Bismuth chloride - wikipedia Bismuth chloride Bismuth chloride Names IUPAC name Bismuth chloride Other names Bismuth trichloride, Trichlorobismuth, Trichlorobismuthine, Bismuth ( III ) chloride Identifiers CAS Number 7787 - 60 - 2 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChemSpider 22993 ECHA InfoCard 100.029. 203 PubChem CID 24591 RTECS number EB2690000 InChI InChI = 1S / Bi. 3ClH / h ; 3 * 1H / q + 3 ; ; ; / p - 3 Key : JHXKRIRFYBPWGE - UHFFFAOYSA - K InChI = 1 / Bi. 3ClH / h ; 3 * 1H / q + 3 ; ; ; / p - 3 Key : JHXKRIRFYBPWGE - DFZHHIFOAJ SMILES Cl ( Bi ) ( Cl ) Cl Properties Chemical formula BiCl Molar mass 315.34 g / mol Appearance hygroscopic white to yellow crystals Density 4.75 g / cm Melting point 227 ° C ( 441 ° F ; 500 K ) Boiling point 447 ° C ( 837 ° F ; 720 K ) Solubility in water Soluble, hydrolyses Solubility soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, acetone Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) - 26.5 10 cm / mol Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 0.333 J / ( g K ) Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) - 1.202 kJ / g Hazards Safety data sheet JT Baker NFPA 704 0 0 Lethal dose or concentration ( LD, LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 3324 mg / kg, oral ( rat ) Related compounds Other anions bismuth fluoride, bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth trioxide Other cations iron ( III ) chloride, manganese ( II ) chloride, cobalt ( II ) chloride Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ), 100 kPa ). verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Bismuth chloride ( or butter of bismuth ) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BiCl. It is a common source of the Bi ion. In the gas phase and in the crystal, the species adopts a pyramidal structure, in accord with VSEPR theory. Contents 1 Preparation 2 Structure 3 Chemistry 3.1 Chloro complexes 3.2 Organic catalysis 4 Safety 5 References Preparation Bismuth chloride can be synthesized directly by passing chlorine over bismuth. 2 Bi + 3 Cl → 2 BiCl or by dissolving bismuth metal in aqua regia, evaporating the mixture to give BiCl 2H O, which can be distilled to form the anhydrous trichloride. Alternatively, it may be prepared by adding hydrochloric acid to bismuth oxide and evaporating the solution. Bi O + 6 HCl → 2 BiCl + 3 H O Also, the compound can be prepared by dissolving bismuth in concentrated nitric acid and then adding solid sodium chloride into this solution. Bi + 6 HNO → Bi ( NO ) + 3 H O + 3 NO Bi ( NO ) + 3 NaCl → BiCl + 3 NaNO Structure In the gas phase BiCl is pyramidal with an Cl - Bi-Cl angle of 97.5 ° and a bond length of 242 pm. In the solid state each Bi atom has three near neighbors at 250 pm, two at 324 pm and three at a mean of 336 pm, the image above highlights the three closest neighbours. This structure is similar to that of AsCl, AsBr, SbCl and SbBr. Chemistry Bismuth chloride is hydrolyzed readily to bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl : Bi ( aq ) + Cl ( aq ) + H O ( l ) < = > BiOCl ( s ) + 2 H ( aq ) This reaction can be reversed by adding an acid, such as hydrochloric acid. Reaction of solid BiCl with water vapour below 50 ° C has been shown to produce the intermediate monohydrate, BiCl. H O. Bismuth chloride is an oxidizing agent, being readily reduced to metallic bismuth by reducing agents. Chloro complexes In contrast to the usual expectation by consistency with periodic trends, BiCl is a Lewis acid, forming a variety of chloro complexes such as ( BiCl ) that strongly violates the octet rule. Furthermore, the octahedral structure of this coordination complex does not follow the predictions of VSEPR theory, since the lone pair on bismuth is unexpectedly stereochemically inactive. The dianionic complex ( BiCl ) does however adopt the expected square pyramidal structure. Cs ( BiCl ) Cs ( BiCl ) ( BiCl ) Organic catalysis Bismuth chloride is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. In particular, it catalyzes the Michael reaction and the Mukaiyama - aldol reaction. The addition of other metal iodides increases its catalytic activity. Safety Bismuth chloride is toxic. It causes irritation to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. Contact with skin may cause burns. References Jump up ^ Godfrey, S.M. ; McAuliffe, C.A. ; Mackie, A.G. ; Pritchard, R.G. ( 1998 ). Nicholas C. Norman, ed. Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. p. 90. ISBN 0 - 7514 - 0389 - X. Jump up ^ Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw - Hill, 2002, ISBN 0 - 07 - 049439 - 8 Jump up ^ Töke, Orsolya, and Magdolna Hargittai. `` Molecular structure of bismuth trichloride from combined electron diffraction and vibrational spectroscopic study. '' Structural Chemistry 6.2 ( 1995 ) : 127 - 130. Jump up ^ Wells A.F. ( 1984 ) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition, pp. 879 - 884, Oxford Science Publications, ISBN 0 - 19 - 855370 - 6 Jump up ^ Joel Henry Hildebrand ( 2008 ). Principles of Chemistry. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 191. ISBN 0 - 559 - 31877 - 4. Jump up ^ Frank Welcher ( 2008 ). Chemical Solutions. READ BOOKS. p. 48. ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2907 - 8. Jump up ^ Wosylus, Aron ; Hoffmann, Stefan ; Schmidt, Marcus ; Ruck, Michael ( 2010 ). `` In - situ Study of the Solid - Gas Reaction of BiCl3 to BiOCl via the Intermediate Hydrate BiCl3 H2O ''. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2010 ( 10 ) : 1469 -- 1471. doi : 10.1002 / ejic. 201000032. ISSN 1434 - 1948. Jump up ^ Holleman, A.F. ; Wiberg, E. `` Inorganic Chemistry '' Academic Press : San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5. Jump up ^ Hitomi Suzuki ; Yoshihiro Matano ( 2001 ). Organobismuth chemistry. Elsevier. pp. 403 -- 404. ISBN 0 - 444 - 20528 - 4. Bismuth compounds Bismuth ( III ) BiBr BiCl Bi Ge O BiOCl Bi Se Bi O ( CO ) Bi Te BiF BiI Bi O Bi ( OH ) Bi S BiH BiOHOCOC H O Organobismuth ( III ) C H BiH Bismuth ( V ) NaBiO BiF Bi SiO Bi O GND : 4406016 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bismuth_chloride&oldid=785478263 '' Categories : Bismuth compounds Chlorides Metal halides Mineral butters Hidden categories : Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2017, at 19 : 18 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia

Question: addition of bismuth chloride to excess of water produces
Answer: the intermediate monohydrate, BiCl3.H2O