Killdeer - wikipedia Killdeer For other uses, see Killdeer ( disambiguation ). A shorebird found in the Americas Killdeer From British Columbia, Canada Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Tetrapodomorpha Class : Aves Order : Charadriiformes Family : Charadriidae Genus : Charadrius Species : C. vociferus Binomial name Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, 1758 Breeding range Resident range Non-breeding range The killdeer ( Charadrius vociferus ) is a large plover found in the Americas. It was described and given its current scientific name in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae. There are three subspecies. The killdeer 's common name comes from its often - heard call. Its upperparts are mostly brown with rufous fringes, the head has patches of white and black, and there are two black breast bands. The belly and the rest of the breast is white. The nominate ( or originally described ) subspecies breeds from southeastern Alaska and southern Canada to Mexico. It is seen year - round in the southern half of its breeding range ; the subspecies C. v. ternominatus is probably resident to the West Indies and C. v. peruvianus inhabits Peru and areas of the surrounding countries throughout the year. North American breeders winter from their resident range south to Central America, the West Indies, and the northernmost portions of South America. The non-breeding habitat of the killdeer includes coastal wetlands, beach habitats, and coastal fields. Its breeding grounds are generally open fields with short vegetation ( but locations such as rooftops are sometimes used ) ; although it is a shorebird, it does not necessarily nest close to water. The nest itself is a scrape lined with vegetation and white material, such as pebbles or seashell fragments. This bird lays a clutch of four to six buff to beige eggs with dark markings. The breeding season ( starting with egg - laying ) occurs from mid-March to August, with later timing of egg - laying in the southern portion of the range. Both parents incubate the young for 22 to 28 days on average. The young stay in the nest until the day after being hatched, when they are led by their parents to a feeding territory ( generally with dense vegetation where hiding spots are abundant ), where the chicks feed themselves. The young then fledge about 31 days after hatching, and breeding first occurs after one year of age. The killdeer primarily feeds on insects, although other invertebrates and seeds are eaten. It forages almost exclusively in fields, especially those with short vegetation and with cattle and standing water. It primarily forages during the day ; but, in the non-breeding season, when the moon is full or close to full, it forages at night. This is likely because of increased insect abundance and reduced predation during the night. Predators of the killdeer include various birds and mammals. There are multiple responses to predation, ranging from calling to the `` ungulate display '', which can be fatal for the performing individual. This bird is classified as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ), because of its large range and population. However, its population is declining, but this trend is not severe enough for the killdeer to be considered a vulnerable species. It is protected by the American Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and the Canadian Migratory Birds Convention Act. Contents 1 Etymology and taxonomy 2 Description 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Behaviour 4.1 Breeding 4.2 Feeding 5 Predators and parasites 5.1 Responses to predators 6 Status 7 References 8 External links Etymology and taxonomy The killdeer was described in 1758 by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae as Charadrius vociferus, its current scientific name. Linnaeus ' description was based on a 1731 account of it by English naturalist Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, where he called it the `` chattering plover ''. The genus name Charadrius is Late Latin for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth - century Vulgate Bible. This word derives from the Ancient Greek kharadrios, a bird found in ravines and river valleys ( kharadra, `` ravine '' ). The specific name vociferus is Latin, coming from vox, `` cry '', and ferre, `` to bear ''. There are three subspecies : C. v. vociferus Linnaeus, 1758 -- The nominate subspecies ( originally described subspecies ), found in the US ( including southeastern Alaska ), southern Canada, Mexico, and very locally south to Panama. It winters to northwestern South America. C. v. ternominatus Bangs & Kennard, 1920 -- This subspecies is found on the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and Virgin Islands. C. v. peruvianus ( Chapman, 1920 ) -- This South American subspecies is found in west Ecuador, Peru, and extreme northwest Chile. The common name comes from its frequently heard call. Description In flight The killdeer is a large plover, with adults ranging in length from 20 to 28 centimetres ( 7.9 to 11.0 in ), having a wingspan between about 59 and 63 centimetres ( 23 and 25 in ), and usually being between 72 and 121 grams ( 2.5 and 4.3 oz ) in weight. It has a short, thick, and dark bill, flesh - coloured legs, and a red eye ring. Its upperparts are mostly brown with rufous fringes, its cap, back, and wings being the former colour. It has a white forehead and a white stripe behind the eye, and its lores and the upper borders to the white forehead are black. The killdeer also has a white collar that is black on its upper border. The rest of the face is brown. The breast and belly are white, with the exception of two black breast bands. The rump is red, and the tail is mostly brown. The latter also has a black subterminal band, a white terminal band, and barred white feathers on the outer portion of the tail. In flight, a white wing stripe at the base of the flight feathers is visible. The female 's mask and breast bands tend to be more brown than those of the male. The adult of the subspecies Charadrius vociferus ternominatus is smaller and more pale and grey than the nominate, and the subspecies C. v. peruvianus is smaller than the nominate and has more extensive rufous feather fringes. The juvenile is similar to the adult. The upperparts of the chicks are coloured dusky and buff. Their underparts, forehead, neck, and chin are white, and they have a single band across their breast. Killdeer call Problems playing this file ? See media help. The killdeer is a vocal species, calling even at night. Its calls include nasal notes, like `` deee '', `` tyeeee '', and `` kil - deee '' ( the basis of its common name ). During display flights, it repeats a call of `` kil - deer '' or `` kee - deeyu ''. When this plover is disturbed, it emits notes in a rapid sequence, such as `` kee - di - di - di ''. Its alarm call is a long, fast trill. Habitat and distribution The nominate subspecies of the killdeer breeds in the US ( including southeastern Alaska ), southern Canada, Mexico, and very locally south to Panama. Some northern populations are migratory. This bird is resident in the southern half of its breeding range, found throughout the year in most of the contiguous United States. It also winters south to Central America, the West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador, and islands off Venezuela, leaving its breeding grounds after mid-July, with migration peaking from August to September. Migration to the breeding grounds starts in February and ends in mid-May. The subspecies Charadrius vociferus ternominatus is thought to be resident to the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Virgin Islands. C. v. peruvianus is seen year - round in west Ecuador, Peru, and extreme northwestern Chile. The subspecies C. v. ternominatus in Cuba The killdeer uses beach habitats and coastal wetlands and fields during the non-breeding season. It forages almost exclusively in these fields, especially those with short vegetation and with cattle ( which likely shorten the vegetation ) and standing water. When breeding, the killdeer has a home range of about 6 hectares ( 15 acres ), although this is generally larger when nesting more than 50 metres ( 160 ft ) away from water. Although generally a low - land species, it is found up to the snowline in meadows and open lakeshores during its autumn migration. Behaviour Breeding Copulation The killdeer forms pairs on its breeding grounds right after arriving. Both sexes ( although the male more often than the female ) advertise in flight with loud `` killdeer '' calls. The male also advertises by calling from a high spot, scraping out a dummy nest, and with killdeer flights, where it flies with slow wingbeats across its territory. Ground chases occur when a killdeer has been approached multiple times by another killdeer ; similarly, flight chases occur when an individual has been approached from the air. Both are forms of territorial defense. The killdeer nests in open fields or other flat areas with short vegetation ( usually below 1 centimetre ( 0.39 in ) tall ), such as agricultural fields and meadows. Nests are also sometimes located on rooftops. This plover frequently breeds close to where it bred the previous year. The male seems to usually renest in the same area regardless of whether or not it retains the same mate. This does not appear to be true of the female, which has been observed to not use the same territory if it does not have the same mate. The nest itself is merely a shallow depression or scrape in the ground, fringed by some stones and blades of grass. It is generally built with white nesting material instead of darker colours ; the function of this is suspected to either help keep the nest cool or conceal it. In a study of piping plovers, the former function was supported, as nests were 2 to 6 ° C ( 36 to 43 ° F ) cooler than the surrounding ground. The latter function also had some support, as the plovers generally chose pebbles closer in colour to the eggs ; however, nests that contrasted more with the ground suffered more predation. When nesting on rooftops, the killdeer may choose a flat roof, or build a nest of raised gravel, sometimes lined with white pebbles or pieces of seashells. A female on a nest in Pennsylvania The eggs of the killdeer are typically laid from mid-March to early June in the southern portion of the range, and from mid-April to mid-July in the northern part. In both cases, the breeding season itself extends to about August. In Puerto Rico, and possibility in other Caribbean islands, breeding occurs year - round. The killdeer lays a clutch of four to six eggs that are buff to beige in colour, with brown markings and black speckles. The eggs are about 38 by 27 millimetres ( 1.5 by 1.1 in ) in size, and laid at intervals of 24 to 48 hours. The energy expenditure of both sexes is at its highest during egg - laying ; the female needs to produce eggs, and the male needs to defend its territory. Both of the sexes are closer to the nest site than usual during egg - laying and incubation, although the male is generally closer than the female during all stages of breeding. This latter fact is likely due to the male 's increased investment in nest - site defense. Up to five replacement clutches can be laid, and there are occasionally two broods. Second broods are usually laid in nesting territory of the first brood. The eggs are incubated for 22 to 28 days by both the male and the female, with the former typically incubating at night. The time dedicated to incubation is related to temperature, with one study recording that killdeer incubated eggs 99 % of the time when the temperature was about 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ), 76 % of the time around 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ), and 87 % of the time at about 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ). When it is hot ( above at least 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) ), incubation cools the eggs, generally through shading by one of the parents. Eggs in a nest on the ground About 53 % of eggs are lost, mainly to predators. The young are precocial, starting to walk within the first days of their life. After they hatch, both parents lead them out of the nest, generally to a feeding territory with dense vegetation the chicks can hide under when a predator is near. The chicks are raised, at least in single - brood pairs, by both parents, likely because of the high failure rate of nests and the need for both parents to be present to successfully raise the young. In these broods, the young are usually attended by one parent at a time ( generally the female ) until about two weeks of age, after which both parents are occasionally seen together with the chicks. Otherwise, the non-attentive adult is at least about 23 metres ( 75 ft ) away from the chicks. Periods of attentiveness for each parent generally last from about one to one and a half hours. When the chicks are young, this is mainly spent standing ; as the chicks get older, less time is dedicated to standing. When the young are below two weeks of age, the attending adult spends little time feeding ; foraging time increases as the chicks grow. The non-attentive adult defends the young most of the time when they are less than a week old, but this task steadily shifts onto the attentive adult, until about three weeks of age, when the attending parent does almost all of the defense. One parent at a time broods the chicks, and does so frequently until they are two days old. The young are brooded during rain until about 15 days after hatching and during night for about 18 days after hatching. The only time when they are not in the presence of a parent is when the parents are mating or responding to a predator or aggressive conspecific. A chick in New Jersey When a pair has two broods, the second is usually attended by just the male ( who is able to hatch the eggs on his own, unlike the female ). In this case, the male does not spend most of the time standing ; the amount of time it does stand, though, stays constant as the chicks age. Like attentive adults in two parent broods, the sole parent increases the time spent foraging as the young age. The young fledge about 31 days after hatching, and generally move to moister areas in valleys and on the banks of rivers. They may be cared for by their parents for up to 10 days after they fledge, and exceptionally for 81 days after hatching. About 52 % to 63 % of nests fail to produce any fledged young. Breeding starts after one year of age. It has a maximum lifespan of at least 10 years and 11 months. Feeding The killdeer feeds primarily on insects ( especially beetles and flies ), in addition to millipedes, worms, snails, spiders, and some seeds. It opportunistically takes tree frogs and dead minnows. It forages almost exclusively in fields ( no matter the tide ), especially those with short vegetation and with cattle ( which likely shorten the vegetation ) and standing water. Standing water alone does not have a significant effect on field choice unless combined with cattle. Viable disseminules can be recovered from killdeer feces, indicating that this bird is important in transporting aquatic organisms. The killdeer uses visual cues to forage. An example of this is `` foot - trembling '', where it stands on one foot, shaking the other in shallow water for about five seconds, pecking at any prey stirred up. When feeding in fields, it sometimes follows ploughs to take earthworms disturbed to the surface. The female forages significantly more than the male during most stages of breeding. The former feeds the most before and during egg - laying, the least when incubation starts ( as there is little time to feed ), with a return to high levels after. During the non-breeding season, the killdeer forages during the night, depending on the lunar cycle. When the moon is full, it feeds more at night and roosts more during the day. Foraging at night has benefits for this bird, including increased insect abundance and reduced predation. Predators and parasites The killdeer is parasitized by acanthocephalans, cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes. It is preyed upon by herring gulls, common crows, raccoons, and striped skunks. The mentioned birds and other avian predators are the majority of predators in some areas during the breeding season. Predation is not limited to eggs and chicks : mustelids, for example, can kill incubating adults. Responses to predators Further information : Distraction display Play media Parent protects small chicks by performing a distraction display to draw attention to itself away from the nest. The parents use various methods to distract predators during the breeding season. During egg - laying, the most common response to predators is to quietly leave the nest. As incubation starts and progresses, the intensity of predator responses increases, peaking after hatching. This is probably because it is worth more to protect the young then, as they are more likely to fledge. After hatching, reactions decrease in intensity, until a normal response is calling. This is because the young become more independent as they age. The broken - wing display One reaction to predators by the killdeer is the `` broken - wing display '', also known as `` injury feigning ''. Before displaying, this plover usually runs from its nest, making alarm calls and other disturbances. When the bird has the attention of the predator, the former turns its tail towards the latter, displaying the threatening orange colour of the rump. It then crouches, droops its wings, and lowers its tail. With an increasing intensity, the wings are held higher, the tail is fanned out, and the tail becomes more depressed. Another behaviour that has received attention is the `` ungulate display '', where the adult raises its wings, exposes its rump, lowers its head, and charges at the intruder. This can be fatal, however, to the displaying bird. Status The killdeer is considered a least - concern species by the IUCN. This is due to its large range of about 26.3 million square kilometres ( 10.2 million sq mi ) and population, estimated by the IUCN to be about one million birds, or about two million, according to the Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Even though the population is declining, it is not decreasing fast enough to be considered a vulnerable species. It is protected in the US by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, and in Canada by the Migratory Birds Convention Act. References Jump up ^ Originally described as Oxyechus vociferus peruvianus ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2012 ). `` Charadrius vociferus ''. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : Linnaeus, Carl ( 1758 ). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis ( in Latin ). 1 ( 10th ed. ). Stockholm, Sweden : ( Laurentii Salvii ). p. 150 -- via The Internet Archive. ^ Jump up to : Wiersma, P. ; Kirwan, G.M. ; Boesman, P. ( 2018 ). del Hoyo, Josep ; Elliott, Andrew ; Sargatal, Jordi ; Christie, David A. ; de Juana, Eduardo, eds. `` Killdeer ( Charadrius vociferus ) ''. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona, Spain : Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 12 June 2018. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ Catesby, Mark ( 1731 ). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. 1. London : Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul 's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon 's in Hoxton,. p. 71. Jump up ^ Jobling, James A. ( 2010 ). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London : Christopher Helm. pp. 99, 404. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 2501 - 4. Jump up ^ Chapman, Frank M. ( 1920 ). `` Description of a proposed new race of the killdeer from the coast of Peru ''. The Auk. 37 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 108. doi : 10.2307 / 4072966. ISSN 0004 - 8038. JSTOR 4072966. ^ Jump up to : Hauber, Mark E. ( 1 August 2014 ). The Book of Eggs : A Life - Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World 's Bird Species. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 140. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 05781 - 1. ^ Jump up to : `` Killdeer Charadrius vociferus ''. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. USGS. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ^ Jump up to : Jonathan K. Alderfer ; Paul Hess ( 2011 ). National Geographic Backyard Guide to the Birds of North America. National Geographic. p. 69. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0720 - 4. Jump up ^ Sanzenbacher, Peter M. ; Haig, Susan M. ( 2001 ). `` Killdeer population trends in North America ''. Journal of Field Ornithology. 72 ( 1 ) : 160 -- 169. doi : 10.1648 / 0273 - 8570 - 72.1. 160. Jump up ^ Nellis, David W. ( March 2001 ). Common Coastal Birds of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 211. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 191 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Campbell, Robert Wayne ; Dawe, Neil K. ; McTaggart - Cowan, Ian ; Cooper, John M. ; Kaiser, Gary W. ; McNall, Michael C.E. ( 1 June 1997 ). The Birds of British Columbia : Nonpasserines : Diurnal Birds of Prey Through Woodpeckers. UBC Press. p. 120. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4435 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Johnsgard, P.A. ( 1981 ). The Plovers, Sandpipers and Snipes of the World. Lincoln, Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press. ^ Jump up to : Long, Linda L. ; Ralph, C. John ( 2001 ). `` Dynamics of habitat use by shorebirds in estuarine and agricultural habitats in northwestern California ''. The Wilson Bulletin. 113 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52. doi : 10.1676 / 0043 - 5643 ( 2001 ) 113 ( 0041 : DOHUBS ) 2.0.CO ; 2. ^ Jump up to : Plissner, Jonathan H. ; Oring, Lewis W. ; Haig, Susan M. ( 2000 ). `` Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area ''. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 64 ( 2 ) : 421. doi : 10.2307 / 3803240. JSTOR 3803240. ^ Jump up to : Lenington, Sarah ( 1980 ). `` Bi-parental care in killdeer : An adaptive hypothesis ''. The Wilson Bulletin. 92 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 20. ^ Jump up to : Mundahl, John T. ( 1982 ). `` Role specialization in the parental and territorial behavior of the killdeer ''. The Wilson Bulletin. 94 ( 4 ) : 515 -- 530. Jump up ^ Phillips, R.E. ( 1972 ). `` Sexual and agonistic behaviour in the killdeer ( Charadrius vociferus ) ''. Animal Behaviour. 20 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 9. doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 72 ) 80166 - 0. Jump up ^ Lenington, Sarah ( 1975 ). `` Mate fidelity and nesting site tenacity in the killdeer ''. The Auk. 92 ( 1 ) : 149 -- 151. doi : 10.2307 / 4084431. JSTOR 4084431. ^ Jump up to : Hiller, Ilo ( 2008 ). `` Killdeer ''. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 01. Jump up ^ Kull, Jr., Robert C. ( 1977 ). `` Color selection of nesting material by killdeer ''. The Auk. 94 ( 3 ) : 602 -- 604. Jump up ^ Mayer, Paul M. ; Smith, Levica M. ; Ford, Robert G. ; Watterson, Dustin C. ; McCutchen, Marshall D. ; Ryan, Mark R. ( 2009 ). `` Nest construction by a ground - nesting bird represents a potential trade - off between egg crypticity and thermoregulation ''. Oecologia. 159 ( 4 ) : 893 -- 901. doi : 10.1007 / s00442 - 008 - 1266 - 9. PMID 19145449. Jump up ^ Fisk, Erma J. ( 1978 ). `` The growing use of roofs by nesting birds ''. Bird - Banding. 49 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 141. doi : 10.2307 / 4512343. JSTOR 4512343. ^ Jump up to : Brunton, Dianne H. ( 1988 ). `` Sexual differences in reproductive effort : time - activity budgets of monogamous killdeer, Charadrius vociferus ''. Animal Behaviour. 36 ( 3 ) : 705 -- 717. doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 88 ) 80153 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Brunton, Dianne H. ( 1988 ). `` Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female killdeer ( Charadrius vociferus ) ''. The Auk. 105 ( 3 ) : 553 -- 564. Jump up ^ Bergstrom, Peter W. ( 1989 ). `` Incubation temperatures of Wilson 's plovers and killdeers ''. The Condor. 91 ( 3 ) : 634 -- 641. doi : 10.2307 / 1368114. JSTOR 1368114. ^ Jump up to : Brunton, Dianne H. ( 1990 ). `` The effects of nesting stage, sex, and type of predator on parental defense by killdeer ( Charadrius vociferous ) : Testing models of avian parental defense ''. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 26 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 190. Jump up ^ Nol, Erica ; Brooks, Ronald J. ( 1982 ). `` Effects of predator exclosures on besting success of killdeer ''. Journal of Field Ornithology. 53 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 268. ISSN 0273 - 8570. Jump up ^ Clapp, Roger B. ; Klimkiewicz, M. Kathleen ; Kennard, John H. ( 1982 ). `` Longevity records of North American birds : Gaviidae through Alcidae ''. Journal of Field Ornithology. 53 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 124. ISSN 0273 - 8570. Jump up ^ Proctor, Vernon W. ; Malone, Charles R. ; DeVlaming, Victor L. ( 1967 ). `` Dispersal of aquatic organisms : Viability of disseminules recovered from the intestinal tract of captive killdeer ''. Ecology. 48 ( 4 ) : 672 -- 676 8. doi : 10.2307 / 1936517. JSTOR 1936517. ^ Jump up to : Eberhart - Phillips, Luke J. ( 2016 ). `` Dancing in the moonlight : evidence that killdeer foraging behaviour varies with the lunar cycle ''. Journal of Ornithology. 158 ( 1 ) : 253 -- 262. doi : 10.1007 / s10336 - 016 - 1389 - 4. ISSN 2193 - 7192. Jump up ^ Smith, Susan M. ( 1970 ). `` '' Foot - trembling '' feeding behavior by a killdeer ``. The Condor. 72 ( 2 ) : 245. Jump up ^ Eckman, Michael K. ( 1968 ). `` Helminth parasites of the killdeer in Colorado ''. The Journal of Parasitology. 54 ( 6 ) : 1143. doi : 10.2307 / 3276980. ISSN 0022 - 3395. JSTOR 3276980. Jump up ^ Johnson, Matthew ; Oring, Lewis W. ( 2002 ). `` Are nest exclosures an effective tool in plover conservation ? ''. Waterbirds ( Submitted manuscript ). 25 ( 2 ) : 184. doi : 10.1675 / 1524 - 4695 ( 2002 ) 025 ( 0184 : ANEAET ) 2.0.CO ; 2. ^ Jump up to : Deane, C. Douglas ( 1944 ). `` The broken - wing behavior of the killdeer ''. The Auk. 61 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 247. doi : 10.2307 / 4079369. JSTOR 4079369. Jump up ^ Gochfeld, Michael ( 1984 ). `` Antipredator Behavior : Aggressive and Distraction Displays of Shorebirds ''. In Burger, Joanna ; Olla, Bori L. Shorebirds. Shorebirds : Breeding Behavior and Populations. pp. 289 -- 377. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4684 - 4691 - 3_8. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4684 - 4693 - 7. Jump up ^ Brunton, Dianne H. ( 1986 ). `` Fatal antipredator behavior of a killdeer ''. The Wilson Bulletin. 98 ( 4 ) : 605 -- 607. Jump up ^ `` Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species ( 10.13 List ) ''. US Fish & Wildlife Service. 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2018. Jump up ^ `` Birds protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act ''. Government of Canada. 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Killdeer. Wikispecies has information related to Charadrius vociferus `` Killdeer media ''. Internet Bird Collection. Killdeer photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q755737 Wikispecies : Charadrius vociferus ABA : killde ADW : Charadrius_vociferus ARKive : charadrius - vociferus Avibase : BCF9A19AFE372627 BirdLife : 22693777 BTO : KILLD eBird : killde EoL : 1049356 Fauna Europaea : 96873 Fossilworks : 129786 GBIF : 2480320 IBC : killdeer - charadrius - vociferus iNaturalist : 4793 IRMNG : 10934850 ITIS : 176520 IUCN : 22693777 NBN : NBNSYS0000000324 NCBI : 50402 WoRMS : 159127 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killdeer&oldid=866375523 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Charadrius Birds of North America Birds of Ecuador Birds of Peru Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Articles with short description Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 23 : 42 ( UTC ). 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Question: brown and white bird with black rings around neck
Answer: killdeer