Treaty of Brest - Litovsk - wikipedia Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( Ukraine -- Central Powers ), a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2007 ) The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk, in ( from left to right ) German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish and Russian Signed 3 March 1918 ( during The First World War ) Location Brest - Litovsk, Bialystok - Grodno District ( Ukraine under German occupation ) Condition Ratification Signatories Germany Austria - Hungary Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russian SFSR Languages Bulgarian German Hungarian Russian Ottoman Turkish en : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk at Wikisource The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers ( Germany, Austria - Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire ), that ended Russia 's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest - Litovsk ( Polish : Brześć Litewski ; since 1945 Brest ), after two months of negotiations. The treaty was agreed upon by the Bolshevik government to stop further advances by German and Austro - Hungarian forces. According to the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia 's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance. In the treaty, Bolshevik Russia ceded the Baltic States to Germany ; they were meant to become German vassal states under German princelings. Russia also ceded its province of Kars Oblast in the South Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire and recognized the independence of Ukraine. According to Spencer Tucker, a historian of World War I, `` The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator. '' Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives, which in turn led to Polish protests. When Germans later complained that the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was too harsh on them, the Allies ( and historians favorable to the Allies ) responded that it was more benign than Brest - Litovsk. The treaty was effectively terminated in November 1918, when Germany surrendered to the Allies. However, in the meantime, it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks, already fighting the Russian Civil War, by the renouncement of Russia 's claims on Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine and Lithuania. Contents 1 Background 2 Peace negotiations 3 The terms of the Treaty 3.1 Signing 3.2 Territorial cessions in eastern Europe 3.3 Transfer of territory to the Ottoman Empire 3.4 Russian - German financial agreement of August 1918 4 Lasting effects 5 Portraits 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War I ) and Russian Revolution By 1917, Germany and Imperial Russia were stuck in a stalemate on the Eastern Front of World War I and the Russian economy had nearly collapsed under the strain of the war effort. The large numbers of war casualties and persistent food shortages in the major urban centers brought about civil unrest, known as the February Revolution, that forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate. The Russian Provisional Government that replaced the Tsar ( initially presided by prince Georgy Lvov, later by Alexander Kerensky ), decided to continue the war on the Entente side. Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov sent the Entente Powers a telegram, known as Milyukov note, affirming to them that the Provisional Government would continue the war with the same war aims that Imperial Russia did. The pro-war Provisional Government was opposed by the self - proclaimed Petrograd Soviet of Workers ' and Soldiers ' Deputies, dominated by leftist parties. Its Order No. 1 called for an overriding mandate to soldier committees rather than army officers. The Soviet started to form its own paramilitary power, the Red Guards, in March 1917. The continuing war led the German Government to agree to a suggestion that they should favor the opposition Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ), who were proponents of Russia 's withdrawal from the war. Therefore, in April 1917, Germany transported Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin and thirty - one supporters in a sealed train from exile in Switzerland to Finland. Upon his arrival in Petrograd, Lenin proclaimed his April Theses, which included a call for turning all political power over to workers ' and soldiers ' soviets ( councils ) and an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war. Throughout 1917, Bolsheviks called for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and an end to the war. Following the disastrous failure of the Kerensky Offensive, discipline in the Russian army deteriorated completely. Soldiers would disobey orders, often under the influence of Bolshevik agitation, and set up soldiers ' committees to take control of their units after deposing the officers. Russian and German soldiers occasionally fraternized. The defeat and ongoing hardships of war led to anti-government riots in Petrograd, the `` July Days '' of 1917. Several months later, on 7 November ( 25 October old style ), Red Guards seized the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government in what is known as the October Revolution. A top priority of the newly established Soviet government was to end the war. On 8 November 1917 ( 26 October 1917 O.S ) Vladimir Lenin signed the Decree on Peace, which was approved by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers ', Soldiers ', and Peasants ' Deputies. The Decree called `` upon all the belligerent nations and their governments to start immediate negotiations for peace '' and proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I. Leon Trotsky was appointed Commissar of Foreign Affairs in the new Bolshevik government. In preparation for peace talks with the representatives of the German government and the representatives of the other Central Powers, Leon Trotsky appointed his good friend, Adolph Joffe, to represent the Bolsheviks at the peace conference. Peace negotiations Lev Kamenev arrives at Brest - Litovsk. Trotsky greeted by German officers. Special edition of the Lübeckischen Anzeigen, Headline : `` Peace with Ukraine ''. On 15 December 1917, an armistice between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers was concluded. On 22 December, peace negotiations began in Brest - Litovsk. Arrangements for the conference were the responsibility of General Max Hoffmann, chief of staff of the Central Power 's forces on their Eastern Front ( Oberkommando - Ostfront ). The delegations that had negotiated the armistice were made stronger. Prominent additions on the Central Power 's side were the foreign ministers of Germany Richard von Kühlmann and of Austria - Hungary Count Ottokar Czernin, both the Ottoman grand vizier Talat Pasha and Foreign Minister Nassimy Bey. The Bulgarians were headed by Minister of Justice Popoff, who was later joined by Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov. The Russian delegation was led by Adolph Joffe who had already led their armistice negotiators, but his group was made more cohesive by eliminating most of the representatives of social groups, like peasants and sailors, and the addition of tsarist general Aleksandr Samoilo and the noted Marxist historian Mikhail Pokrovsky. It still included as the representative for women Anastasia Bizenko, who had assassinated a high Imperial official. Again the negotiators met in the fortress in Brest Litovsk, while the delegates were housed in temporary wooden structure in its courtyards, because the city had been burnt to the ground in 1915 by the retreating Russian army. They were cordially welcomed by the commander of the Eastern Front, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, who sat with Joffe on the head table at the opening banquet with one hundred guests. As they had during the armistice negotiations both sides continued to eat dinner and supper together amicably intermingled in the officer 's mess. When the conference convened Kühlmann asked Joffe to present the Russian conditions for peace. He made six points, all variations of the Bolshevik slogan of peace with `` no annexations or indemnities ''. The Central Powers accepted these principles `` but only in case all belligerents ( including the nations of the Entente ) without exception pledge themselves to do the same ''. They did not intend to annex territories occupied by force. Joffe telegraphed this marvelous news to Petrograd. Thanks to informal chatting in the mess, one of Hoffmann 's aides, Colonel Friedrich Brinckmann, realized that the Russians had optimistically misinterpreted the Central Power 's meaning. It fell to Hoffmann to set matters straight at dinner on 27 December : Poland, Lithuania and Courland, already occupied by the Central Powers, were determined to separate from Russia, on the principle of self - determination that the Bolsheviks themselves espoused. Joffe `` looked as if he had received a blow on the head ''. Pokrovsky wept as he asked how they could speak of `` peace without annexations when Germany was tearing eighteen provinces away from the Russian state ''. The Germans and Austro - Hungarian planned to annex slices of Polish territory and to set up a rump Polish state with what remained, while the Baltic provinces were to become client states ruled by German princes. Czernin was beside himself with this hitch that was slowing the negotiations ; self - determination was anathema to his government and they urgently needed grain from the east because Vienna was on the verge of starvation. He proposed to make a separate peace. Kühlmann warned that if they negotiated separately Germany would immediately withdraw all its divisions from the Austrian front ; Czernin dropped that threat. The food crisis in Vienna was eventually eased by `` forced drafts of grain from Hungary, Poland, and Romania and by a last moment contribution from Germany of 450 truck - loads of flour '', At the Russian request they agreed to recess the talks for twelve days. The Russians only hopes were that given time their allies would agree to join the negotiations or that the western European proletariat would revolt, so their best strategy was to prolong the negotiations. As Foreign Minister Leon Trotsky wrote `` To delay negotiations, there must be someone to do the delaying ''. Therefore Trotsky replaced Joffe as the leader. On the other side there were significant political realignments. On New Years day in Berlin the Kaiser insisted that Hoffmann reveal his views on the future German - Polish border. He advocated taking a small slice of Poland ; Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted much more. They were furious with Hoffmann for breaching the chain of command and wanted him dismissed and sent to command a division. The Kaiser refused, but Ludendorff no longer spoke with Hoffmann on the telephone, now communication was through an intermediary. The German Supreme Commanders were also furious at ruling out of annexations, contending that the peace `` must increase Germany 's material power ''. They denigrated Kühlmann and pressed for additional territorial acquisitions. When Hindenburg was asked why they needed the Baltic states he replied, `` To secure my left flank for when the next war happens. '' However the most profound transformation was that a delegation from the Ukrainian Rada, which had declared independence from Russia, had arrived at Brest - Litovsk. They would make peace if they were given the Polish city of Cholm and its surroundings, and then would provide desperately needed grain. Czernin no longer was desperate for a prompt settlement with the Russians. When they reconvened Trotsky declined the invitation to meet Prince Leopold and terminated shared meals and other sociable interactions with the representatives of the Central Powers. Day after day Trotsky `` engaged Kühlmann in debate, rising to subtle discussion of first principles that ranged far beyond the concrete territorial issues that divided them ''. The Central Powers signed a peace treaty with the Ukraine during the night of 8 - 9 February, even though the Russian had retaken Kiev. German and Austro - Hungarian troops entered the Ukraine to prop up the Rada. Finally Hoffmann broke the impasse with the Russians by focusing the discussion on maps of the future boundaries. Trotsky summarized their situation `` Germany and Austria - Hungary are cutting off from the domains of the former Russian Empire territories more than 150,000 square kilometers in size. '' He was granted a nine day recess for the Russians to decide whether to sign. In Petrograd Trotsky argued passionately against signing, proposing that instead `` they should announce the termination of the war and demobilization without signing any peace. '' Lenin was for signing rather than having an even more ruinous treaty forced on them after a few more weeks of military humiliation. The `` Left Communists '', led by Nikolai Bukharin and Karl Radek, were sure that Germany, Austria, Turkey, and Bulgaria were all on the verge of revolution. They wanted to continue the war with a newly - raised revolutionary force while awaiting for these upheavals. Consequently Lenin agreed to Trotsky 's formula -- a position summed up as `` no war -- no peace '' -- which was announced when the negotiators reconvened on 10 February 1918. The Russians thought their stalling was succeeding until 16 February when Hoffmann notified them that the war would resume in two days, when fifty - three divisions advanced against the near - empty Russian trenches. On the night of 18 February the Central Committee supported Lenin 's resolution that they sign the treaty by a margin of seven to five. Hoffmann kept advancing until 23 February when he presented new terms that included the withdrawal of all Russian troops from Ukraine and Finland. They were give 48 hours to decide. Lenin told the Central Committee that `` you must sign this shameful peace in order to save the world revolution ''. If they did not agree he would resign. He was supported by six Central Committee members, opposed by three, with Trotsky and three others abstaining. Trotsky resigned as foreign minister and was replaced by Grigori Sokolnikov. When Sokolnikov arrived at Brest - Litovsk he declared `` we are going to sign immediately the treaty presented to us as an ultimatum but at the same time refuse to enter into any discussion of its terms. '' The treaty was signed at 17 : 50 on 3 March, 1918. The terms of the treaty Signing of armistice between Russia and Germany Signing Borders drawn up in Brest - Litovsk. The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918. The signatories were Bolshevik Russia signed by Grigori Yakovlovich Sokolnikov on the one side and the German Empire, Austria - Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire on the other. The treaty marked Russia 's final withdrawal from World War I as an enemy of her co-signatories, on severe terms. In all, the treaty took away territory that included a quarter of the population and industry of the former Russian Empire and nine - tenths of its coal mines. Territorial cessions in Eastern Europe Russia renounced all territorial claims in Finland ( which it had already acknowledged ), Baltic states ( Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ), Belarus, and Ukraine. The territory of the Kingdom of Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, because Russian Poland had been a personal possession of the Tsar, not part of the Empire. The treaty stated that `` Germany and Austria - Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these territories in agreement with their populations. '' Most of these territories were in effect ceded to Germany, which intended to have them become economic and political dependencies. The many ethnic German residents ( volksdeutsch ) would be the ruling elite. New monarchies were created in Lithuania and the United Baltic Duchy ( which comprised the modern countries of Latvia and Estonia ). The German aristocrats Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach ( in Lithuania ), and Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg - Schwerin ( in the United Baltic Duchy ), were appointed as rulers. This plan was detailed by German Colonel General Erich Ludendorff, who wrote, `` German prestige demands that we should hold a strong protecting hand, not only over German citizens, but over all Germans. '' The occupation of Western Russia ultimately proved a costly blunder for Berlin as over one million German troops lay sprawled out from Poland nearly to the Caspian Sea, all idle and depriving Germany of badly needed manpower in France. The hopes of utilizing Ukraine 's grain and coal proved abortive and in addition, the local population became increasingly upset at the occupying army. Revolts and guerrilla warfare began breaking out all over the occupied zone, many of them inspired by Bolshevik agents. German troops had to intervene in Finland to put down an attempted Bolshevik coup, and Ludendorff became increasingly paranoid about his troops being affected by propaganda emanating from Moscow ; this was one of the reasons he was reluctant to transfer divisions to the Western Front. The attempt at establishing an independent Ukrainian state under German guidance was unsuccessful as well. Despite all this, Ludendorff completely ruled out the idea of marching on Moscow and Petrograd to remove the Bolshevik government from power. Germany transferred hundreds of thousands of veteran troops to the Western Front for the 1918 Spring Offensive, which shocked the Allies badly, but ultimately failed. Some Germans later blamed the occupation for significantly weakening the Spring Offensive. Transfer of territory to the Ottoman Empire `` Three bones -- a bountiful tip '', a political cartoon from 1918 by American cartoonist E.A. Bushnell. At the insistence of Talaat Pasha, the treaty declared that the territory Russia took from the Ottoman Empire in the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ), specifically Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi, were to be returned. At the time of the treaty, this territory was under the effective control of Armenian and Georgian forces. Paragraph 3 of Article IV of the treaty states that : The districts of Erdehan, Kars, and Batum will likewise and without delay be cleared of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the reorganization of the national and international relations of these districts, but leave it to the population of these districts to carry out this reorganization in agreement with the neighboring States, especially with the Ottoman Empire. Russian - German financial agreement of August 1918 In the wake of Russian repudiation of Tsarist bonds, nationalisation of foreign - owned property and confiscation of foreign assets, Russia and Germany signed an additional agreement on 27 August 1918. Russia agreed to pay six billion marks in compensation to German interests for their losses. Lasting effects `` Poland & The New Baltic States '' : a map from a 1920 British atlas, showing borders left undefined between the treaties of Brest - Litovsk, Versailles and Riga. Russia 's western border in 2014. Thereafter the Crimea has come under Russian administration Immediately after the signing of the treaty, Lenin moved the Soviet Russian government from Petrograd to Moscow. Trotsky blamed the peace treaty on the bourgeoisie, the social revolutionaries, Tsarist diplomats, Tsarist bureaucrats, `` the Kerenskys, Tseretelis and Chernovs '' the Tsarist regime, and the `` petty - bourgeois compromisers ''. Relations between Russia and the victors did not go smoothly. The Ottoman Empire broke the treaty by invading the newly created First Republic of Armenia in May 1918. Joffe became the Russian ambassador to Germany. His priority was distributing propaganda to trigger the German revolution. On 4 November 1918 `` the Soviet courier 's packing - case had ' come to pieces ' '' in a Berlin railway station ; it was filled with insurrectionary documents. Joffe and his staff were ejected from Germany in a sealed train on 5 November 1918. In the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended World War I, one clause abrogated the Brest - Litovsk treaty. Next the Bolshevik legislature ( VTsIK ) annulled the treaty on 13 November 1918, and the text of the VTsIK Decision was printed in Pravda newspaper the next day. In the year after the armistice following a timetable set by the victors the German Army withdrew its occupying forces from the lands gained in Brest - Litovsk. The fate of the region, and the location of the eventual western border of the Soviet Union, was settled in violent and chaotic struggles over the course of the next three and a half years. The Polish -- Soviet War was particularly bitter ; it ended with the Treaty of Riga in 1921. Although most of Ukraine fell under Bolshevik control and eventually became one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, Poland and the Baltic states emerged as independent countries. In the Treaty of Rapallo, concluded in April 1922, Germany accepted the Treaty 's nullification, and the two powers agreed to abandon all war - related territorial and financial claims against each other. This state of affairs lasted until 1939. As a consequence of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union advanced its borders westward by invading Poland in September 1939 and taking a small part of Finland in November 1939 and annexing the Baltic States, Eastern Poland and Bessarabia in 1940. It thus overturned almost all the territorial losses incurred at Brest - Litovsk, except for the main part of Finland, western Congress Poland, and western Armenia. The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk marked a significant contraction of the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks and damaged their claim to bs effective successors of the Russian Empire. While the independence of Finland and Poland was already accepted by them in principle, the loss of Ukraine and the Baltics created, from the Bolshevik perspective, dangerous bases of anti-Bolshevik military activity in the subsequent Russian Civil War ( 1918 -- 1922 ). Indeed, many Russian nationalists and some revolutionaries were furious at the Bolsheviks ' acceptance of the treaty and joined forces to fight them. Non-Russians who inhabited the lands lost by Bolshevik Russia in the treaty saw the changes as an opportunity to set up independent states. For the Western Allies, the terms that Germany imposed on Russia were interpreted as a warning of what to expect if Germany and the other Central Powers won the war. Between Brest - Litovsk and the point when the German military situation in the west became dire, some officials in the German government and high command began to favor offering more lenient terms to the Allies in exchange for their recognition of German gains in the east. The maps show that Russia 's post-1991 western border bears a marked similarity to that imposed by the Brest - Litovsk treaty. Portraits Emil Orlik, the Viennese Secessionist artist, attended the conference, at the invitation of Richard von Kühlmann. He drew portraits of all the participants, along with a series of smaller caricatures. These were gathered together into a book, Brest - Litovsk, a copy of which was given to each of the participants. See also World War I portal Commissions of the Danube River History of Belarus Mitteleuropa Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( 9 February 1918 ), signed by Ukraine Treaty of Bucharest ( 1918 ) References Jump up ^ ( in Ukrainian ) To whom did Brest belong in 1918 ? Argument among Ukraine, Belarus, and Germany. Ukrayinska Pravda, 25 March 2011. Jump up ^ A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526 - 1918 By Robert A. Kann page 479 - 480 Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2005 ). World War One. ABC - CLIO. p. 225. Jump up ^ Mapping Europe 's Borderlands : Russian Cartography in the Age of Empire Steven Seegel - 2012 At Brest - Litovsk in March 1918, no Polish delegation was invited to the negotiations, and in the Polish press, journalists condemned it as yet another partition of the lands east of the Bug River by great powers Jump up ^ Zara S. Steiner ( 2005 ). The Lights that Failed : European International History, 1919 -- 1933. Oxford U.P. p. 68. Jump up ^ Fry, Michael Graham ; Goldstein, Erik ; Langhorne, Richard ( 2002 ). Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. Continuum. p. 188. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett, John W. ( 1938 ). Brest - Litovsk : The forgotten peace. London : Macmillan. pp. 36 -- 41. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett, John W. ( 1938 ). Brest - Litovsk : the forgotten peace, March 1918. London : Macmillan. pp. 111 -- 112. Jump up ^ Lincoln, W.B. ( 1986 ). Passage through Armageddon. The Russians in war & revolution 1914 - 1918. New York : Simon & Schuster. pp. 489 -- 491. Jump up ^ Czernin, Count Ottokar ( 1919 ). In the world war. London : Cassall. p. 228. Jump up ^ Lincoln, 1986, p. 490. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett, 1938, p. 124. Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Major General Max ( 1929 ). War Diaries and other papers. 1. London : Martin Secker. p. 209. Jump up ^ Lincoln, 1989, p. 401. Jump up ^ Lincoln, 1989, p. 491. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett, 1938, p. 170. Jump up ^ Trotsky, Leon ( 1930 ). `` My Life '' ( PDF ). Marxists. Charles Schribner 's Sons. p. 286. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett 1938, pp. 130 - 136. Jump up ^ Ludendorff, General ( 1920 ). The General Staff and its problems The history of the relations between the high command and the German Imperial Government as revealed in official documents. 2. London : Hutchinson. p. 209. Jump up ^ David Stevenson ( 2009 ). Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy. Basic Books. p. 315. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 3885 - 4. Jump up ^ Lincoln, 1989, p. 494. Jump up ^ Lincoln, 1989, p. 496. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett, John W. ( 1938 ). Brest - Litovsk : the forgotten peace, March 1918. London : Macmillan. pp. 185 -- 186. Jump up ^ Fisher, Ruth ( 1982 ). Stalin and German communism : A study ion the origins of the state party. New Brunswick NJ : Transition Books. p. 39. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett, 1938, p. 260. Jump up ^ Fischer, 1982, pp. 32 - 36. Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett, 1938, pp. 268 - 269. Jump up ^ John Keegan, The First World War ( New York : Vintage Books, 2000 ), p. 342. Jump up ^ Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1960, p. 57 Jump up ^ Ludendorff, Erich von ( 1920 ). The General Staff and its Problems. London. p. 562. Jump up ^ `` LENINE 'S MIGRATION A QUEER SCENE '', The New York Times, March 16, 1918 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky Volume 1, 1918 TWO ROADS `` We have not forgotten, in the first place, that the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk meant the noose that was flung about our neck by the bourgeoisie and the SRs who were responsible for the offensive of June 18. '' Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky Volume 1, 1918 THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TASKS OF THE SOVIET POWER `` Those who bear the guilt of the Brest - Litovsk peace are the Tsarist bureaucrats and diplomats who involved us in the dreadful war, squandering what the people had accumulated, robbing the people -- they who kept the working masses in ignorance and slavery. On the other hand, no less guilt rests with the compromisers, the Kerenskys, Tseretelis and Chernovs. '' Jump up ^ ( 3 ) The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky Volume 1, 1918 WE NEED AN ARMY `` the entire burden of recent events, above all, the Brest peace, has fallen tragically upon us only through the previous management of affairs by the Tsarist regime and, following it, by the regime of the petty - bourgeois compromisers ''. Jump up ^ Wheeller - Bennett, 1938, p. 359. Jump up ^ Jewish Museum in Prague ( 2013 - 2015 ). Emil Orlik ( 1870 -- 1932 ) - Portraits of Friends and Contemporaries ( description of exhibition in 2004 ). Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03. Further reading Dornik, Wolfram, and Peter Lieb. `` Misconceived realpolitik in a failing state : the political and economical fiasco of the Central Powers in the Ukraine, 1918. '' First World War Studies 4.1 ( 2013 ) : 111 - 124. Kennan, George. Soviet Foreign Policy 1917 -- 1941, Kreiger Publishing Company, 1960. Kettle, Michael. Allies and the Russian Collapse ( 1981 ), 287p. Wheeler - Bennett, Sir John. Brest - Litovsk the Forgotten Peace, March 1918, W.W. Norton & Company, 1969. External links Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( Yale University Avalon Project ), including links to appendices. Resolution of the Fourth All - Russian ( Extraordinary ) Soviet Congress Ratifying the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Map of Europe after the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk, at omniatlas.com. World War I treaties During the war Sykes -- Picot St. - Jean - de-Maurienne Damascus Protocol London Brest - Litovsk Ukraine Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint - Germain - en - Laye Neuilly - sur - Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo ( 1920 ) Tartu ( 1920 ) Warsaw Riga ( 1920 ) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga ( 1921 ) Tartu ( 1921 ) Cilicia Ankara Kars Lausanne Rapallo ( 1922 ) Territories of the Former Austro - Hungarian Monarchy Italian Reparation Payments Sino - German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt British ( Egypt ) Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also : Fourteen Points Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian, Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - 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Question: who was involved in the treaty of brest-litovsk
Answer: Soviet Russia