Parsec - wikipedia Parsec For other uses, see Parsec ( disambiguation ). Parsec A parsec is the distance from the Sun to an astronomical object that has a parallax angle of one arcsecond ( not to scale ) Unit information Unit system astronomical units Unit of length Symbol pc Unit conversions 1 pc in...... is equal to... metric ( SI ) units 7016308570000000000 ♠ 3.0857 × 10 m ~ 31 petametres imperial & US units 7016308575618560000 ♠ 1.9174 × 10 mi astronomical units 7016308560568105820 ♠ 2.0626 × 10 au 7016308567400801506 ♠ 3.261 56 ly The parsec ( symbol : pc ) is a unit of length used to measure large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System. A parsec was defined as the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond,, but it has been redefined in 2015 to exactly 7005648000000000000 ♠ 648 000 / π astronomical units. One parsec is equal to about 3.26 light - years ( 31 trillion km or 19 trillion miles ) in length. The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is about 1.3 parsecs ( 4.2 light - years ) from the Sun. Most of the stars visible to the unaided eye in the night sky are within 500 parsecs of the Sun. The parsec unit was likely first suggested in 1913 by the British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner. Named as a portmanteau of the parallax of one arcsecond, it was defined so as to make calculations of astronomical distances quick and easy for astronomers from only their raw observational data. Partly for this reason, it is still the unit preferred in astronomy and astrophysics, though the light - year remains prominent in popular science texts and common usage. Although parsecs are used for the shorter distances within the Milky Way, multiples of parsecs are required for the larger scales in the universe, including kilo parsecs ( kpc ) for the more distant objects within and around the Milky Way, mega parsecs ( Mpc ) for all but the closest galaxies, and giga parsecs ( Gpc ) for many quasars and the most distant galaxies. In August 2015, the IAU passed Resolution B2, which as part of the definition of a standardized absolute and apparent bolometric magnitude scale, included an explicit definition of the parsec as exactly 7005648000000000000 ♠ 648 000 / π astronomical units, or approximately 7016308567758149137 ♠ 3.085 677 581 491 37 × 10 metres ( based on the IAU 2012 exact SI definition of the astronomical unit ). This corresponds to the small - angle definition of the parsec found in many contemporary astronomical references. Contents 1 History and derivation 1.1 Calculating the value of a parsec 2 Usage and measurement 3 Distances in parsecs 3.1 Distances less than a parsec 3.2 Parsecs and kiloparsecs 3.3 Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs 4 Volume units 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History and derivation See also : Stellar parallax The parsec is defined as being equal to the length of the longer leg of an extremely elongated imaginary right triangle in space. The two dimensions on which this triangle is based are its shorter leg, of length one astronomical unit ( the average Earth - Sun distance ), and the subtended angle of the vertex opposite that leg, measuring one arcsecond. Applying the rules of trigonometry to these two values, the unit length of the other leg of the triangle ( the parsec ) can be derived. One of the oldest methods used by astronomers to calculate the distance to a star is to record the difference in angle between two measurements of the position of the star in the sky. The first measurement is taken from the Earth on one side of the Sun, and the second is taken approximately half a year later, when the Earth is on the opposite side of the Sun. The distance between the two positions of the Earth when the two measurements were taken is twice the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The difference in angle between the two measurements is twice the parallax angle, which is formed by lines from the Sun and Earth to the star at the distant vertex. Then the distance to the star could be calculated using trigonometry. The first successful published direct measurements of an object at interstellar distances were undertaken by German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838, who used this approach to calculate the 3.5 - parsec distance of 61 Cygni. stellar parallax motion from annual parallax The parallax of a star is defined as half of the angular distance that a star appears to move relative to the celestial sphere as Earth orbits the Sun. Equivalently, it is the subtended angle, from that star 's perspective, of the semimajor axis of the Earth 's orbit. The star, the Sun and the Earth form the corners of an imaginary right triangle in space : the right angle is the corner at the Sun, and the corner at the star is the parallax angle. The length of the opposite side to the parallax angle is the distance from the Earth to the Sun ( defined as one astronomical unit ( au ), and the length of the adjacent side gives the distance from the sun to the star. Therefore, given a measurement of the parallax angle, along with the rules of trigonometry, the distance from the Sun to the star can be found. A parsec is defined as the length of the side adjacent to the vertex occupied by a star whose parallax angle is one arcsecond. The use of the parsec as a unit of distance follows naturally from Bessel 's method, because the distance in parsecs can be computed simply as the reciprocal of the parallax angle in arcseconds ( i.e. if the parallax angle is 1 arcsecond, the object is 1 pc from the Sun ; if the parallax angle is 0.5 arcseconds, the object is 2 pc away ; etc. ). No trigonometric functions are required in this relationship because the very small angles involved mean that the approximate solution of the skinny triangle can be applied. Though it may have been used before, the term parsec was first mentioned in an astronomical publication in 1913. Astronomer Royal Frank Watson Dyson expressed his concern for the need of a name for that unit of distance. He proposed the name astron, but mentioned that Carl Charlier had suggested siriometer and Herbert Hall Turner had proposed parsec. It was Turner 's proposal that stuck. Calculating the value of a parsec In the diagram above ( not to scale ), S represents the Sun, and E the Earth at one point in its orbit. Thus the distance ES is one astronomical unit ( au ). The angle SDE is one arcsecond ( 1 / 3600 of a degree ) so by definition D is a point in space at a distance of one parsec from the Sun. Through trigonometry, the distance SD is calculated as follows : S D = E S tan ⁡ 1 '' ( displaystyle mathrm ( SD ) = ( \frac ( mathrm ( ES ) ) ( \tan 1 ' ' ) ) ) Using the small - angle approximation, by which the tangent of an extremely small angle is almost equal to the angle itself ( in radians ), S D ≈ E S 1 '' = 1 au 1 60 × 60 × π 180 = 648 000 π au ≈ 206 264.81 au. ( displaystyle mathrm ( SD ) approx ( \frac ( mathrm ( ES ) ) ( 1 ' ' ) ) = ( \frac ( 1 , ( mbox ( au ) ) ) ( ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 60 \times 60 ) ) \times ( \frac ( pi ) ( 180 ) ) ) ) = ( \frac ( 648 , 000 ) ( pi ) ) , ( mbox ( au ) ) approx 206 , 264.81 ( mbox ( au ) ). ) Because the astronomical unit is defined to be 7011149597870700000 ♠ 149 597 870 700 m, the following can be calculated : Therefore, 1 parsec ≈ 7005206264806247096 ♠ 206 264. 806 247 096 astronomical units ≈ 7016308567758100000 ♠ 3.085 677 581 × 10 metres ≈ 7001191735115770000 ♠ 19.173 511 577 trillion miles ≈ 7000326156377700000 ♠ 3.261 563 777 light - years A corollary states that a parsec is also the distance from which a disc one astronomical unit in diameter must be viewed for it to have an angular diameter of one arcsecond ( by placing the observer at D and a diameter of the disc on ES ). The length of the parsec adopted in IAU 2015 Resolution B2 ( exactly 7005648000000000000 ♠ 648 000 / π astronomical units ) corresponds exactly to that derived using the small - angle calculation. This differs from the classic inverse - tangent definition by about 200 km, i.e. only after the 11th significant figure. As the astronomical unit was defined by the IAU ( 2012 ) as an exact SI length in metres, so now the parsec corresponds to an exact SI length in metres. To the nearest meter, the IAU 2015 parsec corresponds to approximately 30,856,775,814,913,673 m. Usage and measurement The parallax method is the fundamental calibration step for distance determination in astrophysics ; however, the accuracy of ground - based telescope measurements of parallax angle is limited to about 0.01 arcseconds, and thus to stars no more than 100 pc distant. This is because the Earth 's atmosphere limits the sharpness of a star 's image. Space - based telescopes are not limited by this effect and can accurately measure distances to objects beyond the limit of ground - based observations. Between 1989 and 1993, the Hipparcos satellite, launched by the European Space Agency ( ESA ), measured parallaxes for about 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 stars with an astrometric precision of about 0.97 milliarcseconds, and obtained accurate measurements for stellar distances of stars up to 1000 pc away. ESA 's Gaia satellite, which launched on 19 December 2013, is intended to measure one billion stellar distances to within 20 microarcseconds, producing errors of 10 % in measurements as far as the Galactic Centre, about 8000 pc away in the constellation of Sagittarius. Distances in parsecs Distances less than a parsec Distances expressed in fractions of a parsec usually involve objects within a single star system. So, for example : One astronomical unit ( au ), the distance from the Sun to the Earth, is just under 6994499999999999999 ♠ 5 × 10 parsecs. The most distant space probe, Voyager 1, was 6996660000000000000 ♠ 0.000 66 parsecs from Earth as of August 2016. It took Voyager 1 39 years to cover that distance. The Oort cloud is estimated to be approximately 0.6 parsecs in diameter The jet erupting from the active galactic nucleus of M87 is thought to be 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 kiloparsecs ( 7019462629720109201 ♠ 4890 ly ) long. ( image from Hubble Space Telescope ) Parsecs and kiloparsecs Distances expressed in parsecs ( pc ) include distances between nearby stars, such as those in the same spiral arm or globular cluster. A distance of 1000 parsecs ( 3262 light - years ) is commonly denoted by the kiloparsec ( kpc ). Astronomers typically use kiloparsecs to express distances between parts of a galaxy, or within groups of galaxies. So, for example : One parsec is approximately 3.26 light - years. The nearest known star to the Earth, other than the Sun, Proxima Centauri, is about 1.30 parsecs ( 4.24 light - years ) away, by direct parallax measurement. The distance to the open cluster Pleiades is 7018401138085590734 ♠ 130 ± 10 pc ( 7018397350679848393 ♠ 420 ± 32.6 ly ) from us, per Hipparcos parallax measurement. The centre of the Milky Way is more than 8 kiloparsecs ( 7020245978992287100 ♠ 26 000 ly ) from the Earth, and the Milky Way is roughly 34 kpc ( 7021104068035198388 ♠ 110 000 ly ) across. The Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) is about 780 kpc ( 2.5 million light - years ) away from the Earth. Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs A distance of one million parsecs is commonly denoted by the megaparsec ( Mpc ). Astronomers typically express the distances between neighbouring galaxies and galaxy clusters in megaparsecs. Galactic distances are sometimes given in units of Mpc / h ( as in `` 50 / h Mpc '', also written `` 50 Mpc h '' ). h is a parameter in the range 0.5 < h < 0.75 reflecting the uncertainty in the value of the Hubble constant H for the rate of expansion of the universe : h = H / 100 km / s / Mpc. The Hubble constant becomes relevant when converting an observed redshift z into a distance d using the formula d ≈ c / H × z. One gigaparsec ( Gpc ) is one billion parsecs -- one of the largest units of length commonly used. One gigaparsec is about 3.26 billion light - years, or roughly 1 / 14 of the distance to the horizon of the observable universe ( dictated by the cosmic background radiation ). Astronomers typically use gigaparsecs to express the sizes of large - scale structures such as the size of, and distance to, the CfA2 Great Wall ; the distances between galaxy clusters ; and the distance to quasars. For example : The Andromeda Galaxy is about 0.78 Mpc ( 2.5 million light - years ) from the Earth. The nearest large galaxy cluster, the Virgo Cluster, is about 16.5 Mpc ( 54 million light - years ) from the Earth. The galaxy RXJ1242 - 11, observed to have a supermassive black hole core similar to the Milky Way 's, is about 200 Mpc ( 650 million light - years ) from the Earth. The galaxy filament Hercules -- Corona Borealis Great Wall, currently the largest known structure in the universe, is about 3 Gpc ( 10 billion light - years ) across. The particle horizon ( the boundary of the observable universe ) has a radius of about 14.0 Gpc ( 46 billion light - years ). Volume units To determine the number of stars in the Milky Way, volumes in cubic kiloparsecs ( kpc ) are selected in various directions. All the stars in these volumes are counted and the total number of stars statistically determined. The number of globular clusters, dust clouds, and interstellar gas is determined in a similar fashion. To determine the number of galaxies in superclusters, volumes in cubic megaparsecs ( Mpc ) are selected. All the galaxies in these volumes are classified and tallied. The total number of galaxies can then be determined statistically. The huge Boötes void is measured in cubic megaparsecs. In physical cosmology, volumes of cubic gigaparsecs ( Gpc ) are selected to determine the distribution of matter in the visible universe and to determine the number of galaxies and quasars. The Sun is the only star in its cubic parsec, ( pc ) but in globular clusters the stellar density could be from 100 to 1000 per cubic parsec. See also Distance measures ( cosmology ) List of humorous units of measurement # Attoparsec Notes Jump up ^ error of approximately one part per billion ( 6991100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 ) for this calculation ^ Jump up to : 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 pc ≈ 7049293800000000000 ♠ 2.938 × 10 m 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 kpc ≈ 7058293800000000000 ♠ 2.938 × 10 m 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Mpc ≈ 7067293800000000000 ♠ 2.938 × 10 m 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gpc ≈ 7076293800000000000 ♠ 2.938 × 10 m 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Tpc3 ≈ 7085293800000000000 ♠ 2.938 × 10 m References Jump up ^ `` Cosmic Distance Scales - The Milky Way ''. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Jump up ^ Benedict, G. F. ; et al. `` Astrometric Stability and Precision of Fine Guidance Sensor # 3 : The Parallax and Proper Motion of Proxima Centauri '' ( PDF ). Proceedings of the HST Calibration Workshop. pp. 380 -- 384. Retrieved 11 July 2007. ^ Jump up to : Dyson, F. W. ( March 1913 ). `` Stars, Distribution and drift of, The distribution in space of the stars in Carrington 's Circumpolar Catalogue ''. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 73 : 334 -- 342. Bibcode : 1913MNRAS... 73... 334D. doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 73.5. 334. There is a need for a name for this unit of distance. Mr. Charlier has suggested Siriometer... Professor Turner suggests parsec, which may be taken as an abbreviated form of ' a distance corresponding to a parallax of one second '. Jump up ^ Cox, Arthur N., ed. ( 2000 ). Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities ( 4th ed. ). New York : AIP Press / Springer. Bibcode : 2000asqu. book... C. ISBN 0387987460. Jump up ^ Binney, James ; Tremaine, Scott ( 2008 ). Galactic Dynamics ( 2nd ed. ). Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. Bibcode : 2008gady. book... B. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13026 - 2. Jump up ^ High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center ( HEASARC ). `` Deriving the Parallax Formula ''. NASA 's Imagine the Universe !. Astrophysics Science Division ( ASD ) at NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 26 November 2011. Jump up ^ Bessel, F. W. ( 1838 ). `` Bestimmung der Entfernung des 61sten Sterns des Schwans '' ( Determination of the distance of the 61st star of Cygnus ). Astronomische Nachrichten. 16 : 65 -- 96. Bibcode : 1838AN... 16... 65B. doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18390160502. Jump up ^ International Astronomical Union, ed. ( 31 August 2012 ), `` RESOLUTION B2 on the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length '' ( PDF ), RESOLUTION B2, Beijing : International Astronomical Union, The XXVIII General Assembly of International Astronomical Union recommends ( adopted ) that the astronomical unit be redefined to be a conventional unit of length equal to exactly 7011149597870700000 ♠ 149 597 870 700 m, in agreement with the value adopted in IAU 2009 Resolution B2 Jump up ^ `` Four Resolutions to be Presented for Voting at the IAU XXIX GA ''. Jump up ^ Pogge, Richard. `` Astronomy 162 ''. Ohio State University. Jump up ^ `` Parallax Measurements ''. jrank.org. Jump up ^ `` The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission ''. Retrieved 28 August 2007. Jump up ^ Turon, Catherine. `` From Hipparchus to Hipparcos ''. Jump up ^ `` GAIA ''. European Space Agency. Jump up ^ `` Galaxy structures : the large scale structure of the nearby universe ''. Retrieved 22 May 2007. Jump up ^ Mei, S. ; Blakeslee, J. P. ; Côté, P. ; et al. ( 2007 ). `` The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three - dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster ''. The Astrophysical Journal. 655 : 144. Bibcode : 2007ApJ... 655... 144M. arXiv : astro - ph / 0702510. doi : 10.1086 / 509598. Jump up ^ Lineweaver, Charles H. ; Davis, Tamara M. ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ). `` Misconceptions about the Big Bang ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 10. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ Kirshner, R. P. ; Oemler, A., Jr. ; Schechter, P. L. ; Shectman, S. A. ( 1981 ). `` A million cubic megaparsec void in Bootes ''. The Astrophysical Journal. 248 : L57. Bibcode : 1981ApJ... 248L... 57K. ISSN 0004 - 637X. doi : 10.1086 / 183623. External links Guidry, Michael. `` Astronomical Distance Scales ''. Astronomy 162 : Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology. University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2010. Merrifield, Michael. `` pc Parsec ''. Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. Units of length used in Astronomy Astronomical system of units Earth radius ( R or R ) Light - second ( ls ) Solar radius ( R ) gigametre ( Gm ) Astronomical unit ( AU ) terametre ( Tm ) light - year ( ly ) parsec ( pc ) kiloparsec ( kpc ) megaparsec ( Mpc ) gigaparsec ( Gpc ) See also Cosmic distance ladder Orders of magnitude ( length ) Conversion of units Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsec&oldid=801846727 '' Categories : Units of length Units of measurement in astronomy Parallax 1913 in science Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017, at 07 : 33. 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Question: average distance of earth from sun in parsec
Answer: under 6994499999999999999♠5×10−6 parsecs