Judgement of Paris - wikipedia Judgement of Paris For other uses, see Judgement of Paris ( disambiguation ). Trojan War Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus ( Attic red - figure kylix, c. 500 BC ) The war Setting : Troy ( modern Hisarlik, Turkey ) Period : Bronze Age Traditional dating : c. 1194 -- 1184 BC Modern dating : c. 1260 -- 1180 BC Outcome : Greek victory, destruction of Troy See also : Historicity of the Iliad Literary sources Iliad Epic Cycle Aeneid, Book 2 Iphigenia in Aulis Philoctetes Ajax The Trojan Women Posthomerica See also : Trojan War in popular culture Episodes Judgement of Paris Seduction of Helen Trojan Horse Sack of Troy The Returns Wanderings of Odysseus Aeneas and the Founding of Rome Greeks and allies Agamemnon Achilles Helen Menelaus Nestor Odysseus Ajax Diomedes Patroclus Thersites Achaeans Myrmidons See also : Catalogue of Ships Trojans and allies Priam Hecuba Hector Paris Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Memnon Troilus Penthesilea and the Amazons Sarpedon See also : Trojan Battle Order Participant gods Caused the war : Eris Zeus On the Greek side : Athena Hephaestus Hera Hermes Poseidon Thetis On the Trojan side : Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Leto Scamander Related topics Homeric Question Archaeology of Troy Mycenae Mycenaean warfare The Judgement of Paris is a story from Greek mythology, which was one of the events that led up to the Trojan War and ( in slightly later versions of the story ) to the foundation of Rome. Contents 1 Sources of the episode 2 Mythic narrative 3 In post-Classical art 4 Gallery 4.1 Paintings 4.2 Mosaïc 4.3 Sculptures and engravings 5 Kallistēi 6 Use in Discordianism 7 Dramatizations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Sources of the episode The Judgement of Paris, Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1636 ( National Gallery, London ) As with many mythological tales, details vary depending on the source. The brief allusion to the Judgement in the Iliad ( 24.25 -- 30 ) shows that the episode initiating all the subsequent action was already familiar to its audience ; a fuller version was told in the Cypria, a lost work of the Epic Cycle, of which only fragments ( and a reliable summary ) remain. The later writers Ovid ( Heroides 16.71 ff, 149 -- 152 and 5.35 f ), Lucian ( Dialogues of the Gods 20 ), Pseudo-Apollodorus ( Bibliotheca, E. 3.2 ) and Hyginus ( Fabulae 92 ), retell the story with skeptical, ironic or popularizing agendas. It appeared wordlessly on the ivory and gold votive chest of the 7th - century BC tyrant Cypselus at Olympia, which was described by Pausanias as showing :... Hermes bringing to Alexander ( i.e. Paris ) the son of Priam the goddesses of whose beauty he is to judge, the inscription on them being : ' Here is Hermes, who is showing to Alexander, that he may arbitrate concerning their beauty, Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. The subject was favoured by painters of red - figure pottery as early as the sixth century BC, and remained popular in Greek and Roman art, before enjoying a significant revival, as an opportunity to show three female nudes, in the Renaissance. Mythic narrative Sandro Botticelli, c. 1485 -- 1488. This is one of the very few versions in which all three goddesses are fully clothed. Joachim Wtewael, c. 1615, with the wedding feast of the gods in the background Renoir, 1908 -- 1910 It is recounted that Zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis ( parents of Achilles ). However, Eris, goddess of discord was not invited, for it was believed she would have made the party unpleasant for everyone. Angered by this snub, Eris arrived at the celebration with a golden apple from the Garden of the Hesperides, which she threw into the proceedings as a prize of beauty. According to some later versions, upon the apple was the inscription καλλίστῃ ( kallistēi, `` To / for the fairest one '' ). Three goddesses claimed the apple : Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. They asked Zeus to judge which of them was fairest, and eventually he, reluctant to favor any claim himself, declared that Paris, a Trojan mortal, would judge their cases, for he had recently shown his exemplary fairness in a contest in which Ares in bull form had bested Paris 's own prize bull, and the shepherd - prince had unhesitatingly awarded the prize to the god. Thus it happened that, with Hermes as their guide, the three candidates bathed in the spring of Ida, then confronted Paris on Mount Ida in the climactic moment that is the crux of the tale. After failing to judge their beauty with their clothing on, the three goddesses stripped nude to convince Paris of their worthiness. While Paris inspected them, each attempted with her powers to bribe him ; Hera offered to make him king of Europe and Asia, Athena offered wisdom and skill in war, and Aphrodite, who had the Charites and the Horai to enhance her charms with flowers and song ( according to a fragment of the Cypria quoted by Athenagoras of Athens ), offered the world 's most beautiful woman ( Euripides, Andromache, l. 284, Helena l. 676 ). This was Helen of Sparta, wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Paris accepted Aphrodite 's gift and awarded the apple to her, receiving Helen as well as the enmity of the Greeks and especially of Hera. The Greeks ' expedition to retrieve Helen from Paris in Troy is the mythological basis of the Trojan War. The story of the Judgement of Paris naturally offered artists the opportunity to depict a sort of beauty contest between three beautiful female nudes, but the myth, at least since Euripides, rather concerns a choice among the gifts that each goddess embodies. The bribery involved is ironic and a late ingredient. According to a tradition suggested by Alfred J. Van Windekens, objectively, `` cow - eyed '' Hera was indeed the most beautiful, not Aphrodite. However, Hera was the goddess of the marital order and of cuckolded wives, amongst other things. She was often portrayed as the shrewish, jealous wife of Zeus, who himself often escaped from her controlling ways by cheating on her with other women, mortal and immortal. She had fidelity and chastity in mind and was careful to be modest when Paris was inspecting her. Aphrodite, though not as objectively beautiful as Hera, was the goddess of sexuality, and was effortlessly more sexual and charming before him. Thus, she was able to sway Paris into judging her the fairest. Athena 's beauty is rarely commented in the myths, perhaps because Greeks held her up as an asexual being, being able to `` overcome '' her `` womanly weaknesses '' to become both wise and talented in war ( both considered male domains by the Greeks ). Her rage at losing makes her join the Greeks in the battle against Paris ' Trojans, a key event in the turning point of the war. In post-classical art Lucas Cranach the Younger, circa 1540 -- 1546 The subject became popular in art from the late Middle Ages onwards. All three goddesses were usually shown nude, though in ancient art only Aphrodite is ever unclothed, and not always. The opportunity for three female nudes was a large part of the attraction of the subject. It appeared in illuminated manuscripts and was popular in decorative art, including 15th - century Italian inkstands and other works in maiolica, and cassoni. As a subject for easel paintings, it was more common in Northern Europe, although Marcantonio Raimondi 's engraving of c. 1515, probably based on a drawing by Raphael, and using a composition derived from a Roman sarcophagus, was a highly influential treatment, which made Paris 's Phrygian cap an attribute in most later versions. The subject was painted many ( supposedly 23 ) times by Lucas Cranach the Elder, and was especially attractive to Northern Mannerist painters. Rubens painted several compositions of the subject at different points in his career. Watteau and Angelica Kauffman were among the artists who painted the subject in the 18th century. The Judgement of Paris was painted frequently by academic artists of the 19th century, and less often by their more progressive contemporaries such as Renoir and Cézanne. Later artists who have painted the subject include André Lhote, Enrique Simonet ( El Juicio de Paris 1904 ) and Salvador Dalí. Ivo Saliger ( 1939 ), Adolf Ziegler ( 1939 ) and Joseph Thorak ( 1941 ) also used the classic myth to propagate German renewal during the Nazi period. Gallery Paintings Miniature, c. 1495 Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. between 1512 - 1514 Niklaus Manuel, c. 1520 Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1528 Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1530 Joan de Joanes, c. approx. 1523 - 1579 Frans Floris, c. 1548 Frans Floris, c. 1550s Hendrick De Clerck, 1560 - 1630, The Phoebus Foundation Hans von Aachen, c. 1588 Hans von Aachen, c. 1593. Hendrick van Balen the Elder, c. 1599 Joachim Wtewael, c. 1605 Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1606 Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1625 Anthony van Dyck, c. 1628 Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1638 - 1639 Cornelis Cornelisz. van Haarlem, c. 1628 Claude Lorrain, c. 1645 - 1646 Carel van Savoyen, c. 1650 - 1660 Luca Giordano, c. between 1681 - 1683 Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1712 Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1716 Michele Rocca, c. between 1710 - 1720 Antoine Watteau, c. 1720 Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1757 Angelica Kauffman, c. 1770 - 1797 François - Xavier Fabre, c. 1808 Guillaume Guillon Lethière, c. 1812 Joseph Hauber, c. 1819 Jean - Baptiste Regnault, c. 1820 Henri - Pierre Picou, c. between 1824 - 1895 Paul Cézanne, c. 1862 - 1864 Anselm Feuerbach, c. 1869 - 1870 Max Klinger, c. 1886 - 1887 El Juicio de Paris by Enrique Simonet, c. 1904 ( Museo de Málaga ) Eduard Lebiedzki, c. by 1906 Eduard Veith, c. by 1925 Mosaïc Unknown, 115 -- 150 AD, Louvre Museum ( Ma 3443 ) Unknown, 115 -- 150 AD, detail, Louvre Museum ( Ma 3443 ) Sculptures and engravings An Etruscan bronze mirrorback, 4th - 3rd century BCE ( Louvre ) Marcantonio Raimondi after Raphael, c. 1510 - 20 Dorman Hering, c. 1529 Willem Isaacsz van Swanenburg, c. 1609 Capodimonte porcelain, Capitoline Museums, Rome Landolin Ohmacht, 1804 - 07 Kallistēi Kallistēi is the word of the Ancient Greek language inscribed on the Golden Apple of Discord by Eris. In Greek, the word is καλλίστῃ ( the dative singular of the feminine superlative of καλος, beautiful ). Its meaning can be rendered `` to the fairest one ''. Calliste ( Καλλίστη ; Mod. Gk. Kallisti ) is also an ancient name for the isle of Thera. Use in Discordianism Main article : Apple of Discord The word Kallisti ( Modern Greek ) written on a golden apple, has become a principal symbol of Discordianism, a post-modernist religion. In non-philological texts ( such as Discordian ones ) the word is usually spelled as καλλιστι. Most versions of Principia Discordia actually spell it as καλλιχτι, but this is definitely incorrect ; in the afterword of the 1979 Loompanics edition of Principia, Gregory Hill says that was because on the IBM typewriter he used, not all Greek letters coincided with Latin ones, and he did n't know enough of the letters to spot the mistake. Zeus ' failure to invite Eris is referred to as The Original Snub in Discordian mythology. Dramatizations The story is the basis of an opera, The Judgement of Paris, with a libretto by William Congreve, that was set to music by four composers in London, 1700 -- 1701. Thomas Arne composed a highly successful score to the same libretto in 1742. The opera Le Cinesi ( The Chinese Women ) by Christoph Willibald Gluck ( 1754 ) concludes with a ballet, The Judgement of Paris, sung as a vocal quartet. Francesco Cilea 's 1902 opera Adriana Lecouvreur also includes a Judgement of Paris ballet sequence. The story is the basis of an earlier opera, Il pomo d'oro, in a prologue and five acts by the Italian composer Antonio Cesti with a libretto by Francesco Sbarra ( 1611 - 1668 ). It was first performed before the imperial court in a specially constructed open - air theatre Vienna in 1668. The work was so long it had to be staged over the course of two days : the Prologue, Acts One and Two were given on July 12 ; Acts Three, Four and Five on July 14. The staging was unprecedented for its magnificence ( and expense ). The designer Ludovico Ottavio Burnacini provided no fewer than 24 sets and there were plenty of opportunities for spectacular stage machinery, including shipwrecks and collapsing towers. Novelist Gore Vidal named his 1952 book, The Judgment of Paris, after this story. The Judgement of Paris was burlesqued in the 1954 musical The Golden Apple. In it, the three goddesses have been reduced to three town biddies in smalltown Washington state. They ask Paris, a traveling salesman, to judge the cakes they have made for the church social. Each woman ( the mayor 's wife, the schoolmarm, and the matchmaker ) makes appeals to Paris, who chooses the matchmaker. The matchmaker, in turn, sets him up with Helen, the town floozy, who runs off with him. The Judgement of Paris is featured in the 2003 TV miniseries Helen of Troy. The event is brief, and only Hera and Aphrodite offer bribes. All three goddesses remain fully clothed. Aphrodite gives Paris a vision of Helen, while Helen has a reciprocal vision of Paris. In the Hercules : The Legendary Journeys series, the contest is altered somewhat with Aphrodite and Athena entering but Artemis is the third goddess contestant instead of Hera ( offering the one who chooses her the chance to be renowned as a great warrior ). The Golden Apple appears as a gift from Aphrodite with the ability to make any mortal woman fall in love with the man holding it and to make a mortal man and woman soul mates if they simultaneously touch it. The other major differences beside the presence of Artemis and the role of the apple are the fact that it is Iolaus who is the judge and the goddesses appear in swimsuits and not nude. See also Feast of the Gods ( art ) Trojan War Notes Jump up ^ The outline of Proclus, summarized by Photius, found in English translation in Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, ed. Evelyn - White, London and Cambridge, Massachusetts ( Loeb series ), new and revised edition 1936. Jump up ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.19. 5. Jump up ^ Kerenyi, fig. 68. Jump up ^ A synthesized account drawn from several cited sources is offered by Kerenyi, `` Chapter VII, The Prelude to the Trojan War '', especially pp. 312 -- 314. Jump up ^ Apollodorus, E. 3.2 Jump up ^ http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/JudgementParis.html Jump up ^ Rawlinson Excidium Troie Jump up ^ Van Windekens, in Glotta 36 ( 1958 ), pp. 309 -- 11. Jump up ^ Bull, pp. 346 -- 47 Jump up ^ Bull, p. 345 Jump up ^ Bull, p. 346 Jump up ^ `` Principia Discordia ''. Discordian Society. Retrieved 10 May 2010. References Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Bull, Malcolm, The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods, Oxford UP, 2005, ISBN 0 - 19 - 521923 - 6. Kerényi, Carl, The Heroes of the Greeks, Thames and Hudson, London, 1959. Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt. D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judgement of Paris. The Judgment of Paris Full - text of Bulfinch 's Mythology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judgement_of_Paris&oldid=851523665 '' Categories : Judgment of Paris Trojan War Discordianism Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018, at 22 : 09 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: from among which three goddesses must paris choose the fairest to give the golden apple to
Answer: Hera