Opposition to World war I - wikipedia Opposition to World war I After the War a Medal and Maybe a Job, antiwar cartoon by John French Sloan, 1914 Opposition to World War I included socialist, anarchist, syndicalist, and Marxist groups on the left, as well as Christian pacifists, Canadian and Irish nationalists, women 's groups, intellectuals, and rural folk. Women across the spectrum were much less supportive than men. The socialist movements had declared before the war their opposition to a war which they said could only mean workers killing each other in the interests of their bosses. But once the war was declared, most socialist and trade union bodies decided to back the government of their country and support the war. For example, on 25 July 1914, the executive of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) issued an appeal to its membership to demonstrate against the coming war, only to vote on 4 August for the war credits the German government wanted. Likewise the French Socialist Party and its union, the CGT, especially after the assassination of the pacificist Jean Jaurès, organised mass rallies and protests until the outbreak of war, but once the war began they argued that in wartime socialists should support their nations against the aggression of other nations and also voted for war credits. Groups opposed to the war included the Russian Bolsheviks, the Socialist Party of America, the Italian Socialist Party, and the socialist faction led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in Germany ( later to become the Communist Party of Germany ). In Sweden, the socialist youth leader Zeth Höglund was jailed for his anti-war propaganda, even though Sweden did not participate in the war. Contents 1 Women 2 Pacifists 3 Great Britain 4 In the British Empire 4.1 Australia 4.2 Canada 4.3 Ireland 4.4 New Zealand 5 In other Allied countries 6 In the United States 6.1 Henry Ford 6.2 Religious groups 6.3 Far left 7 In the African colonies 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Women Women across the spectrum were much less supportive than men. Women in church groups were especially anti-war. However, women in the suffrage movement in different countries tended to support the war effort, asking for suffrage as a reward for that support. In France, women activists from both the working - class socialist women 's and the middle - class suffragist movements formed their own groups to oppose the war. However, they were unable to coordinate their efforts because of mutual suspicion because of class and political differences. After 1915 the groups weakened or dissoved entirely as their leading militants left to work within nonfeminist organizations opposing the war. The women 's suffrage movement in Britain split on the war issue. The main official groups supported the war, but it was opposed by a number of prominent women 's rights campaigners, including Helena Swanwick, Margaret Ashton, Catherine Marshall, Maude Royden, Kathleen Courtney and Chrystal Macmillan. It was an early coalition of women 's campaigning with pacifism that later led to the formation of Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1915. Pacifists The Deserter ( 1916 ) by Boardman Robinson Although the onset of the First World War was generally greeted with enthusiastic patriotism across Europe, peace groups were still active in condemning the war. In Britain, the prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse went to prison for refusing military service, citing his convictions as an `` International Socialist and a Christian '' Many socialist groups and movements were antimilitarist, arguing that war by its nature was a type of governmental coercion of the working class for the benefit of capitalist elites. The French socialist pacifist leader Jean Jaurès was assassinated by a nationalist fanatic on July 31, 1914. The national parties in the Second International increasingly supported their respective nations in war and the International was dissolved in 1916. A World War I - era female peace protester In 1915 the League of Nations Society was formed by British Liberal Party leaders to promote a strong international organisation that could enforce the peaceful resolution of conflict. Later that year the League to Enforce Peace was established in America to promote similar goals. Hamilton Holt published an editorial in his New York City weekly magazine the Independent called `` The Way to Disarm : A Practical Proposal '' on September 28, 1914. It called for an international organization to agree upon the arbitration of disputes and to guarantee the territorial integrity of its members by maintaining military forces sufficient to defeat those of any non-member. The ensuing debate among prominent internationalists modified Holt 's plan to align it more closely with proposals offered in Great Britain by Viscount James Bryce, a former ambassador from the U.K. to the U.S. These and other initiatives were pivotal in the change in attitudes that gave birth to the League of Nations after the war. Some of the many groups that protested against the war, as well as the traditional peace churches, were the Woman 's Peace Party ( which was organized in 1915 and led by noted reformer Jane Addams ), the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace ( ICWPP ) ( also organized in 1915 ), the American Union Against Militarism, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and the American Friends Service Committee. Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress, was another fierce advocate of pacifism, the only person to vote no to America 's entrance into both World Wars. Great Britain In Britain, both young and old men and some women resisted conscription and towards the end of the war several distinguished people were imprisoned for their opposition to it, including `` the nation 's leading investigative journalist, a future winner of the Nobel Prize, more than half a dozen future members of Parliament, one future cabinet minister, and a former newspaper editor who was publishing a clandestine journal for his fellow inmates on toilet paper. '' One of them was Bertrand Russell - a mathematician, philosopher and social critic engaged in pacifist activities, who was dismissed from Trinity College, Cambridge following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act in 1916. A later conviction resulted in six months ' of imprisonment in Brixton prison from which he was released in September 1918. In the shipyards in and around Glasgow, Scotland, opposition to the British war effort became a major aim during the Red Clydeside era. To mobilise the workers of Clydeside against World War I, the Clyde Workers ' Committee ( CWC ) was formed, with Willie Gallacher as its head and David Kirkwood its treasurer. The CWC led the campaign against the Liberal government of David Lloyd George and their Munitions Act, which forbade engineers from leaving the company they were employed in. The CWC negotiated with government leaders, but no agreement could be reached and consequently both Gallacher and Kirkwood were arrested and imprisoned under the Defence of the Realm Act. Anti-war activity also took place outside the workplace and on the streets in general. The Marxist John Maclean and Independent Labour Party member James Maxton were both jailed for their anti-war propagandizing. In the British empire Australia In Australia two referendums in 1916 and 1917 resulted in votes against conscription, and were seen as opposition to an all - out prosecution of the war. In retaliation, the Australian government used the War Precautions Act and the Unlawful Associations Act to arrest and prosecute anti-conscriptionists such as Tom Barker, editor of Direct Action and many other members of the Industrial Workers of the World. The young John Curtin, at the time a member of the Victorian Socialist Party, was also arrested. Anti-conscriptionist publications were seized by government censors in police raids. Other notable opponents to Conscription included the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix, the Queensland Labor Premier Thomas Ryan, Vida Goldstein and the Women 's Peace Army. Most labor unions actively opposed conscription. Many Australians thought positively of conscription as a sign of loyalty to Britain and thought that it would also support those men who were already fighting. However, trade unions feared that their members might be replaced by cheaper foreign or female labour and opposed conscription. Some groups argued that the whole war was immoral, and it was unjust to force people to fight. In Australia, women had full right to vote which is rare Canada In Canada opposition to conscription and involvement in the war centered on French Canadian nationalists led by Henri Bourassa. Following the 1917 elections, the government implemented the Military Service Act 1917 that came into effect in 1918, which sparked a weekend of rioting in Quebec city between March 28 and April 1, 1918. Invoking the War Measures Act of 1914, the federal government sent troops to restore order in the city, which opened fire on a demonstration on April 1st. Ireland Beginning in 1914, anti-war campaigns in Ireland were led by the pacifist Francis Sheehy - Skeffington and the Socialist James Connolly. Both, however, were executed by the British Army following the Easter Rising of 1916. The Conscription Crisis of 1918 had long - term repercussions, uniting several nationalist parties and the Roman Catholic Hierarchy in opposition to the draft. This played a major part in the Irish War of Independence and the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. New Zealand In New Zealand, the war ( particularly conscription ) was opposed by the New Zealand Socialist Party and its successor the New Zealand Labour Party. Several members were prosecuted for sedition in 1916 and imprisoned, including Peter Fraser, Bob Semple and Paddy Webb. Fraser was later Prime Minister of New Zealand for most of World War II. In other Allied countries In Russia, opposition to the war was originally led by both Marxists and pacifist Tolstoyans under the leadership of Valentin Bulgakov. Bulgakov 's first reaction to the outbreak of war was the appeal `` Wake up, all people are brothers ! '' which he composed on 28 September 1914. `` Our enemies are - not the Germans, and - not Russians or Frenchmen. The common enemy of us all, no matter what nationality to which we belong - is the beast within us. Nowhere is this truth so clearly confirmed, as now, when, intoxicated, and excessively proud of their false science, their foreign culture and their civilization of the machine, people of the 20th century have suddenly realized the true stage of its development : this step is no higher than that which our ancestors were at in the days of Attila and Genghis Khan. It is infinitely sad to know that two thousand years of Christianity have passed almost without a trace upon the people. ''. In October, Bulgakov continued circulating the appeal, collecting signatures and posting copies which were confiscated by the Tsarist secret police, or Okhrana. On 28 October Bulgakov was arrested together with 27 signatories of the appeal. In November -- December 1915, most defendants were released from custody on bail. A trial took place on 1 April 1916 and the defendants were acquitted. As Russia 's involvement in the war continued anyway, soldiers began to establish their own revolutionary tribunals and began to execute officers en masse. After the October Revolution of 1917, Lenin 's Bolsheviks called for unilateral armistice, but the other combatants refused, determined to fight until the bitter end. The Bolsheviks agreed a peace treaty with Imperial Germany, the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk, despite its harsh conditions. They also published the secret treaties between Russia and the Western Allies, hoping that the revelation of Allied plans for a vengeful peace would encourage international opposition to the war. In 1917, a series of mutinies in the French army led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned. These soldiers were rehabilitated by the French government in the 1990s. In the United States Henry Ford Main article : Peace Ship Industrialist Henry Ford believe that capitalism could conquer war, and he organized and funded a major effort of antiwar leaders traveling to Europe in 1915 to talk to diplomats in major countries about the need for prosperity and peace. Ford chartered an ocean liner and invited prominent peace activists to join him. He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end the war, but the mission was widely mocked by the press, which referred to the liner as the `` Ship of Fools '' as well as the `` Peace Ship ''. Infighting between the activists, mockery by the press contingent aboard, and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage. Four days after Oscar II arrived in Norway, a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States. The peace mission was unsuccessful, which reinforced Ford 's reputation as a supporter of unusual causes. Religious groups Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism, as did leaders of the woman 's movement. A concerted effort was made by anti-war leaders, including Jane Addams, Oswald Garrison Villard, David Starr Jordan, Henry Ford, Lillian Wald, and Carrie Chapman Catt. Their goal was to convince Wilson to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table. Wilson indeed made an energetic, sustained and serious effort to do so, and kept his administration neutral, but he was repeatedly rebuffed by Britain and Germany. Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what Wilson promised would be `` a war to end all wars ''. Once war was declared, the more liberal denominations, which had endorsed the Social Gospel, called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind. The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world. Far left Come on in, America, the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf His Best Customer ( 1917 ) by Winsor McCay Leading up to 1917 and the declaration of war against Germany, the labor unions, socialists, members of the Old Right, and pacifist groups in the United States publicly opposed participation, the obvious motive for the 1916 Preparedness Day Bombing stemming from this. When Woodrow Wilson ran for reelection in 1916 on the slogan `` He Kept Us Out of War '', he received support from these groups ( although the Socialist Party of America ran its own candidate, Allan Benson ). After Wilson was reelected, though, events quickly spiraled into war. The Zimmermann Telegram and resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany provoked outrage in the U.S., and Congress declared war on April 6. Conscription was introduced shortly thereafter, which the anti-war movement bitterly opposed. Many socialist, typified by Walter Lippmann, became enthusiastic supporters of the war. So too did Samuel Gompers and the great majority of organized labor unions. However, the IWW -- `` Wobblies '' -- gained strength by opposing the war. The Espionage Act of 1917 was passed to prevent spying but also contained a section which criminalized inciting or attempting to incite any mutiny, desertion, or refusal of duty in the armed forces, punishable with a fine of not more than $10,000, not more than twenty years in federal prison, or both. Thousands of Wobblies and anti-war activists were prosecuted on authority of this and the Sedition Act of 1918, which tightened restrictions even more. Among the most famous was Eugene Debs, chairman of the Socialist Party of the USA for giving an anti-draft speech in Ohio. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld these prosecutions in a series of decisions. Conscientious objectors were punished as well, most of them Christian pacifist inductees. They were placed directly in the armed forces and court - martialed, receiving draconian sentences and harsh treatment. A number of them died in Alcatraz Prison, then a military facility. Vigilante groups were formed which suppressed dissent as well, such as by rounding up draft - age men and checking if they were in possession of draft cards or not. Ben Salmon was a Catholic conscientious objector and outspoken critic of Just War theology. During World War I, America 's Roman Catholic hierarchy denounced him and The New York Times described him as a `` spy suspect. '' The US military ( in which he was never inducted ) court - martialed him for desertion and spreading propaganda, then sentenced him to death ( this was later revised to 25 years hard labor ). Around 300,000 American men evaded or refused conscription in World War I. Aliens such as Emma Goldman were deported, while naturalized or even native - born citizens, including Eugene Debs, lost their citizenship for their activities. Helen Keller, a socialist, and Jane Addams, a pacifist, also publicly opposed the war, but neither was prosecuted, likely because they were sympathetic figures ( Keller working to help fellow deaf - blind people and Addams in charity to benefit the poor ). In 1919, as the soldiers came home, disturbances continued, with veterans fighting strikers, the Seattle General Strike, race riots in the South and the Palmer Raids following two anarchist bombings. After the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920, Americans were eager to follow his campaign slogan of `` Return to Normalcy. '' Anti-war dissidents in federal prison, such as Debs, and conscientious objectors, had their sentences commuted to time served or were pardoned on December 25, 1921. The Sedition Act was repealed in 1921, but the Espionage Act remains, and Richard Nixon attempted to invoke it in vain to prevent the Pentagon Papers being published in 1971. Many U.S. Supreme Court decisions since then have substantially, but not explicitly, gutted the provisions used to squelch dissent. Media withheld much opposition to the war. In the african colonies In many European colonies in Africa, the recruitment of the indigenous population to serve in the army or as porters met widespread opposition and resistance. In British Nyasaland ( modern - day Malawi ), the recruitment of Nyasa to serve in the East Africa Campaign contributed to the Chilembwe uprising in 1915. See also List of peace activists List of anti-war organizations Dulce et Decorum est Home front during World War I British propaganda during World War I Italian propaganda during World War I Zimmerwald Conference References Jump up ^ Prelude to Revolution : Class Consciousness and the First World War by Megan Trudell Jump up ^ Anne Wiltsher, Most Dangerous Women : Feminist Peace Campaigners of the Great War. ( Routledge, 1985 ). Jump up ^ Claire M. Tylee, `` ' Maleness run riot ' -- The great war and women 's resistance to militarism. '' Women 's Studies International Forum 11 # 3 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Charles Sowerwine, `` Women Against the War : A Feminine Basis for Internationalism and Pacifism ? Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History 6 # 363. ( 1978 ). Jump up ^ Wiltsher, Anne ( 1985 ). Most dangerous women : feminist peace campaigners of the Great War ( 1. publ. ed. ). London : Pandora Press. p. 2. ISBN 0863580106. Jump up ^ Hochschild, Adam, To end all wars : a story of loyalty and rebellion, 1914 -- 1918, p. 277, Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011, ISBN 0 - 618 - 75828 - 3 Jump up ^ Pacifism vs. Patriotism in Women 's Organizations in the 1920s. Jump up ^ Chatfield, Charles, `` Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy '' 2002. Jump up ^ Hochschild, Adam ( 2011 ). To End All Wars - a story of loyalty and rebellion, 1914 - 1918. Boston, New York : Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. xvii. ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 75031 - 6. Jump up ^ Frank Cain, The Wobblies at War : A History of the IWW and the Great War in Australia ( Melbourne : Spectrum Publications, 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 86786 - 339 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Opposition to World War I ''. World War I. 2012 - 06 - 05. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07. Jump up ^ М. А. Рашковская, Е. Б. Рашковский. `` Милые братья и сестры... '' ( Template : Lib.ru ) Jump up ^ Watts, Steven ( 2005 ). The People 's Tycoon : Henry Ford and the American Century. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. p. 228. Jump up ^ Traxel, David ( 2006 ). Crusader Nation : The United States in Peace and the Great War 1898 - 1920. New York. p. 206. Jump up ^ Watts, Steven ( 2005 ). The People 's Tycoon : Henry Ford and the American Century. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. p. 234. Jump up ^ Watts, Steven ( 2005 ). The People 's Tycoon : Henry Ford and the American Century. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. p. 235. Jump up ^ Henry, Jim ( June 15, 2003 ). `` Noble cause becomes a farce ; Peace Ship cements Henry Ford 's image as a well - meaning but naive do - gooder ''. Automotive News. Retrieved 7 December 2012. Jump up ^ Patterson, David S. ( 1971 ). `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 ''. The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x. Jump up ^ Piper, John F., Jr. ( 1970 ). `` The American Churches in World War I ''. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155. doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII. 2.147. JSTOR 1461171. Jump up ^ Gamble, Richard M. ( 2003 ). The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity, the Great War, and the Rise of the Messianic Nation. Wilmington : ISI Books. ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3. Jump up ^ `` World War 1 and the Suppression of Dissent ''. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved 22 November 2014. Jump up ^ Francis Shor, `` The IWW and oppositional politics in World War I : Pushing the system beyond its limits. '' Radical History Review 1996 # 64 ( 1996 ) : 75 - 94. Jump up ^ Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship ( 2007 ). `` The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon ''. Sign of Peace. 6.1 ( Spring 2007 ). Further reading Chatfield, Charles. For peace and justice : pacifism in America, 1914 - 1941 ( University of Tennessee Press, 1971 ). Farrar Jr, Lancelot L. Divide and Conquer : German Efforts to Conclude a Separate Peace, 1914 -- 1918 ( London : East European Quarterly, 1978 ). Jarausch, Konrad H. `` Armageddon Revisited : Peace Research Perspectives on World War One. '' Peace & Change 7.1 ‐ 2 ( 1981 ) : 109 - 118. Moorehead, Caroline. Troublesome People : The Warriors of Pacifism ( 1987 ) covers Britain 1914 to 1945. Patterson, David S. The Search for Negotiated Peace : Women 's Activism and Citizen Diplomacy in World War I ( Routledge. 2008 ). Tylee, Claire M. `` ' Maleness run riot ' -- The great war and women 's resistance to militarism. '' Women 's Studies International Forum 11 # 3 ( 1988 ) online Wiltsher, Anne. Most Dangerous Women : Feminist Peace Campaigners of the Great War. ( Routledge, 1985 ). Anti-war movement and peace Opposition to wars or aspects of war Afghan War American Civil War Iraq War Landmines Military action in Iran Military intervention in Libya Military taxation Nuclear armament Second Boer War Sri Lankan Civil War Vietnam War War of 1812 War on Terror World War I World War II Agents of opposition Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Bed - In Central Park be-ins Conscientious objectors Counterculture Draft evasion Human Be-In List of peace activists Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace education Peace movement Peace walk Teach - in War resisters War tax resisters Related ideologies Ahimsa Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - punks Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Christian anarchism Direct action Finvenkismo Hippie Isolationism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Media and cultural Art Books Films International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of places named Peace `` Make love, not war '' Monuments and memorials Peace journalism Peace News Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Songs Symbols World Game Countries Canada Germany Israel Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian, Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_World_War_I&oldid=805660302 '' Categories : Anti-war Politics of World War I Opposition to World War I Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 20 : 40. 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Question: who was convinced and sentenced to 10 years in prison for giving an anti-war speech against wwi
Answer: Eugene Debs