1988 Polish strikes - wikipedia 1988 Polish strikes The 1988 Polish strikes were a massive wave of workers ' strikes which broke out in 1988 in the Polish People 's Republic. The strikes, as well as street demonstrations, continued throughout spring and summer, ending in early September 1988. These actions shook the Communist regime of the country to such an extent, that it was forced to begin talking about recognising Solidarity. As a result, later that year, the regime decided to negotiate with the opposition, which opened way for the 1989 Round Table Agreement. The second, much bigger wave of strikes ( August 1988 ) surprised both the government, and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the Communists. Contents 1 Background 2 Repressions against the Solidarity movement 3 Spring 1988 strikes 4 Summer 1988 strikes 4.1 Upper Silesia 4.2 Szczecin 4.3 Stalowa Wola 4.4 Gdańsk 5 Outcome 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background Late 1980s was the time of deep economic crisis of Poland. The military regime of General Wojciech Jaruzelski did not carry out any radical reform of the economy in 1982 - 1983 following their imposition of Martial Law in Poland. Industrial production remained below the 1979 level. Average inflation rate climbed to 60 % by 1988, and Poland 's hard - currency debt to the Western countries grew from $25 billion in 1981 to $43 billion in 1989. Furthermore, the military rule was a failure, even though Solidarity had been outlawed in 1982, which in turn forced its members to go underground. In those circumstances, anger and frustration of the nation grew, deepened by economic malaise, and constantly declining living standards. More than 60 % of population lived in poverty, and inflation, measured by black - market rate of the U.S. dollar, was 1,500 % in the period 1982 - 1987. On November 29, 1987, the Communists decided to seek popular support for a 110 % price increase, calling the Referendum on political and economic reforms ( see Referendums in Poland ) supported by the old slogan of `` democratization '' as the only concession. The government of Zbigniew Messner lost the referendum - according to independent sources, with the turnout of around 30 %, but officially, it was announced that 63.8 % voters participated in it, and so, deputy prime minister Zdzislaw Sadowski decided to go on with the price increase. The policy was introduced on February 1, 1988. It was the biggest hike since 1982. The operation was a failure, as the massive price increases were followed by 40 % increase in wages, meant to offset the price increases. As a result, inflation rose at alarming speed, and by late 1989, near hyperinflation was reached. Repressions against the Solidarity movement In late 1987, Communist authorities initiated a wave of repressions of activists of underground Solidarity trade union and other oppositional organizations. On November 9, Kornel Morawiecki, leader of Fighting Solidarity was arrested. In the same year, Lech Wałęsa resumed his post as leader of Solidarity, where he remained until 1990. Meanwhile, local branches of the movement tried to legalize themselves in courts across Poland, but all these attempts were refused. On August 31, 1987, the 7th anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement, street demonstrations and clashes with police took place in Warsaw, Wrocław, Lublin, and Bydgoszcz. On March 8, 1988, on the 20th anniversary of the 1968 Polish political crisis, activists of the Independent Students Union organized demonstrations in Warsaw, Kraków and Lublin. Most active demonstrators were immediately repressed by the government. Spring 1988 strikes On April 21, 1988, 5000 workers of Stalowa Wola Steelworks organized a meeting, during which they demanded end of repressions of Solidarity activists, and 20,000 złoty salary increase. First strikes broke out four days later, on April 25, 1988, in mass transportation centers in northern cities of Bydgoszcz and Inowrocław. On the next day, one of the biggest companies of the country, Vladimir Lenin Steelworks in Kraków, joined the strike. The workers demanded salary increase, re-employment of Solidarity activists, who had been fired during the martial law, as well as legalization of Solidarity. Meanwhile, a strike broke out in Stalowa Wola Steelworks. Both these actions were suppressed by the Communist security forces ( ZOMO ), supported by anti-terrorist units. In Stalowa Wola, a demonstration of force, together with threats of use of regular army troops, was sufficient, and the strikers gave up on April 30. In Kraków, however, the workers continued their action, therefore the government decided to use power. In the night of May 4 / 5, the steelworks were brutally pacified by the ZOMO and anti-terrorist units. In reaction to the attack, workers of several factories across the country organized protests and meetings. On May 1, 1988, opposition activists organized peaceful demonstrations in several Polish cities, such as Bielsko - Biała, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Gdańsk, Kraków, Łódź, Płock, Poznań, Warsaw, and Wrocław. They were attended by thousands of people, and in some places, street fights erupted. On the next day, a strike broke out in Lenin Gdańsk Shipyard, where workers demanded legalization of Solidarity. Soon, Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Andrzej Wielowieyski showed up in Gdańsk, ready to talk to the management of the plant. However, the talks were fruitless, and on May 10, after threats of use of force, the strike ended in the atmosphere of failure. The last strike of the spring took place in Szczecin, involving workers of city 's mass transit system. Summer 1988 strikes During late spring and early summer of 1988, the situation in Poland did not improve. In several cities, local Solidarity branches unsuccessfully tried to legalize the union. On June 19, local elections took place, and Solidarity urged voters to boycott them. On July 26, government spokesman Jerzy Urban said that Solidarity permanently belonged to the past, and two days later, Polish sociologists announced that only 28 % of Poles believed that government 's reforms would succeed. Most people thought that the reforms would end up with even deeper crisis. The first strike of summer 1988 took place in the Upper Silesian city of Jastrzębie - Zdrój, and it began on August 15. Upper Silesia On August 15, a strike broke out at the July Manifesto coal mine in Jastrzębie - Zdrój ; the mine had been a center of strikes eight years earlier ( see Jastrzębie - Zdrój 1980 strikes ). Importantly, miners from July Manifesto tried to start a strike on May 15, 1988, but the main activists of Solidarity had been arrested by the Służba Bezpieczeństwa, whose special agents got word of the plans. In the second half of August, further mines, most from southern Upper Silesia joined the strikers, and the Interfactory Strike Committee under Krzysztof Zakrzewski was founded in Jastrzębie - Zdrój. Miners from Jastrzębie - Zdrój were supported by a local priest, reverend Bernard Czernecki. Among the striking coalmines were : Borynia from Jastrzębie - Zdrój, Jastrzębie from Jastrzębie - Zdrój, Moszczenica from Jastrzębie - Zdrój, ZMP from Żory, Krupiński from Żory, XXX - lecia PRL from Pniówek, 1 Maja from Wodzisław Śląski, Marcel from Wodzisław Śląski, Morcinek from Kaczyce, Andaluzja from Piekary Śląskie, Lenin from Mysłowice. Communist secret services, as well as conformist Solidarity leaders, were completely surprised by the strikes in Upper Silesia. In a report dated August 14, 1988, special agents of Służba Bezpieczeństwa wrote : `` According to our sources, opposition leaders are not planning anything ''. Later, some of the strikes were broken by the Milicja Obywatelska special, antiriot detachments - at Morcinek coalmine in Kaczyce ( August 24 ), Lenin in Myslowice, and Andaluzja in Piekary. Almost all strikes took place in mines, whose employees were people transferred from other areas of Poland in the 1970s. Mines in `` traditional '' parts of Upper Silesia did not join the protestors, except for Andaluzja from Piekary Slaskie, and Lenin from Myslowice. On September 2, Lech Wałęsa appeared in the July Manifesto coalmine, the last place that continued the strike. After his appeal, and a long argument, the miners decided to give up. The strike at July Manifesto was the longest one of Communist Poland. Szczecin On August 17, the Port of Szczecin began to strike. In the following days, other companies from Szczecin stopped working, and the Interfactory Strike Committee was founded. It issued a statement, which consisted of four points, one of which was the demand of legalization of Solidarity. On August 28, the Committee announced that Wałęsa was its sole representative. In response, Wałęsa sent to Szczecin a statement about his meeting with Czesław Kiszczak, during which the future Round Table talks had been discussed. Nevertheless, the strikes in Szczecin did not end until September 3. Wałęsa had informed the public about talks with the regime during the August 21 demonstration in Gdańsk. Stalowa Wola By far the biggest strike of summer 1988 took place in Stalowa Wola Steelworks, in which around 10,000 workers participated, and the plant was surrounded by militarized police units. The Stalowa Wola strike was so significant, that it was dubbed `` the fourth nail in the coffin of Communism ''. Since the Steelworks was an arms manufacturer, the factory, which in the 1980s employed around 21,000 people, was under a watchful eye of the security services, and its employees were strictly prohibited from undertaking any kind of oppositional activities. Nevertheless, across the 1980s, it was one of main centers of protests and demonstrations, and in spring of 1988, Stalowa Wola workers started the first strike of that year, which ended after a few days, and which was a prelude of the summer events. On August 22 in the morning, workers of the plant decided to organize a sit - in, with only one demand - legalization of Solidarity. This decision was crucial for further events in Poland, as strikes in Upper Silesia were slowly coming to an end. Led by Wieslaw Wojtas, the strike lasted 11 days. Workers were supported by local priests, and activists of the so - called Supporting Office, who delivered food, medicine, blankets, helped those beaten by government security forces, but also informed Western Europe about situation in Stalowa Wola. Every day, citizens of the town gathered by the Gate 3 to the steelworks, where local parish priest, reverend Edmund Frankowski, celebrated two masses ( August 26, and 31 ), which were attended by up to 10,000 people. Frankowski actively supported the strikers, in the sermons, he urged the faithful to help the workers. The Stalowa Wola strike ended on September 1, after the personal request of Lech Wałęsa, who called Wiesław Wojtas, telling him : `` You are great, but please, end the strike, I am asking you in the name of Solidarity ''. Following Wałęsa 's request, 4,000 workers left the factory on September 1, at 7 p.m. Together with around 15,000 inhabitants of the city, they marched to the Church of Mary, Queen of Poland, where they were greeted by reverend Frankowski, who said : `` Illegal priest is welcoming participants of the illegal strike ''. Gdańsk On August 19, a group of young activists began circulating leaflets, urging workers of the Gdańsk Lenin Shipyard to join striking miners from Jastrzębie - Zdrój. According to Alojzy Szablewski, who was leader of plant 's Solidarity, Lech Wałęsa was called, and during a meeting it was decided the strike would begin on Monday, August 22. On that day, at 7 a.m., some 3000 workers put away their tools. Their only demand was short - legalization of Solidarity. Soon afterwards, other main factories of Gdańsk joined the shipyard - Port Polnocny, Stocznia Polnocna, Stocznia Remontowa. Interfactory Strike Committee was founded, led by Jacek Merkel, and workers were supported by a number of personalities, such as Jacek Kuroń, Adam Michnik, Lech Kaczyński, and his twin brother Jarosław Kaczyński. Unlike in August 1980, the 1988 strike was different, as the government lacked power to force the strikers to give up. Furthermore, Gdańsk Lenin Shipyard was visited by a number of guests from abroad, including Boston Mayor Ray Flynn, in whose presence the use of force was not likely. The events in Gdańsk were described by Padraic Kenney as truly Orange Alternative strike. Workers of the Gdańsk Repair Shipyard mocked secret service and police agents, by making a styrofoam tank with the slogan : Leave your arms at the gate, we want dialogue. The strikes in Gdańsk ended on September 1, and on September 3, both sides signed an agreement, according to which the communists promised not to persecute the strikers. The promise was broken, and hundreds of people were fired in the fall of 1988. Outcome At first, the government tried to threaten the protestors ; on August 20, the Committee of National Defence announced preparations for introduction of national state of emergency. However, the determination of the workers made the Communist realize that talks with the officially non-existent trade union were inevitable. On August 31, General Czesław Kiszczak met with Lech Wałęsa. During the conversation, which was witnessed by Archbishop Bronisław Wacław Dąbrowski, Kiszczak appealed for putting an end to strikes, he also promised to take care of legalisation of Solidarity. Even though Solidarity activists in several centers opposed Wałęsa 's appeal to end strikes, soon afterwards laborers returned to work. The last strikes, in the Port of Szczecin and the July Manifesto coal mine, lasted until September 3. On December 18, Wałęsa established the Solidarity Citizens ' Committee, which opened way for the Polish Round Table Agreement. In 1988, director Andrzej Piekutowski made a documentary film Coal Miners'88, which presents strike in July Manifesto coal mine. Also, Pawel Smolenski and Wojciech Gielzynski wrote a book Workers'88. See also History of Solidarity Lublin 1980 strikes Polish 1970 protests Poznań 1956 protests 1981 warning strike in Poland References Jump up ^ Turning the tables ? by Andy Zebrowski `` The second massive wave of strikes this year has shaken the Polish regime to such an extent that it does n't know which way to turn '' Jump up ^ Pushing back the curtain. BBC News, Poland 1984 - 1988 Jump up ^ Second August, by Andrzej Grajewski Jump up ^ A history of Eastern Europe By Robert Bideleux, page 516 ^ Jump up to : In search of Poland By Arthur R. Rachwald, page 120 Jump up ^ Polish hyperinflation and stabilization 1989 -- 1990 by Grzegorz Kolodko Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Cold War By Ruud van Dijk, page 958 Jump up ^ History of Solidarity, 1987 ^ Jump up to : History of Solidarity, 1988 Jump up ^ he Encyclopedia of world history By Peter N. Stearns, page 885 Jump up ^ Nowa Huta. Miasto pracy i walki Jump up ^ April - May strike in Lenin Steelworks Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Solidarity, July 1988 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Solidarity, Jastrzębie again ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Solidarity, August 1988 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Solidarity, Jastrzebie again Jump up ^ A carnival of revolution By Padraic Kenney, page 234 Jump up ^ The Washington Post, `` Polish Unrest Spreads ; Dozens of Activists Held ; Workers at 2nd Industrial Center Join Protest '' Jump up ^ 20th Anniversary of Stalowa Wola strikes ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Solidarity - Stalowa Wola Steelworks ^ Jump up to : Strike in Stalowa Wola Steelworks, August 22 - September 1, 1988 Jump up ^ Gazeta Wyborcza, `` Anniversary of August 1988 '' Jump up ^ A carnival of revolution By Padraic Kenney, page 235 Jump up ^ Solidarity - History in dates Jump up ^ Film Library By Director Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links A map of Poland, with centers of spring 1988 protests Main gate of the Stalowa Wola Steelworks, September 1, 1988 Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states People Power Revolution Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker János Kádár Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Viktor Orbán Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Pope John Paul II Opposition movements Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Charter 77 New Forum Civic Forum Democratic Party of Albania Democratic Russia Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Sąjūdis Peaceful Revolution People 's Movement of Ukraine Solidarity Popular Front of Latvia Popular Front of Estonia Public Against Violence Belarusian Popular Front National League for Democracy National Salvation Front Unification Church political activities Union of Democratic Forces Events by location Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Elsewhere Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo - Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen Individual events 1988 Polish strikes April 9 tragedy Black January Baltic Way 1987 -- 89 Tibetan unrest Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Removal of Hungary 's border fence with Austria Polish Round Table Agreement Hungarian Round Table Talks Pan-European Picnic Monday Demonstrations Alexanderplatz demonstration Malta Summit German reunification January Events in Lithuania January Events in Latvia 1991 protests in Belgrade August Coup Dissolution of the Soviet Union Later events Colour revolution Decommunization Lustration Democratization Economic liberalization Post-Soviet conflicts Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Post-communism Yugoslav Wars History of the Polish People 's Republic 1945 -- 48 Early post-war Recovered Territories Polish population transfers ( 1944 -- 46 ) Expulsion of Germans Operation Vistula Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland Polish Committee of National Liberation Provisional Government of National Unity Trial of the Sixteen Cursed soldiers Augustów roundup Polish people 's referendum, 1946 Polish legislative election, 1947 Small Constitution of 1947 Amnesty of 1947 Battle for trade Three - Year Plan 1948 -- 56 Sovietisation under Bierut 's rule Polish United Workers ' Party Six - Year Plan Collectivization Socialist realism in Poland 1951 Mokotów Prison execution 1952 Constitution Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia PAX Association Poznań 1956 protests Polish October ( 1956 ) 1956 -- 70 Gomułka 's autarchic communism Polish legislative election, 1957 Bishops ' Letter of Reconciliation 1968 Polish political crisis Warschauer Kniefall 1970 Polish protests 1970 -- 80 Gierek 's international opening 1971 Łódź strikes Letter of 59 June 1976 protests Workers ' Defence Committee Flying University Lublin 1980 strikes Gdańsk Agreement Jastrzębie - Zdrój 1980 strikes Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) Independent Students ' Union Rural Solidarity Bydgoszcz events 1981 warning strike in Poland Summer 1981 hunger demonstrations in Poland 1981 -- 89 Jaruzelski 's autocratic rule and demise Martial law in Poland Military Council of National Salvation Pacification of Wujek 1982 demonstrations Fighting Solidarity Federation of Fighting Youth Orange Alternative Polish political and economic reforms referendum, 1987 1988 Polish strikes Polish Round Table Agreement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Polish_strikes&oldid=771801682 '' Categories : 1988 in Poland 1988 labor disputes and strikes Labor disputes in Poland Protests in Poland Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) Anti-communism in Poland Riots and civil disorder in Poland Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Lietuvių Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2017, at 16 : 13. 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Question: where was a major strike held in poland
Answer: Stalowa Wola Steelworks