William Langland - wikipedia William Langland This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( May 2017 ) `` Langland 's Dreamer '' : from an illuminated initial in a Piers Plowman manuscript held at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. William Langland ( / ˈlæŋlənd / ; Latin : Willielmus de Langland ; c. 1332 -- c. 1386 ) is the presumed author of a work of Middle English alliterative verse generally known as Piers Plowman, an allegory with a complex variety of religious themes. The poem translated the language and concepts of the cloister into symbols and images that could be understood by a layman. Contents 1 Life 2 Attribution 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Life Very little is known of Langland himself. It seems that he was born in the West Midlands of England in 1330. The narrator in Piers Plowman receives his first vision while sleeping in the Malvern Hills ( between Herefordshire and Worcestershire ), which suggests some connection to the area. The dialect of the poem is also consistent with this part of the country. There are strong indications that Langland died in 1385 or 1386. A note written by `` Iohan but '' ( John But ) in a 14th - century manuscript of the poem ( Rawlinson 137 ) makes direct reference to the death of its author : `` whan this werke was wrouyt, ere Wille myte aspie / Deth delt him a dent and drof him to the erthe / And is closed vnder clom '' ( `` once this work was made, before Will was aware / Death struck him a blow and knocked him to the ground / And now he is buried under the soil '' ). According to Edith Rickert, John But himself seems to have died in 1387, indicating that Langland died shortly before this date. Most of what is believed about Langland has been reconstructed from Piers Plowman. The C text of the poem contains a passage in which the narrator describes himself as a `` loller '' or `` idler '' living in the Cornhill area of London, and refers to his wife and child. It also suggests that he was well above average height and made a living reciting prayers for the dead. However, the distinction between allegory and reality in Piers Plowman is blurred, and the entire passage, as Wendy Scase observes, is reminiscent of the false confession tradition in medieval literature ( also seen in the Confessio Goliae and in Jean de Meun 's Roman de la Rose ). A similar passage in the final Passus of the B and C texts provides further ambiguous details on the poet 's wife and his torments by Elde ( Old Age ), including baldness, gout, and impotence. This may indicate that the poet had reached middle age by the 1370s, but the accuracy of the passage is called into question by the conventional nature of the description ( see, for instance, Walter Kennedy 's `` In Praise of Aige '' and The Parliament of the Three Ages ) and the fact that it occurs near the end of the poem, when Will 's personal development is reaching its logical conclusion. The detailed and highly sophisticated religious knowledge displayed in the poem indicates that Langland had some connection to the clergy, but the nature of this relationship is uncertain. The poem shows no obvious bias towards any particular group or order of churchmen, but is even - handed in its anticlericalism. This makes it difficult to align Langland with any specific order. He is probably best regarded, John Bowers writes, as a member of `` that sizable group of unbeneficed clerks who formed the radical fringe of contemporary society... the poorly shod Will is portrayed ' y - robed in russet ' traveling about the countryside, a crazed dissident showing no respect to his superiors ''. Malcolm Godden has proposed that he lived as an itinerant hermit, attaching himself to a patron temporarily and exchanging writing services for shelter and food. Robert Crowley 's 1550 edition of Piers Plowman promoted the idea that Langland was a follower of John Wycliffe. However, this conclusion is challenged by early Lollard appropriation of the Plowman figure ( see, for instance, Pierce the Ploughman 's Crede and The Plowman 's Tale ). It is true that Langland and Wycliffe shared many concerns : Both questioned the value of indulgences and pilgrimages, promoted the use of the vernacular in preaching, attacked clerical corruption, and even advocated disendowment. But these topics were widely discussed throughout the late 14th century and were not specifically associated with Wycliffe until after the presumed time of Langland 's death. Also, as Pamela Gradon observes, at no point does Langland echo Wycliffe 's characteristic teachings on the sacraments. Attribution The attribution of Piers Plowman to Langland rests principally on the evidence of a manuscript held at Trinity College, Dublin ( MS 212 ). This manuscript ascribes Piers Plowman to Willielmi de Langland, son of Stacy de Rokayle, `` who died in Shipton - under - Wychwood, a tenant of the Lord Spenser in the county of Oxfordshire ''. Other manuscripts name the author as Robert or William Langland, or Wilhelms W. ( most likely shorthand for William of Wychwood ). The poem itself also seems to point to Langland 's authorship. At one point, the narrator remarks : `` I have lived in Londen... my name is longe wille '' ( B XV. 152 ). This can be taken as a coded reference to the poet 's name, in the style of much late - medieval literature ( see, for instance, Villon 's acrostics in Le Testament ). However, medieval scribes and readers understood this line as referring to a `` Will Long Will '', and the rebels of 1381 used this name as one of their pseudonyms. Although there is little other evidence, Langland 's authorship has been widely accepted since the 1920s. It is not, however, entirely beyond dispute, as recent work by Stella Pates and C. David Benson has demonstrated. See also Poetry portal Pearl Poet References Jump up ^ Sobecki, Sebastian ( 2018 ). `` Hares, Rabbits, Pheasants : Piers Plowman and William Longewille, a Norfolk Rebel in 1381 ''. Review of English Studies : 1 -- 21. doi : 10.1093 / res / hgx130. Jump up ^ C. David Benson, `` The Langland Myth, '' in William Langland 's Piers Plowman : A Book of Essays, ed. Kathleen M. Hewett - Smith ( New York : Routledge, 2001 ), pp. 83 -- 99. ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2804 - 4 Sources John M. Bowers, `` Piers Plowman and the Police : notes towards a history of the Wycliffite Langland, '' Yearbook of Langland Studies 6 ( 1992 ), pp. 1 -- 50. Pamela Godden, `` Langland and the Ideology of Dissent, '' Proceedings of the British Academy 66 ( 1980 ), pp. 179 -- 205. Malcolm Gradon, The Making of Piers Plowman ( London : Longman, 1990 ). ISBN 0 - 582 - 01685 - 1 Edith Rickert, `` John But, Messenger and Maker, '' Modern Philology 11 ( 1903 ), pp. 107 -- 17. Wendy Scase, Piers Plowman and the New Anticlericalism ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1989 ). ISBN 0 - 521 - 36017 - X. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : William Langland Wikisource has original works written by or about : William Langland International Piers Plowman Society Website of international scholarly organization for the study of Piers Plowman and other alliterative poems ; includes a searchable database of all scholarship on these poems since 1986. Piers Plowman Electronic Archive A multi-level, hypertextually linked electronic archive of the textual tradition of all three versions of the fourteenth - century allegorical dream vision Piers Plowman. Works by William Langland at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Langland at Internet Archive BNE : XX1244084 BNF : cb12025816n ( data ) GND : 118778692 ISNI : 0000 0001 2135 6178 LCCN : n78095389 NDL : 00446855 NKC : xx0005691 SELIBR : 218221 SNAC : w6891mm9 SUDOC : 028419308 VIAF : 61560236 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Langland&oldid=815670524 '' Categories : People from Malvern, Worcestershire Middle English poets 14th - century English writers 14th - century English people 1332 births 1386 deaths Christian mystics 14th - century English poets English male poets English Christians Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017, at 08 : 37 ( UTC ). 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Question: the chief element of langland's allegory is
Answer: a complex variety of religious themes