Proximal tubule - wikipedia Proximal tubule Proximal tubule Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. ( 1st convoluted tubule labeled at center top. ) Details Precursor Metanephric blastema Latin tubulus proximalis, pars tubuli proximalis Dorlands / Elsevier t_22 / 12830072 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman 's capsule to the loop of Henle. It is conventionally divided into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ). Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Brush border cell 1.2 Divisions 1.2. 1 Proximal convoluted tubule ( pars convoluta ) 1.2. 2 Proximal straight tubule ( pars recta ) 2 Function 2.1 Absorption 2.2 Secretion 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Cancer 3.2 Other 4 See also 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its brush border, also known as the striated border. Brush border cell The luminal surface of the epithelial cells of this segment of the nephron is covered with densely packed microvilli forming a border readily visible under the light microscope giving the brush border cell its name. The microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their resorptive function as well as putative flow sensing within the lumen. The cytoplasm of the cells is densely packed with mitochondria, which are largely found in the basal region within the infoldings of the basal plasma membrane. The high quantity of mitochondria gives the cells an acidophilic appearance. The mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the cells to create a concentration gradient which allows more sodium ions to enter the cell from the luminal side. Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient. Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule have extensive lateral interdigitations between neighboring cells, which lend an appearance of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope. Agonal resorption of the proximal tubular contents after interruption of circulation in the capillaries surrounding the tubule often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including the ejection of cell nuclei into the tubule lumen. This has led some observers to describe the lumen of proximal tubules as occluded or `` dirty - looking, '' in contrast to the `` clean '' appearance of distal tubules, which have quite different properties. Divisions The proximal tubule as a part of the nephron can be divided into two sections, pars convoluta and pars recta. Differences in cell outlines exist between these segments, and therefore presumably in function too. Regarding ultrastructure, it can be divided into three segments, oS1, S2, and S3 : Segment Gross divisions Ultrastructure divisions Description Proximal tubule convoluted S1 Higher cell complexity S2 straight S3 Lower cell complexity Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule Proximal convoluted tubule ( pars convoluta ) The pars convoluta ( Latin `` convoluted part '' ) is the initial convoluted portion. In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules are confined entirely to the renal cortex. Some investigators on the basis of particular functional differences have divided the convoluted part into two segments designated S1 and S2. Proximal straight tubule ( pars recta ) The pars recta ( Latin `` straight part '' ) is the following straight ( descending ) portion. Straight segments descend into the outer medulla. They terminate at a remarkably uniform level and it is their line of termination that establishes the boundary between the inner and outer stripes of the outer zone of the renal medulla. As a logical extension of the nomenclature described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3. Function Absorption The proximal tubule regulates the pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions in the interstitium for bicarbonate ions in the filtrate ; it is also responsible for secreting organic acids, such as creatinine and other bases, into the filtrate. Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na / K ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. Sodium reabsorption is primarily driven by this P - type ATPase. This is the most important transport mechanism in the PCT. Substance % of filtrate reabsorbed Comments salt and water approximately two - thirds Much of the mass movement of water and solutes occurs through the cells, passively across the luminal membrane via transcellular transport, followed by active resorption across the basolateral membrane via the Na / K / ATPase pump. The solutes are absorbed isotonically, in that the osmotic potential of the fluid leaving the proximal tubule is the same as that of the initial glomerular filtrate. organic solutes ( primarily glucose and amino acids ) 100 % Glucose, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient out of the nephron. potassium approximately 65 % Most of the filtered potassium is resorbed by two paracellular mechanisms - solvent drag and simple diffusion. urea approximately 50 % Paracellular fluid reabsorption sweeps some urea with it via solvent drag. As water leaves the lumen, the concentration of urea increases, which facilitates diffusion in the late proximal tubule. phosphate approximately 80 % Parathyroid hormone reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubules, but, because it also enhances the uptake of phosphate from the intestine and bones into the blood, the responses to PTH cancel each other out, and the serum concentration of phosphate remains approximately the same. citrate 70 % -- 90 % Acidosis increases absorption. Alkalosis decreases absorption. Secretion Many types of medications are secreted in the proximal tubule. Further reading : Table of medication secreted in kidney Most of the ammonium that is excreted in the urine is formed in the proximal tubule via the breakdown of glutamine to alpha - ketoglutarate. This takes place in two steps, each of which generates an ammonium anion : the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the conversion of glutamate to alpha - ketoglutarate. The alpha - ketoglutarate generated in this process is then further broken down to form two bicarbonate anions, which are pumped out of the basolateral portion of the tubule cell by co-transport with sodium ions. Clinical significance Immunohistochemical staining of the convoluted tubules and glomeruli with CD10. Proximal tubular epithelial cells ( PTECs ) have a pivotal role in kidney disease. Two mammalian cell lines are commonly used as models of the proximal tubule : porcine LLC - PK1 cells and marsupial OK cells. Cancer Most renal cell carcinoma, the most common form of kidney cancer, arises from the convoluted tubules. Other Acute tubular necrosis occurs when PTECs are directly damaged by toxins such as antibiotics ( e.g., gentamicin ), pigments ( e.g., myoglobin ) and sepsis ( e.g., mediated by lipopolysaccharide from gram - negative bacteria ). Renal tubular acidosis ( proximal type ) ( Fanconi syndrome ) occurs when the PTECs are unable to properly reabsorb glomerular filtrate so that there is increased loss of bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and phosphate. PTECs also participate in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury due to glomerulonephritis, ischemia, interstitial nephritis, vascular injury, and diabetic nephropathy. In these situations, PTECs may be directly affected by protein ( e.g., proteinuria in glomerulonephritis ), glucose ( in diabetes mellitus ), or cytokines ( e.g., interferon - γ and tumor necrosis factors ). There are several ways in which PTECs may respond : producing cytokines, chemokines, and collagen ; undergoing epithelial mesenchymal trans - differentiation ; necrosis or apoptosis. See also Urinary pole Brush border Additional images Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. Glomerulus. TEM of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of ~ 55,000 x and 80KV with Tight junction. Renal corpuscle Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron. References This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Wang T ( September 2006 ). `` Flow - activated transport events along the nephron ''. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 15 ( 5 ) : 530 -- 6. PMID 16914967. doi : 10.1097 / 01. mnh. 0000242180.46362. c4. ^ Jump up to : Boron, Walter F. ; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. ( 2005 ). Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier / Saunders. p. 743. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 9. Jump up ^ Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Updated Edition. 2005. Jump up ^ Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Updated Edition. 2005. Jump up ^ Hypocitraturia ~ overview # aw2aab6b5 at eMedicine ^ Jump up to : Rennke, Burton D. Rose, Helmut G. ( 1994 ). Renal pathophysiology : the essentials. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. p. 132. ISBN 0 - 683 - 07354 - 0. Jump up ^ Kruidering, Marieke ; Water, Bob van der ; Nagelkerke, J. Fred ( 1996 ). `` Methods for Studying Renal Toxicity ''. Archives of Toxicology. 18 : 173 - 183. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 61105 - 6. Jump up ^ Tomita Y ( February 2006 ). `` Early renal cell cancer ''. International Journal of Clinical Oncology. 11 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 7. PMID 16508725. doi : 10.1007 / s10147 - 005 - 0551 - 4. External links Anatomy photo : Urinary / mammal / cortex1 / cortex6 - Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis - `` Mammal, kidney cortex ( LM, Medium ) '' Physiology : 7 / 7ch03 / 7ch03p14 - Essentials of Human Physiology - `` The Nephron : Proximal Tubule, Pars Convoluta & Pars Recta '' Swiss embryology ( from UL, UB, and UF ) turinary / urinhaute02 Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Orifice of ureter Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximal_tubule&oldid=799867954 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Kidney anatomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2014 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español עברית 日本 語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 08 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: explain how epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are adapted for reabsorption
Answer: Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na+/K+ ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells.