Central nervous system disease - wikipedia Central nervous system disease Central Nervous System Disease Central nervous system ( yellow images of brain / spinal cord ) are the affected areas Specialty Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system ( CNS ). Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Trauma 2.2 Infections 2.3 Degeneration 2.4 Structural defects 2.5 Tumors 2.6 Autoimmune disorders 2.7 Stroke 3 Functions 3.1 Spinal cord 3.2 Brain 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Types of CNS disorders 4.1. 1 Addiction 4.1. 2 Arachnoid cysts 4.1. 3 Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) 4.1. 4 Autism 4.1. 5 Bipolar disorder 4.1. 6 Catalepsy 4.1. 7 Depression 4.1. 8 Encephalitis 4.1. 9 Epilepsy / Seizures 4.1. 10 Infection 4.1. 11 Locked - in syndrome 4.1. 12 Meningitis 4.1. 13 Migraine 4.1. 14 Multiple sclerosis 4.1. 15 Myelopathy 4.1. 16 Neurodegenerative disorders 4.1. 16.1 Alzheimer 's 4.1. 16.2 Huntington 's disease 4.1. 16.3 Parkinson 's 4.1. 17 Tourette 's 5 Treatments 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms Every disease has different signs and symptoms. Some of them are persistent headache ; pain in the face, back, arms, or legs ; an inability to concentrate ; loss of feeling ; memory loss ; loss of muscle strength ; tremors ; seizures ; increased reflexes, spasticity, tics ; paralysis ; and slurred speech. One should seek medical attention if affected by these. Causes Trauma Main article : Traumatic brain injury Any type of traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) or injury done to the spinal cord can result in a wide spectrum of disabilities in a person. Depending on the section of the brain or spinal cord that suffers the trauma, the outcome may be anticipated. Infections Main article : List of central nervous system infections Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly. Generally, an infection is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus. Degeneration Degenerative spinal disorders involve a loss of function in the spine. Pressure on the spinal cord and nerves may be associated with herniation or disc displacement. Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases. Studies have shown that obese people may have severe degeneration in the brain due to loss of tissue affecting cognition. Structural defects Common structural defects include birth defects, anencephaly, hypospadias, and spina bifida. Children born with structural defects may have malformed limbs, heart problems, and facial abnormalities. Defects in the formation of the cerebral cortex include microgyria, polymicrogyria, bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, and pachygyria. Tumors A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue. In the beginning, tumors can be noncancerous, but if they become malignant, they are cancerous. In general, they appear when there is a problem with cellular division. Problems with the body 's immune system can lead to tumors. Autoimmune disorders An autoimmune disorder is a condition where in the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. This is caused by a loss of tolerance to proteins in the body, resulting in immune cells recognising these as ' foreign ' and directing an immune response against them. Stroke Main article : Stroke A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Approximately every 40 seconds, someone in the US has a stroke. This can happen when a blood vessel is blocked by a blood clot or when a blood vessel ruptures, causing blood to leak to the brain. If the brain can not get enough oxygen and blood, brain cells can die, leading to permanent damage. Functions Spinal cord Main article : Spinal cord The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the peripheral nervous system. It also conducts motor information to the body 's skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves along the spinal cord, all of which consist of both sensory and motor neurons. The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae and connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain, and it acts as a `` minor '' coordinating center. Brain Main article : Human brain The brain serves as the organic basis of cognition and exerts centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain is protected by the skull ; however, if the brain is damaged, significant impairments in cognition and physiological function or death may occur. Diagnosis Types of CNS disorders This section is missing information about a number of brain disorders that not currently listed here. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. ( July 2016 ) Addiction Main article : Addiction Addiction is a disorder of the brain 's reward system which arises through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms and occurs over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus ( e.g., morphine, cocaine, sexual intercourse, gambling, etc. ). Arachnoid cysts Main article : Arachnoid cysts Arachnoid cysts are cerebrospinal fluid covered by arachnoidal cells that may develop on the brain or spinal cord. They are a congenital disorder, and in some cases may not show symptoms. However, if there is a large cyst, symptoms may include headache, seizures, ataxia ( lack of muscle control ), hemiparesis, and several others. Macrocephaly and ADHD are common among children, while presenile dementia, hydrocephalus ( an abnormality of the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid ), and urinary incontinence are symptoms for elderly patients ( 65 and older ). Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) Main article : Attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder ADHD is an organic disorder of the nervous system. ADHD, which in severe cases can be debilitating, has symptoms thought to be caused by structural as well as biochemical imbalances in the brain ; in particular, low levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, which are responsible for controlling and maintaining attention and movement. Many people with ADHD continue to have symptoms well into adulthood. Also of note is an increased risk of the development of Dementia with Lewy bodies, or ( DLB ), & a direct genetic association of Attention deficit disorder to Parkinson 's disease two progressive, and serious, neurological diseases whose symptoms often occur in people over age 65. Autism Main article : Autism Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and persistent deficits in social interaction and communication. Bipolar disorder Main article : Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder is a serious illness of the nervous system. Symptoms can include both signs of major depression & mania. Mood swings from the highs of mania to the lows of deep depression usually occurs over several weeks to months. New research suggests that bipolar disorder is actually a neurological disease genetically related to Parkinson 's disease Catalepsy Main article : Catalepsy Catalepsy is a nervous disorder characterized by immobility and muscular rigidity, along with a decreased sensitivity to pain. Catalepsy is considered a symptom of serious diseases of the nervous system ( e.g., Parkinson 's disease, Epilepsy, etc. ) rather than a disease by itself. Cataleptic fits can range in duration from several minutes to weeks. Catalepsy often responds to Benzodiazepines ( e.g., Lorazepam ) in pill & I.V. form. Depression Main article : Major depressive disorder Major depressive disorder, otherwise known as depression, is a disorder that is characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self - esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Encephalitis Main article : Encephalitis Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It is usually caused by a foreign substance or a viral infection. Symptoms of this disease include headache, neck pain, drowsiness, nausea, and fever. If caused by the West Nile virus, it may be lethal to humans, as well as birds and horses. Epilepsy / seizures Main article : Epilepsy Epilepsy is an unpredictable, serious, and potentially fatal disorder of the nervous system, thought to be the result of faulty electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures result from abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly 80 % of epilepsy occurs in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. Onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. Epileptic seizures may occur in recovering patients as a consequence of brain surgery. Infection For a more comprehensive list, see List of infections of the central nervous system. A number of different pathogens ( i.e., certain viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and prions ) can cause infections that adversely affect the brain or spinal cord. Locked - in syndrome A medical condition, Locked - in syndrome usually resulting from a stroke that damages part of the brainstem, in which the body and most of the facial muscles are paralysed but consciousness remains and the ability to perform certain eye movements is preserved. Meningitis Main article : Meningitis Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges ( membranes ) of the brain and spinal cord. It is most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Fever, vomiting, and a stiff neck are all symptoms of meningitis. Migraine Main article : Migraine A chronic, often debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches, often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms. Multiple sclerosis Main article : Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease, meaning that the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. Symptoms of MS include visual and sensation problems, muscle weakness, numbness and tingling all over, muscle spasms, poor coordination, and depression. Also patients with MS have reported extreme fatigue and dizziness, tremors, and bladder leakage. Myelopathy Main article : Myelopathy This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. ( September 2016 ) Neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer 's Main article : Alzheimer 's disease Alzheimer 's is a neurodegenerative disease typically found in people over the age of 65 years. Worldwide, approximately 24 million people have dementia ; 60 % of these cases are due to Alzheimer 's. The ultimate cause is unknown. The clinical sign of Alzheimer 's is progressive cognition deterioration. Huntington 's disease Main article : Huntington 's disease Huntington 's disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is inherited. Degeneration of neuronal cells occurs throughout the brain, especially in the striatum. There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements. Statistics show that Huntington 's disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent. Parkinson 's Main article : Parkinson 's disease Parkinson 's disease, or PD, is a progressive illness of the nervous system. Caused by the death of dopamine - producing brain cells that affect motor skills and speech. Symptoms may include bradykinesia ( slow physical movement ), muscle rigidity, and tremors. Behavior, thinking, sensation disorders, and the sometimes co-morbid skin condition Seborrheic dermatitis are just some of PD 's numerous nonmotor symptoms. Parkinson 's disease, Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) & Bi-polar disorder, all appear to have some connection to one another, as all three nervous system disorders involve lower than normal levels of the brain chemical dopamine ( In ADHD, Parkinson 's, & the depressive phase of Bi-polar disorder. ) or too much dopamine ( in Mania or Manic states of Bi-polar disorder ) in different areas of the brain : Tourette 's Main article : Tourette 's syndrome Tourette 's syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Early onset may be during childhood, and it is characterized by physical and verbal tics. TS often also includes symptoms of both OCD & ADHD indicating a link between the three disorders. The exact cause of Tourette 's, other than genetic factors, is unknown. Treatments There is a wide range of treatments for central nervous system diseases. These can range from surgery to neural rehabilitation or prescribed medications. See also Neurodegenerative disease List of central nervous system infections References Jump up ^ `` Nervous System Diseases ''. Healthinsite.gov.au. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ Central Nervous System Diseases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) ^ Jump up to : Cacabelos R, Torrellas C, Fernández - Novoa L, López - Muñoz F ( 2016 ). `` Histamine and Immune Biomarkers in CNS Disorders ''. Mediators Inflamm. 2016 : 1924603. doi : 10.1155 / 2016 / 1924603. PMC 4846752. PMID 27190492. Neuroimmune dysregulation is a common phenomenon in different forms of central nervous system ( CNS ) disorders. Cross-links between central and peripheral immune mechanisms appear to be disrupted as reflected by a series of immune markers ( CD3, CD4, CD7, HLA - DR, CD25, CD28, and CD56 ) which show variability in brain disorders such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, stroke, Alzheimer 's disease, Parkinson 's disease, attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder, migraine, epilepsy, vascular dementia, mental retardation, cerebrovascular encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, cranial nerve neuropathies, mental retardation, and posttraumatic brain injury. Jump up ^ `` Birth Defects ''. Kidshealth.org. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Stroke ''. Hearthealthywomen.org. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. ^ Jump up to : `` Organization of the Nervous System ''. Users.rcn.com. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. ^ Jump up to : Lipton JO, Sahin M ( October 2014 ). `` The neurology of mTOR ''. Neuron. 84 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 291. doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2014.09. 034. PMC 4223653. PMID 25374355. Neurological Disorders Associated with Dysfunctional mTOR Pathway Signaling Jump up ^ Nestler EJ ( December 2013 ). `` Cellular basis of memory for addiction ''. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Jump up ^ Ruffle JK ( November 2014 ). `` Molecular neurobiology of addiction : what 's all the ( Δ ) FosB about ? ''. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 40 ( 6 ) : 428 -- 437. doi : 10.3109 / 00952990.2014. 933840. PMID 25083822. The strong correlation between chronic drug exposure and ΔFosB provides novel opportunities for targeted therapies in addiction ( 118 ), and suggests methods to analyze their efficacy ( 119 ). Over the past two decades, research has progressed from identifying ΔFosB induction to investigating its subsequent action ( 38 ). It is likely that ΔFosB research will now progress into a new era -- the use of ΔFosB as a biomarker... Conclusions ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP - 1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 ( 87, 88 ), Cdk5 ( 93 ) and NFkB ( 100 ). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure ( 60, 95, 97,102 ). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a ' ' molecular switch ' ' ( 34 ). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction, it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications ( 119 ), as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions ( 121,122,124 ). Some of these proposed interventions have limitations ( 125 ) or are in their infancy ( 75 ). However, it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments, which are much needed in addiction. Jump up ^ Olsen CM ( December 2011 ). `` Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions ''. Neuropharmacology. 61 ( 7 ) : 1109 -- 1122. doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropharm. 2011.03. 010. PMC 3139704. PMID 21459101. Functional neuroimaging studies in humans have shown that gambling ( Breiter et al, 2001 ), shopping ( Knutson et al, 2007 ), orgasm ( Komisaruk et al, 2004 ), playing video games ( Koepp et al, 1998 ; Hoeft et al, 2008 ) and the sight of appetizing food ( Wang et al, 2004a ) activate many of the same brain regions ( i.e., the mesocorticolimbic system and extended amygdala ) as drugs of abuse ( Volkow et al, 2004 )... Cross-sensitization is also bidirectional, as a history of amphetamine administration facilitates sexual behavior and enhances the associated increase in NAc DA... As described for food reward, sexual experience can also lead to activation of plasticity - related signaling cascades. The transcription factor delta FosB is increased in the NAc, PFC, dorsal striatum, and VTA following repeated sexual behavior ( Wallace et al., 2008 ; Pitchers et al., 2010b ). This natural increase in delta FosB or viral overexpression of delta FosB within the NAc modulates sexual performance, and NAc blockade of delta FosB attenuates this behavior ( Hedges et al, 2009 ; Pitchers et al., 2010b ). Further, viral overexpression of delta FosB enhances the conditioned place preference for an environment paired with sexual experience ( Hedges et al., 2009 )... In some people, there is a transition from `` normal '' to compulsive engagement in natural rewards ( such as food or sex ), a condition that some have termed behavioral or non-drug addictions ( Holden, 2001 ; Grant et al., 2006a )... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive - sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication - induced increase in ( or compulsive ) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex ( Evans et al, 2006 ; Aiken, 2007 ; Lader, 2008 ). '' Table 1 '' Jump up ^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT ( January 2016 ). `` Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction ''. N. Engl. J. Med. 374 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 371. doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1511480. PMID 26816013. Jump up ^ `` How the Brain Works ''. Arachnoidcyst.org. Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 30. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease - ABC News ''. Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` ADHD Study : General Information ''. Genome.gov. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` MNT - ADHD Is A Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Scientists Reveal ''. Medicalnewstoday.com. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. 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Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140703102657.htm External links Classification MeSH : D002493 Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47, 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff - person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_nervous_system_disease&oldid=863192776 '' Categories : Central nervous system disorders Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles to be expanded from July 2016 Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from September 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español संस्कृतम् Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018, at 08 : 14 ( UTC ). 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Question: infection of the central nervous system (cns) can cause hypoventilation or
Answer: Encephalitis