Government - wikipedia Government This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 14 November 2017. For government in linguistics, see Government ( linguistics ). For the group of people that exercises executive authority in a state, see Administration ( government ) and Ministry ( collective executive ). Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Semi others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Military junta Plutocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Theocracy Kritarchy Particracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Illiberal democracy Semi-authoritarian Dictatorship Hybrids Anocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertarian socio - economic ideologies Capitalism Colonialism Communism Distributism Feudalism Socialism Anarchism vs. statism civil - liberties ideologies Anarchy Minarchy Totalitarianism Global vs. local geo - cultural ideologies Central City - state National unity World Politics portal Part of a series on Politics Primary topics Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems Anarchy City - state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directory Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators, and arbitrators. Government is a means by which state policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining the policy. While all types of organizations have governance, the word government is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments on Earth, as well as subsidiary organizations. Historically prevalent forms of government include aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Contents 1 Definitions and etymology 2 History 3 Political science 3.1 Classifying government 3.2 Social - political ambiguity 3.3 The dialectical forms of government 3.4 Etymology 4 Forms of government 4.1 Republics 4.2 Federalism 4.3 By significant constitutional attributes 5 Economic systems 6 Regional autonomy 7 Maps 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Definitions and Etymology A government is the system to govern a state or community. The word government derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb κυβερνάω ( kubernáo ) ( meaning to steer with gubernaculum ( rudder ), the metaphorical sense being attested in Plato 's Ship of State ). The Columbia Encyclopedia defines government as `` a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society ''. While all types of organizations have governance, the word government is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments on Earth, as well as their subsidiary organizations. In the Commonwealth of Nations, the word government is also used more narrowly to refer to the ministry ( collective executive ), a collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state or, metonymically, to the governing cabinet as part of the executive. Finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance. History Main articles : Political history of the world and Political philosophy The moment and place that the phenomenon of human government developed is lost in time ; however, history does record the formations of early governments. About 5,000 years ago, the first small city - states appeared. By the third to second millenniums BC, some of these had developed into larger governed areas : Sumer, Ancient Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization, and the Yellow River Civilization. The development of agriculture and water control projects were a catalyst for the development of governments. For many thousands of years when people were hunter - gatherers and small scale farmers, humans lived in small, non-hierarchical and self - sufficient communities. On occasion a chief of a tribe was elected by various rituals or tests of strength to govern his tribe, sometimes with a group of elder tribesmen as a council. The human ability to precisely communicate abstract, learned information allowed humans to become ever more effective at agriculture, and that allowed for ever increasing population densities. David Christian explains how this resulted in states with laws and governments : As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased and the social pressure rose until, in a striking parallel with star formation, new structures suddenly appeared, together with a new level of complexity. Like stars, cities and states reorganize and energize the smaller objects within their gravitational field. -- David Christian, p. 245, Maps of Time Starting at the end of the 17th century, the prevalence of republican forms of government grew. The Glorious Revolution in England, the American revolution, and the French revolution contributed to the growth of representative forms of government. The Soviet Union was the first large country to have a Communist government. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, liberal democracy has become an even more prevalent form of government. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, there was a significant increase in the size and scale of government at the national level. This included the regulation of corporations and the development of the welfare state. Political science Classifying government In political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities, as typologies of political systems are not obvious. It is especially important in the political science fields of comparative politics and international relations. Like all categories discerned within forms of government, the boundaries of government classifications are either fluid or ill - defined. Superficially, all governments have a official form. The United States is a constitutional republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self - identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes can be tricky. For example, elections are a defining characteristic of an electoral democracy, but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not `` free and fair '' and took place in a one - party state. Voltaire argued that `` the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire ''. Many governments that officially call themselves a `` democratic republic '' are not democratic, nor a republic ; they are usually a dictatorship de facto. Communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term. For example, the official name of North Vietnam was `` The Democratic Republic of Vietnam ''. China uses a variant, `` The People 's Republic of China ''. Thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic. Identifying a form of government is also difficult because a large number of political systems originate as socio - economic movements and are then carried into governments by specific parties naming themselves after those movements ; all with competing political - ideologies. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. Other complications include general non-consensus or deliberate `` distortion or bias '' of reasonable technical definitions to political ideologies and associated forms of governing, due to the nature of politics in the modern era. For example : The meaning of `` conservatism '' in the United States has little in common with the way the word 's definition is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo notes, `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism ''. Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with the Republican Party. However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, and they played a key role in the Conservative Coalition that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963. Social - political ambiguity Every country in the world is ruled by a system of governance that combines at least three or more political or economic attributes. Additionally, opinions vary by individuals concerning the types and properties of governments that exist. `` Shades of gray '' are commonplace in any government and its corresponding classification. Even the most liberal democracies limit rival political activity to one extent or another while the most tyrannical dictatorships must organize a broad base of support thereby creating difficulties for `` pigeonholing '' governments into narrow categories. Examples include the claims of the United States as being a plutocracy rather than a democracy since some American voters believe elections are being manipulated by wealthy Super PACs. The dialectical forms of government Main article : Plato 's five regimes The Classical Greek philosopher Plato discusses five types of regimes : aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Plato also assigns a man to each of these regimes to illustrate what they stand for. The tyrannical man would represent tyranny for example. These five regimes progressively degenerate starting with aristocracy at the top and tyranny at the bottom. Etymology arch -, prefix derived from the Greek archon, ' rulership ', which means `` higher in hierarchy ''. The Greek word κράτος krátos, `` power '', which means `` right to lead '' is the suffix root in words like aristocrat and democracy. Forms of government For a more comprehensive list, see List of forms of government. Societies with aristocracy attributes are controlled and organised by a small class of privileged people, typically sharing some common trait. Societies with despotism attributes are ruled by a single entity with absolute power, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regular mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for implicit threat ). That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy. The word despotism means to `` rule in the fashion of despots ''. Countries with monarchy attributes are those where a family or group of families ( rarely another type of group ), called the royalty, represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical ( crowned republic ) to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) to completely despotic ( absolute monarchy ). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is inherited, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected. Rule by authoritarian governments is identified in societies where a specific set of people possess the authority of the state in a republic or union. It is a political system controlled by unelected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom. Rule by a totalitarian government is characterised by a highly centralised and coercive authority that regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. In a general sense, in a democracy, all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs. Also refer to the rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person 's wealth or race ( the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age ). A democratic government is, therefore, one supported ( at least at the time of the election ) by a majority of the populace ( provided the election was held fairly ). A `` majority '' may be defined in different ways. There are many `` power - sharing '' ( usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion ) or `` electoral - college '' or `` constituency '' systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one - vote - per - person headcount. In democracies, large proportions of the population may vote, either to make decisions or to choose representatives to make decisions. Commonly significant in democracies are political parties, which are groups of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed. Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems. Liberal democracy is a variant of democracy. It is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the protection of human rights and civil liberties for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world. A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms : it may be a republic, such as France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Taiwan, or the United States ; or a constitutional monarchy, such as Japan, Spain, or the United Kingdom. It may have a presidential system ( Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, or the United States ), a semi-presidential system ( France, Portugal, or Taiwan ), or a parliamentary system ( Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, India, Italy, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom ). Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled by a small group of segregated, powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations. These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several rulers. Some historical examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Some critics of representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy. The Athenian democracy used sortition to elect candidates, almost always male, Greek, educated citizens holding a minimum of land, wealth and status. A theocracy is rule by a religious elite ; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. The Vatican 's ( see Pope ), Iran 's ( see Supreme Leader ), Tibetan government 's ( see Dalai Lama ), Caliphates and other Islamic states are historically considered theocracies. Republics A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a `` public matter '' ( Latin : res publica ), not the private concern or property of the rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited. Term Definition Republic Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch. Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government. Constitutional Republic Rule by a government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution, and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace ( Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic, though most inhabitants were disenfranchised ). Republics that exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens ( by defining people without the vote as `` non-citizens '' ). Examples include the United States, South Africa, India, etc. Democratic republic A republic form of government where the country is considered a `` public matter '' ( Latin : res publica ), not a private concern or property of rulers / 3rd world, and where offices of states are subsequently, directly or indirectly, elected or appointed -- rather than inherited -- where all eligible citizens have an equal say in the local and national decisions that affect their lives. Parliamentary republic A republic, like Germany, India or Singapore, with an elected head of state, but where the head of state and head of government are kept separate with the head of government retaining most executive powers, or a head of state akin to a head of government, elected by a parliament. Federal republic A federal union of states or provinces with a republican form of government. Examples include United States, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, Russia, and Switzerland. Islamic Republic Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law. Examples include Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. Socialist republic Countries like China and Vietnam are meant to be governed for and by the people, but with no direct elections. The term People 's Republic is used to differentiate themselves from the earlier republic of their countries before the people 's revolution, like the Republic of China. Federalism This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( January 2013 ) Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant ( Latin : foedus, covenant ) with a governing representative head. The term `` federalism '' is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units ( such as states or provinces ). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial / state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists. Term Definition Federalism Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government. Examples include the Russian Federation, USSR, the United States, Mexico, Brazil and India. Federal monarchy A federal monarchy is a federation of states with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation. Modern examples include Malaysia and the UAE. Federal republic A federal union of states or provinces with a republican form of government. Examples include Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Germany, India, Russia, and Switzerland. By significant constitutional attributes Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types ; others are historically associated with certain types of government. Rule according to higher law ( unwritten ethical principles ) vs. written constitutionalism Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion Civilian control of the military vs. stratocracy Totalitarianism or authoritarianism vs. libertarianism Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. constitution or bill of rights with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights Androcracy ( patriarchy ) or gynarchy ( matriarchy ) vs. gender quotas, gender equality provision, or silence on the matter Economic systems Further information : Economic system Historically, most political systems originated as socioeconomic ideologies. Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. Term Definition Capitalism A social - economic system in which workers negotiate with owners of means of production ( machines, tools, factories, etc. ) to use those means of production in exchange for a portion of what the workers produce, usually in the form of capital. The owners of the means of production are entitled to whatever portion of the products of the workers ' labor that the workers dictate. Communism A social - economic system in which means of production are commonly owned ( either by the people directly, through the commune or by communist society ), and production is undertaken for use, rather than for profit. Communist society is thus stateless, classless, moneyless, and democratic. Distributism A social - economic system in which widespread property ownership as fundamental right ; the means of production are spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state ( state socialism ), a few individuals ( plutocracy ), or corporations ( corporatocracy ). Distributism fundamentally opposes socialism and capitalism, which distributists view as equally flawed and exploitative. In contrast, distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our family life ``. Feudalism A social - economic system of land ownership and duties. Under feudalism, all the land in a kingdom was the king 's. However, the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him. These presents of land were called manors. Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals. The vassals then had to do duties for the nobles. The lands of vassals were called fiefs. Socialism A social - economic system in which workers, democratically and socially own the means of production and the economic framework may be decentralized, distributed or centralized planned or self - managed in autonomous economic units. Public services would be commonly, collectively, or state owned, such as healthcare and education. Statism A social - economic system that concentrates power in the state at the expense of individual freedom. Among other variants, the term subsumes theocracy, absolute monarchy, Nazism, fascism, authoritarian socialism, and plain, unadorned dictatorship. Such variants differ on matters of form, tactics and ideology. Welfare state A social - economic system in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well - being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. Regional autonomy This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty, and the autonomy of regions within the state. Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of political jurisdiction. Empire Unitary state Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas. Hegemony Federation and federal republic Confederation Federal monarchy Diverging degrees of sovereignty. Alliance Asymmetrical federalism Federacy Associated state Corpus separatum Colony Crown colony Chartered company Dependent territory Occupied territory Occupied zone Mandate Exclusive mandate Military Frontier Neutral zone Colonial dependency Protectorate Vassal state Satellite state Puppet state Thalassocracy Unrecognized state States with limited recognition Separatist movement Government in exile Micronation Provisional government Territorial disputes Non-self - governing territories League of Nations League Commonwealth Decentralisation and devolution ( powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments ) Maps States by their systems of government. For the complete list of systems by country, see List of countries by system of government. presidential republics semi-presidential republics parliamentary republics parliamentary republics, an executive presidency elected by and dependent on parliament parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often alongside a weak parliament absolute monarchies republics whose constitutions grant only one party the right to govern republics where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended states that do not fit in any of the above listed systems no government Democracy Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016. Full Democracies 9 -- 10 8 -- 9 Flawed Democracies 7 -- 8 6 -- 7 Hybrid Regimes 5 -- 6 4 -- 5 Authoritarian Regimes 3 -- 4 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 Not determined World administrative levels Countries highlighted in blue are designated `` electoral democracies '' in Freedom House 's 2017 survey `` Freedom in the World '', covering the year 2016. The US based NGO Freedom House considers democracy in practice, not merely official claims. Electoral democracies Other A world map distinguishing countries of the world as federations ( green ) from unitary states ( blue ). Unitary states Federations Global governance and identity as influenced by cultural homogenization. Sinosphere Indosphere Western Europe cultural sphere Islamic cultural sphere South American cultural sphere Eastern Europe cultural sphere African cultural sphere See also List of forms of government Central government Civics Comparative government Constitutional economics Deep state Digital democracy E-Government History of politics Legal rights List of countries by system of government List of European Union member states by political system Ministry Political economy Political history Politics Prime ministerial government State ( polity ) Voting system World government References Jump up ^ `` government ''. Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press. November 2010. ^ Jump up to : International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier. 2001. ISBN 0 - 08 - 043076 - 7. Jump up ^ `` government ''. OxfordDictionaries.com. November 2010. Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 1911. Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition. Columbia University Press. 2000. ^ Jump up to : Christian 2004, p. 245. Jump up ^ Christian 2004, p. 294. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 15th edition ) Jump up ^ Christian 2004, pp. 146 - 147. Jump up ^ Christian, David ( 2004 ). Maps of Time. University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 24476 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper ( ed. ). The Social Science Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47635 - 5. Jump up ^ The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government, 2014, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957967 - 9 Jump up ^ Lewellen, Ted C. Political Anthropology : An Introduction Third Edition. Praeger Publishers ; 3rd edition ( 30 November 2003 ) Jump up ^ Comparative politics : interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order, Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach ( eds. ), 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521708400, p. 4. Jump up ^ Renna, Thomas ( Sep 2015 ). `` The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire ''. Michigan Academician. 42 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 75. doi : 10.7245 / 0026 - 2005 - 42.1. 60. Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo, `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy, '' Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v. 12 # 1 pp. 2 -- 6, quote on p. 6 Jump up ^ Kari Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932 -- 1968, p. 12, ``... conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region 's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy. '', The University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4910 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Plutocrats -- The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else '' Chrystia Free land is Global Editor - at - Large at Reuters news agency, following years of service at the Financial Times both in New York and London. She was the deputy editor of Canada 's Globe and Mail and has reported for the Financial Times, Economist, and Washington Post. She lives in New York City. Jump up ^ archon Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine... Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 15. ^ Jump up to : Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ), Bk. II, ch. 1. ^ Jump up to : `` Republic ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ `` republic ''. WordNet 3.0. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Republic ''. Merriam - Webster. Retrieved 14 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2 -- 3. Jump up ^ Steele, David Ramsay ( September 1999 ). From Marx to Mises : Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. p. 66. ISBN 978 - 0875484495. Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism : an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access. Jump up ^ Busky, Donald F. ( July 20, 2000 ). Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 978 - 0275968861. Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, ' From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs ' ( as opposed to ' work ' ) would then rule Jump up ^ Shiach, Morag ( 2004 ). Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture, 1890 -- 1930. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83459 - 9 Jump up ^ Zwick, Mark and Louise ( 2004 ). The Catholic Worker Movement : Intellectual and Spiritual Origins. Paulist Press. p. 156. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4315 - 3 Jump up ^ Boyle, David ; Simms, Andrew ( 2009 ). The New Economics. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 675 - 8 Jump up ^ Novak, Michael ; Younkins, Edward W. ( 2001 ). Three in One : Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976 -- 2000. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 152. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1171 - 2 Jump up ^ Storck, Thomas. `` Capitalism and Distributism : two systems at war, '' in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75 Jump up ^ Sinclair, Upton ( 1918 - 01 - 01 ). Upton Sinclair 's : A Monthly Magazine : for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is ' social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production. ' Jump up ^ Schweickart, David. Democratic Socialism. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice ( 2006 ) : `` Virtually all ( democratic ) socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with ' socialism, ' i.e. the Soviet model of a non-market, centrally - planned economy... Some have endorsed the concept of ' market socialism, ' a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition, but socializes the means of production, and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism. '' Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2016 ''. Economist Intelligence Unit. 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 17. Jump up ^ Freedom in The World 2017 report ( PDF ) Bibliography American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 4th ed. ). 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116 : Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0 - 395 - 82517 - 2 Further reading Krader, Lawrence ( 1968 ). Formation of the State, in Foundations of Modern Anthropology Series. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice - Hall. x, 118 p. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith ( 2011 ). The Dictator 's Handbook : Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics. Random House. p. 272. ISBN 9781610390446. OCLC 701015473. Friedrich, Carl J. ; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. ( 1965 ). Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy ( 2nd ed. ). Praeger. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce ; Smith, Alastair ; Siverson, Randolph M. ; Morrow, James D. ( 2003 ). The Logic of Political Survival. The MIT Press. ISBN 0 - 262 - 63315 - 9. William J. Dobson ( 2013 ). The Dictator 's Learning Curve : Inside the Global Battle for Democracy. Anchor. ISBN 978 - 0307477552. External links Look up government in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Look up Appendix : List of forms of government in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Government Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government. The Phrontistery Word List : Types of Government and Leadership What Are the Different Types of Governments ? Types of Governments from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century Other classifications examples from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century World Affairs : Types of Government Regime Types CBBC Newsround : types of government Bill Moyers : Plutocracy Rising Phobiocracy by Chris Claypoole Links to related articles Autonomous types of first - tier subdivision administration Federalism Asymmetric federalism Confederation Corporative federalism Dual federalism Federacy Federal monarchy Federal republic Federated state Federation Fiscal federalism Symmetric federalism Unitary state Devolution Regional state See also Constituent state Autonomy Autonomous area Decentralization Home rule Multinational state Personal union Subsidiarity Supranationalism Tribal sovereignty Global governance and identity Proposals United Nations Parliamentary Assembly World government Theories Anti-nationalism Cosmopolitanism Counter-hegemonic globalization Democratic globalization Democratic mundialization Global citizenship Global governance Globalism Internationalism Transnational governance World currency World taxation system Organisations Democratic World Federalists Global citizens movement World Federalist Movement World Service Authority World Passport Political culture Types of political culture Anarchism Corporatism Oligarchy Liberalism Authoritarianism Socialism Fascism Country - specific articles Political culture of Canada Political culture of Germany Political culture of the United Kingdom Politics portal Political science portal Political ideologies Left - wing politics Centrism Right - wing politics Authoritarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism Social and political philosophy Philosophers Alinsky Ambedkar Arendt Aristotle Augustine Aurobindo Aquinas Aron Averroes Azurmendi Badiou Bakunin Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Bentham Berlin Bonald Bosanquet Burke Judith Butler Camus Chanakya Chomsky Cicero Comte Confucius De Beauvoir Debord Djilas Du Bois Durkheim Emerson Engels Foucault Fourier Franklin Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Al - Ghazali Gramsci Grotius Habermas Han Fei Hayek Hegel Heidegger Hobbes Hume Irigaray Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Kirk Kropotkin Laozi Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Lenin Locke Luxemburg Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Mao Marcuse Maritain Marsilius Marx Mencius Michels Mill Mises Montesquieu Möser Mozi Muhammad Negri Nehru Niebuhr Nietzsche Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Paine Pareto Peterson Pettit Plamenatz Plato Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Renan Rothbard Rousseau Royce Ruskin Russell Sade Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Shang Simonović Skinner Smith Socrates Sombart Spann Spencer Spinoza Spirito Stirner Strauss Sun Sun Tzu Taine Taylor Thucydides Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Social concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Portal Task Force Political spectrum Left -- right Post-left Far - left Hard left Left Centre - left Centre Radical Centre - right Right Hard right Far - right Radical : United States - Europe Anti-Stalinist left Christian left Jewish left Muslim left New left Third Position Third Way Triangulation Christian right Hindutva Islamism New right Other models : Horseshoe theory Nolan Chart Open -- closed Political compass Pournelle chart GND : 4049012 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government&oldid=810360110 '' Categories : Forms of government Government Government institutions Political terminology Constitutional state types Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017, at 20 : 04. 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Question: a government that is chosen by its citizens is called a
Answer: democracy