Cardiac cycle - wikipedia Cardiac cycle This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2012 ) Cardiac events occurring in the cardiac cycle. Two complete cycles are illustrated. The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of mechanical and electrical events that repeats with every heartbeat. It includes the phase of relaxation diastole and the phase of contraction systole. Because the human heart is a four chambered organ, there are atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole and ventricular diastole. The frequency of the cardiac cycle is described by the heart rate, which is typically expressed as beats per minute. Each cycle of the heart, from the point of view of the ventricles and the status of their valves, involves a minimum of four major stages : Inflow phase, Isovolumetric contraction, outflow phase and Isovolumetric relaxation. The first and the fourth stages, together constitute the `` ventricular diastole '' stage, involve the movement of blood from the atria into the ventricles. Stages 2 and 3 involve the `` ventricular systole '' i.e. the movement of blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery ( in the case of the right ventricle ) and the aorta ( in the case of the left ventricle ). `` Ventricular diastole, '' begins when the ventricles starts to relax. At this point, some blood of the previous cycle 's systole is still flowing out of the ventricles through the semilunar valves, due to the inertia of the moving blood column, which overcomes the higher pressure in the aorta / pulmonary trunk with respect to the pressure in the ventricles. This short lasting phase, called `` protodiastole '' ends with the closure of the semilunar valves, producing the second heart sound ( S ). Now that both the AV valves and the semilunar valves are closed, the ventricles are now closed chambers. Hence, this phase is known as isovolumetric ( also called isovolumic, isometric ) relaxation phase. Then the atrioventricular ( AV ) valves ( the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve ) open, allowing blood to fill the ventricles. This ventricular inflow phase can be sub-divided into the ' first rapid filling phase ' as blood rushes in from the atria as a result of ventricular dilation ; a phase of slow ventricular filling called ' Diastasis ', and the ' last rapid filling phase ' due to atrial contraction ( systole ). As the ventricular systole begins, pressure within the ventricle rises and the AV valves close producing the ' first heart sound ' ( S ). The semilunar valves remain closed. The contracting ventricles become closed chambers again and this phase is termed as `` isovolumic contraction ''. As the name implies, there is no change in volume, but intra-ventricular pressure rises. The outflow phase, `` ventricular ejection, '' is when the intra-ventricular pressure has achieved a higher pressure than the blood in the aorta ( or the pulmonary trunk ), the corresponding semilunar valves open. Ejection phase begins. Throughout the cardiac cycle, blood pressure increases and decreases. The cardiac cycle is coordinated by a series of electrical impulses that are produced by specialised pacemaker cells found within the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node. The cardiac muscle is composed of myocytes which initiate their own contraction without the help of external nerves ( with the exception of modifying the heart rate due to metabolic demand ). The duration of the cardiac cycle is the reciprocal of heart rate. Assuming a heart rate of 75 beats per minute, each cycle takes 0.8 seconds. Contents 1 Physiology 1.1 Rhythmical conduction 1.2 Heart Conducting System 2 Stages 3 Atrial systole 3.1 Detection 4 Ventricular systole 4.1 Detection 4.1. 1 Heart sounds 4.1. 2 Electrocardiogram 5 Diastole 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Physiology CG Animated Human Heart cut section showing the atria, ventricles and valves, synced with wiggers diagram The heart is a four - chambered organ consisting of right and left halves. The upper two chambers, the left and right atria, are entry - points into the heart, while the lower two chambers, the left and right ventricles, are responsible for contractions that send the blood through the circulation. The circulation is split into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. The role of the right ventricle is to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries. The role of the left ventricle is to pump newly oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta. Rhythmical conduction Heart conducting system Main article : Electrical conduction system of the heart Cardiac muscle has automaticity, which means that it is self - excitable. The muscle contractions are generated by the muscle cell itself or are passed down by another set of specialized cardiomyocytes ( cardiac muscle cells ), called the ' junctional fibers '. This is in contrast with skeletal muscle, which requires nervous stimuli ( either conscious or reflex ) for excitation. The heart 's rhythmic contractions occur spontaneously, although the rate of contraction can be changed by nervous or hormonal influences. For example, stimulating the sympathetic nerve accelerates heart rate while stimulating the vagus nerve decelerates the heart rate. The rhythmic sequence of contractions ( sinus rhythm ), is coordinated by the sinoatrial ( SA ) and atrioventricular ( AV ) nodes. The sinoatrial node, often known as the cardiac pacemaker, is located in the upper wall of the right atrium and is responsible for the wave of electrical stimulation that initiates atrial contraction by creating an action potential. Once the wave reaches the AV node, situated in the lower right atrium, it is delayed there before being conducted through the bundles of His and back up the Purkinje fibers, leading to a contraction of the ventricles. The delay at the AV node allows enough time for all of the blood in the atria to fill their respective ventricles. In the event of severe pathology, the AV node can also act as a pacemaker ; this is usually not the case because its rate of spontaneous firing is considerably lower than that of the SA node and hence it is overridden. Stages The following is a summary of the cardiac cycle : Atrial Systole : Coincides with the ' last rapid filling phase ' of ventricular diastole ( ventricular filling ) AV valves * Semilunar valves Status of ventricles and atria 1. Atrial Systole ( inflow phase ) open closed Atrial contraction 2. Isovolumetric Contraction closed closed Ventricles begin to contract. 3. Ventricular Ejection closed open LVP > aorta P, RVP > PAP 4. Isovolumetric Relaxation closed closed semilunar valves ( AV, PV ) close 5. Ventricular Filling open closed ventricles relaxed Atrial systole Atrial systole is the contraction of the atrial syncytium of cardiac muscle cells of the left and right atria, following electrical stimulation. This conduction takes place via the gap junctions of the connecting intercalated discs. Normally, both atria contract at the same time. The term systole is synonymous with contraction ( movement or shortening ) of a muscle. Electrical systole is the electrical activity that stimulates the cardiac muscle of the heart chambers to make them contract. This is soon followed by mechanical systole, which is the mechanical contraction of the heart. As the atria contract, the blood pressure in each atrium increases, forcing additional blood into the ventricles. The additional flow of blood is called atrial kick. 80 % of the blood flows passively down to the ventricles, so the atria do not have to contract a great amount. Atrial kick is absent if there is loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart, such as during atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and complete heart block. Atrial kick is also different in character depending on the condition of the heart, such as stiff heart, which is found in patients with diastolic dysfunction. Atrial systole, also known as auricular systole due to the contraction of the two auricles of the heart, takes approximately 0.1 seconds. Detection Electrical systole of the atria begins with the onset of the P wave on the ECG. The wave of depolarization that stimulates both atria to contract at the same time is due to the sinoatrial node which is located on the upper wall of the right atrium. The sinoatrial node can be detected by catheterization. Ventricular systole Ventricular systole Ventricular systole is the contraction of the ventricular syncytium of cardiac muscle cells of the left and right ventricles, following electrical stimulation. This conduction takes place via the gap junctions of the connecting intercalated discs. At the later part of the ejection phase, although the ventricular pressure falls below the aortic pressure, the aortic valve remains open because of the inertial energy of the ejected blood. The graph of aortic pressure throughout the cardiac cycle displays a small dip ( the `` incisure '' or `` dicrotic notch '' ) which coincides with the aortic valve closure. The dip in the graph is immediately followed by a brief rise ( the `` dicrotic wave '' ) then gradual decline. Just as the ventricles enter into diastole, the brief reversal of flow from the aorta back toward the left ventricle causes the aortic valves to shut. This results in the slight increase in aortic pressure caused by the elastic recoil of the semilunar valves and aorta. The total volume of blood remaining in the ventricle just at the end of the ventricular contraction is called end - systolic volume ( ESV ). Assuming a pulse of 72 beats per minutes, ventricular systole takes 0.3 seconds to complete. Detection Heart sounds Main article : Heart sounds The closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves ( known together as the atrioventricular valves ) at the beginning of ventricular systole cause the first part ( the lubb ) of the `` lubb - dubb '' sound made by the heart as it beats. Formally, this sound is known as the first heart sound, or S. This first heart sound is created by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and is actually a two component sound, M1, T1. The second part ( the dubb ) of the `` lubb - dubb '' ( the second heart sound, or S ), is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of ventricular systole. As the left ventricle empties, its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta, and the aortic valve closes. Similarly, as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary valve closes. The second heart sound is also two components, A2 and P2. The aortic valve closes earlier than the pulmonary valve and they are audibly separated from each other in the second heart sound. This `` splitting '' of S2 is only audible during inhalation. However, some cardiac conduction abnormalities such as left bundle branch block ( LBBB ) allow the P2 sound to be heard before the A2 sound during expiration. With LBBB, inhalation brings A2 and P2 closer together where they can not be audibly distinguished. Electrocardiogram The parts of a QRS complex. Ventricular systole begins at the QRS, Atrial systole begins at P In an electrocardiogram, electrical systole of the ventricles begins at the beginning of the QRS complex. Diastole Cardiac diastole Cardiac diastole is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction in preparation for refilling with circulating blood. Ventricular diastole is when the ventricles are relaxing, while atrial diastole is when the atria are relaxing. Together they are known as complete cardiac diastole. During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the ( left and right ) ventricles drops from the peak that it reaches in systole. When the pressure in the left ventricle drops to below the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens, and the left ventricle fills with blood that was accumulating in the left atrium. The isovolumic relaxation time ( IVRT ) is the interval from the aortic component of the second heart sound, that is, closure of the aortic valve, to onset of filling by opening of the mitral valve. Likewise, when the pressure in the right ventricle drops below that in the right atrium, the tricuspid valve opens, and the right ventricle fills with blood that was accumulating in the right atrium. During diastole the pressure within the left ventricle is lower than that in aorta, allowing blood to circulate in the heart itself via the coronary arteries. See also Apex beat Blood pressure Cardiac action potential Cardiac output Electrocardiogram References Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep ( 2016 ) Medical Physiology ( 3rd Edition ) Elsevier ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 4377 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24e '' Barrett et al. Jump up ^ Bruce M. Koeppen, Bruce A. Stanton ; Berne & Levy Physiology, ( 6th Updated Edition ) Mosby ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 07362 - 2 Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep ( 2016 ) Medical Physiology ( 3rd Edition ) Elsevier ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 4377 - 3 Jump up ^ Barrett et al. `` '' Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24e `` '' ( 2012 ) Table 30 - 3 Jump up ^ Advanced Biology for You -- Gareth Williams Jump up ^ `` Heart cycle time interval ''. Retrieved 9 September 2013. Jump up ^ Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts by Richard E. Klabunde, Ph. D. : Cardiac Cycle -- Reduced Ejection ( Phase 4 ) Jump up ^ Plethysmograph Jump up ^ The Heart Jump up ^ Human Cardiopulmonary Physiology Jump up ^ `` VS time interval ''. Retrieved 9 September 2013. Jump up ^ Inductance cardiography ( thoracocardiography ) : A novel, noninvasive technique for monitoring left ventricular filling. Journal of Critical Care, Volume 14, Issue 4, pp. 177 -- 85 External links Interactive cardiac cycle. Interactivephysiology.com Cardiac cycle. University of Utah School of Medicine Heart sounds. UCLA School of Medicine Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_cycle&oldid=791824010 '' Categories : Cardiovascular physiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Magyar Македонски नेपाली Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Українська 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017, at 18 : 21. 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Question: when are the av and semilunar valves both closed
Answer: isovolumetric (also called isovolumic, isometric) relaxation phase