Convention on the Rights of the Child - Wikipedia Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Rights of the Child Parties to the convention Only signed, but not ratified Non-signatory Signed 20 November 1989 Location New York City Effective 2 September 1990 Condition 20 ratifications Signatories 140 Parties 196 ( all eligible states except the United States ) Depositary UN Secretary - General Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish UN Convention on the Rights of the Child at Wikisource Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC ) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation. Nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law. Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, which is composed of members from countries around the world. Once a year, the Committee submits a report to the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, which also hears a statement from the CRC Chair, and the Assembly adopts a Resolution on the Rights of the Child. Governments of countries that have ratified the Convention are required to report to, and appear before, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically to be examined on their progress with regards to the advancement of the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their country. Their reports and the committee 's written views and concerns are available on the committee 's website. The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 ( the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child ). It came into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations. Currently, 196 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except the United States. Two optional protocols were adopted on 25 May 2000. The First Optional Protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts, and the Second Optional Protocol prohibits the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Both protocols have been ratified by more than 160 states. A third optional protocol relating to communication of complaints was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012. It came into effect on 14 April 2014. Contents 1 Contents 1.1 Global standards and cultural relativism 1.2 Child marriage and slavery 2 States party and signatories 2.1 Canada 2.2 India 2.3 Iran 2.4 Ireland 2.5 Israel 2.6 New Zealand 2.7 Saudi Arabia 2.8 United Kingdom 2.9 United States 2.10 Azerbaijan 3 Optional protocols 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Contents The Convention deals with the child - specific needs and rights. It requires that the `` nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law ''. Ratifying states must act in the best interests of the child. In all jurisdictions implementing the Convention requires compliance with child custody and guardianship laws as that every child has basic rights, including the right to life, to their own name and identity, to be raised by their parents within a family or cultural grouping, and to have a relationship with both parents, even if they are separated. The Convention obliges states to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities. The Convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate, to be protected from abuse or exploitation, and to have their privacy protected, and it requires that their lives not be subject to excessive interference. The Convention also obliges signatory states to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care and asks that the child 's viewpoint be heard in such cases. The Convention forbids capital punishment for children. In its General Comment 8 ( 2006 ) the Committee on the Rights of the Child stated that there was an `` obligation of all state parties to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment and all other cruel or degrading forms of punishment of children ''. Article 19 of the Convention states that state parties must `` take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence '', but it makes no reference to corporal punishment. The Committee 's interpretation of this section to encompass a prohibition on corporal punishment has been rejected by several state parties to the Convention, including Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The European Court of Human Rights has referred to the Convention when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights. Global standards and cultural relativism Global human rights standards were challenged at the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) when a number of governments ( prominently China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Iran ) raised serious objections to the idea of universal human rights. There are unresolved tensions between `` universalistic '' and `` relativistic '' approaches in the establishment of standards and strategies designed to prevent or overcome the abuse of children 's capacity to work. Child marriage and slavery Some scholars link slavery and slavery - like practices for many child marriages. Child marriage as slavery is not directly addressed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. States party and Signatories Currently 196 countries are parties to the treaty ( some with stated reservations or interpretations ). This includes every member of the United Nations ( except the United States ), plus the Cook Islands, Niue, the State of Palestine, and the Holy See. The United States has not ratified it. South Sudan did not sign the convention, however ratification was complete in January 2015. Somalia 's domestic ratification finished in January 2015 and the instrument was deposited with the United Nations in October 2015. All successor states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, and Slovakia ) made declarations of succession to the treaty and currently apply it. The convention does not apply in the territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Gibraltar, Guernsey and Tokelau. Canada Canada became a signatory to the Convention on 28 May 1990 and ratified in 1991. Youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act ( YCJA ) which went into effect on 1 April 2003. The Act specifically refers to Canada 's different commitments under the Convention. The convention was influential in the administrative Law decision of Baker v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ). India India ratified UNCRC on 11 December 1992, agreeing in principles all articles except with certain reservations on issues relating to child labor. In India there is law that children under the age of 18 should not work, but there is no outright ban on child labor, and the practice is generally permitted in most industries except those deemed `` hazardous ''. Although a law in October 2006 banned child labor in hotels, restaurants, and as domestic servants, there continues to be high demand for children as hired help in the home. Current estimates as to the number of child laborers in the country range from the government 's conservative estimate of 4 million children under 14 years of age to the much higher estimates of children 's rights activists, which hover around 60 million. Little is being done to address the problem since the economy is booming and the nuclear family is spreading, thereby increasing demand for child laborers. In India many people are still suffering from non-nutritious food, many parents are still leaving their children on riverside, in trains etc. Under the auspices of the Unicef financed Odisha initiative the Government of India is specifying the outline of a means of change and improvement in child care, and many trusts such as childLine, Plan India and savethechildren too are taking efforts to outdate child labor from India. A few of the organisations who work with children 's rights in India are Plan India, CRY ( Child Rights and You ), Save the Children, Bal Vikas Dhara - New Delhi, Bachpan Bachao Andolan, CHORD - Hyderabad. Iran See also : The Rights of the Child in Iran Iran has adhered to the convention ( except for alleged child slavery ) since 1991 and ratified it in the Parliament in 1994. Upon ratification, Iran made the following reservation : `` If the text of the Convention is or becomes incompatible with the domestic laws and Islamic standards at any time or in any case, the Government of the Islamic Republic shall not abide by it. '' Iran has also signed the both optional protocols which relate to the special protection of children against involvement in armed conflict and the sale of children and sexual exploitation. Although Iran is a state party to the Convention, international human rights organisations and foreign governments routinely denounced executions of Iranian child offenders as a violation of the treaty. But on 10 February 2012, Iran 's parliament changed the controversial law of executing juveniles. In the new law, the age of 18 ( solar year ) would be for both genders considered the cut - off for adulthood and offenders under this age will be sentenced under a separate law. Based on the previous Islamic law, which was revised, girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 ( lunar year, 11 days shorter than a solar year ) were fully responsible for their crimes. `` According to Islamic sources, the criterion for criminal responsibility is reaching the age of maturity which, according to the Shi'ite School of the IRI, is 9 lunar years ( 8 years and 9 months ) for girls and 15 lunar years ( 14 years and 7 months ) for boys. '' Ireland Ireland signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 30 September 1990 and ratified it, without reservation, on 28 September 1992. In response to criticisms expressed in the 1998 review by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child in Geneva, the Irish government established the office of Ombudsman for Children and drew up a national children 's strategy. In 2006, following concerns expressed by the committee that the wording of the Irish Constitution does not allow the State to intervene in cases of abuse other than in very exceptional cases, the Irish government undertook to amend the constitution to make a more explicit commitment to children 's rights. Israel Israel ratified the Convention in 1991. In 2010, UNICEF criticized Israel for its failure to create a government - appointed commission on children 's rights or to adopt a national children 's rights strategy or program in order to implement various Israeli laws addressing children 's rights. The report criticizes Israel for holding that the Convention does not apply in the West Bank and for defining as Palestinians under the age of 16 in the occupied territories as children, even though Israeli law defines a child as being under 18, in line with the Convention. A contemporaneous report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found that Israel 's investment in children is below the international average and the actual investment had fallen between 1995 and 2006. In 2012, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child criticized Israel for its bombing attacks on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, stating, `` Destruction of homes and damage to schools, streets and other public facilities gravely affect children '' and called them `` gross violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, its Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict and international humanitarian law ''. It also criticized Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza on southern Israel which traumatized Israeli children, calling on all parties to protect children. New Zealand New Zealand ratified the Convention on 6 April 1993 with reservations concerning the right to distinguish between persons according to the nature of their authority to be in New Zealand, the need for legislative action on economic exploitation -- which it argued was adequately protected by existing law, and the provisions for the separation of juvenile offenders from adult offenders. In 1994, the Court of Appeal of New Zealand dismissed the suggestion that the Minister for Immigration and his department were at liberty to ignore the convention, arguing that this would imply that the country 's adherence was `` at least partly window - dressing ''. The Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 enhanced the office of Children 's Commissioner, giving it significantly stronger investigative powers. In May 2007, New Zealand passed the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007, which removed the defence of `` reasonable force '' for the purpose of correction. In its third and final vote, Parliament voted 113 to eight in favour of the legislation. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia ratified the Convention in 1996, with a reservation `` with respect to all such articles as are in conflict with the provisions of Islamic law '' which is the national law. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, which reviewed Saudi Arabia 's treatment of children under the Convention in January 2005, strongly condemned the government for its practice of imposing the death penalty on juveniles, calling it `` a serious violation of the fundamental rights ''. The committee said it was `` deeply alarmed '' over the discretionary power judges hold to treat juveniles as adults : In its 2004 report the Saudi Arabian government had stated that it `` never imposes capital punishment on persons... below the age of 18 ''. The government delegation later acknowledged that a judge could impose the death penalty whenever he decided that the convicted person had reached his or her majority, regardless of the person 's actual age at the time of the crime or at the time of the scheduled execution. United Kingdom The United Kingdom ratified the Convention on 16 December 1991, with several declarations and reservations, and made its first report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in January 1995. Concerns raised by the Committee included the growth in child poverty and inequality, the extent of violence towards children, the use of custody for young offenders, the low age of criminal responsibility, and the lack of opportunities for children and young people to express views. The 2002 report of the Committee expressed similar concerns, including the welfare of children in custody, unequal treatment of asylum seekers, and the negative impact of poverty on children 's rights. In September 2008, the UK government decided to withdraw its reservations and agree to the Convention in these respects. The 2002 report 's criticism of the legal defence of `` reasonable chastisement '' of children by parents, which the Committee described as `` a serious violation of the dignity of the child '', was rejected by the UK Government. The Minister for Children, Young People and Families commented that while fewer parents are using smacking as a form of discipline, the majority said they would not support a ban. In evidence to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, the Committee was criticised by the Family Education Trust for `` adopting radical interpretations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in its pursuit of an agenda ''. The Joint Committee 's report recommended that `` the time has come for the Government to act upon the recommendations of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning the corporal punishment of children and the incompatibility of the defence of reasonable chastisement with its obligations under the Convention. '' The UK Government responded that `` the use of physical punishment is a matter for individual parents to decide ''. Although child slavery is difficult to gauge within the UK, child slaves are imported into the UK and sold. United states Main article : U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child The United States government played an active role in the drafting of the Convention and signed it on 16 February 1995, but has not ratified it. It has been claimed that American opposition to the Convention stems primarily from political and religious conservatives. For example, The Heritage Foundation sees `` a civil society in which moral authority is exercised by religious congregations, family, and other private associations is fundamental to the American order ''. and the Home School Legal Defense Association ( HSLDA ) argues that the CRC threatens homeschooling. The United States had permitted the execution and life imprisonment of juvenile offenders, in contravention of the Article 37 of the Convention. In 2005, a Supreme Court decision declared juvenile executions to be unconstitutional as `` cruel and unusual punishment '' ; in 2012, the Court held that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders. State laws regarding the practice of closed adoption may also require overhaul in light of the Convention 's position that children have a right to identity from birth. During his 2008 campaign for President, Senator Barack Obama described the failure to ratify the Convention as `` embarrassing '' and promised to review the issue but he never did. No President of the United States has submitted the treaty to the United States Senate requesting its advice and consent to ratification since the US signed it in 1995. The United States has ratified two of the optional protocols to the Convention, the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, and the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ratified Convention on the Rights of the Child on 21 July 1992. In terms of the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a significant number of laws, decrees and resolutions were approved in Azerbaijan by the President and the Cabinet of Ministers focusing on the development of the child welfare system. In this regard, the Convention No 182 on `` Elimination of the worst forms of child labour '' and Recommendation No 190 of the International Labour Organization and the Hague Convention on International adoption of children were ratified by Milli Majlis in 2004. There is a concern over the administration of juvenile justice in Azerbaijan, mostly regarding compliance with articles 37, 39 and 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as other relevant standards such as the Beijing Rules, the Riyadh Guidelines and the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty. Therefore, international organizations assisted Azerbaijan to improve the situation in the field of juvenile justice. Juvenile offenders have been added to the Presidential pardons on a regular basis. Azerbaijan has built cooperation with many international organizations, in particular with UNICEF in the field of child protection. In 1993, UNICEF began its activity in Azerbaijan. In 2005, Azerbaijan and UNICEF signed a 5 - year country program. The country program for 2005 - 2009 was implemented in the field of child protection, children 's health and nutrition, children 's education and youth health, their development and participation. In addition, UNICEF supports Azerbaijan in developing juvenile justice system, establishing alternative care system and raising awareness among youth about HIV / AIDS. Optional protocols Two optional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly. The first, the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict requires parties to ensure that children under the age of 18 are not recruited compulsorily into their armed forces, and calls on governments to do everything feasible to ensure that members of their armed forces who are under 18 years do not take part in hostilities. This protocol entered into force on 12 July 2002. As of 9 November 2017, 166 states are party to the protocol and another 14 states have signed but not ratified it. The second, the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, requires parties to prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. It entered into force on 18 January 2002. As of 9 November 2017, 173 states are party to the protocol and another 9 states have signed but not ratified it. A third, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure, which would allow children or their representatives to file individual complaints for violation of the rights of children, was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012. The protocol currently has 51 signatures and 45 ratifications : it entered into force on 14 April 2014 following the tenth ratification three months beforehand. See also Adultcentrism Cartoons for Children 's Rights Child advocacy Child custody Child labor Child laundering Child survival revolution Children 's rights Children 's Rights Education Children 's rights movement CRY America Declaration of the Rights of the Child Evolving capacities Execution of Rizana Nafeek iRights Framework Intergenerational equity International child abduction International Play Association Save the Children Stop Child Executions Student voice Youth voice Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 References ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection. Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved 2 October 2015. Jump up ^ Article 49. ( Deadlink ) Jump up ^ Article 47. Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Rights of the Child ''. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. ^ Jump up to : Child Rights Information Network ( 2008 ). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved 26 November 2008. 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UN News Service Section. 20 December 2011. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : UN Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations General Assembly ( 20 November 1989 ). `` Text of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ''. ohchr.org. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 20 January 2015. Signatures and ratifications, at depositary UNICEF web site Procedural history, related documents and photos on the Convention on the Rights of the Child ( with protocols ) in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law NGO Alternative Reports submitted to the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Biography of Eglantyne Jebb, author of the original Declaration Section related to the CRC on the Children 's Rights Portal `` everychild.ca '' Child Rights Public Awareness Campaign of British Columbia, Canada. Resources include links and publications related to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. International human rights instruments Declarations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Cairo Declaration of Human Rights Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Universal Declaration of Human Rights American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles International law United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 ( XV ) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples UN Convention Against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights European Convention on Human Rights Convention for the Prevention of Torture European Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities International humanitarian law Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Youth empowerment Elements Evolving capacities Free - range parenting Intergenerational equity Leaving the nest Student voice Youth - adult partnership Youth mainstreaming Youth rights Youth voice Types Community youth development Anarchistic free school Democratic free school Positive youth development Student activism Student - centered learning Student rights Student voice Youth activism Youth council Youth court Youth engagement Youth leadership Youth - led media Youth movement Youth participation Youth philanthropy Youth service Youth suffrage Youth vote Barriers Adultcentrism Adultism Age restrictions Ageism Control freaks Fear of youth ( ephebiphobia ) Eleutherophobia Fear of children ( pediaphobia ) Gerontocracy Grounding Helicopter parent Infantilization Intrusiveness Narcissism Parental respect School - to - prison pipeline Vicariousness Related articles Beatnik Beat Generation Counterculture of the 1960s Defense of infancy Hippies Hungry generation International Youth Year UK underground Index of youth rights - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child&oldid=809430759 '' Categories : Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations treaties History of youth Treaties concluded in 1989 Treaties entered into force in 1990 Treaties of the Islamic State of Afghanistan Treaties of Albania Treaties of Algeria Treaties of Andorra Treaties of the People 's Republic of Angola Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda Treaties of Argentina Treaties of Armenia Treaties of Australia Treaties of Austria Treaties of Azerbaijan Treaties of the Bahamas Treaties of Bahrain Treaties of Bangladesh Treaties of Barbados Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Treaties of Belgium Treaties of Belize Treaties of Benin Treaties of Bhutan Treaties of Bolivia Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina Treaties of Botswana Treaties of Brazil Treaties of Brunei Treaties of Bulgaria Treaties of Burkina Faso Treaties of Myanmar Treaties of Burundi Treaties of the State of Cambodia Treaties of Cameroon Treaties of Canada Treaties of Cape Verde Treaties of the Central African Republic Treaties of Chad Treaties of Chile Treaties of the People 's Republic of China Treaties of Colombia Treaties of the Comoros Treaties of Zaire Treaties of the Republic of the Congo Treaties of the Cook Islands Treaties of Costa Rica Treaties of Ivory Coast Treaties of Croatia Treaties of Cuba Treaties of Cyprus Treaties of the Czech Republic Treaties of Denmark Treaties of Djibouti Treaties of Dominica Treaties of the Dominican Republic Treaties of East Timor Treaties of Ecuador Treaties of Egypt Treaties of El Salvador Treaties of Equatorial Guinea Treaties of Eritrea Treaties of Estonia Treaties of the People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Treaties of Fiji Treaties of Finland Treaties of France Treaties of Gabon Treaties of the Gambia Treaties of Georgia ( country ) Treaties of Germany Treaties of Ghana Treaties of Greece Treaties of Grenada Treaties of Guatemala Treaties of Guinea Treaties of Guinea - 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Question: which countries did not sign the un convention on the rights of the child
Answer: South Sudan