Method acting - wikipedia Method acting Marlon Brando 's performance in Elia Kazan 's film of A Streetcar Named Desire exemplified the power of Stanislavski - based acting in cinema. Method acting is a range of training and rehearsal techniques that seek to encourage sincere and emotionally expressive performances, as formulated by a number of different theatre practitioners, principally in the United States, where it is among the most popular -- and controversial -- approaches to acting. These techniques are built on Stanislavski 's system, developed by the Russian actor and director Konstantin Stanislavski and captured in his books An Actor Prepares, Building a Character, and Creating a Role. Among those who have contributed to the development of the Method, three teachers are associated with `` having set the standard of its success '', each emphasizing different aspects of the approach : Lee Strasberg ( the psychological aspects ), Stella Adler ( the sociological aspects ), and Sanford Meisner ( the behavioral aspects ). The approach was first developed when they worked together at the Group Theatre in New York. All three subsequently claimed to be the rightful heirs of Stanislavski 's approach. Contents 1 From the `` system '' to the Method 2 Emotion and imagination 3 Criticism of Strasberg 's approach 4 Indian cinema 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources From the `` system '' to the Method Main article : Stanislavski 's system `` The Method '' is an elaboration of the `` system '' of acting developed by the Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski. In the first three decades of the 20th century, Stanislavski organized his training, preparation, and rehearsal techniques into a coherent, systematic methodology. The `` system '' brought together and built on : ( 1 ) the director - centred, unified aesthetic and disciplined, ensemble approach of the Meiningen company ; ( 2 ) the actor - centred realism of the Maly ; ( 3 ) and the Naturalistic staging of Antoine and the independent theatre movement. Diagram of Stanislavski 's `` system '', based on his `` Plan of Experiencing '' ( 1935 ). The `` system '' cultivates what Stanislavski calls the `` art of experiencing '' ( to which he contrasts the `` art of representation '' ). It mobilises the actor 's conscious thought and will in order to activate other, less - controllable psychological processes -- such as emotional experience and subconscious behaviour -- sympathetically and indirectly. In rehearsal, the actor searches for inner motives to justify action and the definition of what the character seeks to achieve at any given moment ( a `` task '' ). Later, Stanislavski further elaborated the `` system '' with a more physically grounded rehearsal process known as the `` Method of Physical Action ''. Minimising at - the - table discussions, he now encouraged an `` active analysis '', in which the sequence of dramatic situations are improvised. `` The best analysis of a play '', Stanislavski argued, `` is to take action in the given circumstances. '' The transmission of the earliest phase of Stanislavski 's work via the students of the First Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre ( MAT ) revolutionized acting in the West. When the MAT toured the US in the early 1920s, the young Lee Strasberg saw all of their productions and was deeply impressed by their ensemble performances. At that time, Richard Boleslavsky, one of Stanislavski 's students from the First Studio, presented a series of lectures on the `` system '' that were eventually published as Acting : The First Six Lessons ( 1933 ). The interest generated led to a decision by Boleslavsky and Maria Ouspenskaya ( another student at the First Studio ) to emigrate to the US and to establish the American Laboratory Theatre. The version of Stanislavski 's practice that travelled to the US with them was that developed in the 1910s, rather than the more fully elaborated version of the `` system '' detailed in Stanislavski 's acting manuals from the 1930s, An Actor 's Work and An Actor 's Work on a Role. The first half of An Actor 's Work, which treated the psychological elements of training, was published in a heavily abridged and misleadingly translated version in the US as An Actor Prepares in 1936. English - language readers often confused the first volume on psychological processes with the `` system '' as a whole. Many of the American practitioners who came to be identified with the Method were taught by Boleslavsky and Ouspenskaya at the American Laboratory Theatre. The approaches to acting subsequently developed by their students -- including Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and Sanford Meisner -- are often confused with Stanislavski 's `` system ''. Strasberg 's adaptation relied exclusively on psychological techniques and contrasted sharply with Stanislavski 's multivariate, holistic and psychophysical approach, which explores character and action both from the `` inside out '' and the `` outside in ''. As well as Stanislavski 's early work, the ideas and techniques of his student Yevgeny Vakhtangov ( who had died in 1922 at the age of 39 ) were also an important influence on the development of the Method. Vakhtangov 's `` object exercises '' were developed further by Uta Hagen as a means for actor training and the maintenance of skills. Strasberg attributed to Vakhtangov the distinction between Stanislavski 's process of `` justifying '' behaviour with the inner motive forces that prompt that behaviour in the character and `` motivating '' behaviour with imagined or recalled experiences relating to the actor and substituted for those relating to the character. Following this distinction, actors ask themselves `` What would motivate me, the actor, to behave in the way the character does ? '' rather than the more Stanislavskian question `` Given the particular circumstances of the play, how would I behave, what would I do, how would I feel, how would I react ? '' Emotion and imagination Among the concepts and techniques of method acting are substitution, `` as if '', sense memory, affective memory, and animal work ( all of which were first developed by Stanislavski ). Contemporary method actors sometimes seek help from psychologists in the development of their roles. In Strasberg 's approach, actors make use of experiences from their own lives to bring them closer to the experience of their characters. This technique, which Stanislavski came to call emotion memory ( Strasberg tends to use the alternative formulation, `` affective memory '' ), involves the recall of sensations involved in experiences that made a significant emotional impact on the actor. Without faking or forcing, actors allow those sensations to stimulate a response and try not to inhibit themselves. Every afternoon for five weeks during the summer of 1934 in Paris, Stanislavski worked with the American actress Stella Adler, who had sought his assistance with the blocks she had confronted in her performances. Given the emphasis that emotion memory had received in New York, Adler was surprised to find that Stanislavski rejected the technique except as a last resort. Under the influence of Richard Boleslavsky, emotion memory had become a central feature of Strasberg 's training at the Group Theatre in New York. In contrast, Stanislavski recommended to Stella Adler an indirect pathway to emotional expression via physical action. In his biography of Stanislavski, Jean Benedetti writes : `` It has been suggested that Stanislavski deliberately played down the emotional aspects of acting because the woman in front of him was already over-emotional. The evidence is against this. What Stanislavski told Stella Adler was exactly what he had been telling his actors at home, what indeed he had advocated in his notes for Leonidov in the production plan for Othello. '' Stanislavski confirmed this emphasis in his discussions with Harold Clurman in late 1935. The news that this was Stanislavski 's approach would have significant repercussions in the US ; Strasberg angrily rejected it and refused to modify his approach. In training, as distinct from rehearsal process, the recall of sensations to provoke emotional experience and the development of a vividly imagined fictional experience remained a central part both of Stanislavski 's and the various Method - based approaches that developed out of it. A widespread misconception about method acting -- particularly in the popular media -- equates method actors with actors who choose to remain in character even offstage or off - camera for the duration of a project. In his book A Dream of Passion, Strasberg wrote that Stanislavski, early in his directing career, `` require ( d ) his actors to live ' in character ' off stage '', but that `` the results were never fully satisfactory ''. Stanislavski did experiment with this approach in his own acting before he became a professional actor and founded the Moscow Art Theatre, though he soon abandoned it. Some method actors employ this technique, such as Daniel Day - Lewis, but Strasberg did not include it as part of his teachings and it `` is not part of the Method approach ''. Strasberg 's students included many prominent American actors of the latter half of the 20th century, including Paul Newman, Al Pacino, George Peppard, Dustin Hoffman, James Dean, Jared Leto, Marilyn Monroe, Jane Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Mickey Rourke, among others. Criticism of Strasberg 's approach Some American acting teachers inspired by Stanislavski broke off with Strasberg, believing his method was not an authentic adaptation of Stanislavski 's system. Sanford Meisner, another Group Theatre pioneer, believed the method was far too focused on the internal workings of the actor, and that acting should be `` outside in '' rather than `` inside out ''. His ideas came to be called the Meisner technique. He advocated actors fully immersing themselves `` in the moment '' and concentrating on their partner ( what Stanislavski called `` communication '' and `` adaptation '' ). Meisner taught actors to achieve spontaneity by understanding the given circumstances of the scene. He designed interpersonal exercises to help actors invest emotionally in the scene, freeing them to react `` honestly '' as the character. Meisner described acting as `` living truthfully under imaginary circumstances ''. Robert Lewis also broke with Strasberg. In his books Method -- or Madness ? and the more autobiographical Slings and Arrows, Lewis argued that method acting was too focused on pure emotional training and neglected vocal and physical training, which forms a fundamental part both of classical actor - training and of Stanislavski 's system. The method 's reliance on emotion, he felt, could too easily encourage overacting. Stella Adler, an actress and acting teacher whose students included Marlon Brando, Warren Beatty, and Robert De Niro, also broke with Strasberg after she studied with Stanislavski, by which time he had modified many of his earliest ideas. Her version of the method is based on the idea that actors should stimulate emotional experience by imagining the scene 's `` given circumstances '', rather than recalling experiences from their own lives. Adler 's approach also seeks to stimulate the actor 's imagination through the use of `` as ifs '', which substitute more personally affecting imagined situations for the circumstances experienced by the character. Adler argued that `` drawing on personal experience alone was too limited. Brando himself claimed he never studied with Strasberg and never liked him for being so selfish and ambitious. Brando was a student of Stella Adler 's, and in his book, he claimed to have abhorred Lee Strasberg 's teachings and praised Adler for her work. The charge that Strasberg 's method distorted Stanislavski 's system has been responsible for a considerable revivalist interest in Stanislavski 's `` pure '' teachings. As the use of the Method has declined considerably from its peak in the mid-20th century, acting teachers claiming to teach Stanislavski 's unadulterated system are becoming more numerous. Alfred Hitchcock described his work with Montgomery Clift in I Confess as difficult `` because you know, he was a method actor ''. He recalled similar problems with Paul Newman in Torn Curtain. Lillian Gish quipped : `` It 's ridiculous. How would you portray death if you had to experience it first ? '' Charles Laughton, who worked closely for a time with Bertolt Brecht, argued that `` Method actors give you a photograph '', while `` real actors give you an oil painting. '' Jason Robards was another critic of Method techniques, in general. `` I do n't want actors reasoning with me about ' motivation, ' '' he is reported to have said, suggesting instead that actors should simply `` learn ( their ) lines and ( not ) bump into each other. '' Indian cinema In Indian cinema, a form of method acting was developed independently from American cinema. Dilip Kumar, a Hindi cinema actor who debuted in the 1940s and eventually became one of the biggest Indian movie stars of the 1950s and 1960s, was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Kumar inspired many future Indian actors, from Amitabh Bachchan and Naseeruddin Shah to Shah Rukh Khan to Nawazuddin Siddiqui. Kumar, who pioneered his own form of method acting without any acting school experience, was described as `` the ultimate method actor '' ( natural actor ) by the famous filmmaker Satyajit Ray. See also List of acting techniques Notes Jump up ^ Blum ( 1984, 63 ) and Hayward ( 1996, 216 ). ^ Jump up to : Krasner ( 2000b, 129 ). ^ Jump up to : Krasner ( 2000b, 130 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1989, 5 -- 11, 15, 18 ) and ( 1999b, 254 ), Braun ( 1982, 59 ), Carnicke ( 2000, 13, 16, 29 ), Counsell ( 1996, 24 ), Gordon ( 2006, 38, 40 -- 41 ), and Innes ( 2000, 53 -- 54 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 201 ), Carnicke ( 2000, 17 ), and Stanislavski ( 1938, 16 -- 36 ). Stanislavski 's `` art of representation '' corresponds to Mikhail Shchepkin 's `` actor of reason '' and his `` art of experiencing '' corresponds to Shchepkin 's `` actor of feeling '' ; see Benedetti ( 1999a, 202 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 170 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 182 -- 183 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 325, 360 ) and ( 2005, 121 ) and Roach ( 1985, 197 -- 198, 205, 211 -- 215 ). The term `` Method of Physical Action '' was applied to this rehearsal process after Stanislavski 's death. Benedetti indicates that though Stanislavski had developed it since 1916, he first explored it practically in the early 1930s ; see ( 1998, 104 ) and ( 1999a, 356, 358 ). Gordon argues the shift in working - method happened during the 1920s ( 2006, 49 -- 55 ). Vasili Toporkov, an actor who trained under Stanislavski in this approach, provides in his Stanislavski in Rehearsal ( 2004 ) a detailed account of the Method of Physical Action at work in Stanislavski 's rehearsals. Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 355 -- 256 ), Carnicke ( 2000, 32 -- 33 ), Leach ( 2004, 29 ), Magarshack ( 1950, 373 -- 375 ), and Whyman ( 2008, 242 ). Jump up ^ Quoted by Carnicke ( 1998, 156 ). Stanislavski continues : `` For in the process of action the actor gradually obtains the mastery over the inner incentives of the actions of the character he is representing, evoking in himself the emotions and thoughts which resulted in those actions. In such a case, an actor not only understands his part, but also feels it, and that is the most important thing in creative work on the stage '' ; quoted by Magarshack ( 1950, 375 ). Jump up ^ Carnicke ( 1998, 1, 167 ) and ( 2000, 14 ), Counsell ( 1996, 24 -- 25 ), Golub ( 1998, 1032 ), Gordon ( 2006, 71 -- 72 ), Leach ( 2004, 29 ), and Milling and Ley ( 2001, 1 -- 2 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 286 ) and Blum ( 1984, 22 ). Strasberg was 22 at the time. Jump up ^ Boleslavsky had been able to extend his visa thanks to an invitation from Stanislavski to act as an assistant director to the company. Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 283, 286 ) and Gordon ( 2006, 71 -- 72 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 332 ). Jump up ^ Krasner ( 2000b, 129 -- 130 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 2005, 147 -- 148 ) and Carnicke ( 1998, 1, 8 ). Not only actors are subject to this confusion ; Lee Strasberg 's obituary in The New York Times credited Stanislavski with the invention of the Method : `` Mr. Strasberg adapted it to the American theatre, imposing his refinements, but always crediting Stanislavsky as his source '' ( Quoted by Carnicke 1998, 9 ) ; see Gussow ( 1982 ). Carnicke argues that this `` robs Strasberg of the originality in his thinking, while simultaneously obscuring Stanislavsky 's ideas '' ( 1997, 9 ). In a note from 1913 Stanislavski wrote that a character `` is sometimes formed psychologically, i.e. from the inner image of the role, but at other times it is discovered through purely external exploration '' ; quoted by Benedetti ( 1999a, 216 ). Neither the tradition that formed in the USSR nor the American Method, Carnicke argues, `` integrated the mind and body of the actor, the corporal and the spiritual, the text and the performance as thoroughly or as insistently as did Stanislavsky himself '' ( 1998, 2 ). For evidence of Strasberg 's misunderstanding of this aspect of Stanislavski 's work, see Strasberg ( 2010, 150 -- 151 ). Jump up ^ Carnicke ( 2009, 221 ). Jump up ^ Kase ( 2011, 125 ) and Hull ( 1985, 10 ). ^ Jump up to : Benedetti ( 1999a, 351 ) and Gordon ( 2006, 74 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 351 -- 352 ). Jump up ^ Strasberg ( 1988, 44 ). Jump up ^ Benedetti ( 1999a, 18 -- 19 ) and Magarshack ( 1950, 25, 33 -- 34 ). He would disguise himself as a tramp or drunk and visit the railway station, or as a fortune - telling gypsy. As Benedetti explains, however, Stanislavski soon abandoned the technique of maintaining a characterisation in real life ; it does not form a part of his `` system ''. Jump up ^ Skog ( 2010, 16 ). Jump up ^ Gussow ( 1982 ). Jump up ^ Meisner ( 1987, 15, 136 ). Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003, 193 ). Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2011 ). Jump up ^ Abramson ( 2015, 135 ). Jump up ^ Flom ( 2009, 241 ). Jump up ^ French ( 2008 ). Jump up ^ `` JASON ROBARDS DEAD Oscar - winning actor star of stage, screen ''. Jump up ^ Before Brando, There Was Dilip Kumar, The Quint, December 11, 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Even actors of today have influences of Dilip Kumar ' ''. Rediff. 11 November 2012. Jump up ^ Kumar, Dilip ( 2014 ). Dilip Kumar : The Substance and the Shadow. Hay House. p. 12. ISBN 9789381398968. Jump up ^ `` Unmatched innings ''. The Hindu. 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2015. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Sources Primary sources Adler, Stella. 2000. The Art of Acting. Ed. Howard Kissel. New York : Applause. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 373 - 0. Adler, Stella. 1990. The Technique of Acting. New York : Bantam. ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 34932 - 0. Hagen, Uta and Haskel Frankel. 1973. Respect for Acting. New York : Macmillan. ISBN 0 - 02 - 547390 - 5. Hagen, Uta. 1991. A Challenge for the Actor. New York : Scribner. ISBN 0 - 684 - 19040 - 0. Meisner, Sanford, and Dennis Longwell. 1987. Sanford Meisner on Acting. New York : Vintage. ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 75059 - 0. Stanislavski, Konstantin. 1936. An Actor Prepares. London : Methuen, 1988. ISBN 0 - 413 - 46190 - 4. Stanislavski, Konstantin. 1938. An Actor 's Work : A Student 's Diary. Trans. and ed. Jean Benedetti. London and New York : Routledge, 2008. ISBN 0 - 415 - 42223 - X. Stanislavski, Konstantin. 1957. An Actor 's Work on a Role. Trans. and ed. Jean Benedetti. London and New York : Routledge, 2010. ISBN 0 - 415 - 46129 - 4. Strasberg, Lee. 1965. Strasberg at the Actors Studio : Tape - Recorded Sessions. Ed. Robert H. Hethmon. New York : Theater Communications Group. Strasberg, Lee. 1987. A Dream of Passion : The Development of the Method. Ed. Evangeline Morphos. New York : Plume, 1988. ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26198 - 3. Strasberg, Lee. 2010. The Lee Strasberg Notes. Ed. Lola Cohen. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 55186 - 1. Secondary sources Abramson, Leslie H. 2015. Hitchcock and the Anxiety of Authorship... New York : Palgrave. ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 30970 - 9. Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge : Cambridge UP. ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8. Benedetti, Jean. 1989. Stanislavski : An Introduction. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1982. London : Methuen. ISBN 0 - 413 - 50030 - 6. Benedetti, Jean. 1998. Stanislavski and the Actor. London : Methuen. ISBN 0 - 413 - 71160 - 9. Benedetti, Jean. 1999a. Stanislavski : His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London : Methuen. ISBN 0 - 413 - 52520 - 1. Benedetti, Jean. 1999b. `` Stanislavsky and the Moscow Art Theatre, 1898 -- 1938 ''. In Leach and Borovsky ( 1999, 254 -- 277 ). Blum, Richard A. 1984. American Film Acting : The Stanislavski Heritage. Studies in Cinema 28. Ann Arbor, MI : UMI Press. Braun, Edward. 1982. `` Stanislavsky and Chekhov ''. The Director and the Stage : From Naturalism to Grotowski. London : Methuen. ISBN 0 - 413 - 46300 - 1. p. 59 -- 76. Carnicke, Sharon M. 1998. Stanislavsky in Focus. Russian Theatre Archive Ser. London : Harwood Academic Publishers. ISBN 90 - 5755 - 070 - 9. Carnicke, Sharon M. 2000. `` Stanislavsky 's System : Pathways for the Actor ''. In Hodge ( 2000, 11 -- 36 ). Carnicke, Sharon M. 2009. Stanislavsky in Focus : An Acting Master for the Twenty - First Century. 2nd ed. of Carnicke ( 1998 ). Routledge Theatre Classics. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77497 - 0. Counsell, Colin. 1996. Signs of Performance : An Introduction to Twentieth - Century Theatre. London and New York : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 10643 - 5. 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The Purpose of Playing : Modern Acting Theories in Perspective. Ann Arbor : U of Michigan P. ISBN 0 - 472 - 06887 - 3. Gussow, Mel. 1982. `` Obituary : Lee Strasberg of Actors Studio Dead ''. The New York Times 18 February 1982. Web. Accessed 4 March 2014. Hayward, Susan. 1996. Key Concepts in Cinema Studies. Key Concepts ser. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10719 - 8. Hodge, Alison, ed. 2000. Twentieth - Century Actor Training. London and New York : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 19452 - 0. Hull, S. Loraine. 1985. Strasberg 's Method as Taught by Lorrie Hull. Woodbridge, CN : Ox Bow. ISBN 0 - 918024 - 39 - 0. Innes, Christopher, ed. 2000. A Sourcebook on Naturalist Theatre. London and New York : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 15229 - 1. Kase, Larina. 2011. Clients, Clients, and More Clients ! : Create an Endless Stream of New Business with the Power of Psychology. New York : McGraw -- Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 177100 - X. Krasner, David, ed. 2000a. 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GND : 4387628 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Method_acting&oldid=852591373 '' Categories : Acting techniques Theatre 1933 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 01 : 49 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: the man credited with founding the method and thus the father of modern acting is
Answer: Konstantin Stanislavski