Connective tissue - wikipedia Connective tissue Connective tissue Section of epididymis. Connective tissue ( blue ) is seen supporting the epithelium ( purple ) Identifiers MeSH D003238 FMA 9640 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Connective tissue ( CT ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes ( the meninges ) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue. They support and protect the body. All connective tissue consists of three main components : fibers ( elastic and collagenous fibers ), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water. The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leucocytes. The term `` connective tissue '' ( in German, Bindegewebe ) was introduced in 1830 by Johannes Peter Müller. The tissue was already recognized as a distinct class in the 18th century. Contents 1 Types 1.1 Characteristics 2 Function 2.1 Aging 3 Clinical significance 4 Staining of connective tissue 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links Types Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue. Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue ( which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues. ) Loose and dense connective tissue are distinguished by the ratio of ground substance to fibrous tissue. Loose connective tissue has much more ground substance and a relative lack of fibrous tissue, while the reverse is true of dense connective tissue. Dense regular connective tissue, found in structures such as tendons and ligaments, is characterized by collagen fibers arranged in an orderly parallel fashion, giving it tensile strength in one direction. Dense irregular connective tissue provides strength in multiple directions by its dense bundles of fibers arranged in all directions. Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues. New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue. Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT. Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue, and makes up about 25 % of the total protein content of the mammalian body. Characteristics Characteristics of CT : Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid. Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens. Fibers. Not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives `` mechanical cushioning '' to the body, among other functions. Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue, groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under compression in place ( for example, the sole of the foot ). The matrix of blood is plasma. Both the ground substance and proteins ( fibers ) create the matrix for CT. Connective tissues are derived from the mesenchyme. Types of fibers : Tissue Purpose Components Location Collagenous fibers Bind bones and other tissues to each other Alpha polypeptide chains tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc. Elastic fibers Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil Elastic microfibril and elastin extracellular matrix Reticular fibers Form a scaffolding for other cells Type III collagen liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs Function Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved. Loose and dense irregular connective tissue, formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers, have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces. Dense regular connective tissue, which forms organized structures, is a major functional component of tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses, and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea. Elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces. They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava. In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma -- or structural support -- for the parenchyma -- or functional part -- of the organ. Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue. Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue, found inside the umbilical cord. Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone. Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and eosinophils are found scattered in loose connective tissue, providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens. Aging Aging - related disorders in connective tissue - rich organs are common and cause major disabilities in the elderly. The production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species appears to be a major determinant of aging ( see Free radical theory of aging ). Ordinarily mitochondrial superoxide dismutase ( SOD2 ) protects against oxidative stress. Mutant mice with a connective tissue conditional deficiency for ( SOD2 ) have an accelerated aging phenotype. This aging phenotype includes weight loss, skin atrophy, kyphosis ( curvature of the spine ), osteoporosis, muscle degeneration and reduced life span. Clinical significance Main article : Connective tissue disease There are many types of connective tissue disorders, such as : Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue. Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome. Myxomatous degeneration -- a pathological weakening of connective tissue. Mixed connective tissue disease -- a disease of the autoimmune system, also undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) -- a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue Scurvy, caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen. Staining of connective tissue For microscopic viewing, most of the connective tissue staining - techniques, colour tissue fibers in contrasting shades. Collagen may be differentially stained by any of the following : Van Gieson 's stain Masson 's trichrome stain Mallory 's trichrome stain Aniline blue stain Eosin Reticulin stain See also Endometrium Fascia Parametrium Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Connective Tissue Study Guide ''. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014. Jump up ^ Dorland, W.A. Newman ( 2012 ). Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed. ). Elsevier. p. 1931. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8. Jump up ^ Mathews, M.B. ( 1975 ). Connective Tissue, Macromolecular Structure Evolution. Springer - Verlag, Berlin and New York. link. Jump up ^ Aterman, K. ( 1981 ). Connective tissue : An eclectic historical review with particular reference to the liver. Histochem. J. 13 : 341 - 396. link. Jump up ^ Shostak, Stanley. `` Connective Tissues ''. Retrieved 9 December 2012. Jump up ^ Carol Mattson Porth ; Glenn Matfin ( 1 October 2010 ). Essentials of Pathophysiology : Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 24 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58255 - 724 - 3. Retrieved 11 May 2011. Jump up ^ Potter, Hugh. `` The Connective Tissues ''. Retrieved 9 December 2012. Jump up ^ Caceci, Thomas. `` Connective Tisues ''. Retrieved 9 December 2012. Jump up ^ King, David. `` Histology Intro ''. Retrieved 9 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Granulation Tissue Definition ''. Memidex. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Jump up ^ Di Lullo ; G.A. ( 2002 ). `` Mapping the Ligand - binding Sites and Disease - associated Mutations on the Most Abundant Protein in the Human, Type I Collagen ''. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 6 ) : 4223 -- 31. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110709200. PMID 11704682. Jump up ^ Xu, H. ; et al. ( 2008 ). `` Monitoring Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging ''. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106 ( 6 ) : 515 -- 527. doi : 10.1263 / jbb. 106.515. PMID 19134545. Jump up ^ Laclaustra, M. ; et al. ( 2007 ). `` Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology : The role of adiposetissue ''. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 17 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 139. doi : 10.1016 / j. numecd. 2006.10. 005. PMID 17270403. ^ Jump up to : Ross M, Pawlina W ( 2011 ). Histology : A Text and Atlas ( 6th ed. ). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 158 -- 197. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6. Jump up ^ Young B, Woodford P, O'Dowd G ( 2013 ). Wheater 's Functional Histology : A Text and Colour Atlas ( 6th ed. ). Elsevier. p. 65. ISBN 978 - 0702047473. Jump up ^ Treiber N, Maity P, Singh K, Kohn M, Keist AF, Ferchiu F, Sante L, Frese S, Bloch W, Kreppel F, Kochanek S, Sindrilaru A, Iben S, Högel J, Ohnmacht M, Claes LE, Ignatius A, Chung JH, Lee MJ, Kamenisch Y, Berneburg M, Nikolaus T, Braunstein K, Sperfeld AD, Ludolph AC, Briviba K, Wlaschek M, Florin L, Angel P, Scharffetter - Kochanek K ( April 2011 ). `` Accelerated aging phenotype in mice with conditional deficiency for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the connective tissue ''. Aging Cell. 10 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 54. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 9726.2010. 00658. x. PMID 21108731. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connective tissues. Encyclopædia Britannica, Connective Tissue Overview at kumc.edu UIUC Histology Subject 230 Connective tissue atlas at uiowa.edu Questions and Answers about Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Connective Tissue Photomicrographs Biological tissues Animals Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal tissue : Epidermis Cuticle Pavement cell Guard cell Subsidiary cell Periderm Phellem Phelloderm Vascular tissue : Phloem Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem fiber Phloem parenchyma Xylem Tracheid Vessel element Xylem fiber Xylem parenchyma Ground tissue : Parenchyma Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma Mesophyll Pith Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Sclereid Fiber Meristematic tissue : Primary Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem Secondary Cork cambium Vascular cambium Mixed : Cortex Exodermis Endodermis Stele Histology Connective tissue Physiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring Composition Cells Resident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrix Ground substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin Types Proper Loose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone Biology portal Medicine portal Neuroscience portal GND : 4006725 - 7 NDL : 00565679 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connective_tissue&oldid=839493861 '' Categories : Connective tissue Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018, at 20 : 05. 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Question: what are the types of connective tissue proper
Answer: Collagenous fibers