Quenching - wikipedia Quenching For other uses, see Quenching ( disambiguation ). Coke being pushed into a quenching car, Hanna furnaces of the Great Lakes Steel Corporation, Detroit, Michigan, November 1942 In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low - temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring. It does this by reducing the window of time during which these undesired reactions are both thermodynamically favorable, and kinetically accessible ; for instance, quenching can reduce the crystal grain size of both metallic and plastic materials, increasing their hardness. In metallurgy, quenching is most commonly used to harden steel by introducing martensite, in which case the steel must be rapidly cooled through its eutectoid point, the temperature at which austenite becomes unstable. In steel alloyed with metals such as nickel and manganese, the eutectoid temperature becomes much lower, but the kinetic barriers to phase transformation remain the same. This allows quenching to start at a lower temperature, making the process much easier. High speed steel also has added tungsten, which serves to raise kinetic barriers and give the illusion that the material has been cooled more rapidly than it really has. Even cooling such alloys slowly in air has most of the desired effects of quenching. Extremely rapid cooling can prevent the formation of all crystal structure, resulting in amorphous metal or `` metallic glass ''. Contents 1 Quench hardening 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Process 2 History 3 See also 4 References Quench hardening Quench hardening is a mechanical process in which steel and cast iron alloys are strengthened and hardened. These metals consist of ferrous metals and alloys. This is done by heating the material to a certain temperature, depending on the material. This produces a harder material by either surface hardening or through - hardening varying on the rate at which the material is cooled. The material is then often tempered to reduce the brittleness that may increase from the quench hardening process. Items that may be quenched include gears, shafts, and wear blocks. Purpose Before hardening, cast steels and iron are of a uniform and lammelar ( or layered ) pearlitic grain structure. This is a mixture of ferrite and cementite formed when steel or cast iron are manufactured and cooled at a slow rate. Pearlite is not an ideal material for many common applications of steel alloys as it is quite soft. By heating pearlite past its eutectoid transition temperature of 727 ° C and then rapidly cooling, some of the material 's crystal structure can be transformed into a much harder structure known as martensite. Steels with this martensitic structure are often used in applications when the workpiece must be highly resistant to deformation, such as the cutting edge of blades. This is very efficient. Process The process of quenching is a progression, beginning with heating the sample. Most materials are heated to between 815 and 900 ° C ( 1,500 to 1,650 ° F ), with careful attention paid to keeping temperatures throughout the workpiece uniform. Minimizing uneven heating and overheating is key to imparting desired material properties. The second step in the quenching process is soaking. Workpieces can be soaked in air ( air furnace ), a liquid bath, or a vacuum. The recommended time allocation in salt or lead baths is up to 6 minutes. Soaking times can range a little higher within a vacuum. As in the heating step, it is important that the temperature throughout the sample remains as uniform as possible during soaking. Once the workpiece has finished soaking, it moves on to the cooling step. During this step, the part is submerged into some kind of quenching fluid ; different quenching fluids can have a significant effect on the final characteristics of a quenched part. Water is one of the most efficient quenching media where maximum hardness is desired, but there is a small chance that it may cause distortion and tiny cracking. When hardness can be sacrificed, mineral oils are often used. These oil based fluids often oxidize and form a sludge during quenching, which consequently lowers the efficiency of the process. The quenching velocity ( cooling rate ) of oil is much less than water. Intermediate rates between water and oil can be obtained with a purpose formulated quenchant, a substance with an inverse solubility which therefore deposits on the object to slow the rate of cooling. Quenching can also be accomplished using inert gases, such as nitrogen and noble gasses. Nitrogen is commonly used at greater than atmospheric pressure ranging up to 20 bar absolute. Helium is also used because its thermal capacity is greater than nitrogen. Alternatively argon can be used ; however, its density requires significantly more energy to move, and its thermal capacity is less than the alternatives. To minimize distortion in the workpiece, long cylindrical workpieces are quenched vertically ; flat work pieces are quenched on edge ; and thick sections should enter the bath first. To prevent steam bubbles the bath is agitated. Often, after quenching, an iron or steel alloy will be excessively hard and brittle due to an overabundance of Martensite. In these cases, another heat treatment technique known as tempering is performed on the quenched material in order to increase the toughness of iron - based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air. History Although there is evidence of the use of quenching processes by blacksmiths stretching back into the middle of the Iron Age, little detailed information exists related to the development of these techniques and the procedures employed by early smiths. Although early ironworkers must swiftly have noticed that processes of cooling could affect the strength and brittleness of iron, and it can be claimed that heat - treatment of steel was known in the Old World from the late second millennium BC, it is hard to identify deliberate uses of quenching archaeologically. Moreover, it appears that, at least in Europe, ' quenching and tempering separately do not seem to have become common until the 15th century ' ; it is therefore helpful to distinguish between ' full quenching ' of steel, where the quenching is so rapid that only martensite forms, and ' slack quenching ', where the quenching is slower or interrupted, which also allows pearlite to form and results in a less brittle product. The earliest examples of quenched steel may come from ancient Mesopotamia, with a relatively secure example of a fourth - century BC quench - hardened chisel from Al Mina in Turkey. Book 9, lines 389 - 94 of Homer 's Odyssey is widely cited as an early, possibly the first, written reference to quenching : as when a man who works as a blacksmith plunges a screaming great axe blade or adze into cold water, treating it for temper, since this is the way steel is made strong, even so Cyclops ' eye sizzled about the beam of the olive. However, it is not beyond doubt that the passage describes deliberate quench - hardening, rather than simply cooling. Likewise, there is a prospect that the Mahabharata refers to the oil - quenching of iron arrowheads, but the evidence is problematic. Pliny the Elder addressed the topic of quenchants, distinguishing the water of different rivers. Chapters 18 - 21 of the twelfth - century De diversis artis by Theophilus Presbyter mentions quenching, recommending amongst other things that ' tools are also given a harder tempering in the urine of a small, red - headed boy than in ordinary water '. One of the fuller early discussions of quenching is the first Western printed book on metallurgy, Von Stahel und Eysen, published in 1532, which is characteristic of late - medieval technical treatises. Modern scientific study of quenching began to gain real momentum from the seventeenth century, with a major step being the observation - led discussion by Giambattista della Porta in his 1558 Magia Naturalis. See also Quench press Tempering Martempering Austempering References Look up quenching in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie, Scott ( 2009 ). `` The history of quenching ''. Advanced Materials & Processes. 164 ( 9 ) : 68. doi : 10.1179 / 174951508X358437. Jump up ^ Paul T. Craddock, ' Metallurgy in the Old World ', in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, ed. by Neil Asher Silberman et al., 2nd edn, 3 vols ( Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012 ), I pp. 377 - 80. Jump up ^ Alan Williams, The Sword and the Crucible : A History of the Metallurgy of European Swords up to the 16th Century ( Leiden : Brill, 2012 ), p. 22. Jump up ^ P.R.S. Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries : The Archaeological Evidence ( Winona Lake, Indiana : Eisenbrauns, 1999 ), pp. 283 - 85. Jump up ^ R.J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology, 9 vols ( Leiden : Brill, 1955 - 64 ), p. 211. Jump up ^ P.R.S. Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries : The Archaeological Evidence ( Winona Lake, Indiana : Eisenbrauns, 1999 ), p. 284. Jump up ^ R.K. Dube, ' Ferrous Arrowheads and Their Oil Quench Hardening : Some Early Indian Evidence ', JOM : The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 60.5 ( May 2008 ), 25 - 31. Jump up ^ John D. Verhoeven, Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist ( Materials Park, Ohio : ASM International, 2007 ), p. 117. Jump up ^ J. Vanpaemel. HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 ( C4 ), pp. C4 - 847 - C4 - 854. DOI : 10.1051 / jphyscol : 19824139 ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222126. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quenching&oldid=821393678 '' Categories : Metal heat treatments Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018, at 05 : 39. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: why do you quench a blade in oil
Answer: prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring