Spanish colonization of the Americas - wikipedia Spanish colonization of the Americas `` Conquista '' redirects here. For other uses, see Conquista ( disambiguation ). Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Main article : Spanish Empire Spanish colonialization in the Americas The overseas expansion under the Crown of Castile was initiated under the royal authority and first accomplished by the Spanish conquistadors. The Americas were incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, Canada, and several other small countries in South America and The Caribbean. The crown created civil and religious structures to administer the region. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America ( including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ). Some scholars consider the initial period of the Spanish conquest -- from Columbus 's first landing in the Bahamas until the middle of the sixteenth century -- as marking the most egregious case of genocide in the history of mankind. The death toll may have reached some 70 million indigenous people ( out of 80 million ) in this period. It is estimated that during the colonial period ( 1492 -- 1832 ), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era ( 1850 -- 1950 ) ; the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty. In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were finally given up in 1898, following the Spanish -- American War, together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain 's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas. Contents 1 Conquests 1.1 West Indies 1.2 Mexico 1.3 Peru 1.4 Río de la Plata and Paraguay 1.5 New Granada 2 Governance 2.1 Dominions 2.1. 1 North America, Central America 2.1. 2 South America 3 19th century 3.1 Demographic impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Historiography 7 External links Conquests Iberian territory of Crown of Castile... Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile ( New Spain and Philippines ) Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile ( Perú, New Granada and Río de la Plata ) The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. West Indies Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories, and financed more of his trans - Atlantic journeys. He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola ( now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), in what is the present - day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, on his second voyage. In 1496 his brother, Bartholomew, founded Santo Domingo. By 1500, despite a high death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Taíno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish - occupied villages. The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present - day Guajira peninsula. Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas, in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernández de Serpa 's foundation in 1569. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién. Mexico Main article : Spanish conquest of Mexico Further information : Spanish conquest of Yucatán and Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish Conquest of Mexico, meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II Map depicting Cortés invasion route The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire ( 1519 -- 21 ) which was the base for later conquests of other regions. Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than the conquest of the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the war of Mexico 's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations. But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés. The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city - states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city - states ' political hierarchy and social structure in place. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign, from 1551 to 1697, against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present - day Mexico and northern Central America. Hernán Cortés ' landing ashore at present day Veracruz and founding the Spanish city there on April 22, 1519 marked the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region. The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade, with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Established by Charles V in 1535, the first viceroy was Don Antonio de Mendoza. Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833. Peru Main article : Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. Río de la Plata and Paraguay European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516. Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River. Buenos Aires, a permanent colony, was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay. Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away, and in 1541 the site was abandoned. A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ). He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires. '' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. New Granada Main article : Spanish conquest of the Muisca See also : Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations Between 1537 and 1543, six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada ( Spanish : Nuevo Reino de Granada ). Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command. It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern - day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. Governance Main articles : Spanish Empire, Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Peru, and Intendant § The Spanish Monarchy Argentine Cabildo council Spain 's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 ( capital, Mexico City ), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 ( capital, Lima ). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital, Bogotá ), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital, Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The change diminished the political and economic power of the viceroyalty and opened formal connections between the mining district of Upper Peru and the port of Buenos Aires. The system of crown rule evolved from the era of the Catholic Monarchs, which established the Council of the Indies, to the establishment of viceroyalties in Mexico and Peru following their conquests in the Hapsburg era, and then into an Intendant system in the eighteenth century as part of the Bourbon Reforms. The reform was aimed at increasing crown control over its colonies, raising more revenue, and promoting greater efficiency. Dominions Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain ) led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. North America, Central America Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Captaincy General of Guatemala Captaincy General of the Philippines ( administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821, then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( until 1898 ) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was Florida. Captaincy General of Puerto Rico ( until 1898 ) Santo Domingo ( last Spanish rule 1861 -- 1865 ) South America Viceroyalty of Perú ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile ( 1541 -- 1818 ) Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) 19th century Main article : Spanish American wars of independence During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. The Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for `` Liberators '' ) were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. They were predominantly criollos ( Americas - born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese ), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The first two were in present - day Bolivia at Sucre ( May 25 ), and La Paz ( July 16 ) ; and the third in present - day Ecuador at Quito ( August 10 ). In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain 's other colonies in the Americas. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the Spanish -- American War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self - governing unincorporated territory. Demographic impact It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Although population estimates vary, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas, the `` Defender of the Indians '' estimated there were 6 million ( 6,000,000 ) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus 's arrival in 1492. The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90 % ( reduced to 1 -- 2.5 million people ) by the early 17th century. In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ), with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ). See also New Spain portal Colombia portal Argentina portal Ecuador portal Venezuela portal Atlantic World Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Black Legend Habsburg Spain Inter caetera List of largest empires New Spain Old Spanish Trail ( trade route ) Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox Epidemics in the New World Spanish conquest of Chiapas Spanish conquest of El Salvador Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Honduras Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Valladolid debate Viceroyalty of Peru References ^ Jump up to : Naimark, Norman ( 2016 ). Genocide : A World History. p. 35. Jump up ^ Ida Altman, S.L. Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico, Pearson, 2003 pp. 35 -- 36. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 20. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05. Sucre State Government : Cumaná in History ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ Tibesar, A.S. ( 1957 ). `` The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Espanañola, 1505 -- 1559 ''. The Americas. 13 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 389. doi : 10.2307 / 979442. JSTOR 979442. Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan. Washington DC : Carnegie Institution. Jump up ^ Ida Altman, The War for Mexico 's West. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2010. Jump up ^ Philip W. Powell, Soldiers, Indians, and Silver : North America 's Last Frontier War. Tempe : Center for Latin America Studies, Arizona State University 1975. First published by University of California Press 1952. Jump up ^ Clements Markham, The Conquest of New Granada ( 1912 ) online Jump up ^ Avellaneda Navas, José Ignacio. The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada ( Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 1995 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1612 - 7 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&source=bl&ots=WIWVcSlOdq&sig=4XmK7Gkv36L6qQ4jItqp7a553dI&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzqqfsrLPAhWKAsAKHXbSBf0Q6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false Jump up ^ Baumhoff, Martin A. 1963. Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49 : 155 -- 236. Jump up ^ Powers, Stephen. 1875. `` California Indian Characteristics ''. Overland Monthly 14 : 297 -- 309. on - line Jump up ^ Cook 's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh : `` The first ( factor ) was the food supply... The second factor was disease... A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident. '' Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. The Population of the California Indians, 1769 -- 1970. University of California Press, Berkeley p. 200 Bibliography Brading, D.A., The First America : the Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492 -- 1867 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1993 ). Clark, Larry R. Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America : 1513 -- 1587 ( McFarland & Company, 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5909 - 4 Elliott, J.H. Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America, 1492 -- 1830 ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 2007 ) Hanke, Lewis. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America ( Boston : Little, Brown, and Co., 1965 ). Haring, Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America ( London : Oxford University Press, 1947 ) Kamen, Henry. Empire : How Spain Became a World Power, 1492 -- 1763 ( HarperCollins, 2004 ) Merriman, Roger Bigelow. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 Vol. London : Macmillan, 1918 ) online free Portuondo, María M. Secret Science : Spanish Cosmography and the New World ( Chicago : Chicago UP, 2009 ). Restall, Matthew and Felipe Fernández - Armesto. The Conquistadors : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold : the rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan ( 2005 ) Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America ( Yale University Press, 1992 ) Historiography Alejandro Cañeque. `` The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America '' History Compass ( April 2013 ) 114 pp 280 -- 291, DOI : 10.1111 / hic3. 12043 Weber, David J. `` John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands : Retrospect and Prospect. '' Journal of the Southwest ( 1987 ) : 331 -- 363. See John Francis Bannon External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America Spain in America ( Edward Gaylord Bourne, 1904 ) ' Spain in America ' The Spanish Borderlands ( Herbert E. Bolton, 1921 ) ' The Spanish Borderlands ' Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history The short film Spanish Empire in the New World ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` The Political Force of Images, '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520 - 1820. Spanish colonization of the Americas History Inter caetera Pacific Northwest California Inca Empire Chile Colombia Chibcha Muisca Florida Texas Aztec Empire Maya Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua People Christopher Columbus Alonso de Ojeda Diego de Almagro Pedro de Alvarado Bernal Díaz del Castillo Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Sebastián de Belalcázar Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Bartolomé de las Casas Hernán Pérez de Quesada Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco de Orellana Pedro de Portocarrero Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Pedro de Valdivia Inés de Suárez Pedro de Candia Juan Pardo Tristán de Luna y Arellano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Related Encomienda Indian auxiliaries Spanish missions in the Americas History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America 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Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor Notable battles Old World Won Comuneros Bicocca Rome ( 1527 ) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White 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Question: where did the spanish first find a permanent settlement
Answer: Cumaná in Venezuela