Couvade syndrome - wikipedia Couvade syndrome Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as an expectant mother. These most often include minor weight gain, altered hormone levels, morning nausea, and disturbed sleep patterns. In more extreme cases, symptoms can include labor pains, postpartum depression, and nosebleeds. The labor pain symptom is commonly known as sympathy pain. Couvade syndrome is not recognized as a real syndrome by many medical professionals. Its source is a matter of debate. Some believe it to be a psychosomatic condition, while others believe it may have biological causes relating to hormone changes. Contents 1 Symptoms 2 Psychological theories 3 Physiological theories 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Symptoms Symptoms experienced by the partner can include stomach pain, back pain, indigestion, changes in appetite, weight gain, acne, diarrhea, constipation, headache, toothache, cravings, nausea, breast augmentation, breast growth, dry navel, hardening of the nipple, excessive earwax, and insomnia. A qualitative study listed 35 symptoms from Couvade literature, including gastro - intestinal, genito - urinary, respiratory, oral or dental, stiffening of the glutes, generalized aches and pains, and other symptoms. Psychological theories Psychological causes suggested have included anxiety, pseudo-sibling rivalry, identification with the fetus, ambivalence about fatherhood, or parturition envy. According to Osvlosky and Culp ( 1989 ), pregnancy causes the male counterpart to experience an emergence of ambivalence as well as a recurrence of Oedipal conflict. In 1920s France, Couvade was claimed to be more common in conditions where sex roles are flexible and the female is of a dominant status. Physiological theories This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( September 2011 ) Studies have shown that the male partner cohabitating with a pregnant female will experience hormonal shifts in his prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone levels, typically starting at the end of the first trimester and continuing through several weeks post-partum. References Jump up ^ Lack, Evonne ( April 2012 ). `` Strange but true : Couvade syndrome ( sympathetic pregnancy ) ''. Baby Center. Jump up ^ Counihan, Carole ( 1999 ). The Anthropology of Food and Body : Gender, Meaning, and Power. New York : Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92193 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Sympathetic Pregnancy : Is Couvade Syndrome Real ? ''. BabyMed. ^ Jump up to : `` Partners suffer from phantom pregnancy ''. BBC. 14 June 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012. ^ Jump up to : Klein, Hilary ( 1991 ). `` Couvade syndrome : Male counterpart to pregnancy ''. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 21 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 69. doi : 10.2190 / FLE0 - 92JM - C4CN - J83T. PMID 2066258. Jump up ^ Brennan, Arthur ; Marshall - Lucette, Sylvie ; Ayers, Susan ; Ahmed, Hafez ( February 2007 ). `` A qualitative exploration of the Couvade syndrome in expectant fathers ''. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 25 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 39. doi : 10.1080 / 02646830601117142. Jump up ^ Griffiths, Mark ( 2012 ). `` Things That Go Bump : A Brief Overview of Couvade Syndrome ''. Jump up ^ Brennan, Arthur ; Ayers, Susan ; Ahmed, Hafez ; Marshall - Lucette, Sylvie ( August 2007 ). `` A critical review of the Couvade syndrome : the pregnant male ''. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 25 ( 3 ) : 173 -- 89. doi : 10.1080 / 02646830701467207. Jump up ^ Abensour, Léon ( 1921 ). Histoire générale du féminisme des origines à nos jours ( General History of feminism origins to the present day ) ( in French ). Delagrave. p. 11. OCLC 220162157. Jump up ^ Storey, Anne E. ; Walsh, Carolyn J. ; Quinton, Roma L. ; Wynne - Edwards, Katherine E. ( March 2000 ). `` Hormonal correlates of paternal responsiveness in new and expectant fathers ''. Evolution and Human Behavior. 21 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 95. doi : 10.1016 / S1090 - 5138 ( 99 ) 00042 - 2. PMID 10785345. Further reading This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( March 2015 ) Nippoldt, Todd B. ( January 15, 2014 ). `` What can you tell me about Couvade syndrome ? Can men really experience sympathetic pregnancy symptoms ? ''. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Trethowan, W.H. ; Conlon, M.F. ( 1965 ). `` The Couvade Syndrome ''. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 111 ( 470 ) : 57 -- 66. doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 111.470. 57. PMID 14261730. Lipkin, Mack ; Lamb, G.S. ( 1982 ). `` The Couvade Syndrome : An Epidemiologic Study ''. Annals of Internal Medicine. 96 ( 4 ) : 509 -- 11. doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 96 - 4 - 509. PMID 7199885. Trethowan, W.H. ( 1968 ). `` The couvade syndrome -- some further observations ''. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 12 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 15. doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 3999 ( 68 ) 90016 - 0. PMID 5663941. Khanobdee, Chantima ; Sukratanachaiyakul, Varunee ; Gay, Janice Templeton ( 1993 ). `` Couvade syndrome in expectant Thai fathers ''. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 30 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 31. doi : 10.1016 / 0020 - 7489 ( 93 ) 90062 - Y. PMID 8496024. Masoni, S. ; Maio, A. ; Trimarchi, G. ; De Punzio, C. ; Fioretti, P. ( 1994 ). `` The couvade syndrome ''. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 15 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 31. doi : 10.3109 / 01674829409025637. PMID 8000469. Bogren, L.Y. ( 1984 ). `` The couvade syndrome : Background variables ''. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 70 ( 4 ) : 316 -- 20. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0447.1984. tb01215. x. PMID 6496155. External links The Elusive Couvade Syndrome Feeling Her Pain The Male Pregnancy Experience `` Lecturer investigates hormonal link to ' sympathy pregnancies ' in men '' ( Press release ). Kingston University. 24 June 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2015. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couvade_syndrome&oldid=810044222 '' Categories : Andrology Culture - bound syndromes Human pregnancy Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from March 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles to be expanded from September 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Français Հայերեն עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 01 : 39. About Wikipedia

Question: who experiences the early pregnancy symptom called couvade
Answer: partner