Mediterranean Sea - wikipedia Mediterranean Sea `` Mediterranean '' redirects here. For other uses, see Mediterranean ( disambiguation ). `` Mediterranea '' redirects here. For the 2015 film, see Mediterranea ( film ). Mediterranean Sea Map of the Mediterranean Sea Coordinates 35 ° N 18 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 35 ° N 18 ° E ﻿ / 35 ; 18 Coordinates : 35 ° N 18 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 35 ° N 18 ° E ﻿ / 35 ; 18 Type Sea Primary inflows Atlantic Ocean, Sea of Marmara, Nile, Ebro, Rhône, Chelif, Po Basin countries about 60 Abkhazia ( independence disputed, claimed by Georgia ) Albania Algeria Andorra Austria Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Chad Republic of the Congo Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Egypt Eritrea France Georgia Germany Gibraltar ( UK ) Greece Hungary Israel Italy Kenya Kosovo ( independence disputed, claimed by Serbia ) Lebanon Libya Liechtenstein Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Morocco Niger Northern Cyprus ( independence disputed, claimed by Cyprus ) State of Palestine ( a de jure sovereign state ) Poland Romania Russia Rwanda San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Ossetia ( independence disputed, claimed by Georgia ) South Sudan Spain Sudan Switzerland Syria Tanzania Transnistria ( independence disputed, claimed by Moldova ) Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine Vatican City Surface area 2,500,000 km ( 970,000 sq mi ) Average depth 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) Max. depth 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) Water volume 3,750,000 km ( 900,000 cu mi ) Residence time 80 -- 100 years Islands 3300 + Settlements Alexandria, Algiers, Athens, Barcelona, Beirut, Carthage, Dubrovnik, İzmir, Rome, Split, Tangier, Tel Aviv, Tripoli, Tunis ( full list ) The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually identified as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years, the Messinian salinity crisis, before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago. It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km ( 965,000 sq mi ), but its connection to the Atlantic ( the Strait of Gibraltar ) is only 14 km ( 8.7 mi ) wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa. In oceanography, it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia, and in the south by Africa. It is located between latitudes 30 ° and 46 ° N and longitudes 6 ° W and 36 ° E. Its west - east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, on the southwestern coast of Turkey, is approximately 4,000 km ( 2,500 miles ). The sea 's average north - south length, from Croatia 's southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km ( 500 miles ). The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara ( connected by the Dardanelles to the Aegean Sea ), has a surface area of approximately 2,510,000 square km ( 970,000 square miles ). The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times that allowed for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region. The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. The countries with coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea are Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Monaco, Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia have coastlines on the sea. Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Ancient civilisations 2.2 Middle Ages and empires 2.3 21st century and migrations 3 Geography 3.1 Extent 3.2 Oceanography 3.3 Coastal countries 3.4 Coastal cities 3.5 Subdivisions 3.5. 1 Other seas 3.5. 2 Other features 3.6 10 largest islands by area 3.7 Climate 3.7. 1 Sea temperature 4 Geology 4.1 Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis 4.1. 1 Messinian salinity crisis 4.1. 2 Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna 4.1. 3 Shift to a `` Mediterranean climate '' 5 Paleoclimate 6 Ecology and biota 7 Environmental history 7.1 Natural hazards 7.2 Biodiversity 7.2. 1 Invasive species 7.2. 2 Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species 7.3 Sea - level rise 7.4 Pollution 7.5 Shipping 7.6 Tourism 7.7 Overfishing 7.8 Aquaculture 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Name With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, Greece has the longest Mediterranean coastline. The Ancient Greeks called the Mediterranean simply η θάλασσα ' the Sea ' or sometimes η μεγάλη θάλασσα ' the Great Sea ', η ημέτερα θάλασσα ' Our Sea ', or η θάλασσα η καθ'εμάς ' the sea around us '. The Romans called it Mare Magnum ' Great Sea ' or Mare Internum ' Internal Sea ' and, starting with the Roman Empire, Mare Nostrum ' Our Sea '. The term Mare Mediterrāneum appears later : Solinus apparently used it in the 3rd century, but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century, in Isidore of Seville. It means ' in the middle of land, inland ' in Latin, a compound of medius ' middle ', terra ' land, earth ', and - āneus ' having the nature of '. The Latin word is a calque of Greek μεσόγαιος ' inland ', from μέσος ' in the middle ' and γήϊος ' of the earth ' ( from γῆ ' land, earth ' ). The original meaning may have been ' the sea in the middle of the earth ' rather than ' the sea enclosed by land '. The Carthaginians called it the `` Syrian Sea ''. In ancient Syrian texts, Phoenician epics and in the Hebrew Bible, it was primarily known as the `` Great Sea '' ( הַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל, HaYam HaGadol, Numbers 34 : 6, 7 ; Joshua 1 : 4, 9 : 1, 15 : 47 ; Ezekiel 47 : 10, 15, 20 ), or simply `` The Sea '' ( 1 Kings 5 : 9 ; comp. 1 Macc. 14 : 34, 15 : 11 ) ; however, it has also been called the `` Hinder Sea '' ( הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן ), due to its location on the west coast of Greater Syria or the Holy Land, and therefore behind a person facing the east, sometimes translated as `` Western Sea '', ( Deut. 11 : 24 ; Joel 2 : 20 ). Another name was the `` Sea of the Philistines '' ( יָם פְּלִשְׁתִּים, Exod. 23 : 31 ), from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites. In Modern Hebrew, it is called HaYam HaTikhon ( הַיָּם הַתִּיכוֹן ) ' the Middle Sea '. In Modern Arabic, it is known as al - Baḥr ( al - Abyaḍ ) al - Mutawassiṭ ( البحر ( الأبيض ) المتوسط ) ' the ( White ) Middle Sea '. In Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was Baḥr al - Rūm ( ī ( بحر الروم or بحر الرومي ) ) ' the Sea of the Romans ' or ' the Roman Sea ' ; at first, the name referred only to the Eastern Mediterranean, later to the whole Mediterranean. Other Arabic names were ( ( transl ar ALA Baḥr al - šām ( ī ) ) ( يبحر الشرومام ) ' the Sea of Syria ' and Baḥr al - Maghrib ( بحرالمغرب ) ' the Sea of the West '. In Turkish, it is the Akdeniz ' the White Sea ' ; in Ottoman, آق دكيز though that sometimes only means the Aegean Sea. The origin of thε name is not clear, as it is not known in earlier Greek, Byzantine, or Islamic sources. It may be to contrast with the Black Sea. In Persian, the name was translated as Baḥr - i Safīd, which was also used in later Ottoman Turkish. It is probably the origin of the colloquial Greek Άσπρη Θάλασσα. History Main article : History of the Mediterranean region Ancient civilisations Greek ( red ) and Phoenician ( yellow ) colonies in antiquity c. the 6th century BCE The Roman Empire at its farthest extent in AD 117 Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were greatly influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food ( from fishing and the gathering of other seafood ) for numerous communities throughout the ages. Due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states and the Phoenicians, both of which extensively colonised the coastlines of the Mediterranean. Later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum ( `` Our Sea '' ). For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant. Darius I of Persia, who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. Darius 's canal was wide enough for two triremes to pass each other with oars extended, and required four days to traverse. Middle Ages and empires The Battle of Lepanto, 1571, ended in victory for the European Holy League against the Ottoman Turks. The Western Roman Empire collapsed around AD 476. Temporarily the east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in the Byzantine Empire formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of Islam, which soon swept across from the east ; at its greatest extent, the Arab Empire controlled 75 % of the Mediterranean region and left a lasting footprint on its eastern and southern shores. Europe started to revive, however, as more organised and centralised states began to form in the later Middle Ages after the Renaissance of the 12th century. The bombardment of Algiers by the Anglo - Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816 Ottoman power based in Anatolia continued to grow, and in 1453 extinguished the Byzantine Empire with the Conquest of Constantinople. Ottomans gained control of much of the sea in the 16th century and maintained naval bases in southern France, Algeria and Tunisia. Barbarossa, the famous Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the Battle of Preveza ( 1538 ). The Battle of Djerba ( 1560 ) marked the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the Mediterranean. As the naval prowess of the European powers increased, they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) checked the power of the Ottoman Navy. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between galleys. The Barbary pirates of North Africa preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Once, most trade between Western Europe and the East had passed through the region, but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian spices and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe. 21st century and migrations Satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea at night In 2013 the Maltese president described the Mediterranean sea as a `` cemetery '' due to the large amounts of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized. European Parliament president Martin Schulz said in 2014 that Europe 's migration policy `` turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard '', referring to the number of drowned refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies. An Azerbaijani official described the sea as `` a burial ground... where people die ''. Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck, the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorising `` Operation Mare Nostrum '', a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants. In 2015, more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe. Geography A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea. The Strait of Gibraltar can be seen in the bottom left ( north - west ) quarter of the image ; to its left is the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, and to its right, the Maghreb in Africa. The Dardanelles strait in Turkey. The north side is Europe with the Gelibolu Peninsula in the Thrace region ; the south side is Anatolia in Asia. The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar ( known in Homer 's writings as the `` Pillars of Hercules '' ) in the west and to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus respectively, in the east. The Sea of Marmara ( Dardanelles ) is often considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the Black Sea is generally not. The 163 km ( 101 mi ) long artificial Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Large islands in the Mediterranean include Cyprus, Crete, Euboea, Rhodes, Lesbos, Chios, Kefalonia, Corfu, Limnos, Samos, Naxos and Andros in the Eastern Mediterranean ; Sicily, Cres, Krk, Brač, Hvar, Pag, Korčula and Malta in the central Mediterranean ; Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands : Ibiza, Majorca, and Menorca in the Western Mediterranean. The typical Mediterranean climate has hot, humid, and dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include olives, grapes, oranges, tangerines, and cork. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows : Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the west to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins : Western Basin : On the west : A line joining the extremities of Cape Trafalgar ( Spain ) and Cape Spartel ( Africa ). On the northeast : The west coast of Italy. In the Strait of Messina a line joining the north extreme of Cape Paci ( 15 ° 42'E ) with Cape Peloro, the east extreme of the Island of Sicily. The north coast of Sicily. On the east : A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily ( 37 ° 47 ′ N 12 ° 22 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 37.783 ° N 12.367 ° E ﻿ / 37.783 ; 12.367 ), through the Adventure Bank to Cape Bon ( Tunisia ). Eastern Basin : On the west : The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin. On the northeast : A line joining Kum Kale ( 26 ° 11'E ) and Cape Helles, the western entrance to the Dardanelles. On the southeast : The entrance to the Suez Canal. On the east : The coasts of Syria and Israel. Oceanography Predominant surface currents for June Being nearly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranean Sea : for instance, tides are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour. Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward. The salinity at 5 m depth is 3.8 %. The pressure gradient pushes relatively cool, low - salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin ; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels east, then sinks in the region of the Levant and circulates westward, to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar. Thus, seawater flow is eastward in the Strait 's surface waters, and westward below ; once in the Atlantic, this chemically distinct Mediterranean Intermediate Water can persist thousands of kilometres away from its source. The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is 13.2 ° C ( 55.8 ° F ). Coastal countries For a more comprehensive list, see List of Mediterranean countries. Map of the Mediterranean Sea The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea : Northern shore ( from west to east ) : Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece and Turkey. Eastern shore ( from north to south ) : Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel. Southern shore ( from west to east ) : Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt. Island nations : Malta, Cyprus. Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea ( from west to east ) : The British overseas territory of Gibraltar, the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands, the Sovereign Base Areas on Cyprus, and the Palestinian Gaza Strip. Barcelona, the largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean Sea and also the headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean The Acropolis of Athens with the Mediterranean Sea in the background The ancient port of Jaffa ( now part of Tel Aviv - Yafo ) in Israel : according to the Bible, where Jonah set sail before being swallowed by a whale Alexandria, one of the largest cities on the Mediterranean Catania, Sicily, with Mount Etna in the background İzmir, the third metropolis of Turkey after Istanbul and Ankara Coastal cities For a more comprehensive list, see List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea. Major cities ( municipalities ) with populations larger than 200,000 people bordering the Mediterranean Sea are : Country Cities Algeria Algiers, Annaba, Oran Egypt Alexandria, Port Said France Marseille, Nice Greece Athens, Piraeus, Patras, Thessaloniki Israel Ashdod, Haifa, Netanya, Rishon LeZion, Tel Aviv Italy Bari, Catania, Genoa, Messina, Naples, Palermo, Rome, Taranto, Trieste, Venice Lebanon Beirut, Tripoli Libya Benghazi, Khoms, Misrata, Tripoli, Zawiya, Zliten Morocco Tétouan, Tangier Palestine Gaza City, Khan Yunis Spain Alicante, Badalona, Barcelona, Cartagena, Málaga, Palma, Valencia. Syria Latakia Tunisia Sfax, Sousse, Tunis Turkey Antalya, Adana, İzmir, Mersin Subdivisions Africa ( left, on horizon ) and Europe ( right ), as seen from Gibraltar According to the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ), the Mediterranean Sea is subdivided into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation ( from west to east ) : the Strait of Gibraltar ; the Alboran Sea, between Spain and Morocco ; the Balearic Sea, between mainland Spain and its Balearic Islands ; the Ligurian Sea between Corsica and Liguria ( Italy ) ; the Tyrrhenian Sea enclosed by Sardinia, Italian peninsula and Sicily ; the Ionian Sea between Italy, Albania and Greece ; the Adriatic Sea between Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania ; the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey. Other seas Positano, Tyrrhenian Sea Although not recognised by the IHO treaties, there are some other seas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present : the Sea of Sardinia, between Sardinia and Balearic Islands, as a part of the Balearic Sea the Sea of Sicily between Sicily and Tunisia, the Libyan Sea between Libya and Crete, In the Aegean Sea, the Thracian Sea in its north, the Myrtoan Sea between the Cyclades and the Peloponnese, the Sea of Crete north of Crete, the Icarian Sea between Kos and Chios the Cilician Sea between Turkey and Cyprus the Levantine Sea at the eastern end of the Mediterranean the Libyan Sea the bay north of Libya Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from these associations. Other features View of the Saint George Bay, and snow - capped Mount Sannine from the Corniche, Beirut The Port of Marseille seen from L'Estaque Sarandë, Albania is situated on an open sea gulf of the Ionian sea in the central Mediterranean. In addition to the seas, a number of gulfs and straits are also recognised : the Saint George Bay in Beirut, Lebanon the Ras Ibn Hani cape in Latakia, Syria the Ras al - Bassit cape in northern Syria. the Minet el - Beida ( `` White Harbour '' ) bay near ancient Ugarit, Syria the Strait of Gibraltar, connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from Morocco the Bay of Gibraltar, at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula the Gulf of Corinth, an enclosed sea between the Ionian Sea and the Corinth Canal the Pagasetic Gulf, the gulf of Volos, south of the Thermaic Gulf, formed by the Mount Pelion peninsula the Saronic Gulf, the gulf of Athens, between the Corinth Canal and the Mirtoan Sea the Thermaic Gulf, the gulf of Thessaloniki, located in the northern Greek region of Macedonia the Kvarner Gulf, Croatia the Gulf of Lion, south of France the Gulf of Valencia, east of Spain the Strait of Messina, between Sicily and the toe of Italy the Gulf of Genoa, northwestern Italy the Gulf of Venice, northeastern Italy the Gulf of Trieste, northeastern Italy the Gulf of Taranto, southern Italy The Paklinski Islands off the coast of Croatia ; the Adriatic Sea contains over 1200 islands and islets the Gulf of Salerno, southwestern Italy the Gulf of Gaeta, southwestern Italy the Gulf of Squillace, southern Italy the Strait of Otranto, between Italy and Albania the Gulf of Haifa, northern Israel the Gulf of Sidra, between Tripolitania ( western Libya ) and Cyrenaica ( eastern Libya ) the Strait of Sicily, between Sicily and Tunisia the Corsica Channel, between Corsica and Italy the Strait of Bonifacio, between Sardinia and Corsica the Gulf of İskenderun, between İskenderun and Adana ( Turkey ) the Gulf of Antalya, between west and east shores of Antalya ( Turkey ) the Bay of Kotor, in south - western Montenegro and south - eastern Croatia the Malta Channel, between Sicily and Malta the Gozo Channel, between Malta Island and Gozo 10 largest islands by area The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean : Sicily and Sardinia ( Italy ) Main article : List of islands in the Mediterranean Country Island Area in km Population Italy Sicily 25,460 5,048,995 Italy Sardinia 23,821 1,672,804 Cyprus Cyprus 9,251 1,088,503 France Corsica 8,680 299,209 Greece Crete 8,336 623,666 Greece Euboea 3,655 218.000 Spain Majorca 3,640 869,067 Greece Lesbos 1,632 90,643 Greece Rhodes 1,400 117,007 Greece Chios 842 51,936 Climate Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to the Köppen climate classification Sea temperature Mean sea temperature ( ° C ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Marseille 13 13 13 14 16 18 21 22 21 18 16 14 16.6 Gibraltar 16 15 16 16 17 20 22 22 22 20 18 17 18.4 Málaga 16 15 15 16 17 20 22 23 22 20 18 16 18.3 Athens 16 15 15 16 18 21 24 24 24 21 19 18 19.3 Barcelona 13 13 13 14 17 20 23 25 23 20 17 15 17.8 Heraklion 16 15 15 16 19 22 24 25 24 22 20 18 19.7 Venice 11 10 11 13 18 22 25 26 23 20 16 14 17.4 Valencia 14 13 14 15 17 21 24 26 24 21 18 15 18.5 Malta 16 16 15 16 18 21 24 26 25 23 21 18 19.9 Alexandria 18 17 17 18 20 23 25 26 26 25 22 20 21.4 Naples 15 14 14 15 18 22 25 27 25 22 19 16 19.3 Larnaca 18 17 17 18 20 24 26 27 27 25 22 19 21.7 Limassol 18 17 17 18 20 24 26 27 27 25 22 19 21.7 Antalya 17 17 17 18 21 24 27 28 27 25 22 19 21.8 Tel Aviv 18 17 17 18 21 24 26 28 27 26 23 20 22.1 Geology This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2012 ) See also : Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin A submarine karst spring, called vrulja, near Omiš ; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface. The geologic history of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by oceanic crust, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean ; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the Neotethys, which was first formed by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Because it is a near - landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of evaporites. The Messinian salinity crisis started about six million years ago ( mya ) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres -- in some places more than three kilometres thick. Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago ( mya ) in less than two years by the Zanclean flood. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the Strait of Gibraltar at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude ( one thousand times ) larger than the current flow of the Amazon River. The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. The coastline extends for 46,000 km ( 29,000 mi ). A shallow submarine ridge ( the Strait of Sicily ) between the island of Sicily and the coast of Tunisia divides the sea in two main subregions : the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about 850 thousand km ( 330 thousand mi ) ; and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about 1.65 million km ( 640 thousand mi ). A characteristic of the coastal Mediterranean are submarine karst springs or vrulja s, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the coastal seawater from below the surface ; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal. Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis Messinian salinity crisis before the Zanclean flood Play media Animation : Messinian salinity crisis The Mediterranean basin and sea system was established by the ancient African - Arabian continent colliding with the Eurasian continent. As Africa - Arabia drifted northward, it closed over the ancient Tethys Ocean which had earlier separated the two supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana. At about that time in the middle Jurassic period a much smaller sea basin, dubbed the Neotethys, was formed shortly before the Tethys Ocean closed at its western ( Arabian ) end. The broad line of collisions pushed up a very long system of mountains from the Pyrenees in Spain to the Zagros Mountains in Iran in an episode of mountain - building tectonics known as the Alpine orogeny. The Neotethys grew larger during the episodes of collisions ( and associated foldings and subductions ) that occurred during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs ( 34 to 5.33 mya ) ; see animation : Africa - Arabia colliding with Eurasia. Accordingly, the Mediterranean basin consists of several stretched tectonic plates in subduction which are the foundation of the Eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Various zones of subduction harbour and form the deepest and most majestic oceanic ridges, east of the Ionian Sea and south of the Aegean. The Central Indian Ridge runs East of the Mediterranean Sea South - East across the in - between of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula into the Indian Ocean. Nevertheless, while man - made geopolitical turmoil and chaos have governed the coastlines of many various Mediterranean nations throughout the courses of ancient, modern, present and foreseeable history, the Plate tectonic status of nations bordering the Mediterranean Sea will find sharing the same geological concerns and fate. Messinian salinity crisis During Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic - Rif mountain belts across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. There the development of the intramontane Betic and Rif basins led to creating two roughly - parallel marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Dubbed the Betic and Rifian corridors, they progressively closed during middle and late Miocene times ; perhaps several times. During late Miocene times the closure of the Betic Corridor triggered the so - called `` Messinian salinity crisis '' ( MSC ), when the Mediterranean almost entirely dried out. The time of beginning of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya, and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya ; see Animation : Messinian salinity crisis, at right. After the initial drawdown and re-flooding there followed more episodes -- the total number is debated -- of sea drawdowns and re-floodings for the duration of the MSC. It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basin -- creating the Strait of Gibraltar and causing the Zanclean flood -- at the end of the Miocene ( 5.33 mya ). Some research has suggested that a desiccation - flooding - desiccation cycle may have repeated several times, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition. Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a geodynamic point of view. Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna The present - day Atlantic gateway, i.e. the Strait of Gibraltar, originated in the early Pliocene via the Zanclean Flood. As mentioned, two other gateways preceded Gibraltar : the Betic Corridor across southern Spain and the Rifian Corridor across northern Morocco. The former gateway closed about six ( 6 ) mya, causing the Messinian salinity crisis ( MSC ) ; the latter or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier Tortonian times, causing a `` Tortonian salinity crisis '' ( from 11.6 to 7.2 mya ), which occurred well before the MSC and lasted much longer. Both `` crises '' resulted in broad connections of the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which thereby normalised migrations of flora and fauna -- especially large mammals including primates -- between the two continents. The Vallesian crisis indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species ; see Animation : Messinian salinity crisis ( and mammal migrations ), at right. The near - completely enclosed configuration of the Mediterranean basin has enabled the oceanic gateways to dominate seawater circulation and the environmental evolution of the sea and basin. Circulation patterns are also affected by several other factors -- including climate, bathymetry, and water chemistry and temperature -- which are interactive and can induce precipitation of evaporites. Deposits of evaporites accumulated earlier in the nearby Carpathian foredeep during the Middle Miocene, and the adjacent Red Sea Basin ( during the Late Miocene ), and in the whole Mediterranean basin ( during the MSC and the Messinian age ). Diatomites are regularly found underneath the evaporite deposits, suggesting a connection between their geneses. Today, evaporation of surface seawater ( output ) is more than the supply ( input ) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic -- so much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two - layer flow across the Gibraltar strait : that is, an outflow submarine current of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. Herman Sörgel 's Atlantropa project proposal in the 1920s proposed a hydroelectric dam to be built across the Strait of Gibraltar, using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy. The underlying energy grid was as well intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Marghreb part of Africa ( compare Eurafrika for the later impact and Desertec for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid ). Shift to a `` Mediterranean climate '' The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin. Fossil evidence from that period reveals that the larger basin had a humid subtropical climate with rainfall in the summer supporting laurel forests. The shift to a `` Mediterranean climate '' occurred largely within the last three million years ( the late Pliocene epoch ) as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated ; and even as they persisted on the islands of Macaronesia off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and sclerophyllous trees and shrubs with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region. Paleoclimate Because of its latitudinal position and its land - locked configuration, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is involved in the deposition of eolian dust from the Sahara during dry periods, whereas riverine detrital input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranean marine sapropel - bearing sequences provide high - resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth 's history, helping to constrain the time of past geomagnetic reversals. Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records has improved our knowledge of the Earth 's orbital variations in the past. Ecology and biota As a result of the drying of the sea during the Messinian salinity crisis, the marine biota of the Mediterranean are derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient - rich than the Mediterranean, and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded. The Alboran Sea is a transition zone between the two seas, containing a mix of Mediterranean and Atlantic species. The Alboran Sea has the largest population of bottlenose dolphins in the Western Mediterranean, is home to the last population of harbour porpoises in the Mediterranean, and is the most important feeding grounds for loggerhead sea turtles in Europe. The Alboran sea also hosts important commercial fisheries, including sardines and swordfish. The Mediterranean monk seals live in the Aegean Sea in Greece. In 2003, the World Wildlife Fund raised concerns about the widespread drift net fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals such as the ogre cancer. See also : Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance Environmental history This section 's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Mediterranean Sea / Archive 1. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( February 2017 ) For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the `` humanisation of the landscape '' overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate. The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean Paradise on Earth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations, floodplain sediments, pollen, tree - ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies, Alfred Thomas Grove and Oliver Rackham 's work on `` The Nature of Mediterranean Europe '' challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a `` Lost Eden '', a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement. The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the classics as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern Enlightenment. The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises as the Latifundiums took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. Some assume that the major deforestation took place in modern times -- the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually been unstable and showing various ancient and modern `` Little Ice Ages '', and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient with regard to various patterns of human activity. Humanisation was therefore not the cause of climate change but followed it. The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behavior, as it is and has been closely related human usage patterns. The diversity range was enhanced by the widespread exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The greatest human - induced changes, however, came after World War II, respectively in line with the ' 1950s - syndrome ' as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns towards taking a role as scenery - setting agents for the then much more important ( tourism ) travellers. This resulted in more monotonous, large - scale formations. Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations. Natural hazards Stromboli volcano in Italy The region has a variety of geological hazards which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. Among others, in the eastern Mediterranean, the Thera eruption, dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large tsunami that some experts hypothesise devastated the Minoan civilisation on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the Atlantis legend. Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano on the European mainland, while others as Mount Etna and Stromboli are to be found on neighbouring islands. The region around Vesuvius including the Phlegraean Fields Caldera west of Naples are quite active and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world and eruptive event may occur within decades. Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive ( Plinian ) eruptions. It is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The large experience of member states and regional authorities has led to exchange on the international level with cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons. The Greek -- Turkish earthquake diplomacy is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations of traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in İzmir and Athens 1999. The European Union Solidarity Fund ( EUSF ) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to disaster - stricken regions within all of Europe. The largest amount of fund requests in the EU is being directed to forest fires, followed by floodings and earthquakes. Forest fires are, whether man made or natural, an often recurring and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranean region. Also, tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the most deadly natural disasters in modern Europe. Biodiversity See also : List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea and List of fish of the Black Sea Unlike the vast multidirectional Ocean currents in open Oceans within their respective Oceanic zones ; biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea is that of a stable one due to the subtle but strong locked nature of currents which affects favorably, even the smallest macroscopic type of Volcanic Life Form. The stable Marine ecosystem of the Mediterranean Sea and sea temperature provides a nourishing environment for life in the deep sea to flourish while assuring a balanced Aquatic ecosystem excluded from any external deep oceanic factors. Invasive species The reticulate whipray is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the Suez Canal as part of the ongoing Lessepsian migration. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt - water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper - saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient - poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient - poor Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa ; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration ( after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer ) or Erythrean invasion. The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient - rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species. Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering many local and endemic Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of exotic species show that more than 70 % of the non-indigenous decapods and about 63 % of the exotic fishes occurring in the Mediterranean are of Indo Pacific origin, introduced into the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal as the first pathway of arrival of `` alien '' species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of some lessepsian species have proven to be considerable mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a `` familiar sight ''. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature definition, as well as Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) and Ramsar Convention terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native ( non-indigenous ) to the Mediterranean Sea, and they are outside their normal area of distribution which is the Indo - Pacific region. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea, compete with and begin to replace native species they are `` Alien Invasive Species '', as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, `` introduction '' refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range ( past or present ). The Suez Canal, being an artificial ( man made ) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore `` introduced '' species ( indirect, and unintentional ). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. In recent years, the Egyptian government 's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal have raised concerns from marine biologists, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, facilitating the crossing of the canal for yet additional species. Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become a noticeable feature. Whether this reflects an expansion of the natural area of these species that now enter the Mediterranean through the Gibraltar strait, because of a warming trend of the water caused by global warming ; or an extension of the maritime traffic ; or is simply the result of a more intense scientific investigation, is still an open question. While not as intense as the `` lessepsian '' movement, the process may be scientific interest and may therefore warrant increased levels of monitoring. Sea - level rise By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm ( 1.2 to 24.0 in ) as a result of the effects of climate change. This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranean : Rising sea levels will submerge parts of Malta. Rising sea levels will also mean rising salt water levels in Malta 's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water. A 30 cm ( 12 in ) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres ( 77 sq mi ) of the Nile Delta, displacing over 500,000 Egyptians. Coastal ecosystems also appear to be threatened by sea level rise, especially enclosed seas such as the Baltic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These seas have only small and primarily east - west movement corridors, which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas. Sea level rise for the next century ( 2100 ) could be between 30 cm ( 12 in ) and 100 cm ( 39 in ) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05 -- 0.1 ° C in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity. Pollution Pollution in this region has been extremely high in recent years. The United Nations Environment Programme has estimated that 650,000,000 t ( 720,000,000 short tons ) of sewage, 129,000 t ( 142,000 short tons ) of mineral oil, 60,000 t ( 66,000 short tons ) of mercury, 3,800 t ( 4,200 short tons ) of lead and 36,000 t ( 40,000 short tons ) of phosphates are dumped into the Mediterranean each year. The Barcelona Convention aims to ' reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development. ' Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea 's pollution. One of them is the Mediterranean monk seal which is considered to be among the world 's most endangered marine mammals. The Mediterranean is also plagued by marine debris. A 1994 study of the seabed using trawl nets around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris ; an average of 1,935 items per km. Plastic debris accounted for 76 %, of which 94 % was plastic bags. Shipping A cargo ship cruises towards the Strait of Messina Some of the world 's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranean Sea. It is estimated that approximately 220,000 merchant vessels of more than 100 tonnes cross the Mediterranean Sea each year -- about one third of the world 's total merchant shipping. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment. The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. The Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7 % of the global water surface and yet receives 17 % of global marine oil pollution. It is estimated that every year between 100,000 t ( 98,000 long tons ) and 150,000 t ( 150,000 long tons ) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities. Approximately 370,000,000 t ( 360,000,000 long tons ) of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea ( more than 20 % of the world total ), with around 250 -- 300 oil tankers crossing the sea every day. Accidental oil spills happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per year. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean. Tourism Antalya on the Turkish Riviera ( Turquoise Coast ) received more than 11 million international tourist arrivals in 2014. The Mediterranean Sea is arguably among the most culturally diverse block basin sea regions in the world, with a unique combination of pleasant climate, beautiful coastline, rich history and various cultures. The Mediterranean region is the most popular tourist destination in the world -- attracting approximately one third of the world 's international tourists. Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries regardless of the man - made geopolitical conflicts that harbour coastal nations. In that regard, authorities around the Mediterranean have made it a point to extinguish rising man - made chaotic zones that would affect the economies, societies in neighboring coastal countries, let alone shipping routes. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered one of the very best due to the quick intercooperation of various Naval Fleets within proximity of each other. Unlike the vast open Oceans, the closed nature of the Mediterranean Sea provides a much more adaptable naval initiative among the coastal countries to provide effective naval and rescue missions, considered the safest and regardless of any man - made or natural disaster. Tourism also supports small communities in coastal areas and islands by providing alternative sources of income far from urban centers. However, tourism has also played major role in the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region each year. But this has caused serious disturbance to marine habitats such as erosion and pollution in many places along the Mediterranean coasts. Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth, causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered Mediterranean species such as sea turtles and monk seals. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce incentives for tourists to visit. See also : environmental impact of tourism Overfishing Main article : overfishing Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low. The European Environment Agency says that more than 65 % of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, that some of the most important fisheries -- such as albacore and bluefin tuna, hake, marlin, swordfish, red mullet and sea bream -- are threatened. There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many areas larger and longer - lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches. Large open water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of years but the stocks are now dangerously low. In 1999, Greenpeace published a report revealing that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean had decreased by over 80 % in the previous 20 years and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse. Aquaculture Aquaculture in western Greece This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2010 ) Aquaculture is expanding rapidly -- often without proper environmental assessment -- and currently accounts for 30 % of the fish protein consumed worldwide. The industry claims that farmed seafood lessens the pressure on wild fish stocks, yet many of the farmed species are carnivorous, consuming up to five times their weight in wild fish. Mediterranean coastal areas are already over exposed to human influence, with pristine areas becoming ever scarcer. The aquaculture sector adds to this pressure, requiring areas of high water quality to set up farms. The installation of fish farms close to vulnerable and important habitats such as seagrass meadows is particularly concerning. Gallery Beach of Hammamet, Tunisia The beach of la Courtade in the Îles d'Hyères, France Sardinia 's south coast, Italy Pretty Bay, Malta Panoramic view of Piran, Slovenia Panoramic view of Cavtat, Croatia View of Neum, Bosnia and Herzegovina A view of Sveti Stefan, Montenegro Ksamil Islands, Albania Navagio, Greece Marmaris, Turquoise Coast, Turkey Paphos, Cyprus Burj Islam Beach, Latakia, Syria A view of Raouché off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon A view of Haifa, Israel Coast of Alexandria, view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt Old city of Ibiza Town, Spain Les Aiguades near Béjaïa, Algeria El Jebha, a port town in Morocco Europa Point, Gibraltar Panoramic view of La Condamine, Monaco Sunset at the Deir al - Balah beach, Gaza Strip See also Mediterranean portal Babelmed, the site of the Mediterranean cultures Euro - Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly Familial Mediterranean fever History of the Mediterranean region Holy League ( Mediterranean ) List of islands in the Mediterranean List of Mediterranean countries Mediterranean Basin Mediterranean climate Mediterranean diet Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Mediterranean Games Mediterranean race Mediterranean sea ( oceanography ) Piri Reis -- Early cartographer of the Mediterranean Seto Inland Sea -- also known as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea Suez Canal Tyrrhenian Basin Union for the Mediterranean Notes References Jump up ^ Pinet, Paul R. ( 2008 ). Invitation to Oceanography. Jones & Barlett Learning. p. 220. ISBN 0 - 7637 - 5993 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word -- ext_abstr_East_sea_workshop_TLM. doc '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 23 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Researchers predict Mediterranean Sea level rise -- Headlines -- Research -- European Commission ''. Europa. 19 March 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Sea ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23. Jump up ^ Geoffrey Rickman, `` The creation of Mare Nostrum : 300 < sc > BC < / sc > -- 500 < sc > AD < / sc > '', in David Abulafia, ed., The Mediterranean in History, ISBN 1606060570, 2011, p. 133. ^ Jump up to : Vaso Seirinidou, `` The Mediterranean '' in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, European Regions and Boundaries : A Conceptual History, series European Conceptual History 3, ISBN 1785335855, 2017, p. 80 Jump up ^ `` entry μεσόγαιος ''. Liddell & Scott. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed, 2001, s.v. ^ Jump up to : Vella, Andrew P. ( 1985 ). `` Mediterranean Malta '' ( PDF ). Hyphen. 4 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 472. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Baḥr al - Rūm '' in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed Jump up ^ Diran Kélékian, Dictionnaire Turc - Français, Constantinople, 1911 Jump up ^ Özhan Öztürk claims that in Old Turkish ak also means `` west '' and that Akdeniz hence means `` West Sea '', while Karadeniz ( Black Sea ) means `` North Sea ''. Özhan Öztürk. Pontus : Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları. Ankara. 2011. pp. 5 -- 9. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Jump up ^ David Abulafia ( 2011 ). The Great Sea : A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ Rappoport, S. ( Doctor of Philosophy, Basel ). History of Egypt ( undated, early 20th century ), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V : `` The Waterways of Egypt '', pages 248 -- 257 ( online ). London : The Grolier Society. Jump up ^ Robert Davis ( 5 December 2003 ). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters : White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500 -- 1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780333719664. Retrieved 17 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` British Slaves on the Barbary Coast ''. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2013. Jump up ^ C.I. Gable -- Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks - Boglewood Timeline -- 1998 -- Retrieved 3 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived '' -- Sephardic Studies and Culture -- Retrieved 3 September 2011. Jump up ^ Robert Guisepi -- The Ottomans : From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders -- 1992 -- History World International -- Retrieved 3 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action ''. Al Jazeera -- English. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Schulz : EU migrant policy ' turned Mediterranean into graveyard ' ''. EUobserver. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Novruz Mammadov : The Mediterranean become a burial ground ''. Jump up ^ `` Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015 ''. UNHCR -- The UN Refugee Agency. 30 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition '' ( PDF ). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 20 April 2016. Jump up ^ Pinet, Paul R. ( 1996 ), Invitation to Oceanography ( 3rd ed. ), St Paul, Minnesota : West Publishing Co., p. 202, ISBN 0 - 314 - 06339 - 0 Jump up ^ Pinet 1996, p. 206. ^ Jump up to : Emeis, Kay - Christian ; Struck, Ulrich ; Schulz, Hans - Martin ; Rosenberg, Reinhild ; Bernasconi, Stefano ; Erlenkeuser, Helmut ; Sakamoto, Tatsuhiko ; Martinez - Ruiz, Francisca ( 2000 ). `` Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios ''. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 158 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 259 -- 280. Bibcode : 2000PPP... 158... 259E. doi : 10.1016 / s0031 - 0182 ( 00 ) 00053 - 5. Jump up ^ Pinet 1996, pp. 206 -- 207. Jump up ^ Pinet 1996, p. 207. Jump up ^ Israel, By Sue Bryant, ( New Holland Publishers, 2008 ), page 72 Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Marseille Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- France ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Gibraltar ( Westside ) Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Gibraltar ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Malaga Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Costa del Sol ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Athens Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Greece -- Greece ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Barcelona Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Spain ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Iraklion Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Crete -- Crete ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Venice Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Venetian Riviera ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Valencia Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Spain -- Spain ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Valletta Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Malta -- Malta ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Alexandria Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Egypt ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Naples Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Neapolitan Riviera ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Larnaca Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Cyprus ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Limassol Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Cyprus ''. Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com. `` Tel Aviv Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Israel ''. Jump up ^ William Ryan ( 2008 ). `` Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis ''. Sedimentology. 56 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 136. Bibcode : 2009Sedim... 56... 95R. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3091.2008. 01031. x. Jump up ^ William Ryan ( 2008 ). `` Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis '' ( PDF ). Stratigraphy. 5 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 229. Jump up ^ Garcia - Castellanos, D., Estrada, F., Jiménez - Munt, I., Gorini, C., Fernàndez, M., Vergés, J., De Vicente, R. ( 10 December 2009 ) Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis, Nature 462, pp. 778 -- 781, doi : 10.1038 / nature08555 Jump up ^ Elmer LaMoreaux, Philip ( 2001 ). `` Geologic / Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs ''. Springs and Bottled Waters of the World : Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use. Springer. p. 57. ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 61841 - 6. Jump up ^ Žumer, Jože ( 2004 ). `` Odkritje podmorskih termalnih izvirov '' ( Discovery of submarine thermal springs ) ( PDF ). Geografski obzornik ( in Slovenian ). Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia. 51 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 17. ISSN 0016 - 7274. ( in Slovene ) Jump up ^ de la Vara, Alba ; Topper, Robin P.M. ; Meijer, Paul Th. ; Kouwenhoven, Tanja J. ( 2015 ). `` Water exchange through the Betic and Rifian corridors prior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis : A model study ''. Paleoceanography. 30 ( 5 ) : 548 -- 557. Bibcode : 2015PalOc... 30... 548V. doi : 10.1002 / 2014PA002719. Jump up ^ Krijgsman, W. ; Fortuinb, A.R. ; Hilgenc, F.J. ; Sierrod, F.J. ( 2001 ). `` Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin ( SE Spain ) and orbital ( precessional ) forcing for evaporite cyclicity ''. Sedimentary Geology. 140 : 43 -- 60. Bibcode : 2001SedG... 140... 43K. doi : 10.1016 / S0037 - 0738 ( 00 ) 00171 - 8. Jump up ^ Gargani J., Rigollet C. ( 2007 ). `` Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis ''. Geophysical Research Letters. 34 ( L10405 ) : L10405. Bibcode : 2007GeoRL... 3410405G. doi : 10.1029 / 2007GL029885. Jump up ^ Gargani J. ; Moretti I. ; Letouzey J. ( 2008 ). `` Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis : The Suez Rift Case ''. Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 2 ) : L02401. Bibcode : 2008GeoRL... 35.2401 G. doi : 10.1029 / 2007gl032494. Jump up ^ Govers, R. ( 2009 ). Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration : The Messinian salinity crisis Geology, 37 ( 2 ), 167 -- 170 doi : 10.1130 / G25141A. 1 Link Archived 10 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Garcia - Castellanos, D., A. Villaseñor, 2011. Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar Arc. Nature, 2011 - 12 - 15 pdf here Link Jump up ^ Agusti, J ; Moya - Sola, S ( 1990 ). `` Mammal extinctions in the Vallesian ( Upper Miocene ) ''. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. 30 : 425 -- 432. doi : 10.1007 / BFb0011163. ISBN 3 - 540 - 52605 - 6. ISSN 1613 - 2580. ( Abstract ) Jump up ^ Politische Geographien Europas : Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strüver, LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, p. 43 Jump up ^ FJ, Hilgen. Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale, 104 ( 1991 ) 226 -- 244 Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1991. `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2009. Jump up ^ Hsu K.J., `` When the Mediterranean Dried Up '' Scientific American, Vol. 227, December 1972, p32 ^ Jump up to : The Nature of Mediterranean Europe : An Ecological History, by Alfred Thomas Grove, Oliver Rackham, Yale University Press, 2003, review at Yale university press Nature of Mediterranean Europe : An Ecological History ( review ) Brian M. Fagan, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 32, Number 3, Winter 2002, pp. 454 -- 455 Jump up ^ Little Ice Ages : Ancient and Modern, Jean M. Grove, Taylor & Francis, 2004 Jump up ^ Christian Pfister ( Hrsg. ), Das 1950er Syndrom : Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995 Jump up ^ The wave that destroyed Atlantis Harvey Lilley, BBC News Online, 2007 - 04 - 20. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 21. Jump up ^ Antonio Denti, `` Super volcano '', global danger, lurks near Pompeii, Reuters, 3 August 2012. Jump up ^ Isaia, Roberto ; Paola Marianelli ; Alessandro Sbrana ( 2009 ). `` Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei ( Italy ) at 4.0 ka B.P. : Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios ''. Geophysical Research Letters. 36 ( L21303 ) : L21303. Bibcode : 2009GeoRL... 3621303I. doi : 10.1029 / 2009GL040513. Jump up ^ McGuire, Bill ( 16 October 2003 ). `` In the shadow of the volcano ''. guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 8 May 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ EU Solidarity Fund Website 2003 proposal of EUR 47.6 million for Italian regions hit by natural disasters Jump up ^ `` IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species '' ( PDF ). International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2000. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2009. Jump up ^ Galil, B.S. and Zenetos, A. ( 2002 ). A sea change : exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, in : Leppäkoski, E. et al. ( 2002 ). Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution, impacts and management. pp. 325 -- 336. Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict ''. Science Daily. 3 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Briny future for vulnerable Malta ''. BBC News. 4 April 2007. Jump up ^ `` Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change ''. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Jump up ^ Nicholls, R.J. ; Klein, R.J.T. ( 2005 ). Climate change and coastal management on Europe 's coast, in : Vermaat, J.E. et al. ( Ed. ) ( 2005 ). Managing European coasts : past, present and future. pp. 199 -- 226. ^ Jump up to : `` Other threats in the Mediterranean Greenpeace International ''. Greenpeace. Retrieved 23 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental issues ''. Explorecrete.com. Retrieved 23 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` EUROPA ''. Europa. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files : Overview ''. Monachus-guardian.org. 5 May 1978. Retrieved 23 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Marine Litter : An Analytical Overview '' ( PDF ). United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Retrieved 1 August 2008. External links Find more aboutMediterranean Seaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms : 180 + images of Foraminifera Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea Sovereign states Albania Algeria Bosnia - Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Egypt France Greece Israel Italy Lebanon Libya Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco Slovenia Spain Syria Tunisia Turkey States with limited recognition Northern Cyprus Palestine Dependencies and other territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) Gibraltar ( UK ) Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category VIAF : 239897976 GND : 4074895 - 9 SELIBR : 153712 NDL : 00573122 NKC : ge128587 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&oldid=832548217 '' Categories : European seas Geography of North Africa Marginal seas Marine ecoregions Mediterranean Sea Natural history of Europe Seas of the Atlantic Ocean Seas of Africa Seas of Asia Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Articles with Slovene - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Hidden templates using styles Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Croatian - language text Accuracy disputes from February 2017 All accuracy disputes All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála La. lojban. Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ 189 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 17 : 26. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what is the width of the mediterranean sea
Answer: approximately 4,000 km (2,500 miles)