George Orwell - wikipedia George Orwell George Orwell Orwell 's press card portrait, 1943 Eric Arthur Blair ( 1903 - 06 - 25 ) 25 June 1903 Motihari, Bengal Presidency, British India ( now East Champaran, Bihar, India ) 21 January 1950 ( 1950 - 01 - 21 ) ( aged 46 ) University College Hospital, London, England, United Kingdom Resting place Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom Pen name George Orwell Occupation Novelist, essayist, journalist, critic Alma mater Eton College Genre Dystopia, roman à clef, satire Subject Anti-fascism, anti-Stalinism, democratic socialism, literary criticism, news, polemic Notable works Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty - Four Homage to Catalonia Down and Out in Paris and London The Road to Wigan Pier Years active 1928 -- 1950 Spouse Eileen O'Shaughnessy ( m. 1936 ; her death 1945 ) Sonia Brownell ( m. 1949 ; his death 1950 ) Signature Eric Arthur Blair ( 25 June 1903 -- 21 January 1950 ), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism. Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction, and polemical journalism. He is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm ( 1945 ) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ). His non-fiction works, including The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ), documenting his experience of working class life in the north of England, and Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, are widely acclaimed, as are his essays on politics, literature, language, and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 ''. Orwell 's work continues to influence popular and political culture, and the term Orwellian -- descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices -- has entered the language together with many of his neologisms, including Big Brother, Thought Police, Room 101, memory hole, newspeak, doublethink, proles, unperson, and thoughtcrime. Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 Policing in Burma 1.3 London and Paris 1.4 Southwold 1.5 Teaching career 1.6 Hampstead 1.7 The Road to Wigan Pier 1.8 The Spanish Civil War 1.9 Rest and recuperation 1.10 Second World War and Animal Farm 1.11 Jura and Nineteen Eighty - Four 1.12 Final months and death 2 Literary career and legacy 2.1 Literary influences 2.2 Orwell as literary critic 2.3 Reception and evaluations of Orwell 's works 2.4 Influence on language and writing 2.5 Museum 2.6 Modern culture 2.7 Statue 3 Personal life 3.1 Childhood 3.2 Relationships and marriage 3.3 Religious views 3.4 Political views 3.5 Social interactions 3.6 Lifestyle 3.7 Views on homosexuality 4 Biographies of Orwell 5 Ancestry 6 Bibliography 6.1 Novels 6.2 Nonfiction 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Life Early years Blair family home at Shiplake, Oxfordshire Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bihar, in British India. His great - grandfather Charles Blair was a wealthy country gentleman in Dorset who married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of the Earl of Westmorland, and had income as an absentee landlord of plantations in Jamaica. His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman. Although the gentility passed down the generations, the prosperity did not ; Eric Blair described his family as `` lower - upper - middle class ''. His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. His mother, Ida Mabel Blair ( née Limouzin ), grew up in Moulmein, Burma, where her French father was involved in speculative ventures. Eric had two sisters : Marjorie, five years older, and Avril, five years younger. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him and his sister to England. His birthplace and ancestral house in Motihari has been declared a protected monument of historical importance. In 1904, Ida Blair settled with her children at Henley - on - Thames in Oxfordshire. Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters, and apart from a brief visit in mid-1907, they did not see the husband and father Richard Blair until 1912. His mother 's diary from 1905 describes a lively round of social activity and artistic interests. Before the First World War, the family moved to Shiplake, Oxfordshire where Eric became friendly with the Buddicom family, especially their daughter Jacintha. When they first met, he was standing on his head in a field. On being asked why, he said, `` You are noticed more if you stand on your head than if you are right way up. '' Jacintha and Eric read and wrote poetry, and dreamed of becoming famous writers. He said that he might write a book in the style of H.G. Wells 's A Modern Utopia. During this period, he also enjoyed shooting, fishing and birdwatching with Jacintha 's brother and sister. Playing fields at St. Cyprian 's. Blair 's time at the school inspired his essay `` Such, Such Were the Joys ''. At the age of five, Eric was sent as a day - boy to a convent school in Henley - on - Thames, which Marjorie also attended. It was a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursuline nuns, who had been exiled from France after religious education was banned in 1903. His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but his family could not afford the fees, and he needed to earn a scholarship. Ida Blair 's brother Charles Limouzin recommended St Cyprian 's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. Limouzin, who was a proficient golfer, knew of the school and its headmaster through the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club, where he won several competitions in 1903 and 1904. The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win a scholarship, and made a private financial arrangement that allowed Blair 's parents to pay only half the normal fees. In September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprian 's. He boarded at the school for the next five years, returning home only for school holidays. He knew nothing of the reduced fees, although he `` soon recognised that he was from a poorer home ''. Blair hated the school and many years later wrote an essay `` Such, Such Were the Joys '', published posthumously, based on his time there. At St. Cyprian 's, Blair first met Cyril Connolly, who became a writer. Many years later, as the editor of Horizon, Connolly published several of Orwell 's essays. While at St Cyprian 's, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard. He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school 's external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington and Eton. But inclusion on the Eton scholarship roll did not guarantee a place, and none was immediately available for Blair. He chose to stay at St Cyprian 's until December 1916, in case a place at Eton became available. In January, Blair took up the place at Wellington, where he spent the Spring term. In May 1917 a place became available as a King 's Scholar at Eton. He remained at Eton until December 1921, when he left midway between his 18th and 19th birthday. Wellington was `` beastly '', Orwell told his childhood friend Jacintha Buddicom, but he said he was `` interested and happy '' at Eton. His principal tutor was A.S.F. Gow, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, who also gave him advice later in his career. Blair was briefly taught French by Aldous Huxley. Steven Runciman, who was at Eton with Blair, noted that he and his contemporaries appreciated Huxley 's linguistic flair. Cyril Connolly followed Blair to Eton, but because they were in separate years, they did not associate with each other. Blair 's academic performance reports suggest that he neglected his academic studies, but during his time at Eton he worked with Roger Mynors to produce a College magazine, The Election Times, joined in the production of other publications -- College Days and Bubble and Squeak -- and participated in the Eton Wall Game. His parents could not afford to send him to a university without another scholarship, and they concluded from his poor results that he would not be able to win one. Runciman noted that he had a romantic idea about the East, and the family decided that Blair should join the Imperial Police, the precursor of the Indian Police Service. For this he had to pass an entrance examination. His father had retired to Southwold, Suffolk, by this time ; Blair was enrolled at a crammer there called Craighurst, and brushed up on his Classics, English, and History. He passed the entrance exam, coming seventh out of the 26 candidates who exceeded the pass mark. Policing in Burma Blair pictured in a passport photo during his Burma years Blair 's maternal grandmother lived at Moulmein, so he chose a posting in Burma. In October 1922 he sailed on board SS Herefordshire via the Suez Canal and Ceylon to join the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. A month later, he arrived at Rangoon and travelled to the police training school in Mandalay. After a short posting at Maymyo, Burma 's principal hill station, he was posted to the frontier outpost of Myaungmya in the Irrawaddy Delta at the beginning of 1924. Working as an imperial policeman gave him considerable responsibility while most of his contemporaries were still at university in England. When he was posted farther east in the Delta to Twante as a sub-divisional officer, he was responsible for the security of some 200,000 people. At the end of 1924, he was promoted to Assistant District Superintendent and posted to Syriam, closer to Rangoon. Syriam had the refinery of the Burmah Oil Company, `` the surrounding land a barren waste, all vegetation killed off by the fumes of sulphur dioxide pouring out day and night from the stacks of the refinery. '' But the town was near Rangoon, a cosmopolitan seaport, and Blair went into the city as often as he could, `` to browse in a bookshop ; to eat well - cooked food ; to get away from the boring routine of police life ''. In September 1925 he went to Insein, the home of Insein Prison, the second largest jail in Burma. In Insein, he had `` long talks on every conceivable subject '' with Elisa Maria Langford - Rae ( who later married Kazi Lhendup Dorjee ). She noted his `` sense of utter fairness in minutest details ''. British Club in Katha ( in Orwell 's time, it occupied only the ground floor ) In Burma, Blair acquired a reputation as an outsider. He spent much of his time alone, reading or pursuing non-pukka activities, such as attending the churches of the Karen ethnic group. A colleague, Roger Beadon, recalled ( in a 1969 recording for the BBC ) that Blair was fast to learn the language and that before he left Burma, `` was able to speak fluently with Burmese priests in ' very high - flown Burmese. ' '' Blair made changes to his appearance in Burma that remained for the rest of his life. `` While in Burma, he acquired a moustache similar to those worn by officers of the British regiments stationed there. ( He ) also acquired some tattoos ; on each knuckle he had a small untidy blue circle. Many Burmese living in rural areas still sport tattoos like this -- they are believed to protect against bullets and snake bites. '' Later, he wrote that he felt guilty about his role in the work of empire and he `` began to look more closely at his own country and saw that England also had its oppressed... '' In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his maternal grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he was assigned to Katha in Upper Burma, where he contracted dengue fever in 1927. Entitled to a leave in England that year, he was allowed to return in July due to his illness. While on leave in England and on holiday with his family in Cornwall in September 1927, he reappraised his life. Deciding against returning to Burma, he resigned from the Indian Imperial Police to become a writer. He drew on his experiences in the Burma police for the novel Burmese Days ( 1934 ) and the essays `` A Hanging '' ( 1931 ) and `` Shooting an Elephant '' ( 1936 ). London and Paris Blair 's 1927 lodgings in Portobello Road, London In England, he settled back in the family home at Southwold, renewing acquaintance with local friends and attending an Old Etonian dinner. He visited his old tutor Gow at Cambridge for advice on becoming a writer. In 1927 he moved to London. Ruth Pitter, a family acquaintance, helped him find lodgings, and by the end of 1927 he had moved into rooms in Portobello Road ; a blue plaque commemorates his residence there. Pitter 's involvement in the move `` would have lent it a reassuring respectability in Mrs Blair 's eyes. '' Pitter had a sympathetic interest in Blair 's writing, pointed out weaknesses in his poetry, and advised him to write about what he knew. In fact he decided to write of `` certain aspects of the present that he set out to know '' and `` ventured into the East End of London -- the first of the occasional sorties he would make to discover for himself the world of poverty and the down - and - outers who inhabit it. He had found a subject. These sorties, explorations, expeditions, tours or immersions were made intermittently over a period of five years. '' In imitation of Jack London, whose writing he admired ( particularly The People of the Abyss ), Blair started to explore the poorer parts of London. On his first outing he set out to Limehouse Causeway, spending his first night in a common lodging house, possibly George Levy 's ' kip '. For a while he `` went native '' in his own country, dressing like a tramp, adopting the name P.S. Burton and making no concessions to middle - class mores and expectations ; he recorded his experiences of the low life for use in `` The Spike '', his first published essay in English, and in the second half of his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London ( 1933 ). Rue du Pot de Fer, on the Left Bank, in the 5th arrondissement, where Blair lived in Paris In early 1928 he moved to Paris. He lived in the rue du Pot de Fer, a working class district in the 5th Arrondissement. His aunt Nellie Limouzin also lived in Paris and gave him social and, when necessary, financial support. He began to write novels, including an early version of Burmese Days, but nothing else survives from that period. He was more successful as a journalist and published articles in Monde, a political / literary journal edited by Henri Barbusse ( his first article as a professional writer, `` La Censure en Angleterre '', appeared in that journal on 6 October 1928 ) ; G.K. 's Weekly, where his first article to appear in England, `` A Farthing Newspaper '', was printed on 29 December 1928 ; and Le Progrès Civique ( founded by the left - wing coalition Le Cartel des Gauches ). Three pieces appeared in successive weeks in Le Progrès Civique : discussing unemployment, a day in the life of a tramp, and the beggars of London, respectively. `` In one or another of its destructive forms, poverty was to become his obsessive subject -- at the heart of almost everything he wrote until Homage to Catalonia. '' He fell seriously ill in February 1929 and was taken to the Hôpital Cochin in the 14th arrondissement, a free hospital where medical students were trained. His experiences there were the basis of his essay `` How the Poor Die '', published in 1946. He chose not to identify the hospital, and indeed was deliberately misleading about its location. Shortly afterwards, he had all his money stolen from his lodging house. Whether through necessity or to collect material, he undertook menial jobs such as dishwashing in a fashionable hotel on the rue de Rivoli, which he later described in Down and Out in Paris and London. In August 1929, he sent a copy of `` The Spike '' to John Middleton Murry 's New Adelphi magazine in London. The magazine was edited by Max Plowman and Sir Richard Rees, and Plowman accepted the work for publication. Southwold Southwold -- North Parade In December 1929, after nearly two years in Paris, Blair returned to England and went directly to his parents ' house in Southwold, a coastal town in Suffolk, which remained his base for the next five years. The family was well established in the town and his sister Avril was running a tea - house there. He became acquainted with many local people, including Brenda Salkeld, the clergyman 's daughter who worked as a gym - teacher at St Felix Girls ' School in the town. Although Salkeld rejected his offer of marriage, she remained a friend and regular correspondent for many years. He also renewed friendships with older friends, such as Dennis Collings, whose girlfriend Eleanor Jacques was also to play a part in his life. In early 1930 he stayed briefly in Bramley, Leeds, with his sister Marjorie and her husband Humphrey Dakin, who was as unappreciative of Blair as when they knew each other as children. Blair was writing reviews for Adelphi and acting as a private tutor to a disabled child at Southwold. He then became tutor to three young brothers, one of whom, Richard Peters, later became a distinguished academic. `` His history in these years is marked by dualities and contrasts. There is Blair leading a respectable, outwardly eventless life at his parents ' house in Southwold, writing ; then in contrast, there is Blair as Burton ( the name he used in his down - and - out episodes ) in search of experience in the kips and spikes, in the East End, on the road, and in the hop fields of Kent. '' He went painting and bathing on the beach, and there he met Mabel and Francis Fierz, who later influenced his career. Over the next year he visited them in London, often meeting their friend Max Plowman. He also often stayed at the homes of Ruth Pitter and Richard Rees, where he could `` change '' for his sporadic tramping expeditions. One of his jobs was domestic work at a lodgings for half a crown ( two shillings and sixpence, or one - eighth of a pound ) a day. Blair now contributed regularly to Adelphi, with `` A Hanging '' appearing in August 1931. From August to September 1931 his explorations of poverty continued, and, like the protagonist of A Clergyman 's Daughter, he followed the East End tradition of working in the Kent hop fields. He kept a diary about his experiences there. Afterwards, he lodged in the Tooley Street kip, but could not stand it for long, and with financial help from his parents moved to Windsor Street, where he stayed until Christmas. `` Hop Picking '', by Eric Blair, appeared in the October 1931 issue of New Statesman, whose editorial staff included his old friend Cyril Connolly. Mabel Fierz put him in contact with Leonard Moore, who became his literary agent. At this time Jonathan Cape rejected A Scullion 's Diary, the first version of Down and Out. On the advice of Richard Rees, he offered it to Faber and Faber, but their editorial director, T.S. Eliot, also rejected it. Blair ended the year by deliberately getting himself arrested, so that he could experience Christmas in prison, but the authorities did not regard his `` drunk and disorderly '' behaviour as imprisonable, and he returned home to Southwold after two days in a police cell. Teaching career In April 1932 Blair became a teacher at The Hawthorns High School, a school for boys in Hayes, West London. This was a small school offering private schooling for children of local tradesmen and shopkeepers, and had only 14 or 16 boys aged between ten and sixteen, and one other master. While at the school he became friendly with the curate of the local parish church and became involved with activities there. Mabel Fierz had pursued matters with Moore, and at the end of June 1932, Moore told Blair that Victor Gollancz was prepared to publish A Scullion 's Diary for a £ 40 advance, through his recently founded publishing house, Victor Gollancz Ltd, which was an outlet for radical and socialist works. At the end of the summer term in 1932, Blair returned to Southwold, where his parents had used a legacy to buy their own home. Blair and his sister Avril spent the holidays making the house habitable while he also worked on Burmese Days. He was also spending time with Eleanor Jacques, but her attachment to Dennis Collings remained an obstacle to his hopes of a more serious relationship. The pen name `` George Orwell '' was inspired by the River Orwell in the English county of Suffolk `` Clink '', an essay describing his failed attempt to get sent to prison, appeared in the August 1932 number of Adelphi. He returned to teaching at Hayes and prepared for the publication of his book, now known as Down and Out in Paris and London. He wished to publish under a different name to avoid any embarrassment to his family over his time as a `` tramp ''. In a letter to Moore ( dated 15 November 1932 ), he left the choice of pseudonym to Moore and to Gollancz. Four days later, he wrote to Moore, suggesting the pseudonyms P.S. Burton ( a name he used when tramping ), Kenneth Miles, George Orwell, and H. Lewis Allways. He finally adopted the nom de plume George Orwell because, as he told Eleanor Jacques, `` It is a good round English name. '' Down and Out in Paris and London was published on 9 January 1933, as Orwell continued to work on Burmese Days. Down and Out was modestly successful and was next published by Harper & Brothers in New York. In mid-1933 Blair left Hawthorns to become a teacher at Frays College, in Uxbridge, Middlesex. This was a much larger establishment with 200 pupils and a full complement of staff. He acquired a motorcycle and took trips through the surrounding countryside. On one of these expeditions he became soaked and caught a chill that developed into pneumonia. He was taken to Uxbridge Cottage Hospital, where for a time his life was believed to be in danger. When he was discharged in January 1934, he returned to Southwold to convalesce and, supported by his parents, never returned to teaching. He was disappointed when Gollancz turned down Burmese Days, mainly on the grounds of potential suits for libel, but Harper were prepared to publish it in the United States. Meanwhile, Blair started work on the novel A Clergyman 's Daughter, drawing upon his life as a teacher and on life in Southwold. Eleanor Jacques was now married and had gone to Singapore and Brenda Salkield had left for Ireland, so Blair was relatively isolated in Southwold -- working on the allotments, walking alone and spending time with his father. Eventually in October, after sending A Clergyman 's Daughter to Moore, he left for London to take a job that had been found for him by his aunt Nellie Limouzin. Hampstead Orwell 's former home at 77 Parliament Hill, Hampstead, London This job was as a part - time assistant in Booklovers ' Corner, a second - hand bookshop in Hampstead run by Francis and Myfanwy Westrope, who were friends of Nellie Limouzin in the Esperanto movement. The Westropes were friendly and provided him with comfortable accommodation at Warwick Mansions, Pond Street. He was sharing the job with Jon Kimche, who also lived with the Westropes. Blair worked at the shop in the afternoons and had his mornings free to write and his evenings free to socialise. These experiences provided background for the novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying ( 1936 ). As well as the various guests of the Westropes, he was able to enjoy the company of Richard Rees and the Adelphi writers and Mabel Fierz. The Westropes and Kimche were members of the Independent Labour Party, although at this time Blair was not seriously politically active. He was writing for the Adelphi and preparing A Clergyman 's Daughter and Burmese Days for publication. At the beginning of 1935 he had to move out of Warwick Mansions, and Mabel Fierz found him a flat in Parliament Hill. A Clergyman 's Daughter was published on 11 March 1935. In early 1935 Blair met his future wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy, when his landlady, Rosalind Obermeyer, who was studying for a master 's degree in psychology at University College London, invited some of her fellow students to a party. One of these students, Elizaveta Fen, a biographer and future translator of Chekhov, recalled Orwell and his friend Richard Rees `` draped '' at the fireplace, looking, she thought, `` moth - eaten and prematurely aged. '' Around this time, Blair had started to write reviews for the New English Weekly. Orwell 's time as a bookseller is commemorated with this plaque in Hampstead In June, Burmese Days was published and Cyril Connolly 's review in the New Statesman prompted Orwell ( as he then became known ) to re-establish contact with his old friend. In August, he moved into a flat in Kentish Town, which he shared with Michael Sayers and Rayner Heppenstall. The relationship was sometimes awkward and Orwell and Heppenstall even came to blows, though they remained friends and later worked together on BBC broadcasts. Orwell was now working on Keep the Aspidistra Flying, and also tried unsuccessfully to write a serial for the News Chronicle. By October 1935 his flatmates had moved out and he was struggling to pay the rent on his own. He remained until the end of January 1936, when he stopped working at Booklovers ' Corner. The Road to Wigan Pier Main article : The Road to Wigan Pier At this time, Victor Gollancz suggested Orwell spend a short time investigating social conditions in economically depressed northern England. Two years earlier J.B. Priestley had written about England north of the Trent, sparking an interest in reportage. The depression had also introduced a number of working - class writers from the North of England to the reading public. On 31 January 1936, Orwell set out by public transport and on foot, reaching Manchester via Coventry, Stafford, the Potteries and Macclesfield. Arriving in Manchester after the banks had closed, he had to stay in a common lodging - house. The next day he picked up a list of contacts sent by Richard Rees. One of these, the trade union official Frank Meade, suggested Wigan, where Orwell spent February staying in dirty lodgings over a tripe shop. At Wigan, he visited many homes to see how people lived, took detailed notes of housing conditions and wages earned, went down Bryn Hall coal mine, and used the local public library to consult public health records and reports on working conditions in mines. During this time, he was distracted by concerns about style and possible libel in Keep the Aspidistra Flying. He made a quick visit to Liverpool and during March, stayed in south Yorkshire, spending time in Sheffield and Barnsley. As well as visiting mines, including Grimethorpe, and observing social conditions, he attended meetings of the Communist Party and of Oswald Mosley -- `` his speech the usual claptrap -- The blame for everything was put upon mysterious international gangs of Jews '' -- where he saw the tactics of the Blackshirts -- `` one is liable to get both a hammering and a fine for asking a question which Mosley finds it difficult to answer. '' He also made visits to his sister at Headingley, during which he visited the Brontë Parsonage at Haworth, where he was `` chiefly impressed by a pair of Charlotte Brontë 's cloth - topped boots, very small, with square toes and lacing up at the sides. '' A former warehouse at Wigan Pier is named after Orwell No 2 Kits Lane, Wallington, Hertfordshire. Orwell 's residence c. 1936 -- 1940 The result of his journeys through the north was The Road to Wigan Pier, published by Gollancz for the Left Book Club in 1937. The first half of the book documents his social investigations of Lancashire and Yorkshire, including an evocative description of working life in the coal mines. The second half is a long essay on his upbringing and the development of his political conscience, which includes an argument for Socialism ( although he goes to lengths to balance the concerns and goals of Socialism with the barriers it faced from the movement 's own advocates at the time, such as ' priggish ' and ' dull ' Socialist intellectuals, and ' proletarian ' Socialists with little grasp of the actual ideology ). Gollancz feared the second half would offend readers and added a disculpatory preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain. Orwell needed somewhere he could concentrate on writing his book, and once again help was provided by Aunt Nellie, who was living at Wallington, Hertfordshire in a very small 16th - century cottage called the `` Stores ''. Wallington was a tiny village 35 miles north of London, and the cottage had almost no modern facilities. Orwell took over the tenancy and moved in on 2 April 1936. He started work on The Road to Wigan Pier by the end of April, but also spent hours working on the garden and testing the possibility of reopening the Stores as a village shop. Keep the Aspidistra Flying was published by Gollancz on 20 April 1936. On 4 August Orwell gave a talk at the Adelphi Summer School held at Langham, entitled An Outsider Sees the Distressed Areas ; others who spoke at the school included John Strachey, Max Plowman, Karl Polanyi and Reinhold Niebuhr. Orwell 's research for The Road to Wigan Pier led to him being placed under surveillance by the Special Branch from 1936, for 12 years, until one year before the publication of Nineteen Eighty - Four. Orwell married Eileen O'Shaughnessy on 9 June 1936. Shortly afterwards, the political crisis began in Spain and Orwell followed developments there closely. At the end of the year, concerned by Francisco Franco 's military uprising, ( supported by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and local groups such as Falange ), Orwell decided to go to Spain to take part in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side. Under the erroneous impression that he needed papers from some left - wing organisation to cross the frontier, on John Strachey 's recommendation he applied unsuccessfully to Harry Pollitt, leader of the British Communist Party. Pollitt was suspicious of Orwell 's political reliability ; he asked him whether he would undertake to join the International Brigade and advised him to get a safe - conduct from the Spanish Embassy in Paris. Not wishing to commit himself until he had seen the situation in situ, Orwell instead used his Independent Labour Party contacts to get a letter of introduction to John McNair in Barcelona. The Spanish Civil war The square in Barcelona renamed in Orwell 's honour Orwell set out for Spain on about 23 December 1936, dining with Henry Miller in Paris on the way. The American writer told Orwell that going to fight in the Civil War out of some sense of obligation or guilt was ' sheer stupidity, ' and that the Englishman 's ideas ' about combating Fascism, defending democracy, etc., etc., were all baloney. ' A few days later, in Barcelona, Orwell met John McNair of the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) Office who quoted him : `` I 've come to fight against Fascism ''. Orwell stepped into a complex political situation in Catalonia. The Republican government was supported by a number of factions with conflicting aims, including the Workers ' Party of Marxist Unification ( POUM -- Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista ), the anarcho - syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT ) and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ( a wing of the Spanish Communist Party, which was backed by Soviet arms and aid ). The ILP was linked to the POUM so Orwell joined the POUM. After a time at the Lenin Barracks in Barcelona he was sent to the relatively quiet Aragon Front under Georges Kopp. By January 1937 he was at Alcubierre 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) above sea level, in the depth of winter. There was very little military action, and Orwell was shocked by the lack of munitions, food, and firewood, and other extreme deprivations. Orwell, with his Cadet Corps and police training, was quickly made a corporal. On the arrival of a British ILP Contingent about three weeks later, Orwell and the other English militiaman, Williams, were sent with them to Monte Oscuro. The newly arrived ILP contingent included Bob Smillie, Bob Edwards, Stafford Cottman and Jack Branthwaite. The unit was then sent on to Huesca. Meanwhile, back in England, Eileen had been handling the issues relating to the publication of The Road to Wigan Pier before setting out for Spain herself, leaving Nellie Limouzin to look after The Stores. Eileen volunteered for a post in John McNair 's office and with the help of Georges Kopp paid visits to her husband, bringing him English tea, chocolate, and cigars. Orwell had to spend some days in hospital with a poisoned hand and had most of his possessions stolen by the staff. He returned to the front and saw some action in a night attack on the Nationalist trenches where he chased an enemy soldier with a bayonet and bombed an enemy rifle position. In April, Orwell returned to Barcelona. Wanting to be sent to the Madrid front, which meant he `` must join the International Column '', he approached a Communist friend attached to the Spanish Medical Aid and explained his case. `` Although he did not think much of the Communists, Orwell was still ready to treat them as friends and allies. That would soon change. '' This was the time of the Barcelona May Days and Orwell was caught up in the factional fighting. He spent much of the time on a roof, with a stack of novels, but encountered Jon Kimche from his Hampstead days during the stay. The subsequent campaign of lies and distortion carried out by the Communist press, in which the POUM was accused of collaborating with the fascists, had a dramatic effect on Orwell. Instead of joining the International Brigades as he had intended, he decided to return to the Aragon Front. Once the May fighting was over, he was approached by a Communist friend who asked if he still intended transferring to the International Brigades. Orwell expressed surprise that they should still want him, because according to the Communist press he was a fascist. `` No one who was in Barcelona then, or for months later, will forget the horrible atmosphere produced by fear, suspicion, hatred, censored newspapers, crammed jails, enormous food queues and prowling gangs of armed men. '' After his return to the front, he was wounded in the throat by a sniper 's bullet. At 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Orwell was considerably taller than the Spanish fighters and had been warned against standing against the trench parapet. Unable to speak, and with blood pouring from his mouth, Orwell was carried on a stretcher to Siétamo, loaded on an ambulance and after a bumpy journey via Barbastro arrived at the hospital at Lérida. He recovered sufficiently to get up and on 27 May 1937 was sent on to Tarragona and two days later to a POUM sanatorium in the suburbs of Barcelona. The bullet had missed his main artery by the barest margin and his voice was barely audible. It had been such a clean shot that the wound immediately went through the process of cauterisation. He received electrotherapy treatment and was declared medically unfit for service. By the middle of June the political situation in Barcelona had deteriorated and the POUM -- painted by the pro-Soviet Communists as a Trotskyist organisation -- was outlawed and under attack. The Communist line was that the POUM were `` objectively '' Fascist, hindering the Republican cause. `` A particularly nasty poster appeared, showing a head with a POUM mask being ripped off to reveal a Swastika - covered face beneath. '' Members, including Kopp, were arrested and others were in hiding. Orwell and his wife were under threat and had to lie low, although they broke cover to try to help Kopp. Finally with their passports in order, they escaped from Spain by train, diverting to Banyuls - sur - Mer for a short stay before returning to England. In the first week of July 1937 Orwell arrived back at Wallington ; on 13 July 1937 a deposition was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason, Valencia, charging the Orwells with `` rabid Trotskyism '', and being agents of the POUM. The trial of the leaders of the POUM and of Orwell ( in his absence ) took place in Barcelona in October and November 1938. Observing events from French Morocco, Orwell wrote that they were `` -- only a by - product of the Russian Trotskyist trials and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press. '' Orwell 's experiences in the Spanish Civil War gave rise to Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ). Rest and recuperation Laurence O'Shaughnessy's former home, the large house on the corner, 24 Crooms Hill, Greenwich, London Orwell returned to England in June 1937, and stayed at the O'Shaughnessy home at Greenwich. He found his views on the Spanish Civil War out of favour. Kingsley Martin rejected two of his works and Gollancz was equally cautious. At the same time, the communist Daily Worker was running an attack on The Road to Wigan Pier, taking out of context Orwell writing that `` the working classes smell '' ; a letter to Gollancz from Orwell threatening libel action brought a stop to this. Orwell was also able to find a more sympathetic publisher for his views in Frederic Warburg of Secker & Warburg. Orwell returned to Wallington, which he found in disarray after his absence. He acquired goats, a rooster he called `` Henry Ford '', and a poodle puppy he called `` Marx '' and settled down to animal husbandry and writing Homage to Catalonia. There were thoughts of going to India to work on the Pioneer, a newspaper in Lucknow, but by March 1938 Orwell 's health had deteriorated. He was admitted to Preston Hall Sanatorium at Aylesford, Kent, a British Legion hospital for ex-servicemen to which his brother - in - law Laurence O'Shaughnessy was attached. He was thought initially to be suffering from tuberculosis and stayed in the sanatorium until September. A stream of visitors came to see him, including Common, Heppenstall, Plowman and Cyril Connolly. Connolly brought with him Stephen Spender, a cause of some embarrassment as Orwell had referred to Spender as a `` pansy friend '' some time earlier. Homage to Catalonia was published by Secker & Warburg and was a commercial flop. In the latter part of his stay at the clinic, Orwell was able to go for walks in the countryside and study nature. The novelist L.H. Myers secretly funded a trip to French Morocco for half a year for Orwell to avoid the English winter and recover his health. The Orwells set out in September 1938 via Gibraltar and Tangier to avoid Spanish Morocco and arrived at Marrakech. They rented a villa on the road to Casablanca and during that time Orwell wrote Coming Up for Air. They arrived back in England on 30 March 1939 and Coming Up for Air was published in June. Orwell spent time in Wallington and Southwold working on a Dickens essay and it was in July 1939 that Orwell 's father, Richard Blair, died. Second world war and Animal Farm At the outbreak of the Second World War, Orwell 's wife Eileen started working in the Censorship Department of the Ministry of Information in central London, staying during the week with her family in Greenwich. Orwell also submitted his name to the Central Register for war work, but nothing transpired. `` They wo n't have me in the army, at any rate at present, because of my lungs '', Orwell told Geoffrey Gorer. He returned to Wallington, and in late 1939 he wrote material for his first collection of essays, Inside the Whale. For the next year he was occupied writing reviews for plays, films and books for The Listener, Time and Tide and New Adelphi. On 29 March 1940 his long association with Tribune began with a review of a sergeant 's account of Napoleon 's retreat from Moscow. At the beginning of 1940, the first edition of Connolly 's Horizon appeared, and this provided a new outlet for Orwell 's work as well as new literary contacts. In May the Orwells took lease of a flat in London at Dorset Chambers, Chagford Street, Marylebone. It was the time of the Dunkirk evacuation and the death in France of Eileen 's brother Lawrence caused her considerable grief and long - term depression. Throughout this period Orwell kept a wartime diary. Orwell was declared `` unfit for any kind of military service '' by the Medical Board in June, but soon afterwards found an opportunity to become involved in war activities by joining the Home Guard. He shared Tom Wintringham 's socialist vision for the Home Guard as a revolutionary People 's Militia. His lecture notes for instructing platoon members include advice on street fighting, field fortifications, and the use of mortars of various kinds. Sergeant Orwell managed to recruit Fredric Warburg to his unit. During the Battle of Britain he used to spend weekends with Warburg and his new Zionist friend, Tosco Fyvel, at Warburg 's house at Twyford, Berkshire. At Wallington he worked on `` England Your England '' and in London wrote reviews for various periodicals. Visiting Eileen 's family in Greenwich brought him face - to - face with the effects of the blitz on East London. In mid-1940, Warburg, Fyvel and Orwell planned Searchlight Books. Eleven volumes eventually appeared, of which Orwell 's The Lion and the Unicorn : Socialism and the English Genius, published on 19 February 1941, was the first. Early in 1941 he started writing for the American Partisan Review which linked Orwell with The New York Intellectuals, like him anti-Stalinist, but committed to staying on the Left, and contributed to Gollancz anthology The Betrayal of the Left, written in the light of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ( although Orwell referred to it as the Russo - German Pact and the Hitler - Stalin Pact ). He also applied unsuccessfully for a job at the Air Ministry. Meanwhile, he was still writing reviews of books and plays and at this time met the novelist Anthony Powell. He also took part in a few radio broadcasts for the Eastern Service of the BBC. In March the Orwells moved to a seventh - floor flat at Langford Court, St John 's Wood, while at Wallington Orwell was `` digging for victory '' by planting potatoes. One could not have a better example of the moral and emotional shallowness of our time, than the fact that we are now all more or less pro Stalin. This disgusting murderer is temporarily on our side, and so the purges, etc., are suddenly forgotten. -- George Orwell, in his war - time diary, 3 July 1941 In August 1941, Orwell finally obtained `` war work '' when he was taken on full - time by the BBC 's Eastern Service. He supervised cultural broadcasts to India to counter propaganda from Nazi Germany designed to undermine Imperial links. This was Orwell 's first experience of the rigid conformity of life in an office, and it gave him an opportunity to create cultural programmes with contributions from T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, E.M. Forster, Ahmed Ali, Mulk Raj Anand, and William Empson among others. At the end of August he had a dinner with H.G. Wells which degenerated into a row because Wells had taken offence at observations Orwell made about him in a Horizon article. In October Orwell had a bout of bronchitis and the illness recurred frequently. David Astor was looking for a provocative contributor for The Observer and invited Orwell to write for him -- the first article appearing in March 1942. In early 1942 Eileen changed jobs to work at the Ministry of Food and in mid-1942 the Orwells moved to a larger flat, a ground floor and basement, 10a Mortimer Crescent in Maida Vale / Kilburn -- `` the kind of lower - middle - class ambience that Orwell thought was London at its best. '' Around the same time Orwell 's mother and sister Avril, who had found work in a sheet - metal factory behind King 's Cross Station, moved into a flat close to George and Eileen. Orwell at the BBC in 1941. Despite having spoken on many broadcasts, no recordings of Orwell 's voice are known to survive. At the BBC, Orwell introduced Voice, a literary programme for his Indian broadcasts, and by now was leading an active social life with literary friends, particularly on the political left. Late in 1942, he started writing regularly for the left - wing weekly Tribune directed by Labour MPs Aneurin Bevan and George Strauss. In March 1943 Orwell 's mother died and around the same time he told Moore he was starting work on a new book, which turned out to be Animal Farm. In September 1943, Orwell resigned from the BBC post that he had occupied for two years. His resignation followed a report confirming his fears that few Indians listened to the broadcasts, but he was also keen to concentrate on writing Animal Farm. Just six days before his last day of service, on 24 November 1943, his adaptation of the fairy tale, Hans Christian Andersen 's The Emperor 's New Clothes was broadcast. It was a genre in which he was greatly interested and which appeared on Animal Farm 's title - page. At this time he also resigned from the Home Guard on medical grounds. In November 1943, Orwell was appointed literary editor at Tribune, where his assistant was his old friend Jon Kimche. Orwell was on staff until early 1945, writing over 80 book reviews and on 3 December 1943 started his regular personal column, `` As I Please '', usually addressing three or four subjects in each. He was still writing reviews for other magazines, including Partisan Review, Horizon, and the New York Nation and becoming a respected pundit among left - wing circles but also a close friend of people on the right such as Powell, Astor and Malcolm Muggeridge. By April 1944 Animal Farm was ready for publication. Gollancz refused to publish it, considering it an attack on the Soviet regime which was a crucial ally in the war. A similar fate was met from other publishers ( including T.S. Eliot at Faber and Faber ) until Jonathan Cape agreed to take it. In May the Orwells had the opportunity to adopt a child, thanks to the contacts of Eileen 's sister Gwen O'Shaughnessy, then a doctor in Newcastle upon Tyne. In June a V - 1 flying bomb struck Mortimer Crescent and the Orwells had to find somewhere else to live. Orwell had to scrabble around in the rubble for his collection of books, which he had finally managed to transfer from Wallington, carting them away in a wheelbarrow. Another bombshell was Cape 's reversal of his plan to publish Animal Farm. The decision followed his personal visit to Peter Smollett, an official at the Ministry of Information. Smollett was later identified as a Soviet agent. The Orwells spent some time in the North East, near Carlton, County Durham, dealing with matters in the adoption of a boy whom they named Richard Horatio Blair. By September 1944 they had set up home in Islington, at 27b Canonbury Square. Baby Richard joined them there, and Eileen gave up her work at the Ministry of Food to look after her family. Secker & Warburg had agreed to publish Animal Farm, planned for the following March, although it did not appear in print until August 1945. By February 1945 David Astor had invited Orwell to become a war correspondent for the Observer. Orwell had been looking for the opportunity throughout the war, but his failed medical reports prevented him from being allowed anywhere near action. He went to Paris after the liberation of France and to Cologne once it had been occupied by the Allies. It was while he was there that Eileen went into hospital for a hysterectomy and died under anaesthetic on 29 March 1945. She had not given Orwell much notice about this operation because of worries about the cost and because she expected to make a speedy recovery. Orwell returned home for a while and then went back to Europe. He returned finally to London to cover the 1945 general election at the beginning of July. Animal Farm : A Fairy Story was published in Britain on 17 August 1945, and a year later in the US, on 26 August 1946. Jura and Nineteen Eighty - Four Animal Farm had particular resonance in the post-war climate and its worldwide success made Orwell a sought - after figure. For the next four years Orwell mixed journalistic work -- mainly for Tribune, The Observer and the Manchester Evening News, though he also contributed to many small - circulation political and literary magazines -- with writing his best - known work, Nineteen Eighty - Four, which was published in 1949. Barnhill on the Isle of Jura off the west coast of Scotland In the year following Eileen 's death he published around 130 articles and a selection of his Critical Essays, while remaining active in various political lobbying campaigns. He employed a housekeeper, Susan Watson, to look after his adopted son at the Islington flat, which visitors now described as `` bleak ''. In September he spent a fortnight on the island of Jura in the Inner Hebrides and saw it as a place to escape from the hassle of London literary life. David Astor was instrumental in arranging a place for Orwell on Jura. Astor 's family owned Scottish estates in the area and a fellow Old Etonian Robin Fletcher had a property on the island. In late 1945 and early 1946 Orwell made several hopeless and unwelcome marriage proposals to younger women, including Celia Kirwan ( who was later to become Arthur Koestler 's sister - in - law ), Ann Popham who happened to live in the same block of flats and Sonia Brownell, one of Connolly 's coterie at the Horizon office. Orwell suffered a tubercular haemorrhage in February 1946 but disguised his illness. In 1945 or early 1946, while still living at Canonbury Square, Orwell wrote an article on `` British Cookery '', complete with recipes, commissioned by the British Council. Given the post-war shortages, both parties agreed not to publish it. His sister Marjorie died of kidney disease in May and shortly after, on 22 May 1946, Orwell set off to live on the Isle of Jura. Barnhill was an abandoned farmhouse with outbuildings near the northern end of the island, situated at the end of a five - mile ( 8 km ), heavily rutted track from Ardlussa, where the owners lived. Conditions at the farmhouse were primitive but the natural history and the challenge of improving the place appealed to Orwell. His sister Avril accompanied him there and young novelist Paul Potts made up the party. In July Susan Watson arrived with Orwell 's son Richard. Tensions developed and Potts departed after one of his manuscripts was used to light the fire. Orwell meanwhile set to work on Nineteen Eighty - Four. Later Susan Watson 's boyfriend David Holbrook arrived. A fan of Orwell since school days, he found the reality very different, with Orwell hostile and disagreeable probably because of Holbrook 's membership of the Communist Party. Susan Watson could no longer stand being with Avril and she and her boyfriend left. Orwell returned to London in late 1946 and picked up his literary journalism again. Now a well - known writer, he was swamped with work. Apart from a visit to Jura in the new year he stayed in London for one of the coldest British winters on record and with such a national shortage of fuel that he burnt his furniture and his child 's toys. The heavy smog in the days before the Clean Air Act 1956 did little to help his health about which he was reticent, keeping clear of medical attention. Meanwhile, he had to cope with rival claims of publishers Gollancz and Warburg for publishing rights. About this time he co-edited a collection titled British Pamphleteers with Reginald Reynolds. As a result of the success of Animal Farm, Orwell was expecting a large bill from the Inland Revenue and he contacted a firm of accountants of which the senior partner was Jack Harrison. The firm advised Orwell to establish a company to own his copyright and to receive his royalties and set up a `` service agreement '' so that he could draw a salary. Such a company `` George Orwell Productions Ltd '' ( GOP Ltd ) was set up on 12 September 1947 although the service agreement was not then put into effect. Jack Harrison left the details at this stage to junior colleagues. Orwell left London for Jura on 10 April 1947. In July he ended the lease on the Wallington cottage. Back on Jura he worked on Nineteen Eighty - Four and made good progress. During that time his sister 's family visited, and Orwell led a disastrous boating expedition, on 19 August, which nearly led to loss of life whilst trying to cross the notorious gulf of Corryvreckan and gave him a soaking which was not good for his health. In December a chest specialist was summoned from Glasgow who pronounced Orwell seriously ill and a week before Christmas 1947 he was in Hairmyres Hospital in East Kilbride, then a small village in the countryside, on the outskirts of Glasgow. Tuberculosis was diagnosed and the request for permission to import streptomycin to treat Orwell went as far as Aneurin Bevan, then Minister of Health. David Astor helped with supply and payment and Orwell began his course of streptomycin on 19 or 20 February 1948. By the end of July 1948 Orwell was able to return to Jura and by December he had finished the manuscript of Nineteen Eighty - Four. In January 1949, in a very weak condition, he set off for a sanatorium at Cranham, Gloucestershire, escorted by Richard Rees. The sanatorium at Cranham consisted of a series of small wooden chalets or huts in a remote part of the Cotswolds near Stroud. Visitors were shocked by Orwell 's appearance and concerned by the short - comings and ineffectiveness of the treatment. Friends were worried about his finances, but by now he was comparatively well - off. He was writing to many of his friends, including Jacintha Buddicom, who had `` rediscovered '' him, and in March 1949, was visited by Celia Kirwan. Kirwan had just started working for a Foreign Office unit, the Information Research Department, set up by the Labour government to publish anti-communist propaganda, and Orwell gave her a list of people he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. Orwell 's list, not published until 2003, consisted mainly of writers but also included actors and Labour MPs. Orwell received more streptomycin treatment and improved slightly. In June 1949 Nineteen Eighty - Four was published to immediate critical and popular acclaim. Final months and death University College Hospital in London where Orwell died Orwell 's health had continued to decline since the diagnosis of tuberculosis in December 1947. In mid-1949, he courted Sonia Brownell, and they announced their engagement in September, shortly before he was removed to University College Hospital in London. Sonia took charge of Orwell 's affairs and attended him diligently in the hospital, causing concern to some old friends such as Muggeridge. In September 1949, Orwell invited his accountant Harrison to visit him in hospital, and Harrison claimed that Orwell then asked him to become director of GOP Ltd and to manage the company, but there was no independent witness. Orwell 's wedding took place in the hospital room on 13 October 1949, with David Astor as best man. Orwell was in decline and visited by an assortment of visitors including Muggeridge, Connolly, Lucian Freud, Stephen Spender, Evelyn Waugh, Paul Potts, Anthony Powell, and his Eton tutor Anthony Gow. Plans to go to the Swiss Alps were mooted. Further meetings were held with his accountant, at which Harrison and Mr and Mrs Blair were confirmed as directors of the company, and at which Harrison claimed that the `` service agreement '' was executed, giving copyright to the company. Orwell 's health was in decline again by Christmas. On the evening of 20 January 1950, Potts visited Orwell and slipped away on finding him asleep. Jack Harrison visited later and claimed that Orwell gave him 25 % of the company. Early on the morning of 21 January, an artery burst in Orwell 's lungs, killing him at age 46. Orwell had requested to be buried in accordance with the Anglican rite in the graveyard of the closest church to wherever he happened to die. The graveyards in central London had no space, and fearing that he might have to be cremated against his wishes, his widow appealed to his friends to see whether any of them knew of a church with space in its graveyard. George Orwell 's grave in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire David Astor lived in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, and arranged for Orwell to be interred in All Saints ' Churchyard there. Orwell 's gravestone bears the simple epitaph : `` Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born June 25th 1903, died January 21st 1950 '' ; no mention is made on the gravestone of his more famous pen name. Orwell 's son, Richard Horatio Blair, was brought up by Orwell 's sister Avril. He maintains a public profile as patron of the Orwell Society. He gives interviews about the few memories he has of his father. In 1979, Sonia Brownell brought a High Court action against Harrison, who had in the meantime transferred 75 % of the company 's voting stock to himself and had dissipated much of the value of the company. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62. Literary career and legacy During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage : Down and Out in Paris and London ( describing a period of poverty in these cities ), The Road to Wigan Pier ( describing the living conditions of the poor in northern England, and class division generally ) and Homage to Catalonia. According to Irving Howe, Orwell was `` the best English essayist since Hazlitt, perhaps since Dr Johnson. '' Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty - Four. The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism ; the latter, life under totalitarian rule. Nineteen Eighty - Four is often compared to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley ; both are powerful dystopian novels warning of a future world where the state machine exerts complete control over social life. In 1984, Nineteen Eighty - Four and Ray Bradbury 's Fahrenheit 451 were honoured with the Prometheus Award for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011 he received it again for Animal Farm. Coming Up for Air, his last novel before World War II is the most `` English '' of his novels ; alarms of war mingle with images of idyllic Thames - side Edwardian childhood of protagonist George Bowling. The novel is pessimistic ; industrialism and capitalism have killed the best of Old England, and there were great, new external threats. In homely terms, Bowling posits the totalitarian hypotheses of Borkenau, Orwell, Silone and Koestler : `` Old Hitler 's something different. So 's Joe Stalin. They are n't like these chaps in the old days who crucified people and chopped their heads off and so forth, just for the fun of it... They 're something quite new -- something that 's never been heard of before ''. Literary influences In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote : `` The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are : Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles Reade, Flaubert and, among modern writers, James Joyce, T.S. Eliot and D.H. Lawrence. But I believe the modern writer who has influenced me most is W. Somerset Maugham, whom I admire immensely for his power of telling a story straightforwardly and without frills. '' Elsewhere, Orwell strongly praised the works of Jack London, especially his book The Road. Orwell 's investigation of poverty in The Road to Wigan Pier strongly resembles that of Jack London 's The People of the Abyss, in which the American journalist disguises himself as an out - of - work sailor to investigate the lives of the poor in London. In his essay `` Politics vs. Literature : An Examination of Gulliver 's Travels '' ( 1946 ) Orwell wrote : `` If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would certainly put Gulliver 's Travels among them. '' Orwell was an admirer of Arthur Koestler and became a close friend during the three years that Koestler and his wife Mamain spent at the cottage of Bwlch Ocyn, a secluded farmhouse that belonged to Clough Williams - Ellis, in the Vale of Ffestiniog. Orwell reviewed Koestler 's. Darkness at Noon for the New Statesman in 1941, saying : Brilliant as this book is as a novel, and a piece of brilliant literature, it is probably most valuable as an interpretation of the Moscow `` confessions '' by someone with an inner knowledge of totalitarian methods. What was frightening about these trials was not the fact that they happened -- for obviously such things are necessary in a totalitarian society -- but the eagerness of Western intellectuals to justify them. Other writers admired by Orwell included : Ralph Waldo Emerson, George Gissing, Graham Greene, Herman Melville, Henry Miller, Tobias Smollett, Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad, and Yevgeny Zamyatin. He was both an admirer and a critic of Rudyard Kipling, praising Kipling as a gifted writer and a `` good bad poet '' whose work is `` spurious '' and `` morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting, '' but undeniably seductive and able to speak to certain aspects of reality more effectively than more enlightened authors. He had a similarly ambivalent attitude to G.K. Chesterton, whom he regarded as a writer of considerable talent who had chosen to devote himself to `` Roman Catholic propaganda '', and to Evelyn Waugh, who was, he wrote, `` ab ( ou ) t as good a novelist as one can be ( i.e. as novelists go today ) while holding untenable opinions ''. Orwell as literary critic Throughout his life Orwell continually supported himself as a book reviewer, writing works so long and sophisticated they have had an influence on literary criticism. He wrote in the conclusion to his 1940 essay on Charles Dickens, When one reads any strongly individual piece of writing, one has the impression of seeing a face somewhere behind the page. It is not necessarily the actual face of the writer. I feel this very strongly with Swift, with Defoe, with Fielding, Stendhal, Thackeray, Flaubert, though in several cases I do not know what these people looked like and do not want to know. What one sees is the face that the writer ought to have. Well, in the case of Dickens I see a face that is not quite the face of Dickens 's photographs, though it resembles it. It is the face of a man of about forty, with a small beard and a high colour. He is laughing, with a touch of anger in his laughter, but no triumph, no malignity. It is the face of a man who is always fighting against something, but who fights in the open and is not frightened, the face of a man who is generously angry -- in other words, of a nineteenth - century liberal, a free intelligence, a type hated with equal hatred by all the smelly little orthodoxies which are now contending for our souls. George Woodcock suggested that the last two sentences characterised Orwell as much as his subject. Orwell wrote a critique of George Bernard Shaw 's play Arms and the Man. He considered this Shaw 's best play and the most likely to remain socially relevant, because of its theme that war is not, generally speaking, a glorious romantic adventure. His 1945 essay In Defense of P.G. Wodehouse contains an amusing assessment of Wodehouse 's writing and also argues that his broadcasts from Germany ( during the war ) did not really make him a traitor. He accused The Ministry of Information of exaggerating Wodehouse 's actions for propaganda purposes. Reception and evaluations of Orwell 's works Arthur Koestler mentioned Orwell 's `` uncompromising intellectual honesty ( which ) made him appear almost inhuman at times. '' Ben Wattenberg stated : `` Orwell 's writing pierced intellectual hypocrisy wherever he found it. '' According to historian Piers Brendon, `` Orwell was the saint of common decency who would in earlier days, said his BBC boss Rushbrook Williams, ' have been either canonised -- or burnt at the stake ' ''. Raymond Williams in Politics and Letters : Interviews with New Left Review describes Orwell as a `` successful impersonation of a plain man who bumps into experience in an unmediated way and tells the truth about it. '' Christopher Norris declared that Orwell 's `` homespun empiricist outlook -- his assumption that the truth was just there to be told in a straightforward common - sense way -- now seems not merely naïve but culpably self - deluding ''. The American scholar Scott Lucas has described Orwell as an enemy of the Left. John Newsinger has argued that Lucas could only do this by portraying `` all of Orwell 's attacks on Stalinism ( -- ) as if they were attacks on socialism, despite Orwell 's continued insistence that they were not. '' Orwell 's work has taken a prominent place in the school literature curriculum in England, with Animal Farm a regular examination topic at the end of secondary education ( GCSE ), and Nineteen Eighty - Four a topic for subsequent examinations below university level ( A Levels ). Alan Brown noted that this brings to the forefront questions about the political content of teaching practices. Study aids, in particular with potted biographies, might be seen to help propagate the Orwell myth so that as an embodiment of human values he is presented as a `` trustworthy guide '', while examination questions sometimes suggest a `` right ways of answering '' in line with the myth. Historian John Rodden stated : `` John Podhoretz did claim that if Orwell were alive today, he 'd be standing with the neo-conservatives and against the Left. And the question arises, to what extent can you even begin to predict the political positions of somebody who 's been dead three decades and more by that time ? '' In Orwell 's Victory, Christopher Hitchens argues, `` In answer to the accusation of inconsistency Orwell as a writer was forever taking his own temperature. In other words, here was someone who never stopped testing and adjusting his intelligence ''. John Rodden points out the `` undeniable conservative features in the Orwell physiognomy '' and remarks on how `` to some extent Orwell facilitated the kinds of uses and abuses by the Right that his name has been put to. In other ways there has been the politics of selective quotation. '' Rodden refers to the essay `` Why I Write '', in which Orwell refers to the Spanish Civil War as being his `` watershed political experience '', saying `` The Spanish War and other events in 1936 -- 37, turned the scale. Thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against totalitarianism and for Democratic Socialism as I understand it. '' ( emphasis in original ) Rodden goes on to explain how, during the McCarthy era, the introduction to the Signet edition of Animal Farm, which sold more than 20 million copies, makes use of `` the politics of ellipsis '' : If the book itself, Animal Farm, had left any doubt of the matter, Orwell dispelled it in his essay Why I Write : ' Every line of serious work that I 've written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against Totalitarianism... dot, dot, dot, dot. ' `` For Democratic Socialism '' is vaporised, just like Winston Smith did it at the Ministry of Truth, and that 's very much what happened at the beginning of the McCarthy era and just continued, Orwell being selectively quoted. Fyvel wrote about Orwell : `` His crucial experience... was his struggle to turn himself into a writer, one which led through long periods of poverty, failure and humiliation, and about which he has written almost nothing directly. The sweat and agony was less in the slum - life than in the effort to turn the experience into literature. '' In October 2015 Finlay Publisher, for the Orwell Society, published George Orwell ' The Complete Poetry ', compiled and presented by Dione Venables. Influence on language and writing In his essay `` Politics and the English Language '' ( 1946 ), Orwell wrote about the importance of precise and clear language, arguing that vague writing can be used as a powerful tool of political manipulation because it shapes the way we think. In that essay, Orwell provides six rules for writers : Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Never use the passive where you can use the active. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous. Andrew N. Rubin argues, `` Orwell claimed that we should be attentive to how the use of language has limited our capacity for critical thought just as we should be equally concerned with the ways in which dominant modes of thinking have reshaped the very language that we use. '' The adjective Orwellian connotes an attitude and a policy of control by propaganda, surveillance, misinformation, denial of truth, and manipulation of the past. In Nineteen Eighty - Four Orwell described a totalitarian government that controlled thought by controlling language, making certain ideas literally unthinkable. Several words and phrases from Nineteen Eighty - Four have entered popular language. Newspeak is a simplified and obfuscatory language designed to make independent thought impossible. Doublethink means holding two contradictory beliefs simultaneously. The Thought Police are those who suppress all dissenting opinion. Prolefeed is homogenised, manufactured superficial literature, film and music, used to control and indoctrinate the populace through docility. Big Brother is a supreme dictator who watches everyone. Orwell may have been the first to use the term cold war to refer to the state of tension between powers in the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc that followed the Second World War, in his essay, `` You and the Atom Bomb '', published in Tribune, 19 October 1945. He wrote : We may be heading not for general breakdown but for an epoch as horribly stable as the slave empires of antiquity. James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- this is, the kind of world - view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a State which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of ' cold war ' with its neighbours. Museum In 2014 it was announced that Orwell 's birthplace, a bungalow in Motihari, Bihar, in India would become the world 's first Orwell museum. Modern culture In 2014 a play written by playwright Joe Sutton titled Orwell in America was first performed by the Northern Stage theatre company in White River Junction, Vermont. It is a fictitious account of Orwell doing a book tour in America ( something he never did in his lifetime ). It moved to Off - Broadway in 2016. Statue A statue of George Orwell sculpted by the British sculptor Martin Jennings will be unveiled in November 2017 outside Broadcasting House, the headquarters of the BBC. Personal life Childhood Jacintha Buddicom 's account Eric & Us provides an insight into Blair 's childhood. She quoted his sister Avril that `` he was essentially an aloof, undemonstrative person '' and said herself of his friendship with the Buddicoms : `` I do not think he needed any other friends beyond the schoolfriend he occasionally and appreciatively referred to as ' CC ' ''. She could not recall his having schoolfriends to stay and exchange visits as her brother Prosper often did in holidays. Cyril Connolly provides an account of Blair as a child in Enemies of Promise. Years later, Blair mordantly recalled his prep school in the essay `` Such, Such Were the Joys '', claiming among other things that he `` was made to study like a dog '' to earn a scholarship, which he alleged was solely to enhance the school 's prestige with parents. Jacintha Buddicom repudiated Orwell 's schoolboy misery described in the essay, stating that `` he was a specially happy child ''. She noted that he did not like his name, because it reminded him of a book he greatly disliked -- Eric, or, Little by Little, a Victorian boys ' school story. Connolly remarked of him as a schoolboy, `` The remarkable thing about Orwell was that alone among the boys he was an intellectual and not a parrot for he thought for himself ''. At Eton, John Vaughan Wilkes, his former headmaster 's son recalled, ``... he was extremely argumentative -- about anything -- and criticising the masters and criticising the other boys... We enjoyed arguing with him. He would generally win the arguments -- or think he had anyhow. '' Roger Mynors concurs : `` Endless arguments about all sorts of things, in which he was one of the great leaders. He was one of those boys who thought for himself... '' Blair liked to carry out practical jokes. Buddicom recalls him swinging from the luggage rack in a railway carriage like an orangutan to frighten a woman passenger out of the compartment. At Eton he played tricks on John Crace, his Master in College, among which was to enter a spoof advertisement in a College magazine implying pederasty. Gow, his tutor, said he `` made himself as big a nuisance as he could '' and `` was a very unattractive boy ''. Later Blair was expelled from the crammer at Southwold for sending a dead rat as a birthday present to the town surveyor. In one of his As I Please essays he refers to a protracted joke when he answered an advertisement for a woman who claimed a cure for obesity. Blair had an interest in natural history which stemmed from his childhood. In letters from school he wrote about caterpillars and butterflies, and Buddicom recalls his keen interest in ornithology. He also enjoyed fishing and shooting rabbits, and conducting experiments as in cooking a hedgehog or shooting down a jackdaw from the Eton roof to dissect it. His zeal for scientific experiments extended to explosives -- again Buddicom recalls a cook giving notice because of the noise. Later in Southwold his sister Avril recalled him blowing up the garden. When teaching he enthused his students with his nature - rambles both at Southwold and Hayes. His adult diaries are permeated with his observations on nature. Relationships and marriage Buddicom and Blair lost touch shortly after he went to Burma, and she became unsympathetic towards him. She wrote that it was because of the letters he wrote complaining about his life, but an addendum to Eric & Us by Venables reveals that he may have lost her sympathy through an incident which was, at best, a clumsy attempt at seduction. Mabel Fierz, who later became Blair 's confidante, said : `` He used to say the one thing he wished in this world was that he 'd been attractive to women. He liked women and had many girlfriends I think in Burma. He had a girl in Southwold and another girl in London. He was rather a womaniser, yet he was afraid he was n't attractive. '' Brenda Salkield ( Southwold ) preferred friendship to any deeper relationship and maintained a correspondence with Blair for many years, particularly as a sounding board for his ideas. She wrote : `` He was a great letter writer. Endless letters, and I mean when he wrote you a letter he wrote pages. '' His correspondence with Eleanor Jacques ( London ) was more prosaic, dwelling on a closer relationship and referring to past rendezvous or planning future ones in London and Burnham Beeches. When Orwell was in the sanatorium in Kent, his wife 's friend Lydia Jackson visited. He invited her for a walk and out of sight `` an awkward situation arose. '' Jackson was to be the most critical of Orwell 's marriage to Eileen O'Shaughnessy, but their later correspondence hints at a complicity. Eileen at the time was more concerned about Orwell 's closeness to Brenda Salkield. Orwell had an affair with his secretary at Tribune which caused Eileen much distress, and others have been mooted. In a letter to Ann Popham he wrote : `` I was sometimes unfaithful to Eileen, and I also treated her badly, and I think she treated me badly, too, at times, but it was a real marriage, in the sense that we had been through awful struggles together and she understood all about my work, etc. '' Similarly he suggested to Celia Kirwan that they had both been unfaithful. There are several testaments that it was a well - matched and happy marriage. In June 1944 Orwell and Eileen adopted a three - week - old boy they named Richard Horatio. Blair was very lonely after Eileen 's death in 1945, and desperate for a wife, both as companion for himself and as mother for Richard. He proposed marriage to four women, including Celia Kirwan, and eventually Sonia Brownell accepted. Orwell had met her when she was assistant to Cyril Connolly, at Horizon literary magazine. They were married on 13 October 1949, only three months before Orwell 's death. Some maintain that Sonia was the model for Julia in Nineteen Eighty - Four. According to Richard Horatio Blair, Orwell was a wonderful father who gave Richard devoted, if rather rugged, attention and a great degree of freedom. After Orwell 's death Richard went to live with Orwell 's sister and her husband. Religious views Orwell was an atheist who identified himself with the humanist outlook on life. Despite this, and despite his criticisms of both religious doctrine and of religious organisations, he nevertheless regularly participated in the social and civic life of the church, including by attending Church of England Holy Communion. Acknowledging this contradiction, he once said : `` It seems rather mean to go to HC ( Holy Communion ) when one does n't believe, but I have passed myself off for pious & there is nothing for it but to keep up with the deception. '' Orwell was also extremely well - read in Biblical literature and could quote lengthy passages from the Book of Common Prayer from memory. His forensic knowledge of the Bible came coupled with unsparing criticism of its philosophy, and as an adult he could not bring himself to believe in its tenets. He said in part V of his essay, `` Such, Such Were the Joys '', that `` Till about the age of fourteen I believed in God, and believed that the accounts given of him were true. But I was well aware that I did not love him. '' Despite this, he had two Anglican marriages and left instructions for an Anglican funeral. Orwell directly contrasted Christianity with secular humanism in his essay `` Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool '', finding the latter philosophy more palatable and less `` self - interested. '' Literary critic James Wood wrote that in the struggle, as he saw it, between Christianity and humanism, `` Orwell was on the humanist side, of course -- basically an unmetaphysical, English version of Camus 's philosophy of perpetual godless struggle. '' Orwell 's writing was often explicitly critical of religion, and Christianity in particular. He found the church to be a `` selfish... church of the landed gentry '' with its establishment `` out of touch '' with the majority of its communicants and altogether a pernicious influence on public life. In their 1972 study, The Unknown Orwell, the writers Peter Stansky and William Abrahams noted that at Eton Blair displayed a `` sceptical attitude '' to Christian belief. Crick observed that Orwell displayed `` a pronounced anti-Catholicism ''. Evelyn Waugh, writing in 1946, acknowledged Orwell 's high moral sense and respect for justice but believed `` he seems never to have been touched at any point by a conception of religious thought and life. '' His contradictory and sometimes ambiguous views about the social benefits of religious affiliation mirrored the dichotomies between his public and private lives : Stephen Ingle wrote that it was as if the writer George Orwell `` vaunted '' his unbelief while Eric Blair the individual retained `` a deeply ingrained religiosity ''. Ingle later noted that Orwell did not accept the existence of an afterlife, believing in the finality of death while living and advocating a moral code based on Judeo - Christian beliefs. Political views Orwell liked to provoke arguments by challenging the status quo, but he was also a traditionalist with a love of old English values. He criticised and satirised, from the inside, the various social milieux in which he found himself -- provincial town life in A Clergyman 's Daughter ; middle - class pretension in Keep the Aspidistra Flying ; preparatory schools in `` Such, Such Were the Joys '' ; colonialism in Burmese Days, and some socialist groups in The Road to Wigan Pier. In his Adelphi days he described himself as a `` Tory - anarchist. '' In 1928, Orwell began his career as a professional writer in Paris at a journal owned by the French Communist Henri Barbusse. His first article, `` La Censure en Angleterre '', was an attempt to account for the ' extraordinary and illogical ' moral censorship of plays and novels then practised in Britain. His own explanation was that the rise of the `` puritan middle class, '' who had stricter morals than the aristocracy, tightened the rules of censorship in the 19th century. Orwell 's first published article in his home country, `` A Farthing Newspaper '', was a critique of the new French daily the Ami de Peuple. This paper was sold much more cheaply than most others, and was intended for ordinary people to read. Orwell pointed out that its proprietor François Coty also owned the right - wing dailies Le Figaro and Le Gaulois, which the Ami de Peuple was supposedly competing against. Orwell suggested that cheap newspapers were no more than a vehicle for advertising and anti-leftist propaganda, and predicted the world might soon see free newspapers which would drive legitimate dailies out of business. The Spanish Civil War played the most important part in defining Orwell 's socialism. He wrote to Cyril Connolly from Barcelona on 8 June 1937 : `` I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe in Socialism, which I never did before. '' Having witnessed the success of the anarcho - syndicalist communities, for example in Anarchist Catalonia, and the subsequent brutal suppression of the anarcho - syndicalists, anti-Stalin communist parties and revolutionaries by the Soviet Union - backed Communists, Orwell returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and joined the Independent Labour Party, his card being issued on 13 June 1938. Although he was never a Trotskyist, he was strongly influenced by the Trotskyist and anarchist critiques of the Soviet regime, and by the anarchists ' emphasis on individual freedom. In Part 2 of The Road to Wigan Pier, published by the Left Book Club, Orwell stated : `` a real Socialist is one who wishes -- not merely conceives it as desirable, but actively wishes -- to see tyranny overthrown. '' Orwell stated in `` Why I Write '' ( 1946 ) : `` Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. '' Orwell was a proponent of a federal socialist Europe, a position outlined in his 1947 essay `` Toward European Unity, '' which first appeared in Partisan Review. According to biographer John Newsinger, the other crucial dimension to Orwell 's socialism was his recognition that the Soviet Union was not socialist. Unlike many on the left, instead of abandoning socialism once he discovered the full horror of Stalinist rule in the Soviet Union, Orwell abandoned the Soviet Union and instead remained a socialist -- indeed he became more committed to the socialist cause than ever. '' In his 1938 essay `` Why I joined the Independent Labour Party, '' published in the ILP - affiliated New Leader, Orwell wrote : For some years past I have managed to make the capitalist class pay me several pounds a week for writing books against capitalism. But I do not delude myself that this state of affairs is going to last forever... the only régime which, in the long run, will dare to permit freedom of speech is a Socialist régime. If Fascism triumphs I am finished as a writer -- that is to say, finished in my only effective capacity. That of itself would be a sufficient reason for joining a Socialist party. Towards the end of the essay, he wrote : `` I do not mean I have lost all faith in the Labour Party. My most earnest hope is that the Labour Party will win a clear majority in the next General Election. '' Orwell was opposed to rearmament against Nazi Germany -- but he changed his view after the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of the war. He left the ILP because of its opposition to the war and adopted a political position of `` revolutionary patriotism ''. In December 1940 he wrote in Tribune ( the Labour left 's weekly ) : `` We are in a strange period of history in which a revolutionary has to be a patriot and a patriot has to be a revolutionary. '' During the war, Orwell was highly critical of the popular idea that an Anglo - Soviet alliance would be the basis of a post-war world of peace and prosperity. In 1942, commenting on journalist E.H. Carr 's pro-Soviet views, Orwell stated : `` all the appeasers, e.g. Professor E.H. Carr, have switched their allegiance from Hitler to Stalin. '' On anarchism, Orwell wrote in The Road to Wigan Pier : `` I worked out an anarchistic theory that all government is evil, that the punishment always does more harm than the crime and the people can be trusted to behave decently if you will only let them alone. '' He continued and argued that `` it is always necessary to protect peaceful people from violence. In any state of society where crime can be profitable you have got to have a harsh criminal law and administer it ruthlessly. '' In his reply ( dated 15 November 1943 ) to an invitation from the Duchess of Atholl to speak for the British League for European Freedom, he stated that he did not agree with their objectives. He admitted that what they said was `` more truthful than the lying propaganda found in most of the press '' but added that he could not `` associate himself with an essentially Conservative body '' that claimed to `` defend democracy in Europe '' but had `` nothing to say about British imperialism. '' His closing paragraph stated : `` I belong to the Left and must work inside it, much as I hate Russian totalitarianism and its poisonous influence in this country. '' Orwell joined the staff of Tribune as literary editor, and from then until his death, was a left - wing ( though hardly orthodox ) Labour - supporting democratic socialist. On 1 September 1944, about the Warsaw uprising, Orwell expressed in Tribune his hostility against the influence of the alliance with the USSR over the allies : `` Do remember that dishonesty and cowardice always have to be paid for. Do not imagine that for years on end you can make yourself the boot - licking propagandist of the sovietic regime, or any other regime, and then suddenly return to honesty and reason. Once a whore, always a whore. '' According to Newsinger, although Orwell `` was always critical of the 1945 -- 51 Labour government 's moderation, his support for it began to pull him to the right politically. This did not lead him to embrace conservatism, imperialism or reaction, but to defend, albeit critically, Labour reformism. '' Between 1945 and 1947, with A.J. Ayer and Bertrand Russell, he contributed a series of articles and essays to Polemic, a short - lived British `` Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics '' edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater. Writing in early 1945 a long essay titled `` Antisemitism in Britain, '' for the Contemporary Jewish Record, Orwell stated that anti-Semitism was on the increase in Britain, and that it was `` irrational and will not yield to arguments. '' He argued that it would be useful to discover why anti-Semites could `` swallow such absurdities on one particular subject while remaining sane on others. '' He wrote : `` For quite six years the English admirers of Hitler contrived not to learn of the existence of Dachau and Buchenwald... Many English people have heard almost nothing about the extermination of German and Polish Jews during the present war. Their own anti-Semitism has caused this vast crime to bounce off their consciousness. '' In Nineteen Eighty - Four, written shortly after the war, Orwell portrayed the Party as enlisting anti-Semitic passions against their enemy, Goldstein. Orwell publicly defended P.G. Wodehouse against charges of being a Nazi sympathiser -- occasioned by his agreement to do some broadcasts over the German radio in 1941 -- a defence based on Wodehouse 's lack of interest in and ignorance of politics. Special Branch, the intelligence division of the Metropolitan Police, maintained a file on Orwell for more than 20 years of his life. The dossier, published by The National Archives, states that, according to one investigator, Orwell had `` advanced Communist views and several of his Indian friends say that they have often seen him at Communist meetings. '' MI5, the intelligence department of the Home Office, noted : `` It is evident from his recent writings -- ' The Lion and the Unicorn ' -- and his contribution to Gollancz 's symposium The Betrayal of the Left that he does not hold with the Communist Party nor they with him. '' Social interactions Orwell was noted for very close and enduring friendships with a few friends, but these were generally people with a similar background or with a similar level of literary ability. Ungregarious, he was out of place in a crowd and his discomfort was exacerbated when he was outside his own class. Though representing himself as a spokesman for the common man, he often appeared out of place with real working people. His brother - in - law Humphrey Dakin, a `` Hail fellow, well met '' type, who took him to a local pub in Leeds, said that he was told by the landlord : `` Do n't bring that bugger in here again. '' Adrian Fierz commented `` He was n't interested in racing or greyhounds or pub crawling or shove ha'penny. He just did not have much in common with people who did not share his intellectual interests. '' Awkwardness attended many of his encounters with working - class representatives, as with Pollitt and McNair, but his courtesy and good manners were often commented on. Jack Common observed on meeting him for the first time, `` Right away manners, and more than manners -- breeding -- showed through. '' In his tramping days, he did domestic work for a time. His extreme politeness was recalled by a member of the family he worked for ; she declared that the family referred to him as `` Laurel '' after the film comedian. With his gangling figure and awkwardness, Orwell 's friends often saw him as a figure of fun. Geoffrey Gorer commented `` He was awfully likely to knock things off tables, trip over things. I mean, he was a gangling, physically badly co-ordinated young man. I think his feeling ( was ) that even the inanimate world was against him... '' When he shared a flat with Heppenstall and Sayer, he was treated in a patronising manner by the younger men. At the BBC, in the 1940s, `` everybody would pull his leg, '' and Spender described him as having real entertainment value `` like, as I say, watching a Charlie Chaplin movie. '' A friend of Eileen 's reminisced about her tolerance and humour, often at Orwell 's expense. Psychiatrist Michael Fitzgerald has speculated that Orwell 's social and physical awkwardness, limited interests and monotone voice were the result of Asperger syndrome. One biography of Orwell accused him of having had an authoritarian streak. In Burma, he struck out at a Burmese boy who, while `` fooling around '' with his friends, had `` accidentally bumped into him '' at a station, resulting in Orwell falling `` heavily '' down some stairs. One of his former pupils recalled being beaten so hard he could not sit down for a week. When sharing a flat with Orwell, Heppenstall came home late one night in an advanced stage of loud inebriation. The upshot was that Heppenstall ended up with a bloody nose and was locked in a room. When he complained, Orwell hit him across the legs with a shooting stick and Heppenstall then had to defend himself with a chair. Years later, after Orwell 's death, Heppenstall wrote a dramatic account of the incident called `` The Shooting Stick '' and Mabel Fierz confirmed that Heppenstall came to her in a sorry state the following day. Orwell got on well with young people. The pupil he beat considered him the best of teachers, and the young recruits in Barcelona tried to drink him under the table -- though without success. His nephew recalled Uncle Eric laughing louder than anyone in the cinema at a Charlie Chaplin film. In the wake of his most famous works, he attracted many uncritical hangers - on, but many others who sought him found him aloof and even dull. With his soft voice, he was sometimes shouted down or excluded from discussions. At this time, he was severely ill ; it was wartime or the austerity period after it ; during the war his wife suffered from depression ; and after her death he was lonely and unhappy. In addition to that, he always lived frugally and seemed unable to care for himself properly. As a result of all this, people found his circumstances bleak. Some, like Michael Ayrton, called him `` Gloomy George, '' but others developed the idea that he was a `` secular saint. '' Although Orwell was frequently heard on the BBC for panel discussion and one - man broadcasts, no recorded copy of his voice is known to exist. Lifestyle `` By putting the tea in first and stirring as one pours, one can exactly regulate the amount of milk, whereas one is likely to put in too much milk if one does it the other way round '' -- One of Orwell 's eleven rules for making tea from his essay `` A Nice Cup of Tea '', appearing in the London Evening Standard, 12 January 1946. Orwell was a heavy smoker, who rolled his own cigarettes from strong shag tobacco, despite his bronchial condition. His penchant for the rugged life often took him to cold and damp situations, both in the long term, as in Catalonia and Jura, and short term, for example, motorcycling in the rain and suffering a shipwreck. Described by The Economist as `` perhaps the 20th century 's best chronicler of English culture '', Orwell considered fish and chips, association football, the pub, strong tea, cut price chocolate, the movies, and radio among the chief comforts for the working class. Orwell enjoyed strong tea -- he had Fortnum & Mason 's tea brought to him in Catalonia. His 1946 essay, `` A Nice Cup of Tea '', appeared in the London Evening Standard article on how to make tea, with Orwell writing, `` tea is one of the mainstays of civilisation in this country and causes violent disputes over how it should be made '', with the main issue being whether to put tea in the cup first and add the milk afterward, or the other way round, on which he states, `` in every family in Britain there are probably two schools of thought on the subject ''. He appreciated English beer, taken regularly and moderately, despised drinkers of lager and wrote about an imagined, ideal British pub in his 1946 English Standard article, `` The Moon Under Water ''. Not as particular about food, he enjoyed the wartime `` Victory Pie '' and extolled canteen food at the BBC. He preferred traditional English dishes, such as roast beef and kippers. His 1945 essay, `` In Defence of English Cooking '', included Yorkshire pudding, crumpets, various British cheeses and Oxford marmalade. Reports of his Islington days refer to the cosy afternoon tea table. His dress sense was unpredictable and usually casual. In Southwold, he had the best cloth from the local tailor but was equally happy in his tramping outfit. His attire in the Spanish Civil War, along with his size - 12 boots, was a source of amusement. David Astor described him as looking like a prep school master, while according to the Special Branch dossier, Orwell 's tendency to dress `` in Bohemian fashion '' revealed that the author was `` a Communist ''. Orwell 's confusing approach to matters of social decorum -- on the one hand expecting a working - class guest to dress for dinner, and on the other, slurping tea out of a saucer at the BBC canteen -- helped stoke his reputation as an English eccentric. Views on homosexuality Orwell was openly homophobic, at a time when such prejudice was common. Speaking at the 2003 George Orwell Centenary Conference, Daphne Patai said : `` Of course he was homophobic. That has nothing to do with his relations with his homosexual friends. Certainly, he had a negative attitude and a certain kind of anxiety, a denigrating attitude towards homosexuality. That is definitely the case. I think his writing reflects that quite fully. '' Orwell used the homophobic epithets `` nancy '' and `` pansy '', notably in his expressions of contempt for what he called the `` pansy Left '', and `` nancy poets '', i.e. left - wing homosexual or bisexual writers and intellectuals such as Stephen Spender and W.H. Auden. The protagonist of Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Gordon Comstock, conducts an internal critique of his customers when working in a bookshop, and there is an extended passage of several pages in which he concentrates on a homosexual male customer, and sneers at him for his `` nancy '' characteristics, including a lisp, which he identifies in detail, with some disgust. Dr. Thomas S Veale, in The Banality of Virtue : A Multifaceted view of George Orwell as champion of the common man, refers to Orwell 's `` homophobia most probably based on the perceived weakness of homosexuals and their preferences ' betrayal of the natural order ''. Stephen Spender, however, `` thought Orwell 's occasional homophobic outbursts were part of his rebellion against the public school ''. Biographies of Orwell Orwell 's will requested that no biography of him be written, and his widow Sonia Brownell repelled every attempt by those who tried to persuade her to let them write about him. Various recollections and interpretations were published in the 1950s and ' 60s, but Sonia saw the 1968 Collected Works as the record of his life. She did appoint Malcolm Muggeridge as official biographer, but later biographers have seen this as deliberate spoiling as Muggeridge eventually gave up the work. In 1972, two American authors, Peter Stansky and William Abrahams, produced The Unknown Orwell, an unauthorised account of his early years that lacked any support or contribution from Sonia Brownell. Sonia Brownell then commissioned Bernard Crick, a left - wing professor of politics at the University of London, to complete a biography and asked Orwell 's friends to co-operate. Crick collated a considerable amount of material in his work, which was published in 1980, but his questioning of the factual accuracy of Orwell 's first - person writings led to conflict with Brownell, and she tried to suppress the book. Crick concentrated on the facts of Orwell 's life rather than his character, and presented primarily a political perspective on Orwell 's life and work. After Sonia Brownell 's death, other works on Orwell were published in the 1980s, with 1984 being a particularly fruitful year for Orwelliana. These included collections of reminiscences by Coppard and Crick and Stephen Wadhams. In 1991, Michael Shelden, an American professor of literature, published a biography. More concerned with the literary nature of Orwell 's work, he sought explanations for Orwell 's character and treated his first - person writings as autobiographical. Shelden introduced new information that sought to build on Crick 's work. Shelden speculated that Orwell possessed an obsessive belief in his failure and inadequacy. Peter Davison 's publication of the Complete Works of George Orwell, completed in 2000, made most of the Orwell Archive accessible to the public. Jeffrey Meyers, a prolific American biographer, was first to take advantage of this and published a book in 2001 that investigated the darker side of Orwell and questioned his saintly image. Why Orwell Matters ( released in the UK as Orwell 's Victory ) was published by Christopher Hitchens in 2002. In 2003, the centenary of Orwell 's birth resulted in biographies by Gordon Bowker and D.J. Taylor, both academics and writers in the United Kingdom. Taylor notes the stage management which surrounds much of Orwell 's behaviour, and Bowker highlights the essential sense of decency which he considers to have been Orwell 's main motivation. Ancestry Ancestors of George Orwell `` The template below ( Ahnentafel - compact5 ) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. '' 16. Charles Blair 8. Charles Blair 17. Lady Mary Fane 4. Thomas Richard Blair 9. Jane 2. Richard Walmesley Blair 5. Frances Catherine Hare 1. George Orwell 12. John Eugene Limouzin 6. Francis Matthew Limouzin 3. Ida Mabel Limouzin 7. Theresa Catherine Halliley Bibliography Main article : George Orwell bibliography Novels 1934 -- Burmese Days 1935 -- A Clergyman 's Daughter 1936 -- Keep the Aspidistra Flying 1939 -- Coming Up for Air 1945 -- Animal Farm 1949 -- Nineteen Eighty - Four Nonfiction 1933 -- Down and Out in Paris and London 1937 -- The Road to Wigan Pier 1938 -- Homage to Catalonia Notes Jump up ^ Stansky and Abrahams suggested that Ida Blair move to England in 1907, based on information given by her daughter Avril, talking about a time before she was born. This is contrasted by Ida Blair 's 1905, as well as a photograph of Eric, aged three, in an English suburban garden. The earlier date coincides with a difficult posting for Blair senior, and the need to start their daughter Marjorie ( then six years old ) in an English education. Jump up ^ The conventional view, based on Geoffrey Gorer 's recollections, is of a specific commission with a £ 500 advance. Taylor argues that Orwell 's subsequent life does not suggest he received such a large advance, Gollancz was not known to pay large sums to relatively unknown authors, and Gollancz took little proprietorial interest in progress. Jump up ^ The author states that evidence discovered at the National Historical Archives in Madrid in 1989 of a security police report to the Tribunal for Espionage and High Treason described Eric Blair and his wife Eileen Blair, as `` known Trotskyists '' and as `` linking agents of the ILP and the POUM ''. Newsinger goes on to state that given Orwell 's precarious health, `` there can be little doubt that if he had been arrested he would have died in prison. '' References Jump up ^ `` George Orwell ''. UCL Orwell Archives. Retrieved 7 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Why I Write '' in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 -- An Age Like This 1945 -- 1950 p. 23 ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ Orwell, George ( 1968 ) ( 1958 ). Bott, George, ed. Selected Writings. London : Heinemann. p. 103. ISBN 0 - 435 - 13675 - 5. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. ( italics from printed source ) Jump up ^ `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 ''. The Times. 5 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2014. Jump up ^ Robert McCrum, The Observer, 10 May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Home : Oxford English Dictionary ''. www.oed.com. Retrieved 2 September 2017. Jump up ^ Crick, Bernard ( 2004 ). `` Eric Arthur Blair ( pseud. George Orwell ) ( 1903 -- 1950 ) ''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press. ^ Jump up to : Stansky, Peter ; Abrahams, William ( 1994 ). `` From Bengal to St Cyprian 's ''. The unknown Orwell : Orwell, the transformation. Stanford, California, United States : Stanford University Press. pp. 5 -- 12. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2342 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Taylor, D.J. ( 2003 ). Orwell : The Life. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7473 - 2. Jump up ^ Orwell, George ( February 1937 ). `` 8 ''. The Road to Wigan Pier. Left Book Club. p. 1. ^ Jump up to : `` The Indian Animal Farm where Orwell was born ''. BBC News. ^ Jump up to : Crick ( 1982 ), p. 48 Jump up ^ `` Renovation of British Author George Orwell 's house in Motihari begins ''. IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 26 June 2014. Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion 1903 -- 36, xviii ^ Jump up to : Buddicom, Jacintha ( 1974 ). Eric and Us. Frewin. ISBN 0 - 85632 - 076 - 5. Jump up ^ Bowker, Gordon. `` George Orwell '' : 21. Jump up ^ `` Royal Eastbourne Golf Club -- Hambro Bowl ''. Regc.unospace.net. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ Bowker p. 30 Jump up ^ Jacob, Alaric ( 1984 ). `` Sharing Orwell 's Joys, but not his Fears ''. In Norris, Christopher. Inside the Myth. Lawrence and Wishart. Jump up ^ `` Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard ''. 2 October 1914. Jump up ^ `` Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard ''. 21 July 1916. Jump up ^ Jacintha Buddicom, Eric and Us, p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Wadhams, Stephen ( 1984 ). `` Remembering Orwell ''. Penguin. ^ Jump up to : Connolly, Cyril ( 1973 ) ( 1938 ). Enemies of Promise. London : Deutsch. ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 96488 - 1. Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p. 87, gives Blair as 7th of 29 successful candidates, and 21st of the 23 successful candidates who passed the Indian Imperial Police riding test, in September 1922. Jump up ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, pp. 170 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : Michael Shelden Orwell : The Authorised Biography, William Heinemann, 1991 Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion, 1903 -- 36, p. 87 Jump up ^ Emma Larkin, Introduction, Burmese Days, Penguin Classics edition, 2009 Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 122 Jump up ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p. 195 Jump up ^ Ruth Pitter BBC Overseas Service broadcast, 3 January 1956 Jump up ^ Plaque # 2825 on Open Plaques. Jump up ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p. 204 Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion ( 1903 -- 36 ), p. 113 Jump up ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p. 216 Jump up ^ R.S. Peters A Boy 's View of George Orwell Psychology and Ethical Development. Allen & Unwin 1974 Jump up ^ Stansky & Abrahams, p. 230 The Unknown Orwell ^ Jump up to : Stella Judt `` I once met George Orwell '' in I once Met 1996 Jump up ^ `` Discovery of ' drunk and incapable ' arrest record shows Orwell 's ' honesty ' ''. ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2015. Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 221 Jump up ^ Avril Dunn My Brother George Orwell Twentieth Century 1961 Jump up ^ Voorhees ( 1986 : 11 ) Jump up ^ Leys, Simon ( 6 May 2011 ). `` The Intimate Orwell ''. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 6 May 2011. Jump up ^ Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian ( eds. ) Orwell : An Age Like This, letters 31 and 33 ( New York : Harcourt, Brace & World ) Jump up ^ Stansky & Abrahams, Orwell : The Transformation pp. 100 -- 01 Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p. 392 Jump up ^ D.J. Taylor Orwell : The Life Chatto & Windus 2003 Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p. 457 Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p. 450. The Road to Wigan Pier Diary Jump up ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p. 468 Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Information, National Archives '' http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2005/highlights_july/july19/default.htm ) Jump up ^ `` Notes on the Spanish Militias '' in Orwell in Spain, p. 278 Jump up ^ Haycock, I Am Spain ( 2013 ), 152 Jump up ^ John McNair -- Interview with Ian Angus UCL 1964 Jump up ^ See article by Iain King on Orwell 's war experiences, here. Jump up ^ Letter to Eileen Blair April 1937 in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 -- An Age Like This 1945 -- 1950 p. 296 ( Penguin ) ^ Jump up to : Hicks, Granville ( 18 May 1952 ). `` George Orwell 's Prelude in Spain ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Bowker, p. 216 Jump up ^ `` The accusation of espionage against the P.O.U.M. rested solely upon articles in the Communist press and the activities of the Communist - controlled secret police. '' Homage to Catalonia p. 168. Penguin, 1980 ^ Jump up to : `` Newsinger, John `` Orwell and the Spanish Revolution '' International Socialism Journal Issue 62 Spring 1994 ``. Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ Bowker, quoting Orwell in Homage To Catalonia, p. 219 Jump up ^ `` Harry Milton -- The Man Who Saved Orwell ''. Hoover Institution. Retrieved 23 December 2008. Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2003 : 228 -- 29 ) ) Jump up ^ Gordon Bowker, Orwell, p. 218 ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11551 - 1 Jump up ^ Facing Unpleasant Facts, p. xxix, Secker & Warburg, 2000 Jump up ^ Facing Unpleasant Facts, pp. 31, 224 Jump up ^ `` Gordon Bowker : Orwell 's London ''. theorwellprise.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Another piece of the puzzle -- Charles ' George Orwell Links ''. Netcharles.com. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` George Orwell Biography ''. Paralumun.com. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Orwell Prize ''. Orwelldiaries.wordpress.com. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ A Patriot After All, 1940 -- 41, p. xvii 1998 Secker & Warburg Jump up ^ `` About George Orwell - Newsroom - guardian.co.uk ''. www.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2 September 2017. Jump up ^ A Patriot After All, p. xviii Jump up ^ Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper ?, p. 160 Jump up ^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 2 -- My Country Right or Left 1940 -- 1943 p. 40 ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ A Patriot After All 1940 -- 1941, p. 522 Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), pp. 432 -- 33 Jump up ^ Gordon Bowker ( 14 March 2013 ). George Orwell. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 309 -- 10. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4055 - 2805 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Recordings Capture Writers ' Voices Off The Page Listen Queue ''. NPR. Retrieved 5 November 2016. Jump up ^ Khan, Urmeen. `` BBC tried to take George Orwell off air because of ' unattractive ' voice ''. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 November 2016. The BBC tried to take the author George Orwell off air because his voice was `` unattractive '', according to archive documents released by the corporation... no recording of Orwell 's voice survives but contemporaries -- such as the artist Lucian Freud -- have described it as `` monotonous '' with `` no power ''. Jump up ^ Rodden ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ) ^ Jump up to : Crick, Bernard R. ( 1980 ). George Orwell : A Life. Boston : Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 16112 - 1. Jump up ^ Muggeridge, Malcolm ( 1962 ). `` Burmese Days ( Introduction ) ''. Time Inc. Muggeridge recalls that he asked Orwell if such broadcasts were useful, `` ' Perhaps not ', he said, somewhat crestfallen. He added, more cheerfully, that anyway, no one could pick up the broadcasts except on short - wave sets which cost about the equivalent of an Indian labourer 's earnings over 10 years '' Jump up ^ Two Wasted Years, 1943, p. xxi, Secker & Warburg, 2001 Jump up ^ I Have Tried to Tell the Truth, p. xv Secker & Warburg, 2001 Jump up ^ Orwell, G. ; Davison, P. ( 1999 ). I Have Tried to Tell the Truth. London : Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978 - 0 - 436 - 20370 - 1. Jump up ^ I Have Tried to Tell the Truth, p. xxix ^ Jump up to : Garton Ash, Timothy ( 25 September 2003 ). `` Orwell 's List ''. The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016. Jump up ^ Caute, David ( 2009 ). Politics and the Novel during the Cold War. New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 1 - 4128 - 1161 - 9. Jump up ^ `` He had led a quiet life as Richard Blair, not ' Richard Orwell ' '' : Shelden ( 1991 : 398 ; 489 ) Jump up ^ Orwell : Collected Works, I Have Tried to Tell the Truth, p. 283 Jump up ^ `` Remembering Jura, Richard Blair ''. Theorwellprize.co.uk. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Orwell Prize Life and Work -- Exclusive Access to the Orwell Archive ''. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Jump up ^ `` Barnhill ''. is located at 56 ° 06 ′ 39 '' N 5 ° 41 ′ 30 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 56.11083 ° N 5.69167 ° W ﻿ / 56.11083 ; - 5.69167 ( British national grid reference system NR705970 ) Jump up ^ David Holbrook in Stephen Wadham 's Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984 ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Carroll A writer wronged The Sunday Times 15 August 2004 ''. Timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2014. Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 530 Jump up ^ Orwell : Collected Works, It Is What I Think, p. xx, Daily Telegraph, 2 December 2013, ( 1 ) Jump up ^ It Is what I Think, p. 274 Jump up ^ Ezard, John ( 21 June 2003 ). `` Blair 's babe : Did love turn Orwell into a government stooge ? ''. The Guardian. London. Jump up ^ Ingle, Stephen ( 1993 ). George Orwell : a political life. Manchester, England : Manchester University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3233 - 4. Jump up ^ `` George Orwell, author, 46, Dead. British Writer, Acclaimed for His ' 1984 ' and ' Animal Farm, ' is Victim of Tuberculosis. Two Novels Popular Here Distaste for Imperialism ''. The New York Times. 22 January 1950. Jump up ^ Andrew Anthony ( 11 May 2003 ). `` Orwell : the Observer years '', The Observer, Observer Review Pages, p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Committee members ''. orwellsociety.com. Retrieved 25 February 2015. Jump up ^ Howe, Irving ( January 1969 ). `` George Orwell : `` As the bones know '' ``. Harper 's Magazine. ( reprinted in Newsweek ). Howe considered Orwell `` the finest journalist of his day and the foremost architect of the English essay since Hazlitt ''. Jump up ^ `` The Untouched Legacy of Arthur Koestler and George Orwell ''. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2017. Jump up ^ Letter to Gleb Struve, 17 February 1944, Orwell : Essays, Journalism and Letters Vol 3, eds. Sonia Brownell and Ian Angus Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Muggeridge : Introduction ''. Retrieved 23 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Does Orwell Matter ? ''. Retrieved 23 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` George Orwell : Rudyard Kipling ''. Retrieved 23 December 2008. Jump up ^ Notes on Nationalism Jump up ^ Orwell : Essays, Journalism and Letters Vol 4, eds. Sonia Brownell and Ian Angus, p. 576 Jump up ^ George Woodcock Introduction to Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin 1984 Jump up ^ `` Orwell Today ''. ^ Jump up to : `` PBS : Think Tank : Transcript for `` Orwell 's Century '' ``. pbs.org. Retrieved 25 February 2015. Jump up ^ Brendon, Piers ( 7 June 2003 ). `` The saint of common decency ''. The Guardian. UK. Jump up ^ Raymond Williams Politics and Letters 1979 Jump up ^ Christopher Norris Language, Truth and Ideology : Orwell and the Post War Left in Inside the Myth : Orwell views from the Left Lawrence and Whishart 1984 Jump up ^ Lucas, Scott ( 2003 ). Orwell. Haus Publishing. ISBN 1 - 904341 - 33 - 0 Jump up ^ O. Dag. `` John Newsinger : Orwell Centenary : The Biographies '' ( in Russian ). Orwell.ru. Retrieved 14 May 2014. Jump up ^ Rodden ( 1989 : 394 -- 95 ) Jump up ^ Alan Brown Examining Orwell : Political and Literary Values in Education in Christopher Norris Inside the Myth Orwell : Views from the Left Lawrence and Wishart 1984 Jump up ^ Hitchens, Christopher. `` Editorial review of Orwell 's Victory ''. ISBN 0141005351. Jump up ^ Fyvel, T.R., `` A Writer 's Life '', World Review, June 1950 Jump up ^ Fyvel, T.R., `` A Case for George Orwell ? '', Twentieth Century, September 1956, pp. 257 -- 58 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Orwell, George ( April 1946 ). `` Politics and the English Language ''. mtholyoke.edu. Horizon. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010. Jump up ^ Rubin, Andrew N. `` The Rhetoric of Perpetual War ''. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Jump up ^ Orwell, George ( 19 October 1945 ). `` You and the Atom Bomb ''. Tribune. Retrieved 15 July 2010. Jump up ^ Maseeh Rahman. `` George Orwell 's birthplace in India set to become a museum ''. the Guardian. Jump up ^ Jaworowski, Ken ( 16 October 2016 ). `` Review : A Dynamic Actor Redeems ' Orwell in America ' ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev ( 9 August 2016 ). `` Homage to George Orwell : BBC statue wins planning permission ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com. Jump up ^ Jacintha Buddicom Eric & Us Frewin 1974. Jump up ^ remembering Orwell, p. 22 Jump up ^ Orwell Remembered, p. 23 Jump up ^ John Wilkes in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984. ^ Jump up to : Roger Mynors in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984. Jump up ^ Hollis, Christopher ( 1956 ). A study of George Orwell : The man and his works. London : Hollis & Carter. OCLC 2742921. Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984 ^ Jump up to : Orwell, George ; Angus, Ian ; Orwell, Sonia ( 1969 ). The collected essays, journalism and letters of George Orwell. London : Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978 - 0 - 436 - 35015 - 3. Jump up ^ Crick, Bernard ( 1980 ). George Orwell : A Life. London : Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978 - 0 - 436 - 11450 - 2. Jump up ^ R.S. Peters A Boy 's View of George Orwell in Psychology and Ethical Development Allen & Unwin 1974 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Stevens in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin 1984 Jump up ^ Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984 Jump up ^ Correspondence in Collected Essays Journalism and Letters, Secker & Warburg 1968 Jump up ^ Peter Davison ed. George Orwell : Complete Works XI 336 Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 480 Jump up ^ Celia Goodman interview with Shelden June 1989 in Michael Shelden Orwell : The Authorised Biography ^ Jump up to : Henry Dakin in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell ^ Jump up to : Patrica Donahue in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Jump up ^ Michael Meyer Not Prince Hamlet : Literary and Theatrical Memoirs 1989 Jump up ^ Davison, Peter ( 2007 ). The Lost Orwell. Timewell Press. p. 244. ISBN 978 - 1857252149. Jump up ^ Spurling, Hilary. 2002. The girl from the Fiction Department : a portrait of Sonia Orwell. New York : Counterpoint, p. 96. Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 449 Jump up ^ `` Orwell and Son ''. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Richard Blair on Life With My Aunt Avril ''. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2017. Jump up ^ Thomas Cushman and John Rodden eds., George Orwell : Into the Twenty - first Century ( 2004 ), p. 98 Jump up ^ `` Letter to Eleanor Jaques, 19 October 1932 '' in The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell : An Age Like This, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. Harcourt, Brace & World Inc. New York, 1968. p. 102 Jump up ^ A Patriot Ater All, 1940 -- 1941, p. xxvi, Secker & Warburg 1998 ISBN 0 - 436 - 20540 - 8 Jump up ^ Orwell, George. `` Such, Such Were the Joys ''. Retrieved 23 November 2013. Jump up ^ Why Orwell Matters ( 2003 ), p. 123 Jump up ^ Wood, James ( 13 April 2009 ). `` A Fine Rage ''. The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 February 2017. Jump up ^ Voorhees, Richard A. ( 1986 ). The paradox of George Orwell. West Lafayette, Ind : Purdue University Press. pp. 18 -- 19. ISBN 0 - 911198 - 80 - 6. Jump up ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p105 Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 229 Jump up ^ Quoted in Smothered Under Journalism, Orwell : Collected Works, Vol. XVIII, p. 107 Jump up ^ Ingle, Stephen ( 1993 ). George Orwell : a political life. Manchester, England : Manchester University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3233 - 4. Jump up ^ Ingle, Stephen ( 2006 ). The social and political thought of George Orwell : a reassessment. Abingdon, England : Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 0 - 415 - 35735 - 7. Jump up ^ Rees, Richard ( 1961 ), Orwell : Fugitive from the Camp of Victory, Secker & Warburg Jump up ^ Heppenstall, Rayner ( 1960 ), Four Absentees, Barrie & Rockcliff Jump up ^ Davison, P ( 2000 ), A Kind of Compulsion, London : Secker & Warburg, pp. 117 -- 21 Jump up ^ Connolly, Cyril ( 1973 ), `` George Orwell 3 '', The Evening Colonnade, David Bruce & Watson Jump up ^ Orwell, George, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, 1 -- An Age Like This 1945 -- 1950, Penguin, p. 301 Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 364 Jump up ^ `` Why I Write '', The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, 1 -- An Age Like This 1945 -- 1950, Penguin, p. 23 Jump up ^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 -- An Age Like This 1945 -- 1950 p. 373 ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ `` Why I Write '' in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 -- An Age Like This 1945 -- 1950 p. 374 ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ Collini, Stefan ( 5 March 2008 ). `` E.H. Carr : historian of the future ''. The Times. UK. Retrieved 9 November 2008. Jump up ^ Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian ( eds. ). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 4 : In Front of Your Nose ( 1945 -- 1950 ) ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ Woodcock, George ( 1967 ). The crystal spirit : a study of George Orwell. London : Jonathan Cape. p. 247. ISBN 0 - 947795 - 05 - 7. Jump up ^ `` John Newsinger in Socialist Review Issue 276 July / August 2003 ''. Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ Buckman, David ( 13 November 1998 ). `` Where are the Hirsts of the 1930s now ? ''. The Independent ( London ). Jump up ^ Collini, Stefan ( 2006 ). Absent Minds : Intellectuals in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929105 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Antisemitism in Britain '', in As I Please : 1943 -- 1945, pp. 332 -- 41. Jump up ^ `` Notes on Nationalism '', 1945. Jump up ^ In Defence of P.G. Wodehouse, The Windmill, No 2, July 1945, reprinted in Collected Works, I Belong to the Left, pp. 51 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` MI5 confused by Orwell 's politics ''. BBC News. 4 September 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2008. Jump up ^ Ian Angus Interview 23 -- 25 April 1965 quoted in Stansky and Abrahams The Unknown George Orwell Jump up ^ Adrian Fierz in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Jump up ^ John McNair George Orwell : The Man I knew MA Thesis -- Newcastle University Library 1965, quoted Crick ( 1982 ), p. 317 Jump up ^ Jack Common Collection Newcastle University Library quoted in Crick ( 1982 ), p. 204 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Gorer -- recorded for Melvyn Bragg BBC Omnibus production The Road to the Left 1970 Jump up ^ Rayner Heppenstall Four Absentees in Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984 ^ Jump up to : Sunday Wilshin in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984 Jump up ^ Stephen Spender in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984 Jump up ^ Iggulden, Amy ( 11 June 2005 ). `` ' Missing link ' between madness and genius ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Powell 's Books -- Synopses and Reviews of DJ Taylor Orwell : The Life ''. Powells.com. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ Maung Htin Aung George Orwell and Burma in Miriam Goss The World of George Orwell Weidenfield & Nicholson 1971 Jump up ^ Interview with Geoffrey Stevens, Crick ( 1982 ), pp. 222 -- 23 Jump up ^ Heppenstall The Shooting Stick Twentieth Century April 1955 Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), pp. 274 -- 75 Jump up ^ Michael Meyer Not Prince Hamlet : Literary and Theatrical Memoirs Secker and Warburg 1989 Jump up ^ T.R. Fyval George Orwell : A Personal Memoir 1982 Jump up ^ D.J. Taylor, Orwell 's Voice, Orwell Prize, retrieved April 26, 2017 Jump up ^ `` How to make a perfect cuppa : put milk in first ''. The Guardian ( London ). Retrieved 30 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` Still the Moon Under Water ''. The Economist. London. 28 July 2009. Jump up ^ Dewey, Peter ( 2014 ). War and Progress : Britain 1914 -- 1945. Routledge. p. 325. Jump up ^ Orwell, George ; Angus, Ian ; Davison, Sheila ( 1998 ) ( 1946 ). The Complete Works of George Orwell : Smothered under journalism. Secker & Warburg. p. 34. Jump up ^ Lettice Cooper in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell, Penguin Books 1984 Jump up ^ Orwell, George ( 9 February 1946 ). `` The Moon Under Water ''. Evening Standard. Jump up ^ Julian Symonds in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984 Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 502 Jump up ^ Sophie Mackenzie : George Orwell 's hot and cold British menu, The Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2017 Jump up ^ Cunningham, Ian ( 2001 ). A Reader 's Guide to Writers ' London. Prion. p. 165. Jump up ^ Crick ( 1982 ), p. 504 Jump up ^ Jack Denny in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell, Penguin Books 1984 Jump up ^ Bob Edwards in Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered, 1984 Jump up ^ Jennie Lee in Peter Davison, Complete Works XI 5 Jump up ^ David Astor Interview, in Michael Shelden Jump up ^ `` Watching Orwell -- International Herald Tribune ''. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008. Jump up ^ Jack Braithwaite in Wadhams Remembering Orwell, Penguin Books 1984 Jump up ^ John Morris `` Some are more equal than others '', Penguin New Writing, No. 40 1950 Jump up ^ Rodden, John ( 2006 ). Every Intellectual 's Big Brother : George Orwell 's Literary Siblings. University of Texas Press, Austin. p. 162. Jump up ^ Sharp, Tony ( 2013 ). WH Auden in Context. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. Jump up ^ Orwell, George. Keep The Aspidistra Flying. Jump up ^ Bowker, Gordon. George Orwell. Jump up ^ D.J. Taylor Orwell : The Life. Henry Holt and Company. 2003. ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7473 - 2 Jump up ^ Peter Stansky and William Abrahams The Unknown Orwell Constable 1972 ^ Jump up to : Gordon Bowker -- Orwell and the biographers in John Rodden The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell Cambridge University Press 2007 Jump up ^ `` VQR '' Wintry Conscience ``. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008. Jump up ^ Peter Davison The Complete Works of George Orwell Random House, ISBN 0 - 15 - 135101 - 5 Jump up ^ Jeffrey Meyers Orwell : Wintry Conscience of a Generation W.W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 2001 ISBN 0 - 393 - 32263 - 7 Jump up ^ Also see : Roberts, Russ ( 17 August 2009 ). `` Hitchens on Orwell ''. EconTalk. Library of Economics and Liberty. Jump up ^ `` The Orwell Prize Gordon Bowker : The Biography Orwell Never Wrote ( essay ) ''. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Jump up ^ Gordon Bowker George Orwell Little, Brown 2003 Jump up ^ Review : Orwell by DJ Taylor and George Orwell by Gordon Bowker Observer on Sunday 1 June 2003 Sources Anderson, Paul ( ed ). Orwell in Tribune : ' As I Please ' and Other Writings. Methuen / Politico 's 2006. ISBN 1 - 84275 - 155 - 7 Azurmendi, Joxe ( 1984 ) : George Orwell. 1984 : Reality exists in the human mind, Jakin, 32 : 87 -- 103. Bounds, Philip. Orwell and Marxism : The Political and Cultural Thinking of George Orwell. I.B. Tauris. 2009. ISBN 1 - 84511 - 807 - 3 Bowker, Gordon. George Orwell. Little Brown. 2003. ISBN 0 - 316 - 86115 - 4 Buddicom, Jacintha. Eric & Us. Finlay Publisher. 2006. ISBN 0 - 9553708 - 0 - 9 Caute, David. Dr. Orwell and Mr. Blair, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0 - 297 - 81438 - 9 Crick, Bernard. George Orwell : A Life. Penguin. 1982. ISBN 0 - 14 - 005856 - 7 Flynn, Nigel. George Orwell. The Rourke Corporation, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0 - 86593 - 018 - X Haycock, David Boyd. I Am Spain : The Spanish Civil War and the Men and Women who went to Fight Fascism. Old Street Publishing. 2013. ISBN 978 - 1 - 908699 - 10 - 7 Hitchens, Christopher. Why Orwell Matters. Basic Books. 2003. ISBN 0 - 465 - 03049 - 1 Hollis, Christopher. A Study of George Orwell : The Man and His Works. Chicago : Henry Regnery Co. 1956. Larkin, Emma. Secret Histories : Finding George Orwell in a Burmese Teashop. Penguin. 2005. ISBN 1 - 59420 - 052 - 1 Lee, Robert A, Orwell 's Fiction. University of Notre Dame Press, 1969. LC 74 - 75151 Leif, Ruth Ann, Homage to Oceania. The Prophetic Vision of George Orwell. Ohio State U.P. ( 1969 ) Meyers, Jeffery. Orwell : Wintry Conscience of a Generation. W.W. Norton. 2000. ISBN 0 - 393 - 32263 - 7 Newsinger, John. Orwell 's Politics. Macmillan. 1999. ISBN 0 - 333 - 68287 - 4 Orwell, George, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, 1 -- An Age Like This 1945 -- 1950, Penguin. Rodden, John ( 1989 ). George Orwell : The Politics of Literary Reputation ( 2002 revised ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0896 - X. Rodden, John ( ed. ) The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. Cambridge. 2007. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67507 - 9 Shelden, Michael. Orwell : The Authorized Biography. HarperCollins. 1991. ISBN 0 - 06 - 016709 - 2 Smith, D. & Mosher, M. Orwell for Beginners. 1984. London : Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative. Taylor, D.J. Orwell : The Life. Henry Holt and Company. 2003. ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7473 - 2 West, W.J. The Larger Evils. Edinburgh : Canongate Press. 1992. ISBN 0 - 86241 - 382 - 6 ( Nineteen Eighty - Four -- The truth behind the satire. ) West, W.J. ( ed. ) George Orwell : The Lost Writings. New York : Arbor House. 1984. ISBN 0 - 87795 - 745 - 2 Williams, Raymond, Orwell, Fontana / Collins, 1971 Wood, James `` A Fine Rage. '' The New Yorker. 2009. 85 ( 9 ) : 54. Woodcock, George. The Crystal Spirit. Little Brown. 1966. ISBN 1 - 55164 - 268 - 9 Further reading Orwell, George. Diaries, edited by Peter Davison ( W.W. Norton & Company ; 2012 ) 597 pages ; annotated edition of 11 diaries kept by Orwell, from August 1931 to September 1949. Steele, David Ramsay ( 2008 ). `` Orwell, George ( 1903 -- 1950 ) ''. In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute. pp. 366 -- 68. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n224. External links Find more aboutGeorge Orwellat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : George Orwell ( in the public domain in Canada ) George Orwell at DMOZ George Orwell at Encyclopædia Britannica George Orwell on IMDb Works by George Orwell at Open Library Works by or about George Orwell at Internet Archive Works by Eric Arthur Blair at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by George Orwell at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) George Orwell at the Internet Book List George Orwell at Goodreads Texts at Gutenberg.net.au George Orwell -- Penguin Books official website for George Orwell The Orwell Diaries : a daily extract from Orwell 's diary from the same date seventy years before Blair, Eric Arthur ( George Orwell ) ( 1903 -- 1950 ) at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography George Orwell collection. Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University Libraries George Orwell at the BBC Riggenbach, Jeff ( 24 June 2010 ), `` The Brilliant but Confused Radicalism of George Orwell '', Mises Daily, Ludwig von Mises Institute George Orwell plaques recorded on openplaques.org Portraits of George Orwell at the National Portrait Gallery, London `` Archival material relating to George Orwell ''. UK National Archives. George Orwell at the British Library The Orwell Society George Orwell Bibliography Novels Burmese Days ( 1934 ) A Clergyman 's Daughter ( 1935 ) Keep the Aspidistra Flying ( 1936 ) Coming Up for Air ( 1939 ) Animal Farm ( 1945 ) Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) Nonfiction Down and Out in Paris and London ( 1933 ) The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) Essays `` A Hanging '' ( 1931 ) `` The Spike '' ( 1931 ) `` Bookshop Memories '' ( 1936 ) `` Shooting an Elephant '' ( 1936 ) `` Spilling the Spanish Beans '' ( 1937 ) `` Boys ' Weeklies '' ( 1940 ) `` Inside the Whale '' ( 1940 ) `` My Country Right or Left '' ( 1940 ) `` England Your England '' ( 1941 ) `` The Lion and the Unicorn : Socialism and the English Genius '' ( 1941 ) `` The Art of Donald McGill '' ( 1940 ) `` Poetry and the Microphone '' ( 1943 ) `` Raffles and Miss Blandish '' ( 1944 ) `` Good Bad Books '' ( 1945 ) `` Notes on Nationalism '' ( 1945 ) `` Books v. Cigarettes '' ( 1946 ) `` Confessions of a Book Reviewer '' ( 1946 ) `` Decline of the English Murder '' ( 1946 ) `` A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray '' ( 1946 ) `` How the Poor Die '' ( 1946 ) `` The Moon Under Water '' ( 1946 ) `` A Nice Cup of Tea '' ( 1946 ) `` Pleasure Spots '' ( 1946 ) `` Politics and the English Language '' ( 1946 ) `` The Politics of Starvation '' ( 1946 ) `` Politics vs. Literature : An Examination of Gulliver 's Travels '' ( 1946 ) `` The Prevention of Literature '' ( 1946 ) `` Riding Down from Bangor '' ( 1946 ) `` Second Thoughts on James Burnham '' ( 1946 ) `` Some Thoughts on the Common Toad '' ( 1946 ) `` Why I Write '' ( 1946 ) `` Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool '' ( 1947 ) `` The English People '' ( 1947 ) `` Such, Such Were the Joys '' ( 1952 ) Related `` As I Please '' ( 1943 -- 1947 ) `` London Letters '' ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Betrayal of the Left ( 1941 ) Inside the Whale and Other Essays ( 1940 ) Critical Essays ( 1946 ) Searchlight Books Secker and Warburg Victor Gollancz Ltd Eileen O'Shaughnessy Sonia Orwell Orwell 's list ( 1949 ) Eric & Us Why Orwell Matters Orwell Award Orwell Prize Orwellian Associated subjects George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) Characters Winston Smith Julia O'Brien Big Brother Emmanuel Goldstein Places Nations of Nineteen Eighty - Four Ministries of Nineteen Eighty - Four Groups Social classes Inner Party Outer Party Proles The Brotherhood Thought Police Concepts Ingsoc Newspeak wordlist Doublethink Two + two = five Thoughtcrime Telescreen Memory hole Goldstein 's book Two Minutes Hate Hate week Prolefeed Adaptations Nineteen Eighty - Four in other media Influence Nineteen Eighty - Four in popular media Book : Nineteen Eighty - Four George Orwell 's Animal Farm ( 1945 ) Characters Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Boxer Benjamin Pilkington Mr. Jones Concepts Anthems Other media 1954 film 1999 film Animal Farm in popular culture VIAF : 95155403 LCCN : n79058639 ISNI : 0000 0003 6864 5684 GND : 118590359 SELIBR : 196433 SUDOC : 027053857 BNF : cb11918228x ( data ) BIBSYS : 90076220 ULAN : 500277419 MusicBrainz : 3705ef0e - 1de7 - 42cf - a1ea - 334e1128b1f7 NLA : 35401792 NDL : 00451859 NKC : jn19981001921 ICCU : IT ICCU CFIV 000470 BNE : XX1158631 IATH : w6ff3rfd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Orwell&oldid=804856166 '' Categories : George Orwell 1903 births 1950 deaths 20th - century deaths from tuberculosis 20th - century English novelists 20th - century English poets Administrators in British Burma Anti-Stalinist left British colonial police officers British writers in French British investigative journalists British people of colonial India British people of World War II British people of the Spanish Civil War British social commentators British shooting survivors British war correspondents British propagandists Burials in Oxfordshire Critics of religions English activists English Anglicans Democratic socialists English anti-communists English anti-fascists Constructed language creators English booksellers English democracy activists English essayists English humanists English male journalists English memoirists English people of French descent English political writers English reporters and correspondents English satirists English sceptics English socialists Historians of fascism Infectious disease deaths in England Male essayists Modernist writers People educated at Eton College People educated at St Cyprian 's School People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire People from Bihar Prometheus Award winners Pseudonymous writers Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - 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Question: when did george orwell write his first book
Answer: 1933