Southern Ocean - wikipedia Southern Ocean Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Southern Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization 's Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2002 ). A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60 ° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. As such, it is regarded as the fourth - largest of the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. This ocean zone is where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters. By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean 's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ), this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth, hence the name of an ocean. This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary. Contents 1 Definitions and use 1.1 Pre-20th - century definitions 1.2 1928 delineation 1.3 1937 delineation 1.4 1953 delineation 1.5 2002 ( draft ) delineation 2 History of exploration 2.1 The unknown southern land 2.2 South of the Antarctic Convergence 2.3 South of the Antarctic Circle 2.4 First sighting of land 2.5 Antarctic expeditions 2.6 Recent history 3 Geography 3.1 Sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean 3.2 Natural resources 3.3 Natural hazards 4 Physical oceanography 4.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence 4.2 Upwelling 4.3 Ross and Weddell Gyres 5 Climate 6 Biodiversity 6.1 Animals 6.2 Birds 6.3 Fish 6.4 Mammals 6.5 Arthropods 6.6 Invertebrates 7 Environment 7.1 Current issues 7.2 International agreements 8 Economy 9 Ports and harbors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Further reading 13 External links Definitions and use Pulsating pack - ice around Antarctica reflects the various definitions of the Southern Ocean Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau ( IHB ), the precusor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas, the first edition being 1928. Since the first edition, the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards ; since 1953, it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits. The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of 60 ° S in its year 2000 revisions, but this has not been formally adopted, due to continuing impasses over other areas of the text, such as the naming dispute over the Sea of Japan. The 2000 IHO definition, however, was circulated in a draft edition in 2002 and is used by some within the IHO and by some other organizations such as the US Central Intelligence Agency and Merriam - Webster. Australian authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia. The National Geographic Society does not recognize the ocean, depicting it ( if at all ) in a typeface different from the other world oceans ; instead, it shows the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and on line maps. Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps and GeoNova. The International Hydrographic Organization 's delineation of the `` Southern Ocean '' has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas. Australia continues to view the ocean as beginning at its southern coast. The 1953 limits shown are those of Britain, as identified in third edition. Others continue to view the Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary of the Southern Ocean, regardless of political agreements. Southern Ocean Antarctica Map. Pre-20th - century definitions `` Southern Ocean '' as an alternative name for the Aethiopian Ocean in a 1700 map of Africa `` Southern Ocean '' is an obsolete name for the Pacific Ocean or South Pacific, coined by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to discover it, who approached it from the north. The `` South Seas '' is a less archaic synonym. A 1745 British Act of Parliament established a prize for discovering a Northwest Passage to `` the Western and Southern Ocean of America ''. Authors using `` Southern Ocean '' to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits. James Cook 's account of his second voyage implies New Caledonia borders it. Peacock 's 1795 Geographical Dictionary said it lay `` to the southward of America and Africa '' ; John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit ; the 1827 Edinburgh Gazetteer used 50 degrees. The Family Magazine in 1835 divided the `` Great Southern Ocean '' into the `` Southern Ocean '' and the `` Antarctick ( sic ) Ocean '' along the Antarctic Circle, with the northern limit of the Southern Ocean being lines joining Cape Horn, the Cape of Good Hope, Van Diemen 's Land and the south of New Zealand. The United Kingdom 's South Australia Act 1834 described the waters forming the southern limit of the new colony of South Australia as `` the Southern Ocean ''. The Colony of Victoria 's Legislative Council Act of 1881 delimited part of the division of Bairnsdale as `` along the New South Wales boundary to the Southern ocean ''. 1928 delineation 1928 First Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas with original IHO delineation of Southern Ocean abutting land - masses. In the 1928 first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, the Southern Ocean was delineated by land - based limits : Antarctica to the south, and South America, Africa, Australia, and Broughton Island, New Zealand to the north. The detailed land - limits used were from Cape Horn in South America eastwards to Cape Agulhas in Africa, then further eastwards to the southern coast of mainland Australia to Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia. From Cape Leeuwin, the limit then followed eastwards along the coast of mainland Australia to Cape Otway, Victoria, then southwards across Bass Strait to Cape Wickham, King Island, along the west coast of King Island, then the remainder of the way south across Bass Strait to Cape Grim, Tasmania. The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southwards to the South East Cape and then went eastwards to Broughton Island, New Zealand, before returning to Cape Horn. 1937 Second Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas showing IHO 's pre-1953 delineation of Southern Ocean moved southwards. 1937 delineation The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO 's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas. From this edition, much of the ocean 's northern limit ceased to abut land masses. In the second edition, the Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40 ° S between Cape Agulhas in Africa ( long. 20 ° E ) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia ( long. 115 ° E ), and extended to latitude 55 ° S between Auckland Island of New Zealand ( 165 or 166 ° E east ) and Cape Horn in South America ( 67 ° W ). As is discussed in more detail below ( see section on ' 2002 delineation ' ), prior to the 2002 ( draft ) edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them. The Great Australian Bight was unnamed in the 1928 edition, and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition. It therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters ( as designated in 1928 ) but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937. In the 2002 draft edition, the IHO have designated ' seas ' as being subdivisions within ' oceans ', so the Bight would have still been within the Southern Ocean in 1937 if the 2002 convention were in place then. To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans ( for example to compare surface areas ) it is necessary to consider, or at least be aware of, how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for ' seas ' can affect the comparison. 1953 delineation The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition and a note in the publication read : The Antarctic or Southern Ocean has been omitted from this publication as the majority of opinions received since the issue of the 2nd Edition in 1937 are to the effect that there exists no real justification for applying the term Ocean to this body of water, the northern limits of which are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change. The limits of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent. Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits ( Great Britain uses Latitude of 55 South. ) Instead, in the IHO 1953 publication, the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward, the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( which had not previously touched pre 1953, as per the first and second editions ) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape, and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards. The Pacific Ocean as example of terminology concerning seas : the area inside the black line includes the seas included in the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002 and the darker blue areas are its informal current borders, following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas. 2002 ( draft ) delineation The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000. Of its 68 member nations, 28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents. The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes, beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean. Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean 's northern limit at 60 ° S ( with no land interruptions at this latitude ), with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions, mostly 50 ° S, but a few for as far north as 35 ° S. A draft fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas was circulated to IHO member states in August 2002 ( sometimes referred to as the `` 2000 edition '' as it summarized the progress to 2000 ). It has yet to be published due to ' areas of concern ' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world -- primarily the Sea of Japan naming dispute -- and there have been various changes, 60 seas were given new names, and even the name of the publication was changed. A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits. Effectively, the 3rd edition ( which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices ) has yet to be superseded. Despite this, the 4th edition definition has partial de facto usage by many nations, scientists and organisations such as the U.S. ( the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook uses `` Southern Ocean '' but none of the other new sea names within the `` Southern Ocean '' such as `` Cosmonauts Sea '' ) and Merriam - Webster, scientists and nations -- and even by some within the IHO. Some nations ' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries ; the United Kingdom used the 55 ° S parallel for example. Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean. For example, the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America, and confers great significance on the Antarctic Convergence, yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this, describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica. Other sources, such as the National Geographic Society, show the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica on its maps, although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean. In Australia, cartographical authorities define the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand, and up to 60 ° s elsewhere. Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean, while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet. A radical shift from past IHO practices ( 1928 -- 1953 ) was also seen in the 2002 draft edition when the IHO delineated ' seas ' as being subdivisions that lay within the boundaries of ' oceans '. While the IHO are often considered the authority for such conventions, the shift brought them into line with the practices of other publications ( e.g. the CIA World Fact Book ) which already adopted the principle that seas are contained within oceans. This difference in practice is markedly seen for the Pacific Ocean in the adjacent figure. Thus, for example, previously the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand was not regarded by the IHO as being part of the Pacific, but as of the 2002 draft edition it is. The new delineation of seas being subdivisions of oceans has avoided the need to interrupt the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean where intersected by Drake Passage which includes all of the waters from South America to the Antarctic coast, nor interrupt it for the Scotia Sea, which also extends below the 60th parallel south. The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long - time named seas around Antarctica, excluded from the 1953 edition ( the 1953 map did not even extend that far south ), are ' automatically ' part of the Southern Ocean. History of exploration Main article : History of Antarctica The unknown Southern land See also : Terra Australis 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis -- a vast continent in the far south of the globe to `` balance '' the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa -- which had existed since the times of Ptolemy. The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist. Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through the Strait of Magellan in 1520, assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land. In 1564, Abraham Ortelius published his first map, Typus Orbis Terrarum, an eight - leaved wall map of the world, on which he identified the Regio Patalis with Locach as a northward extension of the Terra Australis, reaching as far as New Guinea. European geographers continued to connect the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes, and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic, south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita ( `` Unknown Southern Land '' ), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla, who claimed having sighted `` snow - covered mountains '' beyond the 64 ° S in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, Pedro Fernández de Quirós took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo ( the New Hebrides ) and those he would discover `` even to the Pole ''. Francis Drake, like Spanish explorers before him, had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego. When Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615, they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land, as previously thought. Subsequently, in 1642, Abel Tasman showed that even New Holland ( Australia ) was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent. Portrait of Edmund Halley by Thomas Murray, c. 1687 South of the Antarctic Convergence See also : Anthony de la Roché The visit to South Georgia by Anthony de la Roché in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence i.e. in the Southern Ocean / Antarctic. Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ' Roché Island ', honouring the discoverer. James Cook was aware of la Roché 's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775. Edmond Halley 's voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in 52 ° S in January 1700, but that latitude ( he reached 140 mi off the north coast of South Georgia ) was his farthest south. A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer Jean - Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier to discover the `` South Land '' -- described by a half legendary `` sieur de Gonneyville '' -- resulted in the discovery of Bouvet Island in 54 ° 10 ′ S, and in the navigation of 48 ° of longitude of ice - cumbered sea nearly in 55 ° S in 1730. In 1771, Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of `` a very large continent. '' He lighted upon a land in 50 ° S which he called South France, and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation, but which was ultimately named after him. South of the Antarctic Circle See also : James Cook Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. `` He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it. '' Map from 1771, showing `` Terres Australes '' ( sic ) label without any charted landmass. Painting of James Weddell 's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy. The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple, the brilliant and erratic hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769. The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook. Sailing in 1772 with Resolution, a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and Adventure of 336 tons under Captain Tobias Furneaux, Cook first searched in vain for Bouvet Island, then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in latitude 58 ° S, and then 30 ° eastward for the most part south of 60 ° S, a lower southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel. On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached 67 ° 15 ' S by 39 ° 35 ' E, where their course was stopped by ice. Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands, of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town, but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen, Cook reached the assigned latitude 10 ° too far east and did not see it. He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61 ° 52 ′ S by 95 ° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60 ° S to 147 ° E. On 16 March, the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific. In November 1773, Cook left New Zealand, having parted company with the Adventure, and reached 60 ° S by 177 ° W, whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed. The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days, being compelled after reaching 67 ° 31 ′ S to stand north again in 135 ° W. A long detour to 47 ° 50 ′ S served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego. Turning south again, Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 109 ° 30 ′ W before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at 71 ° 10 ′ S by 106 ° 54 ′ W. This point, reached on 30 January 1774, was the farthest south attained in the 18th century. With a great detour to the east, almost to the coast of South America, the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment. In November 1774, Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 53 ° and 57 ° S to Tierra del Fuego ; then, passing Cape Horn on 29 December, he rediscovered Roché Island renaming it Isle of Georgia, and discovered the South Sandwich Islands ( named Sandwich Land by him ), the only ice - clad land he had seen, before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between 55 ° and 60 °. He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent. Cook 's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 60th parallel, and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and without economic value. Voyagers rounding Cape Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice - encumbered seas ; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle, or knew it, if they did. In a voyage from 1822 to 1824, James Weddell commanded the 160 - ton brig Jane, accompanied by his second ship Beaufoy captained by Matthew Brisbane. Together they sailed to the South Orkneys where sealing proved disappointing. They turned south in the hope of finding a better sealing ground. The season was unusually mild and tranquil, and on 20 February 1823 the two ships reached latitude 74 ° 15 ' S and longitude 34 ° 16'45 '' W the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time. A few icebergs were sighted but there was still no sight of land, leading Weddell to theorize that the sea continued as far as the South Pole. Another two days ' sailing would have brought him to Coat 's Land ( to the east of the Weddell Sea ) but Weddell decided to turn back. First sighting of land Admiral von Bellingshausen See also : William Smith ( mariner ) and Fabian von Bellingshausen The first land south of the parallel 60 ° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith, who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819. A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago, landed on King George Island, and claimed the new territories for Britain. In the meantime, the Spanish Navy ship San Telmo sank in September 1819 when trying to cross Cape Horn. Parts of her wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of Livingston Island ( South Shetlands ). It is unknown if some survivor managed to be the first to set foot on these Antarctic islands. The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica can not be accurately attributed to one single person. It can, however, be narrowed down to three individuals. According to various sources, three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other : von Bellingshausen, a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy ; Edward Bransfield, a captain in the British navy ; and Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut. It is certain that the expedition, led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny, reached a point within 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Princess Martha Coast and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69 ° 21 ′ 28 '' S 2 ° 14 ′ 50 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 69.35778 ° S 2.24722 ° W ﻿ / - 69.35778 ; - 2.24722 that became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. On 30 January 1820, Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula, the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland, while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820. Von Bellingshausen 's expedition also discovered Peter I Island and Alexander I Island, the first islands to be discovered south of the circle. Historical maps showing a southern ocean between Antarctica and the continents of South America, Africa and Australia 1683 map by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet from his publication Description de L'Univers. Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when Tierra del Fuego was believed joined to Antarctica. Sea is named Mer Magellanique after Ferdinand Magellan. Samuel Dunn 's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqeuous Globe shows a Southern Ocean ( but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic ) and a Southern Icy Ocean. A New Map of Asia, from the Latest Authorities, by John Cary, Engraver, 1806, shows the Southern Ocean lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia. Freycinet Map of 1811 -- resulted from the 1800 - 1803 French Baudin expedition to Australia and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published. In French, the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the Grand Océan Austral ( ' Great Southern Ocean ' ). 1863 map of Australia shows the Southern Ocean lying immediately to the south of Australia. 1906 map by German publisher Justus Perthes showing Antarctica encompassed by an Antarktischer ( Sudl. Eismeer ) Ocean -- the ' Antarctic ( South Arctic ) Ocean '. Map of The World in 1922 by the National Geographic Society showing the Antarctic ( Southern ) Ocean. Antarctic expeditions Main article : List of Antarctic expeditions USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840. 1911 South Polar Regions exploration map In December 1839, as part of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 -- 42 conducted by the United States Navy ( sometimes called `` the Wilkes Expedition '' ), an expedition sailed from Sydney, Australia, on the sloops - of - war USS Vincennes and USS Peacock, the brig USS Porpoise, the full - rigged ship Relief, and two schooners Sea Gull and USS Flying Fish. They sailed into the Antarctic Ocean, as it was then known, and reported the discovery `` of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands '' on 25 January 1840. That part of Antarctica was later named `` Wilkes Land '', a name it maintains to this day. Explorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island ( both of which were named for him ) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf. Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition : HMS Erebus and Terror. Frank Hurley, As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed ( The Endurance trapped in pack ice ), National Library of Australia. The Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition of 1914, led by Ernest Shackleton, set out to cross the continent via the pole, but their ship, the Endurance, was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed. The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island. Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean, in an open boat called James Caird, and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at the whaling station Grytviken. In 1946, US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd and more than 4,700 military personnel visited the Antarctic in an expedition called Operation Highjump. Reported to the public as a scientific mission, the details were kept secret and it may have actually been a training or testing mission for the military. The expedition was, in both military or scientific planning terms, put together very quickly. The group contained an unusually high amount of military equipment, including an aircraft carrier, submarines, military support ships, assault troops and military vehicles. The expedition was planned to last for eight months but was unexpectedly terminated after only two months. With the exception of some eccentric entries in Admiral Byrd 's diaries, no real explanation for the early termination has ever been officially given. Captain Finn Ronne, Byrd 's executive officer, returned to Antarctica with his own expedition in 1947 -- 1948, with Navy support, three planes, and dogs. Ronne disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent, i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected. The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline, and identified the Ronne Ice Shelf, named by Ronne after his wife Edith `` Jackie '' Ronne. Ronne covered 3,600 miles by ski and dog sled -- more than any other explorer in history. The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition discovered and mapped the last unknown coastline in the world and was the first Antarctic expedition to ever include women. Recent history MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. The Antarctic Treaty was signed on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961. Among other provisions, this treaty limits military activity in the Antarctic to the support of scientific research. The first person to sail single - handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis, in 1972, in a 10 - metre steel sloop Ice Bird. A baby, named Emilio Marcos de Palma, was born near Hope Bay on 7 January 1978, becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born further south than anyone in history. The MS Explorer was a cruise ship operated by the Swedish explorer Lars - Eric Lindblad. Observers point to the Explorer 's 1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica as the frontrunner for today 's sea - based tourism in that region. The Explorer was the first cruise ship used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean and the first to sink there when she struck an unidentified submerged object on 23 November 2007, reported to be ice, which caused a 10 by 4 inches ( 25 by 10 cm ) gash in the hull. The Explorer was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean, an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time. The Explorer was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at approximately position : 62 ° 24 ′ South, 57 ° 16 ′ West, in roughly 600 m of water. Geography See also : List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands The Southern Ocean, geologically the youngest of the oceans, was formed when Antarctica and South America moved apart, opening the Drake Passage, roughly 30 million years ago. The separation of the continents allowed the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. With a northern limit at 60 ° S, the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary, the northern boundary, does not abut a landmass ( as it did with the first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas ). Instead, the northern limit is with the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans. Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which circulates around Antarctica. Water in the Southern Ocean south of, for example, New Zealand, resembles the water in the Southern Ocean south of South America more closely than it resembles the water in the Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean has typical depths of between 4,000 and 5,000 m ( 13,000 and 16,000 ft ) over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water. The Southern Ocean 's greatest depth of 7,236 m ( 23,740 ft ) occurs at the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench, at 60 ° 00 'S, 024 ° W. The Antarctic continental shelf appears generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at depths up to 800 m ( 2,600 ft ), compared to a global mean of 133 m ( 436 ft ). Equinox to equinox in line with the sun 's seasonal influence, the Antarctic ice pack fluctuates from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometres ( 1.0 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in March to about 18.8 million square kilometres ( 7.3 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in September, more than a sevenfold increase in area. Subdivisions of the Southern Ocean Sub-divisions of oceans are geographical features such as `` seas '', `` straits '', `` bays '', `` channels '', and `` gulfs ''. There are many sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never - approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication Limits of Oceans and Seas. In clockwise order these include ( with IHO sub-division chartlet numbers in parenthesis ) the Weddell Sea ( 10.1 ), the Lazarev Sea ( 10.2 ), the Riiser - Larsen Sea ( 10.3 ), the Cosmonauts Sea ( 10.4 ), the Cooperation Sea ( 10.5 ), the Davis Sea ( 10.6 ), Tryoshnikova Gulf ( 10.6. 1 ), the Mawson Sea ( 10.7 ), the Dumont D'Urville Sea ( 10.8 ), the Somov Sea ( 10.9 ), the Ross Sea ( 10.10 ), McMurdo Sound ( 10.10. 1 ), the Amundsen Sea ( 10.11 ), the Bellingshausen Sea ( 10.12 ), part of the Drake Passage ( 10.13 ), Bransfield Strait ( 10.14 ) and part of the Scotia Sea ( 4.2 ). A number of these such as the 2002 Russian - proposed `` Consmonauts Sea '', `` Cooperation Sea '', and `` Somov ( mid-1950s Russian polar explorer ) Sea '' are not included in the 1953 IHO document which remains currently in force, because they received their names largely originated from 1962 onward. Leading geographic authorities and atlases do not use these latter three names, including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the United States ' National Geographic Society and the 2014 12th edition of the British Times Atlas of the World, but Soviet and Russian - issued maps do. An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane USS Burton Island ( AGB - 1 ), USS Atka ( AGB - 3 ), and USS Glacier ( AGB - 4 ) pushing an iceberg out of a channel in the `` Silent Land '' near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965 Natural Resources Manganese nodule The Southern Ocean probably contains large, and possibly giant, oil and gas fields on the continental margin. Placer deposits, accumulation of valuable minerals such as gold, formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes are also expected to exist in the Southern Ocean. Manganese nodules are expected to exist in the Southern Ocean. Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization. Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s. The icebergs that form each year around in the Southern Ocean hold enough fresh water to meet the needs of every person on Earth for several months. For several decades there have been proposals, none yet to be feasible or successful, to tow Southern Ocean icebergs to more arid northern regions ( such as Australia ) where they can be harvested. Natural hazards Icebergs can occur at any time of year throughout the ocean. Some may have drafts up to several hundred meters ; smaller icebergs, iceberg fragments and sea - ice ( generally 0.5 to 1 m thick ) also pose problems for ships. The deep continental shelf has a floor of glacial deposits varying widely over short distances. Sailors know latitudes from 40 to 70 degrees south as the `` Roaring Forties '', `` Furious Fifties '' and `` Shrieking Sixties '' due to high winds and large waves that form as winds blow around the entire globe unimpeded by any land - mass. Icebergs, especially in May to October, make the area even more dangerous. The remoteness of the region makes sources of search and rescue scarce. Physical Oceanography The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins. Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence The Antarctic Circumpolar Current moves perpetually eastward -- chasing and joining itself, and at 21,000 km ( 13,000 mi ) in length -- it comprises the world 's longest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic metres per second ( 4.6 × 10 ^ cu ft / s ) of water -- 100 times the flow of all the world 's rivers. Several processes operate along the coast of Antarctica to produce, in the Southern Ocean, types of water masses not produced elsewhere in the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. One of these is the Antarctic Bottom Water, a very cold, highly saline, dense water that forms under sea ice. Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence encircling Antarctica, where cold northward - flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the subantarctic, Antarctic waters predominantly sink beneath subantarctic waters, while associated zones of mixing and upwelling create a zone very high in nutrients. These nurture high levels of phytoplankton with associated copepods and Antarctic krill, and resultant foodchains supporting fish, whales, seals, penguins, albatrosses and a wealth of other species. The Antarctic Convergence is considered to be the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean. Upwelling in the Southern Ocean Upwelling Large - scale upwelling is found in the Southern Ocean. Strong westerly ( eastward ) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling. Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface. Shallower, wind - driven upwelling is also found off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and southeast Australia, all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations. Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad - scale upwelling occurs in the tropics, as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above. The required diffusion coefficients, however, appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean. Nonetheless, some diffusive upwelling does probably occur. Location of the Southern Ocean gyres. Ross and Weddell gyres The Ross Gyre and Weddell Gyre are two gyres that exist within the Southern Ocean. The gyres are located in the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea respectively, and both rotate clockwise. The gyres are formed by interactions between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic Continental Shelf. Sea ice has been noted to persist in the central area of the Ross Gyre. There is some evidence that global warming has resulted in some decrease of the salinity of the waters of the Ross Gyre since the 1950s. Due to the Coriolis effect acting to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and the resulting Ekman transport away from the centres of the Weddell Gyre, these regions are very productive due to upwelling of cold, nutrient rich water. Climate Sea temperatures vary from about − 2 to 10 ° C ( 28 to 50 ° F ). Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean. The ocean - area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth. In winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius. At some coastal points, however, persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice - free throughout the winter. Clouds over Southern Ocean with Continent labels. Biodiversity See also : Antarctic ecozone, Antarctic microorganism, and Wildlife of Antarctica Orca ( Orcinus orca ) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean. Animals A variety of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic. The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a `` true seal '', is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds. The benthic communities of the seafloor are diverse and dense, with up to 155,000 animals found in 1 square metre ( 10.8 sq ft ). As the seafloor environment is very similar all around the Antarctic, hundreds of species can be found all the way around the mainland, which is a uniquely wide distribution for such a large community. Deep - sea gigantism is common among these animals. A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life ( CoML ) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km ( 7,456 mi ). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free - swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution -- fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 ° C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport egg and larva stages. A wandering albatross ( Diomedea exulans ) on South Georgia Birds See also : List of birds of Antarctica The rocky shores of mainland Antarctica and its offshore islands provide nesting space for over 100 million birds every spring. These nesters include species of albatrosses, petrels, skuas, gulls and terns. The insectivorous South Georgia pipit is endemic to South Georgia and some smaller surrounding islands. Freshwater ducks inhabit South Georgia and the Kerguelen Islands. The flightless penguins are all located in the Southern Hemisphere, with the greatest concentration located on and around Antarctica. Four of the 18 penguin species live and breed on the mainland and its close offshore islands. Another four species live on the subantarctic islands. Emperor penguins have four overlapping layers of feathers, keeping them warm. They are the only Antarctic animal to breed during the winter. Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly endemic to Antarctica. Fish There are very few species of fish in the Southern Ocean. The Channichthyidae family, also known as white - blooded fish, are only found in the Southern Ocean. They lack hemoglobin in their blood, resulting in their blood being colourless. One Channichthyidae species, the mackerel icefish ( Champsocephalus gunnari ), was once the most common fish in coastal waters less than 400 metres ( 1,312 ft ) deep, but was overfished in the 1970s and 1980s. Schools of icefish spend the day at the seafloor and the night higher in the water column eating plankton and smaller fish. There are two species from the Dissostichus genus, the Antarctic toothfish ( Dissostichus mawsoni ) and the Patagonian toothfish ( Dissostichus eleginoides ). These two species live on the seafloor 100 -- 3,000 metres ( 328 -- 9,843 ft ) deep, and can grow to around 2 metres ( 7 ft ) long weighing up to 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ), living up to 45 years. The Antarctic toothfish lives close to the Antarctic mainland, whereas the Patagonian toothfish lives in the relatively warmer subantarctic waters. Due to the low water temperatures around the mainland, the Antarctic toothfish has antifreeze proteins in its blood and tissues. Toothfish are commercially fished, and overfishing has reduced toothfish populations. Another abundant fish group is the Notothenia genus, which like the Antarctic toothfish have antifreeze in their bodies. Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. Mammals See also : List of mammals of Antarctica Seven pinniped species inhabit Antarctica. The largest, the elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ), can reach up to 4,000 kilograms ( 8,818 lb ), while females of the smallest, the Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ), reach only 150 kilograms ( 331 lb ). These two species live north of the sea ice, and breed in harems on beaches. The other four species can live on the sea ice. Crabeater seals ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) and Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) form breeding colonies, whereas leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) and Ross seals ( Ommatophoca rossii ) live solitary lives. Although these species hunt underwater, they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there, as they have no terrestrial predators. The four species that inhabit sea ice are thought to make up 50 % of the total biomass of the world 's seals. Crabeater seals have a population of around 15 million, making them one of the most numerous large animals on the planet. The New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ), one of the rarest and most localised pinnipeds, breeds almost exclusively on the subantarctic Auckland Islands, although historically it had a wider range. Out of all permanent mammalian residents, the Weddell seals live the furthest south. There are 10 cetacean species found in the Southern Ocean ; six baleen whales, and four toothed whales. The largest of these, the blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ), grows to 24 metres ( 79 ft ) long weighing 84 tonnes. Many of these species are migratory, and travel to tropical waters during the Antarctic winter. Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) are a keystone species of the food web. Arthropods Five species of krill, small free - swimming crustaceans, are found in the Southern Ocean. The Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) is one of the most abundant animal species on earth, with a biomass of around 500 million tonnes. Each individual is 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) long and weighs over 1 gram ( 0.035 oz ). The swarms that form can stretch for kilometres, with up to 30,000 individuals per 1 cubic metre ( 35 cu ft ), turning the water red. Swarms usually remain in deep water during the day, ascending during the night to feed on plankton. Many larger animals depend on krill for their own survival. During the winter when food is scarce, adult Antarctic krill can revert to a smaller juvenile stage, using their own body as nutrition. Many benthic crustaceans have a non-seasonal breeding cycle, and some raise their young in a brood pouch. Glyptonotus antarcticus is an unusually large benthic isopod, reaching 20 centimetres ( 8 in ) in length weighing 70 grams ( 2.47 oz ). Amphipods are abundant in soft sediments, eating a range of items, from algae to other animals. Slow moving sea spiders are common, sometimes growing as large as a human hand. They feed on the corals, sponges, and bryozoans that litter the seabed. A female warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) Invertebrates Many aquatic molluscs are present in Antarctica. Bivalves such as Adamussium colbecki move around on the seafloor, while others such as Laternula elliptica live in burrows filtering the water above. There are around 70 cephalopod species in the Southern Ocean, the largest of which is the giant squid ( Architeuthis sp. ), which at 15 metres ( 49 ft ) is the largest invertebrate in the world. Squid makes up the entire diet of some animals, such as grey - headed albatrosses and sperm whales, and the warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) is one of the subantarctic 's most preyed upon species by vertebrates. The sea urchin genus Abatus burrow through the sediment eating the nutrients they find in it. Two species of salps are common in Antarctic waters, Salpa thompsoni and Ihlea racovitzai. Salpa thompsoni is found in ice - free areas, whereas Ihlea racovitzai is found in the high latitude areas near ice. Due to their low nutritional value, they are normally only eaten by fish, with larger animals such as birds and marine mammals only eating them when other food is scarce. Antarctic sponges are long lived, and sensitive to environmental changes due to the specificity of the symbiotic microbial communities within them. As a result, they function as indicators of environmental health. Environment Current issues Increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced marine primary productivity ( phytoplankton ) by as much as 15 % and has started damaging the DNA of some fish. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, likely affects the sustainability of the stock. Long - line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality. International agreements All international agreements regarding the world 's oceans apply to the Southern Ocean. In addition, it is subject to these agreements specific to the region : The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary of the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south ( south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west ). Japan regularly does not recognize this provision, because the sanctuary violates IWC charter. Since the scope of the sanctuary is limited to commercial whaling, in regard to its whaling permit and whaling for scientific research, a Japanese fleet carried out an annual whale - hunt in the region. On 31 March 2014, the International Court of Justice ruled that Japan 's whaling program, which Japan has long claimed is for scientific purposes, was a cloak for commercial whaling, and no further permits would be granted. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. It was signed at the conclusion of a multilateral conference in London on 11 February 1972. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ) is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. The Convention was entered into force on 7 April 1982 and has its goal is to preserve marine life and environmental integrity in and near Antarctica. It was established in large part to concerns that an increase in krill catches in the Southern Ocean could have a serious impact on populations of other marine life which are dependent upon krill for food. Many nations prohibit the exploration for and the exploitation of mineral resources south of the fluctuating Antarctic Convergence, which lies in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north. The Antarctic Treaty covers the portion of the globe south of sixty degrees south, it prohibits new claims to Antarctica. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies to the area south of 60 ° South latitude as well as the areas further north up to the limit of the Antarctic Convergence. Economy Between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999, fisheries landed 119,898 tonnes, of which 85 % consisted of krill and 14 % of Patagonian toothfish. International agreements came into force in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 1998 -- 99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery. Ports and harbors Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard. Major operational ports include : Rothera Station, Palmer Station, Villa Las Estrellas, Esperanza Base, Mawson Station, McMurdo Station, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica. Few ports or harbors exist on the southern ( Antarctic ) coast of the Southern Ocean, since ice conditions limit use of most shores to short periods in midsummer ; even then some require icebreaker escort for access. Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, remain closed to commercial or private vessels ; vessels in any port south of 60 degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers. The Southern Ocean 's southernmost port operates at McMurdo Station at 77 ° 50 ′ S 166 ° 40 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 77.833 ° S 166.667 ° E ﻿ / - 77.833 ; 166.667. Winter Quarters Bay forms a small harbor, on the southern tip of Ross Island where a floating ice pier makes port operations possible in summer. Operation Deep Freeze personnel constructed the first ice pier at McMurdo in 1973. Based on the original 1928 IHO delineation of the Southern Ocean ( and the 1937 delineation if the Great Australian Bight is considered integral ), Australian ports and harbors between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Otway on the Australian mainland and along the west coast of Tasmania would also be identified as ports and harbors existing in the Southern Ocean. These would include the larger ports and harbors of Albany, Thevenard, Port Lincoln, Whyalla, Port Augusta, Port Adelaide, Portland, Warrnambool, and Macquarie Harbour. Yacht races have been held in the Southern Ocean, such as the Volvo Ocean Race, Velux 5 Oceans Race, Vendée Globe, Jules Verne Trophy and Global Challenge. See also Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal Extreme points of the Antarctic Seven Seas Borders of the oceans Notes Jump up ^ Also a translation of its former French name ( Grand Océan Austral ) in reference to its position below the Pacific, the `` Grand Océan ''. Jump up ^ Used by Dr Hooker in his accounts of his Antarctic voyages. Also a translation of the ocean 's Japanese name Nankyoku Kai ( 南極 海 ). Jump up ^ Also a translation of the ocean 's Chinese name Nánbīng Yáng ( 南 冰 洋 ). Jump up ^ Historic names include the `` South Sea '', the `` Great Southern Ocean '', the `` South Polar Ocean '' or `` South - Polar Ocean '', and the `` Southern Icy Ocean ''. Jump up ^ A subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Jump up ^ In violation of their Style Guide, however, some of National Geographic 's online news blogs do use the term. Jump up ^ Reservation by Norway : Norway recognizes the name Kong Håkon VII Hav which covers the sea area adjacent to Dronning Maud Land and stretching from 20 ° W to 45 ° E. Jump up ^ The Drake Passage is situated between the southern and eastern extremities of South America and the South Shetland Islands, lying north of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Scotia Sea is an area defined by the southeastern extremity of South America and the South Shetland Islands on the west and by South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands to the north and east. As they extend north of 60 ° S, Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea are also described as forming part of the South Atlantic Ocean. Jump up ^ EB ( 1878 ). ^ Jump up to : NGS ( 2014 ). ^ Jump up to : Sherwood, Mary Martha ( 1823 ), An Introduction to Geography, Intended for Little Children, 3rd ed., Wellington : F. Houlston & Son, p. 10. Jump up ^ EB ( 1911 ). Jump up ^ Hooker, Joseph Dalton ( 1844 ), Flora Antarctica : The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage, London : Reeve. ^ Jump up to : `` Geography - Southern Ocean ''. CIA Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2012... the Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica ; this ring of water lies between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude. ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction - Southern Ocean ''. CIA Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2012... As such, the Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world 's five oceans ( after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean ). Jump up ^ The Southern Ocean is the Fifth and Newest World Ocean Jump up ^ Pyne, Stephen J. ; The Ice : A Journey to Antarctica. University of Washington Press, 1986. ( A study of Antarctica 's exploration, earth - sciences, icescape, esthetics, literature, and geopolitics ) ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean ''. Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam - Webster. Retrieved 18 January 2014. Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ). `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean ''. The Age. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Ocean ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Maps Home ''. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 31 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean - News Watch ''. National Geographic. Retrieved 26 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Upside Down World Map ''. Hema Maps. Retrieved 22 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Classic World Wall Map ''. GeoNova. Retrieved 22 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Balboa, or Pan-Pacific Day ''. The Mid-Pacific Magazine. Pan-Pacific Union. 20 ( 10 ) : 16. He named it the Southern Ocean, but in 1520 Magellan sailed into the Southern Ocean and named it Pacific Jump up ^ Tomlins, Sir Thomas Edlyne ; Raithby, John ( 1811 ). `` 18 George II c. 17 ''. The statutes at large, of England and of Great - Britain : from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Printed by G. Eyre and A. Strahan. p. 153. Retrieved 1 November 2015. Jump up ^ Cook, James ( 1821 ). `` March 1775 ''. Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World. Longman. p. 244. Retrieved 1 November 2015. These voyages of the French, though undertaken by private adventurers, have contributed something towards exploring the Southern Ocean. That of Captain Surville, clears up a mistake, which I was led into, in imagining the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia to extend to the west, as far as New Holland. Jump up ^ A Compendious Geographical Dictionary, Containing, a Concise Description of the Most Remarkable Places, Ancient and Modern, in Europe, Asia, Africa, & America,... ( 2nd ed. ). London : W. Peacock. 1795. p. 29. Jump up ^ Payne, John ( 1796 ). Geographical extracts, forming a general view of earth and nature... illustrated with maps. London : G.G. and J. Robinson. p. 80. Retrieved 1 November 2015. Jump up ^ The Edinburgh Gazetteer : Or, Geographical Dictionary : Containing a Description of the Various Countries, Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, Mountains, &c. of the World ; an Account of the Government, Customs, and Religion of the Inhabitants ; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country, &c. &c. Forming a Complete Body of Geography, Physical, Political, Statistical, and Commercial with Addenda, Containing the Present State of the New Governments in South America... 1. London : Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1827. p. LIX. Jump up ^ `` Physical Geography ''. Family Magazine : Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge. New York : Redfield & Lindsay. 3 ( 1 ) : 16. June 1835. Jump up ^ `` 45 Vict. No. 702 '' ( PDF ). Australasian Legal Information Institute. 28 November 1881. p. 87. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23 ''. NOAA Photo Library. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ). Retrieved 19 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23 ''. NOAA Photo Library. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ). Retrieved 18 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition '' ( PDF ). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 7 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` IHO PUBLICATION S - 23, Limits of Oceans and Seas, Draft 4th Edition ''. International Hydrographic Organisation. 2002. Retrieved 22 January 2002. Jump up ^ `` IHO Special Publication 23 ''. Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014. Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ). `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean ''. The Age. Retrieved 21 December 2009. Jump up ^ Schenke, Hans Werner ( September 2003 ). `` Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean '' ( PDF ). IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica ( HCA ). Third HCA Meeting, 8 -- 10 September 2003. Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ). Retrieved 17 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` AHS -- AA609582 '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ). The Australian Hydrographic Service. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013. Jump up ^ For example : Chart Aus343 : Australia South Coast - South Australia - Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic, Australian Hydrographic Service, 29 June 1990, archived from the original on 26 May 2009, retrieved 11 October 2010, Chart Aus792 : Australia - Tasmania - Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point, Australian Hydrographic Service, 18 July 2008, retrieved 11 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` - Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse '' ( PDF ). Register of Heritage Places. 13 May 2005. p. 11. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2010. Jump up ^ Joost Depuydt, ' Ortelius, Abraham ( 1527 -- 1598 ) ', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 Jump up ^ Peter Barber, `` Ortelius ' great world map '', National Library of Australia, Mapping our World : Terra Incognita to Australia, Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2013, p. 95. Jump up ^ Dalrymple, Alexander. ( 1771 ). A Collection of Voyages Made to the Ocean Between Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope. Two volumes. London. Jump up ^ Headland, Robert K. ( 1984 ). The Island of South Georgia, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 25274 - 1 Jump up ^ Cook, James. ( 1777 ). A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty 's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux 's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships. Volume II. London : Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell. ( Relevant fragment ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Polar Regions ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ Dance, Nathaniel ( c. 1776 ). `` Captain James Cook, 1728 - 79 ''. Royal Museums Greenwich. Commissioned by Sir Joseph Banks. Retrieved 23 January 2014. Jump up ^ Weddel, James ( 1970 ) ( 1825 ). A voyage towards the South Pole : performed in the years 1822 - 24, containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea. United States Naval Institute. pp. 44, map. Jump up ^ U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel. `` Antarctica -- past and present '' ( PDF ). NSF. Retrieved 14 November 2007. Jump up ^ Guy G. Guthridge. `` Nathaniel Brown Palmer ''. NASA. Archived from the original on 2 February 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2007. Jump up ^ Palmer Station. ucsd.edu Jump up ^ Erki Tammiksaar ( 14 December 2013 ). `` Punane Bellingshausen '' ( Red Bellingshausen ). Postimees. Arvamus. Kultuur ( in Estonian ). Jump up ^ `` South - Pole -- Exploring Antarctica ''. South-Pole.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2006. Jump up ^ `` Milestones, 28 January 1980 ''. Time. 28 January 1980. Retrieved 4 May 2010. Jump up ^ Historic Names -- Norwegian - American Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica. Traverse.npolar.no. Retrieved on 29 January 2012. Jump up ^ Navy Military History Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine... History.navy.mil. Retrieved on 29 January 2012. Jump up ^ Finn Ronne. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008 Jump up ^ antarctica.org Archived 6 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. -- Science : in force... Jump up ^ `` Mar 28 -- Hump Day '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine., British Antarctic Survey. Jump up ^ Scope of Antarctic Tourism -- A Background Presentation Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine., IAATO official website. Jump up ^ Reel, Monte ( 24 November 2007 ). `` Cruise Ship Sinks Off Antarctica ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` 154 Rescued From Sinking Ship In Antarctic : Passengers, Crew Boarding Another Ship After Wait In Lifeboats ; No Injuries Reported ''. CBS News. 23 November 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Doomed Ship Defies Antarctica Odds ''. Reuters. 25 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` MS Explorer -- situation report ''. The Falkland Islands News. 23 November 2007. Jump up ^ MV EXPLORER Cruise Ship Sinking In South Atlantic, The Shipping Times, 23 November 2007 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Water from Icebergs ''. Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 23 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Antarctica Detail ''. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 18 October 2000. Retrieved 18 January 2014. Jump up ^ Michael L., Van Woert ; et al. ( 2003 ). `` The Ross Sea Circulation During the 1990s ''. In DiTullio, Giacomo R. ; Dunbar, Robert B. Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea. American Geophysical Union. pp. 4 -- 34. ISBN 0 - 87590 - 972 - 8. p. 10. Jump up ^ Florindo, Fabio ; Siegert, Martin J. ( 2008 ). Antarctic Climate Evolution. Elsevier. p. 106. ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52847 - 6. Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book : Climate ''. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 19 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Creatures of Antarctica ''. Archived from the original on 14 February 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2006. ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division. `` Seabed ( benthic ) communities ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Kinver, Mark ( 15 February 2009 ). `` Ice oceans ' are not poles apart ' ''. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 October 2011. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Flying Birds ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013. Jump up ^ British Antarctic Survey. `` Land Animals of Antarctica ''. Natural Environment Research Council. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Penguins ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Adapting to the cold ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division. `` Fish ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Seals and sea lions ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Pack - ice seal species ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Salps ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Sea lions ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Weddell seals ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` What is a whale ? ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division. `` Krill : magicians of the Southern Ocean ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division. `` Krill ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Squid ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Salps ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division. `` Sponges ''. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Smith RC, Prézelin BB, Baker KS, Bidigare RR, Boucher NP, Coley T, Karentz D, MacIntyre S, Matlick HA, Menzies D, et al. ( 1992 ). `` Ozone depletion : ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in antarctic waters. ''. Science. 255 ( 5047 ) : 952 -- 9. ISSN 0036 - 8075. PMID 1546292. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1546292. Jump up ^ Antarctic Challenge : Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, 22 -- 24 June 1983 ; Volume 88 of Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel ( Rüdiger Wolfrum and Klaus Bockslaff, eds. ), Duncker & Humblot, 1984, p99 Jump up ^ `` Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ''. ccamlr.org. 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book : Environment - International Agreements ''. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 19 January 2014. Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty, article 6 Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty, article 4, clause 2 Jump up ^ `` Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources '' ( PDF ). ccamlr.org. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. 1972. Retrieved 23 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Unique ice pier provides harbor for ships, '' Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Antarctic Sun. 8 January 2006 ; McMurdo Station, Antarctica. References Baynes, T.S., ed. ( 1878 ), `` Antarctic Ocean '', Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 ( 9th ed. ), New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons, p. 100 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ), `` Great Southern Ocean '', Encyclopædia Britannica, 12 ( 11th ed. ), Cambridge University Press, p. 422 Brindley, David, ed. ( 2014 ), `` Antarctic Ocean, Austral Ocean, Southern Ocean '', Style Manual, Washington : National Geographic Society, retrieved 31 July 2015. Further reading Gille, Sarah T. 2002. `` Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s '' : abstract, article. Science : vol. 295 ( no. 5558 ), pp. 1275 -- 1277. Descriptive Regional Oceanography, P. Tchernia, Pergamon Press, 1980. Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. Regional Oceanography : an Introduction. ( see the site ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern Ocean. Look up southern ocean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Great Southern Ocean. Oceanography Image of the Day, from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution The CIA World Factbook 's entry on the Southern Ocean The Fifth Ocean from Geography.About.com The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean ( IBCSO ) National Geophysical Data Center U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) : Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2nd Edition ), extant 1937 to 1953, with limits of Southern Ocean. NOAA In - situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations NOAA FAQ about the number of oceans Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Coordinates : 70 ° S 150 ° W ﻿ / ﻿ 70 ° S 150 ° W ﻿ / - 70 ; - 150 Marine realms Arctic Temperate Northern Pacific Tropical Atlantic Western Indo - Pacific Central Indo - Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Southern Ocean Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon Basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Volhynia Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Antarctica General Antarctic Treaty System Climate Colonization Demographics Economy Expeditions Field camps Flags Geography Geology History Mammals Military activity Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Territorial claims Time Tourism Transport Volcanoes Wildlife Geographic regions Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Ecozone Extreme points Islands Waterways Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Lake CECs Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more... Category Commons Antarctica portal Index Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner VIAF : 248079071 GND : 4058444 - 6 NDL : 00643931 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&oldid=800056447 '' Categories : Southern Ocean Oceans Landforms of the Southern Ocean Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La. lojban. Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 08 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: when did the southern ocean become a thing
Answer: the 1770s