Counterculture - wikipedia Counterculture Not to be confused with Countercult. Mother Centre Meeting at Nambassa, 1979 Sociology History Outline Portal Theory Positivism Antipositivism Postpositivism Functionalism Conflict theories Social constructionism Structuralism Interactionism Critical theory Structure and agency Actor -- network theory Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Subfields Conflict Criminology Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology Stratification STS Technology Urban Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline A counterculture ( also written counter-culture ) is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. A countercultural movement expresses the ethos and aspirations of a specific population during a well - defined era. When oppositional forces reach critical mass, countercultures can trigger dramatic cultural changes. Prominent examples of countercultures in Europe and North America include Romanticism ( 1790 -- 1840 ), Bohemianism ( 1850 -- 1910 ), the more fragmentary counterculture of the Beat Generation ( 1944 -- 1964 ), followed by the globalized counterculture of the 1960s ( 1964 -- 1974 ), usually associated with the hippie subculture and the diversified Punk subculture of the 1980s. Contents 1 Definition and characteristics 2 Literature 3 Media 3.1 Assimilation 4 LGBT 5 History 5.1 United States 5.2 Great Britain 5.3 Russia / Soviet Union 5.4 Asia 6 See also 7 Bibliography 8 Notes 9 External links Definition and characteristics John Milton Yinger originated the term `` contraculture '' in his 1960 article in American Sociological Review. Yinger suggested the use of the term contraculture `` wherever the normative system of a group contains, as a primary element, a theme of conflict with the values of the total society, where personality variables are directly involved in the development and maintenance of the group 's values, and wherever its norms can be understood only by reference to the relationships of the group to a surrounding dominant culture. '' Some scholars have attributed the counterculture to Theodore Roszak, author of The Making of a Counter Culture. It became prominent in the news media amid the social revolution that swept the Americas, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand during the 1960s. Scholars differ in the characteristics and specificity they attribute to `` counterculture ''. `` Mainstream '' culture is of course also difficult to define, and in some ways becomes identified and understood through contrast with counterculture. Counterculture might oppose mass culture ( or `` media culture '' ), or middle - class culture and values. Counterculture is sometimes conceptualized in terms of generational conflict and rejection of older or adult values. Counterculture may or may not be explicitly political. It typically involves criticism or rejection of currently powerful institutions, with accompanying hope for a better life or a new society. It does not look favorably on party politics or authoritarianism. Typically, a `` fringe culture '' expands and grows into a counterculture by defining its own values in opposition to mainstream norms. Countercultures tend to peak, then go into decline, leaving a lasting impact on mainstream cultural values. Their life cycles include phases of rejection, growth, partial acceptance and absorption into the mainstream. During the late 1960s, hippies became the largest and most visible countercultural group in the United States. The `` cultural shadows '' left by the Romantics, Bohemians, Beats and Hippies remain visible in contemporary Western culture. According to Sheila Whiteley, `` recent developments in sociological theory complicate and problematize theories developed in the 1960s, with digital technology, for example, providing an impetus for new understandings of counterculture ''. Andy Bennett writes that `` despite the theoretical arguments that can be raised against the sociological value of counterculture as a meaningful term for categorising social action, like subculture, the term lives on as a concept in social and cultural theory... ( to ) become part of a received, mediated memory ''. However, `` this involved not simply the utopian but also the dystopian and that while festivals such as those held at Monterey and Woodstock might appear to embrace the former, the deaths of such iconic figures as Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison and Janis Joplin, the nihilistic mayhem at Altamont, and the shadowy figure of Charles Manson cast a darker light on its underlying agenda, one that reminds us that ' pathological issues ( are ) still very much at large in today 's world ''. Literature The counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s generated its own unique brand of notable literature, including comics and cartoons, and sometimes referred to as the underground press. In the United States, this includes the work of Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton, and includes Mr. Natural ; Keep on Truckin ' ; Fritz the Cat ; Fat Freddy 's Cat ; Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers ; the album cover art for Cheap Thrills ; and in several countries contributions to International Times, The Village Voice, and Oz magazine. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, these comics and magazines were available for purchase in head shops along with items like beads, incense, cigarette papers, tie - dye clothing, Day - Glo posters, books, etc. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, some of these shops selling hippie items also became cafés where hippies could hang out, chat, smoke marijuana, read books, etc., e.g. Gandalf 's Garden in the Kings Road, Chelsea, London, which also published a magazine of the same name. Another such hippie / anarchist bookshop was Mushroom Books, tucked away in the Lace Market area of Nottingham. Media Some genres tend to challenge societies with their content that is meant to outright question the norms within cultures and even create change usually towards a more modern way of thought. More often than not, sources of these controversies can be found in art such as Marcel Duchamp whose piece Fountain was meant to be `` a calculated attack on the most basic conventions of art '' in 1917. Contentious artists like Banksy base most of their works off of mainstream media and culture to bring pieces that usually shock viewers into thinking about their piece in more detail and the themes behind them. A great example can be found in Dismaland, the biggest project of `` anarchism '' to be organised and exhibited which showcases multiple works such as an `` iconic Disney princess 's horse - drawn pumpkin carriage, ( appearing ) to re-enact the death of Princess Diana ''. Assimilation Many of these artists though once being taboo, have been assimilated into culture and are no longer a source of moral panic since they do n't cross overtly controversial topics or challenge staples of current culture. Instead of being a topic to fear, they have initiated subtle trends that other artists and sources of media may follow. LGBT Gay liberation ( considered a precursor of various modern LGBT social movements ) was known for its links to the counterculture of the time ( e.g. groups like the Radical Faeries ), and for the gay liberationists ' intent to transform or abolish fundamental institutions of society such as gender and the nuclear family ; in general, the politics were radical, anti-racist, and anti-capitalist in nature. In order to achieve such liberation, consciousness raising and direct action were employed. At the outset of the 20th century, homosexual acts were punishable offenses in these countries. The prevailing public attitude was that homosexuality was a moral failing that should be punished, as exemplified by Oscar Wilde 's 1895 trial and imprisonment for `` gross indecency ''. But even then, there were dissenting views. Sigmund Freud publicly expressed his opinion that homosexuality was `` assuredly no advantage, but it is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation ; it can not be classified as an illness ; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function, produced by a certain arrest of sexual development ''. According to Charles Kaiser 's The Gay Metropolis, there were already semi-public gay - themed gatherings by the mid-1930s in the United States ( such as the annual drag balls held during the Harlem Renaissance ). There were also bars and bathhouses that catered to gay clientele and adopted warning procedures ( similar to those used by Prohibition - era speakeasies ) to warn customers of police raids. But homosexuality was typically subsumed into bohemian culture, and was not a significant movement in itself. Eventually, a genuine gay culture began to take root, albeit very discreetly, with its own styles, attitudes and behaviors and industries began catering to this growing demographic group. For example, publishing houses cranked out pulp novels like The Velvet Underground that were targeted directly at gay people. By the early 1960s, openly gay political organizations such as the Mattachine Society were formally protesting abusive treatment toward gay people, challenging the entrenched idea that homosexuality was an aberrant condition, and calling for the decriminalization of homosexuality. Despite very limited sympathy, American society began at least to acknowledge the existence of a sizable population of gays. The film The Boys in the Band, for example, featured negative portrayals of gay men, but at least recognized that they did in fact fraternize with each other ( as opposed to being isolated, solitary predators who `` victimized '' straight men ). Disco music in large part rose out of the New York gay club scene of the early 1970s as a reaction to the stigmatization of gays and other outside groups such as blacks by the counterculture of that era. By later in the decade Disco was dominating the pop charts. The popular Village People and the critically acclaimed Sylvester had gay - themed lyrics and presentation. Another element of LGBT counter-culture that began in the 1970s -- and continues today -- is the lesbian land, or Landdyke movement. Radical feminists inspired by the back - to - the - land initiative abandoned their traditional roles and migrated to rural areas to create female - only lesbian communes. `` Free Spaces '' are defined by Sociologist Francesca Polletta as `` small - scale settings within a community or movement that are removed from the direct control of dominant groups, are voluntarily participated in, and generate the cultural challenge that precedes or accompanies political mobilization. Women came together in Free Spaces like music festivals, activist groups and collectives to share ideas with like - minded people and to explore the idea of the lesbian land movement. The movement is closely tied to eco-feminism. The four tenets of the Landdyke Movement are relationship with the land, liberation and transformation, living the politics, and bodily Freedoms. Most importantly, members of these communities seek to live outside of a patriarchal society that puts emphasis on `` beauty ideals that discipline the female body, compulsive heterosexuality, competitiveness with other women, and dependence ''. Instead of adhering typical female gender roles, the women of Landdyke communities value `` self - sufficiency, bodily strength, autonomy from men and patriarchal systems, and the development of lesbian - centered community ''. Members of the Landdyke movement enjoy bodily freedoms that have been deemed unacceptable in the modern Western world -- such as the freedom to expose their breasts, or to go without any clothing at all. An awareness of their impact on the Earth, and connection to nature is essential members of the Landdyke Movement 's way of life. The watershed event in the American gay rights movement was the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City. Following this event, gays and lesbians began to adopt the militant protest tactics used by anti-war and black power radicals to confront anti-gay ideology. Another major turning point was the 1973 decision by the American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from the official list of mental disorders. Although gay radicals used pressure to force the decision, Kaiser notes that this had been an issue of some debate for many years in the psychiatric community, and that one of the chief obstacles to normalizing homosexuality was that therapists were profiting from offering dubious, unproven `` cures ''. The AIDS epidemic was initially an unexpected blow to the movement, especially in North America. There was speculation that the disease would permanently drive gay life underground. Ironically, the tables were turned. Many of the early victims of the disease had been openly gay only within the confines of insular `` gay ghettos '' such as New York City 's Greenwich Village and San Francisco 's Castro ; they remained closeted in their professional lives and to their families. Many heterosexuals who thought they did n't know any gay people were confronted by friends and loved ones dying of `` the gay plague '' ( which soon began to infect heterosexual people also ). LGBT communities were increasingly seen not only as victims of a disease, but as victims of ostracism and hatred. Most importantly, the disease became a rallying point for a previously complacent gay community. AIDS invigorated the community politically to fight not only for a medical response to the disease, but also for wider acceptance of homosexuality in mainstream America. Ultimately, coming out became an important step for many LGBT people. During the early 1980s what was dubbed `` New Music '', New wave, `` New pop '' popularized by MTV and associated with gender bending Second British Music Invasion stars such as Boy George and Annie Lennox became what was described by Newsweek at the time as an alternate mainstream to the traditional masculine / heterosexual rock music in the United States. In 2003, the United States Supreme Court officially declared all sodomy laws unconstitutional. History Bill Osgerby argues that : the counterculture 's various strands developed from earlier artistic and political movements. On both sides of the Atlantic the 1950s `` Beat Generation '' had fused existentialist philosophy with jazz, poetry, literature, Eastern mysticism and drugs -- themes that were all sustained in the 1960s counterculture. United States Main articles : Counterculture of the 1960s and Timeline of 1960s counterculture In the United States, the counterculture of the 1960s became identified with the rejection of conventional social norms of the 1950s. Counterculture youth rejected the cultural standards of their parents, especially with respect to racial segregation and initial widespread support for the Vietnam War, and, less directly, the Cold War -- with many young people fearing that America 's nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union, coupled with its involvement in Vietnam, would lead to a nuclear holocaust. In the United States, widespread tensions developed in the 1960s in American society that tended to flow along generational lines regarding the war in Vietnam, race relations, sexual mores, women 's rights, traditional modes of authority, and a materialist interpretation of the American Dream. White, middle class youth -- who made up the bulk of the counterculture in western countries -- had sufficient leisure time, thanks to widespread economic prosperity, to turn their attention to social issues. These social issues included support for civil rights, women 's rights, and gay rights movements, and a rejection of the Vietnam War. The counterculture also had access to a media which was eager to present their concerns to a wider public. Demonstrations for social justice created far - reaching changes affecting many aspects of society. Hippies became the largest countercultural group in the United States. `` The 60s were a leap in human consciousness. Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Che Guevara, Mother Teresa, they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like Dalí, with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves. '' -- Carlos Santana Rejection of mainstream culture was best embodied in the new genres of psychedelic rock music, pop - art and new explorations in spirituality. Musicians who exemplified this era in the United Kingdom and United States included The Beatles, Neil Young, Bob Dylan, The Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, Frank Zappa, The Rolling Stones, Velvet Underground, Janis Joplin, The Who, Joni Mitchell, The Kinks, Sly and the Family Stone and, in their early years, Chicago. New forms of musical presentation also played a key role in spreading the counterculture, with large outdoor rock festivals being the most noteworthy. The climactic live statement on this occurred from August 15 -- 18, 1969, with the Woodstock Music Festival held in Bethel, New York -- with 32 of rock 's and psychedelic rock 's most popular acts performing live outdoors during the sometimes rainy weekend to an audience of half a million people. ( Michael Lang stated 400,000 attended, half of which did not have a ticket. ) It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history -- with Rolling Stone calling it one of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. According to Bill Mankin, `` It seems fitting... that one of the most enduring labels for the entire generation of that era was derived from a rock festival : the ' Woodstock Generation '. '' Sentiments were expressed in song lyrics and popular sayings of the period, such as `` do your own thing '', `` turn on, tune in, drop out '', `` whatever turns you on '', `` Eight miles high '', `` sex, drugs, and rock ' n ' roll '', and `` light my fire ''. Spiritually, the counterculture included interest in astrology, the term `` Age of Aquarius '' and knowing people 's astrological signs of the Zodiac. This led Theodore Roszak to state `` A ( sic ) eclectic taste for mystic, occult, and magical phenomena has been a marked characteristic of our postwar youth culture since the days of the beatniks. '' In the United States, even actor Charlton Heston contributed to the movement, with the statement `` Do n't trust anyone over thirty '' ( a saying coined in 1965 by activist Jack Weinberg ) in the 1968 film Planet of the Apes ; the same year, actress and social activist Jane Fonda starred in the sexually - themed Barbarella. Both actors opposed the Vietnam War during its duration, and Fonda would eventually become controversially active in the peace movement. The counterculture in the United States has been interpreted as lasting roughly from 1964 to 1972 -- coincident with America 's involvement in Vietnam -- and reached its peak in August 1969 at the Woodstock Festival, New York, characterized in part by the film Easy Rider ( 1969 ). Unconventional or psychedelic dress ; political activism ; public protests ; campus uprisings ; pacifist then loud, defiant music ; drugs ; communitarian experiments, and sexual liberation were hallmarks of the sixties counterculture -- most of whose members were young, white and middle - class. In the United States, the movement divided the population. To some Americans, these attributes reflected American ideals of free speech, equality, world peace, and the pursuit of happiness ; to others, they reflected a self - indulgent, pointlessly rebellious, unpatriotic, and destructive assault on the country 's traditional moral order. Authorities banned the psychedelic drug LSD, restricted political gatherings, and tried to enforce bans on what they considered obscenity in books, music, theater, and other media. The counterculture has been argued to have diminished in the early 1970s, and some have attributed two reasons for this. First, it has been suggested that the most popular of its political goals -- civil rights, civil liberties, gender equality, environmentalism, and the end of the Vietnam War -- were `` accomplished '' ( to at least some degree ) ; and also that its most popular social attributes -- particularly a `` live and let live '' mentality in personal lifestyles ( the `` sexual revolution '' ) -- were co-opted by mainstream society. Second, a decline of idealism and hedonism occurred as many notable counterculture figures died, the rest settled into mainstream society and started their own families, and the `` magic economy '' of the 1960s gave way to the stagflation of the 1970s -- the latter costing many in the middle - classes the luxury of being able to live outside conventional social institutions. The counterculture, however, continues to influence social movements, art, music, and society in general, and the post-1973 mainstream society has been in many ways a hybrid of the 1960s establishment and counterculture. The counterculture movement has been said to be rejuvenated in a way that maintains some similarities from the Counterculture of the 1960s, but it is different as well. Photographer Steve Schapiro investigated and documented these contemporary hippie communities from 2012 to 2014. He traveled the country with his son, attending festival after festival. These findings were compiled in Schapiro 's book Bliss : Transformational Festivals & the Neo Hippie. One of his most valued findings was that these `` Neo Hippies '' experience and encourage such a spiritual commitment to the community. Great Britain Starting in the late 1960s the counterculture movement spread from the US like a wildfire. Britain did not experience the intense social turmoil produced in America by the Vietnam War and racial tensions. Nevertheless, British youth readily identified with their American counterparts ' desire to cast off the older generation 's social mores. The new music was a powerful weapon. In this case, it took the form of a wholesale revolt against the class system, which was now being questioned for the first time in the nation 's history. Rock music, which had first been introduced from the US in the 1950s, became a key instrument in the social uprisings of the young generation and Britain soon became a groundswell of musical talent thanks to groups like the Beatles, Rolling Stones, The Who, Pink Floyd, and more in coming years. The antiwar movement in Britain closely collaborated with their American counterparts, supporting peasant insurgents in the Asian jungles. The `` Ban the Bomb '' protests centered around opposition to nuclear weaponry ; the campaign gave birth to what was to become the peace symbol of the 1960s. Russia / Soviet Union Although not exactly equivalent to the English definition, the term Контркультура ( Kontrkul'tura ) became common in Russian to define a 1990s cultural movement that promoted acting outside of cultural conventions : the use of explicit language ; graphical descriptions of sex, violence and illicit activities ; and uncopyrighted use of `` safe '' characters involved in such activities. During the early 1970s, the Soviet government rigidly promoted optimism in Russian culture. Divorce and alcohol abuse were viewed as taboo by the media. However, Russian society grew weary of the gap between real life and the creative world, and underground culture became `` forbidden fruit ''. General satisfaction with the quality of existing works led to parody, such as how the Russian anecdotal joke tradition turned the setting of War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy into a grotesque world of sexual excess. Another well - known example is black humor ( mostly in the form of short poems ) that dealt exclusively with funny deaths and / or other mishaps of small, innocent children. In the mid-1980s, the Glasnost policy permitted the production of less optimistic works. As a consequence, Russian cinema during the late 1980s and the early 1990s was action movies with explicit ( but not necessarily graphic ) scenes of ruthless violence and social dramas about drug abuse, prostitution and failing relationships. Although Russian movies of the time would be rated `` R '' in the United States due to violence, the use of explicit language was much milder than in American cinema. In the late 1990s, Russian counterculture became increasingly popular on the Internet. Several websites appeared that posted user - created short stories dealing with sex, drugs and violence. The following features are considered the most popular topics in such works : Wide use of explicit language ; Deliberate misspelling ; Descriptions of drug use and consequences of abuse ; Negative portrayals of alcohol use ; Sex and violence : nothing is a taboo -- in general, violence is rarely advocated, while all types of sex are considered good ; Parody : media advertising, classic movies, pop culture and children 's books are considered fair game ; Non-conformance ; and Politically incorrect topics, mostly racism, xenophobia and homophobia. A notable aspect of counterculture at the time was the influence of contra - cultural developments on Russian pop culture. In addition to traditional Russian styles of music, such as songs with jail - related lyrics, new music styles with explicit language were developed. Asia In the recent past, Dr. Sebastian Kappen, an Indian theologian, has tried to redefine counterculture in the Asian context. In March 1990, at a seminar in Bangalore, he presented his countercultural perspectives ( Chapter 4 in S. Kappen, Tradition, modernity, counterculture : an Asian perspective, Visthar, Bangalore, 1994 ). Dr. Kappen envisages counterculture as a new culture that has to negate the two opposing cultural phenomena in Asian countries : invasion by Western capitalist culture, and the emergence of revivalist movements. Kappen writes, `` Were we to succumb to the first, we should be losing our identity ; if to the second, ours would be a false, obsolete identity in a mental universe of dead symbols and delayed myths ''. The most important countercultural movement in India had taken place in the state of West Bengal during the 1960s by a group of poets and artists who called themselves Hungryalists. See also Alternative culture Alternative fashion Alternative lifestyle Alternative music Anti-establishment Avant - garde Beat generation Beatnik Bohemianism Civil disobediance Counterculture of the 1960s Counter-economics Culture jamming Cyberculture Deviance ( sociology ) Dialectic of Enlightenment Exi ( subculture ) Flower power Freak scene Guerrilla theatre Hippie movement Hipster ( contemporary subculture ) Hipster ( 1940s subculture ) La Movida Madrileña Nambassa Nonconformity Outsider art Outsider music Paradigm shift Peace movement Psychedelic movement Punk subculture Radicalization Rebellion Revolution Second - wave feminism Subculture Subversion Timeline of 1960s counterculture Turn on, tune in, drop out Underground ( British subculture ) Underground culture Youth culture Youth subculture Bibliography Bennett, Andy ( 2012 ). Reappraising `` counterculture ''. Volume !, n ° 9 - 1, Nantes, Éditions Mélanie Seteun. Curl, John ( 2007 ), Memories of Drop City, The First Hippie Commune of the 1960s and the Summer of Love, a memoir, iUniverse. ISBN 0 - 595 - 42343 - 4. https://web.archive.org/web/20090413150607/http://red-coral.net/DropCityIndex.html Freud, S. ( 1905 ). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachey ( Ed. and Trans. ), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. ( Vol. 7, pp. 123 -- 245 ). London : Hogarth Press. ( Original work published 1905 ) Gelder, Ken ( 2007 ), Subcultures : Cultural Histories and Social Practice, London : Routledge. Goffman, Ken ( 2004 ), Counterculture through the ages Villard Books ISBN 0 - 375 - 50758 - 2 Heath, Joseph and Andrew Potter ( 2004 ) Nation of Rebels : Why Counterculture Became Consumer Culture Collins Books ISBN 0 - 06 - 074586 - X Gretchen Lemke - Santangelo ( 2009 ), Daughters of Aquarius : Women of the Sixties Counterculture. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978 - 0700616336 Hall, Stuart and Tony Jefferson ( 1991 ), Resistance Through Rituals : Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain, London : Routledge. Hazlehurst, Cameron and Kayleen M. Hazlehurst ( 1998 ), Gangs and Youth Subcultures : International Explorations, New Brunswick & London : Transaction Publishers. Hebdige, Dick ( 1979 ), Subculture : the Meaning of Style, London & New York : Routledge. Paul Hodkinson and Wolfgang Deicke ( 2007 ), Youth Cultures Scenes, Subcultures and Tribes, New York : Routledge. Macfarlane, Scott ( 2007 ), The Hippie Narrative : A Literary Perspective on the Counterculture, Jefferson, NC : McFarland & Co Inc, ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2915 - 1 & ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2915 - 8. McKay, George ( 1996 ), Senseless Acts of Beauty : Cultures of Resistance since the Sixties. London Verso. ISBN 1 - 85984 - 028 - 0. Nelson, Elizabeth ( 1989 ), The British Counterculture 1966 - 73 : A Study of the Underground Press. London : Macmillan. Roszak, Theodore ( 1968 ) The Making of a Counter Culture. Isadora Tast ( 2009 ), Mother India. Searching For a Place. Berlin : Peperoni Books, ISBN 978 - 3 - 941825 - 00 - 0 Whiteley, Sheila ( 2012 ). Countercultures : Music, Theories & Scenes. Volume !, n ° 9 - 1, Nantes, Éditions Mélanie Seteun. Whiteley, Sheila ( 2012 ). Countercultures : Utopias, Dystopias, Anarchy. Volume !, n ° 9 - 1&2, Nantes, Éditions Mélanie Seteun. Whiteley, Sheila and Sklower, Jedediah ( 2014 ), Countercultures and Popular Music, Farnham : Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4724 - 2106 - 7. Беляев, И. А. Культура, субкультура, контркультура / И. А. Беляев, Н. А. Беляева / / Духовность и государственность. Сборник научных статей. Выпуск 3 ; под ред. И. А. Беляева. -- Оренбург : Филиал УрАГС в г. Оренбурге, 2002. -- С. 5 - 18. Yinger, John Milton ( 1982 ). Countercultures : The Promise and Peril of a World Turned Upside Down. New York : Free Press. Notes ^ Jump up to : `` counterculture, '' Merriam - Webster 's Online Dictionary, 2008, MWCCul. ^ Jump up to : Eric Donald Hirsch. The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0 - 395 - 65597 - 8. ( 1993 ) p 419. `` Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. In the 1960s and Europe before fading in the 1970s... fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest. '' ^ Jump up to : F.X. Shea, S.J., `` Reason and the Religion of the Counter-Culture '', Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 66 / 1 ( 1973 ), pp. 95 - 111, JSTOR - 3B2 - X. Jump up ^ `` Contraculture and Subculture '' by J. Milton Yinger, Source : American Sociological Review, Vol. 25, No. 5 ( Oct., 1960 ) https://www.jstor.org/stable/2090136 Jump up ^ Gollin, Andrea ( April 23, 2003 ). `` Social critic Theodore Roszak * 58 explores intolerance in new novel about gay Jewish writer ''. PAW Online. Retrieved June 21, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Roszak, Theodore, The Making of a Counter Culture : Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition, 1968 / 1969, Doubleday, New York, ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 07329 - 5. Jump up ^ His conception of the counterculture is discussed in Whiteley, 2012 & 2014 and Bennett, 2012. Jump up ^ Gelder, Subcultures ( 2007 ) p. 4. ``... to the banalities of mass cultural forms ''. Jump up ^ Hodkinson and Deicke, Youth Cultures ( 2007 ), p. 205. ``... opposition to, the middle - class establishment of adults. '' Jump up ^ Hebdige, Subculture ( 1979 ), p. 127. `` defining themselves against the parent culture. '' Jump up ^ Hall & Jefferson, Resistance Through Rituals ( 1991 ), p. 61. `` They make articulate their opposition to dominant values and institutions -- even when, as frequently occurred, this does not take the form of an overtly political response. '' Jump up ^ Hazlehurst & Hazlehurst, Gangs and Youth Subcultures ( 1998 ), p. 59. `` There does seem to be some general commitment towards antiauthoritarianism, a rejection of the traditional party political system which is considered irrelevant. '' ^ Jump up to : Yablonsky, Lewis ( 1968 ), The Hippie Trip, New York : Western Publishing, Inc., ISBN 978 - 0595001163, pp 21 - 37. Jump up ^ Cf. Whiteley, 2012 & 2014. Jump up ^ Cf. Andy Bennett, 2012. Jump up ^ London a Map of the Underground Archived August 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Mushroom Books, Nottingham Jump up ^ Founder of radical bookshop dies Jump up ^ `` Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp ''. www.understandingduchamp.com. Retrieved November 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Many are finding this shocking piece hidden inside Banksy 's ' Dismaland ' gut - wrenching ''. Tech Insider. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Stop Fooling Yourself : Coachella Style Is Trash -- '' Counterculture '' and `` subculture '' have been assimilated into a commercialized `` pop culture '' product ``. Complex CA. Retrieved November 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Kornblum, William ( January 31, 2011 ). Sociology in a Changing World. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781133172857. ^ Jump up to : Hoffman, Amy ( 2007 ) An Army of Ex-Lovers : My life at the Gay Community News. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. xi - xiii. ISBN 978 - 1558496217 Jump up ^ `` Gay Liberation Front : Manifesto. London ''. 1978 ( 1971 ). Jump up ^ See sodomy law for more information Jump up ^ Freud 1992, pp. 423 -- 424 ^ Jump up to : Kaiser, C ( 1997 ). The Gay Metropolis. New York : Harcourt Brace. ISBN 0 - 15 - 600617 - 0. Jump up ^ ( 2007 ) The 1970s, ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33919 - 6, p. 203 -- 204 : `` During the late 1960s various male counterculture groups, most notably gay, but also heterosexual black and Latino, created an alternative to rock'n'roll, which was dominated by white -- and presumably heterosexual -- men. This alternative was disco '' Jump up ^ Disco Double Take : New York Parties Like It 's 1975. Village Voice.com. Retrieved on August 9, 2009. Jump up ^ What 's That Sound ? W.W. Norton and Company, Inc... What 's That Sound ? W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. wwnorton.com. Retrieved on August 4, 2009 Jump up ^ MacArthur 's Disco : Disco Clubs at DiscoMusic.com Archived December 9, 2012, at Archive.is. Discotheques and Clubs of the 1970s / 80s : `` MacArthur 's Disco ''. DiscoMusic.com. Retrieved on August 4, 2009. Jump up ^ ( 1998 ) `` The Cambridge History of American Music '', ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45429 - 2, p. 372 : `` Initially, disco musicians and audiences alike belonged to marginalized communities : women, gay, black, and Latinos '' Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) `` Traces of the Spirit : The Religious Dimensions of Popular Music '', ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9809 - 6, p. 117 : `` New York City was the primary center of disco, and the original audience was primarily gay African Americans and Latinos. '' Jump up ^ ( 1976 ) `` Stereo Review '', University of Michigan, p. 75 : `` (... ) and the result -- what has come to be called disco -- was clearly the most compelling and influential form of black commercial pop music since the halcyon days of the `` Motown Sound '' of the middle Sixties. '' Jump up ^ Shapiro, Peter. `` Turn the Beat Around : The Rise and Fall of Disco '', Macmillan, 2006. p. 204 -- 206 : `` ' Broadly speaking, the typical New York discotheque DJ is young ( between 18 and 30 ), Italian, and gay, ' journalist Vince Aletti declared in 1975... Remarkably, almost all of the important early DJs were of Italian extraction... Italian Americans have played a significant role in America 's dance music culture... While Italian Americans mostly from Brooklyn largely created disco from scratch... '' ( 1 ). Jump up ^ Allmusic Disco genre Jump up ^ Allmusic bio The Village People Jump up ^ Allmusic bio Sylvester Jump up ^ Anahita, Sine. `` Nestled Into Niches : Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land. '' Journal of Homosexuality, 56 ( 2009 ) : 719. Jump up ^ Lord, A., and Zajicek, A.M. `` The history of the contemporary grassroots women 's movement in northwest Arkansas, 1970 -- 2000. '' Fayetteville, AR Jump up ^ Polletta, Francesca. `` Free Spaces in Collective Action '' Theory and Society, 28 / 1. ( Feb 1999 ) : 1. Jump up ^ Anahita, Sine. `` Nestled Into Niches : Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land. '' Journal of Homosexuality, 56 ( 2009 ) : 720 - 722. Jump up ^ Anahita, Sine. `` Nestled Into Niches : Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land. '' Journal of Homosexuality, 56 ( 2009 ) : 720 - 719. ^ Jump up to : Anahita, Sine. `` Nestled Into Niches : Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land ''. Journal of Homosexuality, 56 ( 2009 ) : 729. Jump up ^ Anahita, Sine. `` Nestled Into Niches : Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land. '' Journal of Homosexuality, 56 ( 2009 ) : 734. Jump up ^ Anahita, Sine. `` Nestled Into Niches : Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land ''. Journal of Homosexuality, 56 ( 2009 ) : 732. Jump up ^ Conger, J.J. ( 1975 ) `` Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1974 : Minutes of the Annual meeting of the Council of Representatives. '' American Psychologist, 30, 620 - 651. Jump up ^ Triumph of the New Newsweek on Campus reprinted by the Michigan Daily March 2, 1984 Jump up ^ Rip it Up and Start Again Post Punk 1978 - 1984 by Simon Reynolds United States Edition pp. 332 - 352 Jump up ^ Cateforis, Theo. Are We Not New Wave Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s. The University of Michigan Press, 2011. ISBN 0 - 472 - 03470 - 7. Jump up ^ `` LAWRENCE ET AL. v. TEXAS '' ( PDF ). June 26, 2003. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2007. Jump up ^ Bill Osgerby, `` Youth Culture '' in Paul Addison and Harriet Jones, eds. A Companion to Contemporary Britain : 1939 - 2000 ( 2005 ) pp 127 -- 44, quote at p. 132. Jump up ^ Mary Works Covington, Rockin ' At the Red Dog : The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock, 2005. ^ Jump up to : Krugman, Paul ( 2007 ). The Conscience of a Liberal. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0 - 393 - 06069 - 1. Chapter 5. Economist Paul Krugman comments on the effects of the economy on the counterculture : `` In fact, '' he argues, `` you have to wonder whether the Nixon recession of 1969 - 1971 ( which nearly doubled the unemployment rate ) did n't do more to end the hippie movement than the killings at Altamont. '' Jump up ^ Carlos Santana : I 'm Immortal interview by Punto Digital, October 13, 2010 Jump up ^ `` State Investigating Handling of Tickets At Woodstock Fair ''. New York Times. August 27, 1969. p. 45. Jump up ^ `` Woodstock in 1969 ''. Rolling Stone. June 24, 2004. Retrieved April 17, 2008. Jump up ^ Mankin, Bill. We Can All Join In : How Rock Festivals Helped Change America. Like the Dew. 2012. Jump up ^ Riech, Robert ( 2004 ). Reason : Why Liberals Will Win the Battle for America. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4221 - 6. Chapter 1, pp. 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Ankony, Robert C., `` Counterculture of the 1960s, '' Criminology Brief of Theorists, Theories, and Terms, CFM Research, Jul. 2012. p. 36. ^ Jump up to : Yenne, Bill ( 1989 ). The Beatles. Longmeadow Press. ISBN 0 - 681 - 00576 - 9. pp. 46 - 55 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Nelson, The British Counter-Culture, 1966 - 73 : A Study of the Underground Press ( 1989 ) excerpt Jump up ^ Steven D. Stark, Meet the Beatles : a cultural history of the band that shook youth, gender, and the world ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ Barry J. Faulk, British rock modernism, 1967 - 1977 : the story of music hall in rock ( 2016 ). Jump up ^ William Osgerby, Youth in Britain since 1945 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Sylvia A. Ellis, `` Promoting solidarity at home and abroad : the goals and tactics of the anti-Vietnam War movement in Britain. '' European Review of History : Revue européenne d'histoire 21.4 ( 2014 ) : 557 - 576. External links Look up counterculture in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Counterculture. Dugald Baird, How International Times sparked a publishing revolution, The Guardian, 17 July 2009 `` Perspectives '', Vietnam magazine, World History Group, Leesburg, VA, ( Aug. 2002 ) : 58 - 62. GND : 4130375 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterculture&oldid=806835102 '' Categories : Counterculture Culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 13 : 04. 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Question: what is an example of a counterculture in sociology
Answer: the diversified Punk subculture of the 1980s