Sleepy Lagoon murder - wikipedia Sleepy Lagoon murder This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2010 ) Part of a series on Chicanos and Mexican Americans Chicano La Raza Latino Mexican American Hispanic Pre-Chicano Movement Mexican -- American History Mexican -- American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mutualista San Elizario Salt War Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots Chicano Movement Chicanismo Aztlán Chicano nationalism Chicana feminism Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Bárbara Land grant struggle Chicano Blowouts Chicano Moratorium Farm worker rights campaign Católicos por La Raza Supreme Court cases Hernandez v. Texas Plyler v. Doe Mendez v. Westminster Organizations MEChA United Farm Workers Brown Berets Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional League of United Latin American Citizens American GI Forum Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund Mexican American Political Association National Council of La Raza Language Chicano Spanish Chicano Spanish words / phrases Chicano English New Mexican Spanish Spanish language in the United States Music Chicano rap Chicano rock Tejano music Culture Chicano literature Estrada Courts murals Cholo Pachuco Lowrider Zoot suit Teatro Campesino Chicano Park Tex - Mex cuisine Dia de los muertos Cinco de Mayo Lists U.S. communities with Hispanic majority Notable Chicanos / Hispanics Two teenagers in 1943 wearing Zoot suits The `` Sleepy Lagoon murder '' was the name that Los Angeles newspapers used to describe the death of José Gallardo Díaz, who was discovered unconscious and dying on a road near a swimming hole ( known as the Sleepy Lagoon ) in Commerce, California on the morning of August 2, 1942. Díaz was taken by ambulance to Los Angeles County General Hospital, where he died shortly after, never having regained consciousness. The hospital autopsy showed that he was inebriated from a party the previous night and had a fracture at the base of his skull. This might have been caused by repeated falls or an automobile accident. The cause of his death remains a mystery to this day. However, Los Angeles Police were quick to arrest 17 Mexican - American youths as suspects. Despite insufficient evidence, the young men were held in prison, without bail, on charges of murder. The trial ended on January 13, 1943, under Judge Charles W. Fricke. Nine of the defendants were convicted of second - degree murder and sentenced to serve time in San Quentin Prison. The rest of the suspects were charged with lesser offenses and incarcerated in Los Angeles County Jail. The convictions were reversed on appeal in 1944. The case is considered a precursor to the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943. Sleepy Lagoon was a reservoir beside the Los Angeles River that was frequented by Mexican - Americans. Its name came from the popular song `` Sleepy Lagoon '', by big band leader and trumpeter Harry James. The reservoir was located near the city of Maywood at approximately 5500 Slauson Avenue in Bell, California. Contents 1 Death 2 Criminal trial 3 Activist involvement 4 Reversal 5 Cultural references 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Death With the internment of Japanese Americans, racial tension in California shifted toward the Mexican - American community and, spurred by the media, a grand jury headed by E. Duran Ayres was appointed by the City of Los Angeles to investigate an alleged `` Mexican Crime Wave. '' The morning of August 2, 1942, José Díaz was found unconscious and later died in the hospital. The autopsy revealed that Díaz was intoxicated and that death was the result of blunt head trauma. Despite one medical examiner stating that the injuries were consistent with being hit by a car, 20 - year - old Henry Leyvas and 24 members of what the media termed `` the 38th Street gang '' were arrested for allegedly murdering Díaz. They suspected that rival Pachuco gang fights were the cause of Díaz 's death. In response to the alleged murder, the media began a campaign calling for action against `` zoot suiters '' which led police on August 10 to conduct a roundup of 600 Latinos who were charged with suspicion of assault, armed robbery, and related offenses ; 175 were eventually held for various crimes. Criminal trial The resulting criminal trial is now generally viewed as lacking in the fundamental requirements of due process. Seventeen Latino youths were indicted on the murder charges and placed on trial. The courtroom was small and during the trial the defendants were not allowed to sit near, or to communicate with, their attorneys. None of those charged were permitted to change their clothes during the trial by order of Judge Fricke at the request of the district attorney on the grounds that the jury should see the defendants in the zoot suits that were `` obviously '' only worn by `` hoodlums ''. Every time a name was mentioned by a witness or the district attorney, regardless of how damning the statement was, the named defendant was required to stand up. Judge Fricke also permitted the chief of the Foreign Relations Bureau of the Los Angeles sheriff 's office, E. Duran Ayres, to testify as an `` expert witness '' that Mexicans as a community had a `` blood - thirst '' and a `` biological predisposition '' to crime and killing, citing the culture of human sacrifice practiced by their Aztec ancestors. Activist involvement The Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee was a community organization made up of Los Angeles community members and activists who came together to support the defendants. The SLDC ( Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee ) was also known as The Citizens ' Committee for the Defense of Mexican - American Youth. The committee was labeled a Communist front organization by the California state legislature 's Joint Fact - Finding Committee on Un-American Activities headed by Jack Tenney. Some SLDC members included : Alice McGrath, Josefina Fierro de Bright, Josefa Fierro, Maria Alvez, Luisa Moreno, Dorothy Healey, LaRue McCormick, Lupe Leyvas, Henry Leyvas, Doc Johnson, Frank Lopez, Bert Corona, and Gray Bemis. The SLDC 's mission was to mount a civil rights crusade so that `` these Mexican - American defendants might have a full measure of justice under the Constitution ''. The SLDC utilized their contacts with influential community members to promote their cause and for fund - raising purposes to be able to support their cause. After Judge Fricke 's verdict in January, the Mexican - American youths were imprisoned without evidence and because they were `` Mexican and dangerous '', ipso facto. The Mexican American community was outraged and several attorneys challenged Judge Fricke 's decisions : George Shibley, Robert Kenny, Clore Ware, Ben Margolis, John McTernan, Carey McWilliams, and several others. Together they hoped to remind the American society that minorities had the right to testify in court and have impartial jury trials. McWilliams noted that a few months earlier over 120,000 Japanese Americans were detained and interned in detention camps, and later argued that there were common links between the Japanese - American internment and the anti-Mexican response in the Sleepy Lagoon case. From 1943 through 1944, the state anti-Communist Tenney Committee subpoenaed and investigated the members of the Defense Committee in an attempt to uncover Communist ties. Reversal In October 1944, the state Court of Appeals unanimously decided the evidence was not sufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. It reversed the 12 defendants ' convictions, in the case of People v Zammora 66 Cal. App. 2d 166. The appeals court also criticized the trial judge for his bias and mishandling of the case. Cultural references The 1979 play Zoot Suit and the 1981 movie Zoot Suit are loosely based on events surrounding the murder trial. In James Ellroy 's novel The Big Nowhere, the Sleepy Lagoon murder plays a major role in the story. See also Zoot Suit Riots 38th Street gang East Los Angeles, California Pachuco History of the Mexican Americans in Los Angeles List of unsolved deaths References Jump up ^ Larralde, Carlos ( Summer 2010 ). `` Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942 - 1945 ''. Southern California Quarterly. 2. 92 : 117 -- 160. JSTOR 41172517. doi : 10.2307 / 41172517. ^ Jump up to : Sleepy Laggon and the Sailor Riots of 1943 La Noche Triste Jump up ^. 1944 http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=sleepy+lagoon+case&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5&case=2516729798903775955&scilh=0. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stacy, Lee ( 2002 ). Mexico and the United States, Volume 1. Page 185 : Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7402 - 9. Jump up ^ Larralde, Carlos ( Summer 2010 ). `` Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942 - 1945 ''. Southern California Quarterly. 92 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 160. JSTOR 41172517. doi : 10.2307 / 41172517. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : Hispanic Americans and... By Jeffrey D. Schultz page 518 Jump up ^ Eduardo Obregón Pagán, Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon : Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime LA ( Univ of North Carolina Press, 2003 ) p 207 - 8 Further reading McWilliams, Carey, `` Second Thoughts, '' The Nation ( April 7, 1979 ) Servin, Manuel, The Mexican - Americans : An Awakening Minority. ( 1970 ) ISBN 0 - 02 - 477940 - 7 External links Sleepy Lagoon Website Pagán, Eduardo Obregón Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. University of North Carolina Press ( 2003 ) USC Los Angeles History : The Sleepy Lagoon Mystery Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee. ( 1944 ). This is the story of a crime. The Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA, via Calisphere. UCLA Sleepy Lagoon Symposium ( 2005 ) The Sleepy Lagoon Case : Constitutional Rights, and the Struggle for Democracy. A commemorative symposium, May 20 -- 21, 2005, UCLA PBS special José Gallardo Díaz at Find a Grave Retrieved 02 - 06 - 2015 Chicano and Mexican American topics Terms Chicano Hispanic La Raza Hispanic and Latino Americans Mexican American Tejano Pre-Chicano Movement History of Mexican Americans Mexican -- American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Repatriation Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots Chicano Movement Aztlán Católicos por La Raza Chicanismo Chicana feminism Chicano Blowouts Chicano Moratorium PCUN Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Bárbara Farm workers rights campaign Land grant struggle Colegio César Chávez Supreme Court cases Botiller v. Dominguez Hernandez v. Texas San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. U.S. v. Brignoni - Ponce Plyler v. Doe Medellín v. Texas Flores - Figueroa v. U.S. Leal Garcia v. Texas Mendez v. Westminster Bernal v. Fainter Culture Chicano films Chicano literature Chicano poetry Chicano rock Chicano rap Mexican muralism Skull art Teatro Campesino Tortilla art Chicano Park Estrada Courts murals Cholo Pachuco Paño Tejano music Tex - Mex cuisine Zoot suit Lowrider By city Arizona ( Tucson ) California ( Los Angeles ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Nebraska ( Omaha ) Texas Dallas - Fort Worth Houston Lists Caló Chicano poets U.S. communities with Hispanic majority Mexican Americans Writers List of Hispanic and Latino Americans Bibliography Category : American people of Mexican descent Category : Mexican - American organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleepy_Lagoon_murder&oldid=800182816 '' Categories : Unsolved murders in the United States History of Los Angeles Commerce, California Mexican - American history Murdered Mexican Americans 1942 in California History of racism in California Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 23 : 43. 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Question: what was the significance of the sleepy lagoon trial
Answer: generally viewed as lacking in the fundamental requirements of due process