Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( July 2018 ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2018 ) Constitution of India Original text of the preamble Original title भारतीय संविधान code : hin promoted to code : hi ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) code : hin promoted to code : hi Jurisdiction India Ratified November 26, 1949 ; 68 years ago ( 1949 - 11 - 26 ) Date effective January 26, 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) System Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republic Branches Three ( executive, legislature and judiciary ) Chambers Two ( Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha ) Executive Prime minister - led cabinet responsible to the lower house of the parliament Judiciary Supreme court, high courts and district courts Federalism Unitary ( Quasi-federal ) Electoral college Yes, for presidential and vice-presidential elections Entrenchments Amendments 101 Last amended 1 July 2017 ( 101st ) Location Parliament House, New Delhi, India Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Supersedes Government of India Act 1935 Indian Independence Act 1947 Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. It the longest written constitution of any country on earth. B.R. Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect. It imparts constitutional supremacy ( not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament ), and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble. Parliament can not override the constitution. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949, and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395. India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day. The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation 2 Constituent Assembly 2.1 Membership 2.2 Drafting 3 Influence of other constitutions 4 Structure 4.1 Parts 4.2 Schedules 4.3 Appendices 5 Constitution and government 6 Constitution and legislature 6.1 Amendments 6.2 Limitations 7 Constitution and judiciary 7.1 Judicial review 8 Flexibility 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Notes on Article 21 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Background Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. The constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act, 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950. Previous legislation The constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India 's needs and conditions. its framers borrowed features of previous legislation, such as the Government of India Act 1858, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The latter, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states. Constituent assembly 1950 Constituent Assembly meeting Main article : Constituent Assembly of India The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies. The 389 - member assembly ( reduced to 299 after the partition of India ) took almost three years to draft the constitution, holding eleven sessions over a 165 - day period. Membership B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly, which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo - Indian Christians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community. Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K.M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly. Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. The first, two - day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha ; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president. It met for the first time on 9 December 1946. Drafting Benegal Narsing Rau, a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council, was appointed as the assembly 's constitutional adviser in 1946. Responsible for the constitution 's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948. At the 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed. Rau 's draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight - person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B.R. Ambedkar as chair. A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947. While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635. Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days. On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution, which was signed by 284 members. The day is celebrated as National Law Day, or Constitution Day. Jawaharlal Nehru signing the constitution The assembly 's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English. The original constitution is hand - written, with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada. The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of India. The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹ 6.3 crore ( ₹ 63 million ). The constitution has had a number of amendments since it was enacted. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium - filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi. Influence of other constitutions United Kingdom Parliamentary government Concept of single citizenship Rule of law The legislative speaker and their role Legislative procedure United States Bill of Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independent judiciary and separation of powers Judicial review President as commander - in - chief of the armed forces Equal protection under law Ireland Directive principles of state policy Australia Freedom of trade between states National legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Preamble terminology France Ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité Canada Quasi-federal government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central and state governments Residual powers, retained by the central government Soviet Union Fundamental Duties under article 51 - A Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development Other constitutions The emergency provision under article 356 ( from the Weimar Constitution ) Amending the constitution ( from South Africa ) Due process ( from Japan ) Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest for a sovereign nation. At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. At about 145,000 words, it is the second - longest active constitution -- after the Constitution of Alabama -- in the world. The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it has been amended 101 times ; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017. Parts The constitution 's articles are grouped into the following parts : Preamble, with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment Part I -- States and union territories Part II -- Citizenship Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The union Part VI -- The states Part VII -- States in the B part of the first schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- Union territories Part IX -- Panchayats Part IXA -- Municipalities Part IXB -- Co-operative societies Part X -- Scheduled and tribal areas Part XI -- Relations between the union and the states Part XII -- Finance, property, contracts and suits Part XIII -- Trade and commerce within India Part XIV -- Services under the union and states Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special provisions relating to certain classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amending the constitution Part XXI -- Temporary, transitional and special provisions Part XXII -- Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repeals Schedules Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy. First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- Lists India 's states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change. Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ), 65 ( 3 ), 75 ( 6 ), 97, 125, 148 ( 3 ), 158 ( 3 ), 164 ( 5 ), 186 and 221 ) -- Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the Comptroller and Auditor General. Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ), 99, 124 ( 6 ), 148 ( 2 ), 164 ( 3 ), 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of oaths -- Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges. Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of Parliament ) by state or union territory. Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes requiring special protection ). Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- Official languages Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain acts and regulations Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures. Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order, 1954 Appendix II -- Re-statement, referring to the constitution 's present text, of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act, 1978 Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act, 2002 Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act, 2003 Constitution and government The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it. With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60. Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties. The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75 ( 3 ). The constitution is considered federal in nature, and unitary in spirit. It has features of a federation ( a codified, supreme constitution, a three - tier governmental structure ( central, state and local ), division of powers, bicameralism and an independent judiciary ) and unitary features such as a single constitution, single citizenship, an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong central government, appointment of state governors by the central government, All India Services ( the IAS, IFS and IPS ) and emergency provisions. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form. Each state and union territory has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has a governor or ( in union territories ) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister. Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government can not be conducted in accordance were constitution. This power, known as president 's rule, was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After the S.R. Bommai v. Union of India decision, such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review. The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas. Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Constitution and legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendments Amendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament. The procedure is detailed in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a with a two - thirds majority of its total membership when at least two - thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution 's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 ( except for money bills ), there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123, Chapter III. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368 ( 1 ) in the Twenty - fourth Amendment. By July 2018, 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament ; of these, 101 became Amendment Acts. Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world 's most frequently - amended national governing document. The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies. In 2000, the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update. The government of India establishes term - based law commissions to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law. Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify ; it can not tinker with the constitution 's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment ; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution 's basic features ( when `` read as a whole '' ) can not be abridged or abolished. These `` basic features '' have not been fully defined, and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a `` basic feature '' is decided by the courts. The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution 's basic structure : Supremacy of the constitution Republican, democratic form of government Its secular nature Separation of powers Its federal character This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a judicial review. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power. In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine. The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights. The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971. Constitution and judiciary The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution. Its duty ( mandated by the constitution ) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds. The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people ( enshrined in the constitution ) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state ( or states ). The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution, which can not be changed by the legislature or the executive. Judicial review Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States. In the Indian constitution, judicial review is dealt with in Article 13. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13, All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict ; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended ( the Doctrine of Eclipse ). Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void ab initio. In such situations, the Supreme Court ( or a high court ) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency ( and where separation is possible ), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review. Due to the adoption of the Thirty - eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 ( the right to constitutional remedies ). The Forty - second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368 ( 4 ), 368 ( 5 ) and 31C. Flexibility According to Granville Austin, `` The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively ) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people. '' The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities ( not in vague terms ) to ensure its flexibility. John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, said that a constitution 's `` great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves. '' A document `` intended to endure for ages to come '', it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context. The `` right to life '' guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial, ; the right to water ; the right to earn a livelihood, the right to health, and the right to education. At the conclusion of his book, Making of India 's Constitution, retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote : If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. '' -- Khanna, Hans Raj ( 2008 ). Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed. ). Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ). ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4. OCLC 294942170. See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code Notes Jump up ^ The Constitution of India was originally written in Hindi and English, so, both Hindi and English are its ' original ' languages. ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 until it split up in 1990. Jump up ^ Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395, the total number in March 2013 was 465. New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution. To not disturb the original numbering, new articles are inserted alphanumerically ; Article 21A, pertaining to the right to education, was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act. Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally. Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956, whereas newly added Part IVA, IXA, IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ). Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment, the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993. Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe. Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people, identified in the Constitution, who are struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights. but in a landmark judgement in 2007, the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15, 19, 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50, have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art. 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' References Jump up ^ `` Preface, The constitution of India '' ( PDF ). Government of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015. ^ Jump up to : Krithika, R. ( January 21, 2016 ). `` Celebrate the supreme law ''. The Hindu. N. Ram. ISSN 0971 - 751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved July 24, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Pylee, Moolamattom Varkey ( 1994 ). India 's Constitution ( 5th rev. and enl. ed. ). New Delhi : R. Chand & Company. p. 3. ISBN 978 - 8121904032. OCLC 35022507. ^ Jump up to : Nix, Elizabeth ( August 9, 2016 ). `` Which country has the world 's shortest written constitution ? ''. History. A&E Networks. Retrieved July 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 12 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India ''. Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008. Jump up ^ Swaminathan, Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ). `` India 's benign constitutional revolution ''. The Hindu : opinion. Retrieved 18 February 2013. Jump up ^ Das, Hari ( 2002 ). Political System of India ( Reprint ed. ). New Delhi : Anmol Publications. p. 120. ISBN 978 - 8174884961. Jump up ^ Aruna Roy & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors., WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( Supreme Court of India September 12, 2002 ). Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ). `` Aruna Roy & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. '' ( PDF ). Supreme Court of India. p. 18 / 30. Retrieved 11 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ). Ministry of Law & Justice. Retrieved 29 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Commencement ''. ^ Jump up to : Yellosa, Jetling ( November 26, 2015 ). `` Making of Indian Constitution ''. The Hans India. Retrieved July 24, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December, 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) ''. The Parliament of India Archive. Retrieved 22 February 2008. ^ Jump up to : Dhavan, Rajeev ( November 26, 2015 ). `` Document for all ages : Why Constitution is our greatest achievement ''. Hindustan Times. OCLC 231696742. Retrieved July 24, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Patnaik, Biswaraj ( January 26, 2017 ). `` BN Rau : The Forgotten Architect of Indian Constitution ''. The Pioneer. Bhubaneswar : Chandan Mitra. Retrieved July 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating Constitution Day ''. The Hindu. Internet Desk. N. Ram. November 26, 2015. ISSN 0971 - 751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved July 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly ''. Parliament of India. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011. On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day, saluting two remarkable judges, Firstpost, 26 November 2011. Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day, DNA India, 26 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India, January, 1950 ''. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS ''. India Code Information System. Ministry of Law, Government of India. Retrieved 9 December 2013. Jump up ^ Bahl, Raghav ( November 27, 2015 ). `` How India Borrowed From the US Constitution to Draft its Own ''. The Quint. Retrieved July 24, 2018. Jump up ^ Sridhar, Madabhushi. `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ). Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ), Hyderabad. Retrieved 22 October 2015. Jump up ^ Lockette, Tim ( November 18, 2012 ). `` Is the Alabama Constitution the longest constitution in the world ? Truth Rating : 4 out of 5 ''. The Anniston Star. Josephine Ayers. Retrieved July 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest ''. scocablog.com. Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india ''. Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India. Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act, 2014 '' ( PDF ). 1, Law Street. Retrieved 23 June 2015. Jump up ^ Baruah, Aparijita ( 2007 ). Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions. New Delhi : Deep & Deep. p. 177. ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Jump up ^ Chishti, Seema ; Anand, Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ). `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless, needless ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution ''. Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 28 August 1976. Retrieved 14 October 2008. Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf ^ Jump up to : Menon, N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ). `` Parliament and the Judiciary ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 21 November 2015. Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 ''. Indian Polity ( 4th ed. ). McGraw Hill Education. p. 3.2. ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8. Jump up ^ Krishnakumar, R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' ''. Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ). Retrieved 9 November 2015. Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad, R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' ''. Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ). Retrieved 9 November 2015. Jump up ^ Swami, Praveen. `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play ''. Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ). Retrieved 9 November 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981 ''. Retrieved 23 August 2014. Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi, Vivek ( 2009 ). `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ). Yale Journal of International Law. 34 ( 1 ) : 219. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04. Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ). Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ). Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28. Jump up ^ Dhamija, Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ). Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features. Wadhwa and Company. p. 568. ISBN 9788180382536. Retrieved 17 June 2014. ^ Jump up to : aDvantage. `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law ''. www.legalserviceindia.com. Retrieved 26 January 2016. Jump up ^ Jacobsohn, Gary J. ( 2010 ). Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780674047662. ^ Jump up to : Dalal, Milan ( 2008 ). `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law ''. Boston College International Comparative Law Review. 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260. Retrieved 5 March 2015. Jump up ^ Mehta, Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ). Hasan, Zoya ; Sridharan, E. ; Sudarshan, R., eds. Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas, Practices, Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed. ). Delhi : Permanent Black. p. 187. ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4. Retrieved 9 November 2015. Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya, Bishwajit. `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC ''. the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ). Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015. Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution. `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary ''. Chapter 1. New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ). Retrieved 5 November 2015. Jump up ^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut ( 2008 ). Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events, Processes and Ideology ( First ed. ). Oxon ( UK ), New York ( USA ) : Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7. Retrieved 5 November 2015. Jump up ^ Sorabjee, Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ). `` A step in the Wrong Direction ''. The Week. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Jump up ^ Venkatesan, V. ( March 10 -- 23, 2012 ). `` Three doctrines ''. Frontline. Vol. 29 no. 05. ISSN 0970 - 1710. Retrieved July 26, 2018. CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Jain, Mahabir Prashad ( 2010 ). Indian Constitutional Law ( 6th ed. ). Gurgaon : LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. p. 921. ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3. OCLC 650215045. Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh, Jindal Global Law School. Jump up ^ Jacobsohn, Gary ( 2010 ). Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978 - 0674047662. OCLC 939085793. Jump up ^ Chandrachud, Chintan ( June 6, 2015 ). `` India 's deceptive Constitution ''. The Hindu. N. Ram. ISSN 0971 - 751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved July 26, 2018. Jump up ^ Raghavan, Vikram ( 2010 ). `` The biographer of the Indian constitution ''. Seminar. Retrieved 13 November 2015. Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari, Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections ''. ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1. Retrieved 6 November 2015. Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316, 407 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ). Text Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316, 415 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ). Text Jump up ^ Gaur, K.D. ( 2002 ). Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ). New Delhi : Deep & Deep. p. 564. ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1. Retrieved 9 November 2015. Jump up ^ Narain, Vrinda. `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ). Vermont Law Review. 34 : 917 : 920. Retrieved 9 November 2015. Jump up ^ Khosla, Madhav ( 2011 ). `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ). I con ( 2010 ). 8 ( 4 ) : 761. doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005. Retrieved 10 November 2015. Jump up ^ Khanna, Hans Raj ( 2008 ). Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed. ). Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ). ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4. OCLC 294942170. Bibliography Khanna, Justice H.R ( 2015 ). Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008, ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed. ). Eastern Book Company. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6. Austin, Granville ( 1999 ). The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8. Austin, Granville ( 2003 ). Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7. Baruah, Aparajita ( 2007 ). Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison. Eastern Book Co. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1. Basu, Durga Das ( 1965 ). Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ). 1 -- 2. S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd. Basu, Durga Das ( 1984 ). Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed. ). South Asia Books. ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1. Basu, Durga Das ( 1981 ). Shorter Constitution of India. Prentice - Hall of India. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2. Das, Hari Hara ( 2002 ). Political System of India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7. Dash, Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ). The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study. Chaitanya Pub. House. Dhamija, Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ). Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features. Wadhwa and Company. ISBN 9788180382536. Ghosh, Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ). The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed. World Press. Jayapalan, N. ( 1998 ). Constitutional History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4. Khanna, Hans Raj ( 1981 ). Making of India 's Constitution. Eastern Book Co. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4. Rahulrai, Durga Das ( 1984 ). Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed. ). South Asia Books. ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1. Pylee, M.V. ( 1997 ). India 's Constitution. S. Chand & Co. ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X. Pylee, M.V. ( 2004 ). Constitutional Government in India. S. Chand & Co. ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8. Sen, Sarbani ( 2007 ). The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4. Sharma, Dinesh ; Singh, Jaya ; Maganathan, R. ; et al. ( 2002 ). Indian Constitution at Work. Political Science, Class XI. NCERT. `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December, 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) ''. The Parliament of India Archive. Retrieved 22 February 2008. External links Find more aboutConstitution of Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Original as published in the Gazette of India Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India Ministry of Law and Justice of India -- The Constitution of India Page Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 Constitutional predilections `` Constitution of India ''. Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. -- online copy Original text of the preamble hide Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts Judiciary of India Supreme Court Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India List of sitting judges High Courts High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India District Courts District Courts of India List of district courts of India Judicial Magistrate of First Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class Gram Nyayalayas Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Constitution Constitution of India Law of India Indian Penal Code Appointment of Judges National Judicial Appointments Commission Collegium System India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights, principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Constitutions of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau hide Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act, 2016 Consumer Protection Act, 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act, 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act, 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 Arms Act, 1959 Army Act, 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act, 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act, 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act, 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017 Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 University Grants Commission Act, 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act, 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act, 1986 Indian Forest Act, 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act, 2001 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services ) Act, 2016 Banking Regulation Act, 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act, 2003 Expenditure Tax Act, 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 Foreign Contribution ( Regulation ) Act, 2010 Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act, 1999 Government Securities Act, 2006 Indian Contract Act, 1872 Indian Stamp Act, 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 Insurance Act, 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act, 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 The Competition Act, 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act, 1978 The Income - tax Act, 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act, 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act, 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act, 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act, 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 Mental Health Care Act, 2017 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act, 1976 Factories Act, 1948, India Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act, 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal ) Act, 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Special Marriage Act, 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act, 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act, 2006 Street Vendors Act, 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill, 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 States Reorganisation Act, 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transport Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 National Waterways Act, 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act, 1978 Metro Railway Act, 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 Indian Trusts Act, 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 Societies Registration Act, 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act, 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act, 2015 Repealing and Amending Act, 2016 Repealing and Amending Act, 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act, 2017 Other All India Services Act, 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act, 1968 Information Technology Act, 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act, 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 Right to Information Act, 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act, 2005 The Foreigners Act, 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act, 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act, 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act, 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act, 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act, 1983 Interest Tax Act, 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act, 1968 Wealth Tax Act, 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill, 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_India&oldid=854527099 '' Categories : Constitution of India 1949 in law Constitutions by country Independent India Indian historical documents B.R. Ambedkar Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date format Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking reliable references from July 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Hindi - language text Lang and lang - xx code promoted to ISO 639 - 1 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikisource Languages অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 00 : 54 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: who has written the original document of the constitution of india
Answer: B. R. Ambedkar