Computer multitasking - wikipedia Computer multitasking `` Multitasking '' redirects here. For human multitasking, see Human multitasking. For multitasking in media consumption, see Media multitasking. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2012 ) Modern desktop operating systems are capable of handling large numbers of different processes at the same time. This screenshot shows Linux Mint running simultaneously Xfce desktop environment, Firefox, a calculator program, the built - in calendar, Vim, GIMP, and VLC media player. Multitasking capabilities of Microsoft Windows 1.01 released in 1985, here shown running the MS - DOS Executive and Calculator programs In computing, multitasking is the concurrent execution of multiple tasks ( also known as processes ) over a certain period of time. New tasks can interrupt already started ones before they finish, instead of waiting for them to end. As a result, a computer executes segments of multiple tasks in an interleaved manner, while the tasks share common processing resources such as central processing units ( CPUs ) and main memory. Multitasking automatically interrupts the running program, saving its state ( partial results, memory contents and computer register contents ) and loading the saved state of another program and transferring control to it. This `` context switch '' may be initiated at fixed time intervals ( pre-emptive multitasking ), or the running program may be coded to signal to the supervisory software when it can be interrupted ( cooperative multitasking ). Multitasking does not require parallel execution of multiple tasks at exactly the same time ; instead, it allows more than one task to advance over a given period of time. Even on multiprocessor computers, multitasking allows many more tasks to be run than there are CPUs. Multitasking is a common feature of computer operating systems. It allows more efficient use of the computer hardware ; where a program is waiting for some external event such as a user input or an input / output transfer with a peripheral to complete, the central processor can still be used with another program. In a time sharing system, multiple human operators use the same processor as if it was dedicated to their use, while behind the scenes the computer is serving many users by multitasking their individual programs. In multiprogramming systems, a task runs until it must wait for an external event or until the operating system 's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU. Real - time systems such as those designed to control industrial robots, require timely processing ; a single processor might be shared between calculations of machine movement, communications, and user interface. Often multitasking operating systems include measures to change the priority of individual tasks, so that important jobs receive more processor time than those considered less significant. Depending on the operating system, a task might be as large as an entire application program, or might be made up of smaller threads that carry out portions of the overall program. A processor intended for use with multitasking operating systems may include special hardware to securely support multiple tasks, such as memory protection, and protection rings that ensure the supervisory software can not be damaged or subverted by user - mode program errors. The term `` multitasking '' has become an international term, as the same word is used in many other languages such as German, Italian, Dutch, Danish and Norwegian. Contents 1 Multiprogramming 2 Cooperative multitasking 3 Preemptive multitasking 4 Real time 5 Multithreading 6 Memory protection 7 Memory swapping 8 Programming 9 See also 10 References Multiprogramming In the early days of computing, CPU time was expensive, and peripherals were very slow. When the computer ran a program that needed access to a peripheral, the central processing unit ( CPU ) would have to stop executing program instructions while the peripheral processed the data. This was usually very inefficient. The first computer using a multiprogramming system was the British Leo III owned by J. Lyons and Co. During batch processing, several different programs were loaded in the computer memory, and the first one began to run. When the first program reached an instruction waiting for a peripheral, the context of this program was stored away, and the second program in memory was given a chance to run. The process continued until all programs finished running. The use of multiprogramming was enhanced by the arrival of virtual memory and virtual machine technology, which enabled individual programs to make use of memory and operating system resources as if other concurrently running programs were, for all practical purposes, non-existent and invisible to them. Multiprogramming does n't give any guarantee that a program will run in a timely manner. Indeed, the very first program may very well run for hours without needing access to a peripheral. As there were no users waiting at an interactive terminal, this was no problem : users handed in a deck of punched cards to an operator, and came back a few hours later for printed results. Multiprogramming greatly reduced wait times when multiple batches were being processed. Cooperative multitasking Main article : Cooperative multitasking Early multitasking systems used applications that voluntarily ceded time to one another. This approach, which was eventually supported by many computer operating systems, is known today as cooperative multitasking. Although it is now rarely used in larger systems except for specific applications such as CICS or the JES2 subsystem, cooperative multitasking was once the only scheduling scheme employed by Microsoft Windows and Classic Mac OS to enable multiple applications to run simultaneously. Cooperative multitasking is still used today on RISC OS systems. As a cooperatively multitasked system relies on each process regularly giving up time to other processes on the system, one poorly designed program can consume all of the CPU time for itself, either by performing extensive calculations or by busy waiting ; both would cause the whole system to hang. In a server environment, this is a hazard that makes the entire environment unacceptably fragile. Preemptive multitasking Main article : Preemption ( computing ) Preemptive multitasking allows the computer system to more reliably guarantee to each process a regular `` slice '' of operating time. It also allows the system to deal rapidly with important external events like incoming data, which might require the immediate attention of one or another process. Operating systems were developed to take advantage of these hardware capabilities and run multiple processes preemptively. Preemptive multitasking was implemented in the PDP - 6 Monitor and MULTICS in 1964, in OS / 360 MFT in 1967, and in Unix in 1969, and was available in some operating systems for computers as small as DEC 's PDP - 8 ; it is a core feature of all Unix - like operating systems, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD with its derivatives, as well as modern versions of Windows. At any specific time, processes can be grouped into two categories : those that are waiting for input or output ( called `` I / O bound '' ), and those that are fully utilizing the CPU ( `` CPU bound '' ). In primitive systems, the software would often `` poll '', or `` busywait '' while waiting for requested input ( such as disk, keyboard or network input ). During this time, the system was not performing useful work. With the advent of interrupts and preemptive multitasking, I / O bound processes could be `` blocked '', or put on hold, pending the arrival of the necessary data, allowing other processes to utilize the CPU. As the arrival of the requested data would generate an interrupt, blocked processes could be guaranteed a timely return to execution. The earliest preemptive multitasking OS available to home users was Sinclair QDOS on the Sinclair QL, released in 1984, but very few people bought the machine. Commodore 's powerful Amiga, released the following year, was the first commercially successful home computer to use the technology, and its multimedia abilities make it a clear ancestor of contemporary multitasking personal computers. Microsoft made preemptive multitasking a core feature of their flagship operating system in the early 1990s when developing Windows NT 3.1 and then Windows 95. It was later adopted on the Apple Macintosh by Mac OS X that, as a Unix - like operating system, uses preemptive multitasking for all native applications. A similar model is used in Windows 9x and the Windows NT family, where native 32 - bit applications are multitasked preemptively. 64 - bit editions of Windows, both for the x86 - 64 and Itanium architectures, no longer support legacy 16 - bit applications, and thus provide preemptive multitasking for all supported applications. Real time Another reason for multitasking was in the design of real - time computing systems, where there are a number of possibly unrelated external activities needed to be controlled by a single processor system. In such systems a hierarchical interrupt system is coupled with process prioritization to ensure that key activities were given a greater share of available process time. Multithreading As multitasking greatly improved the throughput of computers, programmers started to implement applications as sets of cooperating processes ( e. g., one process gathering input data, one process processing input data, one process writing out results on disk ). This, however, required some tools to allow processes to efficiently exchange data. Threads were born from the idea that the most efficient way for cooperating processes to exchange data would be to share their entire memory space. Thus, threads are effectively processes that run in the same memory context and share other resources with their parent processes, such as open files. Threads are described as lightweight processes because switching between threads does not involve changing the memory context. While threads are scheduled preemptively, some operating systems provide a variant to threads, named fibers, that are scheduled cooperatively. On operating systems that do not provide fibers, an application may implement its own fibers using repeated calls to worker functions. Fibers are even more lightweight than threads, and somewhat easier to program with, although they tend to lose some or all of the benefits of threads on machines with multiple processors. Some systems directly support multithreading in hardware. Memory protection Main article : Memory protection Essential to any multitasking system is to safely and effectively share access to system resources. Access to memory must be strictly managed to ensure that no process can inadvertently or deliberately read or write to memory locations outside the process 's address space. This is done for the purpose of general system stability and data integrity, as well as data security. In general, memory access management is a responsibility of the operating system kernel, in combination with hardware mechanisms that provide supporting functionalities, such as a memory management unit ( MMU ). If a process attempts to access a memory location outside its memory space, the MMU denies the request and signals the kernel to take appropriate actions ; this usually results in forcibly terminating the offending process. Depending on the software and kernel design and the specific error in question, the user may receive an access violation error message such as `` segmentation fault ''. In a well designed and correctly implemented multitasking system, a given process can never directly access memory that belongs to another process. An exception to this rule is in the case of shared memory ; for example, in the System V inter-process communication mechanism the kernel allocates memory to be mutually shared by multiple processes. Such features are often used by database management software such as PostgreSQL. Inadequate memory protection mechanisms, either due to flaws in their design or poor implementations, allow for security vulnerabilities that may be potentially exploited by malicious software. Memory swapping Use of a swap file or swap partition is a way for the operating system to provide more memory than is physically available by keeping portions of the primary memory in secondary storage. While multitasking and memory swapping are two completely unrelated techniques, they are very often used together, as swapping memory allows more tasks to be loaded at the same time. Typically, a multitasking system allows another process to run when the running process hits a point where it has to wait for some portion of memory to be reloaded from secondary storage. Programming Processes that are entirely independent are not much trouble to program in a multitasking environment. Most of the complexity in multitasking systems comes from the need to share computer resources between tasks and to synchronize the operation of co-operating tasks. Various concurrent computing techniques are used to avoid potential problems caused by multiple tasks attempting to access the same resource. Bigger systems were sometimes built with a central processor ( s ) and some number of I / O processors, a kind of asymmetric multiprocessing. Over the years, multitasking systems have been refined. Modern operating systems generally include detailed mechanisms for prioritizing processes, while symmetric multiprocessing has introduced new complexities and capabilities. See also Process state Task switching References Jump up ^ `` Concurrency vs Parallelism, Concurrent Programming vs Parallel Programming ''. Oracle. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Anthony Ralston, Edwin D. Reilly ( ed ), Encyclopedia of Computer Science Third Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, ISBN 0 - 442 - 27679 - 6, articles `` Multitasking '' and `` Multiprogramming '' Jump up ^ `` Preemptive multitasking ''. riscos.info. 2009 - 11 - 03. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ `` UNIX, Part One ''. The Digital Research Initiative. ibiblio.org. 2002 - 01 - 30. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ Joseph Moran ( June 2006 ). `` Windows 2000 &16 - Bit Applications ''. Smart Computing. Vol. 16 no. 6. pp. 32 -- 33. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Jump up ^ Eduardo Ciliendo ; Takechika Kunimasa ( April 25, 2008 ). `` Linux Performance and Tuning Guidelines '' ( PDF ). redbooks.ibm.com. IBM. p. 4. Retrieved March 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Context Switch Definition ''. linfo.org. May 28, 2006. Retrieved February 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` What are threads ( user / kernel ) ? ''. tldp.org. September 8, 1997. Retrieved February 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` What is a swap file ? ''. kb.iu.edu. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Operating Systems Architecture ''. cis2.oc.ctc.edu. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17. Operating systems General Advocacy Comparison Forensic engineering History Hobbyist development List Timeline Usage share Kernel Architectures Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Rump kernel Unikernel Components Device driver Loadable kernel module Microkernel User space Process management Concepts Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real - time Thread Time - sharing Scheduling algorithms Computer multitasking Fixed - priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Preemptive Round - robin Shortest job next Memory management and resource protection Bus error General protection fault Memory protection Paging Protection ring Segmentation fault Virtual memory Storage access and file systems Boot loader Defragmentation Device file File attribute Inode Journal Partition Virtual file system Virtual tape library List AmigaOS Android BeOS BSD Chrome OS CP / M DOS Genode GNU Haiku illumos IncludeOS iOS Linux Macintosh Classic Mac OS macOS MINIX MorphOS MUSIC / SP Nemesis NeXTSTEP NOS OpenVMS ORVYL OS / 2 OSv Pick QNX ReactOS RISC OS RSTS / E RSX - 11 RT - 11 Solaris TOPS - 10 / TOPS - 20 TPF Unix Visi On VM / CMS VS / 9 webOS Windows Xinu z / OS Miscellaneous concepts API Computer network HAL Live CD Live USB OS shell CLI GUI TUI VUI ZUI PXE Parallel computing General Distributed computing Parallel computing Massively parallel Cloud computing High - performance computing Multiprocessing Manycore processor GPGPU Computer network Systolic array Levels Bit Instruction Thread Task Data Memory Loop Pipeline Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Theory PRAM model Analysis of parallel algorithms Amdahl 's law Gustafson 's law Cost efficiency Karp -- Flatt metric Slowdown Speedup Elements Process Thread Fiber Instruction window Coordination Multiprocessing Memory coherency Cache coherency Cache invalidation Barrier Synchronization Application checkpointing Programming Stream processing Dataflow programming Models Implicit parallelism Explicit parallelism Concurrency Non-blocking algorithm Hardware Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD SIMT MISD MIMD Dataflow architecture Pipelined processor Superscalar processor Vector processor Multiprocessor symmetric asymmetric Memory shared distributed distributed shared UMA NUMA COMA Massively parallel computer Computer cluster Grid computer APIs Ateji PX Boost. Thread Chapel Charm++ Cilk Coarray Fortran CUDA Dryad C++ AMP Global Arrays MPI OpenMP OpenCL OpenHMPP OpenACC TPL PLINQ PVM POSIX Threads RaftLib UPC TBB ZPL Problems Deadlock Livelock Deterministic algorithm Embarrassingly parallel Parallel slowdown Race condition Software lockout Scalability Starvation Category : parallel computing Media related to Parallel computing at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_multitasking&oldid=851906963 '' Categories : Concurrent computing Operating system technology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018, at 10 : 20 ( UTC ). 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Question: an os method of allowing multiple processes to share the cpu is
Answer: multitasking