Nish, ( 1977 ) pp 98 - 99 Jump up ^ Li Narangoa, `` Japanese Geopolitics and the Mongol Lands, 1915 - 1945, '' European Journal of East Asian Studies ( 2004 ) 3 # 1 pp 45 - 67 Jump up ^ Noriko Kawamura ( 2000 ). Turbulence in the Pacific : Japanese - U.S. Relations During World War I. Greenwood. p. 27. Jump up ^ Walter LaFeber, The Clash : US - Japanese Relations Throughout History ( 1998 ) pp 106 - 16 Jump up ^ Robert Joseph Gowen, `` Great Britain and the Twenty - One Demands of 1915 : Cooperation versus Effacement '' Journal of Modern History ( 1971 ) 43 # 1 pp 76 - 106. Jump up ^ Zhitian Luo, `` National humiliation and national assertion - The Chinese response to the twenty - one demands '', Modern Asian Studies ( 1993 ) 27 # 2 pp 297 - 319. Jump up ^ A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States ( 1938 ) pp 326 - 28 Bibliography Davis, Clarence B. `` Limits of Effacement : Britain and the Problem of American Cooperation and Competition in China, 1915 - 1917. '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1979 ) : 47 - 63. Dickinson, Frederick R. War and national reinvention : Japan in the Great War, 1914 - 1919 ( Harvard Univ Asia Center, Vol. 177. 1999 ) Gowen, Robert Joseph. `` Great Britain and the Twenty - One Demands of 1915 : Cooperation versus Effacement, '' Journal of Modern History ( 1971 ) 43 # 1 pp. 76 -- 106 in JSTOR Griswold, A. Whitney. The Far Eastern Policy of the United States ( 1938 ) Hsü, Immanuel C.Y. ( 1970 ). The Rise of Modern China. Oxford University Press. pp. 494, 502. Jansen, Marius B. `` Yawata, Hanyehping, and the twenty - one demands, '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1954 ) 23 # 1 pp 31 -- 48. LaFeber, Walter. The Clash : US - Japanese Relations Throughout History ( 1998 ) pp 106 -- 16 Luo, Zhitian. `` National humiliation and national assertion - The Chinese response to the twenty - one demands '' Modern Asian Studies ( 1993 ) 27 # 2 pp 297 -- 319. Narangoa, Li. `` Japanese Geopolitics and the Mongol Lands, 1915 - 1945, '' European Journal of East Asian Studies ( 2004 ) 3 # 1 pp 45 -- 67 Nish, Ian Hill. Japanese foreign policy, 1869 - 1942 : Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka ( 1977 ). Spence, Jonathan D. ( 1990 ). The Search for Modern China. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Twenty - One Demands Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1855 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1853 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1857 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1855 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1859 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1859 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1859 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( 1859 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan ( 1861 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan ( 1862 ) London Protocol ( 1863 ) Agreement of Paris ( 1864 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan ( 1866 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan ( 1866 ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan ( 1868 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria - Hungary and Japan ( 1869 ) Sino - Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty ( 1871 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan ( 1871 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan ( 1873 ) Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874 Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1882 Japan - Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty ( 1884 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1885 Convention of Tientsin ( 1885 ) Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan ( 1887 ) Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan ( 1888 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1894 ) Italo -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Japan - China Peace Treaty ( 1896 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan ( 1895 ) Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula ( 1895 ) ( ja ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Komura - Weber Memorandum ( 1896 ) Yamagata -- Lobanov Agreement ( 1896 ) Japan -- China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) ( ja ) Franco -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Japan -- Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan ( 1897 ) Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan ( 1898 ) Nishi -- Rosen Agreement ( 1898 ) Japan - Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty ( 1898 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Anglo - Japanese Alliance ( 1912 ) Japan - China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1903 ) ( ja ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1904 Japan -- Korea Agreement of August 1904 Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace ( 1905 ) Taft -- Katsura agreement ( 1905 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Additional Agreement of the Japan - China Treaty relating to Manchuria ( 1905 ) ( ja ) Franco - Japanese Treaty of 1907 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1907 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1907 Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Root -- Takahira Agreement ( 1908 ) Japan - China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao ( 1909 ) ( ja ) Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1910 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1911 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1912 World War I -- II ( 1913 -- 45 ) Japan - China Treaty of 1915 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1916 Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ( 1917 ) Japan - China Co-defense Military Pact ( 1918 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1919 ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( 1919 ) Svalbard Treaty ( 1920 ) Gongota Agreement of 1920 Treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1921 ) Four - Power Treaty ( 1921 ) Nine - Power Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues ( 1922 ) ( ja ) Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) Klaipėda Convention ( 1924 ) Soviet -- Japanese Basic Convention ( 1925 ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1927 ) Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) Japan - China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin - Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma ( 1954 ) Japan -- Philippines Reparations Agreement ( 1956 ) Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia ( 1958 ) Japan -- South Vietnam Reparations Agreement ( 1959 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Tokyo Convention ( 1963 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Ogasawara Reversion Agreement ( 1968 ) Okinawa Reversion Agreement ( 1971 ) Japan -- China Joint Communiqué ( 1972 ) Japan -- North Vietnam Agreement ( 1973 ) Japan -- China Trade Agreement ( 1974 ) Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia ( 1976 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) Warlord Era 1915 -- 1924 1925 -- 1934 Factions 1915 Twenty - One Demands 1915 -- 1916 Empire of China ( Yuan Shikai ) National Protection War 1916 Death of Yuan Shikai 1917 Manchu Restoration 1917 -- 1922 Constitutional Protection Movement 1917 -- 1929 Golok Rebellion 1918 -- 1920 Siberian Intervention 1919 Paris Peace Conference Shandong Problem May Fourth Movement 1919 -- 1921 Occupation of Outer Mongolia 1920 Zhili -- Anhui War 1920 -- 1921 Guangdong -- Guangxi War 1921 1st National CPC Congress 1921 -- 1922 Washington Naval Conference 1922 First Zhili -- Fengtian War 1923 -- 1927 First United Front 1924 Second Zhili -- Fengtian War Beijing Coup 1925 Yunnan -- Guangxi War May Thirtieth Movement 1925 -- 1926 Anti-Fengtian War 1926 Zhongshan Warship Incident 1926 -- 1928 Northern Expedition Nanjing - Wuhan Split Nationalist - Communist Civil War 1927 -- 1930 Muslim conflict in Gansu 1928 Jinan Incident Huánggūtun Incident Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum Flag Replacement of the Northeast 1928 -- 1929 Third Red Spears ' uprising in Shandong 1929 Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong Sino - Soviet conflict 1930 Central Plains War 1930 -- 1932 Sino - Tibetan War / Qinghai - Tibet War 1931 -- 1935 Kumul Rebellion / Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 1932 Han -- Liu War 1934 War in Ningxia Yuan Shikai Anhui Communications Zhili Research Fengtian ( Zhili Army ) Shanxi Guominjun Ma Xinjiang Yunnan Old Guangxi New Guangxi Guangdong ( Chen Jitang ) Kuomintang ( KMT ) Communist Party ( CPC ) Sichuan clique Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-One_Demands&oldid=830671537 '' Categories : 1915 in China 1915 in Japan 1915 in international relations China -- Japan relations Treaties concluded in 1915 Treaties of the Empire of Japan Treaties of the Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) Ultimata Unequal treaties Warlordism in Republican China Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Беларуская Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018, at 07 : 43 ( UTC ). 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Question: what was japans goal in the 21 demands
Answer: extend Japanese control of Manchuria and of the Chinese economy