John Dalton - wikipedia John Dalton This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 21 January 2018. For other people named John Dalton, see John Dalton ( disambiguation ). John Dalton Dalton by Charles Turner after James Lonsdale ( 1834, mezzotint ) ( 1766 - 09 - 06 ) 6 September 1766 Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England 27 July 1844 ( 1844 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 77 ) Manchester, England Cause of death Stroke Residence England Nationality British Known for Atomic theory, Law of Multiple Proportions, Dalton 's Law of Partial Pressures, Daltonism Awards Royal Medal ( 1826 ) Scientific career Notable students James Prescott Joule Influences John Gough Author abbrev. ( botany ) Jn. Dalton Signature John Dalton FRS ( / ˈdɔːltən / ; 6 September 1766 -- 27 July 1844 ) was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist. He is best known for proposing the modern atomic theory and for his research into colour blindness, sometimes referred to as Daltonism in his honour. Contents 1 Early life 2 Early careers 3 Scientific contributions 3.1 Meteorology 3.1. 1 Measuring mountains 3.2 Colour blindness 3.3 Gas laws 3.4 Atomic theory 3.5 Atomic weights 3.6 Other investigations 3.7 Experimental approach 4 Other publications 5 Public life 6 Personal life 7 Disability and death 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Early life John Dalton was born into a Quaker family in Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, in Cumberland, England. His father was a weaver. He received his early education from his father and from Quaker John Fletcher, who ran a private school in the nearby village of Pardshaw Hall. Dalton 's family was too poor to support him for long and he began to earn his living at the age of ten in the service of a wealthy local Quaker, Elihu Robinson. It is said he began teaching at a local school at age 12, and became proficient in Latin at age 14. Early careers When he was 15, Dalton joined his older brother Jonathan in running a Quaker school in Kendal, about 45 miles ( 72 km ) from his home. Around the age of 23 Dalton may have considered studying law or medicine, but his relatives did not encourage him, perhaps because being a Dissenter, he was barred from attending English universities. He acquired much scientific knowledge from informal instruction by John Gough, a blind philosopher who was gifted in the sciences and arts. At the age of 27 he was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the `` New College '' in Manchester, a dissenting academy ( the lineal predecessor, following a number of changes of location, of Harris Manchester College, Oxford ). He remained there until the age of 34, when the college 's worsening financial situation led him to resign his post and begin a new career as a private tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy. Scientific contributions Meteorology Dalton 's early life was influenced by a prominent Eaglesfield Quaker, Elihu Robinson, a competent meteorologist and instrument maker, who interested him in problems of mathematics and meteorology. During his years in Kendal, Dalton contributed solutions to problems and answered questions on various subjects in The Ladies ' Diary and the Gentleman 's Diary. In 1787 at age 21 he began his meteorological diary in which, during the succeeding 57 years, he entered more than 200,000 observations. He rediscovered George Hadley 's theory of atmospheric circulation ( now known as the Hadley cell ) around this time. In 1793 Dalton 's first publication, Meteorological Observations and Essays, contained the seeds of several of his later discoveries but despite the originality of his treatment, little attention was paid to them by other scholars. A second work by Dalton, Elements of English Grammar, was published in 1801. Measuring mountains After leaving the Lake District, Dalton returned annually to spend his holidays studying meteorology, something which involved a lot of hill - walking. Until the advent of aeroplanes and weather balloons, the only way to make measurements of temperature and humidity at altitude was to climb a mountain. Dalton estimated the height using a barometer. The Ordnance Survey did not publish maps for the Lake District until the 1860s. Before then, Dalton was one of the few authorities on the heights of the region 's mountains. He was often accompanied by Jonathan Otley, who also made a study of the heights of the local peaks, using Dalton 's figures as a comparison to check his work. Otley published his information in his map of 1818. Otley became both an assistant and a friend to Dalton. Colour blindness In 1794, shortly after his arrival in Manchester, Dalton was elected a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, the `` Lit & Phil '', and a few weeks later he communicated his first paper on `` Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours '', in which he postulated that shortage in colour perception was caused by discoloration of the liquid medium of the eyeball. As both he and his brother were colour blind, he recognised that the condition must be hereditary. Although Dalton 's theory lost credence in his lifetime, the thorough and methodical nature of his research into his visual problem was so broadly recognised that Daltonism became a common term for colour blindness. Examination of his preserved eyeball in 1995 demonstrated that Dalton had a less common kind of colour blindness, deuteroanopia, in which medium wavelength sensitive cones are missing ( rather than functioning with a mutated form of pigment, as in the most common type of colour blindness, deuteroanomaly ). Besides the blue and purple of the optical spectrum he was only able to recognise one colour, yellow, or, as he said in a paper, That part of the image which others call red, appears to me little more than a shade, or defect of light ; after that the orange, yellow, and green seem one colour, which descends pretty uniformly from an intense to a rare yellow, making what I should call different shades of yellow. Gas laws External video Profiles in Chemistry : How John Dalton 's meteorological studies led to the discovery of atoms on YouTube, Chemical Heritage Foundation In 1800, Dalton became secretary of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and in the following year he presented an important series of lectures, entitled `` Experimental Essays '' on the constitution of mixed gases ; the pressure of steam and other vapours at different temperatures in a vacuum and in air ; on evaporation ; and on the thermal expansion of gases. The four essays, presented between 2 and 30 October 1801, were published in the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1802. The second essay opens with the remark, There can scarcely be a doubt entertained respecting the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids ; and we ought not to despair of effecting it in low temperatures and by strong pressures exerted upon the unmixed gases further. After describing experiments to ascertain the pressure of steam at various points between 0 and 100 ° C ( 32 and 212 ° F ), Dalton concluded from observations of the vapour pressure of six different liquids, that the variation of vapour pressure for all liquids is equivalent, for the same variation of temperature, reckoning from vapour of any given pressure. In the fourth essay he remarks, I see no sufficient reason why we may not conclude, that all elastic fluids under the same pressure expand equally by heat -- and that for any given expansion of mercury, the corresponding expansion of air is proportionally something less, the higher the temperature... It seems, therefore, that general laws respecting the absolute quantity and the nature of heat, are more likely to be derived from elastic fluids than from other substances. He enunciated Gay - Lussac 's law, published in 1802 by Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac ( Gay - Lussac credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles ). In the two or three years following the lectures, Dalton published several papers on similar topics. `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids '' ( read on 21 October 1803, published until 1805 ) contained his law of partial pressures now known as Dalton 's law. Atomic theory The most important of all Dalton 's investigations are concerned with the atomic theory in chemistry. While his name is inseparably associated with this theory, the origin of Dalton 's atomic theory is not fully understood. The theory may have been suggested to him either by researches on ethylene ( olefiant gas ) and methane ( carburetted hydrogen ) or by analysis of nitrous oxide ( protoxide of azote ) and nitrogen dioxide ( deutoxide of azote ), both views resting on the authority of Thomas Thomson. From 1814 to 1819, Irish chemist William Higgins claimed that Dalton had plagiarized his ideas, but William 's theory did not address relative atomic mass. However, recent evidence suggests that Dalton 's development of thought may have been influenced by the ideas of another Irish chemist Bryan Higgins, who was William 's uncle. Bryan believed that an atom was a heavy central particle surrounded by an atmosphere of caloric, the supposed substance of heat at the time. The size of the atom was determined by the diameter of the caloric atmosphere. Based on the evidence, Dalton was aware of Bryan 's theory and adopted very similar ideas and language, but he never acknowledged Bryan 's anticipation of his caloric model. A study of Dalton 's laboratory notebooks, discovered in the rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, concluded that so far from Dalton being led by his search for an explanation of the law of multiple proportions to the idea that chemical combination consists in the interaction of atoms of definite and characteristic weight, the idea of atoms arose in his mind as a purely physical concept, forced on him by study of the physical properties of the atmosphere and other gases. The first published indications of this idea are to be found at the end of his paper `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids '' already mentioned. There he says : Why does not water admit its bulk of every kind of gas alike ? This question I have duly considered, and though I am not able to satisfy myself completely I am nearly persuaded that the circumstance depends on the weight and number of the ultimate particles of the several gases. The main points of Dalton 's atomic theory are : Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties ; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms can not be subdivided, created, or destroyed. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole - number ratios to form chemical compounds. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged. Dalton proposed an additional controversial `` rule of greatest simplicity '' that could not be independently confirmed. When atoms combine in only one ratio, ``... it must be presumed to be a binary one, unless some cause appear to the contrary ''. For elements that combined in multiple ratios, their combinations were assumed to be the simplest ones possible. Two combinations resulted in a binary and a ternary compound. This was merely an assumption, derived from faith in the simplicity of nature. No evidence was then available to scientists to deduce how many atoms of each element combine to form compound molecules. But this or some other such rule was absolutely necessary to any incipient theory, since one needed an assumed molecular formula in order to calculate relative atomic weights. Dalton 's `` rule of greatest simplicity '' caused him to assume that the formula for water was OH and ammonia was NH, quite different from our modern understanding ( H O, NH ). Despite the uncertainty at the heart of Dalton 's atomic theory, the principles of the theory survived. Atomic weights Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ). Dalton published his table of relative atomic weights containing six elements, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus, with the atom of hydrogen conventionally assumed to weigh 1. Dalton provided no indication in this paper how he had arrived at these numbers but in his laboratory notebook, dated 6 September 1803, is a list in which he set out the relative weights of the atoms of a number of elements, derived from analysis of water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. by chemists of the time. The extension of this idea to substances in general necessarily led him to the law of multiple proportions, and the comparison with experiment brilliantly confirmed his deduction. In the paper `` On the Proportion of the Several Gases in the Atmosphere '', read by him in November 1802, the law of multiple proportions appears to be anticipated in the words : The elements of oxygen may combine with a certain portion of nitrous gas or with twice that portion, but with no intermediate quantity. But there is reason to suspect that this sentence may have been added some time after the reading of the paper, which was not published until 1805. Compounds were listed as binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. ( molecules composed of two, three, four, etc. atoms ) in the New System of Chemical Philosophy depending on the number of atoms a compound had in its simplest, empirical form. Dalton hypothesised the structure of compounds can be represented in whole number ratios. So, one atom of element X combining with one atom of element Y is a binary compound. Furthermore, one atom of element X combining with two atoms of element Y or vice versa, is a ternary compound. Many of the first compounds listed in the New System of Chemical Philosophy correspond to modern views, although many others do not. Dalton used his own symbols to visually represent the atomic structure of compounds. They were depicted in the New System of Chemical Philosophy, where he listed 20 elements and 17 simple molecules. Other investigations Dalton published papers on such diverse topics as rain and dew and the origin of springs ( hydrosphere ) ; on heat, the colour of the sky, steam, and the reflection and refraction of light ; and on the grammatical subjects of the auxiliary verbs and participles of the English language. Experimental approach As an investigator, Dalton was often content with rough and inaccurate instruments, even though better ones were obtainable. Sir Humphry Davy described him as `` a very coarse experimenter '', who almost always found the results he required, trusting to his head rather than his hands. On the other hand, historians who have replicated some of his crucial experiments have confirmed Dalton 's skill and precision. In the preface to the second part of Volume I of his New System, he says he had so often been misled by taking for granted the results of others that he determined to write `` as little as possible but what I can attest by my own experience '', but this independence he carried so far that it sometimes resembled lack of receptivity. Thus he distrusted, and probably never fully accepted, Gay - Lussac 's conclusions as to the combining volumes of gases. He held unconventional views on chlorine. Even after its elementary character had been settled by Davy, he persisted in using the atomic weights he himself had adopted, even when they had been superseded by the more accurate determinations of other chemists. He always objected to the chemical notation devised by Jöns Jakob Berzelius, although most thought that it was much simpler and more convenient than his own cumbersome system of circular symbols. Other publications For Rees 's Cyclopædia Dalton contributed articles on Chemistry and Meteorology, but the topics are not known. He contributed 117 Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester from 1817 until his death in 1844 while president of that organisation. Of these the earlier are the most important. In one of them, read in 1814, he explains the principles of volumetric analysis, in which he was one of the earliest researchers. In 1840 a paper on phosphates and arsenates, often regarded as a weaker work, was refused by the Royal Society, and he was so incensed that he published it himself. He took the same course soon afterwards with four other papers, two of which ( `` On the quantity of acids, bases and salts in different varieties of salts '' and `` On a new and easy method of analysing sugar '' ) contain his discovery, regarded by him as second in importance only to atomic theory, that certain anhydrates, when dissolved in water, cause no increase in its volume, his inference being that the salt enters into the pores of the water. Public life Even before he had propounded the atomic theory, Dalton had attained a considerable scientific reputation. In 1803, he was chosen to give a series of lectures on natural philosophy at the Royal Institution in London, and he delivered another series of lectures there in 1809 -- 1810. Some witnesses reported that he was deficient in the qualities that make an attractive lecturer, being harsh and indistinct in voice, ineffective in the treatment of his subject, and singularly wanting in the language and power of illustration. In 1810, Sir Humphry Davy asked him to offer himself as a candidate for the fellowship of the Royal Society, but Dalton declined, possibly for financial reasons. In 1822 he was proposed without his knowledge, and on election paid the usual fee. Six years previously he had been made a corresponding member of the French Académie des Sciences, and in 1830 he was elected as one of its eight foreign associates in place of Davy. In 1833, Earl Grey 's government conferred on him a pension of £ 150, raised in 1836 to £ 300. Dalton was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1834. A young James Prescott Joule, who later studied and published ( 1843 ) on the nature of heat and its relationship to mechanical work, was a pupil of Dalton in his last years. Personal life Dalton in later life by Thomas Phillips, National Portrait Gallery, London ( 1835 ). Dalton never married and had only a few close friends. As a Quaker, he lived a modest and unassuming personal life. For the 26 years prior to his death, Dalton lived in a room in the home of the Rev W. Johns, a published botanist, and his wife, in George Street, Manchester. Dalton and Johns died in the same year ( 1844 ). Dalton 's daily round of laboratory work and tutoring in Manchester was broken only by annual excursions to the Lake District and occasional visits to London. In 1822 he paid a short visit to Paris, where he met many distinguished resident men of science. He attended several of the earlier meetings of the British Association at York, Oxford, Dublin and Bristol. Disability and death Dalton suffered a minor stroke in 1837, and a second in 1838 left him with a speech impairment, although he remained able to perform experiments. In May 1844 he had another stroke ; on 26 July 1844 he recorded with trembling hand his last meteorological observation. On 27 July 1844, in Manchester, Dalton fell from his bed and was found lifeless by his attendant. Dalton was accorded a civic funeral with full honours. His body lay in state in Manchester Town Hall for four days and more than 40,000 people filed past his coffin. The funeral procession included representatives of the city 's major civic, commercial, and scientific bodies. He was buried in Manchester in Ardwick cemetery. The cemetery is now a playing field, but pictures of the original grave may be found in published materials. Legacy Bust of Dalton by Chantrey, 1854 Statue of Dalton by Chantrey. Much of Dalton 's written work, collected by the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, was damaged during bombing on 24 December 1940. It prompted Isaac Asimov to say, `` John Dalton 's records, carefully preserved for a century, were destroyed during the World War II bombing of Manchester. It is not only the living who are killed in war ''. The damaged papers are in the John Rylands Library. A bust of Dalton, by Chantrey, paid for by public subscription was placed in the entrance hall of the Royal Manchester Institution. Chantrey 's large statue of Dalton, erected while Dalton was alive was placed in Manchester Town Hall in 1877. He `` is probably the only scientist who got a statue in his lifetime ''. The Manchester - based Swiss phrenologist and sculptor William Bally made a cast of the interior of Dalton 's cranium and of a cyst therein, having arrived at the Manchester Royal Infirmary too late to make a caste of the head and face. A cast of the head was made, by a Mr Politi, whose arrival at the scene preceded that of Bally. John Dalton Street connects Deansgate and Albert Square in the centre of Manchester. The John Dalton building at Manchester Metropolitan University is occupied by the Faculty of Science and Engineering. Outside it stands William Theed 's statue of Dalton, erected in Piccadilly in 1855, and moved there in 1966. A blue plaque commemorates the site of his laboratory at 36 George Street in Manchester. The University of Manchester established two Dalton Chemical Scholarships, two Dalton Mathematical Scholarships, and a Dalton Prize for Natural History. A hall of residence is named Dalton Hall. The Dalton Medal, has been awarded only twelve times by the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. A lunar crater was named after Dalton. `` Daltonism '' became a common term for colour blindness and daltonien is the French word for `` colour blind ''. The inorganic section of the UK 's Royal Society of Chemistry is named after Dalton ( Dalton Division ), and the society 's academic journal for inorganic chemistry also bears his name ( Dalton Transactions ). In honour of Dalton 's work, many chemists and biochemists use the ( unofficial ) designation dalton ( abbreviated Da ) to denote one atomic mass unit ( 1 / 12 the weight of a neutral atom of carbon - 12 ). Quaker schools have named buildings after Dalton : for example, a school house in the primary sector of Ackworth School, is called Dalton. Dalton Township in southern Ontario was named after him. In 2001 the name was lost when the township was absorbed into the City of Kawartha Lakes but in 2002 the Dalton name was affixed to a new park, Dalton Digby Wildlands Provincial Park. The standard author abbreviation Jn. Dalton is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. See also Atomic mass unit ( dalton ) -- the atomic mass unit Dalton Minimum -- a period of low solar activity Daltonism Democritus Pneumatic chemistry Notes Jump up ^ Dalton believed that his vitreous humour possessed an abnormal blue tint, causing his anomalous colour perception, and he gave instructions for his eyes to be examined on his death, to test this hypothesis. His wishes were duly carried out, but no blue coloration was found, and Dalton 's hypothesis was refuted. The shrivelled remains of one eye have survived to this day, and now belong to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. '' see `` John Dalton 's Colour Vision Legacy '' Book Review by Benedict Regan at bjo.bmj.com References ^ Jump up to : `` John Dalton ''. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Pardshaw -- Quaker Meeting House ''. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ Davis, Peter. `` Robinson, Elihu ''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed. ). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 53552. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ Smith, R. Angus ( 1856 ). Memoir of John Dalton and History of the Atomic Theory. London : H. Bailliere. p. 279. ISBN 1 - 4021 - 6437 - 8. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Jump up ^ George Hadley Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 30 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` Thomas West 's Guide to the Lakes, 1778 / 1821 ''. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ Thomas Fletcher Smith Jonathan Otley, Man of Lakeland, publ. Bookcase, 2007ISBN 978 - 1 - 904147 - 23 - 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Life and work of John Dalton -- Colour Blindness ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Dalton, John ( 1798 ). `` Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours : with observations ''. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 5 : 28 -- 45. Jump up ^ Dalton, John ( 1802 ). `` Essay II. On the Force of Steam or Vapour from Water and Various other Liquids, both is a Vacuum and in Air ''. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 2nd. 5 : 550 -- 551. Jump up ^ Dalton, John ( 1802 ). `` Essay IV. On the Expansion of Elastic Fluids by Heat ''. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 2nd. 5 : 600. ^ Jump up to : Dalton, John ( 1805 ). `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids ''. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 2nd. 6 : 271 -- 287. Jump up ^ Thackray, Arnold W. ( 1966 ). `` The Origin of Dalton 's Chemical Atomic Theory : Daltonian Doubts Resolved ''. Isis. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society. 57 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 55. doi : 10.1086 / 350077. ISSN 0021 - 1753. JSTOR 228689. Jump up ^ Thomson, Thomas ( 1810 ). The Elements of Chemistry. J. & A.Y. Humphreys. p. 480. Jump up ^ Wheeler, T. S and Partington, J.R. ( 1960 ). The life and work of William Higgins, chemist, 1763 - 1825 including reprints of `` A comparative view of the phlogistic and antiphlogistic theories '' and `` Observations on the atomic theory and electrical phenomena '' by William Higgins. Pergamon Press. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Grossman, Mark I. ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ). `` William Higgins at the Dublin Society, 1810 -- 20 : the loss of a professorship and a claim to the atomic theory ''. Notes and Records. 64 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 434. doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2010.0020. ISSN 0035 - 9149. Jump up ^ Grossman, Mark I. ( 2014 - 12 - 20 ). `` John Dalton and the London atomists : William and Bryan Higgins, William Austin, and new Daltonian doubts about the origin of the atomic theory ''. Notes Rec. 68 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 356. doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2014.0025. ISSN 0035 - 9149. Jump up ^ Grossman, Mark I. ( December 2017 ). `` John Dalton and the origin of the atomic theory : reassessing the influence of Bryan Higgins ''. The British Journal for the History of Science. 50 ( 4 ) : 657 -- 676. Jump up ^ Roscoe & Harden 1896. Jump up ^ Levere, Trevor ( 2001 ). Transforming Matter : A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball. Baltimore, Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 84 -- 86. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6610 - 3. Jump up ^ Roscoe & Harden 1896, p. 83. Jump up ^ Roscoe & Harden 1896, pp. 50 - 51. Jump up ^ Dalton, John ( 1805 ). `` On the Proportion of the Several Gases in the Atmosphere ''. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 2nd. 6 : 244 -- 258. Jump up ^ `` Book of Members, 1780 -- 2010 : Chapter D '' ( PDF ). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ Smith, Robert Angus ( 1856 ). `` Memoir of John Dalton and History of the Atomic Theory up to his time ''. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester ( hardcover ) format = requires url = ( help ). Second. London : H. Bailliere. 13 : 298. Jump up ^ `` Dalton, John ''. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Scribner 's Sons. 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : King, Kristine ( 10 October 2003 ). `` Science celebrates ' father of nanotech ' ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Patterson, Elizabeth C. ( 1970 ). John Dalton and the Atomic Theory. Garden City, New York : Doubleday. Jump up ^ Elliott, T. Lenton ( 1953 ). `` John Dalton 's Grave ''. Journal of Chemical Education. 30 ( 11 ) : 569. Bibcode : 1953JChEd... 30... 569E. doi : 10.1021 / ed030p569. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Jump up ^ Millington, John Price ( 1906 ). John Dalton. London : J.M. Dent & Company. pp. 201 -- 208. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Late Dr Dalton ''. The Manchester Guardian. 3 August 1844. p. 5. Jump up ^ `` John Dalton blue plaque ''. openplaques.org. Retrieved 26 August 2017. Jump up ^ Limited, Alamy. `` Stock Photo - Blue plaque for John Dalton, 36 George St. Manchester ''. Alamy. Retrieved 26 August 2017. Jump up ^ IPNI. Jn. Dalton. Sources Greenaway, Frank ( 1966 ). John Dalton and the Atom. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press. Henry, William C. ( 1854 ). Memoirs of the Life and Scientific Researches of John Dalton. London : Cavendish Society. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Hunt, D.M. ; Dulai, K.S. ; Bowmaker, J.K. ; Mollon, J.D. ( 1995 ). `` The Chemistry of John Dalton 's Color Blindness ''. Science. 267 ( 5200 ) : 984 -- 988. Bibcode : 1995Sci... 267... 984H. doi : 10.1126 / science. 7863342. PMID 7863342. Lonsdale, Henry ( 1874 ). The Worthies of Cumberland : John Dalton. George Routledge and Sons : George. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Millington, John Price ( 1906 ). John Dalton. London : J.M. Dent & Company. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Patterson, Elizabeth C. ( 1970 ). John Dalton and the Atomic Theory. Garden City, New York : Anchor. Rocke, A.J. ( 2005 ). `` In Search of El Dorado : John Dalton and the Origins of the Atomic Theory ''. Social Research. 72 : 125 -- 158. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Roscoe, Henry E. ( 1895 ). John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry. London : Macmillan. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Roscoe, Henry E. & Harden, Arthur ( 1896 ). A New View of the Origin of Dalton 's Atomic Theory. London : Macmillan. ISBN 1 - 4369 - 2630 - 0. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Smith, R. Angus ( 1856 ). Memoir of John Dalton and History of the Atomic Theory. London : H. Bailliere. ISBN 1 - 4021 - 6437 - 8. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Smyth, A.L. ( 1998 ). John Dalton, 1766 -- 1844 : A Bibliography of Works by and About Him, With an Annotated List of His Surviving Apparatus and Personal Effects. ISBN 1 - 85928 - 438 - 8. - Original edition published by Manchester University Press in 1966 Thackray, Arnold ( 1972 ). John Dalton : Critical Assessments of His Life and Science. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 47525 - 9. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Dalton Media related to John Dalton at Wikimedia Commons Works written by or about John Dalton at Wikisource `` Dalton, John ( 1766 -- 1844 ) ''. Dictionary of National Biography. 13. 1888. Dalton, John ( 1834 ). Meteorological Observations and Essays ( 2 ed. ). Manchester : Harrison and Crosfield. Retrieved 24 December 2007. Dalton, John ( 1893 ). Foundations of the Atomic Theory. Edinburgh : William F. Clay. Retrieved 24 December 2007. -- Alembic Club reprint with some of Dalton 's papers, along with some by William Hyde Wollaston and Thomas Thomson Dalton, John ( 1808 ). A new system of chemical philosophy. ISBN 1 - 153 - 05671 - 2. Retrieved 8 July 2008. John Dalton Papers at John Rylands Library, Manchester. Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Newtonian fluids Liquid helium Noble gas Van der Waals gas Nascent hydrogen Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr John Dalton Paul Dirac Paul Drude Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Scientists whose names are used as non SI units Anders Jonas Ångström Alexander Graham Bell Marie Curie Pierre Curie John Dalton Peter Debye Loránd Eötvös Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Galileo Galilei Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss William Gilbert Heinrich Kayser Johann Heinrich Lambert Samuel Pierpont Langley Heinrich Mache James Clerk Maxwell John Napier Hans Christian Ørsted Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille William John Macquorn Rankine René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Wilhelm Röntgen Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh Joseph John Thomson Evangelista Torricelli Scientists whose names are used as SI units Scientists whose names are used in chemical element names Scientists whose names are used in physical constants VIAF : 56739674 LCCN : n50045107 ISNI : 0000 0000 8384 8146 GND : 118678671 SUDOC : 050637711 BNF : cb13746608g ( data ) NLA : 35033140 NDL : 00437157 NKC : nlk20000083969 Botanist : Jn. Dalton BNE : XX1663735 IATH : w6wd46cz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Dalton&oldid=821532948 '' Categories : 1766 births 1844 deaths English meteorologists English chemists English physicists People from Cockermouth English Quakers History of Greater Manchester People associated with the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology Royal Medal winners British chemists Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences People with color blindness Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with format and no URL Use dmy dates from October 2011 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Botanists with author abbreviations Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018, at 02 : 02. 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Question: who came up with an atomic theory based on scientific evidence
Answer: John Dalton