Crohn 's disease - wikipedia Crohn 's disease `` Crohn '' redirects here. It is not to be confused with Croan, Krone, or Crone. Crohn 's disease Synonyms Crohn syndrome, regional enteritis The three most common sites of intestinal involvement in Crohn 's disease are Specialty Gastroenterology Symptoms Abdominal pain, diarrhea ( may be bloody ), fever, weight loss Complications Anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, bowel cancer Usual onset 20 to 30 Duration Long term Risk factors Tobacco smoking Diagnostic method Biopsy, medical imaging Differential diagnosis Irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, Behçet 's disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy, intestinal tuberculosis Medication Corticosteroids, methotrexate Prognosis Slightly reduced life expectancy Frequency 3.2 per 1,000 ( developed world ) Crohn 's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Signs and symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea ( which may be bloody if inflammation is severe ), fever, and weight loss. Other complications may occur outside the gastrointestinal tract and include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, and tiredness. The skin rashes may be due to infections as well as pyoderma gangrenosum or erythema nodosum. Bowel obstruction may occur as a complication of chronic inflammation, and those with the disease are at greater risk of bowel cancer. While the cause of Crohn 's disease is unknown, it is believed to be due to a combination of environmental, immune, and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals. It results in a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the body 's immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens. While Crohn 's is an immune - related disease, it does not appear to be an autoimmune disease ( in that the immune system is not being triggered by the body itself ). The exact underlying immune problem is not clear ; however, it may be an immunodeficiency state. About half of the overall risk is related to genetics with more than 70 genes found to be involved. Tobacco smokers are twice as likely to develop Crohn 's disease as nonsmokers. It also often begins after gastroenteritis. Diagnosis is based on a number of findings including biopsy and appearance of the bowel wall, medical imaging and description of the disease. Other conditions that can present similarly include irritable bowel syndrome and Behçet 's disease. There are no medications or surgical procedures that can cure Crohn 's disease. Treatment options are intended to help with symptoms, maintain remission, and prevent relapse. In those newly diagnosed, a corticosteroid may be used for a brief period of time to rapidly improve symptoms alongside another medication such as either methotrexate or a thiopurine used to prevent recurrence. Stopping smoking is recommended in people with Crohn 's disease. One in five people with the disease is admitted to hospital each year, and half of those with the disease will require surgery for the disease at some point over a ten - year period. While surgery should be used as little as possible, it is necessary to address some abscesses, certain bowel obstructions, and cancers. Checking for bowel cancer via colonoscopy is recommended every few years, starting eight years after the disease has begun. Crohn 's disease affects about 3.2 per 1,000 people in Europe and North America. It is less common in Asia and Africa. It has historically been more common in the developed world. Rates have, however, been increasing, particularly in the developing world, since the 1970s. Inflammatory bowel disease resulted in 47,400 deaths in 2015 and those with Crohn 's disease have a slightly reduced life expectancy. It tends to start in the teens and twenties, although it can occur at any age. Males and females are equally affected. The disease was named after gastroenterologist Burrill Bernard Crohn, who, in 1932, together with two other colleagues at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, described a series of patients with inflammation of the terminal ileum of the small intestine, the area most commonly affected by the illness. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Gastrointestinal 1.2 Systemic 1.3 Extraintestinal 2 Cause 2.1 Genetics 2.2 Immune system 2.3 Microbes 2.4 Environmental factors 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 4.2 Endoscopy 4.3 Radiologic tests 4.4 Blood tests 4.5 Comparison with ulcerative colitis 4.6 Differential diagnosis 5 Management 5.1 Lifestyle changes 5.2 Medication 5.3 Surgery 5.4 Mental health 5.5 Alternative medicine 6 Prognosis 6.1 Complications 7 Epidemiology 8 History 9 Research 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms Crohn 's disease Ulcerative colitis Defecation Often porridge - like, sometimes steatorrhea Often mucus - like and with blood Tenesmus Less common More common Fever Common Indicates severe disease Fistulae Common Seldom Weight loss Often More seldom Gastrointestinal People with Crohn 's can have aphthous ulcers involving the mouth. Many people with Crohn 's disease have symptoms for years before the diagnosis. The usual onset is between 15 and 30 years of age, but can occur at any age. Because of the ' patchy ' nature of the gastrointestinal disease and the depth of tissue involvement, initial symptoms can be more subtle than those of ulcerative colitis. People with Crohn 's disease experience chronic recurring periods of flare - ups and remission. Abdominal pain may be the initial symptom of Crohn 's disease usually in the lower right area. It is often accompanied by diarrhea, especially in those who have had surgery. The diarrhea may or may not be bloody. The nature of the diarrhea in Crohn 's disease depends on the part of the small intestine or colon involved. Ileitis typically results in large - volume, watery feces. Colitis may result in a smaller volume of feces of higher frequency. Fecal consistency may range from solid to watery. In severe cases, an individual may have more than 20 bowel movements per day and may need to awaken at night to defecate. Visible bleeding in the feces is less common in Crohn 's disease than in ulcerative colitis, but may be seen in the setting of Crohn 's colitis. Bloody bowel movements typically come and go, and may be bright or dark red in color. In the setting of severe Crohn 's colitis, bleeding may be copious. Flatulence and bloating may also add to the intestinal discomfort. Symptoms caused by intestinal stenosis are also common in Crohn 's disease. Abdominal pain is often most severe in areas of the bowel with stenoses. Persistent vomiting and nausea may indicate stenosis from small bowel obstruction or disease involving the stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. Although the association is greater in the context of ulcerative colitis, Crohn 's disease may also be associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, a type of inflammation of the bile ducts. Perianal discomfort may also be prominent in Crohn 's disease. Itchiness or pain around the anus may be suggestive of inflammation, fistulization or abscess around the anal area or anal fissure. Perianal skin tags are also common in Crohn 's disease and may appear with or without the presence of colorectal polyps. Fecal incontinence may accompany perianal Crohn 's disease. At the opposite end of the gastrointestinal tract, the mouth may be affected by recurrent sores ( aphthous ulcers ). Rarely, the esophagus, and stomach may be involved in Crohn 's disease. These can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia ), upper abdominal pain, and vomiting. Systemic Crohn 's disease, like many other chronic, inflammatory diseases, can cause a variety of systemic symptoms. Among children, growth failure is common. Many children are first diagnosed with Crohn 's disease based on inability to maintain growth. As it may manifest at the time of the growth spurt in puberty, up to 30 % of children with Crohn 's disease may have retardation of growth. Fever may also be present, though fevers greater than 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) are uncommon unless there is a complication such as an abscess. Among older individuals, Crohn 's disease may manifest as weight loss, usually related to decreased food intake, since individuals with intestinal symptoms from Crohn 's disease often feel better when they do not eat and might lose their appetite. People with extensive small intestine disease may also have malabsorption of carbohydrates or lipids, which can further exacerbate weight loss. Extra-intestinal Pyoderma gangrenosum on the leg of a person with Crohn 's disease In addition to systemic and gastrointestinal involvement, Crohn 's disease can affect many other organ systems. Inflammation of the interior portion of the eye, known as uveitis, can cause blurred vision and eye pain, especially when exposed to light ( photophobia ). Inflammation may also involve the white part of the eye ( sclera ), a condition called episcleritis. Both episcleritis and uveitis can lead to loss of vision if untreated. Crohn 's disease that affects the ileum may result in an increased risk for gallstones. This is due to a decrease in bile acid resorption in the ileum and the bile gets excreted in the stool. As a result, the cholesterol / bile ratio increases in the gallbladder, resulting in an increased risk for gallstones. Crohn 's disease is associated with a type of rheumatologic disease known as seronegative spondyloarthropathy. This group of diseases is characterized by inflammation of one or more joints ( arthritis ) or muscle insertions ( enthesitis ). The arthritis in Crohn 's disease can be divided into two types. The first type affects larger weight - bearing joints such as the knee ( most common ), hips, shoulders, wrists, or elbows. The second type symmetrically involves five or more of the small joints of the hands and feet. The arthritis may also involve the spine, leading to ankylosing spondylitis if the entire spine is involved or simply sacroiliitis if only the sacroiliac joint is involved. The symptoms of arthritis include painful, warm, swollen, stiff joints, and loss of joint mobility or function. Crohn 's disease may also involve the skin, blood, and endocrine system. The most common type of skin manifestation, erythema nodosum, presents as raised, tender red nodules usually appearing on the shins. Erythema nodosum is due to inflammation of the underlying subcutaneous tissue, and is characterized by septal panniculitis. Another skin lesion, pyoderma gangrenosum, is typically a painful ulcerating nodule. Crohn 's disease also increases the risk of blood clots ; painful swelling of the lower legs can be a sign of deep venous thrombosis, while difficulty breathing may be a result of pulmonary embolism. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a condition in which the immune system attacks the red blood cells, is also more common in Crohn 's disease and may cause fatigue, a pale appearance, and other symptoms common in anemia. Clubbing, a deformity of the ends of the fingers, may also be a result of Crohn 's disease. Finally, Crohn 's disease increases the risk of osteoporosis, or thinning of the bones. Individuals with osteoporosis are at increased risk of bone fractures. People with Crohn 's disease may develop anemia due to vitamin B, folate, iron deficiency, or due to anemia of chronic disease. The most common is iron deficiency anemia from chronic blood loss, reduced dietary intake, and persistent inflammation leading to increased hepcidin levels, restricting iron absorption in the duodenum. As Crohn 's disease most commonly affects the terminal ileum where the vitamin B12 / intrinsic factor complex is absorbed, B12 deficiency may be seen. This is particularly common after surgery to remove the ileum. Involvement of the duodenum and jejunum can impair the absorption of many other nutrients including folate. If Crohn 's disease affects the stomach, production of intrinsic factor can be reduced. Crohn 's disease can also cause neurological complications ( reportedly in up to 15 % ). The most common of these are seizures, stroke, myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, headache and depression. People with Crohn 's often also have issues with small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome, which has similar symptoms. In the oral cavity people with Crohn 's may develop cheilitis granulomatosa and other forms of orofacial granulomatosis, pyostomatitis vegetans, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, geographic tongue, and migratory stomatitis in higher prevalence than the general population. Cause Risk factors Crohn 's disease Ulcerative colitis Smoking Higher risk for smokers Lower risk for smokers Age Usual onset between 15 and 30 years Peak incidence between 15 and 25 years While the exact cause is unknown, Crohn 's disease seems to be due to a combination of environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Crohn 's is the first genetically complex disease in which the relationship between genetic risk factors and the immune system is understood in considerable detail. Each individual risk mutation makes a small contribution to the overall risk of Crohn 's ( approximately 1 : 200 ). The genetic data, and direct assessment of immunity, indicates a malfunction in the innate immune system. In this view, the chronic inflammation of Crohn 's is caused when the adaptive immune system tries to compensate for a deficient innate immune system. Genetics NOD2 protein model with schematic diagram. Two N - terminal CARD domains ( red ) connected via helical linker ( blue ) with central NBD domain ( green ). At C - terminus LRR domain ( cyan ) is located. Additionally, some mutations which are associated with certain disease patterns in Crohn 's disease are marked in red wire representation. Crohn 's has a genetic component. Because of this, siblings of known people with Crohn 's are 30 times more likely to develop Crohn 's than the general population. The first mutation found to be associated with Crohn 's was a frameshift in the NOD2 gene ( also known as the CARD15 gene ), followed by the discovery of point mutations. Over thirty genes have been associated with Crohn 's ; a biological function is known for most of them. For example, one association is with mutations in the XBP1 gene, which is involved in the unfolded protein response pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum. The gene variants of NOD2 / CARD15 seem to be related with small - bowel involvement. Other well documented genes which increase the risk of developing Crohn disease are ATG16L1, IL23R, IRGM, and SLC11A1. There is considerable overlap between susceptibility loci for IBD and mycobacterial infections. Recent genome - wide association studies have shown that Crohn 's disease is genetically linked to coeliac disease. Crohn 's has been linked to the gene LRRK2 with one variant potentially increasing the risk of developing the disease by 70 %, while another lowers it by 25 %. The gene is responsible for making a protein, which collects and eliminates waste product in cells, and is also associated with Parkinson 's disease. Immune system There was a prevailing view that Crohn 's disease is a primary T cell autoimmune disorder, however, a newer theory hypothesizes that Crohn 's results from an impaired innate immunity. The later hypothesis describes impaired cytokine secretion by macrophages, which contributes to impaired innate immunity and leads to a sustained microbial - induced inflammatory response in the colon, where the bacterial load is high. Another theory is that the inflammation of Crohn 's was caused by an overactive T 1 and T 17 cytokine response. In 2007, the ATG16L1 gene has been implicated in Crohn 's disease, which may induce autophagy and hinder the body 's ability to attack invasive bacteria. Another study has theorized that the human immune system traditionally evolved with the presence of parasites inside the body, and that the lack thereof due to modern hygiene standards has weakened the immune system. Test subjects were reintroduced to harmless parasites, with positive response. Microbes It is hypothesised that maintenance of commensal microorganism growth in the GI tract is dysregulated, either as a result or cause of immune dysregulation. A number of studies have suggested a causal role for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ( MAP ), which causes a similar disease, Johne 's disease, in cattle. NOD2 is a gene involved in Crohn 's genetic susceptibility. It is associated with macrophages ' diminished ability to phagocytize MAP. This same gene may reduce innate and adaptive immunity in gastrointestinal tissue and impair the ability to resist infection by the MAP bacterium. Macrophages that ingest the MAP bacterium are associated with high production of TNF - α. Other studies have linked specific strains of enteroadherent E. coli to the disease. Adherent - invasive Escherichia coli ( AIEC ), are more common in people with CD, have the ability to make strong biofilms compared to non-AIEC strains correlating with high adhesion and invasion indices of neutrophils and the ability to block autophagy at the autolysosomal step, which allows for intracellular survival of the bacteria and induction of inflammation. Inflammation drives the proliferation of AIEC and dysbiosis in the ileum, irrespective of genotype. AIEC strains replicate extensively inside macrophages inducing the secretion of very large amounts of TNF - α. Mouse studies have suggested some symptoms of Crohn 's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome have the same underlying cause. Biopsy samples taken from the colons of all three patient groups were found to produce elevated levels of a serine protease. Experimental introduction of the serine protease into mice has been found to produce widespread pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome, as well as colitis, which is associated with all three diseases. Regional and temporal variations in those illnesses follow those associated with infection with the protozoan Blastocystis. The `` cold - chain '' hypothesis is that psychrotrophic bacteria such as Yersinia and Listeria species contribute to the disease. A statistical correlation was found between the advent of the use of refrigeration in the United States and various parts of Europe and the rise of the disease. There is an apparent connection between Crohn 's disease, Mycobacterium, other pathogenic bacteria, and genetic markers. In many individuals, genetic factors predispose individuals to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. This bacterium then produces mannins, which protect both itself and various bacteria from phagocytosis, which causes a variety of secondary infections. Still, this relationship between specific types of bacteria and Crohn 's disease remains unclear. There is a tentative association between Candida colonization and Crohn 's disease. Environmental factors The increased incidence of Crohn 's in the industrialized world indicates an environmental component. Crohn 's is associated with an increased intake of animal protein, milk protein and an increased ratio of omega - 6 to omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Those who consume vegetable proteins appear to have a lower incidence of Crohn 's disease. Consumption of fish protein has no association. Smoking increases the risk of the return of active disease ( flares ). The introduction of hormonal contraception in the United States in the 1960s is associated with a dramatic increase in incidence, and one hypothesis is that these drugs work on the digestive system in ways similar to smoking. Isotretinoin is associated with Crohn 's. Although stress is sometimes claimed to exacerbate Crohn 's disease, there is no concrete evidence to support such claim. Dietary microparticles, such as those found in toothpaste, have been studied as they produce effects on immunity, but they were not consumed in greater amounts in patients with Crohn 's. Pathophysiology Pathophysiology Crohn 's disease Ulcerative colitis Cytokine response Associated with T 17 Vaguely associated with T 2 During a colonoscopy, biopsies of the colon are often taken to confirm the diagnosis. Certain characteristic features of the pathology seen point toward Crohn 's disease ; it shows a transmural pattern of inflammation, meaning the inflammation may span the entire depth of the intestinal wall. Ulceration is an outcome seen in highly active disease. There is usually an abrupt transition between unaffected tissue and the ulcer -- a characteristic sign known as skip lesions. Under a microscope, biopsies of the affected colon may show mucosal inflammation, characterized by focal infiltration of neutrophils, a type of inflammatory cell, into the epithelium. This typically occurs in the area overlying lymphoid aggregates. These neutrophils, along with mononuclear cells, may infiltrate the crypts, leading to inflammation ( crypititis ) or abscess ( crypt abscess ). Granulomas, aggregates of macrophage derivatives known as giant cells, are found in 50 % of cases and are most specific for Crohn 's disease. The granulomas of Crohn 's disease do not show `` caseation '', a cheese - like appearance on microscopic examination characteristic of granulomas associated with infections, such as tuberculosis. Biopsies may also show chronic mucosal damage, as evidenced by blunting of the intestinal villi, atypical branching of the crypts, and a change in the tissue type ( metaplasia ). One example of such metaplasia, Paneth cell metaplasia, involves development of Paneth cells ( typically found in the small intestine and a key regulator of intestinal microbiota ) in other parts of the gastrointestinal system. Diagnosis The diagnosis of Crohn 's disease can sometimes be challenging, and a number of tests are often required to assist the physician in making the diagnosis. Even with a full battery of tests, it may not be possible to diagnose Crohn 's with complete certainty ; a colonoscopy is approximately 70 % effective in diagnosing the disease, with further tests being less effective. Disease in the small bowel is particularly difficult to diagnose, as a traditional colonoscopy allows access to only the colon and lower portions of the small intestines ; introduction of the capsule endoscopy aids in endoscopic diagnosis. Giant ( multinucleate ) cells, a common finding in the lesions of Crohn 's disease, are less common in the lesions of lichen nitidus. Endoscopic image of Crohn 's colitis showing deep ulceration CT scan showing Crohn 's disease in the fundus of the stomach Endoscopic biopsy showing granulomatous inflammation of the colon in a case of Crohn 's disease. Section of colectomy showing transmural inflammation Resected ileum from a person with Crohn 's disease Classification Distribution of gastrointestinal Crohn 's disease. Crohn 's disease is one type of inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ). It typically manifests in the gastrointestinal tract and can be categorized by the specific tract region affected. A disease of both the ileum ( the last part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine ), and the large intestine, Ileocolic Crohn 's accounts for fifty percent of cases. Crohn 's ileitis, manifest in the ileum only, accounts for thirty percent of cases, while Crohn 's colitis, of the large intestine, accounts for the remaining twenty percent of cases and may be particularly difficult to distinguish from ulcerative colitis. Gastroduodenal Crohn 's disease causes inflammation in the stomach and first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. Jejunoileitis causes spotty patches of inflammation in the top half of the small intestine, called the jejunum. The disease can attack any part of the digestive tract, from mouth to anus. However, individuals affected by the disease rarely fall outside these three classifications, with presentations in other areas. Crohn 's disease may also be categorized by the behavior of disease as it progresses. These categorizations formalized in the Vienna classification of the disease. There are three categories of disease presentation in Crohn 's disease : stricturing, penetrating, and inflammatory. Stricturing disease causes narrowing of the bowel that may lead to bowel obstruction or changes in the caliber of the feces. Penetrating disease creates abnormal passageways ( fistulae ) between the bowel and other structures, such as the skin. Inflammatory disease ( or nonstricturing, nonpenetrating disease ) causes inflammation without causing strictures or fistulae. Endoscopy A colonoscopy is the best test for making the diagnosis of Crohn 's disease, as it allows direct visualization of the colon and the terminal ileum, identifying the pattern of disease involvement. On occasion, the colonoscope can travel past the terminal ileum, but it varies from person to person. During the procedure, the gastroenterologist can also perform a biopsy, taking small samples of tissue for laboratory analysis, which may help confirm a diagnosis. As 30 % of Crohn 's disease involves only the ileum, cannulation of the terminal ileum is required in making the diagnosis. Finding a patchy distribution of disease, with involvement of the colon or ileum, but not the rectum, is suggestive of Crohn 's disease, as are other endoscopic stigmata. The utility of capsule endoscopy for this, however, is still uncertain. A `` cobblestone '' - like appearance is seen in approximately 40 % of cases of Crohn 's disease upon colonoscopy, representing areas of ulceration separated by narrow areas of healthy tissue. Radiologic tests A small bowel follow - through may suggest the diagnosis of Crohn 's disease and is useful when the disease involves only the small intestine. Because colonoscopy and gastroscopy allow direct visualization of only the terminal ileum and beginning of the duodenum, they can not be used to evaluate the remainder of the small intestine. As a result, a barium follow - through X-ray, wherein barium sulfate suspension is ingested and fluoroscopic images of the bowel are taken over time, is useful for looking for inflammation and narrowing of the small bowel. Barium enemas, in which barium is inserted into the rectum and fluoroscopy is used to image the bowel, are rarely used in the work - up of Crohn 's disease due to the advent of colonoscopy. They remain useful for identifying anatomical abnormalities when strictures of the colon are too small for a colonoscope to pass through, or in the detection of colonic fistulae ( in this case contrast should be performed with iodate substances ). CT and MRI scans are useful for evaluating the small bowel with enteroclysis protocols. They are also useful for looking for intra-abdominal complications of Crohn 's disease, such as abscesses, small bowel obstructions, or fistulae. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) is another option for imaging the small bowel as well as looking for complications, though it is more expensive and less readily available. MRI techniques such as diffusion - weighted imaging and high - resolution imaging are more sensitive in detecting ulceration and inflammation compared to CT. Blood tests A complete blood count may reveal anemia, which commonly is caused by blood loss leading to iron deficiency or by vitamin B deficiency, usually caused by ileal disease impairing vitamin B absorption. Rarely autoimmune hemolysis may occur. Ferritin levels help assess if iron deficiency is contributing to the anemia. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) and C - reactive protein help assess the degree of inflammation, which is important as ferritin can also be raised in inflammation. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation may be more easily interpreted in inflammation. Anemia of chronic disease results in a normocytic anemia. Other causes of anemia include medication used in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, like azathioprine, which can lead to cytopenia, and sulfasalazine, which can also result in folate deficiency. Testing for Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies ( ASCA ) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ( ANCA ) has been evaluated to identify inflammatory diseases of the intestine and to differentiate Crohn 's disease from ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, increasing amounts and levels of serological antibodies such as ASCA, antilaminaribioside ( Glc ( β1, 3 ) Glb ( β ) ; ALCA ), antichitobioside ( GlcNAc ( β1, 4 ) GlcNAc ( β ) ; ACCA ), antimannobioside ( Man ( α1, 3 ) Man ( α ) AMCA ), antiLaminarin ( ( Glc ( β1, 3 ) ) 3n ( Glc ( β1, 6 ) ) n ; anti-L ) and antichitin ( GlcNAc ( β1, 4 ) n ; anti-C ) associate with disease behavior and surgery, and may aid in the prognosis of Crohn 's disease. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with Crohn 's disease. Further studies are required to determine the significance of this association. Comparison with ulcerative colitis The most common disease that mimics the symptoms of Crohn 's disease is ulcerative colitis, as both are inflammatory bowel diseases that can affect the colon with similar symptoms. It is important to differentiate these diseases, since the course of the diseases and treatments may be different. In some cases, however, it may not be possible to tell the difference, in which case the disease is classified as indeterminate colitis. Diagnostic findings Crohn 's disease Ulcerative colitis Terminal ileum involvement Commonly Seldom Colon involvement Usually Always Rectum involvement Seldom Usually Involvement around the anus Common Seldom Bile duct involvement No increase in rate of primary sclerosing cholangitis Higher rate Distribution of disease Patchy areas of inflammation ( skip lesions ) Continuous area of inflammation Endoscopy Deep geographic and serpiginous ( snake - like ) ulcers Continuous ulcer Depth of inflammation May be transmural, deep into tissues Shallow, mucosal Stenosis Common Seldom Granulomas on biopsy May have non-necrotizing non-peri - intestinal crypt granulomas Non-peri - intestinal crypt granulomas not seen Differential diagnosis Other conditions with similar symptoms as Crohn 's disease includes intestinal tuberculosis, Behçet 's disease, ulcerative colitis, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy, irritable bowel syndrome and celiac disease. Irritable bowel syndrome is excluded when there are inflammatory changes. Celiac disease ca n't be excluded if specific antibodies ( anti-transglutaminase antibodies ) are negative, nor in absence of intestinal villi atrophy. Management Main article : Management of Crohn 's disease Management Crohn 's disease Ulcerative colitis Mesalazine Less useful More useful Antibiotics Effective in long - term Generally not useful Surgery Often returns following removal of affected part Usually cured by removal of colon There is no cure for Crohn 's disease and remission may not be possible or prolonged if achieved. In cases where remission is possible, relapse can be prevented and symptoms controlled with medication, lifestyle and dietary changes, changes to eating habits ( eating smaller amounts more often ), reduction of stress, moderate activity and exercise. Surgery is generally contraindicated and has not been shown to prevent remission. Adequately controlled, Crohn 's disease may not significantly restrict daily living. Treatment for Crohn 's disease is only when symptoms are active and involve first treating the acute problem, then maintaining remission. Lifestyle changes Certain lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms, including dietary adjustments, elemental diet, proper hydration, and smoking cessation. Diets that include higher levels of fiber and fruit are associated with reduced risk, while diets rich in total fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, meat, and omega - 6 fatty acids may increase the risk of Crohn 's. Smoking may increase Crohn 's disease ; stopping is recommended. Eating small meals frequently instead of big meals may also help with a low appetite. To manage symptoms have a balanced diet with proper portion control. Fatigue can be helped with regular exercise, a healthy diet, and enough sleep. A food diary may help with identifying foods that trigger symptoms. Some people should follow a low fiber diet to control acute symptoms especially if fibrous foods cause symptoms. Some find relief in eliminating casein ( protein found in cow 's milk ) and gluten ( protein found in wheat, rye and barley ) from their diets. They may have specific dietary intolerances ( not allergies ). Medication Acute treatment uses medications to treat any infection ( normally antibiotics ) and to reduce inflammation ( normally aminosalicylate anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids ). When symptoms are in remission, treatment enters maintenance, with a goal of avoiding the recurrence of symptoms. Prolonged use of corticosteroids has significant side - effects ; as a result, they are, in general, not used for long - term treatment. Alternatives include aminosalicylates alone, though only a minority are able to maintain the treatment, and many require immunosuppressive drugs. It has been also suggested that antibiotics change the enteric flora, and their continuous use may pose the risk of overgrowth with pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. Medications used to treat the symptoms of Crohn 's disease include 5 - aminosalicylic acid ( 5 - ASA ) formulations, prednisone, immunomodulators such as azathioprine ( given as the prodrug for 6 - mercaptopurine ), methotrexate, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab and natalizumab. Hydrocortisone should be used in severe attacks of Crohn 's disease. Biological therapies ( biopharmaceuticals ) are medications used to avoid long - term steroid use, decrease inflammation, and treat people who have fistulas with abscesses. The monoclonal antibody ustekinumab appears to be a safe treatment option, and may help people with moderate to severe active Crohn 's disease. The long term safety and effectiveness of monoclonal antibody treatment is not known. The monoclonal antibody briakinumab is not effective for people with active Crohn 's disease. The gradual loss of blood from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as chronic inflammation, often leads to anemia, and professional guidelines suggest routinely monitoring for this. Adequate disease control usually improves anemia of chronic disease, but iron deficiency may require treatment with iron supplements. Guidelines vary as to how iron should be administered. Besides other, problems include a limitation in possible daily resorption and an increased growth of intestinal bacteria. Some advise parenteral iron as first line as it works faster, has fewer gastrointestinal side effects, and is unaffected by inflammation reducing enteral absorption. Other guidelines advise oral iron as first line with parenteral iron reserved for those that fail to adequately respond as oral iron is considerably cheaper. All agree that severe anemia ( hemoglobin under 10g / dL ) should be treated with parenteral iron. Blood transfusion should be reserved for those who are cardiovascularly unstable, due to its relatively poor safety profile, lack of long term efficacy, and cost. Surgery Crohn 's can not be cured by surgery, as the disease eventually recurs, though it is used in the case of partial or full blockage of the intestine. Surgery may also be required for complications such as obstructions, fistulas, or abscesses, or if the disease does not respond to drugs. After the first surgery, Crohn 's usually comes back at the site where the diseased intestine was removed and the healthy ends were rejoined, however it can come back in other locations. After a resection, scar tissue builds up, which can cause strictures, which form when the intestines become too small to allow excrement to pass through easily, which can lead to a blockage. After the first resection, another resection may be necessary within five years. For patients with an obstruction due to a stricture, two options for treatment are strictureplasty and resection of that portion of bowel. There is no statistical significance between strictureplasty alone versus strictureplasty and resection in cases of duodenal involvement. In these cases, re-operation rates were 31 % and 27 %, respectively, indicating that strictureplasty is a safe and effective treatment for selected people with duodenal involvement. Postsurgical recurrence of Crohn 's disease is relatively common. Crohn 's lesions are nearly always found at the site of the resected bowel. The join ( or anastomosis ) after surgery may be inspected, usually during a colonoscopy, and disease activity graded. The `` Rutgeert 's score '' is an endoscopic scoring system for post-operative disease recurrence in Crohn 's disease. Mild postsurgical recurrences of Crohn 's disease are graded i1 and i2, moderate to severe recurrences are graded i3 and i4. Fewer lesions result in a lower grade. Based on the score, treatment plans can be designed to give the patient the best chance of managing recurrence of the disease. Short bowel syndrome ( SBS, also short gut syndrome or simply short gut ) is caused by the surgical removal of part of the small intestine. It usually develops in those patients who have had half or more of their small intestines removed. Diarrhea is the main symptom, but others may include weight loss, cramping, bloating, and heartburn. Short bowel syndrome is treated with changes in diet, intravenous feeding, vitamin and mineral supplements, and treatment with medications. In some cases of SBS, intestinal transplant surgery may be considered ; though the number of transplant centres offering this procedure is quite small and it comes with a high risk due to the chance of infection and rejection of the transplanted intestine. Bile acid diarrhea is another complication following surgery for Crohn 's disease in which the terminal ileum has been removed. This leads to the development of excessive watery diarrhea. It is usually thought to be due to an inability of the ileum to reabsorb bile acids after resection of the terminal ileum and was the first type of bile acid malabsorption recognized. Mental Health Crohn 's may result in anxiety or mood disorders, especially in young people who may have stunted growth or embarrassment from fecal incontinence. Counselling as well as antidepressant or anxiolytic medication may help some people manage. As of 2017 there is a small amount of research looking at mindfulness - based therapies, hypnotherapy, and cognitive behavioural therapy. Alternative Medicine It is common for people with Crohn 's disease to try complementary or alternative therapy. These include diets, probiotics, fish oil and other herbal and nutritional supplements. Acupuncture is used to treat inflammatory bowel disease in China, and is being used more frequently in Western society. At this time, evidence is insufficient to recommend the use of acupuncture. A 2006 survey in Germany, found that about half of people with IBD used some form of alternative medicine, with the most common being homeopathy and a study in France found that about 30 % used alternative medicine. Homeopathic preparations are not effective for treating any condition, with large - scale studies finding them to be no more effective than a placebo. There are contradicting studies regarding the effect of medical cannabis on inflammatory bowel disease. Prognosis Crohn 's disease is a chronic condition for which there is no known cure. It is characterised by periods of improvement followed by episodes when symptoms flare up. With treatment, most people achieve a healthy weight, and the mortality rate for the disease is relatively low. It can vary from being benign to very severe and people with CD could experience just one episode or have continuous symptoms. It usually reoccurs, although some people can remain disease free for years or decades. Most people with Crohn 's live a normal lifespan. However, Crohn 's disease is associated with a small increase in risk of small bowel and colorectal carcinoma ( bowel cancer ). Complications Complications Crohn 's disease Ulcerative colitis Nutrient deficiency Higher risk Colon cancer risk Slight Considerable Prevalence of extraintestinal complications Iritis / uveitis Females 2.2 % 3.2 % Males 1.3 % 0.9 % Primary sclerosing cholangitis Females 0.3 % 1 % Males 0.4 % 3 % Ankylosing spondylitis Females 0.7 % 0.8 % Males 2.7 % 1.5 % Pyoderma gangrenosum Females 1.2 % 0.8 % Males 1.3 % 0.7 % Erythema nodosum Females 1.9 % 2 % Males 0.6 % 0.7 % Crohn 's disease can lead to several mechanical complications within the intestines, including obstruction, fistulae, and abscesses. Obstruction typically occurs from strictures or adhesions that narrow the lumen, blocking the passage of the intestinal contents. A fistula can develop between two loops of bowel, between the bowel and bladder, between the bowel and vagina, and between the bowel and skin. Abscesses are walled off concentrations of infection, which can occur in the abdomen or in the perianal area. Crohn 's is responsible for 10 % of vesicoenteric fistulae, and is the most common cause of ileovesical fistulae. Endoscopic image of colon cancer identified in the sigmoid colon on screening colonoscopy for Crohn 's disease Crohn 's disease also increases the risk of cancer in the area of inflammation. For example, individuals with Crohn 's disease involving the small bowel are at higher risk for small intestinal cancer. Similarly, people with Crohn 's colitis have a relative risk of 5.6 for developing colon cancer. Screening for colon cancer with colonoscopy is recommended for anyone who has had Crohn 's colitis for at least eight years. Some studies suggest there is a role for chemoprotection in the prevention of colorectal cancer in Crohn 's involving the colon ; two agents have been suggested, folate and mesalamine preparations. Also, immunomodulators and biologic agents used to treat this disease may promote developing extra-intestinal cancers. Individuals with Crohn 's disease are at risk of malnutrition for many reasons, including decreased food intake and malabsorption. The risk increases following resection of the small bowel. Such individuals may require oral supplements to increase their caloric intake, or in severe cases, total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ). Most people with moderate or severe Crohn 's disease are referred to a dietitian for assistance in nutrition. The major significant complications of Crohn 's disease include bowel obstruction, abscesses, free perforation and hemorrhage, which in rare cases may be fatal. Crohn 's disease can be problematic during pregnancy, and some medications can cause adverse outcomes for the fetus or mother. Consultation with an obstetrician and gastroenterologist about Crohn 's disease and all medications facilitates preventative measures. In some cases, remission occurs during pregnancy. Certain medications can also lower sperm count or otherwise adversely affect a man 's fertility. Epidemiology The percentage of people with Crohn 's disease has been determined in Norway and the United States and is similar at 6 to 7.1 : 100,000. The Crohn 's and Colitis Foundation of America cites this number as approx 149 : 100,000 ; NIH cites 28 to 199 per 100,000. Crohn 's disease is more common in northern countries, and with higher rates still in the northern areas of these countries. The incidence of Crohn 's disease is thought to be similar in Europe but lower in Asia and Africa. It also has a higher incidence in Ashkenazi Jews and smokers. Crohn 's disease begins most commonly in people in their teens and 20s, and people in their 50s through to their 70s. It is rarely diagnosed in early childhood. It usually affects female children more severely than males. However, only slightly more women than men have Crohn 's disease. Parents, siblings or children of people with Crohn 's disease are 3 to 20 times more likely to develop the disease. Twin studies find that if one has the disease there is a 55 % chance the other will too. The incidence of Crohn 's disease is increasing in Europe and in newly industrialised countries. For example, in Brazil, there has been an annual increase of 11 % in the incidence of Crohn 's disease since 1990. History Main article : List of people diagnosed with Crohn 's disease Inflammatory bowel diseases were described by Giovanni Battista Morgagni ( 1682 -- 1771 ) and by Scottish physician T. Kennedy Dalziel in 1913. Ileitis terminalis was first described by Polish surgeon Antoni Leśniowski in 1904, although it was not conclusively distinguished from intestinal tuberculosis. In Poland, it is still called Leśniowski - Crohn 's disease ( Polish : choroba Leśniowskiego - Crohna ). Burrill Bernard Crohn, an American gastroenterologist at New York City 's Mount Sinai Hospital, described fourteen cases in 1932, and submitted them to the American Medical Association under the rubric of `` Terminal ileitis : A new clinical entity ''. Later that year, he, along with colleagues Leon Ginzburg and Gordon Oppenheimer, published the case series as `` Regional ileitis : a pathologic and clinical entity ''. However, due to the precedence of Crohn 's name in the alphabet, it later became known in the worldwide literature as Crohn 's disease. Research Some evidence supports the hypothesis that the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ( MAP ) is a cause of Crohn 's disease ( see also Johne 's disease ). As a result, researchers are looking at the eradication of MAP as a therapeutic option. Treating MAP using antibiotics has been examined and the results are unclear but tentatively beneficial. Vaccination against MAP is also being studied. An anti-MAP vaccine appears effective in mice and cattle with MAP with no apparent side effects. Trials in human are pending. Crohn 's is common in parts of the world where helminthic colonisation is rare and uncommon in those areas where most people carry worms. Infections with helminths may alter the autoimmune response that causes the disease. Trials of extracts from the worm Trichuris suis showed promising results when used in people with IBD. However these trials ( TRUST - I & TRUST - II ) failed in Phase 2 clinical trials and were then discontinued after consistent failure in both North America and Europe. Numerous preclinical studies demonstrate that activation of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors exert biological functions on the gastrointestinal tract. Activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors in animals has shown a strong anti-inflammatory effect. 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(... ) As the detection of at least partial villous atrophy was used to make a diagnosis of coeliac disease in the vast majority of studies, we ca n't assume that the same LRs apply to coeliac patients with lesser abnormality such as an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes or electron - microscopic changes only. In fact, if such lesser abnormalities were used as criteria for diagnosing ( and excluding ) coeliac disease, the sensitivity of the tests could be lower ( i.e. more false negatives ), especially since a number of studies suggest that the EMA and tTG antibody tests are less sensitive with lesser degrees of mucosal abnormality Jump up ^ Rodrigo L, Garrote JA, Vivas S ( September 6, 2008 ). `` Celiac disease ''. Med Clin ( Barc ) ( Review ) ( in Spanish ). 131 ( 7 ) : 264 -- 70. doi : 10.1016 / S0025 - 7753 ( 08 ) 72247 - 4. PMID 18775218. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Estos marcadores presentan en general una elevada sensibilidad y especificidad ( cercanas al 90 % ) en presencia de atrofia marcada de las vellosidades intestinales. Sin embargo, muestran una notable disminución de la sensibilidad ( del orden del 40 - 50 % ) en casos con atrofia vellositaria leve o cambios mínimos. These markers generally have high sensitivity and specificity ( around 90 % ) in the presence of marked atrophy of the villi. However, they show a marked decrease in sensitivity ( of the order of 40 - 50 % ) in cases with mild villous atrophy or minimal changes. Jump up ^ Rostami Nejad M, Hogg - Kollars S, Ishaq S, Rostami K ( 2011 ). `` Subclinical celiac disease and gluten sensitivity ''. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench ( Review ). 4 ( 3 ) : 102 -- 8. PMC 4017418. PMID 24834166. Jump up ^ Bold J, Rostami K ( 2011 ). `` Gluten tolerance ; potential challenges in treatment strategies ''. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench ( Review ). 4 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 7. PMC 4017406. 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Crohn 's disease at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Inflammatory bowel disease : Crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis Main Crohn 's Disease Activity Index Treatment Biological therapy Crohn 's disease Complications Abdominal pain Anal abscess Erythema nodosum Fistula Granuloma Ileum Ileitis Malabsorption Proctitis Protein losing enteropathy Pyoderma gangrenosum Sacroiliitis Short bowel syndrome Small bowel obstruction Stenosis History Giovanni Battista Morgagni Burrill Bernard Crohn Organizations Crohn 's and Colitis Foundation of America Digestive Disorders Foundation National Society for Colitis and Crohn 's Disease Crohn 's and Colitis Canada People List of people diagnosed with Crohn 's disease List of people diagnosed with ulcerative colitis Deaths from Crohn 's disease Diseases of the digestive system ( primarily K20 -- K93, 530 -- 579 ) Upper GI tract Esophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory -- Weiss syndrome UES Zenker 's diverticulum LES Barrett 's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Esophageal stricture Megaesophagus Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier 's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic ( gastric ) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy 's lesion Dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Lower GI tract : Intestinal / Enteropathy Small intestine ( Duodenum / Jejunum / Ileum ) Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic ( duodenal ) ulcer Curling 's ulcer Malabsorption : Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Whipple 's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption Large intestine ( Appendix / Colon ) Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis / Diverticulosis Large and / or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn 's disease Vascular : Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction : Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions Rectum Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Anal canal Anal fissure / Anal fistula Anal abscess Hemorrhoid Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani GI bleeding / BIS Upper Hematemesis Melena Lower Hematochezia Accessory Liver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver NASH Vascular Budd - Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno - occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson 's disease Hemochromatosis Gallbladder Cholecystitis Gallstones / Cholecystolithiasis Cholesterolosis Adenomyomatosis Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder Bile duct / Other biliary tree Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis / Mirizzi 's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Gallstones / Cholelithiasis Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula Abdominopelvic Hernia Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit 's Grynfeltt - Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter 's Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06, K11 -- K14, 520 -- 525, 527 -- 529 ) Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter 's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar 's aphthae Cleft palate High - arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet 's disease Bohn 's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier 's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant - cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand, foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign : Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker 's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture - related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga -- Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp, dentin, enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner 's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel - shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio - endo lesion Teething Periapical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate - associated Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget 's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey 's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign : Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren 's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig 's angina Macrostomia Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn 's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease NDL : 00561182 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crohn%27s_disease&oldid=843328514 '' Categories : Abdominal pain Autoimmune diseases Inflammations Membrane transport protein disorders Noninfective enteritis and colitis Steroid - responsive inflammatory conditions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with dead external links from September 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2011 Use mdy dates from July 2017 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles containing Polish - language text Articles with Curlie links Good articles RTT Articles containing video clips RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 12 : 14. 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Question: name an organ and/or system that can be affected by a genetically-linked condition
Answer: the gastrointestinal tract