Atypical pneumonia - wikipedia Atypical pneumonia This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Biosthmors ( talk contribs ) at 21 : 35, 14 August 2017 ( nothing there, is that an appropriate use of wp : red ? i do n't think so but i could be wrong ). The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version. Revision as of 21 : 35, 14 August 2017 by Biosthmors ( talk contribs ) ( nothing there, is that an appropriate use of wp : red ? i do n't think so but i could be wrong ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Atypical pneumonia Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease, pulmonology ICD - 10 J18. 9 ICD - 9 - CM 483 DiseasesDB 1132 MedlinePlus 000079 ( edit on Wikidata ) Atypical pneumonia, also known as walking pneumonia, is the type of pneumonia not caused by one of the pathogens most commonly associated with the disease. Its clinical presentation contrasts to that of `` typical '' pneumonia. A variety of microorganisms can cause it. When it develops independently from another disease it is called primary atypical pneumonia ( PAP ). The term was introduced in the 1930s and was contrasted with the bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, at that time the best known and most commonly occurring form of pneumonia. The distinction was historically considered important, as it differentiated those more likely to present with `` typical '' respiratory symptoms and lobar pneumonia from those more likely to present with `` atypical '' generalized symptoms ( such as fever, headache, sweating and myalgia ) and bronchopneumonia. Distinction between atypical and typical pneumonia is, however, medically insufficient. For the treatment of pneumonia, it is important to know the exact causal organism. Contents 1 Terminology 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Cause 3.1 Viral 4 Diagnosis 5 Epidemiology 6 References Terminology `` Primary atypical pneumonia '' is called primary because it develops independently of other diseases. `` Atypical pneumonia '' is atypical in that it is caused by atypical organisms ( other than Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis ). These atypical organisms include special bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. In addition, this form of pneumonia is atypical in presentation with only moderate amounts of sputum, no consolidation, only small increases in white cell counts, and no alveolar exudate. At the time that atypical pneumonia was first described, organisms like Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila, and Legionella were not yet recognized as bacteria and instead considered viruses. Hence `` atypical pneumonia '' was also called `` non-bacterial ''. In literature the term atypical pneumonia ( contrasted with bacterial pneumonia ) is still in use, though incorrect. Meanwhile, many such organisms are identified as bacteria, albeit unusual types ( Mycoplasma is a type of bacteria without a cell wall and Chlamydias are intracellular parasites ). As the conditions caused by these agents have different courses and respond to different treatments, the identification of the specific causative pathogen is important. Signs and symptoms Usually the atypical causes also involve atypical symptoms : No response to common antibiotics such as sulfonamide and beta - lactams like penicillin. No signs and symptoms of lobar consolidation, meaning that the infection is restricted to small areas, rather than involving a whole lobe. As the disease progresses, however, the look can tend to lobar pneumonia. Absence of leukocytosis. Extrapulmonary symptoms, related to the causing organism. Moderate amount of sputum, or no sputum at all ( i.e. non-productive ). Lack of alveolar exudate. Despite general symptoms and problems with the upper respiratory tract ( such as high fever, headache, a dry irritating cough followed later by a productive cough with radiographs showing consolidation ), there are in general few physical signs. The patient looks better than the symptoms suggest. Cause The most common causative organisms are ( often intracellular living ) bacteria : Chlamydophila pneumoniae Mild form of pneumonia with relatively mild symptoms. Chlamydophila psittaci Causes psittacosis. Coxiella burnetii Causes Q fever. Francisella tularensis Causes tularemia. Legionella pneumophila Causes a severe form of pneumonia with a relatively high mortality rate, known as legionellosis or Legionnaires ' disease. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Usually occurs in younger age groups and may be associated with neurological and systemic ( e.g. rashes ) symptoms. Atypical pneumonia can also have a fungal, protozoan or viral cause. In the past, most organisms were difficult to culture. However, newer techniques aid in the definitive identification of the pathogen, which may lead to more individualized treatment plans. Viral When comparing the bacterial - caused atypical pneumonias with these caused by real viruses ( excluding bacteria that were wrongly considered as viruses ), the term `` atypical pneumonia '' almost always implies a bacterial cause and is contrasted with viral pneumonia. Known viral causes of atypical pneumonia include respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ), influenza A and B, parainfluenza, adenovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) and measles. Diagnosis Chest radiographs ( X-ray photographs ) often show a pulmonary infection before physical signs of atypical pneumonia are observable at all. This is occult pneumonia. In general, occult pneumonia is rather often present in patients with pneumonia and can also be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, as the decrease of occult pneumonia after vaccination of children with a pneumococcal vaccine suggests. Infiltration commonly begins in the perihilar region ( where the bronchus begins ) and spreads in a wedge - or fan - shaped fashion toward the periphery of the lung field. The process most often involves the lower lobe, but may affect any lobe or combination of lobes. Epidemiology Mycoplasma is found more often in younger than in older people. Older people are more often infected by Legionella. References ^ Jump up to : Walter C, McCoy MD ( 1946 ). `` Primary atypical pneumonia : A report of 420 cases with one fatality during twenty - seven month at Station Hospital, Camp Rucker, Alabama ''. Southern Medical Journal. 39 ( 9 ) : 696. doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 194609000 - 00005. Jump up ^ Pneumonia, Atypical Bacterial at eMedicine Jump up ^ Pneumonia, Typical Bacterial at eMedicine Jump up ^ Memish ZA, Ahmed QA, Arabi YM, Shibl AM, Niederman MS ( October 2007 ). `` Microbiology of community - acquired pneumonia in the Gulf Corporation Council states ''. Journal of Chemotherapy. 19 ( Suppl 1 ) : 17 -- 23. PMID 18073166. ^ Jump up to : Diseases Database Causes of atypical pneumonia ^ Jump up to : Cunha BA ( May 2006 ). `` The atypical pneumonias : clinical diagnosis and importance ''. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12 ( Suppl 3 ) : 12 -- 24. PMID 16669925. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 0691.2006. 01393. x. Jump up ^ `` Primary atypical pneumonia '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases, Fort Bragg, North Carolina ( April 1944 ). `` Primary Atypical Pneumonia '' ( PDF ). American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 34 ( 4 ) : 347 -- 357. doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 34.4. 347. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gouriet F, Drancourt M, Raoult D ( October 2006 ). `` Multiplexed serology in atypical bacterial pneumonia ''. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1078 : 530 -- 40. PMID 17114771. doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1374.104. Jump up ^ Hindiyeh M, Carroll KC ( June 2000 ). `` Laboratory diagnosis of atypical pneumonia ''. Semin Respir Infect. 15 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 13. PMID 10983928. doi : 10.1053 / srin. 2000.9592. Jump up ^ Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition, Kumar et al., Philadelphia, 2010, p. 714 Jump up ^ MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Diseases Database Jump up ^ Tang YW ( December 2003 ). `` Molecular diagnostics of atypical pneumonia '' ( PDF ). Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 24 ( 12 ) : 1308 -- 13. PMID 14653964. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) -- multi-country outbreak ''. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21. Jump up ^ Murphy CG, van de Pol AC, Harper MB, Bachur RG ( March 2007 ). `` Clinical predictors of occult pneumonia in the febrile child ''. Acad Emerg Med. 14 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 9. PMID 17242382. doi : 10.1197 / j. aem. 2006.08. 022. Jump up ^ Rutman MS, Bachur R, Harper MB ( January 2009 ). `` Radiographic pneumonia in young, highly febrile children with leukocytosis before and after universal conjugate pneumococcal vaccination ''. Pediatric Emergency Care. 25 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7. PMID 19116501. doi : 10.1097 / PEC. 0b013e318191dab2. Jump up ^ Schneeberger PM, Dorigo - Zetsma JW, van der Zee A, van Bon M, van Opstal JL ( 2004 ). `` Diagnosis of atypical pathogens in patients hospitalized with community - acquired respiratory infection ''. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 36 ( 4 ) : 269 -- 73. PMID 15198183. doi : 10.1080 / 00365540410020127. ^ Jump up to : National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S.A. What Causes Pneumonia ? Diseases of the respiratory system ( J, 460 -- 519 ) Upper RT ( including URTIs, common cold ) Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Laryngospasm vocal folds Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Vocal fold nodule Vocal cord paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Tracheal stenosis Lower RT / lung disease ( including LRTIs ) Bronchial / obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD Emphysema ) Asthma ( Status asthmaticus Aspirin - induced Exercise - induced Bronchiectasis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial / restrictive ( fibrosis ) External agents / occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan 's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier 's lung Farmer 's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Pulmonary edema Löffler 's syndrome / Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman - Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Obstructive or restrictive Pneumonia / pneumonitis By pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella ) Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires ' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical / Mendelson 's syndrome Aspiration / Lipid By vector / route Community - acquired Healthcare - associated Hospital - acquired By distribution Broncho - Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP - COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity / mediastinum Pleural disease Pleuritis / pleurisy Pneumothorax / Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema / pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other / general Respiratory failure Influenza SARS Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Pneumonia Infectious pneumonias Bacterial pneumonia Viral pneumonia Fungal pneumonia Parasitic pneumonia Atypical pneumonia Community - acquired pneumonia Healthcare - associated pneumonia Hospital - acquired pneumonia Ventilator - associated pneumonia Severe acute respiratory syndrome Pneumonias caused by infectious or noninfectious agents Aspiration pneumonia Lipid pneumonia Eosinophilic pneumonia Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia Noninfectious pneumonia Chemical pneumonitis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atypical_pneumonia&oldid=795537782 '' Categories : Pneumonia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Українська 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017, at 21 : 35. 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Question: which of the following organisms causes primary atypical pneumonia quizlet
Answer: special bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa