Phenylthiocarbamide - wikipedia Phenylthiocarbamide Phenylthiocarbamide Names Preferred IUPAC name Phenylthiourea Other names N - Phenylthiourea 1 - Phenylthiourea Identifiers CAS Number 103 - 85 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 46261 ChemSpider 589165 ECHA InfoCard 100.002. 865 MeSH Phenylthiourea PubChem CID 676454 InChI InChI = 1S / C7H8N2S / c8 - 7 ( 10 ) 9 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 6 / h1 - 5H, ( H3, 8, 9, 10 ) Key : FULZLIGZKMKICU - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / C7H8N2S / c8 - 7 ( 10 ) 9 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 6 / h1 - 5H, ( H3, 8, 9, 10 ) Key : FULZLIGZKMKICU - UHFFFAOYAW SMILES C1 = CC = C ( C = C1 ) NC ( = S ) N Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 152.22 g mol Appearance White to slightly yellow powder Density 1.294 g / cm Melting point 145 to 150 ° C ( 293 to 302 ° F ; 418 to 423 K ) Solubility in water Soluble in boiling water Hazards EU classification ( DSD ) ( outdated ) T+ NFPA 704 0 Lethal dose or concentration ( LD, LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 3 mg / kg ( oral, rat ) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ), 100 kPa ). N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Phenylthiocarbamide ( PTC ), also known as phenylthiourea ( PTU ), is an organosulfur thiourea containing a phenyl ring. It has the unusual property that it either tastes very bitter or is virtually tasteless, depending on the genetic makeup of the taster. The ability to taste PTC is often treated as a dominant genetic trait, although inheritance and expression of this trait are somewhat more complex. PTC also inhibits melanogenesis and is used to grow transparent fish. About 70 % of people can taste PTC, varying from a low of 58 % for indigenous peoples of Australia and New Guinea to 98 % for indigenous peoples of the Americas. One study has found that non-smokers and those not habituated to coffee or tea have a statistically higher percentage of tasting PTC than the general population. PTC does not occur in food, but related chemicals do, and food choice is related to a person 's ability to taste PTC. Contents 1 History 2 Role in taste 3 Genetics 3.1 Non-taster phenotype distribution ( % ) in selected populations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History The genetic taste phenomenon of PTC was discovered in 1931 when DuPont chemist Arthur Fox accidentally released a cloud of a fine crystalline PTC. A nearby colleague complained about the bitter taste, while Fox, who was closer and should have received a strong dose, tasted nothing. Fox then continued to test the taste buds of assorted family and friends, setting the groundwork for future genetic studies. The genetic penetrance was so strong that it was used in paternity tests before the advent of DNA matching. The PTC taste test has been widely used in school and college practical teaching as an example of Mendelian polymorphism in human populations. Based on a taste test, usually of a piece of paper soaked in PTC ( or the less toxic PROP ), students are divided into taster and non-taster groups. By assuming that PTC tasting is determined by a dominant allele at a single autosomal gene, and that the class is an unbiased sample from a population in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium, students then estimate allele and genotype frequencies within the larger population. While this interpretation is broadly consistent with numerous studies of this trait, it is worth noting that other genes, sex, age and environmental factors influence sensitivity to PTC. Also, there are several alleles segregating at the major gene determining the taste of PTC, particularly in African populations, and the common `` taster '' allele is incompletely dominant ( homozygotes for this allele are more sensitive to PTC than are heterozygotes ). Additionally, PTC is toxic and sensitivity to the substitute, PROP, does not show a strong association with the gene controlling ability to taste PTC. Role in taste There is a large body of evidence linking the ability to taste thiourea compounds and dietary habits. Much of this work has focused on 6 - propyl - 2 - thiouracil ( PROP ), a compound related to PTC that has lower toxicity. A supertaster has more of an ability to taste PTC. On the other hand, heavy cigarette smokers are more likely to have high PTC and PROP thresholds ( i.e. are relatively insensitive ). In 1976, an inverse relationship between taster status for PTC and for a bitter component of the fruit of the tree Antidesma bunius was discovered. Research on the implications still continues. Ability to taste PTC may be correlated with a dislike of plants in the genus Brassica, presumably due to chemical similarities. However, studies in Africa show a poor correlation between PTC tasting and dietary differences. Genetics Main article : PTC tasting Much of the variation in tasting of PTC is associated with polymorphism at the TAS2R38 taste receptor gene. In humans, there are three SNPs ( single nucleotide polymorphisms ) along the gene that may render its proteins unresponsive. There is conflicting evidence as to whether the inheritance of this trait is dominant or incompletely dominant. Any person with a single functional copy of this gene can make the protein and is sensitive to PTC. Some studies have shown that homozygous tasters experience a more intense bitterness than people that are heterozygous ; other studies have indicated that another gene may determine taste sensitivity. The frequency of PTC taster and non-taster alleles vary in different human populations. The widespread occurrence of non-taster alleles at intermediate frequencies, much more common than recessive alleles conferring genetic disease, across many isolated populations, suggests that this polymorphism may have been maintained through balancing selection. Chimpanzees and orangutans also vary in their ability to taste PTC, with the proportions of tasters and non-tasters similar to that in humans. The ability to taste PTC is an ancestral trait of hominids that has been independently lost in humans and chimpanzees, through distinct mutations at TAS2R38. Non-taster phenotype distribution ( % ) in selected populations Results of multiple PTC taste tests in different regions done with the discrimination method developed by Harris and Kalmus in 1949, published in Annals of Eugenics. Location # of Participants Non-taster % References Bosnia and Herzegovina 7,362 32.02 Hadžiselimović et al. ( 1982 ) Croatia 200 27.5 Grünwald, Pfeifer ( 1962 ) Czech Republic 785 32.7 Kubičkova, Dvořaková ( 1968 ) Denmark 251 32.7 Harrison et al. ( 1977 ) England 441 31.5 Harrison et al. ( 1977 ) Hungary 436 32.2 Forai, Bankovi ( 1967 ) Italy 1,031 29.19 Floris et al. ( 1976 ) Montenegro 256 28.20 Hadžiselimović et al. ( 1982 ) Užice, Serbia 1,129 16.65 Hadžiselimović et al. ( 1982 ) Voivodina, Serbia 600 26.3 Božić, Gavrilović ( 1973 ) Russia 486 36.6 Boyd ( 1950 ) Slovenia 126 37.3 Brodar ( 1970 ) Spain 203 25.6 Harrison et al. ( 1977 ) See also TAS2R38 List of Mendelian traits in humans Antidesma bunius Propylthiouracil Cilantro References ^ Jump up to : Guo ; Reed, D.R. ( 2001 ). `` The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception ''. Annals of Human Biology. 28 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 142. doi : 10.1080 / 03014460151056310. PMC 3349222. PMID 11293722. ^ Jump up to : McDonald, John H. `` PTC tasting : The Myth ''. Myths of Human Genetics. Retrieved 11 May 2015. Jump up ^ Karlsson, Johnny ; von Hofsten, Jonas ; Olsson, Per - Erik ( 2001 ). `` Generating Transparent Zebrafish : A Refined Method to Improve Detection of Gene Expression During Embryonic Development ''. Marine Biotechnology. 3 ( 6 ) : 522 -- 527. doi : 10.1007 / s1012601 - 0053 - 4. PMID 14961324. ^ Jump up to : Kim U, Wooding S, Ricci D, Jorde LB, Drayna D ; Wooding ; Ricci ; Jorde ; Drayna ( 2005 ). `` Worldwide haplotype diversity and coding sequence variation at human bitter taste receptor loci ''. Human Mutation. 26 ( 3 ) : 199 -- 204. doi : 10.1002 / humu. 20203. PMID 16086309. Retrieved 29 April 2015. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Fischer, R., Griffin, F. and Kaplan, A.R. ( 1963 ). `` Taste thresholds, cigarette smoking, and food dislikes ''. Medicina experimentalis. International journal of experimental medicine. 9 ( 3 ) : 151 -- 67. doi : 10.1159 / 000135346. PMID 14083335. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kaplan AR, Glanville EV, Fischer R ; Glanville ; Fischer ( 1964 ). `` Taste thresholds for bitterness and cigarette smoking ''. Nature. 202 ( 4939 ) : 1366. Bibcode : 1964Natur. 202.1366 K. doi : 10.1038 / 2021366a0. PMID 14210998. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Forrai G, Bánkövi G ; Bánkövi ( 1984 ). `` Taste perception for phenylthiourea and food choice -- a Hungarian twin study ''. Acta Physiol Hung. 64 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 40. PMID 6541419. Jump up ^ Lee Phillips M ( 15 July 2003 ). `` Scientists Find Bitter Taste Gene ''. Retrieved 5 December 2009. ^ Jump up to : Campbell ; et al. ( 2012 ). `` Evolution of Functionally Diverse Alleles Associated with PTC Bitter Taste Sensitivity in Africa ''. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 ( 4 ) : 1141 -- 1153. doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msr293. PMC 3341826. PMID 22130969. Jump up ^ Henkin, R.I. & W.T. Gillis ( 1977 ). `` Divergent taste responsiveness to fruit of the tree Antidesma bunius ''. Nature. 265 ( 5594 ) : 536 -- 537. Bibcode : 1977Natur. 265... 536H. doi : 10.1038 / 265536a0. PMID 834304. Jump up ^ Drayna, Dennis ( 2005 ). `` Human Taste Genetics ''. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 6 : 217 -- 235. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genom. 6.080604. 162340. PMID 16124860. Jump up ^ Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H, Leppert M, Risch N, Drayna D ; Jorgenson ; Coon ; Leppert ; Risch ; Drayna ( 2003 ). `` Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide ''. Science. 299 ( 5610 ) : 1221 -- 1225. Bibcode : 2003Sci... 299.1221 K. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1080190. PMID 12595690. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fareed, M. ; Shah, A. ; Hussain, R. ; Afzal, M. ( 2012 ). `` Genetic study of phenylthiocarbamide ( PTC ) taste perception among six human populations of Jammu and Kashmir ( India ) ''. Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 13 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 166. doi : 10.1016 / j. ejmhg. 2012.01. 003. Jump up ^ Fisher, Ford & Huxley, R.A. ; Ford, E.B. ; Huxley, Julian ( 28 October 1939 ). `` Taste - testing the Anthropoid Apes ''. Nature. 144 ( 750 ) : 750. Bibcode : 1939Natur. 144... 750F. doi : 10.1038 / 144750a0. Jump up ^ Wooding, Stephen ; et al. ( 2006 ). `` Independent evolution of bitter - taste sensitivity in humans and chimpanzees ''. Nature. 440 ( 7086 ) : 930 -- 934. Bibcode : 2006Natur. 440... 930W. doi : 10.1038 / nature04655. PMID 16612383. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Harris H., Kalmus H. ( 1949 ) : The measurement of taste sensitivity to phenylthiourea ( PTC ). Ann. Eugen. 15 : 24 - 31, 1949. ( PubMed : 15403125. ) ^ Jump up to : Hadžiselimović R., Novosel, V., Bukvić, S., Vrbić, N. ( 1982 ) : Distribucija praga nadražaja za ukus feniltiokarbamida ( PTC ) u tri uzorka stanovništva Jugoslavije. God. Biol. inst. Univ. u Sarajevu, 35 : 72 - 80. ^ Jump up to : Harrison et al. ( 1977 ) : Human biology -- An introduction to human evolution, variation, growth and ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 857164 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 857165 - 0. External links Dennis Drayna 's home page. Drayna has done extensive studies of PTC in various populations Population Study and Applications Using PTC Paper Classroom activity description using PTC paper Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) 171200 Thiourea tasting Cruciferous biochemistry Types of compounds Phenylthiocarbamide ( PTC / PTU ) Thiocyanates Nitriles Indoles Gibberellin Glucosinolates Glucobrassicin Glucocapparin Glucoraphanin Gluconasturtiin Glucotropaeolin Progoitrin Sinigrin Sinalbin Isothiocyanates ( ITC, mustard oils ) Sulforaphane ( SFN ) Raphanin Allyl isothiocyanate ( AITC ) Methyl isothiocyanate ( MITC ) Benzyl isothiocyanate ( BITC ) Fluorescein isothiocyanate ( FITC ) Phenyl isothiocyanate ( PITC ) Phenethyl isothiocyanate ( PEITC ) 6 - MITC Bioactive metabolites Goitrin Indole - 3 - carbinol Brassicaceae ( Cruciferous vegetables ) : Brassica Raphanus Cruciferous Biochemistry genera ( list ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenylthiocarbamide&oldid=840911873 '' Categories : Phenyl compounds Human genetics Thioureas Bitter compounds Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles with changed EBI identifier Articles with changed ChemSpider identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed InChI identifier Chembox having DSD data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018, at 22 : 26. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: for the trait of ptc tasting is the ability to taste the bitter flavor dominant or recessive
Answer: dominant