Warsaw Pact - wikipedia Warsaw Pact Not to be confused with Warsaw Convention or Treaty of Warsaw. For other uses, see Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance ( disambiguation ). Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance Russian : Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи Member states in 1990 ( dark green ) Former member states ( light green ) Formation 14 May 1955 in Warsaw, Poland Dissolved 1 July 1991 Type Military alliance Headquarters Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Membership Albania ( withdrew in 1968 ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Supreme Commander Petr Lushev ( last ) Chief of Combined Staff Vladimir Lobov ( last ) Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( CoMEcon ), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO ; there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis and in proxy wars. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. Its largest military engagement was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 ( with the participation of all Pact nations except Albania, Romania and East Germany ), which, in part, resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than a month later. The Pact began to unravel in its entirety with the spread of the Revolutions of 1989 through the Eastern Bloc, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its electoral success in June 1989. East Germany withdrew from the Pact following reunification with West Germany in 1990. On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from the six remaining member states in Hungary. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991, although most of the former Soviet republics formed the Collective Security Treaty Organization shortly thereafter. Throughout the following 20 years, the seven Warsaw Pact countries outside the USSR each joined NATO ( East Germany through its reunification with West Germany ; and the Czech Republic and Slovakia as separate countries ), as did the three Baltic states ( Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ) that had been part of the Soviet Union. Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Structure 3 Strategy 4 History 4.1 Beginnings 4.2 Members 4.3 During Cold War 4.4 End of the Cold War 5 Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Works cited 9 Further reading 9.1 Other languages 9.2 Memoirs 10 External links Nomenclature Soviet philatelic commemoration : At its 20th anniversary in 1975, the Warsaw Pact remains On Guard for Peace and Socialism. In the Western Bloc, the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact military alliance -- abbreviated WAPA, Warpac and WP. Elsewhere, in the former member states, the Warsaw Treaty is known as : Albanian : Pakti i miqësisë, bashkëpunimit dhe i ndihmës së përbashkët Belarusian : Дагавор аб дружбе, супрацоўніцтве і ўзаемнай дапамозе Romanized Belarusian : Dagavor ab druzhe, supratsoŭnitstve i ŭzaemnaŭ dapamoze Bulgarian : Договор за дружба, сътрудничество и взаимопомощ Romanized Bulgarian : Dogovor za druzhba, satrudnichestvo i vzaimopomosht Czech : Smlouva o přátelství, spolupráci a vzájemné pomoci Slovak : Zmluva o priateľstve, spolupráci a vzájomnej pomoci German : Vertrag über Freundschaft, Zusammenarbeit und gegenseitigen Beistand Hungarian : Barátsági, együttműködési és kölcsönös segítségnyújtási szerződés Polish : Układ o przyjaźni, współpracy i pomocy wzajemnej Romanian : Tratatul de prietenie, cooperare și asistență mutuală Russian : Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи Romanized Russian : Dogovor o druzhbe, sotrudnichestve i vzaimnoy pomoshchi Ukrainian : Договір про дружбу, співробітництво і взаємну допомогу Romanized Ukrainian : Dogovir pro druzhbu, spivrobitnitstvo i vzaêmnu dopomogu Structure The Warsaw Treaty 's organization was two-fold : the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commanded and controlled all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces. Strategy The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. The Soviets wanted to keep their part of Europe theirs and not let the Americans take it from them. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union with the desire to create a buffer zone to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers. History Beginnings The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( October 2015 ) This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( December 2015 ) The Cold War ( 1945 -- 90 ) : NATO ( blue ) vs. the Warsaw Pact ( red ), the status of forces in 1973 Before the creation of the Warsaw Pact, Czechoslovak leadership, fearful of a rearmed Germany, sought to create a security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against the re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, like many European countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain, feared Germany being once again a military power and a direct threat. The terrible consequences of German militarism remained a fresh memory among the Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As the Soviet Union already had bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered ' superfluous ', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a ' cardboard castle '. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO. The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January -- February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers ' armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles ( USA ), Eden ( UK ) and Bidault ( France ). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new : earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the so - called ' Stalin Note ', ended after the United Kingdom, France and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn ( USA ), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman ( France ), affirmed that `` the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community ''. According to John Gaddis `` there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer '' from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer 's conviction that `` neutralization means sovietization '' was the main factor in the rejection of the Soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that German unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU 's dominance in the West German Bundestag. Consequently, Molotov, fearing that the EDC would be directed in the future against the USSR and `` seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against other European States '', made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe `` open to all European States without regard as to their social systems '' which would have included the unified Germany ( thus making the EDC -- perceived by the USSR as a threat -- unusable ). But Eden, Dulles and Bidault opposed the proposal. One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by Western opponents of the European Defence Community ( like French Gaullist leader Palewski ) who perceived it as `` unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe ''. The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by Western powers as `` directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation '', the Soviets decided to declare their `` readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc '', specifying that `` the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three Western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact ''. Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by the UK, US and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO `` must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella. '' He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that `` the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force ''. In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO. Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe : to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives : Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO. On 23 October 1954 -- only nine years after Allies ( UK, USA and USSR ) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe -- the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as `` a decisive turning point in the history of our continent '' by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success. Warsaw Pact `` Big Seven '' threats On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries `` reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems '' established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that : `` a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North - Atlantic bloc (... ) increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states ; (... ) in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security ''. One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People 's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany. Members This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2014 ) The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defence of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union. The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the following communist governments : Albania ( withheld support in 1961 because of the Soviet - Albanian split, formally withdrew in 1968 ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany ( withdrew on 2 October 1990 after dissolution of state ) Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Mongolia : In July 1963 the Mongolian People 's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. Due to the emerging Sino - Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. The Soviet Government agreed to station troops in Mongolia in 1966. During Cold War Main article : Cold War This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2014 ) For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe ; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. These included the Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs invasion, Dirty War, Cambodian -- Vietnamese War and the others. In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. The multi-national Communist armed forces ' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People 's Republic of Albania, participated in the invasion. The German Democratic Republic provided only minimal support, however. End of the Cold War Beginning at the Cold War 's conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power, while independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika and glasnost induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR. Between 1989 and 1991, Communist governments were overthrown in Albania, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. As the last acts of the Cold War were playing out, several Warsaw Pact states ( Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary ) participated in the U.S. - led coalition effort to liberate Kuwait in the Gulf War. On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention from other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO ; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004 ; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined in the Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996 ( renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( SCO ) after Uzbekistan 's addition in 2001 ). In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, which published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published ; 70 remained secret and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty 's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine -- a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self - defence, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s -- which is why the People 's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical - range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet - style ( offensive ) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive - war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory. Gallery Badge Warsaw Pact. Union of peace and socialism Badge Warsaw Pact. Brothers in arms ( 1970 ) Badge A participant in joint exercises of Warsaw Pact `` STIT '' ( 1972 ) Badge 25 years Warsaw Pact ( 1980 ) Badge Air Forces Warsaw Pact Badge Warsaw Pact. The participants of the joint exercises in Bulgaria ( 1982 ) Jubilee badge 30 years of the Warsaw Pact ( 1985 ) See also Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) -- Modern military alliance between former Soviet states. Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( SCO ) -- Modern Eurasian political, economic and military organization. References Jump up ^ `` Text of Warsaw Pact '' ( PDF ). United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 22 August 2013. Jump up ^ Yost, David S. ( 1998 ). NATO Transformed : The Alliance 's New Roles in International Security. Washington, DC : U.S. Institute of Peace Press. p. 31. ISBN 1 - 878379 - 81 - X. ^ Jump up to : `` Formation of Nato and Warsaw Pact ''. History Channel. Retrieved 22 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` The Warsaw Pact is formed ''. History Channel. Retrieved 22 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` In reaction to West Germany 's NATO accession, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European client states formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. '' Citation from : NATO website. `` A short history of NATO ''. nato.int. Retrieved 24 December 2015. Jump up ^ Broadhurst, Arlene Idol ( 1982 ). The Future of European Alliance Systems. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press. p. 137. ISBN 0 - 86531 - 413 - 6. Jump up ^ Christopher Cook, Dictionary of Historical Terms ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ The Columbia Enclopedia, fifth edition ( 1993 ) p. 2926 ^ Jump up to : The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955 -- 1969 Laurien Crump Routledge, p. 21 -- 22, 11.02. 2015 Jump up ^ The Oder - Neisse Line : The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War Debra J. Allen page 158 `` Treaties approving Bonn 's participation in NATO were ratified in May 1955... shortly thereafter Soviet Union... created the Warsaw Pact to counter the perceived threat of NATO '' Jump up ^ `` Warsaw Pact : Wartime Status - Instruments of Soviet Control ''. Wilson Center. Retrieved 5 October 2013. ^ Jump up to : Amos Yoder ( 1993 ). Communism in Transition : The End of the Soviet Empires. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8448 - 1738 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Bob Reinalda ( 11 September 2009 ). Routledge History of International Organizations : From 1815 to the Present Day. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 02405 - 6. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Cover Story : The Holy Alliance By Carl Bernstein Sunday, June 24, 2001 Jump up ^ Fes'kov, V.I. ; Kalashnikov, K.A. ; Golikov, V.I. ( 2004 ). Sovetskai͡a Armii͡a v gody `` kholodnoĭ voĭny, '' 1945 -- 1991 ( The Soviet Army in the Cold War Years ( 1945 -- 1991 ) ). Tomsk : Tomsk University Publisher. p. 6. ISBN 5 - 7511 - 1819 - 7. Jump up ^ ' ' The Review of Politics Volume ' ', 34, No. 2 ( April 1972 ), pp. 190 -- 209 Jump up ^ Europa Antoni Czubiński Wydawn. Poznańskie, 1998, p. 298 Jump up ^ World Politics : The Menu for Choice page 87 Bruce Russett, Harvey Starr, David Kinsella -- 2009 The Warsaw Pact was established in 1955 as a response to West Germany 's entry into NATO ; German militarism was still a recent memory among the Soviets and East Europeans. Jump up ^ `` When the Federal Republic of Germany entered NATO in early May 1955, the Soviets feared the consequences of a strengthened NATO and a rearmed West Germany ''. Citation from : United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. `` The Warsaw Treaty Organization, 1955 ''. Office of the Historian. history.state.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1955 : After objecting to Germany 's admission into NATO, the Soviet Union joins Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania in forming the Warsaw Pact. ''. See chronology in : `` Fast facts about NATO ''. CBC News. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011. Jump up ^ The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955 -- 1969 Laurien Crump Routledge, pp. 17, 11.02. 2015 Jump up ^ The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955 -- 1969 Laurien Crump Routledge, p. 1, 11.02. 2015 Jump up ^ `` Soviet Union request to join NATO '' ( PDF ). Nato.int. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` 1954 : Soviet Union suggests it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. U.S. and U.K. reject this ''. See chronology in : `` Fast facts about NATO ''. CBC News. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Proposal of Soviet adherence to NATO as reported in the Foreign Relations of the United States Collection ''. UWDC FRUS Library. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, pp. 197,201. Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 202. Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, pp. 197 -- 198, 203, 212. Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, pp. 211 -- 212, 216. Jump up ^ Steininger, Rolf ( 1991 ). The German Question : The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification. Columbia Univ Press. p. 56. Jump up ^ Gaddis, John ( 1997 ). We Know Now : Rethinking Cold War History. Clarendon Press. p. 126. Jump up ^ Steininger, Rolf ( 1991 ). The German Question : The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification. Columbia Univ Press. p. 80. Jump up ^ Steininger, Rolf ( 1991 ). The German Question : The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification. Columbia Univ Press. p. 103. ^ Jump up to : `` Draft general European Treaty on collective security in Europe -- Molotov proposal ( Berlin, 10 February 1954 ) '' ( PDF ). CVCE. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 214. ^ Jump up to : `` MOLOTOV 'S PROPOSAL THAT THE USSR JOIN NATO, MARCH 1954 ''. Wilson Center. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 216,. Jump up ^ `` Final text of tripartite reply to Soviet note '' ( PDF ). Nato website. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Jump up ^ Jordan, p. 65. Jump up ^ Ian Traynor. `` Soviets tried to join Nato in 1954 ''. the Guardian. Jump up ^ `` Memo by Lord Ismay, Secretary General of NATO '' ( PDF ). Nato.int. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Jump up ^ Adenauer 1966a, p. 662. Jump up ^ `` The refusal to ratify the EDC Treaty ''. CVCE. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` Debates in the French National Assembly on 30 August 1954 ''. CVCE. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` US positions on alternatives to EDC ''. United States Department of State / FRUS collection. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` US positions on german rearmament outside NATO ''. United States Department of State / FRUS collection. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` West Germany accepted into Nato ''. BBC News. 9 May 1955. Retrieved 17 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Indivisible Germany : Illusion or Reality ? '' James H. Wolfe Springer Science & Business Media, 06.12. 2012 page 73 ^ Jump up to : `` Text of the Warsaw Security Pact ( see preamble ) ''. Avalon Project. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Jump up ^ The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, third edition, 1999, pp. 637 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week ''. Csmonitor.com. 26 February 1991. Retrieved 4 June 2012. Jump up ^ Havel, Václav ( 2007 ). To the Castle and Back. Trans. Paul Wilson. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26641 - 5. Works cited Adenauer, Konrad ( 1966a ). Memorie 1945 -- 1953 ( in Italian ). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. Molotov, Vyacheslav ( 1954a ). La conferenza di Berlino ( in Italian ). Ed. di cultura sociale. This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. Further reading Faringdon, Hugh. Confrontation : the strategic geography of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986. ) Heuser, Beatrice ( 1998 ). `` Victory in a Nuclear War ? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies ''. Contemporary European History. 7 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 327. doi : 10.1017 / S0960777300004264. Mackintosh, Malcolm. The evolution of the Warsaw Pact ( International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969 ) Kramer, Mark N. `` Civil - military relations in the Warsaw Pact, The East European component, '' International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 1, Winter 1984 -- 85. Lewis, William Julian ( 1982 ). The Warsaw Pact : Arms, Doctrine, and Strategy. Cambridge, Mass. : Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 031746 - 8. Mastny, Vojtech ; Byrne, Malcolm ( 2005 ). A Cardboard Castle ? : An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955 -- 1991. Budapest : Central European University Press. ISBN 978 - 963 - 7326 - 07 - 3. A. James McAdams, `` East Germany and Detente. '' Cambridge University Press, 1985. McAdams, A. James. `` Germany Divided : From the Wall to Reunification. '' Princeton University Press, 1992 and 1993. Other Languages Umbach, Frank ( 2005 ). Das rote Bündnis : Entwicklung und Zerfall des Warschauer Paktes 1955 bis 1991 ( in German ). Berlin : Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978 - 3 - 86153 - 362 - 7. Wahl, Alfred ( 2007 ). La seconda vita del nazismo nella Germania del dopoguerra ( in Italian ). Torino : Lindau. ISBN 978 - 88 - 7180 - 662 - 4. -- Original Ed. : Wahl, Alfred ( 2006 ). La seconde histoire du nazisme dans l'Allemagne fédérale depuis 1945 ( in French ). Paris : Armand Colin. ISBN 2 - 200 - 26844 - 0. Memoirs Adenauer, Konrad ( 1966b ). Konrad Adenauer Memoirs 1945 -- 53. Henry Regnery Company. Molotov, Vyacheslav ( 1954b ). Statements at Berlin Conference of Foreign Ministers of U.S.S.R., France, Great Britain and U.S.A., January 25 -- February 18, 1954. Foreign Languages Publishing House. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warsaw Pact. `` What was the Warsaw Pact ? ''. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Woodrow Wilson Center Cold War International History Project 's Warsaw Pact Document Collection Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C : The Warsaw Pact ( 1989 ) Map of Russia and the Warsaw Pact ( omniatlas.com ) Map of Europe and the Warsaw Pact ( omniatlas.com ) The Warsaw Pact, 1955 -- 1968. by Hugh Collins Embry. Contain extensive documentation of the Pacts first 13 years. Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their Communist period Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Yugoslavia Soviet Russia / Soviet Union : 1917 -- 27 1927 -- 53 1953 -- 64 1964 -- 82 1982 -- 91 Byelorussia Ukraine Eastern Bloc Warsaw Pact Comecon Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations ( 1940 -- 1991 ) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito -- Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection ( list of defectors ) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group Treaties of Hungary 9 -- 10th century ( age of Magyars ) Legend of the white horse ( 894 ) 1000 -- 1301 ( Árpád dynasty ) Personal union of Hungary and Croatia ( 1102 ) Hungarian -- Byzantine Treaties ( 1153 -- 1167 ) Treaty of Pressburg ( 1271 ) 1302 -- 1526 ( Middle ages to Tripartition ) Treaty of Enns ( 1336 ) Hungarian -- Lithuanian Treaty ( 1351 ) Hungarian -- Neapolitan Treaty ( 1352 ) Treaty of Zara ( 1358 ) Treaty of Lubowla ( 1412 ) Peace of Szeged ( 1444 ) Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt ( 1463 ) Treaty of Ófalu ( 1474 ) Treaty of Brno ( 1478 ) Treaty of Piotrków ( 1479 ) Peace of Olomouc ( 1479 ) Treaty of Pressburg ( 1491 ) First Congress of Vienna ( 1515 ) Dual reign, Ottoman vassalship, reconquest and Napoleonic Wars ( 1526 -- 1848 ) Franco - Hungarian alliance ( 1526 ) Treaty of Nagyvárad ( 1538 ) Treaty of Gyalu ( 1541 ) Confessio Pentapolitana ( 1549 ) Treaty of Speyer ( 1570 ) Treaty of Szatmár ( 1711 ) 1526 - 1848 ( Royal Hungary to Independence ) Truce of Adrianople ( 1547 ) Treaty of Adrianople ( 1568 ) Treaty of Vienna ( 1606 ) Peace of Zsitvatorok ( 1606 ) Peace of Vasvár ( 1664 ) Holy League ( 1684 ) Treaty of Karlowitz ( 1699 ) Treaty of Passarowitz ( 1718 ) Pragmatic Sanction ( 1723 ) Treaty of Belgrade ( 1739 ) Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ( 1748 ) First Partition of Poland ( 1772 ) Treaty of Sistova ( 1791 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 1797 ) Treaty of Schönbrunn ( 1809 ) Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) ( 1570 -- 1711 ) ( Principality of Transylvania ) Peace of Nikolsburg ( 1621 ) Treaty of Pressburg ( 1626 ) Treaty of Nymwegen ( 1679 ) Austria - Hungary to the end of World War I ( 1848 -- 1922 ) Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Croatian -- Hungarian Settlement ( 1868 ) League of the Three Emperors ( 1873 ) Treaty of Bern ( 1874 ) Reichstadt Agreement ( 1876 ) Budapest Convention of 1877 ( 1877 ) Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ) Dual Alliance ( 1879 ) Triple Alliance ( 1882 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Treaty of London ( 1913 ) Armistice of Focșani ( 1917 ) Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Ukraine ( 1918 ) Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( 1918 ) Treaty of Bucharest ( 1918 ) Armistice of Villa Giusti ( 1918 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1920 ) Armistice with Romania ( 1920 ) Bill of dethronement ( 1921 ) U.S. -- Hungarian Peace Treaty ( 1921 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1922 ) Modern age ( 1922 -- ) Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary ( 1922 -- 46 ) Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 Treaties of the Hungarian People 's Republic ( 1949 -- 89 ) Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary ( 1989 -- ) BNF : cb11865226c ( data ) GND : 14767 - 9 ISNI : 0000 0001 2158 1586 LCCN : n50002351 NDL : 00574154 NKC : kn20030519006 SUDOC : 026397188 VIAF : 130896299 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_Pact&oldid=854233691 '' Categories : Warsaw Pact Eastern Bloc 1991 in politics 20th - century military alliances Bulgaria -- Soviet Union relations Cold War treaties Communism Foreign relations of the Soviet Union Former international organizations Germany -- Soviet Union relations History of Poland ( 1989 -- present ) History of Warsaw International military organizations International political organizations Military alliances involving Bulgaria Military alliances involving Czechoslovakia Military alliances involving Hungary Military alliances involving Poland Military alliances involving Romania Military alliances involving the Soviet Union Modern Europe Organizations established in 1955 Organizations disestablished in 1991 Poland -- Soviet Union relations Treaties concluded in 1955 Treaties entered into force in 1955 Treaties of East Germany Treaties of the People 's Republic of Bulgaria Treaties of the Hungarian People 's Republic Treaties of the Polish People 's Republic Treaties of the People 's Socialist Republic of Albania Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania Czechoslovakia -- Soviet Union relations Hungary -- Soviet Union relations Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations Cold War terminology 1955 establishments in Poland Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - 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Question: countries in the warsaw pact during the cold war
Answer: Albania