Apple - wikipedia Apple For the technology company, see Apple Inc. For other uses, see Apple ( disambiguation ). `` Apple tree '' redirects here. For other uses, see Apple tree ( disambiguation ). `` Apple blossom '' redirects here. For other uses, see Apple Blossom ( disambiguation ). Apple Fruit Flowers Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Rosales Family : Rosaceae Genus : Malus Species : M. pumila Binomial name Malus pumila Miller, 1768 Synonyms Malus communis Desf. Malus domestica Borkh. nom. illeg. M. frutescens Medik. M. paradisiaca ( L. ) Medikus M. sylvestris Mil. Pyrus malus L. Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L. Pyrus dioica Moench The apple tree ( Malus pumila, commonly and erroneously called Malus domestica ) is a deciduous tree in the rose family best known for its sweet, pomaceous fruit, the apple. It is cultivated worldwide as a fruit tree, and is the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek and European Christian traditions. Apple trees are large if grown from seed. Generally apple cultivars are propagated by grafting onto rootstocks, which control the size of the resulting tree. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw and cider production. Trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit 's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production. Worldwide production of apples in 2014 was 84.6 million tonnes, with China accounting for 48 % of the total. Contents 1 Botanical information 1.1 Wild ancestors 1.2 Genome 2 History 3 Society and culture 3.1 Germanic paganism 3.2 Greek mythology 3.3 Christian art 4 Cultivars 5 Cultivation 5.1 Breeding 5.2 Pollination 5.3 Maturation and harvest 5.4 Storage 5.5 Pests and diseases 6 Production 7 Nutrition 8 Human consumption 8.1 Popular uses 8.2 Organic production 8.3 Phytochemicals 8.4 Health effects 8.5 Allergy 8.6 Toxicity of seeds 9 Proverbs 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Botanical Information Blossoms, fruits, and leaves of the apple tree ( Malus pumila ) The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 1.8 to 4.6 m ( 6 to 15 ft ) tall in cultivation and up to 12 m ( 39 ft ) in the wild. When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. The leaves are alternately arranged dark green - colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides. Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves, and are produced on spurs and some long shoots. The 3 to 4 cm ( 1.2 to 1.6 in ) flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, with an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 4 -- 6 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the `` king bloom '' ; it opens first, and can develop a larger fruit. The fruit matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist with a wide range of sizes. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 7.0 to 8.3 cm ( 2.75 to 3.25 in ) in diameter, due to market preference. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below 5.7 cm ( 2.25 in ) are generally used for making juice and have little fresh market value. The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted although many bi - or tri-colored cultivars may be found. The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i.e. rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax. The exocarp ( flesh ) is generally pale yellowish - white, though pink or yellow exocarps also occur. Wild ancestors Main article : Malus sieversii The original wild ancestor of Malus pumila was Malus sieversii, found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China. Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary introgression of genes from other species into the open - pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with Malus sylvestris, the crabapple, resulted in current populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more morphologically similar progenitor Malus sieversii. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. Genome In 2010, an Italian - led consortium announced they had sequenced the complete genome of the apple in collaboration with horticultural genomicists at Washington State University, using ' Golden Delicious '. It had about 57,000 genes, the highest number of any plant genome studied to date and more genes than the human genome ( about 30,000 ). This new understanding of the apple genome will help scientists in identifying genes and gene variants that contribute to resistance to disease and drought, and other desirable characteristics. Understanding the genes behind these characteristics will allow scientists to perform more knowledgeable selective breeding. The genome sequence also provided proof that Malus sieversii was the wild ancestor of the domestic apple -- an issue that had been long - debated in the scientific community. History Wild Malus sieversii apple in Kazakhstan The center of diversity of the genus Malus is in eastern present - day Turkey. The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and its fruits have been improved through selection over thousands of years. Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed apples in Kazakhstan in 328 BCE ; those he brought back to Macedonia might have been the progenitors of dwarfing root stocks. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia. Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century, and the first apple orchard on the North American continent was planted in Boston by Reverend William Blaxton in 1625. The only apples native to North America are crab apples, which were once called `` common apples ''. Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the `` best '' cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in Eastern Washington began and allowed the development of the multibillion - dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product. Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage. In the 21st century, long - term storage again came into popularity, as `` controlled atmosphere '' facilities were used to keep apples fresh year - round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. Society and culture Main article : Apple ( symbolism ) `` Brita as Iduna '' ( 1901 ) by Carl Larsson Germanic paganism In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn is portrayed in the Prose Edda ( written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ) as providing apples to the gods that give them eternal youthfulness. English scholar H.R. Ellis Davidson links apples to religious practices in Germanic paganism, from which Norse paganism developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the Oseberg ship burial site in Norway, and that fruit and nuts ( Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in Skáldskaparmál ) have been found in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of fertility in southwest England. Davidson notes a connection between apples and the Vanir, a tribe of gods associated with fertility in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven `` golden apples '' being given to woo the beautiful Gerðr by Skírnir, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god Freyr in stanzas 19 and 20 of Skírnismál. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the Völsunga saga when the major goddess Frigg sends King Rerir an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg 's messenger ( in the guise of a crow ) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a mound. Rerir 's wife 's consumption of the apple results in a six - year pregnancy and the Caesarean section birth of their son -- the hero Völsung. Further, Davidson points out the `` strange '' phrase `` Apples of Hel '' used in an 11th - century poem by the skald Thorbiorn Brúnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess Nehalennia is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the Roman Empire and came to Europe from the Near East, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of Iðunn `` we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol : that of the guardian goddess of the life - giving fruit of the other world. '' Greek mythology Heracles with the apple of Hesperides Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, mythology and folktales is that the word `` apple '' was used as a generic term for all ( foreign ) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century. For instance, in Greek mythology, the Greek hero Heracles, as a part of his Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center. The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Καλλίστη ( Kalliste, sometimes transliterated Kallisti, ' For the most beautiful one ' ), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple : Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War. The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, to be sacred to Aphrodite, and to throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one 's love ; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one 's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states : I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me ; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short - lived is beauty. -- Plato, Epigram VII Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but Hippomenes ( also known as Melanion, a name possibly derived from melon the Greek word for both `` apple '' and fruit in general ), who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples ( gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love ) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta 's hand. Christian art Adam and Eve by Albrecht Dürer ( 1507 ), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin. Though the forbidden fruit of Eden in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve coaxed Adam to share with her. The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in confusion between the Latin words mālum ( an apple ) and mălum ( an evil ), each of which is normally written malum. The tree of the forbidden fruit is called `` the tree of the knowledge of good and evil '' in Genesis 2 : 17, and the Latin for `` good and evil '' is bonum et malum. Renaissance painters may also have been influenced by the story of the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The larynx in the human throat has been called the `` Adam 's apple '' because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual seduction has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein. Cultivars Main article : List of apple cultivars Red and green apples in India There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. The UK 's National Fruit Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The University of Reading, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading 's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus / Pyrus work group. The UK 's national fruit collection database contains a wealth of information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same ' genetic ' apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh ( dessert apples ), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking ( cooking apples ) or producing cider. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples can not. Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia and especially Indian Subcontinent. Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have a better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems which make them commercially unviable -- low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the ' wrong ' size. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist ; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as ' Cox 's Orange Pippin ' and ' Egremont Russet ' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease. Cultivation Breeding See also : Fruit tree propagation and Malling series An apple tree in Germany Blooming apple tree on Kota Batu, Indonesia In the wild, apples grow readily from seeds. However, like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by grafting. This is because seedling apples are an example of `` extreme heterozygotes '', in that rather than inheriting DNA from their parents to create a new apple with those characteristics, they are instead significantly different from their parents. Triploid cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that 3 sets of chromosomes can not be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes ( aneuploids ). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed ( apples are an example ), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive. Because apples do not breed true when planted as seeds, grafting is generally used to produce new apple trees. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees ( less than 3.0 m ( 10 ft ) high at maturity ), which bear fruit earlier in their life cycle than full size trees. Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BC, to the area of Persia and Asia Minor. Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf apple trees to Aristotle 's Lyceum. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century, and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used today to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The East Malling Research Station conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and today their rootstocks are given an `` M '' prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an `` MM '' prefix are Malling - series cultivars later crossed with trees of ' Northern Spy ' in Merton, England. Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words ' seedling ', ' pippin ', and ' kernel ' in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form bud sports ( mutations on a single branch ). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. Since the 1930s, the Excelsior Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota has introduced a steady progression of important apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by local orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most important contributions have included ' Haralson ' ( which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota ), ' Wealthy ', ' Honeygold ', and ' Honeycrisp '. Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year - round. Alice Ambrosia Ananasrenette Aroma Discovery Bramley Arkansas Black Fuji Golden delicious Goldrenette, ( Reinette ) Gala Jonagold James Grieve Granny Smith McIntosh Yellow Transparent Pacific rose Lobo Sampion ( Shampion ) Summerred Pink Lady Belle de Boskoop Red Delicious Cox Pomona SugarBee Pollination See also : Fruit tree pollination Apple blossom from an old Ayrshire cultivar Orchard mason bee on apple bloom, British Columbia, Canada Apples are self - incompatible ; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry pollen. Honey bees are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate : Group A -- Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ( Gravenstein, Red Astrachan ) Group B -- 4 to 7 May ( Idared, McIntosh ) Group C -- Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May ( Granny Smith, Cox 's Orange Pippin ) Group D -- Mid / late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ( Golden Delicious, Calville blanc d'hiver ) Group E -- Late flowering, 16 to 18 May ( Braeburn, Reinette d'Orléans ) Group F -- 19 to 23 May ( Suntan ) Group H -- 24 to 28 May ( Court - Pendu Gris - also called Court - Pendu plat ) One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close ( A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D ). Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30 - day blossom period, with pollenizers selected from cultivars within a 6 - day overlap period. Maturation and harvest See also : Fruit picking and Fruit tree pruning Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, will grow very large, which allows them to bear much more fruit, but makes harvesting very difficult. Depending on the tree density ( number of trees planted per unit surface area ), mature trees typically bear 40 -- 200 kg ( 88 -- 441 lb ) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three - point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks will bear about 10 -- 80 kg ( 22 -- 176 lb ) of fruit per year. Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include ' Gala ', ' Golden Supreme ', ' McIntosh ', ' Transparent ', ' Primate ', ' Sweet Bough ', and ' Duchess ' ; fall producers include ' Fuji ', ' Jonagold ', ' Golden Delicious ', ' Red Delicious ', ' Chenango ', ' Gravenstein ', ' Wealthy ', ' McIntosh ', ' Snow ', and ' Blenheim ' ; winter producers include ' Winesap ', ' Granny Smith ', ' King ', ' Wagener ', ' Swayzie ', ' Greening ', and ' Tolman Sweet '. Storage Commercially, apples can be stored for some months in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay ethylene - induced ripening. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high air filtration. This prevents ethylene concentrations from rising to higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly. Ripening continues when the fruit is removed from storage. For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be held for approximately two weeks when kept at the coolest part of the refrigerator ( i.e. below 5 ° C ). Some, including ' Granny Smith ' and ' Fuji ', can be stored up to a year without significant degradation. Non-organic apples may be sprayed with 1 - methylcyclopropene blocking the apples ' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening. Pests and diseases Leaves with significant insect damage Main article : List of apple diseases See also : List of Lepidoptera that feed on Malus Apple trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. A trend in orchard management is the use of organic methods. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest. A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant ; three of the more common diseases / pests are mildew, aphids and apple scab. Mildew : which is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers will turn a creamy yellow color and will not develop correctly. This can be treated in a manner not dissimilar from treating Botrytis ; eliminating the conditions which caused the disease in the first place and burning the infected plants are among the recommended actions to take. Aphids : There are five species of aphids commonly found on apples : apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by their color, the time of year when they are present and by differences in the cornicles, which are small paired projections from the rear of aphids. Aphids feed on foliage using needle - like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor. Apple scab : Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive - brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork - like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork - like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year 's growth. Among the most serious disease problems are fireblight, a bacterial disease ; and Gymnosporangium rust, and black spot, two fungal diseases. Codling moths and apple maggots are two other pests which affect apple trees. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. Apple production -- 2014 Country Production ( millions of tonnes ) China 40.9 United States 5.2 Poland 3.2 Turkey 2.5 Italy 2.5 World 84.6 Source : FAOSTAT of the United Nations Production Main article : List of countries by apple production World production of apples in 2014 was 84.6 million tonnes, with China producing 48 % of this total ( table ). Other major producers with 6 % or less of the world total were the United States, Turkey, Poland and Italy. Nutrition Apples, with skin ( edible parts ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 218 kJ ( 52 kcal ) Carbohydrates 13.81 g Sugars 10.39 Dietary fiber 2.4 g Fat 0.17 g Protein 0.26 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. beta - carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 0 % ) 3 μg ( 0 % ) 27 μg 29 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 1 % ) 0.017 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 2 % ) 0.026 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 1 % ) 0.091 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 1 % ) 0.061 mg Vitamin B6 ( 3 % ) 0.041 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 1 % ) 3 μg Vitamin C ( 6 % ) 4.6 mg Vitamin E ( 1 % ) 0.18 mg Vitamin K ( 2 % ) 2.2 μg Minerals Calcium ( 1 % ) 6 mg Iron ( 1 % ) 0.12 mg Magnesium ( 1 % ) 5 mg Manganese ( 2 % ) 0.035 mg Phosphorus ( 2 % ) 11 mg Potassium ( 2 % ) 107 mg Sodium ( 0 % ) 1 mg Zinc ( 0 % ) 0.04 mg Other constituents Water 85.56 g Fluoride 3.3 μg Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. A typical apple serving weighs 242 grams and provides 126 calories with a moderate content of dietary fiber ( table ). Otherwise, there is generally low content of essential nutrients ( table ). Human consumption See also : Cooking apple and Cider apple An apple core, the remainder of an apple that has been mostly eaten Apples are often eaten raw. The whole fruit including the skin is suitable for human consumption except for the seeds, which may affect some consumers. The core is often not eaten and is discarded. Cultivars bred for raw consumption are termed dessert or table apples. Apples can be canned or juiced. They are milled or pressed to produce apple juice, which may be drunk unfiltered ( called apple cider in North America ), or filtered. The juice can be fermented to make cider ( called hard cider in North America ), ciderkin, and vinegar. Through distillation, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as applejack, Calvados, and apfelwein. Apple seed oil and pectin may also be produced. Popular uses Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. They are often eaten baked or stewed, and they can also be dried and eaten or reconstituted ( soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid ) for later use. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as apple sauce. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are also used ( cooked ) in meat dishes. In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the U.S. are candy apples ( coated in a hard shell of crystallized sugar syrup ), and caramel apples, coated with cooled caramel. Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of Rosh Hashanah to symbolize a sweet new year. Farms with apple orchards may open them to the public, so consumers may themselves pick the apples they will purchase. Sliced apples turn brown with exposure to air due to the conversion of natural phenolic substances into melanin upon exposure to oxygen. Different cultivars vary in their propensity to brown after slicing and the genetically engineered Arctic Apples do not brown. Sliced fruit can be treated with acidulated water to prevent this effect. Sliced apple consumption tripled in the US from 2004 to 2014 to 500 million apples annually due to its convenience. Organic production Organic apples are commonly produced in the United States. Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts ( pyrethrum, neem ) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality. A light coating of kaolin, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding. Phytochemicals Apples are a rich source of various phytochemicals including flavonoids ( e.g., catechins, flavanols, and quercetin ) and other phenolic compounds ( e.g., epicatechin and procyanidins ) found in the skin, core, and pulp of the apple ; they have unknown health value in humans. Ideain ( cyanidin 3 - O - galactoside ) is an anthocyanin, a type of pigment, which is found in some red apple cultivars. Phlorizin is a flavonoid that is found in apple trees, particularly in the leaves, and in only small amounts if at all in other plants, even other species of the Malus genus or related plants such as pear trees. Health effects Preliminary research is investigating whether nutrients and / or phytochemicals in apples may be preventive against the risk of some types of cancer. Allergy One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch - apple syndrome, and is found in people who are also allergic to birch pollen. Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail oral allergy syndrome ( OAS ), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat, but in rare cases can also include life - threatening anaphylaxis. This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed -- the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch - apple syndrome. Different kinds of apple cultivars in a wholesale food market In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches. This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and urticaria, and can be life - threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals can eat neither raw nor cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction. Breeding efforts have yet to produce a hypoallergenic fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy. Toxicity of seeds The seeds of apples contain small amounts of amygdalin, a sugar and cyanide compound known as a cyanogenic glycoside. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds will cause no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be hydrolyzed before the cyanide ion is released. The United States National Library of Medicine 's Hazardous Substances Data Bank records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds. Proverbs An apple 's side, stem end, and interior The proverb `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '', addressing the health effects of the fruit, dates from 19th century Wales, according to Caroline Taggart, author of `` An Apple a Day : Old - Fashioned Proverbs and Why They Still Work ''. The original phrase, Taggart said, was : `` Eat an apple on going to bed, and you 'll keep the doctor from earning his bread ''. In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to `` an apple a day, no doctor to pay '' and `` an apple a days sends the doctor away '', while the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922. See also Apple chips Applecrab, apple -- crabapple hybrids with the good eating qualities of the apple parents Cooking apple List of apple cultivars List of apple dishes Rootstock Welsh Apples References Jump up ^ Elizabeth E. Dickson ( 2015 ), `` Malus pumila Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Malus no. 3. 1768 '', Flora of North America, 9 Jump up ^ Wendy L. Applequist ( 2014 ), `` Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants : 66 : ( 1933 ). To conserve Malus domestica Borkh. against M. pumila Miller, M. communis Desf., M. frutescens Medik., and Pyrus dioica Moench ( Rosaceae ). Proposed by G. - Z. Qian, L. - F. Liu & G. - G. Tang in Taxon 59 ( 2 ) : 650 -- 652. 2010. Votes : 6 -- 11 -- 1 ( not recommended ) '', Taxon, 63 ( 6 ) : 1358 -- 1371, doi : 10.12705 / 636.20 ^ Jump up to : `` Production / Crops, Apple, Area by World ''. FAOSTAT, UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Types and names of Apple Trees, Species of the Malus Genus ''. Treenames.net. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Origin, History of cultivation ''. University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Apple ''. Natural History Museum. Retrieved 5 September 2013. ^ Jump up to : Jules Janick ; James N. Cummins ; Susan K. Brown ; Minou Hemmat ( 1996 ). `` Chapter 1 : Apples ''. In Jules Janick ; James N. Moore. Fruit Breeding, Volume I : Tree and Tropical Fruits ( PDF ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0 - 471 - 31014 - X. Jump up ^ `` Natural Waxes on Fruits ''. Postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2013. Jump up ^ Lauri, Pierre - éric ; Karen Maguylo ; Catherine Trottier ( 2006 ). `` Architecture and size relations : an essay on the apple ( Malus x domestica, Rosaceae ) tree ''. American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America, Inc. 93 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 368. PMID 21646196. doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 93.3. 357. Jump up ^ Amandine Cornille ; et al. ( 2012 ). Mauricio, Rodney, ed. `` New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple : Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties ''. PLOS Genetics. 8 ( 5 ) : e1002703. PMC 3349737. PMID 22589740. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1002703. Jump up ^ Sam Kean ( 17 May 2012 ). `` ScienceShot : The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple ''. Jump up ^ Coart, E. ; Van Glabeke, S. ; De Loose, M. ; Larsen, A.S. ; Roldán - Ruiz, I. ( 2006 ). `` Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus : new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple ( Malus sylvestris ( L. ) Mill. ) and the domesticated apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. ) ''. Mol. Ecol. 15 ( 8 ) : 2171 -- 82. PMID 16780433. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294x. 2006.02924. x. ^ Jump up to : Clark Brian ( 29 August 2010 ). `` Apple Cup Rivals Contribute to Apple Genome Sequencing ''. Cahnrsnews.wsu.edu. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Jump up ^ Velasco, R ; Zharkikh, A ; Affourtit, J ; et al. ( October 2010 ). `` The genome of the domesticated apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh. ) ''. Nature Genetics. Nature.com. 42 : 833 -- 839. PMID 20802477. doi : 10.1038 / ng. 654. Retrieved 28 December 2012. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ An Italian - led international research consortium decodes the apple genome AlphaGallileo 29 August 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2011. Jump up ^ The Science Behind the Human Genome Project Human Genome Project Information, US Department of Energy, 26 March 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away ''. vegparadise.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008. Jump up ^ Smith, Archibald William ( 1997 ). A Gardener 's Handbook of Plant Names : Their Meanings and Origins. Dover Publications. p. 39. ISBN 0 - 486 - 29715 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Lawrence, James ( 1980 ). The Harrowsmith Reader, Volume II. Camden House Publishing Ltd. p. 122. ISBN 0 - 920656 - 10 - 2. Jump up ^ James M. Van Valen ( 2010 ). History of Bergen county, New Jersey. Nabu Press. p. 744. ISBN 1 - 177 - 72589 - 4. Jump up ^ Brox, Jane ( 2000 ). Five Thousand Days Like This One : An American Family History. Beacon Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 2107 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Controlled Atmosphere Storage ''. Washington Apple Commission. Retrieved 3 April 2012. Jump up ^ http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/EMK2001D.pdf ^ Jump up to : Ellis Davidson, H.R. ( 1965 ) Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe, page 165 to 166. ISBN 0 - 14 - 013627 - 4 Jump up ^ Ellis Davidson, H.R. ( 1965 ) Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe, page 165 to 166. Penguin Books ISBN 0 - 14 - 013627 - 4 Jump up ^ Ellis Davidson, H.R. ( 1998 ) Roles of the Northern Goddess, page 146 to 147. Routledge ISBN 0 - 415 - 13610 - 5 Jump up ^ Sauer, Jonathan D. ( 1993 ). Historical Geography of Crop Plants : A Select Roster. CRC Press. p. 109. ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8901 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Wasson, R. Gordon ( 1968 ). Soma : Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 128. ISBN 0 - 15 - 683800 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Ruck, Carl ; Blaise Daniel Staples ( 2001 ). The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist. Durham : Carolina Academic Press. pp. 64 -- 70. ISBN 0 - 89089 - 924 - X. Jump up ^ Heinrich, Clark ( 2002 ). Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy. Rochester : Park Street Press. pp. 64 -- 70. ISBN 0 - 89281 - 997 - 9. Jump up ^ Herodotus Histories 6.1. 191. Jump up ^ Edmonds, J.M., trans. ; rev. John M. Cooper. `` Epigrams ''. Plato : Complete Works. Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis : Hackett, 1997. p 1744, note to VII. Print. Jump up ^ Edmonds, J.M., trans. ; rev. John M. Cooper. `` Epigrams ''. Plato : Complete Works. Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis : Hackett, 1997. p 1744. Print. ^ Jump up to : Macrone, Michael ; Tom Lulevitch ( 1998 ). Brush up your Bible !. Tom Lulevitch. Random House Value. ISBN 0 - 517 - 20189 - 5. OCLC 38270894. Jump up ^ Kissling, Paul J ( 2004 ). Genesis. Books.google.com. 1. College Press. p. 193. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89900875 - 2. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Jump up ^ Hendel, Ronald ( 2012 ). The Book of Genesis : A Biography. Books.google.com. Princeton University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978 - 0 - 69114012 - 4. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Jump up ^ Elzebroek, A.T.G. ; Wind, K. ( 2008 ). Guide to Cultivated Plants. Wallingford : CAB International. p. 27. ISBN 1 - 84593 - 356 - 7. ^ Jump up to : `` Apple -- Malus domestica ''. Natural England. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` '' National Fruit Collections at Brogdale ``, Farm Advisory Services Team ''. Retrieved 2 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` ECPGR Malus / Pyrus Working Group Members ''. Ecpgr.cgiar.org. 22 July 2002. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Jump up to : Sue Tarjan ( Fall 2006 ). `` Autumn Apple Musings '' ( PDF ). News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. pp. 1 -- 2. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` World apple situation ''. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008. Jump up ^ Weaver, Sue ( June -- July 2003 ). `` Crops & Gardening -- Apples of Antiquity ''. Hobby Farms magazine. BowTie, Inc. Jump up ^ John Lloyd and John Mitchinson ( 2006 ). QI : The Complete First Series -- QI Factoids ( DVD ). 2 entertain. Jump up ^ `` NCSU.edu ''. Ces.ncsu.edu. 24 July 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2010. Jump up ^ William G. Lord ; Amy Ouellette ( February 2010 ). `` Dwarf Rootstocks for Apple Trees in the Home Garden '' ( PDF ). University of New Hampshire. Retrieved 1 September 2013. Jump up ^ Esmaeil Fallahi ; W. Michael Colt ; Bahar Fallahi ; Ik - Jo Chun ( January -- March 2002 ). `` The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on ' Fuji ' '' ( PDF ). Hort Technology. 12 ( 1 ). Jump up ^ ML Parker ( September 1993 ). `` Apple Rootstocks and Tree Spacing ''. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013. Jump up ^ Ferree, David Curtis ; Ian J. Warrington ( 1999 ). Apples : Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0 - 85199 - 357 - 5. OCLC 182530169. ^ Jump up to : Bob Polomski ; Greg Reighard. `` Apple ''. Clemson University. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Apples in Ecuador ''. Acta Hort. Retrieved 17 July 2008. Jump up ^ Adamson, Nancy Lee. An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia. Diss. 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2015. Jump up ^ S. Sansavini ( 1 July 1986 ). `` The chilling requirement in apple and its role in regulating Time of flowering in spring in cold - Winter Climate ''. Symposium on Growth Regulators in Fruit Production ( International ed. ). Acta Horticulturae. p. 179. ISBN 978 - 90 - 6605 - 182 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Controlled Atmosphere Storage ( CA ) ''. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Refrigerated storage of perishable foods : Follow the guidelines in this fact sheet to help optimise the storage of perishable food in your refrigerator. ''. CSIRO. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2007. Jump up ^ Yepsen, Roger ( 1994 ). Apples. New York : W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0 - 393 - 03690 - 1. Jump up ^ Karp, David ( 25 Oct 2006 ). `` Puff the Magic Preservative : Lasting Crunch, but Less Scent ''. New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Lowther, Granville ; William Worthington. The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture : A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables. The Encyclopedia of horticulture corporation. ^ Jump up to : Coli, William ; et al. `` Apple Pest Management Guide ''. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008. ^ Jump up to : Bradley, Fern Marshall ; Ellis, Barbara W. ; Martin, Deborah L., eds. ( 2009 ). The Organic Gardener 's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control. Rodale, Inc. pp. 32 -- 34. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60529 - 677 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Facts, Apples, raw, with skin ( Includes USDA commodity food A343 ) ''. Nutritiondata.com. Retrieved 3 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Apples ''. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008. Jump up ^ Yu, Xiuzhu ; Van De Voort, Frederick R. ; Li, Zhixi ; Yue, Tianli ( 2007 ). `` Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil ''. International Journal of Food Engineering. 3 ( 5 ). doi : 10.2202 / 1556 - 3758.1283. ^ Jump up to : Boyer, Jeanelle ; Liu, RH ( May 2004 ). `` Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits ''. Nutrition journal. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 - 7201 USA : Department of Food Science and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology. 3 ( 1 ) : 5. PMC 442131. PMID 15140261. doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2891 - 3 - 5. Jump up ^ The Brown Apple. / / The New York Times, 22 November 2010 Jump up ^ Ferdman, Roberto A. ( 19 May 2016 ). `` A clever tweak to how apples are sold is making everyone eat more of them ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Organic apples ''. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` European Organic Apple Production Demonstrates the Value of Pesticides '' ( PDF ). CropLife Foundation, Washington, DC. December 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ribeiro FA, Gomes de Moura CF, Aguiar O Jr, de Oliveira F, Spadari RC, Oliveira NR, Oshima CT, Ribeiro DA ( September 2014 ). `` The chemopreventive activity of apple against carcinogenesis : antioxidant activity and cell cycle control ''. European Journal of Cancer Prevention ( Review ). 23 ( 5 ) : 477 -- 80. PMID 24366437. doi : 10.1097 / CEJ. 0000000000000005. Jump up ^ Determination of Polyphenolic Profiles of Basque Cider Apple Varieties Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction. R.M. Alonso - Salces, E. Korta, A. Barranco, L.A. Berrueta, B. Gallo and F. Vicente, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, volume 49, pages 3761 − 3767, doi : 10.1021 / jf010021 Jump up ^ Gosch, C. ; Halbwirth, H. ; Stich, K. ( 2010 ). `` Phloridzin : biosynthesis, distribution and physiological relevance in plants ''. Phytochemistry. 71 ( 8 ) : 838 -- 843. PMID 20356611. doi : 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2010.03. 003. Jump up ^ Gerhauser, C ( 2008 ). `` Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components ''. Planta Medica. 74 ( 13 ) : 1608 -- 24. PMID 18855307. doi : 10.1055 / s - 0028 - 1088300. ^ Jump up to : `` General Information -- Apple ''. Informall. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011. Jump up ^ Landau, Elizabeth, Oral allergy syndrome may explain mysterious reactions Archived 15 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine., 8 April 2009, CNN Health, accessed 17 October 2011 Jump up ^ Lewis S. Nelson ; Richard D. Shih ; Michael J. Balick ( 2007 ). Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. Springer. pp. 211 -- 212. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 33817 - 0. Retrieved 13 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Amygdalin ''. Toxnet, US Library of Medicine. Retrieved 20 April 2017. Jump up ^ Pollan, Michael ( 2001 ). The Botany of Desire : a Plant 's - eye View of the World. Random House. p. 22, cf. p. 9 & 50. ISBN 0375501290. Retrieved 3 January 2015. Further Reading Books Browning, F. ( 1999 ). Apples : The Story of the Fruit of Temptation. North Point Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86547 - 579 - 3. Mabberley, D.J ; Juniper, B.E ( 2009 ). The Story of the Apple. Timber Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60469 - 172 - 6. External links Find more aboutAppleat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Taxonomy from Wikispecies Apple ( fruit and tree ) at Encyclopædia Britannica Apple at the Encyclopedia of Life `` Apple ''. National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI ). `` Malus pumila ''. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 February 2017. Malus pumila Mill. ( accepted name ) Apple Facts from the UK 's Institute of Food Research National Fruit Collection ( UK ) Grand Valley State University digital collections - diary of Ohio fruit farmer Theodore Peticolas, 1863 Apples List of apple cultivars Species Malus pumila Malus niedzwetskyana Malus sieversii Table apples Adams Pearmain Akane Åkerö Alkmene Allington Pippin Ambrosia Anna Annurca Ariane Arkansas Black Ashmead 's Kernel Aurora Golden Gala Baldwin Beacon Beauty of Bath Belle de Boskoop Bellflower Ben Davis Birgit Bonnier Braeburn Brina Cameo Champion Civni ( Rubens ) Claygate Pearmain Clivia Cornish Aromatic Cornish Gilliflower Cortland Cosmic Crisp Court Pendu Plat Cox 's Orange Pippin Crimson Gold Cripps Red Cripps Pink ( Pink Lady ) Delbard Jubilee Delbarestivale Delrouval Discovery Dorsett Golden Dougherty Duchess of Oldenburg Egremont Russet Ellison 's Orange Elstar Empire Enterprise Envy Esopus Spitzenburg Eva Fiesta Filippa Flamenco Florina Fuji Gala Gascoyne 's Scarlet Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg Ginger Gold Golden Delicious Golden Orange Goldspur Granny Smith Gravenstein Grimes Golden Haralson Honeycrisp Honeygold Idared Ingrid Marie James Grieve Jazz Jersey Black Jonagold Jonathan Jubilee Julieta Jupiter Kanzi Karmijn de Sonnaville King of the Pippins Knobby Russet Lady Alice Laxton 's Superb Liberty Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lord Lambourne Lucombe 's Seedling Macoun McIntosh Melba Melrose Mutsu Newtown Pippin Nicola Opal Pacific Rose Pam 's Delight Papirovka Paula Red Pink Pearl Pinova Prima Pristine Rajka Ralls Genet Rambo Red Astrachan Red Delicious Red Pineapple Redlove apples Rhode Island Greening Ribston Pippin Rome Roxbury Russet Sandow Sekai Ichi Spartan Splendour Star of Devon Stayman Sturmer Pippin Summerfree Sundowner Sunset Suntan SweeTango Taliaferro Tartu Rose Tentation Tompkins King Topaz Wealthy Winesap Winston Worcester Pearmain Wyken Pippin York Imperial Zestar Cooking apples Antonovka Bismarck Blenheim Orange Bramley Calville Blanc d'hiver Chelmsford Wonder Creston Crimson Bramley Flower of Kent Golden Noble Granny Smith Grenadier King Byerd Manks Codlin Newton Wonder Norfolk Biffin Northern Spy Reinette du Canada Upton Pyne White Transparent Wolf River Cider apples Antonovka Brown Snout Chisel Jersey Coccagee Crimson King Dabinett Dufflin Ellis Bitter Foxwhelp Golden Russet Golden Spire Hangdown Harrison Cider Kingston Black Michelin Redstreak Slack - ma - Girdle Styre Tom Putt Woodcock Yarlington Mill Ornamental apple Flamenco Goldspur Wijcik McIntosh Apple products Apfelwein Apple butter Apple cake Apple chips Apple cider Apple cider vinegar Apple crisp Apple dishes Apple juice Apple pie Apple sauce Apple seed oil Apple strudel Applejack Calvados Candy apple Caramel apple Cider Himmel und Erde Ice cider Jewish apple cake Pectin Pommeau Agriculture Apple diseases Apple picking Apple scab Applecrab Countries by apple production Fruit tree pruning Gymnosporangium juniperi - virginianae Johnny Appleseed Lepidoptera that feed on Malus Malling series Malus Pearmain Pollination Pome PRI disease resistant apple breeding program Reinette Russeting US Apple Association Cultivars Production `` Crabapple '' or `` Wild apple '' ( of the genus Malus ) Species, varieties and cultivars Malus angustifolia ( Southern ) Malus asiatica ( Chinese pearleaf ) Malus baccata ( Siberian ) Malus bracteata Malus brevipes Malus coronaria ( Sweet ) Malus doumeri Malus ' Evereste ' Malus florentina Malus floribunda ( Japanese ) Malus fusca ( Oregon / Pacific ) Malus glabrata Malus glaucescens Malus halliana Malus honanensis Malus hupehensis ( Tea ) Malus ioensis ( Prairie ) Malus kansuensis Malus lancifolia Malus × micromalus ( Midget ) Malus niedzwetskyana Malus prattii Malus prunifolia Malus pumila ( Orchard ) Malus rockii Malus sargentii Malus sieboldii Malus sieversii ( Asian wild / Almaty ) Malus sikkimensis Malus spectabilis Malus sublobata Malus sylvestris ( European wild ) Malus toringoides Malus transitoria Malus trilobata Malus tschonoskii Malus yunnanensis Topics Apple Applecrab Malling series Commons NDL : 00569482 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple&oldid=796996052 '' Categories : Apples Malus Fruits originating in Asia Plants described in 1803 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. 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Question: to which kingdom and class does an apple belong
Answer: Plantae