Saint Lawrence River - wikipedia Saint Lawrence River This article 's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( September 2017 ) Saint Lawrence River Fleuve Saint - Laurent, Fleuve St - Laurent, St - Lawrence River, St - Laurent River Saint Lawrence River near Alexandria Bay Name origin : Saint Lawrence of Rome Countries Canada, United States Provinces Ontario, Quebec State New York Source Lake Ontario - location Kingston, Ontario / Cape Vincent, New York - elevation 74.7 m ( 245 ft ) - coordinates 44 ° 06 ′ N 76 ° 24 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 44.100 ° N 76.400 ° W ﻿ / 44.100 ; - 76.400 Mouth Gulf of St. Lawrence / Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W ﻿ / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Coordinates : 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W ﻿ / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Length 500 km ( 310 mi ) Excluding the estuary. Ca. 1200 km if included. Basin 1,344,200 km ( 519,000 sq mi ) Discharge for below the Saguenay River - average 16,800 m / s ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) Map of the Saint Lawrence / Great Lakes Watershed The Saint Lawrence River ( French : Fleuve Saint - Laurent ; Tuscarora : Kahnawáʼkye ; Mohawk : Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning `` big waterway '' ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north - easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the international boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U.S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway. Contents 1 Geography 2 History 3 Resident whales 4 Sources 5 Works 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geography The Saint Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows through Gananoque, Brockville, Morristown, Ogdensburg, Massena, Cornwall, Montreal, Trois - Rivières, and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the largest estuary in the world. The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans, just downstream from Quebec City. The river becomes tidal around Quebec City. The Saint Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km ( 743.8 mi ) from the outflow of Lake Ontario. These numbers include the estuary ; without the estuary the length from Lake Ontario is ca. 500 km ( ca. 300 mi ). The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing, Minnesota. Its drainage area, which includes the Great Lakes, the world 's largest system of freshwater lakes, is 1,344,200 square kilometres ( 518,998.5 sq mi ), of which 839,200 km ( 324,016.9 sq mi ) is in Canada and 505,000 km ( 194,981.6 sq mi ) is in the United States. The basin covers parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, parts of Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin, and nearly the entirety of the state of Michigan in the United States. The average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second ( 590,000 cu ft / s ). At Quebec City, it is 12,101 m / s ( 427,300 cu ft / s ). The average discharge at the river 's source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is 7,410 m / s ( 262,000 cu ft / s ). The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint - Louis south of Montreal, Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry - de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint - Pierre east of Montreal. It encompasses four archipelagoes : the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay, New York and Kingston, Ontario ; the Hochelaga Archipelago, including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus ( Laval ) ; the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago ( classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000 ) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago. Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé. It is the second longest river in Canada. Lake Champlain and the Ottawa, Richelieu, Saint - Maurice, Saint - François and Saguenay rivers drain into the Saint Lawrence. The Saint Lawrence River is in a seismically active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean. The faults in the area are rift related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system. According to the United States Geological Survey, the Saint Lawrence Valley is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division, containing the Champlain and Northern physiographic section. However, in Canada, where most of the valley is, it is instead considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division, and not part of the Appalachian division at all. History Map of 1543 showing Cartier 's discoveries Basque settlements and sites dating from the 16th and 17th centuries Though the Norse explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the 11th century and were followed by fifteenth and early sixteenth century European mariners, such as John Cabot, the brothers Gaspar, Miguel Corte - Real, and Alonso Sanchez, the first European explorer known to have sailed up the Saint Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier. At that time, the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians ; at the time of Cartier 's second voyage in 1535. Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on Saint Lawrence 's feast day, he named it the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The Saint Lawrence River is partly within the U.S. and as such is that country 's sixth oldest surviving European place - name. The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques, who came to the St Lawrence Gulf and River in pursuit of whales from the early 16th century. The Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements, leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River. Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencible 's disaster ( 1588 ), when the Spanish Basque whaling fleet was confiscated by King Philip II of Spain and largely destroyed. Initially, the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat. Until the early 17th century, the French used the name Rivière du Canada to designate the Saint Lawrence upstream to Montreal and the Ottawa River after Montreal. The Saint Lawrence River served as the main route for European exploration of the North American interior, first pioneered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain. Control of the river was crucial to British strategy to capture New France in the Seven Years ' War. Having captured Louisbourg in 1758, the British sailed up to Quebec the following year thanks to charts drawn up by James Cook. British troops were ferried via the Saint Lawrence to attack the city from the west, which they successfully did at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The river was used again by the British to defeat the French siege of Quebec under the Chevalier de Lévis in 1760. Because of the virtually impassable Lachine Rapids, the Saint Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal. Opened in 1825, the Lachine Canal was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids. An extensive system of canals and locks, known as the Saint Lawrence Seaway, was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by Elizabeth II ( representing Canada ) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( representing the United States ). The Seaway now permits ocean - going vessels to pass all the way to Lake Superior. During the Second World War, the Battle of the St. Lawrence involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower Saint Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Strait of Belle Isle and Cabot Strait from May to October 1942, September 1943, and again in October and November 1944. During this time, German U-boats sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships. In the late 1970s, the river was the subject of a successful ecological campaign ( called `` Save the River '' ), originally responding to planned development by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The campaign was organized, among others, by Abbie Hoffman. Resident whales See also : Saguenay -- St. Lawrence Marine Park Watching fin whales off Tadoussac Beluga whale ( Near Threatened ) Sperm whale ( Vulnerable ) Minke whale Fin whale ( Endangered ) Blue whale ( Endangered ) Northern bottlenose whale Northern Atlantic right whale ( now rarer due to Endangered status, but increasing in St. Lawrence regions since in 1995 or 1998 ) Bowhead whale ( very occasionally, historically common ) North Atlantic gray whale ( Extinct ) Humpback whale Sources The source of the North River in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota ( Seven Beaver Lake ) is considered to be the source of the Saint Lawrence River. Because it crosses so many lakes, the water system frequently changes its name. From source to mouth, the names are : North River Saint Louis River Lake Superior Saint Marys River Lake Huron Saint Clair River Lake Saint Clair Detroit River Lake Erie Niagara River Lake Ontario The Saint Lawrence River also passes through Lake Saint - Louis and Lake Saint - Pierre in Quebec. Saint Lawrence River between Quebec City ( left foreground ) and Lévis ( seen at right ). The Île d'Orléans appears in the central distance. Works The Saint Lawrence River is at the heart of many Quebec novels ( Anne Hébert 's Kamouraska, Réjean Ducharme 's L'avalée des avalés ), poems ( in works of Pierre Morency, Bernard Pozier ), and songs ( Leonard Cohen 's `` Suzanne '', Michel Rivard 's `` L'oubli '', Joe Dassin 's `` Dans les yeux d'Émilie '' ), and André Gagnon 's `` Le Saint - Laurent '' ). The river was the setting for the Canadian television drama series Seaway. The river has also been portrayed in paintings, notably by the Group of Seven. In addition, the river is the namesake of Saint - Laurent Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority. In 1980 Jacques Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea. Musician David Usher released the song `` St. Lawrence River '' on his Little Songs album in 1998. See also Gulf of Saint Lawrence Estuary of Saint Lawrence Lac Saint - Pierre Lachine Rapids RMS Empress of Ireland Saint Lawrence Seaway Steamboats in Canada NEPCO 140 Oil Spill Boldt Castle Container on barge Grindstone Island Jorstadt Castle Wellesley Island List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) List of longest rivers of Canada List of Quebec rivers List of Ontario rivers List of New York rivers List of crossings of the Saint Lawrence River Geography of Canada portal References Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada, Atlas of Canada - Rivers ^ Jump up to : Benke, Arthur C. ; Cushing, Colbert E. ( 2005 ). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. pp. 989 -- 990. ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088253 - 3. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Jump up ^ Rudes, B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1999 Jump up ^ Arkus, Mike ( 27 October 2014 ). `` Down the St. Lawrence, the World 's Largest Estuary : Canadian Odyssey on the Looney Front - Part 21 ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 February 2017. Jump up ^ Dawson, Samuel Edward ( October 2007 ). The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands. Heritage Books. p. 36. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 2. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Jump up ^ Lac Saint - Pierre et son archipel. Pleinairalacarte.com ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ). Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S ''. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Regions of Canada '' ( PDF ). Natural Resources Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 18 February 2017. Jump up ^ Johnson, William Henry ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ). French Pathfinders in North America. Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27. Jump up ^ The Spanish names Florida, Dry Tortugas, Cape Canaveral, Appalachian, and California appeared earlier... From Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 's accounts, published in 1601 -- Stewart, George ( 1945 ). Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States. New York : Random House. pp. 11 -- 17, 29. Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire en vue ! Merci d'appeler Urgences Mammifères Marins ! - Baleines en direct ''. Jump up ^ `` Introduction ''. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Hear them coming : right whales return to the Gulf of St. Lawrence ''. Fisheries and Oceans Canada Homepage. 2013 - 04 - 22. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire dans le Parc marin du Saguenay - Saint - Laurent ''. Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire observée près de l'île Rouge - Baleines en direct ''. Jump up ^ Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more. Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence River and Seaway ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence ''. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2009. Jump up ^ Ohayon, Albert ( 2009 ). `` When Cousteau Came to Canada ''. NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25. Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.ca/Little-Songs-Usher-David/dp/B000065Q67/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1410971002&sr=8-5&keywords=little+songs Further reading Creighton, Donald Grant ( 2002 ) ( 1937 ), The empire of the St. Lawrence : a study in commerce and politics ( reprint ), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8418 - 4 Dawson, Samuel Edward ( 2003 ), The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands, Heritage Books, ISBN 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 9 Ellis, William S. ( May 1980 ). `` Canada 's Highway to the Sea ''. National Geographic. Vol. 157 no. 5. pp. 586 -- 623. ISSN 0027 - 9358. OCLC 643483454. McNeese, Tim ( 2005 ), The St. Lawrence River, Chelsea House Publishers, ISBN 0791082458 Parham, Claire Puccia ( 2009 ), The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project : an oral history of the greatest construction show on earth, Syracuse University, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0913 - 1 Stagg, Ronald ( 2010 ), The Golden Dream : A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway, Dundurn Press, ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 887 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Lawrence River. Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste. Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron, part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties VIAF : 316432323 GND : 4077008 - 4 BNF : cb15336896h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Lawrence_River&oldid=813365552 '' Categories : Saint Lawrence River North American watersheds of the Atlantic Ocean Physiographic provinces International rivers of North America Rivers of New York ( state ) Rivers of Ontario Canada -- United States border Rivers of Montérégie Rivers of Capitale - Nationale Rivers of St. Lawrence County, New York Regions of New York ( state ) Rivers of Quebec Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Accuracy disputes from September 2017 All accuracy disputes Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017, at 08 : 30. 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Question: which direction does the st lawrence river flow
Answer: north-easterly