Cortical homunculus - wikipedia Cortical homunculus This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) A 2 - D cortical sensory homunculus A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological `` map '' of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body. Homunculus is Latin for `` little man '', and was a term used in alchemy and folklore prior to the concept being utilized in scientific literature. A cortical homunculus, or `` cortex man '', illustrates the concept of a representation of the body lying within the brain. Contents 1 Types 2 Arrangement 3 Discovery 4 Representation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types A 2 - D cortical motor homunculus A motor homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus, and handles signals coming from the premotor area of the frontal lobes. A sensory homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. The primary sensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus, and handles signals coming from the thalamus. These signals are transmitted on from the gyri to the brain stem and spinal cord via corresponding nerves. Arrangement Along the length of the primary motor and sensory cortices, the areas specializing in different parts of the body are arranged in an orderly manner, although ordered differently than one might expect. The toes are represented at the top of the cerebral hemisphere ( or more accurately, `` the upper end '', since the cortex curls inwards and down at the top ), and then as one moves down the hemisphere, progressively higher parts of the body are represented, assuming a body that 's faceless and has arms raised. Going further down the cortex, the different areas of the face are represented, in approximately top - to - bottom order, rather than bottom - to - top as before. The homunculus is split in half, with motor and sensory representations for the left side of the body on the right side of the brain, and vice-versa. The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is not proportional to that body region 's surface area or volume, but rather to how richly innervated that region is. Areas of the body with more complex and / or more numerous sensory or motor connections are represented as larger in the homunculus, while those with less complex and / or less numerous connections are represented as smaller. The resulting image is that of a distorted human body, with disproportionately huge hands, lips, and face. In the sensory homunculus, below the areas handling sensation for the teeth, gums, jaw, tongue, and pharynx lies an area for intra-abdominal sensation. At the very top end of the primary sensory cortex, beyond the area for the toes, it has traditionally been believed that the sensory neural networks for the genitals occur. However, more recent research has suggested that there may be two different cortical areas for the genitals, possibly differentiated by one dealing with erogenous stimulation and the other dealing with non-erogenous stimulation. Discovery 3 - D Sensory and Motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London Dr. Wilder Penfield and his co-investigators Edwin Boldrey and Theodore Rasmussen are considered to be the originators of the sensory and motor homunculi. They were not the first scientists to attempt to objectify human brain function by means of a homunculus. However, they were the first to differentiate between sensory and motor function and to map the two across the brain separately, resulting in two different homunculi. In addition, their drawings and later drawings derived from theirs became perhaps the most famous conceptual maps in modern neuroscience because they compellingly illustrated the data at a single glance. Penfield first conceived of his homunculi as a thought experiment, and went so far as to envision an imaginary world in which the homunculi lived, which he referred to as `` if ''. He and his colleagues went on to experiment with electrical stimulation of different brain areas of patients undergoing open brain surgery to control epilepsy, and were thus able to produce the topographical brain maps and their corresponding homunculi. More recent studies have improved this understanding of somatotopic arrangement using techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ). Representation Penfield referred to his creations as `` grotesque creatures '' due to their strange - looking proportions. For example, the sensory nerves arriving from the hands terminate over large areas of the brain, resulting in the hands of the homunculus being correspondingly large. In contrast, the nerves emanating from the torso or arms cover a much smaller area, thus the torso and arms of the homunculus look comparatively small and weak. Penfield 's homunculi are usually shown as 2 - D diagrams. This is an oversimplification, as it can not fully show the data set Penfield collected from his brain surgery patients. Rather than the sharp delineation between different body areas shown in the drawings, there is actually significant overlap between neighboring regions. The simplification suggests that lesions of the motor cortex will give rise to specific deficits in specific muscles. However, this is a misconception, as lesions produce deficits in groups of synergistic muscles. This finding suggests that the motor cortex functions in terms of overall movements as coordinated groups of individual motions. The sensorimotor homunculi can also be represented as 3 - D figures ( such as the sensory homunculus sculpted by Sharon Price - James shown from different angles below ), which can make it easier for laymen to understand the ratios between the different body regions ' levels of motor or sensory innervation. However, these 3 - D models do not illustrate which areas of the brain are associated with which parts of the body. See also Homunculus Somatotopic arrangement Alice in Wonderland syndrome References ^ Jump up to : Marieb, E., Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 7th Ed. 2007. Pearson Benjamin Cummings : San Francisco. Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth ( 2007 ). Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw Hill. p. 544 - 546 Jump up ^ Covington, Jr., William Oates ( 2015 - 05 - 27 ). `` Homunculus ( Topographic ) Diagram ''. willcov.com. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07. Jump up ^ `` The Neurocritic : A New Clitoral Homunculus ? ''. 2009 - 08 - 10. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07. ^ Jump up to : Cazala, Fadwa ; Vienney, Nicolas ; Stoléru, Serge ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ). `` The cortical sensory representation of genitalia in women and men : a systematic review ''. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology. 5. ISSN 2000 - 9011. PMC 4357265. PMID 25766001. doi : 10.3402 / snp. v5. 26428. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07. Jump up ^ Penfield, Wilder ; Boldrey, Edwin ( 1937 ). `` Somatic Motor And Sensory Representation In The Cerebral Cortex Of Man As Studied By Electrical Stimulation ''. Brain. 60 ( 4 ) : 389 - 443. doi : 10.1093 / brain / 60.4. 389. Retrieved 26 March 2016. Jump up ^ Grodd W, Hülsmann E, Lotze M, Wildgruber D, Erb M. Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum : fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 Jun ; 13 ( 2 ) : 55 - 73. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cortical homunculus. Mole - ratunculus -- an analog of a sensory homunculus, except for a mole - rat, from the paper Somatosensory cortex dominated by the representation of teeth in the naked mole - rat brain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortical_homunculus&oldid=806043119 '' Categories : Sensory systems Cerebrum Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017, at 08 : 42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: who is credited with creating the motor and somatosensory homunculi
Answer: Dr. Wilder Penfield