Mobile phone radiation and health - wikipedia Mobile phone radiation and health A man speaking on a mobile telephone Part of a series on Antennas Common types Dipole Fractal Loop Monopole Satellite dish Television Whip Components Balun Block upconverter Coaxial cable Counterpoise ( ground system ) Feed Feed line Low - noise block downconverter Passive radiator Receiver Rotator Stub Transmitter Tuner Twin - lead Systems Antenna farm Amateur radio Cellular network Hotspot Municipal wireless network Radio Radio masts and towers Wi - Fi Wireless Safety and regulation Mobile phone radiation and health Wireless electronic devices and health International Telecommunication Union ( Radio Regulations ) World Radiocommunication Conference Radiation sources / regions Boresight Focal cloud Ground plane Main lobe Near and far field Side lobe Vertical plane Characteristics Array gain Directivity Efficiency Electrical length Equivalent radius Factor Friis transmission equation Gain Height Radiation pattern Radiation resistance Radio propagation Radio spectrum Signal - to - noise ratio Spurious emission Techniques Beam steering Beam tilt Beamforming Bell Laboratories Layered Space - Time ( BLAST ) Multiple - input multiple - output ( MIMO ) Reconfiguration Spread spectrum Wideband Space Division Multiple Access ( WSDMA ) The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest and study worldwide, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. As of 2015, there were 7.4 billion subscriptions worldwide, though the actual number of users is lower as many users own more than one mobile phone. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range ( 450 -- 3800 MHz and 24 - 80GHz in 5G mobile ). Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation. The World Health Organization states that `` A large number of studies have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use. '' Contents 1 Effects studied 1.1 Blood -- brain barrier 1.2 Cancer 1.3 Male fertility 1.4 Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 1.5 Glucose metabolism 2 Base stations 3 Safety standards and licensing 4 Lawsuits 5 Precautions 5.1 Precautionary principle 5.2 Precautionary measures and health advisories 5.3 Bogus products 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Effects studied See also : Wireless electronic devices and health and Electromagnetic radiation and health Blood -- brain barrier A 2010 review stated that `` The balance of experimental evidence does not support an effect of ' non-thermal ' radiofrequency fields '' on the permeability of the blood - brain barrier, but noted that research on low frequency effects and effects in humans was sparse. A 2012 study of low - frequency radiation on humans found `` no evidence for acute effects of short - term mobile phone radiation on cerebral blood flow ''. Cancer See also : Non-ionizing radiation There is no strong or consistent evidence that mobile phone use increases the risk of getting brain cancer or other head tumors. The United States National Cancer Institute points out that `` Radiofrequency energy, unlike ionizing radiation, does not cause DNA damage that can lead to cancer. Its only consistently observed biological effect in humans is tissue heating. In animal studies, it has not been found to cause cancer or to enhance the cancer - causing effects of known chemical carcinogens. '' The majority of human studies have failed to find a link between cell phone use and cancer. In 2011 a World Health Organization working group classified cell phone use as `` possibly carcinogenic to humans ''. The CDC states that no scientific evidence definitively answers whether cell phone use causes cancer. In a 2018 statement, the FDA said that `` the current safety limits are set to include a 50-fold safety margin from observed effects of radiofrequency energy exposure ''. Male fertility A decline in male sperm quality has been observed over several decades. Studies on the impact of mobile radiation on male fertility are conflicting, and the effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation ( RF - EMR ) emitted by these devices on the reproductive systems are currently under active debate. A 2012 review concluded that `` together, the results of these studies have shown that RF - EMR decreases sperm count and motility and increases oxidative stress ''. A 2017 study of 153 men that attended an academic fertility clinic in Boston, Massachusetts found that self - reported mobile phone use was not related to semen quality, and that carrying a mobile phone in the pants pocket was not related to semen quality. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Main article : Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Some users of mobile phones and similar devices have reported feeling various non-specific symptoms during and after use. Studies have failed to link any of these symptoms to electromagnetic exposure. In addition, EHS is not a recognised medical diagnosis. Glucose metabolism According to the National Cancer Institute, two small studies exploring whether and how cell phone radiation affects brain glucose metabolism showed inconsistent results. Base stations A Greenfield - type tower used in base stations for mobile telephony Experts consulted by France considered it was mandatory that the main antenna axis should not to be directly in front of a living place at a distance shorter than 100 metres. This recommendation was modified in 2003 to say that antennas located within a 100 - metre radius of primary schools or childcare facilities should be better integrated into the cityscape and was not included in a 2005 expert report. The Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale ( fr ) as of 2009, says that there is no demonstrated short - term effect of electromagnetic fields on health, but that there are open questions for long - term effects, and that it is easy to reduce exposure via technological improvements. Safety standards and licensing In order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value. There are many proposed national and international standards, but that of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ( ICNIRP ) is the most respected one, and has been adopted so far by more than 80 countries. For radio stations, ICNIRP proposes two safety levels : one for occupational exposure, another one for the general population. Currently there are efforts underway to harmonise the different standards in existence. Radio base licensing procedures have been established in the majority of urban spaces regulated either at municipal / county, provincial / state or national level. Mobile telephone service providers are, in many regions, required to obtain construction licenses, provide certification of antenna emission levels and assure compliance to ICNIRP standards and / or to other environmental legislation. Many governmental bodies also require that competing telecommunication companies try to achieve sharing of towers so as to decrease environmental and cosmetic impact. This issue is an influential factor of rejection of installation of new antennas and towers in communities. The safety standards in the US are set by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ). The FCC has based its standards primarily on those standards established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ), specifically Subcommittee 4 of the `` International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety ''. Switzerland has set safety limits lower than the ICNIRP limits for certain `` sensitive areas '' ( classrooms, for example ). Lawsuits In the US, a small number of personal injury lawsuits have been filed by individuals against cellphone manufacturers ( including Motorola, NEC, Siemens, and Nokia ) on the basis of allegations of causation of brain cancer and death. In US federal courts, expert testimony relating to science must be first evaluated by a judge, in a Daubert hearing, to be relevant and valid before it is admissible as evidence. In a 2002 case against Motorola, the plaintiffs alleged that the use of wireless handheld telephones could cause brain cancer and that the use of Motorola phones caused one plaintiff 's cancer. The judge ruled that no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation was proffered by the plaintiffs, accepted a motion to exclude the testimony of the plaintiffs ' experts, and denied a motion to exclude the testimony of the defendants ' experts. Two separate cases in Italy, in 2009 and 2017, resulted in pensions being awarded to plaintiffs who had claimed their benign brain tumors were the result of prolonged mobile phone use in professional tasks, for 5 -- 6 hours a day, which they ruled different from non-professional use. Precautions Precautionary principle In 2000, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommended that the precautionary principle could be voluntarily adopted in this case. It follows the recommendations of the European Community for environmental risks. According to the WHO, the `` precautionary principle '' is `` a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to take action for a potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research. '' Other less stringent recommended approaches are prudent avoidance principle and as low as reasonably practicable. Although all of these are problematic in application, due to the widespread use and economic importance of wireless telecommunication systems in modern civilization, there is an increased popularity of such measures in the general public, though also evidence that such approaches may increase concern. They involve recommendations such as the minimization of cellphone usage, the limitation of use by at - risk population ( such as children ), the adoption of cellphones and microcells with as low as reasonably practicable levels of radiation, the wider use of hands - free and earphone technologies such as Bluetooth headsets, the adoption of maximal standards of exposure, RF field intensity and distance of base stations antennas from human habitations, and so forth. Overall, public information remains a challenge as various health consequences are evoked in the literature and by the media, putting populations under chronic exposure to potentially worrying information. Precautionary measures and health advisories In May 2011, the World Health Organisation 's International Agency for Research on Cancer announced it was classifying electromagnetic fields from mobile phones and other sources as `` possibly carcinogenic to humans '' and advised the public to adopt safety measures to reduce exposure, like use of hands - free devices or texting. Some national radiation advisory authorities, including those of Austria, France, Germany, and Sweden, have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens. Examples of the recommendations are : Use hands - free to decrease the radiation to the head. Keep the mobile phone away from the body. Do not use telephone in a car without an external antenna. The use of `` hands - free '' was not recommended by the British Consumers ' Association in a statement in November 2000, as they believed that exposure was increased. However, measurements for the ( then ) UK Department of Trade and Industry and others for the French Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale ( fr ) showed substantial reductions. In 2005, Professor Lawrie Challis and others said clipping a ferrite bead onto hands - free kits stops the radio waves travelling up the wire and into the head. Several nations have advised moderate use of mobile phones for children. A journal by Gandhi et al. in 2006 states that children receive higher levels of Specific Absorption Rate ( SAR ). When 5 - and 10 - year olds are compared to adults, they receive about 153 % higher SAR levels. Also, with the permittivity of the brain decreasing as one gets older and the higher relative volume of the exposed growing brain in children, radiation penetrates far beyond the mid-brain. Bogus products Products have been advertised that claim to shield people from EM radiation from cell phones ; in the US the Federal Trade Commission published a warning that `` Scam artists follow the headlines to promote products that play off the news -- and prey on concerned people. According to the FTC, there is no scientific proof that so - called shields significantly reduce exposure from electromagnetic emissions. Products that block only the earpiece -- or another small portion of the phone -- are totally ineffective because the entire phone emits electromagnetic waves. Such shields `` may interfere with the phone 's signal, cause it to draw even more power to communicate with the base station, and possibly emit more radiation. '' The FTC has enforced false advertising claims against companies that sell such products. See also Bioelectromagnetism BioInitiative Report COSMOS cohort study Microwave News Possible health effects of body scanners Radiation biology References Jump up ^ http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2015/mobility-report/ericsson-mobility-report-nov-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetic fields and public health : mobile phones ''. WHO. Retrieved 19 January 2018. Jump up ^ Stam R ( 2010 ). `` Electromagnetic fields and the blood - brain barrier ''. Brain Research Reviews ( Review ). 65 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 97. doi : 10.1016 / j. brainresrev. 2010.06. 001. PMID 20550949. ^ Jump up to : What has research shown about the possible cancer - causing effects of radiofrequency energy ?, United States National Cancer Institute Jump up ^ Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Kännälä S ; et al. ( 2012 ). `` No effects of short - term GSM mobile phone radiation on cerebral blood flow measured using positron emission tomography ''. Bioelectromagnetics. 33 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 56. doi : 10.1002 / bem. 20702. 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Jump up ^ `` Press Announcements - Statement from Jeffrey Shuren, M.D., J.D., director of the FDA 's Center for Devices and Radiological Health on the recent National Toxicology Program draft report on radiofrequency energy exposure ''. www.fda.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/29/infertility-crisis-sperm-counts-halved Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/25/health/sperm-counts-declining-study/index.html Jump up ^ Sengupta Pallav, Dutta Sulagna, Krajewska - Kulak Elzbieta ( 2016 ). `` The Disappearing Sperms : Analysis of Reports Published Between 1980 and 2015 ''. American Journal of Men 's Health. 11 : 1279 -- 1304. doi : 10.1177 / 1557988316643383. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/10343 Jump up ^ De Iuliis Geoffry N ( 2009 ). `` Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa In Vitro ''. 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Jump up ^ http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 page 37 Jump up ^ Téléphonie mobile et santé, Rapport à l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, 21 March 2003 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 Jump up ^ Téléphonie mobile et santé, Rapport du groupe d'experts, l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, April 2005 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 Jump up ^ `` Radiofréquences : actualisation de l'expertise ( 2009 ) '', l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, April 2005 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 Jump up ^ `` International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection home page ''. Retrieved 7 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Anforderungen nach NISV : Mobilfunkanlagen '' ( Specifications of the Regulation on Non-Ionizing Radiation : Mobile Telephone Installations ) ( in German ). Bundesamt für Umwelt ( Swiss Federal Environment Ministry ). 13 March 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2010. Jump up ^ Wright v. Motorola, Inc. et al., No95 - L - 04929 Jump up ^ Christopher Newman, et al. v Motorola, Inc., et al. ( United States District Court for the District of Maryland ) ( `` Because no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation has been proffered by the plaintiffs, as explained below, the defendants ' motion will be granted and the plaintiffs ' motion will be denied. '' ). Text Jump up ^ `` Tumore e telefonini, il testo della sentenza n. 17438 della Cassazione '' ( Tumor and cell phones, the text of the judgment n. 17438 of the Supreme Court ). www.leggioggi.it ( in Italian ). 19 October 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Italy court ruling links mobile phone use to tumour ''. Reuters. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Italian court rules mobile phone use caused brain tumour ''. The Guardian. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017 -- via Agence France - Presse. Jump up ^ `` Cancer Linked to Cellphone Use, Italian Court Rules in Landmark Case ''. Newsweek. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health : Cautionary Policies ''. World Health Organization Backgrounder. World Health Organization. March 2000. Retrieved 1 February 2008. Jump up ^ Wiedemann ; et al. ( 2006 ). `` The Impacts of Precautionary Measures and the Disclosure of Scientific Uncertainty on EMF Risk Perception and Trust ''. Journal of Risk Research. 9 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 372. doi : 10.1080 / 13669870600802111. Jump up ^ Poumadère M. ; Perrin A. ( 2013 ). `` Risk Assessment of Radiofrequencies and Public Information ''. Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response. 3 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12. doi : 10.2991 / jrarc. 2013.3. 1.1. Jump up ^ `` Information : Wie gefährlich sind Handystrahlen wirklich ? '' ( in German ). Marktgemeinde Pressbaum. Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 02. Retrieved 16 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Téléphones mobiles : santé et sécurité '' ( in French ). Le ministère de la santé, de la jeunesse et des sports. 2 January 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008. Lay article in ( in English ) making comment at Gitlin, Jonathan M. ( 3 January 2008 ). `` France : Beware excessive cell phone use ? : despite lack of data ''. Ars Technica. Retrieved 19 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Precaution regarding electromagnetic fields ''. Federal Office for Radiation Protection. 7 December 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Exponering '' ( in Swedish ). Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. February 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` UK consumer group : Hands - free phone kits boost radiation exposure ''. cnn.com. Cable News Network. 2 November 2000. Retrieved 19 January 2008. Jump up ^ Manning, MI and Gabriel, CHB, SAR tests on mobile phones used with and without personal hands - free kits, SARtest Report 0083 for the DTI, July 2000 ( PDF ) at http://straff-x.com/SAR-Hands-Free-Kits-July-2000.pdf Jump up ^ Téléphonie mobile & santé, Report for l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale ( Afsse ), June 2005 at http://www.afsse.fr/index.php?pageid=671&parentid=619# Jump up ^ `` Bead ' slashes mobile radiation ' ''. BBC News. 25 January 2005. Retrieved 17 March 2009. Jump up ^ For example, Finland `` Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority : Children 's mobile phone use should be limited ''. Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority ( STUK ). 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010. and France `` Téléphone mobile, DAS et santé '' ( Mobile telephones, SAR and health ) ( PDF ). Votre enfant et le téléphone mobile ( Your child and mobile telephony ). Association Française des Opérateurs Mobiles ( AFOM ) ( French Mobile Phone Operators ' Association ) et l'Union Nationale des Associations Familiales ( UNAF ) ( National Federation of Family Associations ). 31 January 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2010. Jump up ^ Gandhi, Om P. ; Morgan, L. Lloyd ; de Salles, Alvaro Augusto ; Han, Yueh - Ying ; Herberman, Ronald B. ; Davis, Devra Lee ( 14 October 2011 ). `` Exposure Limits : The underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children ''. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 31 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 51. doi : 10.3109 / 15368378.2011. 622827. ISSN 1536 - 8378. Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Cell Phone Radiation Scams ''. Federal Trade Commission. September 2011. Jump up ^ Fair, Lesley ( March 1, 2008 ). `` Federal Trade Commission Advertising Enforcement '' ( PDF ). Federal Trade Commission. pp. 18 -- 19. External links Summary and full text of `` Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields ( EMF ) on Human Health '', the 2007 scientific assessment of the European Commission 's SCENIHR ( Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks ). WHO International EMF Program Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones ( IEGMP ), UK FDA Cell Phone Facts FCC Radio Frequency Safety Medline Plus, by US National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) GSM Association : Health Public health and electromagnetic fields : Overview of European Commission activities The secret inside your cellphone -- Marketplace ( TV series ) -- YouTube ( 22 : 28 ) hide Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Starlight Sunlight Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Soft radiation Hard radiation Radioactive decay Cluster decay Background radiation Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Cosmic ray Neutron radiation Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's energy budget Electromagnetic radiation Synchrotron radiation Thermal radiation Black - body radiation Particle radiation Gravitational Radiation Cosmic background radiation Cherenkov radiation Askaryan radiation Bremsstrahlung Unruh radiation Dark radiation Radiation and health Radiation syndrome acute chronic Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects, Radioactivity, Radiobiology, and Radiation protection. hide Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS RCS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G GND : 4331113 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health&oldid=846048746 '' Categories : Public health Radiobiology Mobile telecommunications Wireless Environmental health Medical physics Environmental controversies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. 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Question: where does radiation come from in a cell phone
Answer: the entire phone