Nanjing - wikipedia Nanjing For other uses, see Nanjing ( disambiguation ). Nanjing 南京 市 Sub-provincial city Nanjing City Clockwise from top : 1. the city, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain ; 2. stone sculpture `` bixie '' ; 3. Jiming Temple ; 4. Yijiang Gate with the City Wall of Nanjing ; 5. Qinhuai River and Fuzi Miao ; 6. Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre ; 7. the spirit way of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum ; 8. Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum Location of Nanjing City jurisdiction in Jiangsu Nanjing Location in China Coordinates : 32 ° 03 ′ N 118 ° 46 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 32.050 ° N 118.767 ° E ﻿ / 32.050 ; 118.767 Coordinates : 32 ° 03 ′ N 118 ° 46 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 32.050 ° N 118.767 ° E ﻿ / 32.050 ; 118.767 Country People 's Republic of China Province Jiangsu County - level 11 Township - level 129 Settled unknown ( Yecheng, 495 BC. Jinling City, 333 BC ) Government Type Sub-provincial city Party Secretary Wu Zhenglong Mayor Miao Ruilin Area Sub-provincial city 6,598 km ( 2,548 sq mi ) Elevation 20 m ( 50 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Sub-provincial city 8,270,500 Density 1,237 / km ( 3,183 / sq mi ) Metro 11.7 million Demonym ( s ) Nankinese Time zone China Standard ( UTC + 8 ) Postal code 210000 -- 211300 Area code ( s ) 25 GDP ( Nominal ) 2016 - Total US $ 158.3 billion - Per capita US $ 19,537 - Growth 8.0 % GDP ( PPP ) 2016 - Total US $ 290.1 billion - Per capita US $ 35,819 Licence plate prefixes 苏 A Website City of Nanjing City trees Deodar Cedar ( Cedrus deodara ), Platanus × acerifolia City flowers Méi ( Prunus mume ) Nanjing `` Nanjing '' in Chinese characters Chinese 南京 Postal Nanking Literal meaning `` Southern Capital '' Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nánjīng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Nanjing Wade -- Giles Nan - ching IPA ( nǎn. tɕíŋ ) Wu Romanization noe cin Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Nàahm - gīng IPA ( nȁːm. kéŋ ) Jyutping Naam - ging Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lâm - kian ( col. ) Lâm - king ( lit. ) Tâi - lô Lâm - kiann ( col. ) Lâm - king ( lit. ) Nanjing ( listen ), formerly romanized as Nanking and Nankin, is a city situated in the heartland of the lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of the People 's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China region, with an area of 6,600 km ( 2,500 sq mi ) and a total population of 8,270,500. The inner area of Nanjing enclosed by the city wall is Nanjing City ( 南京 城 ), with an area of 55 km, while the Nanjing Metropolitan Region includes surrounding cities and areas, covering over 60 thousand square kilometres, with a population of over 30 million. Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century CE to 1949. The city has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city ; among them there is the name Jiangning or Kiangning ( 江寧, literally `` Yangtze 's Peace '' ), whose former character Jiang ( 江, River ) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning ( 寧, simplified form 宁, Peace ) is the short name of Nanjing. When it was the capital of a state, for instance during the ROC, Jing ( 京, Capital ) was adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. It first became a Chinese national capital as early as the Jin dynasty, and the name Nanjing was officially designated for the city during the Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling or Ginling ( 金陵, literally `` Gold Mausoleum '' ) and the old name has been used since the Warring States period in the Zhou Dynasty. Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of east China, Nanjing is home to one of the world 's largest inland ports. The city is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People 's Republic of China 's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of `` Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength '' issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high - quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University and Southeast University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No. 1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the top three Chinese scientific research centers, especially in the chemical sciences, according to the Nature Index. Nanjing, one of the nation 's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It has been one of the world 's largest cities, enjoying peace and prosperity despite wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period ( 211 -- 280 ) ; the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties ( Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen ), which successively ruled southern China from 317 -- 589 ; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms ( 937 -- 76 ) ; the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city ( 1368 -- 1421 ) ; and the Republic of China ( 1927 -- 37, 1945 -- 49 ) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ( 1851 -- 64 ) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei ( 1940 -- 45 ) during the Second Sino - Japanese War. It suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. Nanjing has served as the capital city of Jiangsu province since the establishment of the People 's Republic of China. It boasts many important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum. Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Imperial China 1.3 Modern China 2 Geography 2.1 Climate and environment 2.2 Cityscape 2.3 Environmental issues 2.3. 1 Air pollution in 2013 3 Government 3.1 Administrative divisions 4 Demographics 5 Economy 5.1 Earlier development 5.2 Modern times 5.3 Today 6 Transportation 6.1 Rail 6.2 Road 6.3 Public transportation 6.4 Air 6.5 Water 6.6 Yangtze River crossings 7 Culture and art 7.1 Art 7.2 Festivals 7.3 Libraries 7.4 Museums 7.5 Theatre 7.6 Night life 7.7 Food and symbolism 8 Sports and stadiums 9 Tourism 9.1 Buildings and monuments 9.1. 1 Imperial period 9.1. 2 Republic of China period 9.1. 3 People 's Republic of China period 9.2 Parks and gardens 9.3 Other places of interest 10 Education 10.1 Universities and colleges 10.2 Notable high schools 11 Sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Sources 15 External links History See also : Timeline of Nanjing history Historical affiliations Tang dynasty, 1271 -- 1365 Ming dynasty, 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty, 1644 -- 1912 Republic of China, 1912 -- 1937 Empire of Japan, 1937 -- 1945 Republic of China, 1945 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China, 1949 -- present Early History Archaeological discovery shows that `` Nanjing Man '' lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to a legend quoted by an artist in Ming dynasty, Chen Yi, Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng in today 's Nanjing area in 495 BCE. Later in 473 BCE, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng ( 越 城 ) on the outskirts of the present - day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BCE, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi ( 金陵 邑 ) in the western part of present - day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling ( 秣陵 ) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times. The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation 's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty ( 106 BCE ). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. Imperial China A bixie sculpture at Xiao Xiu 's tomb ( 518 CE ). Stone sculpture of the southern dynasties is widely considered as the city 's icon. Map of Nanjing ( Jinling, Yingtian Fu ) in Ming Dynasty Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 CE, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye ( 建 業 ), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 CE. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries. Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang ( 建 康 ), replacing Luoyang. It 's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part. During the period of North -- South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household consisted of about 5.1 people, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived ( in various degrees of preservation ) in Nanjing 's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu ( 475 -- 518 ), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town. The Śarīra pagoda in Qixia Temple. It was built in 601 CE and rebuilt in the 10th century. The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou ( 昇 州 ) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling ( 金陵 ) during the Southern Tang ( 937 -- 976 ), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning ( 江寧 ) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang 's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen - led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short - lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city 's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated. Yuan dynasty map of Nanjing. Zhonghua Gate is the south gate of the walled city of Nanjing. The city wall was built in the 14th century and is the longest in the world. The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang ( the Hongwu Emperor ), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km ( 30 mi ) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present - day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402. It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. In 1421, the Yongle Emperor persisted in relocating the capital to Beijing, however he had to withdrew his order before his death. Although Beijing was the de facto capital after that, Nanjing remained the official one of the Ming Empire until 1441, when Emperor Yingzong ordered to not to prefix the words `` 行 在 '' ( `` provisional '' ) on the Beijing Government seals any longer, while Nanjing 's need to prefix `` Nanjing '' for distinguishing. Hence, Nanjing still had itself imperial government with extremely limit power before 1644. Besides the city wall, other famous Ming - era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties. A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry ( located some 15 -- 20 km ( 9 -- 12 mi ) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum ), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it. As the center of the empire, early - Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo ( Boni 渤 泥 ), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District ( south of the walled city ) in 1958, and has been restored. Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and then to the Manchu - led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so - called Southern Ming dynasty. Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo 's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city 's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen 's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou. An artist 's impression of the Taiping Rebellion ( 1850 -- 1864 ). Under the Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning ( 江寧 ) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It was the site of a Qing army garrison. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief - lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ( founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing ( 天 京, `` Heavenly Capital '' or `` Capital of Heaven '' ). Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This systematic mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing. Modern China See also : Battle of Nanking and Nanjing Massacre The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat - sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing ( closer to his power base ). The headquarters of the National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing, 1927 In 1927, the Kuomintang ( KMT ; Nationalist Party ) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full - scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino - Japanese War ( often considered a theatre of World War II ). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre ( the `` Rape of Nanking '' ). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal after the atomic bombings, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event. A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking ( Chongqing ) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese - collaborationist government known as the `` Nanjing Regime '' or `` Reorganized National Government of China '' led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai - shek 's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. On 21 April 1949, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, the Communist People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) captured Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton ( Guangzhou ) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to the island of Taiwan on December 10 where Taipei was proclaimed the temporary capital of the Republic of China. By late 1949, the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet and Hainan Island were left. After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a province - level municipality, but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928, and retains that status to this day. Geography Nanjing Region - Lower Yangtze Basin and Eastern China. Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres ( 2,548 sq mi ), is situated in the heartland of the drainage area of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and in the Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then the north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south sides of the city. The city is 650 kilometres ( 400 mi ) southeast of Luoyang, 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) south - southeast of Beijing, 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) west - northwest of Shanghai, and 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) east - northeast of Chongqing. The Yangtze River flows downstream from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to the East China Sea. The northern part of the lower Yangtze drainage basin is the Huai River basin and the southern part is the Zhe River basin ; they are connected by the Grand Canal east of Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang ( 下 江, Downstream River ) region, with Jianghuai dominant in the northern part and Jiangzhe dominant in the southern part. The region is also well known as Dongnan ( 東南, South East, the Southeast ) and Jiangnan ( 江南, and River South, South of Yangtze ). Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast ( one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze ) ; Zhenjiang to the east ( one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze ) ; and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture - level cities : Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest. Nanjing is at the intersection of the Yangtze River, an east - west water transport artery, and the Nanjing -- Beijing railway, a north - south land transport artery, hence the name `` door of the east and west, throat of the south and north ''. Furthermore, the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing ; the Loong - like Zhong Mountain curls round the east side of the city, while the tiger - like Stone Mountain crouches in the west of the city, hence the name `` the Zhong Mountain, a dragon curling, and the Stone Mountain, a tiger crouching ''. Climate and environment Nanjing Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 37 7 − 1 47 9 82 13 5 73 20 11 102 26 16 193 29 21 186 32 25 129 32 24 72 27 19 65 22 13 51 16 6 24 10 0 Average max. and min. temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : CMA Imperial conversion J J J O 1.5 45 30 1.9 48 33 3.2 56 41 2.9 69 51 78 61 7.6 84 69 7.3 89 76 5.1 89 76 2.8 81 67 2.6 72 55 61 43 50 33 Average max. and min. temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Autumn maple leaves in Qixia Mountain Temple. Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the `` Three Furnacelike Cities '' along the Yangtze River ( 长江 流域 三 大 火炉 ) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu ( rainy season of East Asia ; literally `` plum rain '' ) occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around 15.91 ° C ( 60.6 ° F ), with the monthly 24 - hour average temperature ranging from 2.7 ° C ( 36.9 ° F ) in January to 28.1 ° C ( 82.6 ° F ) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from − 14.0 ° C ( 7 ° F ) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 ° C ( 105 ° F ) on 22 August 1959. On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 1,090 millimetres ( 43 in ). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,926 hours of bright sunshine annually. Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou. Sun Yat - sen once summarized and lauded the feature of Nanjing in his book The International Development of China ( 建國 方略 ) : Nanking was the old capital of China before Peking, and is situated in a fine locality which comprises high mountains, deep water and a vast level plain -- a rare site to be found in any part of the world. It also lies at the center of a very rich country on both sides of the lower Yangtze. ( 南京 為 中國 古都, 在 北京 之前, 而 其 位置 乃 在 一 美 善之 地區. 其 地 有 高山, 有 深水, 有 平原, 此 三種 天 工, 鐘 毓 一 處, 在 世界 中 之 大 都市 誠 難 覓 如此 佳境 也. 而 又 恰 居 長江 下游 兩岸 最 豐富 區域 之 中心... ) To be more exact, surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains, the urban area of the city enjoys its scenic natural environment. Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while Purple Mountain are covered with deciduous and coniferous forests preserving various historical and cultural sites. Meanwhile, a Yangtze River deep - water channel is constructing to enable Nanjing to be capable of navigation of the 50,000 DWT vessels form the estuary. Climate data for Nanjing ( 1981 -- 2010 normals, extremes 1951 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.7 ( 30.7 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 13.0 ( 8.6 ) − 7.1 ( 19.2 ) − 0.2 ( 31.6 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 0.2 ( 32.4 ) − 6.3 ( 20.7 ) − 13.1 ( 8.4 ) − 14 ( 7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 45.4 ( 1.787 ) 53.0 ( 2.087 ) 79.6 ( 3.134 ) 80.3 ( 3.161 ) 90.0 ( 3.543 ) 166.2 ( 6.543 ) 214.3 ( 8.437 ) 143.8 ( 5.661 ) 72.9 ( 2.87 ) 59.7 ( 2.35 ) 55.9 ( 2.201 ) 29.5 ( 1.161 ) 1,090.6 ( 42.935 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 8.7 9.1 11.8 10.0 9.7 10.6 12.3 11.8 8.1 7.8 7.4 6.2 113.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 74 73 72 71 71 76 80 80 78 75 76 73 74.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 124.7 120.3 144.7 169.2 194.2 162.8 196.7 201.6 164.0 164.2 147.4 137.1 1,926.9 Source : China Meteorological Administration Cityscape Nanjing skyline, taken in 2012. Environmental issues Air pollution in 2013 7 December 2013 image from NASA 's Terra Satellite of the Eastern China smog See also : 2013 Eastern China smog A dense wave of smog began in the central and east parts of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow - moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at `` severely polluted '' for five straight days and `` heavily polluted '' for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3 : 00 pm, 3 December and 2 : 00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children 's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent ; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal - powered district heating system in north China. Prevailing winds blew low - hanging air masses of factory emissions ( mostly SO ) towards China 's east coast. Government People 's Government of Nanjing City At present, the full name of the government of Nanjing is `` People 's Government of Nanjing City '' and the city is under the one - party rule of the CPC, with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary. Administrative divisions The sub-provincial city of Nanjing is divided into 11 districts. Map District Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population ( 2013 ) Area ( km ) 5 Qixia Jiangning Pukou Luhe Lishui Gaochun 1. Xuanwu 2. Qinhuai 3. Jianye 4. Gulou 5. Yuhuatai District Xuanwu 玄武 区 Xuánwǔ Qū 660,557 80.97 Qinhuai 秦淮 区 Qínhuái Qū 1,034,822 50.36 Jianye 建邺 区 Jiànyè Qū 446,899 82.00 Gulou 鼓楼 区 Gǔlóu Qū 1,292,291 57.62 Yuhuatai 雨花台 区 Yǔhuātái Qū 415,885 131.90 Qixia 栖霞 区 Qīxiá Qū 664,103 340.00 Jiangning 江宁 区 Jiāngníng Qū 1,178,628 1,573.00 Pukou 浦口 区 Pǔkǒu Qū 728,798 913.00 Luhe 六合 区 Lùhé Qū 926,445 1,485.50 Lishui 溧水 区 Lìshuǐ Qū 419,523 983.00 Gaochun 高淳 区 Gāochún Qū 420,429 801.00 Defunct districts : Baixia District and Xiaguan District Demographics Population trend Year Residents ( in million ) natural growth rate ( % ) 1949 2.5670 13.09 1950 2.5670 15.64 1955 2.8034 19.94 1960 3.2259 0.23 1965 3.4529 25.58 1970 3.6053 20.76 3.9299 9.53 1978 4.1238 8.84 5.0182 9.18 Year Residents ( in million ) natural growth rate ( % ) 1995 5.2172 2.62 5.2543 2.63 5.2982 2.16 1998 5.3231 1.00 1999 5.3744 2.01 2000 5.4489 2.48 5.5304 1.60 2002 5.6328 0.70 2003 5.7223 1.50 2006 6.0700 6.11 According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million. The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent. The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people. The sex ratio of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females. The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) to have, as of 2010, a population of 11.7 million. As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality ( 98.56 percent ), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority ( 64,832 ) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu ( 2,311 ) and Zhuang ( 533 ) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district 's population. Economy Earlier development There was a massive cultivating in the area of Nanjing from the Three Kingdoms period to Southern dynasties. The sparse population led to land as royal rewards were granted for rules ' people. At first, the landless peasants benefited from it, then the senior officials and aristocratic families. Since large numbers of immigrants flooded into the area, reclamation was quite common in its remote parts, which promoted its agricultural development. The craft industries, by contrast, had a faster growth. Especially the textiles section, there were about 200,000 craftsmen by the late Qing. Several dynasties established their imperial textiles bureaus in Nanjing. The Nanjing Brocade ( 南京 云锦 ) is their exquisite product as the cloth for the royal garments such as dragon robes. Meanwhile, the satins from Nanjing were called `` tribute satins '' ( `` 贡缎 '' ), because they were usually paid as tribute to the monarchy. Besides, minting, papermaking, shipbuilding grew initially since the Three Kingdoms period. As Nanjing was the capital of the Ming dynasty, the industries further expanded, where both state - owned and numerous private businesses served the imperial court. Several place names in Nanjing remains witnessed them, such as Wangjinshi ( 网 巾 市, the market sells wangjin ), Guyilang ( 估 衣 廊, the corridor for garments bargain ), Youfangqiao ( 油坊 桥, the bridge near an oil mill ). Moreover, the trade in Nanjing was also flourishing. The Ming dynasty drawing Nandu fanhui tujuan ( 南都 繁 会 图 卷, Prosperous Nanjing ) vividly depicts a high street at that time bustling with people ; all sorts of shops could be found on it. However, the economic developments were almost wiped out by the Taiping Rebellion 's catastrophe. Modern times Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China. A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up, attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry. One third of the city population worked in the service industry,. In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC, the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state - owned heavy industries, as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization, converting it into a heavy industry production center of east China. Overenthusiastic in building a `` world - class '' industrial city, the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s. From 1960s to 1980s there were Five Pillar Industries, namely, electronics, cars, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power, each with big state - owned firms. After the Reform and Opening recovering market economy, the state - owned enterprises found themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms and local private firms, hence were either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in large numbers of layoff workers who were technically not unemployed but effectively jobless. Today Skyline of Nanjing 's Xinjiekou district as seen from Nanjing University 's Gulou campus. The current economy of the city is basically newly developed based on the past. Service industries are dominating, accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city, and financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them. Industries of information technology, energy saving and environmental protection, new energy, smart power grid and intelligent equipment manufacturing have become pillar industries. Big civilian - run enterprise include Suning Commerce, Yurun, Sanpower, Fuzhong, Hiteker, 5stars, Jinpu, Tiandi, CTTQ Pharmaceutical, Nanjing Iron and Steel Company and Simcere Pharmaceutical. Big state - owned firms include Panda Electronics, Yangzi Petrochemical, Jinling Petrochemical, Nanjing Chemical, Jincheng Motors, Jinling Pharmaceutical, Chenguang and NARI. The city has also attracted foreign investment, multinational firms such as Siemens, Ericsson, Volkswagen, Iveco, A.O. Smith, and Sharp have established their lines, and a number of multinationals such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP established research center there. Many China - based leading firms such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have key R & D institutes in the city. Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub, hosting many R & D centers and institutions, especially in areas of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology. In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city 's GDP was RMB 801 billion ( 3rd in Jiangsu ), and GDP per capita ( current price ) was RMB 98,174 ( US $16041 ), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident 's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident 's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average ( 4.3 percent ). Nanjing 's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009. A panoramic view of Nanjing in 2005 Industrial zones There are a number of industrial zones in Nanjing. Nanjing New and High - Tech Industry Development Zone Nanjing Baixia Hi - Tech Industrial Zone Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone Transportation Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transportation constitute a three - dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens. As of October 2014, Nanjing had four bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, which are tying districts north of the river with the city center on the south bank. Rail Nanjing South Railway Station Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China. It serves as rail junction for the Beijing - Shanghai ( Jinghu ) ( which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways ), Nanjing -- Tongling Railway ( Ningtong ), Nanjing -- Qidong ( Ningqi ), and the Nanjing - Xian ( Ningxi ) which encompasses the Hefei -- Nanjing Railway. Nanjing is connected to the national high - speed railway network by Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway and Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, with several more high - speed rail lines under construction. Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing, passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station, while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station, Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles. Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968. On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire. Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005. Nanjing South Railway Station, which is one of the 5 hub stations on Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway, has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA ( Gross Floor Area ). Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008. The station was opened for public service in 2011. Road Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, built in 1968, the first bridge over the Yangtze River to be built without foreign assistance. As an important regional hub in the Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing is well - connected by over 60 state and provincial highways to all parts of China. Express highways such as Hu -- Ning, Ning -- He, Ning -- Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km ( 140 mi ) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs ( 5.44 mi / 100 sq mi ). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres ( 181.15 mi / 100 sq mi ). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city center, Xinjiekou. Expressways : G25 Changchun -- Shenzhen Expressway G36 Nanjing -- Luoyang Expressway G40 Shanghai -- Xi'an Expressway G42 Shanghai -- Chengdu Expressway G4211 Nanjing -- Wuhu Expressway, a spur of G42 that extends west to Wuhu, Anhui S55 Nanjing -- Gaochun Expressway S38 Yanjiang Expressway G2501 Nanjing Ring Expressway National Highway ( GXXX ) : China National Highway 104 -- motorists can either drive northwest to Beijing or south to Fuzhou, Fujian. China National Highway 205 -- motorists can either drive north to Shanhaiguan, Hebei or south to Shenzhen, Guangdong. China National Highway 312 -- motorists can either drive east to Shanghai or west to Khorgas, Xinjiang on the Kazakh border China National Highway 328 -- Nanjing is the western terminus of G328, which motorists can follow to Hai'an County in eastern Jiangsu Public transportation Xinjiekou Station of Line 2, Nanjing Metro The city also boasts an efficient network of public transportation, which mainly consists of bus, taxi and metro systems. The bus network, which is currently run by three companies since 2011, provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas. Nanjing Metro Line 1, started service on September 3, 2005, with 16 stations and a length of 21.72 kilometres ( 13.50 miles ). Line 2 and the 24.5 km - long south extension of Line 1 officially opened to passenger service on May 28, 2010. At present, Nanjing has a metro system with a grand total of 256 kilometers ( 159 mi ) of route and 136 stations. They are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 10, Line S1 and Line S8. The city is planning to complete a 17 - line Metro and light - rail system by 2030. The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate the intracity transportation and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion. Air Nanjing 's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, United States and Germany. The airport is connected by a 29 - kilometre ( 18 mi ) highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway Ninggao Intercity Line has been built to link the airport with Nanjing South Railway Station. Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base. Water Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012. The port area is 98 kilometres ( 61 mi ) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River ; in March 2004, the one million container - capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region. As of 2010, it operated six public ports and three industrial ports. The Yangtze River 's 12.5 - meter - deep waterway enables 50,000 - ton - class ocean ships directly arrive at the Nanjing Port, and the ocean ships with the capacities of 100,000 tons or above can also reach the port after load reduction in the Yangtze River 's high - tide period. Yangtze River crossings Main article : Yangtze River bridges and tunnels In the 1960s, the first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed, and served as the only bridge crossing over the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at that time. The bridge was a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China, having been built and designed by the Chinese themselves following failed surveys by other nations and the reliance on and then rejection of Soviet expertise. Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968, the bridge is a two - tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 metres on the upper deck, with approximately 1,580 metres spanning the river itself. Since then four more bridges and two tunnels have been built. Going in the downstream direction, the Yangtze crossings in Nanjing are : Dashengguan Bridge, Line 10 Metro Tunnel, Third Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel, First Bridge, Second Bridge and Fourth Bridge. Culture and Art Nanjing Library Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural center attracting intellectuals from all over the country. In the Tang and Song dynasties, Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past ; during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city was the official imperial examination center ( Jiangnan Examination Hall ) for the Jiangnan region, again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived. Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a `` city of culture '' and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China. Art Main article : List of Nanjing Art Groups Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing ; they include the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others. Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu, China 's oldest stage art. It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue ( shaoxing ), Xi and Jing ( Chinese opera varieties ) as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre. Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China like the historical Master Ho - Kan ; many other smaller - scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions. Festivals Main article : List of Festivals and Events of Nanjing An elderly man sketches plum blossoms at the festival. Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times, which included climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathing in Qing Xi on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others ( the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar ). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese. Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government - organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill, the largest plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival. Libraries Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city - owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections. Museums Nanjing Museum For a more comprehensive list, see List of museums in Nanjing. Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. Nanjing Museum, formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection,. The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world. Other museums include the City Museum of Nanjing in the Chaotian Palace, the Oriental Metropolitan Museum, the China Modern History Museum in the Presidential Palace, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, the Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum, Nanjing Yunjin Museum, Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum, Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House, Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontological Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Riverstones Museum, and other museums and memorials such Zheng He Memorial Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial. Theatre Most of Nanjing 's major theatres are multi-purpose, used as convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres on different occasions. The major theatres include the People 's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center. The Capital Theatre well known in the past is now a museum in theatre / film. Night Life Qinhuai River Traditionally Nanjing 's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao ( Confucius Temple ) area along the Qinhuai River, where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrived. Boating at night in the river was a main attraction of the city. Thus, one can see the statues of the famous teachers and educators of the past not too far from those of the courtesans who educated the young men in the other arts. In the past 20 years, several commercial streets have been developed, hence the nightlife has become more diverse : there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road. The well - established `` Nanjing 1912 '' district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs. There are two major areas where bars are densely located ; one is in 1912 block ; the other is along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood. Both are popular with international residents of the city. Local people still very much enjoy street food, such as Turkish Kebab. As elsewhere in Asia, Karaoke is popular with both young and old crowds. Food and symbolism Many of the city 's local favorite dishes are based on ducks, including Nanjing salted duck, duck blood and vermicelli soup, and duck oil pancake. The radish is also a typical food representing people of Nanjing, which has been spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China. According to Nanjing.GOV.cn, `` There is a long history of growing radish in Nanjing especially the southern suburb. In the spring, the radish tastes very juicy and sweet. It is well - known that people in Nanjing like eating radish. And the people are even addressed as ' Nanjing big radish ', which means they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative. From health perspective, eating radish can help to offset the stodgy food that people take during the Spring Festival ''. Sports and stadiums Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre Nanjing 's planned 20,000 seat Youth Olympic Sports Park Gymnasium will be one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Suning F.C., the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long - term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league. There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre. Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers, including stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, tennis court, etc. Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People 's Republic of China. Nanjing hosted the 10th National Games of P.R.C. in 2005 and hosted the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in 2014. In 2005, in order to host The 10th National Game of People 's Republic of China, there was a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre, constructed in Nanjing. Compared to Wutaishan Sports Center, which the major stadium 's capacity is 18,500, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center has a more advanced stadium which is big enough to seat 60,000 spectators. Its gymnasium has capacity of 13,000, and natatorium of capacity 3,000. On 10 February 2010, the 122nd IOC session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games. The slogan of the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was `` Share the Games, Share our Dreams ''. The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic programme and were held from 16 to 28 August. The Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee ( NYOGOC ) worked together with the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to attract the best young athletes from around the world to compete at the highest level. Off the competition fields, an integrated culture and education programme focused on discussions about education, Olympic values, social challenges, and cultural diversity. The YOG aims to spread the Olympic spirit and encourage sports participation. Tourism Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year. Buildings and Monuments Imperial period Stone City Qixia Temple Linggu Temple Jiming Temple South Tang mausoleums ( 南 唐二陵 ) Fuzimiao ( Confucius Temple ) and Qinhuai River Jiangnan Gongyuan City Wall of Nanjing Ming Dynasty Palace Site Chaotian Palace Drum Tower of Nanjing Beiji Ge Jinghai Temple Zhonghua Gate The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing ( destroyed ) Xu Garden Zhan Yuan Garden Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and its surrounding complex Yangshan Quarry Yuejiang Lou Tower of Linggu Temple Classical buildings in the Mochou Lake Zhonghua Gate Spirit Way of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Republic of China period Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists. Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum and its surrounding area Former Presidential Palace, Nanjing of ROC Former Central Government of ROC Building Group along N. Zhongshan Road ( 中山 北 路 国民 政府 建筑 ) Former Central Committee of KMT Buildings ( 中国 国民党 中央 党 部 旧址 ) Jiangsu Art Gallery ( Former National Art Gallery Buildings ) Nanjing Great Hall of the People ( Former National Great Hall ) Former Foreign Embassies in Gulou Area ( 鼓楼 使馆 区 ) Nanking Officials Residence Cluster along Yihe Road ( 颐 和 路 公馆 区 ) Former Central Stadium ( now in campus of Nanjing Sport Institute ) ( 中央 体育场 旧址 / 南京 体育 学院 ) Former Central Radio of KMT Building Republic of China Military Academy Buildings ( 中央 陆军 军官 学校 旧址 ) Former Bank of China Nanking Branch Building ( 中国 银行 南京 分行 旧址 ) Former Bank of Communications Nanking Branch Building ( 交通 银行 南京 分行 旧址 ) Former Central Bank of ROC Nanking Branch Building ( 中央 银行 南京 分行 旧址 ) Dahua Theatre ( 大 华 电影院 ) Lizhishe Buildings ( 励志 社 ) Former Macklin Hospital Buildings ( Gulou Hospital ) ( 马 林 医院 旧址 / 鼓楼 医院 ) Former Central Hospital Buildings ( 国立 中央 医院 旧址 ) Former National Central Museum Buildings ( Nanjing Museum ) ( 国立 中央 博物院 旧址 / 南京 博物馆 ) Purple Mountain Observatory Former Academia Sinica of ROC Buildings ( 国立 中央 研究 院 旧址 ) Former Central University Buildings ( former Nanjing University buildings, now in Sipailou campus of Southeast University ) Former University of Nanking Buildings ( now in Gulou campus of Nanjing University ) Former Ginling College Buildings ( now in Suiyuan campus of Nanjing Normal University ) St. Paul 's Church ( 圣保罗 堂 ) Central Hotel ( 中央 饭店 ) Former Capital Hotel ( Huajiang Hotel ) ( 首都 饭店 / 华 江 饭店 ) Yangtse Hotel ( 扬子 饭店 ) Hongshan Zoo ( 红 山 动物园 ) Hall of Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum Main entrance of the Presidential Palace Former site of Executive Yuan Former site of Lizhishe ( Society of Encouragement ) Hot Spring Villa of Chiang Kai - shek Auditorium of National Central University ( now Southeast University ) Former US Embassy Former residence of Wang Jingwei A mansion in Yihe Road People 's Republic of China period Jinling Hotel Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall Zifeng Tower Zifeng Tower ranks among the tallest buildings in the world, opened for commercial operations in 2010. Yangtze River Bridge Nanjing Youth Olympic Towers New Nanjing Library Parks and gardens China Gate Castle Park Couple Park Defence Park Gulin Park Mochou Lake and Park Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo Purple Mountain Scenic Area Qingliangshan Park Taoye Ferry White Horse Park Wuchaomen Park Xiamafang Ruins Park Xu Garden Xuanwu Lake Yuhuatai Memorial Park of Revolutionary Martyrs Zhan Yuan Garden Zhongshan Botanical Garden Other places of interest Tangshan Hot Spring Yangshan Quarry Jiangxin Island Yangtze River power line crossings, tallest transmission towers built of concrete. Education Nanjing has been the educational center in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the nation. It boasts some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region, some of which are listed as follows : Nanjing University Many universities in Nanjing have satellite campuses or have moved their main campus to Xianlin University City. Clockwise from top : Gate to Nanjing Normal Nanjing University of Finance Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing Normal University Universities and colleges National universities and colleges Operated by Ministry of Education China Pharmaceutical University Hohai University Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing University Southeast University Operated by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing University of Science and Technology Operated by the joint Commission of the State Forest Administration and Public Order Ministry Nanjing Forest Police College ( 南京 森林 警察 学院 ) Operated by the general sport Administration Nanjing Sport Institute ( 南京 体育 学院 ) National military universities and colleges PLA Nanjing Army Command College ( 中国 人民 解放军 南京 陆军 指挥 学院 ) PLA Nanjing International Relation College ( 中国 人民 解放军 南京 国际 关系 学院 ) PLA Nanjing Political College PLA Naval Command College ( 中国 人民 解放军 海军 指挥 学院 ) PLA University of Science and Technology ( 中国 人民 解放军 理工 大学 ) Provincial universities and colleges Jiangsu Institute of Education Jinling Institute of Technology ( 金陵 科技 学院 ) Nanjing Arts Institute ( 南京 艺术 学院 ) Nanjing Audit University Nanjing City Vocational College ( 南京 城市 职业 学院 ) Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Xiaozhuang University Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing University of Finance and Economics Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of Technology Private universities and colleges Communication University Of China ' Nanjing ( 中国 传媒 大学 南 广 学院 ) Hopkins - Nanjing Center Nanjing University Jinling College ( 南京 大学 金陵 学院 ) New York Institute of Technology Sanjiang College Notable high schools High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University Jinling High School Nanjing Foreign Language School Nanjing International School Nanjing Ninghai High School ( 南京 宁海 中学 ) Nanjing No. 1 High School Nanjing Zhonghua High School Nanjing No. 5 High School ( 南京 第 五 中学 ) Nanjing No. 9 High School ( 南京 第 九 中学 ) Nanjing No. 13 High School ( 南京 市 第 十 三 中学 ) Nanjing No. 27 High School Nanjing No. 29 High School ( 南京 市 第 二 十 九 中学 ) Nanjing No. 3 Senior Middle School VIA Nanjing No. 3 International High School ( 美国 佛蒙特 州 国际 学校 南京 三 中 校区 ) Caulfield Grammar School ( Nanjing Campus ) Sister cities Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Barranquilla, Colombia Bloemfontein ( Mangaung ), South Africa Windhoek, Namibia Mogilev, Belarus Eindhoven, North Brabant, Netherlands Florence, Tuscany, Italy Leipzig, Saxony, Germany Limassol, Cyprus London, Ontario, Canada Malacca Town, Malaysia Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico Perth, Western Australia, Australia St. Louis, Missouri, USA Daejeon, South Korea Former Sister cities Nagoya, Japan ( suspended on February 21, 2012 after Nanking Massacre denialist statements by Nagoya 's mayor, Takashi Kawamura ) See also Jiangnan List of cities in the People 's Republic of China by population List of twin towns and sister cities in China Historical capitals of China City Wall of Nanjing Walled city of Nanjing Ming Palace Nanking Massacre The Rape of Nanking ( book ) Treaty of Nanjing Nanjing Salted Duck Notes Jump up ^ Nankinese, sometimes may be translated as Nanjinese, Nanjingese, Nankingese, Nanjinger, Nankiner, etc... In Nanjing dialect there is no difference between Nanjing and Nanjin or between Nanking and Nankin. This means the two pronunciations Jing and Jin in Mandarin Chinese pronounce the same in Nanjing dialect, and king and kin are also the same. Jump up ^ In East China, in terms of urban population and urban area, the largest city is Shanghai, and the second largest is Nanjing. Jump up ^ Since becoming a southern capital, the city has been called Nanking ( Nanjing, 南京 ) unofficially, and was officially named Nanjing ( Nanking ) after Peking ( Beijing 北京, renamed from Peping or Beiping, 北平 ) became a capital city during the early Ming dynasty ; the name appears in Ming dynasty echo poem ( 蕭子顯 《 奉 和 昭 明太子 鐘 山 講解 詩 》 : `` 崇 嶽 基 舊 宇, 盤 嶺 跨 南京 '' ), for example. It 's also unofficially called Nandu ( 南都 ), and Nandu Fanhui Tu ( 《 南都 繁 會 圖 》, Nandu Prosperity Picture ) is an example. Jump up ^ Huai ( Huai of Jianghuai 江淮 ) is a big river north of Jiang ( the river Yangtse ), and the Zhe ( Zhe of Jiangzhe 江浙 ) ) is a big river south of Jiang. Jump up ^ The areas covered by such geographical names as Jiangnan, Dongnan and Hsiajiang are not precisely defined. In ancient times the area was known as Yangchow ( 揚州 ). Sometimes the term Jianghai ( 江海 ) is used because the region is where the Jiang ( Yangtse, river ) empties into the Hai ( sea ). Jump up ^ Liuchao Gudu Bowuguan ( 六朝 古都 博物館 ) Jump up ^ Jiangning Zhizao Bowuguan ( 江甯 織造 博物館 ) Jump up ^ Nanjing Minsu Bowuguan ( 南京 民俗 博物館 ), located in Ganxi House ( 甘 熙 宅 第 ) which is said to be the largest Chinese private house, with the nickname Ninety Nine And A Half Rooms. Jump up ^ A small museum and tomb honoring the 15th century seafaring admiral Zheng He although his body was buried at sea off the Malabar Coast near Calicut in western India. Jump up ^ Jinling Shufa Silao Jinianguan ( 金陵 書法 四 老 紀念館, 胡 小石 、 林 散 之 、 蕭 嫻 、 高二 適 ) References Citations ^ Jump up to : OECD Urban Policy Reviews : China 2015, OECD READ edition. OECD iLibrary. OECD. 18 April 2015. p. 37. doi : 10.1787 / 9789264230040 - en. ISBN 9789264230033. ISSN 2306 - 9341. Linked from the OECD here Jump up ^ `` A Grass Roots Fight to Save a ' Super Tree ' ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Romanisation of the Chinese Language ''. Society for Anglo - Chinese Understanding. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ `` 2016 年末 南京 市 人口 状况 报告 年末 南京 市 人口 状况 综述 ''. 南京 统计 局. 2017 - 08 - 04. Jump up ^ `` 南京 历史 沿革 ''. 中国 南京 政府 官网. Jump up ^ Nanjing is also called Jincheng ( 金城, Gold City ), derived from Jinling City. In addition, Jincheng was a city in Nanjing area. In the 1st year of Hsiankang in the Jin dynasty ( 335 CE ), Langya ( 瑯琊 ), a prefectural governor Huan Wen stationed in Jincheng, submitted a proposal to establish the prefecture of South Langya in the land of Jiangsheng ( 江 乘 ) county, and then the city Jincheng became the capital city of the newly established South Langya Prefecture ( 南 瑯琊 郡 ). The Jincheng later renamed Jinling township, in today 's Qinhuai District. ( 《 至 大 金陵 新 志 》 : `` 金城 在 城 东 二 十 五 里, 吴 筑, 今 上 元 县 金陵 乡 地名 金城 戍 即 其 地. '' 《 至 正 金陵 新 志 》 : `` 上 元 縣 金陵 鄉, 舊 名 金城 戍. 晉 太 元 八 年, 謝安 勞師 于 金城, 即 此. 或 稱 琅 邪 城. 咸 康 初, 桓 溫 為 琅 邪 內 史, 鎮 金城. '' ) Jump up ^ 薛宏莉 ( 2008 - 05 - 07 ). `` 15 个 副 省 级 城市 中 哈尔滨 市 房价 涨幅 排列 第 五 名 '' ( Prices rose in 15 sub-provincial cities, Harbin ranked fifth ). 哈尔滨 地产 ( in Chinese ). Sohu. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11. Jump up ^ `` 中央 机构 编制 委员会 印发 《 关于 副 省 级 市 若干 问题 的 意见 》 的 通知. 中 编发 ( 1995 ) 5 号 ''. 豆 丁 网. 1995 - 02 - 19. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Home - Women GP - Nanjing ''. Nanjing2009.fide.com. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26. Jump up ^ 100 National Key Universities are universities of Project 211 whose name comes from the abbreviation of 100 national key universities in 21st century. There are 8 universities listed in Project 211 in Nanjing, 9 in Shanghai, and 23 in Beijing. Jump up ^ `` It will come as no surprise that the top performing Chinese cities in the Nature Index are Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing. All three are significant players economically and politically, Beijing and Shanghai particularly... As the capital of the wealthy eastern coastal province of Jiangsu, Nanjing is located in a region rich in economic and technological activity... '' - from `` Three giants tighten their grip '', Nature 528, S176 -- S178 ( 17 December 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 走马 南京 都市 圈 ''. 中国 经济 快讯 周刊 / 人民 网. 2003. Jump up ^ `` 南京 介绍 ''. 新华 网. 2012 - 10 - 09. Jump up ^ `` 江苏 省 行政 区划 介绍 ''. 江苏 省 政府 官网. ^ Jump up to : Rita Yi Man Li, `` A Study on the Impact of Culture, Economic, History and Legal Systems Which Affect the Provisions of Fittings by Residential Developers in Boston, Hong Kong and Nanjing '', Global Business and Management Research : An International Journal. 1 : 3 - 4. 2009. Access via Questia, an online subscription service. ^ Jump up to : Crespigny 2004, 3 Jump up ^ `` 南京 市 ''. 重 編 囯語 辭典 修訂 本. Ministry of Education, ROC. 民國 十 六 年, 國民 政府 宣言 定 為 首都, 今 以 臺北 市 為 我國 中央 政府 所在地. ( In the 16th Year of the Republic of China ( 1927 ), the National Government established ( Nanking ) as the capital. At present, Taipei is the seat of the central government. ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 金陵 在 春秋 時 本 吳 地, 未 有 城 邑. 惟 石頭 城東 有 冶 城. 傳 雲, 夫差 冶 鑄 於 此. 即 今朝 天 宮地. ) 金陵 古今 圖 考 ( Illustrated Study of Past and Present Nanjing ) Jump up ^ Here in Yecheng, Yuecheng and Jinling Yi, both Cheng and Yi mean city. Jump up ^ 南京 六朝 石刻 现状 调查 : 在 田野 与 工地 间 寻找 国宝 ( in Chinese ). Xinhua. 7 June 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : Shufen Liu, `` Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties '', in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. Culture and Power, 2001 : 35. Jump up ^ `` 六朝 名 都 崛起 江东 ''. 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ). Jump up ^ 《 金陵 记 》 : `` 梁 都 之 时, 城中 二 十 八 万 户, 西 至 石头, 东 至 倪 塘, 南 至 石子 冈, 北 过 蒋 山, 东西 南北 各 四 十 里. '' ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ Liang Baiquan. Nanjing - de Liu Chao Shike ( Nanjing 's Six Dynasties ' Sculptures ). pp. 53 -- 54. ISBN 7 - 80614 - 376 - 9 Jump up ^ Albert E. Dien, Six Dynasties Civilization. Yale University Press, 2007, ISBN 0 - 300 - 07404 - 2. Partial text on Google Books. P. 190. A reconstruction of the original form of the ensemble is shown in Fig. 5.19. Jump up ^ `` 梁安成 康王 萧 秀 墓石 刻 ''. Jllib.org.cn. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ The city was seriously destroyed in chaos caused by wars and changes of dynasties. In the 5th year of Daye in Sui ( 609 CE ), the city again became capital city of Danyang Prefecture. In the 14th year of Daye reign Emperor Yang of Sui ordered to build palace in Nanjing, attempted to make the city as capital to keep Sui dynasty and failed. Jump up ^ `` 南 唐再兴 金陵 城 ''. 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ). Jump up ^ Johannes L. Kurz ( 2011 ). China 's Southern Tang Dynasty, 937 - 976. Routledge. Jump up ^ Franke, Herbert ( 1994 ). `` The Chin dynasty ''. In Denis Twitchett, Denis C. ; John King Fairbank. The Cambridge History of China : Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710 -- 1368. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24331 - 5. Jump up ^ Tao, Jing - Shen ( 2009 ). `` The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao - tsung ''. In Paul Jakov Smith ; Denis C. Twitchett. The Cambridge History of China : Volume 5, The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907 - 1279. Cambridge University Press. p. 647. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1. Jump up ^ In the 3rd year of Jianyan ( 1129 ), Jiankang became Temporary Capital ( 行 都 ) of Song, being set as Eastern Capital. Although people like Yue Fei stood for the imperial court being in the city, eventually in the 8th year of Shaoxing ( 1139 ) it withdrew from Jiankang to Lin'an ( present Hangzhou ), and since then the city became Preserving Capital ( 留 都 ) of Song dynasty. Jump up ^ `` 隋唐 州 县 南 唐国 都 ''. 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ). Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ), 191. Jump up ^ Turnbull, Stephen R. and Steve Noon ( 2009 ). Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC - AD 1644. Osprey Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 1 - 84603 - 381 - 0. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ansight Guides ( 1997 ). Insight Guides : China 5 / E. Apa Publications, original from Pennsylvania State University. p. 268. ISBN 0 - 395 - 66287 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Largest Cities Through History ''. Geography.about.com. 2013 - 11 - 14. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Spence. God 's Chinese Son, New York 1996 Jump up ^ Williams, S. Wells. The Middle Kingdom : a Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, & History of the Chinese Empire & its Inhabitants, Vol. 1. Scribner ( New York ), 1904. Jump up ^ Yang & Lu 2001, pp. 616 -- 617 Jump up ^ Johannes L. Kurz, `` Boni in Chinese Sources : Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties '', Nalanda - Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper No 4 ( July 2011 ), Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985, p. 346. Jump up ^ Struve 1988, p. 644. Jump up ^ Struve 1988, p. 642. The prince was a grandson of the Wanli Emperor ( r. 1573 -- 1620 ). The Wanli Emperor 's attempt to name Zhu Yousong 's father as heir apparent had been thwarted by supporters of the Donglin movement because Zhu Yousong 's father was not the Wanli Emperor 's eldest son. Although this was three generations earlier, Donglin officials in Nanjing nonetheless feared that the prince might retaliate against them. Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ), p. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ), pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ), pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985, p. 578. Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985, p. 647 ; Struve 1988, p. 662 ; Dennerline 2002, p. 87 ( which calls this edict `` the most untimely promulgation of ( Dorgon 's ) career. '' Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ), pp. 64 -- 65, 72 Jump up ^ `` 清 督 驻 所 太平天国 定鼎 ''. 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ). Jump up ^ Cassel, Pär ( 2003 ), `` Excavating Extraterritoriality : The `` Judicial Sub-Prefect '' as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai ``, Late Imperial China, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 156 -- 182. Jump up ^ Publicado por Eduardo Real. `` Eduardo Real : The Taiping Rebellion ''. Dangeroustravel.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Necrometrics. '' Nineteenth Century Death Tolls cites a number of sources, some of which are reliable. Jump up ^ Ho Ping - ti. STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA, 1368 -- 1953. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1959. p. 237 Jump up ^ Pelissier, Roger. THE AWAKENING OF CHINA : 1793 -- 1949. Edited and Translated by Martin Kieffer. New York : Putnam, 1967. p. 109 Jump up ^ Fu Jing - hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, p. 109 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : John E. Woods, The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe, 1998 P. 275 - 278 Jump up ^ John E. Woods, The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe, 1998 P. 275 - 278, 281 Jump up ^ Document sent by former Japanese foreign minister Hirota Koki to the Japanese Embassy in Washington on January 17, 1938, ( Ref. National Archives, Washington, D.C., Released in Sept. 1994. ) Jump up ^ Narangoa, Li ; Cribb, R.B. ( 2003 ). Imperial Japan and national identities in Asia, 1895 -- 1945. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1482 - 0. Jump up ^ Zhang, Chunhou. Vaughan, C. Edwin. ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ). Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader : Social and Historical Perspectives. Lexington books. ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0406 - 3. p 65, p 58 Jump up ^ `` 中华 人民 共和国 成立 后 中央 直辖市 及 江苏 省 省会 ''. 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ). ^ Jump up to : 中国 气象 局 国家 气象 信息 中心 ) ( in Chinese ). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 18. Jump up ^ 为什么 重庆 、 武汉 、 南京 有 `` 三 大 火炉 '' 之 称 ? ( in Chinese ). Guangzhou Popular Science News Net ( 广州 科普 资讯 网 ). 2007 - 09 - 12. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12. Jump up ^ http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger Jump up ^ `` 南京 气象 资料 ''. 中国 气象 科学 数据 共享 服务 网. Retrieved 20 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Extreme Temperatures Around the World ''. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01. Jump up ^ `` 建國 方略 之 二 物質 建設 第 二 計劃 ''. Jump up ^ `` 十 二 点 五 米 深水 航道 初 通 南京 长江 出 海口 至 南京 全程 畅行 五 万 吨 级 船舶 ( in Chinese ) ''. Jump up ^ `` Smog Shrouds Eastern China ''. Earth Observatory. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Smog and fog hit east, north China ''. Xinhua News Agency. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : 吴 怡 、 刘伟伟. `` 我国 25 个 省 现 雾 霾 江苏 成 污染 重 灾区 全国 最 严重 ''. 腾讯 转 现代 快报. Jump up ^ `` Environmental officials deny blame for eastern China smog ''. China Dialogue. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` 长 三角 遭遇 重度 霾 专家 称 石油 化工 和 尾气 是 主因 ''. 人民 网 ( 转载 自 《 新 京 报 》 ). 2013 - 12 - 13. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13. Jump up ^ Liu Chen - yao. `` 中国 出现 入 冬 以来 最大 范围 雾 霾 局 地 严重 污染 ( Smog levels in China reach record levels since the end of 2013 ; surrounding areas severely polluted '' ( in Chinese ). China news agency. Jump up ^ 孙 莹. `` 雾 霾 天 南京 学校 停课 儿童 医院 门诊 量 上升 三 分 之 一 ''. 新华 网. Jump up ^ `` 12 日后 受 冷 空气 和 降雨 影响 南方 大 范围 雾 霾 将 告 一段落 ''. 上海 政府 网. Jump up ^ 综合 本 报 和 新华 社 电. `` 三 问 今冬 十 面 '' 霾 `` 伏 ''. 人民 日报 海外 版. Jump up ^ `` Map : Shanghai 's off the charts air pollution ''. Greenpeace. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` 2013 年 江苏 省 行政 区划 ''. 行政 区划 网. 2013 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ 南京 市 统计 局 ( 2013 ). 《 南京 统计 年鉴 2013 》. 中国 统计 出版 社. ISBN 978 - 7 - 5037 - 6859 - 0. Jump up ^ 刘绍武 ( 2011 ). 中华 人民 共和国 全国 分 县 市 人口 统计 资料. 群众 出版 社. ISBN 9787501449170. Jump up ^ `` 南京 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 ''. 南京 市 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 领导 小组 办公室, 南京 市 统计 局. 2011 - 05 - 03. Jump up ^ `` 南京 民族 概况 ''. 南京 市 民族 宗教 事务 局. 2012 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ 清 乾隆 、 嘉慶 年間, 江寧 織機 在 四 萬 台 以上. 清 光緒 十 二 年 二 月 十 六 日 《 申報 》 : `` ( 南京 ) 城廂 內外 緞 機 總數 常 五 萬 有 奇, 以 此 為 生產 者 達 二 十 萬 人. '' Jump up ^ `` 综述 ''. 南京 市 志 ( 第 5 卷 ) 工业. Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` 南京 总部 经济 发展 能力 居 全国 第 六 ''. 新华 报 业 网 ( 来源 : 南京 日报 ). 2009 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ Yangtze Bridge, Fourth Nanjing. `` Nanjing Yangtze Fourth Bridge to open on Dec. 24 ( 3 ) ''. People 's Daily Online. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` 伴随 江苏 铁路 发展 南京 将 成长 三角 铁路 交通 枢纽 ''. 新华 日报. 2009 - 07 - 15. ^ Jump up to : `` 车站 简介 ''. 南京 火车 站. 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29. Jump up ^ `` 南京 火车 站 12 日 晨 发生 特大 火灾 ''. 新浪 网. 1999. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29. Jump up ^ `` 南京 火车 站 和 北京 南 站 变 身 成 全国 新建 改建 范本 ''. 火车 网. 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27. Jump up ^ 中國 評論 新聞 : 京 滬 高鐵 南京 南 站 開工 將 建 亞洲 第 一 大 站 Jump up ^ 亞洲 最大 京 滬 高鐵 南京 南 站 啟用 - 聯合 報 Jump up ^ `` 数字 交通 ''. 南京 市 交通 局. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28. Jump up ^ `` 南京 三 大 公交 企业 新 名称 敲定 ''. 凤凰 网. 2012 - 06 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Nanjing metro inaugurated ''. Railway Gazette International. 2005 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Nanjing Metro places € 85 5m train order ''. Railway Gazette International. 2008 - 01 - 25. Jump up ^ 南京 地铁 二 号 线 载 人 模拟 运营, Sina News. Retrieved 25 May 2010. Jump up ^ 南京 轨道 交通 线 网 共 17 条 ; Retrieved 6 March 2010. Jump up ^ 2013 年 华东 机场 生产 数据 排序 ( in Chinese ). Civil Aviation Administration of China East China Regional Administration. 2014 - 03 - 06. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09. Jump up ^ `` China Eastern Adds Nanjing - Shizuoka Service from July 2015 ''. Airlineroute.net. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` NokScoot Revises Nanjing Launch to mid-June 2015 ''. Airlineroute.net. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015. Jump up ^ Amnatcharoenrit, Bamrung ( 2 October 2012 ). `` AirAsia flies out of Don Mueang without a hitch ''. The Nation. Bangkok. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` China Eastern, Delta and Hainan Airlines ' new routes accelerate US - China aviation development ''. Centre for Aviation. February 23, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Jump up ^ 南京 开 建 地铁 机场 线 第 一 次 地铁 将 抵达 机场. 中国 江苏 网, 2011 - 12 - 28 Jump up ^ 大 校场 机场 ( Dajiaochang Airport ). Nanjing City Chronicles ( in Chinese ). Nanjing City Government. Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ `` 2012 全国 货物 、 集装箱 、 旅客 吞吐 量 统计 ''. www.chinaports.com. 南京 港 ( 集团 ) 有限 公司. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` 集团 简介 ''. www.njp.com.cn. 中国 港口 网. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` The Brief Introduction of Nanjing Port ''. Jump up ^ Yangtze - River Deep Waterway Jump up ^ A brief introduction to Jiangsu Province Kunqu Theatre Jump up ^ Jiangsu Art Gallery, Synotrip. Jump up ^ `` Treasures in Nanjing Museum ''. Chinaculture.org. 2008 - 07 - 14. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Porcelain Creatures Highlight Nanjing Museum ''. China.org.cn. 2003 - 10 - 29. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17. Jump up ^ Levathes, Louise. When China Ruled The Seas : The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405 - 1433, p. 172. Oxford Univ. Press ( New York ), 1996. Jump up ^ Life on the Water 's Edge : The Culture and History of the Qinhuai River - China.org.cn Jump up ^ `` China Cultural Kaleidoscope ''. Retrieved 29 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Frying Spring Rolls at the Beginning of Spring ''. Retrieved 19 April 2013. Jump up ^ The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup, FIBA.com, Retrieved 9 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` 俱乐部 概况 ''. Jssainty fc. Retrieved 10 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` 南京 成功 获得 2014 年 夏季 世界 青年 奥运会 主办 权 ''. 中国 日报. 2010 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ `` 南京 获得 2013 年 亚 青 会 举办 权 ''. 腾讯 网. 2010 - 11 - 13. Jump up ^ Wutaishan Stadium Jump up ^ `` 紫峰 大厦 开业 庆典 ''. Greenland Group. Retrieved 5 March 2012. Jump up ^ Wang, Chuhan ( 22 February 2012 ). `` Nanjing suspends official contact with Nagoya ''. CNTV. Sources See also : Bibliography of the history of Nanjing Cotterell, Arthur ( 2007 ). The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. London : Pimlico. pp. 304 pages. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5. Danielson, Eric N. ( 2004 ). Nanjing and the Lower Yangzi River. Singapore : Marshall Cavendish / Times Editions. ISBN 981 - 232 - 598 - 0. Jun Fang ( 23 May 2014 ). China 's Second Capital -- Nanjing Under the Ming, 1368 - 1644. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 00845 - 1. Eigner, Julius ( February 1938 ). `` The Rise and Fall of Nanking '' in National Geographic Vol. LXXIII No. 2. Washington, D.C. : National Geographic. Farmer, Edward L. ( 1976 ). Early Ming Government : The Evolution of Dual Capitals. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. Hobart, Alice Tisdale ( 1927 ). Within the Walls of Nanking. New York : MacMillan. Jiang, Zanchu ( 1995 ). Nanjing shi hua. Nanjing : Nanjing chu ban she. ISBN 7 - 80614 - 159 - 6. Lutz, Jessie Gregory ( 1971 ). China and the Christian Colleges, 1850 - 1950. Ithaca : Cornell University Press. Ma, Chao Chun ( Ma Chaojun ) ( 1937 ). Nanking 's Development, 1927 - 1937. Nanking : Municipality of Nanking. Michael, Franz ( 1972 ). The Taiping Rebellion : History and Documents ( 3 vols. ). Seattle : University of Washington Press. Mote, Frederick W. ( 1977 ). `` The Transformation of Nanking, 1350 -- 1400, '' in The City in Late Imperial China, ed. by G. William Skinner. Stanford : Stanford University Press. Mote, Frederick W., and Twitchett, Denis, ed. ( 1988 ). The Cambridge History of China Vol. 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368 - 1644. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Musgrove, Charles D. ( 2000 ). `` Constructing a National Capital in Nanjing, 1927 -- 1937, '' in Remaking the Chinese City, 1900 -- 1950, ed. by Joseph W. Esherick. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press. Nanking Women 's Club ( 1933 ). Sketches of Nanking. Nanking : Nanking Women 's Club. Ouchterlony, John ( 1844 ). The Chinese War : An Account of All the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking. London : Saunders and Otley. Prip - Moller, Johannes ( 1935 ). `` The Hall of Lin Ku Ssu ( Ling Gu Si ) Nanking, '' in Artes Monuments Vol. III. Copenhagen : Artes Monuments. Smalley, Martha L. ( 1982 ). Guide to the Archives of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia ( Record Group 11 ). New Haven : Yale University Divinity Library Special Collections. Struve, Lynn ( 1988 ). `` The Southern Ming ''. In Frederic W. Mote ; Denis Twitchett ; John King Fairbank ( eds. ). Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368 -- 1644. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 641 -- 725. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ). Struve, Lynn A. ( 1998 ). `` Chapter 4 : `` The emperor really has left '' : Nanjing changes hands ``. Voices from the Ming - Qing Cataclysm : China in Tigers ' Jaws. Yale University Press. pp. 55 -- 72. ISBN 0 - 300 - 07553 - 7. Teng, Ssu Yu ( 1944 ). Chang Hsi ( Zhang Xi ) and the Treaty of Nanking, 1842. Chicago : Chicago University Press. Thurston, Mrs. Lawrence ( Matilda ) ( 1955 ). Ginling College. New York : United Board for Christian Colleges in China. Till, Barry ( 1982 ). In Search of Old Nanking. Hong Kong : Hong Kong and Shanghai Joint Publishing Company. Tyau, T.Z. ( 1930 ). Two Years of Nationalist China. Shanghai : Kelly and Walsh. Uchiyama, Kiyoshi ( 1910 ). Guide to Nanking. Shanghai : China Commercial Press. Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. ( 1985 ), The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China, Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press, ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0. Wang, Nengwei ( 1998 ). Nanjing Jiu Ying ( Old Photos of Nanjing ). Nanjing : People 's Fine Arts Publishing House. Ye, Zhaoyan ( 1998 ). Lao Nanjing : Jiu Ying Qinhuai ( Old Nanjing : Reflections of Scenes on the Qinhuai River ). Nanjing : Zhongguo Di Er Lishi Dang An Guan ( China Second National Archives ). Yang, Xinhua ; Lu, Haiming ( 2001 ). Nanjing Ming - Qing Jianzhu ( Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing ). Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe ( Nanjing University Press ). ISBN 7 - 305 - 03669 - 2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nanjing. Look up nanjing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Nanjing travel guide from Wikivoyage ( in Chinese ) Nanjing Government website Nanjing English guide with open directory The Nanjinger : Nanjing 's largest English news network with city guide List of Nanjing Government Departments Historic US Army map of Nanjing, 1945 `` Nanking Illustrated '' from 1624 Preceded by Beijing Capital of China 1368 -- 1420 Succeeded by Beijing Capital of China 1928 -- 1937 Succeeded by Wuhan ( wartime ) Preceded by Chongqing ( wartime ) Capital of China 1945 - 1949 Succeeded by Guangzhou ( after 23 April ) Taipei ( de facto ) for the Republic of China Succeeded by Beijing for the People 's Republic of China Places adjacent to Nanjing Chuzhou ( Anhui ) : Tianchang Chuzhou : Urban area, Lai'an, Quanjiao, Hexian Nanjing Yangzhou : Yizheng Zhenjiang : Jurong Changzhou : Liyang Ma'anshan ( Anhui ) : Urban area, Dangtu Xuancheng : Urban area Xuancheng ( Anhui ) : Langxi City of Nanjing Districts Xuanwu Qinhuai Jianye Gulou Pukou Liuhe Qixia Yuhuatai Jiangning Lishui Gaochun Baixia ( defunct ) Xiaguan ( defunct ) Attractions Parks and lakes China Gate Castle Park Couple Park Defence Park Gulin Park Jiangxin Island Mochou Lake Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo Purple Mountain Purple Mountain Observatory Qingliangshan Park Taoye Ferry White Horse Park Wuchaomen Park Xu Garden Xuanwu Lake Yuhuatai Memorial Park of Revolutionary Martyrs Zhan Yuan Garden Zhongshan Botanical Garden Temples Nanjing Fuzimiao ( Temple of Confucius ) Jiming Temple Jinghai Temple Linggu Temple Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Qixia Temple Historic sites Chaotian Palace City Wall of Nanjing Memorial of Tao Xingzhi Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall National Revolutionary Army Memorial Cemetery Presidential Palace, Nanjing Stone City The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing Other sites Jinling Hotel Nanjing City Wall Nanjing International Exhibition Center Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Xianlin Yangtze River power line crossings Zhonghua Gate Culture and history Nanjing Museum Jiangsu Province Kun Opera Nanjing decade Jiangsu Art Gallery Education Nanjing University Southeast University Hohai University Nanjing Agricultural University China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing Normal University Nanjing University of Technology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing University of Finance & Economics Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of the Arts Nanjing Audit University Sanjiang College Hopkins - Nanjing Center Transport Nanjing Railway Station Nanjing Metro Nanjing Lukou International Airport China National Highway 312 Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 2014 Youth Summer Olympics Category Commons Jiangsu topics Nanjing ( capital ) General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Grand Canal of China Yellow Sea East China Sea Xishan Island Yangtze River Lake Tai Hongze Lake Yangcheng Lake Huai River Education Nanjing University Southeast University Hohai University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing University of Science and Technology Culture Wuyue culture Shuochang Cuisine Chinese opera Ge Yuan Garden Visitor attractions Purple Mountain Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Jiming Temple Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Hanshan Temple Huqiu Tower Grand Buddha at Ling Shan Chaotian Palace Qixia Temple Tianning Temple Pagoda Zhouzhuang Category Commons County - level divisions of Jiangsu Province Nanjing ( capital ) Sub-provincial city Nanjing Xuanwu District Qinhuai District Jianye District Gulou District Pukou District Luhe District Qixia District Yuhuatai District Jiangning District Lishui District Gaochun District Prefecture - level cities Wuxi Binhu District Huishan District Xishan District Liangxi District Xinwu District Jiangyin City Yixing City Xuzhou Yunlong District Gulou District Jiawang District Tongshan District Quanshan District Pizhou City Xinyi City Suining County Pei County Feng County Changzhou Zhonglou District Tianning District Xinbei District Wujin District Jintan District Liyang City Suzhou Gusu District Huqiu District Wuzhong District Xiangcheng District Wujiang District Kunshan City Taicang City Changshu City Zhangjiagang City Nantong Chongchuan District Gangzha District Tongzhou District Haimen City Qidong City Rugao City Rudong County Hai'an County Lianyungang Haizhou District Lianyun District Ganyu District Guanyun County Donghai County Guannan County Huai'an Qingjiangpu District Huai'an District Huaiyin District Hongze District Jinhu County Xuyi County Lianshui County Yancheng Tinghu District Yandu District Dafeng District Dongtai City Sheyang County Funing County Binhai County Xiangshui County Jianhu County Yangzhou Guangling District Hanjiang District Jiangdu District Yizheng City Gaoyou City Baoying County Zhenjiang Jingkou District Runzhou District Dantu District Yangzhong City Danyang City Jurong City Taizhou Hailing District Gaogang District Jiangyan District Jingjiang City Taixing City Xinghua City Suqian Sucheng District Suyu District Shuyang County Siyang County Sihong County Metropolitan cities of China Major Metropolitan regions Jingjinji ( JJJ ) Pearl River Delta ( PRD ) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area Yangtze River Delta ( YRD ) Central Plain ( Zhongyuan ) Chengyu Cross-Strait Western Coast Guanzhong Mid-Southern Liaoning Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Mid-Reaches ( Yangtze River Valley ) Major Cities National Central Cities Beijing Chongqing Guangzhou Shanghai Tianjin Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong Macau Regional Central Cities Chengdu Nanjing Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xi'an Sub-provincial cities Changchun Chengdu Dalian Guangzhou Hangzhou Harbin Jinan Nanjing Ningbo Qingdao Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xiamen Xi'an Provincial capitals ( Prefecture - level ) Changsha Fuzhou Guiyang Haikou Hefei Kunming Lanzhou Nanchang Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Xining Zhengzhou Taibei Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot Lhasa Nanning Ürümqi Yinchuan Comparatively large cities Anshan Baotou Benxi Datong Fushun Handan Huainan Jilin Luoyang Suzhou Tangshan Qiqihar Wuxi Xuzhou Zibo Prefecture - level cities by Province Hebei Shijiazhuang * Tangshan * Qinhuangdao Handan * Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Shanxi Taiyuan * Datong * Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Inner Mongolia Hohhot * Baotou * Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur Ulanqab Liaoning Shenyang * Dalian * Anshan * Fushun * Benxi * Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Jilin Changchun * Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Heilongjiang Harbin * Qiqihar * Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yīchun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Jiangsu Nanjing * Wuxi * Xuzhou * Changzhou Suzhou * Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Tàizhou Suqian Zhejiang Hangzhou * Ningbo * Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Tāizhou Lìshui Anhui Hefei * Wuhu Bengbu Huainan * Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fùyang Sùzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian Fúzhou * Xiamen * Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Jiangxi Nanchang * Jingdezhen Píngxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Jí'ān Yíchun Fǔzhou Shangrao Shandong Jinan * Qingdao * Zibo * Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jĭning Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Laiwu Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Henan Zhengzhou * Kaifeng Luoyang * Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Hubei Wuhan * Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jinzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Hunan Changsha * Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Guangdong Guangzhou * Shaoguan Shenzhen * Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning * Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan Haikou * Sanya Sansha Danzhou Sichuan Chengdu * Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang * Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming * Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lìjiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa * Shigatse Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Shaanxi Xi'an * Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou * Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining * Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan * Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Xinjiang Ürümqi * Karamay Turpan Hami Taiwan ( none ) Other cities ( partly shown below ) Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level ) ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot Xilinhot ) Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Enshi, Hubei Jishou, Hunan ( Sichuan : Xichang Kangding Barkam ) ( Guizhou : Xingyi Kaili Duyun ) ( Yunnan : Chuxiong Mengzi Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mangshi Shangri - La Lushui ) ( Gansu : Linxia Hezuo ) ( Qinghai : Yushu Delingha ) ( Xinjiang : Changji Bole Korla Yining Artux Aksu Kashgar Hotan Tacheng Altay ) Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level ) Jiyuan, Henan ( Hubei : Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen Shennongjia ) ( Hainan : Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang ) ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun Tiemenguan Shuanghe Kokdala Kunyu ) Former Prefecture - level cities Chaohu, Anhui Yumen, Gansu Dongchuan, Yunnan Shashi, Hubei ( Sichuan : Fuling Wanxian ) ( Jilin : Meihekou Gongzhuling ) Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed ) Qian'an, Hebei Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia Erenhot, Inner Mongolia Golmud, Qinghai County - level cities by Province Hebei Xinji Jinzhou Xinle Zunhua Qian'an * Wu'an Nangong Shahe Zhuozhou Dingzhou Anguo Gaobeidian Botou Renqiu Huanghua Hejian Bazhou Sanhe Shenzhou Shanxi Gujiao Lucheng Gaoping Jiexiu Yongji Hejin Yuanping Houma Huozhou Xiaoyi Fenyang Inner Mongolia Holingol Manzhouli * Yakeshi Zhalantun Ergun Genhe Fengzhen Ulanhot * Arxan Erenhot * Xilinhot * Liaoning Xinmin Wafangdian Zhuanghe Haicheng Donggang Fengcheng Linghai Beizhen Gaizhou Dashiqiao Dengta Diaobingshan Kaiyuan Beipiao Lingyuan Xingcheng Jilin Yushu Dehui Jiaohe Huadian Shulan Panshi Gongzhuling Shuangliao Meihekou Ji'an Linjiang Fuyu Taonan Da'an Yanji Tumen Dunhua Hunchun Longjing Helong Heilongjiang Shangzhi Wuchang Nehe Hulin Mishan Tieli Tongjiang Fujin Fuyuan Suifenhe Hailin Ning'an Muling Dongning Bei'an Wudalianchi Anda Zhaodong Hailun Jiangsu Jiangyin Yixing Xinyi Pizhou Liyang Changshu Zhangjiagang Kunshan Taicang Qidong Rugao Haimen Dongtai Yizheng Gaoyou Danyang Yangzhong Jurong Jingjiang Taixing Xinghua Zhejiang Jiande Lin'an Yuyao Cixi Fenghua Rui'an Yueqing Haining Pinghu Tongxiang Zhuji Shengzhou Lanxi Yiwu Dongyang Yongkang Jiangshan Wenling Linhai Longquan Anhui Chaohu Jieshou Tongcheng Tianchang Mingguang Ningguo Fujian Fuqing Changle Yong'an Shishi Jinjiang Nan'an Longhai Shaowu Wuyishan Jian'ou Zhangping Fu'an Fuding Jiangxi Leping Ruichang Gongqingcheng Lushan Guixi Ruijin Jinggangshan Fengcheng Zhangshu Gao'an Dexing Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaozhou Jimo Pingdu Laixi Tengzhou Longkou Laiyang Laizhou Penglai Zhaoyuan Qixia Haiyang Qingzhou Zhucheng Shouguang Anqiu Gaomi Changyi Qufu Zoucheng Xintai Feicheng Rongcheng Rushan Laoling Yucheng Linqing Henan Gongyi Xingyang Xinmi Xinzheng Dengfeng Yanshi Wugang Ruzhou Linzhou Weihui Huixian Qinyang Mengzhou Yuzhou Changge Yima Lingbao Dengzhou Yongcheng Xiangcheng Jiyuan * Hubei Daye Danjiangkou Yidu Dangyang Zhijiang Laohekou Zaoyang Yicheng Zhongxiang Yingcheng Anlu Hanchuan Shishou Honghu Songzi Macheng Wuxue Chibi Guangshui Enshi * Lichuan Xiantao * Qianjiang * Tianmen * Hunan Liuyang Liling Xiangxiang Shaoshan Leiyang Changning Wugang Miluo Linxiang Jinshi Yuanjiang Zixing Hongjiang Lengshuijiang Lianyuan Jishou * Guangdong Lechang Nanxiong Taishan Kaiping Heshan Enping Lianjiang Leizhou Wuchuan Gaozhou Huazhou Xinyi Sihui Xingning Lufeng Yangchun Yingde Lianzhou Puning Luoding Guangxi Cenxi Dongxing Guiping Beiliu Jingxi Yizhou Heshan Pingxiang Hainan Wuzhishan * Qionghai * Wenchang * Wanning * Dongfang * Sichuan Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Guanghan Shifang Mianzhu Jiangyou Emeishan Langzhong Huaying Wanyuan Barkam * Kangding * Xichang * Guizhou Qingzhen Chishui Renhuai Xingyi * Kaili * Duyun * Fuquan Yunnan Anning Xuanwei Tengchong Chuxiong * Mengzi * Gejiu Kaiyuan Mile Wenshan * Jinghong * Dali * Ruili Mangshi * Lushui * Shangri - La * Tibet ( none ) Shaanxi Xingping Hancheng Huayin Gansu Yumen Dunhuang Linxia * Hezuo * Qinghai Yushu * Golmud * Delingha * Ningxia Lingwu Qingtongxia Xinjiang Changji * Fukang Bole * Alashankou Korla * Aksu * Artux * Kashgar * Hotan * Yining * Kuytun Korgas Tacheng * Wusu Altay * Shihezi * Aral * Tumxuk * Wujiaqu * Beitun * Tiemenguan * Shuanghe * Kokdala * Kunyu * Taiwan ( none ) Notes * Indicates this city has already occurred above. Direct - controlled Municipalities. Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. Separate state - planning cities. Special Economic Zone Cities. Coastal development cities. Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead. All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province. Largest cities or towns in China Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China ( 2010 ) Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop. Shanghai Beijing Shanghai Shanghai 20,217,700 11 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,900 Chongqing Guangzhou Beijing Beijing 16,858,700 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 6,238,200 Chongqing Chongqing 12,389,500 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,890,700 Guangzhou Guangdong 10,641,400 14 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,849,500 5 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,400 15 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,399,300 6 Tianjin Tianjin 10,007,700 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 5,178,000 7 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,500 17 Dalian Liaoning 4,222,400 8 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,300 18 Suzhou Jiangsu 4,083,900 9 Chengdu Sichuan 7,112,000 19 Qingdao Shandong 3,990,900 10 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7,055,071 20 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,000 Provincial capitals of China Changchun ( Jilin ) Changsha ( Hunan ) Chengdu ( Sichuan ) Fuzhou ( Fujian ) Guangzhou ( Guangdong ) Guiyang ( Guizhou ) Haikou ( Hainan ) Hangzhou ( Zhejiang ) Harbin ( Heilongjiang ) Hefei ( Anhui ) Hohhot ( Inner Mongolia ) Jinan ( Shandong ) Kunming ( Yunnan ) Lanzhou ( Gansu ) Lhasa ( Tibet ) Nanchang ( Jiangxi ) Nanjing ( Jiangsu ) Nanning ( Guangxi ) Shenyang ( Liaoning ) Shijiazhuang ( Hebei ) Taiyuan ( Shanxi ) Ürümqi ( Xinjiang ) Wuhan ( Hubei ) Xi'an ( Shaanxi ) Xining ( Qinghai ) Yinchuan ( Ningxia ) Zhengzhou ( Henan ) Major regions and cities of China National megalopolises Jingjinji ( Inner ) Bohai Economic Rim Beijing Beijing Changping Daxing Fangshan Mentougou Shunyi Tongzhou Tianjin Tianjin Binhai Dongli Jinnan Wuqing Hebei Baoding Xiong'an Cangzhou Chengde Langfang Shijiazhuang Tangshan Caofeidian Qian'an Zhangjiakou Yangtze River Delta ( Economic Zone ) Jiangsu Changzhou Lianyungang Nanjing Nantong Suzhou Taizhou Wuxi Yangzhou Zhenjiang Shanghai Shanghai Baoshan Jiading Minhang Pudong Qingpu Songjiang Zhejiang Hangzhou Huzhou Jiaxing Jinhua Lishui Ningbo Quzhou Shaoxing Taizhou Wenzhou Zhoushan Anhui Chuzhou Hefei Huainan Ma'anshan Wuhu Pearl River Delta Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area ( Economic Zone ) Guangdong Dongguan Foshan Guangzhou Huadu Nansha Panyu Huizhou Jiangmen Shenzhen Bao'an Zhaoqing Zhongshan Zhuhai Hengqin SARs Hong Kong Kowloon Macau Cotai West Triangle Economic Zone Chongqing Chongqing Fuling Liangjiang Qianjiang Wanzhou Xinbei Sichuan Chengdu Dazhou Deyang Guang'an Leshan Luzhou Meishan Mianyang Nanchong Neijiang Suining Yibin Zigong Ziyang Shaanxi Baoji Tongchuan Weinan Xi'an Xianyang Yangling Harbin - Changchun Megalopolis ( Northeastern Cities ) Heilongjiang Harbin Daqing Mudanjiang Qiqihar Jilin Changchun Jilin Siping Yanji Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River ( Central Triangle Economic Zone ) Hubei Ezhou Huanggang Huangshi Qianjiang Tianmen Wuhan Xianning Xiantao Xiaogan Hunan Changde Changsha Hengyang Loudi Xiangtan Yiyang Yueyang Zhuzhou Jiangxi Fuzhou Ji'an Jingdezhen Jiujiang Nanchang Shangrao Xinyu Yichun Yingtan Anhui Anqing Bengbu Chizhou Chuzhou Hefei Huainan Lu'an Ma'anshan Tongling Wuhu Xuancheng ( North ) Bohai Economic Rim Liaoning Anshan Dalian Lüshun Huludao Jinzhou Panjin Shenyang Yingkou ( South ) Bohai Economic Rim Shandong Binzhou Dongying Jinan Qingdao Weifang Weihai Yantai Zibo Regions East Northeast North South Central Central South Huizhou Western Northwest Southwest Administrative divisions By GDP By GDP per capita By Human Development Index Prefecture - level divisions County - level divisions Cities Direct - controlled municipality Prefecture - level city Sub-provincial city County - level city List of cities in China by GDP per capita by population Capitals Historical capitals Current and former capitals Categories : Subdivisions Regions Cities Cities along the Yangtze Province - level Cities ( from upper reaches to lower reaches ) Yunnan Lijiang ( SIchuan see below ) Dongchuan Sichuan Panzhihua ( Yunan see above ) Yibin Luzhou Chongqing Jiangjin Central Chongqing Fuling Wanzhou Hubei Yichang Yidu Zhijiang Songzi Jingzhou Shishou ( Hunan see below ) Honghu Chibi Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Wuxue Hunan Yueyang Linxiang Jiangxi Ruichang Jiujiang Anhui Anqing Chizhou Tongling Wuhu Ma'anshan Jiangsu Nanjing Yizheng Jurong Zhenjiang Yangzhou Taizhou Yangzhong Taixing Danyang Changzhou Jingjiang Jiangyin Zhangjiagang Rugao Nantong Changshu Taicang Haimen Qidong Shanghai Baoshan Pudong Major cities along the Pearl River Major cities along the Yellow River Youth Olympic Games Host Cities Summer Youth Olympics 2010 : Singapore 2014 : Nanjing 2018 : Buenos Aires Winter Youth Olympics 2012 : Innsbruck 2016 : Lillehammer China portal VIAF : 150033366 GND : 4075203 - 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Question: when was nanjing(nanking) selected as the capital city of the republic of china
Answer: 317