Inuit - wikipedia Inuit For the 2010 film, see Inuk ( film ). For other uses of Inuit, see Inuit ( disambiguation ). Not to be confused with the Innu people, a First Nations people in eastern Quebec and Labrador. Inuit Traditional qamutik ( sled ), Cape Dorset, Nunavut Total population 135,991 Regions with significant populations Greenland 51,365 ( 2010 ) Canada 50,480 ( 2006 ) United States 16,581 ( 2010 ) Denmark 15,815 ( 2015 ) Russia 1,750 ( 2010 ) Languages Greenlandic, Inuktitut, and other Inuit languages, Danish, English, French, Inuiuuk and various others Religion Christianity, Inuit religion Related ethnic groups Aleut and Yupik peoples Indigenous peoples in Canada First Nations Inuit Métis History Paleo - Indians Pre-colonization Genetics Residential schools Indian hospitals Conflicts First Nations Inuit Politics Crown and Indigenous peoples Treaty rights Health Policy Numbered Treaties Royal Commission Self - government Indian Act British Columbia Treaty Process Idle No More Lateral violence Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women Politics Organizations Case law Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Culture Indigenous cultures Indigenous personalities Country food Music Demographics Indian reserves AB FN Métis Atlantic CA BC MB ON QC SK Territories Pacific Coast Linguistics Indigenous languages Inuit languages Indigenous English Dialects NAPA Aboriginal syllabics Inuit grammar Religions Traditional beliefs Inuit mythology Index Index of articles Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Stubs Wikiprojects Portal Indigenous Canadian portal WikiProject Indigenous North Americans First Nations Commons Wiktionary Inuit Commons Wiktionary Métis Commons Wiktionary The Inuit ( pronounced / ˈɪnu. ɪt / or / ˈɪnju. ɪt / ; Inuktitut : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, `` the people '' ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska. Inuit is a plural noun ; the singular is Inuk. The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo - Aleut family. Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate spoken in Nunavut. In the United States and Canada, the term `` Eskimo '' was commonly used to describe the Inuit and Alaska 's Yupik and Iñupiat peoples. However, `` Inuit '' is not accepted as a term for the Yupik, and `` Eskimo '' is the only term that includes Yupik, Iñupiat and Inuit. However, aboriginal peoples in Canada and Greenlandic Inuit view `` Eskimo '' as pejorative, and `` Inuit '' is more commonly used in self - reference for these groups. In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classified the Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis. The Inuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut, Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec, Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador, and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the `` Inuit Nunangat ''. In the United States, the Iñupiat live primarily on the Alaska North Slope and on Little Diomede Island. The Greenlandic Inuit are descendants of indigenous migrations from Canada. They are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union. Contents 1 Precontact history 2 Postcontact history 2.1 Canada 2.1. 1 Early contact with Europeans 2.1. 2 Early 20th century 2.1. 3 Second World War to the 1960s 2.1. 4 Cultural renewal 2.1. 5 Inuit cabinet members at the federal level 3 Nomenclature 4 Cultural history 4.1 Languages 4.2 Diet 4.3 Transport, navigation, and dogs 4.4 Industry, art, and clothing 4.5 Gender roles, marriage, birth, and community 4.6 Raiding 4.7 Suicide, murder, and death 4.8 Traditional law 5 Traditional beliefs 6 Demographics 6.1 Canada 6.2 Greenland 6.3 Denmark 6.4 United States 6.5 Russia 7 Governance 7.1 Regional autonomy in Canada 7.2 Greenland 7.3 Alaska 8 Modern culture 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precontact History For their earlier precontact history, see Aboriginal peoples in Canada § Paleo - Indians period. Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture, who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 CE. They had split from the related Aleut group about 4,000 years ago and from northeastern Siberian migrants, possibly related to the Chukchi language group, still earlier. They spread eastwards across the Arctic. They displaced the related Dorset culture, the last major Paleo - Eskimo culture ( in Inuktitut, called the Tuniit ). Inuit legends speak of the Tuniit as `` giants '', people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit. Less frequently, the legends refer to the Dorset as `` dwarfs ''. Researchers believe that the Dorset culture lacked the dogs, larger weapons and other technologies of the Inuit society, which gave the latter an advantage. By 1300, Inuit migrants had reached west Greenland, where they settled, moving into east Greenland over the following century. Faced with population pressures from the Thule and other surrounding groups, such as the Algonquian and Siouan to the south, the Tuniit gradually receded. They were thought to have become completely extinct as a people by about 1400 or 1500. But, in the mid-1950s, researcher Henry B. Collins determined that, based on the ruins found at Native Point, the Sadlermiut were likely the last remnants of the Dorset culture, or Tuniit. The Sadlermiut population survived up until winter 1902 -- 03, when exposure to new infectious diseases brought by contact with Europeans led to their extinction as a people. In the early 21st century, mitochondrial DNA research has supported the theory of continuity between the Tuniit and the Sadlermiut peoples. It also provided evidence that a population displacement did not occur within the Aleutian Islands between the Dorset and Thule transition. In contrast to other Tuniit populations, the Aleut and Sadlermiut benefited from both geographical isolation and their ability to adopt certain Thule technologies. In Canada and Greenland, Inuit circulated almost exclusively north of the `` Arctic tree line '', the effective southern border of Inuit society. The most southern `` officially recognized '' Inuit community in the world is Rigolet in Nunatsiavut. South of Nunatsiavut, the descendants of the southern Labrador Inuit in NunatuKavut continued their traditional transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s. The Nunatukavummuit people usually moved among islands and bays on a seasonal basis. They did not establish stationary communities. In other areas south of the tree line, Native American and First Nations cultures were well established. The culture and technology of Inuit society that served so well in the Arctic were not suited to subarctic regions, so they did not displace their southern neighbors. Inuit had trade relations with more southern cultures ; boundary disputes were common and gave rise to aggressive actions. Warfare was not uncommon among those Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit such as the Nunatamiut ( Uummarmiut ), who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area, often engaged in warfare. The more sparsely settled Inuit in the Central Arctic, however, did so less often. Their first European contact was with the Vikings who settled in Greenland and explored the eastern Canadian coast. The Norse sagas recorded meeting skrælingar, probably an undifferentiated label for all the indigenous peoples whom the Norse encountered, whether Tuniit, Inuit, or Beothuk. After about 1350, the climate grew colder during the period known as the Little Ice Age. During this period, Alaskan natives were able to continue their whaling activities. But, in the high Arctic, the Inuit were forced to abandon their hunting and whaling sites as bowhead whales disappeared from Canada and Greenland. These Inuit had to subsist on a much poorer diet, and lost access to the essential raw materials for their tools and architecture which they had previously derived from whaling. The changing climate forced the Inuit to work their way south, forcing them into marginal niches along the edges of the tree line. These were areas which Native Americans had not occupied or where they were weak enough for the Inuit to live near them. Researchers have difficulty defining when Inuit stopped this territorial expansion. There is evidence that they were still moving into new territory in southern Labrador when they first began to interact with Europeans in the 17th century. Postcontact History Canada Early contact with Europeans The lives of Paleo - Eskimos of the far north were largely unaffected by the arrival of visiting Norsemen except for mutual trade. Labrador Inuit have had the longest continuous contact with Europeans. After the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland, the Inuit had no contact with Europeans for at least a century. By the mid-16th century, Basque whalers and fishermen were already working the Labrador coast and had established whaling stations on land, such as the one that has been excavated at Red Bay. The Inuit appear not to have interfered with their operations, but they raided the stations in winter for tools and items made of worked iron, which they adapted to their own needs. Martin Frobisher 's 1576 search for the Northwest Passage was the first well - documented post-Columbian contact between Europeans and Inuit. Frobisher 's expedition landed in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, not far from the settlement now called The City of Iqaluit which was long known as Frobisher Bay. Frobisher encountered Inuit on Resolution Island where five sailors left the ship, under orders from Frobisher, and became part of Inuit mythology. The homesick sailors, tired of their adventure, attempted to leave in a small vessel and vanished. Frobisher brought an unwilling Inuk to England, possibly the first Inuk ever to visit Europe. The Inuit oral tradition, in contrast, recounts the natives helping Frobisher 's crewmen, whom they believed had been abandoned. The semi-nomadic eco-centred Inuit were fishers and hunters harvesting lakes, seas, ice platforms and tundra. While there are some allegations that Inuit were hostile to early French and English explorers, fishers and whalers, more recent research suggests that the early relations with whaling stations along the Labrador coast and later James Bay were based on a mutual interest in trade. In the final years of the 18th century, the Moravian Church began missionary activities in Labrador, supported by the British who were tired of the raids on their whaling stations. The Moravian missionaries could easily provide the Inuit with the iron and basic materials they had been stealing from whaling outposts, materials whose real cost to Europeans was almost nothing, but whose value to the Inuit was enormous and from then on contacts in Labrador were far more peaceful. Hudson 's Bay Company Ships bartering with Inuit off the Upper Savage Islands, Hudson Strait, 1819 The European arrival tremendously damaged the Inuit way of life, causing mass death through new diseases introduced by whalers and explorers, and enormous social disruptions caused by the distorting effect of Europeans ' material wealth. Nonetheless, Inuit society in the higher latitudes had largely remained in isolation during the 19th century. The Hudson 's Bay Company opened trading posts such as Great Whale River ( 1820 ), today the site of the twin villages of Whapmagoostui and Kuujjuarapik, where whale products of the commercial whale hunt were processed and furs traded. The British Naval Expedition of 1821 -- 3 led by Admiral William Edward Parry, which twice over-wintered in Foxe Basin, provided the first informed, sympathetic and well - documented account of the economic, social and religious life of the Inuit. Parry stayed in what is now Igloolik over the second winter. Parry 's writings, with pen and ink illustrations of Inuit everyday life, and those of George Francis Lyon, both published in 1824 were widely read. Captain George Comer 's Inuit wife Shoofly, known for her sewing skills and elegant attire, was influential in convincing him to acquire more sewing accessories and beads for trade with Inuit. Early 20th century During the early 20th century a few traders and missionaries circulated among the more accessible bands, and after 1904 they were accompanied by a handful of Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ). Unlike most Aboriginal peoples in Canada, however, the lands occupied by the Inuit were of little interest to European settlers -- to the southerners, the homeland of the Inuit was a hostile hinterland. Southerners enjoyed lucrative careers as bureaucrats and service providers to the north, but very few ever chose to visit there. Canada, with its more hospitable lands largely settled, began to take a greater interest in its more peripheral territories, especially the fur and mineral - rich hinterlands. By the late 1920s, there were no longer any Inuit who had not been contacted by traders, missionaries or government agents. In 1939, the Supreme Court of Canada found, in a decision known as Re Eskimos, that the Inuit should be considered Indians and were thus under the jurisdiction of the federal government. Native customs were worn down by the actions of the RCMP, who enforced Canadian criminal law on Inuit, such as Kikkik, who often could not understand what they had done wrong, and by missionaries who preached a moral code very different from the one they were used to. Many of the Inuit were systematically converted to Christianity in the 19th and 20th centuries, through rituals like the Siqqitiq. Second World War to the 1960s World War II and the Cold War made Arctic Canada strategically important for the first time and, thanks to the development of modern aircraft, accessible year - round. The construction of air bases and the Distant Early Warning Line in the 1940s and 1950s brought more intensive contacts with European society, particularly in the form of public education, which traditionalists complained instilled foreign values disdainful of the traditional structure of Inuit society. In the 1950s the High Arctic relocation was undertaken by the Government of Canada for several reasons. These were to include protecting Canada 's sovereignty in the Arctic, alleviating hunger ( as the area currently occupied had been over-hunted ), and attempting to solve the `` Eskimo problem '', meaning the assimilation and end of the Inuit culture. One of the more notable relocations was undertaken in 1953, when 17 families were moved from Port Harrison ( now Inukjuak, Quebec ) to Resolute and Grise Fiord. They were dropped off in early September when winter had already arrived. The land they were sent to was very different from that in the Inukjuak area ; it was barren, with only a couple of months when the temperature rose above freezing and several months of polar night. The families were told by the RCMP they would be able to return within two years if conditions were not right. However, two years later more families were relocated to the High Arctic and it was to be thirty years before they were able to visit Inukjuak. By 1953, Canada 's prime minister Louis St. Laurent publicly admitted, `` Apparently we have administered the vast territories of the north in an almost continuing absence of mind. '' The government began to establish about forty permanent administrative centres to provide education, health and economic development services. Inuit from hundreds of smaller camps scattered across the north, began to congregate in these hamlets. Regular visits from doctors, and access to modern medical care raised the birth rate and decreased the death rate, causing an enormous natural increase. In the 1950s, the Canadian government began to actively settle Inuit into permanent villages and cities, occasionally against their will ( such as in Nuntak and Hebron ). These forced resettlements were acknowledged by the Canadian government in 2005. By the mid-1960s, encouraged first by missionaries, then by the prospect of paid jobs and government services, and finally forced by hunger and required by police, most Canadian Inuit lived year - round in permanent settlements. The nomadic migrations that were the central feature of Arctic life had become a much smaller part of life in the North. The Inuit, a once self - sufficient people in an extremely harsh environment were, in the span of perhaps two generations, transformed into a small, impoverished minority, lacking skills or resources to sell to the larger economy, but increasingly dependent on it for survival. Although anthropologists like Diamond Jenness ( 1964 ) were quick to predict that Inuit culture was facing extinction, Inuit political activism was already emerging. Cultural renewal In the 1960s, the Canadian government funded the establishment of secular, government - operated high schools in the Northwest Territories ( including what is now Nunavut ) and Inuit areas in Quebec and Labrador along with the residential school system. The Inuit population was not large enough to support a full high school in every community, so this meant only a few schools were built, and students from across the territories were boarded there. These schools, in Aklavik, Iqaluit, Yellowknife, Inuvik and Kuujjuaq, brought together young Inuit from across the Arctic in one place for the first time, and exposed them to the rhetoric of civil and human rights that prevailed in Canada in the 1960s. This was a real wake - up call for the Inuit, and it stimulated the emergence of a new generation of young Inuit activists in the late 1960s who came forward and pushed for respect for the Inuit and their territories. The Inuit began to emerge as a political force in the late 1960s and early 1970s, shortly after the first graduates returned home. They formed new politically active associations in the early 1970s, starting with the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada ( Inuit Brotherhood and today known as Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ), an outgrowth of the Indian and Eskimo Association of the ' 60s, in 1971, and more region specific organizations shortly afterwards, including the Committee for the Original People 's Entitlement ( representing the Inuvialuit ), the Northern Quebec Inuit Association ( Makivik Corporation ) and the Labrador Inuit Association ( LIA ) representing Northern Labrador Inuit. Since the mid-1980s the Southern Labrador Inuit of NunatuKavut began organizing politically after being geographically cut out of the LIA, however, for political expediency the organization was erroneously called the Labrador Métis Nation. These various activist movements began to change the direction of Inuit society in 1975 with the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement. This comprehensive land claims settlement for Quebec Inuit, along with a large cash settlement and substantial administrative autonomy in the new region of Nunavik, set the precedent for the settlements to follow. The northern Labrador Inuit submitted their land claim in 1977, although they had to wait until 2005 to have a signed land settlement establishing Nunatsiavut. Southern Labrador Inuit of NunatuKavut are currently in the process of establishing landclaims and title rights that would allow them to negotiate with the Newfoundland Government. Canada 's 1982 Constitution Act recognized the Inuit as Aboriginal peoples in Canada, but not First Nations. In the same year, the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut ( TFN ) was incorporated, in order to take over negotiations for land claims on behalf of the Inuit living in the eastern Northwest Territories, that would later become Nunavut, from the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, which became a joint association of the Inuit of Quebec, Labrador, and the Northwest Territories. Inuit cabinet members at the federal level On October 30, 2008, Leona Aglukkaq was appointed as Minister of Health, `` ( becoming ) the first Inuk to hold a senior cabinet position, although she is not the first Inuk to be in cabinet altogether. '' Jack Anawak and Nancy Karetak - Lindell were both parliamentary secretaries respectively from 1993 to 1996 and in 2003. Nomenclature See also : Eskimo § Nomenclature In the United States, the term `` Eskimo '' is still commonly used, because it includes Inuit, Aleut, Iñupiat, and Yupik peoples whilst distinguishing them from American Indians. The Yupik do not speak an Inuit language nor consider themselves to be Inuit. However, the term is probably a Montagnais exonym as well as being widely used in folk etymology as meaning `` eater of raw meat '' in the Cree language. It is now considered pejorative or even a racial slur amongst the Canadian and English - speaking Greenlandic Inuit. In Canada and Greenland, `` Inuit '' is preferred. Inuit is the Eastern Canadian Inuit ( Inuktitut ) and West Greenlandic ( Kalaallisut ) word for `` the people. '' Since Inuktitut and Kalaallisut are the prestige dialects in Canada and Greenland, respectively, their version has become dominant, although every Inuit dialect uses cognates from the Proto - Eskimo * ińuɣ -- for example, `` people '' is inughuit in North Greenlandic and iivit in East Greenlandic. Cultural History Main article : Inuit culture Languages Distribution of Inuit dialects Main article : Inuit languages Inuit speak Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Greenlandic languages, which belong to the Inuit - Inupiaq branch of the Eskimo -- Aleut language family... The Greenlandic languages are divided into : Kalaallisut ( Western ), Inuktun ( Northern ), and Tunumiit ( Eastern ). Inuktitut is spoken in Canada and along with Inuinnaqtun is one of the official languages of Nunavut and are known collectively as the Inuit Language. In the Northwest Territories, Inuvialuktun, Inuinnaqtun and Inuktitut are all official langues. Kalaallisut is the official language of Greenland. As Inuktitut was the language of the Eastern Canadian Inuit and Kalaallisut is the language of the Western Greenlandic Inuit, they are related more closely than most other dialects. Inuit in Alaska and Canada also typically speak English. In Greenland, Inuit also speak Danish and learn English in school. Canadian Inuit may also speak Québécois French. Finally, Deaf Inuit speak Inuit Sign Language, often called Inuiuuk, which is a language isolate and almost extinct as only around 50 people still speak it. Diet Main article : Inuit diet The Inuit have traditionally been fishers and hunters. They still hunt whales ( esp. bowhead whale ), walrus, caribou, seal, polar bears, muskoxen, birds, and fish and at times other less commonly eaten animals such as the Arctic fox. The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat -- in their traditional diets, Inuit consumed an average of 75 % of their daily energy intake from fat. While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the Arctic, the Inuit have traditionally gathered those that are naturally available. Grasses, tubers, roots, stems, berries, and seaweed ( kuanniq or edible seaweed ) were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location. There is a vast array of different hunting technologies that the Inuit used to gather their food. In the 1920s anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived with and studied a group of Inuit. The study focused on the fact that the Inuit 's low - carbohydrate diet had no adverse effects on their health, nor indeed, Stefansson 's own health. Stefansson ( 1946 ) also observed that the Inuit were able to get the necessary vitamins they needed from their traditional winter diet, which did not contain any plant matter. In particular, he found that adequate vitamin C could be obtained from items in their traditional diet of raw meat such as ringed seal liver and whale skin ( muktuk ). While there was considerable skepticism when he reported these findings, they have been borne out in recent studies and analyses. However, the Inuit have lifespans 12 to 15 years shorter than the average Canadian 's, which is thought to be a result of limited access to medical services. The life expectancy gap is not closing. Furthermore, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes. Transport, navigation, and dogs Inupiat in a kayak, Noatak, Alaska, c. 1929 ( photo by Edward S. Curtis ) Urbanization in Greenland The natives hunted sea animals from single - passenger, covered seal - skin boats called qajaq ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᖃᔭᖅ ) which were extraordinarily buoyant, and could easily be righted by a seated person, even if completely overturned. Because of this property, the design was copied by Europeans and Americans who still produce them under the Inuit name kayak. Inupiat baleen basket, with an ivory handle, made by Kinguktuk ( 1871 -- 1941 ) of Barrow, Alaska. Displayed at the Museum of Man, San Diego, California. Inuit also made umiaq ( `` woman 's boat '' ), larger open boats made of wood frames covered with animal skins, for transporting people, goods, and dogs. They were 6 -- 12 m ( 20 -- 39 ft ) long and had a flat bottom so that the boats could come close to shore. In the winter, Inuit would also hunt sea mammals by patiently watching an aglu ( breathing hole ) in the ice and waiting for the air - breathing seals to use them. This technique is also used by the polar bear, who hunts by seeking holes in the ice and waiting nearby. In winter, both on land and on sea ice, the Inuit used dog sleds ( qamutik ) for transportation. The husky dog breed comes from Inuit breeding of dogs and wolves for transportation. A team of dogs in either a tandem / side - by - side or fan formation would pull a sled made of wood, animal bones, or the baleen from a whale 's mouth and even frozen fish, over the snow and ice. The Inuit used stars to navigate at sea and landmarks to navigate on land ; they possessed a comprehensive native system of toponymy. Where natural landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit would erect an inukshuk. Dogs played an integral role in the annual routine of the Inuit. During the summer they became pack animals, sometimes dragging up to 20 kg ( 44 lb ) of baggage and in the winter they pulled the sled. Yearlong they assisted with hunting by sniffing out seals ' holes and pestering polar bears. They also protected the Inuit villages by barking at bears and strangers. The Inuit generally favored, and tried to breed, the most striking and handsome of dogs, especially ones with bright eyes and a healthy coat. Common husky dog breeds used by the Inuit were the Canadian Eskimo Dog, the official animal of Nunavut, ( Qimmiq ; Inuktitut for dog ), the Greenland Dog, the Siberian Husky and the Alaskan Malamute. The Inuit would perform rituals over the newborn pup to give it favorable qualities ; the legs were pulled to make them grow strong and the nose was poked with a pin to enhance the sense of smell. Industry, art, and clothing Inuit woman 's parka, Canada. Traditional clothing ; left : seal, right : caribou. Main article : Inuit art Inuit industry relied almost exclusively on animal hides, driftwood, and bones, although some tools were also made out of worked stones, particularly the readily worked soapstone. Walrus ivory was a particularly essential material, used to make knives. Art played a big part in Inuit society and continues to do so today. Small sculptures of animals and human figures, usually depicting everyday activities such as hunting and whaling, were carved from ivory and bone. In modern times prints and figurative works carved in relatively soft stone such as soapstone, serpentinite, or argillite have also become popular. Inuit made clothes and footwear from animal skins, sewn together using needles made from animal bones and threads made from other animal products, such as sinew. The anorak ( parka ) is made in a similar fashion by Arctic peoples from Europe through Asia and the Americas, including the Inuit. The hood of an amauti, ( women 's parka, plural amautiit ) was traditionally made extra large with a separate compartment below the hood to allow the mother to carry a baby against her back and protect it from the harsh wind. Styles vary from region to region, from the shape of the hood to the length of the tails. Boots ( mukluk or kamik ), could be made of caribou or seal skin, and designed for men and women. Inuit building an igloo During the winter, certain Inuit lived in a temporary shelter made from snow called an igloo, and during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing, they lived in tents, known as tupiq, made of animal skins supported by a frame of bones or wood. Some, such as the Siglit, used driftwood, while others built sod houses. Gender roles, marriage, birth, and community See also : Eskimo kinship and Inuit women Inupiat woman, Alaska, circa 1907 The division of labor in traditional Inuit society had a strong gender component, but it was not absolute. The men were traditionally hunters and fishermen and the women took care of the children, cleaned the home, sewed, processed food, and cooked. However, there are numerous examples of women who hunted, out of necessity or as a personal choice. At the same time men, who could be away from camp for several days at a time, would be expected to know how to sew and cook. The marital customs among the Inuit were not strictly monogamous : many Inuit relationships were implicitly or explicitly sexual. Open marriages, polygamy, divorce, and remarriage were known. Among some Inuit groups, if there were children, divorce required the approval of the community and particularly the agreement of the elders. Marriages were often arranged, sometimes in infancy, and occasionally forced on the couple by the community. An Inupiat family from Noatak, Alaska, 1929. Marriage was common for women at puberty and for men when they became productive hunters. Family structure was flexible : a household might consist of a man and his wife ( or wives ) and children ; it might include his parents or his wife 's parents as well as adopted children ; it might be a larger formation of several siblings with their parents, wives and children ; or even more than one family sharing dwellings and resources. Every household had its head, an elder or a particularly respected man. There was also a larger notion of community as, generally, several families shared a place where they wintered. Goods were shared within a household, and also, to a significant extent, within a whole community. The Inuit were hunter -- gatherers, and have been referred to as nomadic. One of the customs following the birth of an infant was for an Angakkuq ( shaman ) to place a tiny ivory carving of a whale into the baby 's mouth, in hopes this would make the child good at hunting. Loud singing and drumming were also customary after a birth. Raiding Virtually all Inuit cultures have oral traditions of raids by other indigenous peoples, including fellow Inuit, and of taking vengeance on them in return, such as the Bloody Falls Massacre. Western observers often regarded these tales as generally not entirely accurate historical accounts, but more as self - serving myths. However, evidence shows that Inuit cultures had quite accurate methods of teaching historical accounts to each new generation. In northern Canada, historically there were ethnic feuds between the Dene and the Inuit, as witnessed by Samuel Hearne in 1771. In 1996, Dene and Inuit representatives participated in a healing ceremony to reconcile the centuries - old grievances. The historic accounts of violence against outsiders does make clear that there was a history of hostile contact within the Inuit cultures and with other cultures. It also makes it clear that Inuit nations existed through history, as well as confederations of such nations. The known confederations were usually formed to defend against a more prosperous, and thus stronger, nation. Alternately, people who lived in less productive geographical areas tended to be less warlike, as they had to spend more time producing food. Justice within Inuit culture was moderated by the form of governance that gave significant power to the elders. As in most cultures around the world, justice could be harsh and often included capital punishment for serious crimes against the community or the individual. During raids against other peoples, the Inuit, like their non-Inuit neighbors, tended to be merciless. Suicide, murder, and death Further information : Suicide in Greenland and Suicide among Canadian aboriginal people A pervasive European myth about Inuit is that they killed elderly ( senicide ) and `` unproductive people '', but this is not generally true. In a culture with an oral history, elders are the keepers of communal knowledge, effectively the community library. Because they are of extreme value as the repository of knowledge, there are cultural taboos against sacrificing elders. In Antoon A. Leenaar 's book Suicide in Canada he states that `` Rasmussen found that the death of elders by suicide was a commonplace among the Iglulik Inuit. '' According to Franz Boas, suicide was ``... not of rare occurrence... '' and was generally accomplished through hanging. Writing of the Labrador Inuit, Hawkes ( 1916 ) was considerably more explicit on the subject of suicide and the burden of the elderly : Aged people who have outlived their usefulness and whose life is a burden both to themselves and their relatives are put to death by stabbing or strangulation. This is customarily done at the request of the individual concerned, but not always so. Aged people who are a hindrance on the trail are abandoned. -- Antoon A. Leenaars, Suicide in Canada When food is not sufficient, the elderly are the least likely to survive. In the extreme case of famine, the Inuit fully understood that, if there was to be any hope of obtaining more food, a hunter was necessarily the one to feed on whatever food was left. However, a common response to desperate conditions and the threat of starvation was infanticide. A mother abandoned an infant in hopes that someone less desperate might find and adopt the child before the cold or animals killed it. The belief that the Inuit regularly resorted to infanticide may be due in part to studies done by Asen Balikci, Milton Freeman and David Riches among the Netsilik, along with the trial of Kikkik. Other recent research has noted that `` While there is little disagreement that there were examples of infanticide in Inuit communities, it is presently not known the depth and breadth of these incidents. The research is neither complete nor conclusive to allow for a determination of whether infanticide was a rare or a widely practiced event. '' Anthropologists believed that Inuit cultures routinely killed children born with physical defects because of the demands of the extreme climate. These views were changed by late 20th century discoveries of burials at an archaeological site. Between 1982 and 1994, a storm with high winds caused ocean waves to erode part of the bluffs near Barrow, Alaska, and a body was discovered to have been washed out of the mud. Unfortunately the storm claimed the body, which was not recovered. But examination of the eroded bank indicated that an ancient house, perhaps with other remains, was likely to be claimed by the next storm. The site, known as the `` Ukkuqsi archaeological site '', was excavated. Several frozen bodies ( now known as the `` frozen family '' ) were recovered, autopsies were performed, and they were re-interred as the first burials in the then - new Imaiqsaun Cemetery south of Barrow. Years later another body was washed out of the bluff. It was a female child, approximately 9 years old, who had clearly been born with a congenital birth defect. This child had never been able to walk, but must have been cared for by family throughout her life. She was the best preserved body ever recovered in Alaska, and radiocarbon dating of grave goods and of a strand of her hair all place her back to about 1200 CE. During the 19th century, the Western Arctic suffered a population decline of close to 90 %, resulting from exposure to new diseases, including tuberculosis, measles, influenza, and smallpox. Autopsies near Greenland reveal that, more commonly pneumonia, kidney diseases, trichinosis, malnutrition, and degenerative disorders may have contributed to mass deaths among different Inuit tribes. The Inuit believed that the causes of the disease were of a spiritual origin. Traditional law Inuit traditional laws are anthropologically different from Western law concepts. Customary law was thought non-existent in Inuit society before the introduction of the Canadian legal system. Hoebel, in 1954, concluded that only ' rudimentary law ' existed amongst the Inuit. Indeed, prior to about 1970, it is impossible to find even one reference to a Western observer who was aware that any form of governance existed among any Inuit, however, there was a set way of doing things that had to be followed : maligait refers to what has to be followed piqujait refers to what has to be done tirigusuusiit refers to what has to be avoided If an individual 's actions went against the tirigusuusiit, maligait or piqujait, the angakkuq ( shaman ) might have to intervene, lest the consequences be dire to the individual or the community. We are told today that Inuit never had laws or `` maligait ''. Why ? They say because they are not written on paper. When I think of paper, I think you can tear it up, and the laws are gone. The laws of the Inuit are not on paper. -- Mariano Aupilaarjuk, Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Perspectives on Traditional Law Traditional beliefs See also : Inuit mythology and Shamanism among Eskimo peoples Some Inuit believed that the spirits of their ancestors could be seen in the aurora borealis The environment in which the Inuit lived inspired a mythology filled with adventure tales of whale and walrus hunts. Long winter months of waiting for caribou herds or sitting near breathing holes hunting seals gave birth to stories of mysterious and sudden appearance of ghosts and fantastic creatures. Some Inuit looked into the aurora borealis, or northern lights, to find images of their family and friends dancing in the next life. However, some Inuit believed that the lights were more sinister and if you whistled at them, they would come down and cut off your head. This tale is still told to children today. For others they were invisible giants, the souls of animals, a guide to hunting and as a spirit for the angakkuq to help with healing. They relied upon the angakkuq ( shaman ) for spiritual interpretation. The nearest thing to a central deity was the Old Woman ( Sedna ), who lived beneath the sea. The waters, a central food source, were believed to contain great gods. The Inuit practiced a form of shamanism based on animist principles. They believed that all things had a form of spirit, including humans, and that to some extent these spirits could be influenced by a pantheon of supernatural entities that could be appeased when one required some animal or inanimate thing to act in a certain way. The angakkuq of a community of Inuit was not the leader, but rather a sort of healer and psychotherapist, who tended wounds and offered advice, as well as invoking the spirits to assist people in their lives. His or her role was to see, interpret and exhort the subtle and unseen. Angakkuit were not trained ; they were held to be born with the ability and recognized by the community as they approached adulthood. Inuit religion was closely tied to a system of rituals integrated into the daily life of the people. These rituals were simple but held to be necessary. According to a customary Inuit saying, The great peril of our existence lies in the fact that our diet consists entirely of souls. By believing that all things, including animals, have souls like those of humans, any hunt that failed to show appropriate respect and customary supplication would only give the liberated spirits cause to avenge themselves. The harshness and unpredictability of life in the Arctic ensured that Inuit lived with concern for the uncontrollable, where a streak of bad luck could destroy an entire community. To offend a spirit was to risk its interference with an already marginal existence. The Inuit understood that they had to work in harmony with supernatural powers to provide the necessities of day - to - day life. Before the 1940s, Inuit had minimal contact with Europeans, who passed through on their way to hunt whales or trade furs but seldom had any interest in settling down on the frozen land of the Arctic. So the Inuit had the place to themselves. They moved between summer and winter camps to always be living where there were animals to hunt. But that changed. As World War II ended and the Cold War began, the Arctic became a place where countries that did not get along were close to each other. The Arctic had always been seen as inaccessible, but the invention of aircraft made it easier for non-Arctic dwellers to get there. As new airbases and radar stations were built in the Arctic to monitor rival nations, permanent settlements were developed around them, including schools and health care centres. In many places, Inuit children were required to attend schools that emphasized non-native traditions. With better health care, the Inuit population grew too large to sustain itself solely by hunting. Many Inuit from smaller camps moved into permanent settlements because there was access to jobs and food. In many areas Inuit were required to live in towns by the 1960s. Demographics In total there are about 134,241 Inuit living in four countries, Canada, Greenland, Denmark, and the United States. Canada Although the 50,480 Inuit listed in the 2006 Canada Census can be found throughout Canada the majority, 44,470, live in four regions. As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 4,715 Inuit living in Newfoundland and Labrador and about 2,160 live in Nunatsiavut. There are also about 6,000 NunatuKavut people ( Labrador Metis or Inuit - metis ) living in southern Labrador in what is called NunatuKavut. As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 4,165 Inuit living in the Northwest Territories. The majority, about 3,115, live in the six communities of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 24,640 Inuit living in Nunavut. In Nunavut the Inuit population forms a majority in all communities and is the only jurisdiction of Canada where Aboriginal peoples form a majority. As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 10,950 Inuit living in Quebec. The majority, about 9,565, live in Nunavik. Greenland Main article : Greenlandic Inuit According to the 2013 edition of The World Factbook, published by the Central Intelligence Agency, the Inuit population of Greenland is 89 % ( 51,365 ) out of a total of 57,714 people. Like Nunavut the population lives throughout the region. Denmark The population size of Greenlandic people in Denmark varies from source to source between 15,000 and 20,000. According to 2015 figures from Statistics Denmark there are 15,815 people residing in Denmark of Greenlandic Inuit ancestry. Most travel to Denmark for educational purposes, and many remain after finishing their education, which results in the population being mostly concentrated in the big 4 educational cities of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, and Aalborg, which all have vibrant Greenlandic communities and cultural centers ( Kalaallit Illuutaat ). United States According to the 2000 United States Census there were a total of 16,581 Inuit / Inupiat living throughout the country. The majority, about 14,718, live in the state of Alaska. Russia According to the 2010 Russian Census there were a total of 1,738 Inuit / Eskimo living throughout the country, mostly in the East of the Far Eastern Federal District. Governance Map showing the members of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference. The Inuit Circumpolar Council is a United Nations - recognized non-governmental organization ( NGO ), which defines its constituency as Canada 's Inuit and Inuvialuit, Greenland 's Kalaallit Inuit, Alaska 's Inupiat and Yup'ik, and Russia 's Siberian Yupik, despite the last two neither speaking an Inuit dialect or considering themselves `` Inuit ''. Nonetheless, it has come together with other circumpolar cultural and political groups to promote the Inuit and other northern people in their fight against ecological problems such as climate change which disproportionately affects the Inuit population. The Inuit Circumpolar Council is one of the six group of Arctic indigenous peoples that have a seat as a so - called `` Permanent Participant '' on the Arctic Council, an international high level forum in which the eight Arctic Countries ( USA, Canada, Russia, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland ) discuss Arctic policy. On 12 May 2011, Greenland 's Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist hosted the ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council, an event for which the American Secretary of State Hillary Clinton came to Nuuk, as did many other high - ranking officials such as Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt and Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre. At that event they signed the Nuuk Declaration. Regional autonomy in Canada See also : Nunavut, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut, NunatuKavut, and Inuvik Region Map of all Inuit regions The Inuvialuit are western Canadian Inuit who remained in the Northwest Territories when Nunavut split off. They live primarily in the Mackenzie River delta, on Banks Island, and parts of Victoria Island in the Northwest Territories. They are officially represented by the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation and, in 1984, received a comprehensive land claims settlement, the first in Northern Canada, with the signing of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. The TFN worked for ten years and, in September 1992, came to a final agreement with the Government of Canada. This agreement called for the separation of the Northwest Territories into an eastern territory whose Aboriginal population would be predominately Inuit, the future Nunavut, and a rump Northwest Territories in the west. It was the largest land claims agreement in Canadian history. In November 1992, the Nunavut Final Agreement was approved by nearly 85 % of the Inuit of what would become Nunavut. As the final step in this long process, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement was signed on May 25, 1993, in Iqaluit by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and by Paul Quassa, the president of Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, which replaced the TFN with the ratification of the Nunavut Final Agreement. The Canadian Parliament passed the supporting legislation in June of the same year, enabling the 1999 establishment of Nunavut as a territorial entity. With the establishment of Nunatsiavut in 2005, almost all the traditional Inuit lands in Canada, with the exception NunatuKavut in central and South Labrador, are now covered by some sort of land claims agreement providing for regional autonomy. Greenland Municipalities of Greenland Main articles : Kalaallit and History of Greenland In 1953, Denmark put an end to the colonial status of Greenland and granted home rule in 1979 and in 2008 a self - government referendum was passed with 75 % approval. Although still a part of the Kingdom of Denmark ( along with Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands ), Greenland, known as Kalaallit Nunaat in the Greenlandic language, maintains much autonomy today. Of a population of 56,000, 80 % of Greenlanders identify as Inuit. Their economy is based on fishing and shrimping. The Thule people arrived in Greenland in the 13th century. There they encountered the Norsemen, who had established colonies there since the late 10th century, as well as a later wave of the Dorset people. Because most of Greenland is covered in ice, the Greenland Inuit ( or Kalaallit ) only live in coastal settlements, particularly the northern polar coast, the eastern Amassalik coast and the central coasts of western Greenland. Alaska Alaska Native Regional Corporations See also : Alaska Native Regional Corporations, Russian America, Alaska Statehood Act, and List of Alaska Native tribal entities Currently Alaska is governed as a State within United States with very limited autonomy for Alaska Native peoples. European Colonization of Alaska started in the 18th century by Russia. By the 1860s, the Russian government was considering ridding itself of its Russian America colony. Alaska was officially incorporated to United States on January 3, 1959. The Inuit of Alaska are the Inupiat ( from Inuit - people -- and piaq / piat real, i.e. ' real people ' ) who live in the Northwest Arctic Borough, the North Slope Borough and the Bering Straits region. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is in the Inupiat region. Their language is Iñupiaq ( which is the singular form of Inupiat ). Modern culture Inuit women at Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador Inuit art, carving, print making, textiles and Inuit throat singing, are very popular, not only in Canada but globally, and Inuit artists are widely known. Canada has adopted some of the Inuit culture as national symbols, using Inuit cultural icons like the inukshuk in unlikely places, such as its use as a symbol at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Respected art galleries display Inuit art, the largest collection of which is at the Winnipeg Art Gallery. Some Inuit languages such as Inuktitut, appears to have a more secure future in Quebec and Nunavut. There are a surprising number of Inuit, even those who now live in urban centres such as Ottawa, Montreal and Winnipeg, who have experienced living on the land in the traditional life style. People such as Legislative Assembly of Nunavut member, Levinia Brown and former Commissioner of Nunavut and the NWT, Helen Maksagak were born and lived the early part of their life `` on the land ''. Inuit culture is alive and vibrant today in spite of the negative impacts of recent history. An important biennial event, the Arctic Winter Games, is held in communities across the northern regions of the world, featuring traditional Inuit and northern sports as part of the events. A cultural event is also held. The games were first held in 1970, and while rotated usually among Alaska, Yukon and the Northwest Territories, they have also been held in Schefferville, Quebec in 1976, in Slave Lake, Alberta, and a joint Iqaluit, Nunavut - Nuuk, Greenland staging in 2002. In other sporting events, Jordin Tootoo became the first Inuk to play in the National Hockey League in the 2003 -- 04 season, playing for the Nashville Predators. Although Inuit life has changed significantly over the past century, many traditions continue. Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, or traditional knowledge, such as storytelling, mythology, music and dancing remain important parts of the culture. Family and community are very important. The Inuktitut language is still spoken in many areas of the Arctic and is common on radio and in television programming. Well - known Inuit politicians include Premier of Nunavut, Peter Taptuna, Nancy Karetak - Lindell, former MP for the riding of Nunavut, and Kuupik Kleist, Prime Minister of Greenland. Leona Aglukkaq, current MP, was the first Inuk to be sworn into the Canadian Federal Cabinet as Health Minister in 2008. In May 2011 after being re-elected for her second term, Ms. Aglukkaq was given the additional portfolio of Minister of the Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency. In July 2013 she was sworn in as the Minister of the Environment. Inuit seal hunter in a kayak, armed with a harpoon. Visual and performing arts are strong. In 2002 the first feature film in Inuktitut, Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner, was released worldwide to great critical and popular acclaim. It was directed by Zacharias Kunuk, and written, filmed, produced, directed, and acted almost entirely by the Inuit of Igloolik. In 2009, the film Le Voyage D'Inuk, a Greenlandic language feature film, was directed by Mike Magidson and co-written by Magidson and French film producer Jean - Michel Huctin. One of the most famous Inuit artists is Pitseolak Ashoona. Susan Aglukark is a popular singer. Mitiarjuk Attasie Nappaaluk works at preserving Inuktitut and has written the first novel published in that language. In 2006, Cape Dorset was hailed as Canada 's most artistic city, with 23 % of the labor force employed in the arts. Inuit art such as soapstone carvings is one of Nunavut 's most important industries. Recently, there has been an identity struggle among the younger generations of Inuit, between their traditional heritage and the modern society which their cultures have been forced to assimilate into in order to maintain a livelihood. With current dependence on modern society for necessities, ( including governmental jobs, food, aid, medicine, etc. ), the Inuit have had much interaction with and exposure to the societal norms outside their previous cultural boundaries. The stressors regarding the identity crisis among teenagers have led to disturbingly high numbers of suicide. A series of authors has focused upon the increasing myopia in the youngest generations of Inuit. Myopia was almost unknown prior to the Inuit adoption of western culture. Principal theories are the change to a western style diet with more refined foods, and extended education. David Pisurayak Kootook was awarded the Meritorious Service Cross, posthumously, for his heroic efforts in a 1972 plane crash. References ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook ( Greenland ) ''. Central Intelligence Agency. 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Canada ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 : American Indian and Alaska Native Alone and Alone or in Combination Population by Tribe for the United States : 2000 '' ( xls ). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Statistikbanken ''. Statistics Denmark. 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Population data ''. Посольство России в Великобритании. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05. ^ Jump up to : `` Eskimo - Aleut. '' Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 Oct 2013. ^ Jump up to : Correct use of Inuit and Inuk Jump up ^ Kaplan, Lawrence ( 2011 - 07 - 01 ). `` Comparative Yupik and Inuit ''. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ `` The Hunters of the Arctic ''. bambusspiele.de. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ Schuit, Joke ; Baker, Anne ; Pfau, Roland. `` Inuit Sign Language : a contribution to sign language typology ''. Universiteit van Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kaplan, Lawrence ( 2011 - 07 - 01 ). `` Inuit or Eskimo : Which names to use ? ''. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition Archived April 12, 2001, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages : What Does `` Eskimo '' Mean In Cree ? ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ''. Department of Justice Canada. Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Maps of Inuit Nunaat ( Inuit Regions of Canada ) ''. Itk.ca. 2009 - 06 - 10. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 17. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal Peoples in Canada in 2006 : Inuit, Métis and First Nations, 2006 Census : Inuit ''. 2.statcan.ca. 2009 - 09 - 22. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Bruce G. Trigger ; Wilcomb E. Washburn ( 1996 ). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57392 - 4. Jump up ^ William G. Dean ; Geoffrey J. Matthews ( 1998 ). Concise Historical Atlas of Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 2. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 4203 - 3. Jump up ^ Harris, R. Cole ; R. Louis Gentilcore ; Geoffrey J. Matthews ; Donald P. Kerr ( 1987 ). Historical Atlas of Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 28 -- 29. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 4. Jump up ^ 101. Nunavut Handbook, Qaummaarviit Historic Park Jump up ^ `` Tooth wear and the sexual division of labor in an Inuit population '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 14. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Jared M. Diamond ( 2006 ). Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail Or Succeed. Penguin ( University of California ). p. 256. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303655 - 5. Jump up ^ John F. Hoffecker ( 2005 ). A Prehistory of the North : Human Settlement of the Higher Latitudes. Rutgers University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3469 - 5. Jump up ^ Palmer, J. W ( 1998 ). The Dorset : An enigma = Le Dorset : une énigme. 19 ( 3 ed. ). North American archaeologist. pp. 201 -- 222. Jump up ^ Collins, Henry B. ( 1956 ). Vanished Mystery Men of Hudson Bay. Vol. CX No. 5. National Geographic Magazine. p. 674. Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal 7 -- Life in Canada ''. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 04. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21. Jump up ^ Davidson, Floyd L. ( 2004 - 04 - 26 ). `` Re : Barrow Boy gibberish... ''. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Arctic Studies Center Newsletter '' ( PDF ). National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. June 2002. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ Hayes, M.G. ( 2001 ). `` Ancestor descendant relationships in North American Arctic prehistory : Ancient DNA evidence from the Aleutian Islands and the Eastern Canadian Arctic. '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Rigolet ''. rigolet.ca. Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04. Jump up ^ Scott Weidensaul ( 2012 ). The First Frontier : The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America '. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 20. ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 53956 - 0. ^ Jump up to : William F. Perrin ; Bernd Wursig ; J.G.M. Thewissen ( 2009 ). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. p. 630. ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 091993 - 5. Jump up ^ McGhee 1992 : 194 Jump up ^ Kleivan 1966 : 9 Jump up ^ `` Basque Whaling in Red Bay, Labrador ''. Heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` The International Fishery of the 16th Century ''. Heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Account of the Inuit in England Jump up ^ Mitchell 1996 : 49 -- 62 Jump up ^ D'Anglure 2002 : 205 Jump up ^ Driscoll 1980 : 6 Jump up ^ Heather E. McGregor, Inuit Education and Schools in the Eastern Arctic ( 2010 ). Jump up ^ `` 2.2 To Improve the Lives of Aboriginal People ''. Ainc-inac.gc.ca. 2011 - 01 - 18. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 21. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` High Arctic Relocation '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 02 - 04. ( 2 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Broken Promises ''. Nutaaq.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. ^ Jump up to : Parker 1996 : 32 Jump up ^ Mitchell 1996 : 118 Jump up ^ Ashley Fitzpatrick Published on August 15, 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ). `` Forced relocation of Inuit acknowledged - Local ''. The Telegram. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Committee for Original Peoples Entitlement ( COPE ) ''. Connexions.org. 2007 - 06 - 05. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Nunavut 's Aglukkaq named federal health minister ''. CBC News. 2008 - 10 - 30. Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 19. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21. ^ Jump up to : `` Eskimo '' by Mark Israel Jump up ^ Goddard, Ives ( 1984 ). `` Synonymy. '' In Arctic, ed. David Damas. Vol. 5 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 5 -- 7. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution. Cited in Campbell 1997 Jump up ^ Campbell, Lyle ( 1997 ). American Indian Languages : The Historical Linguistics of Native America, pg. 394. New York : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Mailhot, Jose ( 1978 ). `` L'etymologie de `` esquimau '' revue et corrigée ``. Etudes / Inuit / Studies. 2 ( 2 ). Jump up ^ Cree Mailing List Digest November 1997 Jump up ^ Goddard, Ives ( 1984 ). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5 ( Arctic ). Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 004580 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Eskimo Archived April 12, 2001, at the Wayback Machine., American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition, 2000 Jump up ^ `` Greenland. '' Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 Oct 2013. Jump up ^ Consolidation of ( S.Nu. 2008, c. 10 ) ( NIF ) Official Languages Act and Consolidation of Inuit Language Protection Act Jump up ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 ( as amended 1988, 1991 -- 1992, 2003 ) Jump up ^ Pamela R. Stern ( 27 July 2004 ). Historical Dictionary of the Inuit. Scarecrow Press. p. 75. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6556 - 3. Jump up ^ Louis - Jacques Dorais ( 2010 ). Language of the Inuit : Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic. McGill - Queen 's Press. p. 62. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 8162 - 3. Jump up ^ Inuit Sign Language at Ethnologue ( 18th ed., 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` The Inuit Paradox Nutrition DISCOVER Magazine ''. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25. Jump up ^ Kuhnlein, Harriet ( 1991 ) ( 1991 ). `` Chapter 4. Descriptions and Uses of Plant Foods by Indigenous Peoples ''. Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples : Nutrition, Botany and Use ( Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology ) ( 1st ed. ). Taylor and Francis. pp. 26 -- 29. ISBN 978 - 2 - 88124 - 465 - 0. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19. Jump up ^ Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. `` Arctic Wildlife ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 13. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20. Not included are the myriad of other species of plants and animals that Inuit use, such as geese, ducks, rabbits, ptarmigan, swans, halibut, clams, mussels, cod, berries and seaweed. Jump up ^ Bennett, John ; Rowley, Susan ( 2004 ). `` Chapter 5. Gathering ''. Uqalurait : An Oral History of Nunavut. McGill - Queen 's University Press. pp. 84 -- 85. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2340 - 1... shorelines, Inuit gathered seaweed and shellfish. For some, these foods were a treat ;... Jump up ^ `` kuanniq ''. Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ Bennett, John ; Rowley, Susan ( 2004 ). `` Chapter 5. Gathering ''. Uqalurait : An Oral History of Nunavut. McGill - Queen 's University Press. pp. 78 -- 85. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2340 - 1. Jump up ^ Lieb et al. ( 1926 ). `` The Effects of an Exclusive Long - Continued Meat Diet. '' JAMA, July 3, 1926 Jump up ^ Fediuk, Karen. 2000 Vitamin C in the Inuit diet : past and present. MA Thesis, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University 5 -- 7 ; 95. Retrieved on : December 8, 2007. Jump up ^ Kang - Jey Ho ; Belma Mikkelson ; Lena A. Lewis ; Sheldon A. Feldman ; C. Bruce Taylor ( 1972 ). `` Alaskan Arctic Eskimo : responses to a customary high fat diet '' ( PDF ). Am J Clin Nutr. 25 ( 8 ) : 737 -- 745. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07. ^ Jump up to : Inuit lifespan stagnates while Canada 's rises Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://web.archive.org/web/20131023013249/https://www.itk.ca/sites/default/files/private/factsheet-seriesFINAL2.pdf. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilkins, R. ; Uppal, S. ; Finès, P. ; Senècal, S. ; Guimond, E. ; Dion, R. ( 2008 ). `` Life expectancy in the Inuit - inhabited areas of Canada, 1989 to 2003 ''. Health reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports sur la sante / Statistique Canada, Centre canadien d'information sur la sante. 19 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 19. PMID 18457208. Jump up ^ Zimmer, Carl ( September 17, 2015 ). `` Inuit Study Adds Twist to Omega - 3 Fatty Acids ' Health Story ''. New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2015. Jump up ^ O'Connor, Anahad ( March 30, 2015 ). `` Fish Oil Claims Not Supported by Research ''. New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Grey, Andrew ; Bolland, Mark ( March 2014 ). `` Clinical Trial Evidence and Use of Fish Oil Supplements ''. JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 ( 3 ) : 460 -- 462. PMID 24352849. doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2013.12765. Retrieved October 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Qajaq ''. Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ Hegener, Helen ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ). `` The Inuit Sled Dog ''. Mushinghistory.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. `` The Canadian Inuit Dog ''. Assembly.nu.ca. 2011 - 01 - 24. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25. Jump up ^ kamik Inuktitut Living Dictionary. Retrieved July 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Ohokak, G. ; M. Kadlun ; B. Harnum. Inuinnaqtun - English Dictionary ( PDF ). Kitikmeot Heritage Society. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20. Jump up ^ Larsen, Olga Popovič ; Tyas, Andy ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ). `` 3 ''. Conceptual Structural Design : Bridging the Gap Between Architects and Engineers. ICE Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978 - 0727732354. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20. Jump up ^ Warm Season Dwellings - Tupiq Jump up ^ `` The Mackenzie Inuit Winter House '' ( PDF ). Arctic. 2 ( 2 ). June 1992. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Reconstructing traditional Inuit house forms using three - dimensional interactive computer modelling '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Inuit Women, by Janet Mancini Billson, Kyra Mancini. Published by Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3597 - 5, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3597 - 8. p. 38 Jump up ^ Billson 2007 : 65 Jump up ^ Billson 2007 : 56 Jump up ^ Snow, Dean R. `` The first Americans and the differentiation of hunter - gatherer cultures. '' North America. Eds. Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb E. Washburn. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press. 5 May 2008 doi : 10.1017 / CHOL9780521573924. 004 Jump up ^ `` The Inuit '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Olmert, Michael ( 1996 ). Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p. 158. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7. Jump up ^ Ernest S. Burch, Jr. `` From Skeptic to Believer ''. Jump up ^ From : Samuel Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wales 's Fort in Hudson 's Bay to the Northern Ocean, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 ( London, Eng : Strahan and Cadell, 1795 ) Archived June 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. at the University of Western Ontario Jump up ^ `` CBC 's David McLauchlin dies at 56 ''. CBC News. May 26, 2003. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Jump up ^ Fienup - Reordan, Ann ( 1990 ). Eskimo Essays. Rutgers University Press. Jump up ^ `` War by Rachel Attituq Qitsualik ''. Nunatsiaq.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Book reviews '' ( PDF ). Canadian Historical Review. 79 ( 3 ) : 591. September 1998. ISSN 0008 - 3755. doi : 10.3138 / CHR. 79.3. 577. Jump up ^ `` Senilicide and Invalidicide among the Eskimos '' by Rolf Kjellstrom in Folk : Dansk etnografisk tidsskrift, volume 16 / 17 ( 1974 / 75 ) Jump up ^ Leighton, Alexander H. ; Hughes, Charles C. ( Winter 1955 ). `` Notes on Eskimo Patterns of Suicide ''. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 11 ( 4 ) : 327 -- 38. JSTOR 3628908. Jump up ^ Eskimos and Explorers, 2d ed., by Wendell H. Oswalt ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` What is Traditional Knowledge ? ''. Alaska Native Science Commission. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05. Jump up ^ Kawagley, Angayuqaq ( 1995 ). A Yupiaq World View. Waveland Press Inc. ISBN 0 - 88133 - 859 - 1. Jump up ^ Burch, Ernest S ( 1988 ). The Eskimos. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 21. ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2126 - 2. Given the importance that Eskimos attached to the aged, it is surprising that so many Westerners believe that they systematically eliminated elderly people as soon as they became incapable of performing the duties related to hunting or sewing. Jump up ^ Leenaars, Antoon A. ; Michael J. Kral ; Ronald J. Dyck ( 1998 ). Suicide in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 196. ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7791 - 9. Jump up ^ Boas, Franz ( 1964, p. 207 ) Jump up ^ Leenaars, Antoon A. ; Michael J. Kral ; Ronald J. Dyck ( 1998 ). Suicide in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 195. ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7791 - 9. Jump up ^ Inuit Women : Their Powerful Spirit in a Century of Change By Janet Mancini Billson Jump up ^ Bower, Bruce ( 1994 - 11 - 26 ). `` Female infanticide : northern exposure -- Intuit may have killed one out of every five female babies between 1880 and 1940 ''. Findarticles.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Balikci, Asen ( 1970 ). The Netsilik Eskimo. Garden City, N.Y : Doubleday. ISBN 0 - 385 - 05766 - 0. Jump up ^ Freeman, Milton M.R. ( October 1971 ). `` A Social and Ecologic Analysis of Systematic Female Infanticide among the Netsilik Eskimo ''. American Anthropologist. 73 ( 5 ) : 1011 -- 8. JSTOR 672815. doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1971.73. 5.02 a00020. Jump up ^ Riches, David. ( October 1974 ). `` The Netsilik Eskimo : A Special Case of Selective Female Infanticide ''. Ethnology. 13 ( 4 ) : 351 -- 61. JSTOR 3773051. doi : 10.2307 / 3773051. Jump up ^ `` Remembering Kikkik ''. Nunatsiaq.com. 2002 - 06 - 21. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Kikkik, When Justice Was Done ''. Mysteriesofcanada.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Hund, Andrew ( 2010 ). Inuit. The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 1402 - 0. Jump up ^ Hess, Bill ( 2003 ). Gift of the Whale : The Inupiat Bowhead Hunt, A Sacred Tradition. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 1 - 57061 - 382 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Barrow Visitors Guide 2006 '' ( PDF ). Touch Alaska. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 29. ^ Jump up to : `` Dear Young Girl ''. Jump up ^ Information from `` Inuit : Glimpses of an Arctic Past '' by Morrison and Germain Jump up ^ `` Tirigusuusiit, Piqujait and Maligait : Inuit Perspectives on Traditional Law ''. Nunavut Arctic College. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 21. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Tirigusuusiit and Maligait ''. Listening to our past. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ Eileen, Travers ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ). `` When Survival Means Preserving Oral Traditions ''. voices-unabridged.org. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Aurora borealis observation journal of Sir George Back ''. Mccord-museum.qc.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` The Canadian Association of Aboriginal Entrepreneurship ''. Aurora-inn.mb.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples : exploring their past, present, and future. Books.google.ca. 2006. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55239 - 167 - 9. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Northwest Territories ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Nunavut ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Quebec ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Nunatsiavut ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Jump up ^ NunatuKavut About Us Jump up ^ `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Inuvialuit ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Nunavik ) ''. Statistics Canada. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Greenland : Brain drain to Denmark ''. 2015 - 03 - 30. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Table 16 : American Indian and Alaska Native Alone and Alone or in Combination Population by Tribe for Alaska : 2000 '' ( xls ). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Population data ''. Посольство России в Великобритании. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05. Jump up ^ Inuit Circumpolar Council. ( 2006 ). `` HotCarl. '' Archived March 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Inuit Circumpolar Council ( Canada ). Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ See : Arctic Council Jump up ^ Nuuk Declaration Archived October 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Inuvialuit Final Agreement ''. Irc.inuvialuit.com. 1984 - 06 - 05. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal identity population in 2001 ''. 2.statcan.ca. 2003 - 01 - 21. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Hessel, p. 20 Jump up ^ Hessel, pg. 11 Jump up ^ `` Biography of the Honourable Leona Aglukkaq ''. Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ iletaitunefoislecinema.com ( French ) Google translation : by Samir Ardjoum, `` Interview with Jean - Michel Huctin, co-author of Tour Inuk ''. Retrieved 01 - 20 - 2009. Jump up ^ `` Northern resident helps bridge the gap between cultures ''. Thefreelibrary.com. 1999 - 04 - 01. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25. Jump up ^ CBC Arts ( 2006 - 02 - 13 ). `` Cape Dorset named most ' artistic ' municipality ''. Cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Penney, Christopher ; Senecal S ; Guimond E ; Bobet E ; Uppal S. ( 27 June 2008 ). `` Suicide in Inuit Nunaat : An analysis of suicide rates and the effect of Community - level factors '' ( PDF ). Position paper for the 5th NRF open assembly. INAC. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 01 - 30. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Short - sightedness may be tied to refined diet ''. Newscientist.com. 5 April 2002. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Morgan RW, Speakman JS, Grimshaw SE ( March 1975 ). `` Inuit myopia : an environmentally induced `` epidemic '' ? ``. Can Med Assoc J. 112 ( 5 ) : 575 -- 7. PMC 1956268. PMID 1116086. Jump up ^ Bernard Gilmartin ; Mark Rosenfield ( 1998 ). Myopia and nearwork. Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann. p. 21. ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3784 - 6. Further reading Further information : Bibliography of Canadian Aboriginals Alia, Valerie ( 2009 ). Names and Nunavut : Culture and Identity in Arctic Canada. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 165 - 3. Billson, Janet Mancini ; Kyra Mancini ( 2007 ). Inuit women : their powerful spirit in a century of change. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3596 - 1. Briggs, Jean L. ( 1971 ). Never in Anger : Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 60828 - 3. Forman, Werner ; Burch, Ernest S. ( 1988 ). The Eskimos. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2126 - 2. CBC. History of the Thule Migration, The Nature of Things, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Informational webpage related to the TV documentary, Inuit Odyssey, shown below in the External links section. Crandall, Richard C ( 2000 ). Inuit Art : A History. McFarland. ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0711 - 5. De Poncins, Gontran. Kabloona. St. Paul, MN : Graywolf Press, 1996 ( originally 1941 ). ISBN 1 - 55597 - 249 - 7 Eber, Dorothy ( 1997 ). Images of Justice : A Legal History of the Northwest Territories and Yellowknife. McGill - Queen 's University Press. ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1675 - 1. Eber, Dorothy ( 2008 ). Encounters on the Passage : Inuit meet the explorers. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 8798 - 1. Hauser, Michael ; Erik Holtved ; Bent Jensen ( 2010 ). Traditional Inuit songs from the Thule area, Volume 2. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978 - 87 - 635 - 2589 - 3. Hessell, Ingo ( 2006 ). Arctic Spirit : The Albrecht Collection of Inuit Art at the Heard Museum. Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1 - 55365 - 189 - 8. Hund, Andrew ( 2012 ). Inuit. SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBN 978 - 1412992619. Kulchyski, Peter Keith ; Frank J. Tester ( 2007 ). Kiumajut ( talking back ) : game management and Inuit rights, 1900 -- 70. UBC Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1241 - 2. King, J.C. H ; Birgit Pauksztat ; Robert Storrie ( 2005 ). Arctic clothing of North America -- Alaska, Canada, Greenland. McGill - Queen 's University Press. ISBN 0 - 7735 - 3008 - 8. McGrath, Melanie ( 2007 ). The long exile : a tale of Inuit betrayal and survival in the high Arctic. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4047 - 7. Paver, Michelle ( 2008 ). Chronicles of Ancient Darkness Omnibus Edition ( Volume 1, 2, and 3 ). London : Orion. ISBN 1 - 84255 - 705 - X. Ruesch, Hans ( 1986 ). Top of the World. New York : Pocket. ISBN 950 - 637 - 164 - 4. ( Hebrew version ) Sowa, F. 2014. Inuit. in : Hund, A. Antarctica and the Arctic Circle : A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth 's Polar Regions. Santa Barbara, CA : ABC - CLIO, pp. 390 -- 395. Stern, Pamela R ; Lisa Stevenson ( 2006 ). Critical Inuit studies : an anthology of contemporary Arctic ethnography. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4303 - 0. Steckley, John ( 2008 ). White Lies about the Inuit. Broadview Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 875 - 8. Stern, Pamela R ( 2004 ). Historical dictionary of the Inuit. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5058 - 3. Walk, Ansgar. ( 1999 ). Kenojuak : the life story of an Inuit artist. Manotick, Ontario : Penumbra Press. ISBN 0 - 921254 - 95 - 4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inuit. National Inuit Organization in Canada Inuit at DMOZ Inuktitut Living Dictionary Inuit Odyssey, produced by The Nature of Things and first broadcast 29 June 2009 on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation network. This is a documentary on the Thule people, the ancestors of the Inuit, and their eastward migration across the Arctic to Greenland. The webpage contains a link to view the documentary online here ( length : 44 : 03 ; may not be viewable online outside of Canada ). Note : Nature of Things episodes are also viewable on iTunes. Links to related articles Inuit European colonization North America Siberia Greenland By country Canada Netsilik Nunavut Nunavik Nunatsiavut NunatuKavut Inuvik Region United States Alaska ( Iñupiat ) Denmark Greenlandic Inuit ( Avanersuarmiut, Kalaallit, Tunumiit ) Siberia Yakut Evenkia Chukotka Taymyria Yamalo - Nenets Association Global Canada Category Portal Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-history Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Classification Archaeology Genetics Mythology / Religion Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas ‎ List of deities Native American religion Mesoamerican mythology Mesoamerican religion European colonization European colonization Population history Columbian Exchange Modern societies by country North America Canada Costa Rica Dominica El Salvador Greenland Jamaica Mexico Panama United States West Indies South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Indigenous American studies Indigenous languages Indigenous movements Indigenous art Artists Writers Category Portal People of Canada Ethnic ancestry Canada Canadian Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Africa Horn of Africa Eritrean Ethiopian Somali North Africa Arab Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Berber Coptic South Sudanese Southern Africa South African Zimbabwean West Africa Cape Verdean Ghanaian Nigerian Igbo Yoruba Americas North America American English North American Mexican Caribbean Barbadian Cuban Guyanese Haitian Jamaican Trinidadian / Tobagonian Latin America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Cuban Peruvian Salvadoran Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central Asia Kazakh Tajik Uzbek East Asia Chinese Tibetan Hong Kong Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Asia Bangladeshi Indian Anglo - Indian Tamil Nepali Pakistani Romani Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Cambodian Filipino Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Asia Afghan Arab Iraqi Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Palestinian Saudi Syrian Yemeni Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Georgian Iranian Israeli Jewish Kurdish Turkish Europe Central Europe Austrian Czech German Hungarian ( Magyar ) Polish Slovak Slovenian Swiss Eastern Europe Belarusian Russian Tatar Ukrainian Northern Europe Scandinavian Danish Finnish Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Southeast Europe Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Croatian Greek Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romanian Serbian Southern Europe Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Basque Western Europe Belgian Flemish - Walloons British Cornish English Manx Scottish Welsh Dutch French Acadians Basque Breton Québécois Irish Luxembourgian Scotch - Irish Oceania Australian Kanaka ( Hawaiian ) New Zealander Demographics Languages Religion Population totals 1666 census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census By province & territory... Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland & Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon By city... Calgary Edmonton Montreal Ottawa Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg Canadian cities by census Culture & society Architecture Art Charter Cinema Citizenship Crime Cuisine Education Folklore Government Health History Identity Immigration Law Literature Media Military Multiculturalism Music Nationalism Politics Poverty Protection of Social programs Sport Symbols Theatre Values List of Canadians By city By province & territory... Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Members of... Canada 's Walk of Fame Fathers of Confederation The Greatest Canadian Historic significance Newsmaker of the Year Order of Canada ( Companions ) Victoria Cross Individuals by... Aboriginals Actors Artists Composers Monarchs Musicians Painters Prime Ministers Net worth Province and city Radio personalities Sports personalities TV personalities Writers Category Portal WikiProject Arctic topics History Arctic research Exploration of the Arctic History of whaling Government Arctic Council Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Ocean Conference Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Ilulissat Declaration Inuit Circumpolar Council Saami Council Territorial claims in the Arctic Geography Arctic Circle Arctic ecology Arctic Ocean Arctic Cyclone Arctic geography terminology Greenland ice sheet Impact craters of the Arctic North Pole Populated places in the Arctic Tundra Nordicity Regions Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Climate Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic sea ice ecology and history Arctic ice pack Arctic sea ice decline Climate of Alaska Polar climate Effects of global warming on marine mammals Polar amplification Global warming in the Arctic Fauna Walrus Narwhal Bowhead whale Polar bear Arctic fox Snowy owl Reindeer Caribou Beluga whale Lemming Muskox Ribbon seal Bearded seal Hooded seal Harp seal Ringed seal Flora Arctic ecology Arctic vegetation Tundra Culture Arctic peoples Subarctic peoples Northern Indigenous Peoples of Russia Evenks Inuit Chukotka Koryaks Nenets Khanty Chukchi Selkup Sami Yukaghir Gwich'in Yakuts Arctic Winter Games Tsagaan Sar ( New Year 's Day ) Economy Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Parks, reserves and refuges Transportation in the Arctic Petroleum exploration in the Arctic Natural resources of the Arctic Transport Arctic shipping routes Arctic Bridge Northeast Passage Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route Transpolar Sea Route Polar air route Search and rescue Category Portal WikiProject Indigenous peoples of the world by continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Indigenous peoples by geographic regions LCCN : sh93001720 BNF : cb119321367 ( data ) NDL : 00579094 BNE : XX4576562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inuit&oldid=798322406 '' Categories : Indigenous peoples in Atlantic Canada Indigenous peoples in Northern Canada Indigenous peoples of North America History of indigenous peoples of North America Hunter - gatherers of the Arctic Hunter - gatherers of Canada Hunter - gatherers of the United States Eskimos Inuit Indigenous peoples in the Arctic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Language articles citing Ethnologue 18 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Articles containing Inuktitut - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2011 Articles with DMOZ links Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Авар Беларуская Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sámegiella Sardu Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017, at 06 : 43. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: when did the inuit arrived in north america
Answer: 1000 CE