Sikh Empire - Wikipedia Sikh Empire Not to be confused with Kingdom of Sikkim. Sikh Empire Sarkar - i - Khalsa امپراطوری سیک ਸਿੱਖ ਖਾਲਸਾ ਰਾਜ 1799 -- 1849 Flag Khanda ( Coat of Arms ) Anthem Deg Tegh Fateh Maharaja Ranjit Singh 's Sikh Empire at its peak Capital Lahore Languages Persian ( court ) Punjabi Dogri Kashmiri Pashto Religion Sikhism Government Federal monarchy Maharaja 1801 -- 1839 Ranjit Singh 1839 Kharak Singh 1839 -- 1840 Nau Nihal Singh 1840 -- 1841 Chand Kaur 1841 -- 1843 Sher Singh 1843 -- 1849 Duleep Singh Wazir 1799 -- 1818 Jamadar Khushal Singh 1818 -- 1843 Dhian Singh Dogra 1843 -- 1844 Hira Singh Dogra 1844 -- 1845 Jawahar Singh Aulakh 31 January 1846 -- 9 March 1846 Gulab Singh Historical era Early modern period Capture of Lahore by Ranjit Singh 7 July 1799 End of Second Anglo - Sikh War 29 March 1849 Population est. 3.5 million Currency Nanak Shahi Rupee Preceded by Succeeded by Sikh Confederacy Durrani Empire Maratha Empire Company rule in India Today part of China India Pakistan Afghanistan Part of a series on the History of India Ancient Madrasian Culture Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE Neolithic, c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas, c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty, c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty, c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara, c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah, c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire, c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj, c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire, c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj, c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India, c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India Maharaja Ranjit Singh, leader of Sikh empire The Sikh Empire ( also Sikh Khalsa Raj, Sarkar - i - Khalsa or Pañjab ( Punjab ) Empire ), was a major power in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established a secular empire based in the Punjab. The empire existed from 1799, when Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849 and was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the Empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west to western Tibet in the east, and from Mithankot in the south to Kashmir in the north. It was the last major region of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The foundations of the Sikh Empire can be traced to as early as 1707, the year of Aurangzeb 's death and the start of the downfall of the Mughal Empire. With the Mughals significantly weakened, the Sikh army, known as the Dal Khalsa, a rearrangement of the Khalsa inaugurated by Guru Gobind Singh, led expeditions against them and the Afghans in the west. This led to a growth of the army which split into different confederacies or semi-independent misls. Each of these component armies controlled different areas and cities. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, Sikh commanders of the misls appeared to be coming into their own as independent warlords. The formation of the empire began with the capture of Lahore, by Ranjit Singh, from its Afghan ruler, Zaman Shah Durrani, and the subsequent and progressive expulsion of Afghans from the Punjab, by defeating them in the Afghan - Sikh Wars, and the unification of the separate Sikh misls. Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Punjab on 12 April 1801 ( to coincide with Vaisakhi ), creating a unified political state. Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak, conducted the coronation. Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single misl to finally becoming the Maharaja of Punjab. He began to modernise his army, using the latest training as well as weapons and artillery. After the death of Ranjit Singh, the empire was weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. Finally, by 1849 the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Anglo - Sikh wars. The Sikh Empire was divided into four provinces : Lahore, in Punjab, which became the Sikh capital, Multan, also in Punjab, Peshawar and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Formation of the Sikh Empire 1.3 Start 1.4 End of the Sikh Empire 2 Geography 3 Religious policy 4 Timeline 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links History Background The Sikh religion began around the time of the conquest of Northern India by Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. His conquering grandson, Akbar the Great, supported religious freedom and after visiting the langar of Guru Amar Das got a favourable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit he donated land to the langar and the Mughals did not have any conflict with Sikh gurus until his death in 1605. His successor Jahangir, however, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He ordered Guru Arjun Dev, who had been arrested for supporting the rebellious Khusrau Mirza, to change the passage about Islam in the Adi Granth. When the Guru refused, Jahangir ordered him to be put to death by torture. Guru Arjan Dev 's martyrdom led to the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind, declaring Sikh sovereignty in the creation of the Akal Takht and the establishment of a fort to defend Amritsar. Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by jailing Guru Hargobind at Gwalior, but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. The Sikh community did not have any further issues with the Mughal empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. The succeeding son of Jahangir, Shah Jahan, took offence at Guru Hargobind 's `` sovereignty '' and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the Sivalik Hills. The next guru, Guru Har Rai, maintained the guruship in these hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and playing a neutral role in the power struggle between two of the sons of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh, for control of the Mughal Empire. The ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, moved the Sikh community to Anandpur and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of Aurangzeb, who attempted to install Ram Rai as new guru. Guru Tegh Bahadur aided Kashmiri Pandits in avoiding conversion to Islam and was arrested by Aurangzeb. When offered a choice between conversion to Islam and death, he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed. Guru Gobind Singh assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill rajas moved the guruship to Paunta. There he built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed the Sivalik Hill rajas who attempted to attack the city but the Gobind Singh 's forces routed them at the Battle of Bhangani. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal - backed claimants to the guruship. In 1701, a combined army of the Sivalik Hill rajas and the Mughals under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur. The Khalsa retreated but regrouped to defeat the Mughals at the Battle of Muktsar. In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation by Aurangzeb 's successor Bahadur Shah I to meet him. The meeting took place at Agra on 23 July 1707. In August 1708 Guru Gobind Singh visited Nanded, the seat of Mughal Telangana Subah. There he met a Bairāgī recluse, Madho Das, and converted him to Sikhism, giving him a new name, Banda Singh. Banda Singh Bahadur ( also known as Lachman Das, Lachman Dev and Madho Das ), ( 1670 -- 1716 ) met Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded and adopted the Sikh religion. A short time before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to reconquer Punjab region and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of Zamindar families and distributing the land to the poor peasants who farmed the land. Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with the defeat of Mughal armies at Samana and Sadhaura and the rebellion culminated in the defeat of Sirhind. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to the supporters of Guru Gobind Singh. He executed Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh 's sons and Pir Budhu Shah after the Sikh victory at Sirhind. He ruled the territory between the Sutlej river and the Yamuna river, established a capital in the Himalayas at Lohgarh and struck coinage in the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. In 1716, his army was defeated by the Mughals after he attempted to defend his fort at Gurdas Nangal. He was captured along with 700 of his men and sent to Delhi, where they were all tortured and executed after refusing to convert to Islam. Formation of the Sikh Empire Maharajah Ranjit Singh in 1830. Ranjit Singh holding court in 1838 Start The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the merger of these `` Misls '' by the time of coronation of Ranjit Singh in 1801, creating a unified political state. All the Misl leaders, who were affiliated with the army, were the nobility with usually long and prestigious family histories in the Sikhs ' history. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region to Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, and Tibet in the east. The religious demography of the Sikh Empire was Muslim ( 70 % ), Sikh ( 17 % ), Hindu ( 13 % ). The population was 3.5 million, according to Amarinder Singh ` s The Last Sunset : The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar. In 1799 Ranjit Singh moved the capital to Lahore from Gujranwala, where it had been established in 1763 by his grandfather, Charat Singh. End of the Sikh Empire After Ranjit Singh 's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British East India Company to launch the Anglo - Sikh Wars. The Battle of Ferozeshah in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the Punjab Army, opening with a gun - duel in which the Sikhs `` had the better of the British artillery ''. As the British made advances, Europeans in their army were especially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army `` became demoralised, the backbone of the enemy 's position would be broken ''. The fighting continued throughout the night. The British position `` grew graver as the night wore on '', and `` suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General 's staff either killed or wounded ''. Nevertheless, the British army took and held Ferozeshah. British General Sir James Hope Grant recorded : `` Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation. '' The reasons for the withdrawal of the Sikhs from Ferozeshah are contentious. Some believe that it was treachery of the non-Sikh high command of their own army which led to them marching away from a British force in a precarious and battered state. Others believe that a tactical withdrawal was the best policy. The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown. Geography The Punjab region was a region straddling India and the Afghan Durrani Empire. The following modern - day political divisions made up the historical Sikh Empire : Punjab region till Multan in south parts of Panjab ( Punjab ), Pakistan, with the capital Lahaur ( Lahore ) Parts of Punjab, India Parts of Himachal Pradesh, India Jammu, India, annexed 1808 - 17 June 1822 Kashmir, conquered 5 July 1819 - 15 March 1846, India / Pakistan / China Gilgit, Gilgit -- Baltistan, Pakistan. ( Occupied from 1842 to 1846 ) Ladakh, India Khyber Pass, Afghanistan / Pakistan Peshawar, Pakistan ( taken in 1818, retaken in 1834 ) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan ( documented from Hazara ( taken in 1818, again in 1836 ) to Bannu ) Jamrud District ( Khyber Agency, Pakistan ) was the westernmost limit of the Sikh Empire. The westward expansion was stopped in the Battle of Jamrud, in which the Afghans managed to kill the prominent Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa in an offensive, though the Sikhs successfully held their position at their Jamrud fort. Ranjit Singh sent his dogra general Gulab Singh thereafter as reinforcement and he crushed the Pashtun rebellion harshly. In 1838, Ranjit Singh with his troops marched into Kabul to take part in the victory parade along with the British after restoring Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne at Kabul. Religious policy The Sikh Empire was idiosyncratic in that it allowed men from religions other than their own to rise to commanding positions of authority. A ban on cow slaughter, which can be related to Hindu sentiments, was universally imposed in the Sarkar Khalsaji. Ranjit Singh also donated huge amounts of gold for the construction of Hindu temples not only in his state, but also in the areas which were under the control of the Marathas, with whom Sikhs had a cordial relation. The Sikhs attempted not to offend the prejudices of Muslims, noted Baron von Hügel, the Austrian botanist and explorer, yet the Sikhs were described as harsh. In this regard, Masson 's explanation is perhaps the most pertinent : `` Though compared to the Afghans, the Sikhs were mild and exerted a protecting influence, yet no advantages could compensate to their Mohammedan subjects, the idea of subjection to infidels, and the prohibition to slay kine, and to repeat the azan, or ' summons to prayer '. '' Timeline 1699 - Formation of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh. 1710 -- 1716, Banda Singh defeats the Mughals and declares Khalsa rule. 1716 -- 1738, turbulence, no real ruler ; Mughals take back the control for two decades but Sikhs engage in guerrilla warfare 1733 -- 1735, the Khalsa accepts, only to reject, the confederal status given by Mughals. 1748 -- 1757, Afghan invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani 1757 - 1761, Maratha rule with help of Sikhs 1761 - 1767, Recapture of Punjab region by Afghan in Third Battle of Panipat 1763 -- 1774, Charat Singh Sukerchakia, Misldar of Sukerchakia misl, establishes himself in Gujranwala. 1764 -- 1783, Baba Baghel Singh, Misldar of Karor Singhia Misl, imposes taxes on the Mughals. 1783 - Sikh Occupation of Delhi and Red Fort 1773, Ahmad Shah Durrani dies and his son Timur Shah launches several invasions into Punjab. 1774 -- 1790, Maha Singh becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia misl. The Battle of Sobraon in 1846. Contemporary picture 1790 -- 1801, Ranjit Singh becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia misl. 1799, formation of the Sikh Khalsa Army 12 April 1801 ( coronation ) -- 27 June 1839, reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 1st June 1813, Ranjit Singh is given the Kohinoor Diamond. 13 July 1813, Battle of Attock, the Sikh Empire 's first significant victory over the Durrani Empire. March -- 2 June 1818, Battle of Multan, the 2nd battle in the Afghan -- Sikh wars. 3 July 1819, Battle of Shopian The charge of the British 16th Lancers at Aliwal on 28 January 1846, during the Anglo - Sikh war 14 March 1823, Battle of Nowshera 30 April 1837, Battle of Jamrud 27 June 1839 -- 5 November 1840, reign of Maharaja Kharak Singh 5 November 1840 -- 18 January 1841, Chand Kaur is briefly Regent. 18 January 1841 -- 15 September 1843, reign of Maharaja Sher Singh. May 1841 -- August 1842, Sino - Sikh war 15 September 1843 -- 31 March 1849, reign of Maharaja Duleep Singh. 1845 -- 1846, First Anglo - Sikh War. 1848 -- 1849, Second Anglo - Sikh War. Preceded by Durrani Empire Sikh Empire 1799 -- 1849 Succeeded by British East India Company See also Sikhism portal Punjab portal India portal Pakistan portal Afghanistan portal History portal History of Afghanistan History of Pakistan History of India History of Punjab Kapurthala State Aurangzeb Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Punjab Army References Citations Jump up ^ Fenech, Louis E. ( 2013 ). The Sikh Zafar - namah of Guru Gobind Singh : A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press ( USA ). p. 239. ISBN 978 - 0199931453. We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian. Jump up ^ Grewal, J.S. ( 1990 ). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0 521 63764 3. Retrieved 15 April 2014. Jump up ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh 's Role 1971, pp. 46 - 50. Jump up ^ `` Ranjit Singh : A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. ' ' ( Date : 1989. ISBN 8170172446 ' ' ) ''. Exoticindiaart.com. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09. ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, ( Edition : Volume V22, Date : 1910 -- 1911 ), Page 892. Jump up ^ Grewal, J.S. ( 1990 ). The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6 : The Sikh empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 63764 3. Jump up ^ The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, section Sāhib Siṅgh Bedī, Bābā ( 1756 -- 1834 ). Jump up ^ Kalsi 2005, pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Markovits 2004, p. 98 Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon ( Jan 15, 2014 ). Faiths Across Time : 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC - CLIO. p. 1163. Retrieved Nov 3, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Jestice 2004, pp. 345 -- 346 Jump up ^ Johar 1975, pp. 192 -- 210 ^ Jump up to : Ganda Singh. `` Gobind Singh Guru ( 1666 - 1708 ) ''. Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 11 August 2014. Jump up ^ Jestice 2004, pp. 312 -- 313 ^ Jump up to : `` Banda Singh Bahadur ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 May 2013. ^ Jump up to : Singh 2008, pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Nesbitt 2005, p. 61 Jump up ^ Singh, Kulwant ( 2006 ). Sri Gur Panth Prakash : Episodes 1 to 81. Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 415. ISBN 9788185815282. Jump up ^ Miniature painting from the photo album of princely families in the Sikh and Rajput territories by Colonel James Skinner ( 1778 -- 1841 ) Jump up ^ `` MAHARAJAH RANJIT SINGH... - Online Information article about MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH ''. Encyclopedia.jrank.org. Retrieved 9 August 2009. Jump up ^ `` Ranjit Singh : A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. ' ' ( Date : 1989. ISBN 81 - 7017 - 244 - 6 ' ' ) ''. Exoticindiaart.com. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009. Jump up ^ World and Its Peoples : Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. 411. ISBN 9780761475712. Jump up ^ Ranjit Singh : administration and British policy, ( Prakash, p. 31 - 33 ) ^ Jump up to : Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, ( Duggal, p. 136 - 137 ) Jump up ^ Frasier, G.M. ( 1990 ) Flashman and the Mountain of Light, Harper - Collins, London Jump up ^ The Masters Revealed, ( Johnson, p. 128 ) Jump up ^ Britain and Tibet 1765 -- 1947, ( Marshall, p. 116 ) Jump up ^ Ben Cahoon. `` Pakistan Princely States ''. Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 9 August 2009. Jump up ^ The Khyber Pass : A History of Empire and Invasion, ( Docherty, p. 187 ) Jump up ^ The Khyber Pass : A History of Empire and Invasion, ( Docherty, p. 185 - 187 ) Jump up ^ Bennett - Jones, Owen ; Singh, Sarina, Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway Page 199 Jump up ^ Hastings Donnan, Marriage Among Muslims : Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan, ( Brill, 1997 ), 41. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Ranjit Singh Jump up ^ Kartar Singh Duggal ( 1 January 2001 ). Maharaja Ranjit Singh : The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125 -- 126. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 410 - 3. Jump up ^ Lodrick, D.O. 1981. Sacred Cows, Sacred Places. Berkeley : University of California Press, p. 145 Jump up ^ Vigne, G.T., 1840. A Personal Narrative of a Visit to Ghuzni, Kabul, and Afghanistan, and a Residence at the Court of Dost Mohammed..., London : Whittaker and Co. p. 246 The Real Ranjit Singh ; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, ISBN 81 - 7380 - 778 - 7, 1 Jan 2001, 2nd ed. Jump up ^ Hügel, Baron ( 1845 ) 2000. Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab, containing a Particular Account of the Government and Character of the Sikhs, tr. Major T.B. Jervis. rpt, Delhi : Low Price Publications, p. 151 Jump up ^ Masson, Charles. 1842. Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, 3 v. London : Richard Bentley ( 1 ) 37 Sources Heath, Ian ( 2005 ), The Sikh Army 1799 - 1849, Osprey Publishing ( UK ), ISBN 1 - 84176 - 777 - 8 Kalsi, Sewa Singh ( 2005 ), Sikhism, Religions of the World, Chelsea House Publications, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 8098 - 6 Markovits, Claude ( 2004 ), A history of modern India, 1480 - 1950, London, England : Anthem Press, ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 152 - 2 Jestice, Phyllis G. ( 2004 ), Holy people of the world : a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3, ABC - CLIO, ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 355 - 1 Johar, Surinder Singh ( 1975 ), Guru Tegh Bahadur, University of Wisconsin -- Madison Center for South Asian Studies, ISBN 81 - 7017 - 030 - 3 Singh, Pritam ( 2008 ), Federalism, Nationalism and Development : India and the Punjab Economy, Routledge, pp. 25 -- 26, ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 45666 - 1 Nesbitt, Eleanor ( 2005 ), Sikhism : A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, USA, p. 61, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280601 - 7 Further reading Volume 2 : Evolution of Sikh Confederacies ( 1708 -- 1769 ), By Hari Ram Gupta. ( Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Date : 1999, ISBN 81 - 215 - 0540 - 2, 383 pages, illustrated ). The Sikh Army ( 1799 -- 1849 ) ( Men - at - arms ), By Ian Heath. ( Date : 2005, ISBN 1 - 84176 - 777 - 8 ). The Heritage of the Sikhs By Harbans Singh. ( Date : 1994, ISBN 81 - 7304 - 064 - 8 ). Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire. ( Date : 2000, Second Edition. ISBN 81 - 215 - 0213 - 6 ). The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. ( Date : 2001, revised edition. ISBN 81 - 215 - 0165 - 2 ). Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers, By Jean - Marie Lafont. ( Oxford University Press. Date : 2002, ISBN 0 - 19 - 566111 - 7 ). History of Panjab, By Dr L.M. Joshi and Dr Fauja Singh. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sikh Empire. Article on Coins of the Sikh Empire Sikh Confederacy Confederacy of Punjab Sikh Kingdom of Ranjit Singh Battle of Jamrud Sikh topics Gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib ( Sikh holy book ) Philosophy Beliefs and principles Guru Maneyo Granth Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Cannabis and Sikhism Diet in Sikhism Practices Khalsa Ardās Kirtan Langar Naam Karan Anand Karaj Amrit Sanchar Amrit Velā Antam Sanskar Three Pillars Kirat Karo Naam Japo Vand Chhako Sikh practices The Five Ks Simran Sewa Charhdi Kala Dasvand Jhatka Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Adi Granth Dasam Granth Gurbani Mul Mantar Japji Sahib Chaupai Jaap Sahib Rehras Sukhmani Sahib Tav - Prasad Savaiye By country Australia Afghanistan Belgium Canada Vancouver Fiji France Germany India Indonesia Iraq Italy Malaysia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Singapore Switzerland Thailand United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Other topics History Gurmukhi alphabet Ik Onkar Waheguru Khanda Gurdwara ( Harmandir Sahib ) Panj Pyare Literature Music Names Places Politics Nanakshahi calendar Ramananda Fariduddin Ganjshakar Kabir History of the Punjab Sardar Dastar Islam Jainism Hinduism Sikh Empire Mela Maghi Maghi Vaisakhi Hola Mohalla 3HO Sikhs Women in Sikhism Sikhism and sexual orientation Idolatry in Sikhism Criticism Punjab region Punjabi people Punjabi language ( Gurmukhī ) Takht Akal Takht Damdama Sahib Kesgarh Sahib Hazur Sahib Patna Sahib Sikhism portal Sikh Empire Rulers Ranjit Singh Kharak Singh Nau Nihal Singh Chand Kaur Sher Singh Duleep Singh Military conflicts Afghan -- Sikh wars Battle of Attock Battle of Multan Battle of Shopian Battle of Nowshera Battle of Jamrud First Anglo - Sikh War Battle of Mudki Battle of Ferozeshah Battle of Aliwal Battle of Sobraon Second Anglo - Sikh War Battle of Ramnagar Battle of Chillianwala Siege of Multan Battle of Gujrat Adversaries Mughal Empire Emirate of Afghanistan British Empire Forts Dallewal Fort Jamrud Fort Multan Fort Harkishangarh Sumergarh Uri Fort Lahore Fort Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikh_Empire&oldid=808709748 '' Categories : Former countries in Asia States and territories established in 1799 States and territories disestablished in 1849 Sikh Empire 1849 disestablishments in India History of Sikhism History of Punjab Sikh politics Empires and kingdoms of India Former monarchies of South Asia Former countries in South Asia 1799 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2011 Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano कॉशुर / کٲشُر മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017, at 17 : 02. 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Question: who united all the sikh and founded a kingdom in the punjab
Answer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh