President - elect of the United States - wikipedia President - elect of the United States The President - elect of the United States is the person who has won the quadrennial United States presidential election, but who has not yet been inaugurated into office. President - elect is also the honorific title accorded this individual. The only constitutional provisions pertaining directly to the president - elect, address matters related to the election winner 's availability to take the oath of office. Nowhere is there an unequivocal statement made of when the winner of the election actually becomes president - elect. Since the 1960s, U.S. federal law has empowered the General Services Administration Administrator to ascertain who the apparent election winner is, and to accorded certain services -- such as office space, equipment and staff -- and privileges to the president - elect. During the period between the election and the inauguration, the president - elect heads a presidential transition, and works with the outgoing ( or lame duck ) president to ensure a smooth handover of power. Incumbent presidents who have won re-election for a second term are generally not referred to as president - elect, as they are already in office and are not waiting to become president. Likewise, if a vice president succeeds to the presidency by way of the president 's death, resignation or removal ( via impeachment ) from office, that person does not holds the title of president - elect, as they would become president immediately. Contents 1 Constitutional criteria 1.1 Electoral College role 1.2 Congressional reports 1.3 President - elect succession 2 Presidential transitions 3 List of presidents - elect 4 Vice President - elect 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Constitutional criteria This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2016 ) Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, along with the Twelfth and Twentieth Amendments govern the election of the U.S. President. The procedure is also regulated by federal and state laws. Under federal Law, the presidential electors ( the members of the Electoral College ) must be `` appointed, in each state, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, in every fourth year ''. Thus, all states appoint their electors on the same date, in November, once every four years. However, the manner of appointment of the electors is determined by the law of each State. Currently, in every state, an election by the people is the method employed for the choice of the members of the Electoral College ; however, any state remains free to change its manner of appointing its slate of members of the Electoral College, so that the law of a state could, for instance, prescribe election by the state legislature, or even choice by the state 's governor, as the manner of appointment of the electors representing the state. In spite of that theoretical possibility, a popular election in each state is the established method of selection of the members of the Electoral College, and given that all the statewide elections happen on the same date, the simultaneous elections resemble a national general election. On the Monday after the second Wednesday in December, the electors of each state meet in their respective state capitals ( and the electors of the District of Columbia meet in the federal capital ) and in those meetings the electors cast their votes for President and Vice President of the United States. At the conclusion of their meetings, the electors of each state and of the District of Columbia then execute a `` certificate of vote '' ( in several original copies ), declaring the vote count in each meeting. To each certificate of vote, a certificate of ascertainment is annexed. Each state 's ( and the District of Columbia 's ) certificate of ascertainment is the official document ( usually signed by the governor of the state and / or by the state 's secretary of state ) that declares the names of the electors, certifying their appointment as members of the Electoral College. Given that in all states the electors are currently chosen by popular election, the certificate of ascertainment also declares the results of the popular vote that decided the appointment of the electors. The electors in each state and of the District of Columbia then send the certificates of vote, with the enclosed certificates of ascertainment, to the President of the U.S. Senate. The electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress in early January ( on January 6 as required by 3 U.S. Code, Chapter 1 or an alternative date set by statute ) and if the ballots are accepted without objections, the presidential and vice-presidential candidates winning at least 270 electoral votes -- a majority of the total number of electoral votes -- are certified as having won the election by the incumbent Vice President, in their capacity as President of the Senate. If no presidential candidate reaches the 270 - vote threshold, the election for the president would be decided by the House of Representatives in a run - off contingent election. Similarly, if no vice-presidential candidate reaches that threshold, the election for the vice president would be decided by the Senate. Electoral College role No constitutional provision or federal law requires electors to vote according to the results of their state 's popular vote, though some states bind their electors to their pledges by state law. Historically, there have been only a few instances of `` faithless electors '' casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never resulted in changing the final outcome of a presidential election. The popular vote does not declare the presidency but the Electoral College vote does. Even if the popular vote goes to one candidate, another may win the electoral vote and the presidency, as has happened in 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. Further information on faithless electors in the 2016 presidential election : Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016 Congressional reports Two congressional reports found that the president - elect is the eventual winner of the majority of electoral ballots cast in December. The Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) of the Library of Congress, in its 2004 report `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation, '' discussed the question of when candidates who have received a majority of electoral votes become president - elect. The report notes that the constitutional status of the president - elect is disputed : Some commentators doubt whether an official president - and vice president - elect exist prior to the electoral votes being counted and announced by Congress on January 6, maintaining that this is a problematic contingency lacking clear constitutional or statutory direction. Others assert that once a majority of electoral votes has been cast for one ticket, then the recipients of these votes become the president - and vice president - elect, notwithstanding the fact that the electoral votes are not counted and certified until the following January 6. The CRS report quotes the 1933 U.S. House committee report accompanying the Twentieth Amendment as endorsing the latter view : It will be noted that the committee uses the term `` president elect '' in its generally accepted sense, as meaning the person who has received the majority of electoral votes, or the person who has been chosen by the House of Representatives in the event that the election is thrown into the House. It is immaterial whether or not the votes have been counted, for the person becomes the president - elect as soon as the votes are cast. Both reports make clear that becoming president - elect is contingent upon winning a majority of the electoral votes cast. President - elect Succession Scholars have noted that the national committees of the Democratic and Republican parties have adopted rules for selecting replacement candidates in the event of a nominee 's death, either before or after the general election. If the apparent winner of the general election dies before the Electoral College votes in December the electors probably would endorse whatever new nominee their national party selects as a replacement ( although they may be prevented from doing so in many states, because those states have laws requiring electors to vote for the person to which they are pledged, and some states invalidate votes that were cast for anyone else ). If the apparent winner dies between the College 's December vote and its counting in Congress in January, the Twelfth Amendment stipulates that all electoral ballots cast shall be counted, presumably even those for a dead candidate. The U.S. House committee reporting on the proposed Twentieth Amendment said the `` Congress would have ' no discretion ' ( and ) ' would declare that the deceased candidate had received a majority of the votes. ' '' The words president elect appear four times in the Constitution, and they did n't appear until 1933, when the Twentieth Amendment, which contained a provision addressing the unavailability of the president elect to take the oath of office on Inauguration Day, was ratified. Section 3 provides that if there is no president - elect on January 20, or the president - elect `` fails to qualify '', the vice president - elect would become acting president on January 20 until there is a qualified president. The section also provides that if the president - elect dies before noon on January 20, the vice president - elect becomes president. In cases where there is no president - elect or vice president - elect, the amendment also gives the Congress the authority to declare an acting president until such time as there is a president or vice president. At this point the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 would apply, with the office of the Presidency going to the speaker of the House of Representatives, followed by the president pro tempore of the Senate and various Cabinet officers. The closest instance of there being no qualified person to take the presidential oath of office on Inauguration Day happened in 1877, when the disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was decided and certified in Hayes ' favor just three days before the inauguration ( then March 4 ). It might have been a possibility on several other occasions as well. In January 1853, President - elect Franklin Pierce survived a train accident that killed his 11 - year - old son. Four years later, President - elect James Buchanan battled a serious illness contracted at the National Hotel in Washington, D.C., as he planned his inauguration. Additionally, on February 15, 1933, just 23 days after the Twentieth Amendment went into effect, President - elect Franklin D. Roosevelt survived an assassination attempt in Miami, Florida. The amendment 's provision moving inauguration day from March 4, to January 20, would not take effect until 1937, but its three provisions about a president - elect went into effect immediately. If the assassination attempt on Roosevelt had been successful then, pursuant to Section 3 of the amendment, Vice President - elect John Nance Garner would have been sworn in as president on Inauguration Day. Presidential transitions Main article : United States presidential transition Office of the President - Elect logo used by the Obama transition team Office of the President - Elect logo used by the Trump transition team Recent presidents - elect have assembled transition teams to prepare for a smooth transfer of power following the inauguration. Outgoing presidents have cooperated with the president - elect on important policy matters during the last two months of the president 's term to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of operations that have significant national interests. Before the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933, which moved the start of the presidential term to January, the president - elect did not assume office until March, four months after the popular election. Under the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 ( P.L. 88 - 277 ), amended by the Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998 ( P.L. 100 - 398 ), the Presidential Transition Act of 2000 ( P.L. 106 - 293 ), and the Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 ( P.L. 111 - 283 ), the President - Elect is entitled to request and receive certain privileges from the General Services Administration as he prepares to assume office. Section 3 of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 was enacted to help smooth transitions between incoming and outgoing presidential administrations. To that end, provisions such as office space, telecommunication services, transition staff members are allotted, upon request, to the President - Elect, though the Act grants the President - elect no official powers and makes no mention of an `` Office of the President - Elect. '' In 2008, President - elect Barack Obama gave numerous speeches and press conferences in front of a placard emblazoned with `` Office of the President Elect '' and used the same term on his website. British journalist Tony Allen - Mills disputed the office as `` a bogus concoction that has no basis in the U.S. Constitution. '' President - elect Donald Trump did likewise on January 11, 2017. The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 further authorizes the Administrator of the General Services Administration to certify, even before the December vote of the Electoral College, the apparent winner of the November general election as the president - elect for the purposes of receiving federal transition funding, office space and communications services prior to the beginning of the new administration on January 20. The president - elect assumes office as the next president of the United States upon the expiration of the term of the previous officeholder at noon on January 20. This procedure has been the subject of many misinterpretations and urban legends, such as the myth of David Rice Atchison 's one - day - long presidency, which is predicated upon false assumptions and a logical flaw. Taking the formal oath of office does not affect the automatic accession to and occupation of the office of the presidency, which, in the case of the president, proceeds, ipso facto, from the expiration of the predecessor 's term and the immediate start of the new four - year term. The oath of office is necessary so that the president can `` enter upon the execution '' of their office, but they are already president from the start of their term. The president - elect and vice president - elect receive mandatory protection from the United States Secret Service. Since the 1968 assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, major - party candidates also receive such protection during the election campaign. List of presidents - elect Nonpartisan Federalist Democratic - Republican Democratic Whig Republican President - elect Party Following Through George Washington Nonpartisan Election of 1788 -- 89 George Washington 's first inauguration John Adams Federalist Election of 1796 John Adams 's inauguration Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson 's first inauguration James Madison Democratic - Republican Election of 1808 James Madison 's first inauguration James Monroe Democratic - Republican Election of 1816 James Monroe 's first inauguration John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams 's inauguration Andrew Jackson Democratic Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson 's first inauguration Martin Van Buren Democratic Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren 's inauguration William Henry Harrison Whig Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison 's inauguration James K. Polk Democratic Election of 1844 James K. Polk 's inauguration Zachary Taylor Whig Election of 1848 Zachary Taylor 's inauguration Franklin Pierce Democratic Election of 1852 Franklin Pierce 's inauguration James Buchanan Democratic Election of 1856 James Buchanan 's inauguration Abraham Lincoln Republican Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln 's first inauguration Ulysses S. Grant Republican Election of 1868 Ulysses S. Grant 's first inauguration Rutherford B. Hayes Republican Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes 's inauguration James A. Garfield Republican Election of 1880 James A. Garfield 's inauguration Grover Cleveland Democratic Election of 1884 Grover Cleveland 's first inauguration Benjamin Harrison Republican Election of 1888 Benjamin Harrison 's inauguration Grover Cleveland Democratic Election of 1892 Grover Cleveland 's second inauguration William McKinley Republican Election of 1896 William McKinley 's first inauguration William Howard Taft Republican Election of 1908 William Howard Taft 's inauguration Woodrow Wilson Democratic Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson 's first inauguration Warren G. Harding Republican Election of 1920 Warren G. Harding 's inauguration Herbert Hoover Republican Election of 1928 Herbert Hoover 's inauguration Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Election of 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first inauguration Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican Election of 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower 's first inauguration John F. Kennedy Democratic Election of 1960 John F. Kennedy 's inauguration Richard Nixon Republican Election of 1968 Richard Nixon 's first inauguration Jimmy Carter Democratic Election of 1976 Jimmy Carter 's inauguration Ronald Reagan Republican Election of 1980 Ronald Reagan 's first inauguration George H.W. Bush Republican Election of 1988 George H.W. Bush 's inauguration Bill Clinton Democratic Election of 1992 Bill Clinton 's first inauguration George W. Bush Republican Election of 2000 George W. Bush 's first inauguration Barack Obama Democratic Election of 2008 Barack Obama 's first inauguration Donald Trump Republican Election of 2016 Donald Trump 's inauguration Notes : Jump up ^ Also after a delay in the certification of the electoral votes by Congress. ^ Jump up to : Also after a contingent election in the House of Representatives. Jump up ^ Also after a dispute over 20 electoral votes from four states was resolved by a special Electoral Commission established by Congress. Jump up ^ Also after a dispute over Florida 's 25 electoral votes was resolved by the Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore, which halted the Florida vote recount that was under way. Vice president - elect During the presidential transition period, the president - elect 's running mate is known as the Vice President - elect. As with the title President - elect, it applies to the person determined by the GSA Administrator to be the apparent successful candidate for the office of Vice President after the general election. If the Vice President - elect dies or resigns before the meeting of the Electoral College in December, the National Committee of the winning party would, in consultation with the president - elect, choose a new Vice President - elect. If such a vacancy were to occur after the electoral votes had been cast in the states, most authorities maintain that no replacement would be chosen and the new President ( after taking office ) would nominate a Vice President, per the provisions of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the Constitution. Before ratification of the 25th Amendment in 1967, the Constitution contained no provision for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred ( and did 16 times ), the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Since 1967, the Vice Presidency has been vacant twice, and a successor was nominated each time to fill the vacancy in accordance with the 25th Amendment. The first instance was in 1973, when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon to succeed Spiro Agnew, who had resigned. The second came in 1974, when Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency following Nixon 's resignation, nominated Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. During both vacancies, the nominee was called Vice President - designate, instead of Vice President - elect, as neither had been elected to the office. As a result of these events, the nation has had two more Vice Presidents than it has had Vice President - elects. While he is currently the 48th U.S. Vice President, Mike Pence was the 46th person to be Vice President - elect. See also United States portal Government of the United States portal Presidential transition of Donald Trump Presidential transition of Barack Obama Prime minister - designate ( analogous term ) References ^ Jump up to : Bomboy, Scott ( January 6, 2017 ). `` What constitutional duties are placed on the President Elect ? ''. National Constitution Center. Retrieved January 15, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Transition Act of 1963 ( Public Law 88 - 277 ) ''. General Services Administration. Retrieved May 17, 2016. The terms `` President - elect '' and `` Vice-President - elect '' as used in this Act shall mean such persons as are the apparent successful candidates for the office of the President and Vice President, respectively, as ascertained by the Administrator following the general elections held to determine the electors of the President and Vice-President in accordance with title 3, United States code, sections 1 and 2. Jump up ^ Thomas H. Neale. `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 21 April 2012. Jump up ^ U.S. Congress, House, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, report to accompany S.J. Res. 14, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., Rept. 345 ( Washington, GPO : 1932 ), p. 6. Jump up ^ Longley, Lawrence D. ; Neal R. Peirce ( 1999 ). The Electoral College Primer 2000. Yale University Press. ISBN 0 - 300 - 08036 - 0. ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Transition Act of 1963 ''. www.gsa.gov. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ `` The Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998 ''. www.gsa.gov. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Presidential Transition Act of 2000 ''. www.gsa.gov. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ `` S. 2705 ''. www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 03. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 ''. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra ( 2008 - 11 - 08 ). `` Donning the Presidential Mantle to Brave a Storm of Questions on the Economy ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Office of the President Elect ''. Archived from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2016. Jump up ^ AllenMills, Tony ( 2008 - 11 - 30 ). `` In with a bang Obama dismays the faithful ''. The Times. London. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ Houpt, Simon ( 11 January 2017 ). `` Trump 's answer to press seeking substantive response : ' I won ' ''. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 12 January 2017. Jump up ^ In November 2000, the GSA administrator did not name a president - elect until the legal disputes over vote counting in Florida were resolved. Schrader, Esther ( 2000 - 11 - 28 ). `` GSA Denies Bush Transition Aid, Citing Legal Battle ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16. It started early Monday, when the Bush team asked for access to the taxpayer - funded transition offices that are to be used by the president - elect. The General Services Administration refused, explaining it was best to wait until the legal challenges in Florida had run their course. Jump up ^ McCaleb, Ian Christopher ( December 13, 2000 ). `` Bush, now president - elect, signals will to bridge partisan gaps ''. CNN.com. Retrieved February 10, 2009. Jump up ^ Coleman, Kevin J. ; Cantor, Joseph E. ; Neale, Thomas H. ( April 17, 2000 ). `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ). CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service - Library of Congress. p. 48. Retrieved December 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Nessen,, Ron ( Reporter ) ; Jamieson, Bob ( Reporter ) ; Brokaw, Tom ( Anchor ) ( October 13, 1973 ). `` Profile of Vice President - Designate Gerald Ford ''. NBC Nightly News. NBC. Retrieved December 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nelson Rockefeller, Vice President - Designate ''. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved December 22, 2016. External links Presidential Transition, GSA President Eisenhower Writes President - Elect John F. Kennedy a Chilly Letter about Staffing, 1960 Shapell Manuscript Foundation President - Elect Garfield Ca n't Afford Transportation Office of the President - Elect ( President - elect Barack Obama ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 29, 2008 ) United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, D.C. 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Adams ( 1825 ) Jackson ( 1829 ) Jackson ( 1833 ) Van Buren ( 1837 ) W. H. Harrison ( 1841 ) Tyler ( 1841 ) * Polk ( 1845 ) Taylor ( 1849 ) Fillmore ( 1850 ) * Pierce ( 1853 ) Buchanan ( 1857 ) Lincoln ( 1861 ) Lincoln ( 1865 ) A. Johnson ( 1865 ) * Grant ( 1869 ) Grant ( 1873 ) Hayes ( 1877 ) Garfield ( 1881 ) Arthur ( 1881 ) * Cleveland ( 1885 ) B. Harrison ( 1889 ) Cleveland ( 1893 ) McKinley ( 1897 ) McKinley ( 1901 ) T. Roosevelt ( 1901 ) * T. Roosevelt ( 1905 ) Taft ( 1909 ) Wilson ( 1913 ) Wilson ( 1917 ) Harding ( 1921 ) Coolidge ( 1923 ) * Coolidge ( 1925 ) Hoover ( 1929 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1933 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1937 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1941 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1945 ) Truman ( 1945 ) * Truman ( 1949 ) Eisenhower ( 1953 ) Eisenhower ( 1957 ) Kennedy ( 1961 ) L. B. Johnson ( 1963 ) * L. B. Johnson ( 1965 ) Nixon ( 1969 ) Nixon ( 1973 ) Ford ( 1974 ) * Carter ( 1977 ) Reagan ( 1981 ) Reagan ( 1985 ) G. H. W. Bush ( 1989 ) Clinton ( 1993 ) Clinton ( 1997 ) G. W. Bush ( 2001 ) G. W. Bush ( 2005 ) Obama ( 2009 ) Obama ( 2013 ) Trump ( 2017 ) * Non-scheduled ( extraordinary ) inaugurations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President-elect_of_the_United_States&oldid=833368105 '' Categories : Presidential elections in the United States United States presidential inaugurations United States Presidential transitions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018, at 03 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: who becomes president if the president elect dies before taking office
Answer: vice president-elect becomes president