African - American Studies - wikipedia African - American Studies African - American topics History ( timeline ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Black Power movement Post -- Civil Rights era New Great Migration Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1896 1896 -- 1954 1954 -- 1968 Culture Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Civic / economic groups Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Americo - Liberians Black Indians Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages English American English African American Vernacular English Gullah Louisiana Creole French Diaspora Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal African - American Studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of Black Americans. Taken broadly, the field studies not only the cultures of people of African descent in the United States, but the cultures of the entire African diaspora but it has been defined in different ways. The field includes scholars of African - American literature, history, politics, religion and religious studies, sociology, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African - American history began in the late 19th century ( W.E.B. Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1896 ). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were Carter G. Woodson, Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, and Lorenzo Dow Turner. Programs and departments of African - American studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five - month strike for black studies at San Francisco State. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies ; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five - months strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in Black studies was a common demand of protests and sit - ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures. Black studies is a systematic way of studying black people in the world -- such as their history, culture, sociology, and religion. It is a study of the black experience and the effect of society on them and their effect within society. This study can serve to eradicate many racial stereotypes. Black Studies implements : history, family structure, social and economic pressures, stereotypes, and gender relationships. Contents 1 The Origins of African - American studies 1.1 The Civil Rights context 1.2 Recent challenges and criticism 1.3 Recent trends : emergence of Black Male Studies ( BMS ) 2 Universities and colleges with African - American Studies departments ( incomplete ) 3 Universities with Ph. D. programs in African - American Studies 4 Scholars in African - American studies 5 Scholarly and academic journals 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links The Origins of African - American Studies The civil rights context In the United States the 1960s is rightfully known as the `` Turbulent Sixties ''. During this time period the nation experienced great social unrest, as citizens challenged the social order in radical ways. Many movements took place in the United States during this time period, including : women 's rights movement, labor rights movement, and the civil rights movement. The students at the University of California, Berkeley ( UC Berkeley ) were witnesses to the Civil Rights Movement, and by 1964 they were thrust into activism. On October 1, 1964, Jack Weinberg, a former graduate student, was sitting at a table where the Congress of Racial Equality was distributing literature encouraging students to protest against institutional racism. Police asked Weinberg to produce his ID to confirm that he was a student, but he refused to do so and was therefore arrested. In support of Weinberg 3,000 students surrounded the police vehicle, and even used the car as a podium from where they spoke about their right to engage in political protest on campus. This impromptu demonstration was the first of many protests, culminating in the institutionalization of African - American Studies. Two months later students at UC Berkeley organized sit - in at the Sproul Hall Administration building to protest an unfair rule which prohibited all political clubs from fundraising, excluding the democrat and republican clubs. Police arrested 800 students. Students a `` Freedom of Speech Movement '' and Mario Savio became its poetic leader, stating that `` freedom of speech was something that represents the very dignity of what a human is... '' The Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ), a well - connected and organized club, hosted a conference entitled `` Black Power and its Challenges ''. Black leaders who were directly tied to then ongoing civil rights movements spoke to a predominantly white audience about their respective goals and challenges. These leaders included Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) and James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ). Educational conferences like that of SDS forced the university to take some measures to correct the most obvious racial issue on campus -- the sparse black student population. In 1966 the school held its first official racial and ethnic survey, it which it was discovered that the `` American Negro '' represented 1.02 % of the university population. In 1968 the university instituted its Educational Opportunity Program ( EOP ) facilitated the increased minority student enrollment, and offered financial aid to minority students with high potential. By 1970 there were 1,400 EOP students. As the minority student population increased tension between activists clubs and minorities rose, because minority wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it was `` backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter. '' The members of the Afro - American Student Union ( AASU ) proposed an academic department called `` Black Studies '' in April 1968. `` We demand a program of `` Black Studies, '' a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education which attempts to lie to us, or otherwise miss - educate us will be accepted. '' AASU members asserted that `` The young people of America are the inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history... '' AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a black studies department. Nathan Hare, a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the `` A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies '' and AASU used Hare 's framework to create a set of criteria. A Black Studies Program was implemented by UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. In 1969, St. Clair Drake was named the first chair of the degree granting, Program in African and Afro - American Studies at Stanford University. Many Black Studies Programs and departments and programs around the nation were created in subsequent years. At University of California, Santa Barbara, similarly, student activism led to the establishment of a Black Studies department, amidst great targeting and discrimination of student leaders of color on the University of California campuses. In the fall of 1968, black students from UCSB joined the national civil rights movement to end racial segregation and exclusion of Black history and studies from college campuses. Triggered by the insensitivity of the administration and general campus life, they occupied North Hall and presented the administration with a set of demands. Such efforts led to the eventual creation of the Black Studies department and the Center for Black Studies. Similar activism was happening outside of California. At Yale University, a committee headed by political scientist Robert Dahl recommended establishing an undergraduate major in African - American culture, one of the first such at an American university. When Ernie Davis from Syracuse University became the first African American to win the Heisman trophy in College football, it renewed debates about race in college campuses in the country. Inspired by the Davis win, civil rights movement and nationwide student activism, in 1969 Black and White students led by the Student African American Society ( SAS ) at Syracuse University marched in front of the building at Newhouse and demanded Black studies be taught at Syracuse. It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979. In 1979 the program became the Department of African American Studies, offering degrees within the College of Arts and Sciences. Recent Challenges and criticism One of the major setbacks with Black Studies / African - American Studies Programs or departments is that there is a lack of financial resources available to student and faculty. Many universities and colleges around the country provided Black Studies programs with small budgets and therefore it is difficult for the department to purchase materials and hire staff. Because the budget allocated to Black Studies is limited some faculty are jointly appointed therefore, causing faculty to leave their home disciplines to teach a discipline of which they may not be familiar. Budgetary issues make it difficult for Black Studies Programs and departments to function, and promote themselves. Some critics claim that racism perpetrated by many administrators hinders the institutionalization of Black Studies at major universities. As with the case of UC Berkeley most of the Black Studies programs across the country were instituted because of the urging and demanding of black students to create the program. In many instances black students also called for the increased enrollment of black students and offer financial assistance to these students. Also seen in the case of UC Berkeley is the constant demand to have such a program, but place the power of control in the hands of black people. The idea was that black studies could not be `` realistic '' if it was not taught by someone who was not accustomed to the black experience. On many campuses directors of black studies have little to no autonomy -- they do not have the power to hire or grant tenure to faculty. On many campuses an overall lack of respect for the discipline has caused instability for the students and for the program. In the past thirty years there has been a steady decline of Black studies scholars. Recent trends : emergence of Black Male Studies ( bms ) African - American studies scholars have often explored the unique experiences of black boys / men. This line of research dates back to W.E.B. Dubois in his analysis of black male training in his book Souls of Black Folk. Though African - American studies as its own discipline has been in decline, its perpetuation as a sub-discipline in various social science fields ( e.g., education, sociology, cultural anthropology, urban studies ) has risen. This rise has coincided with the emergence of men 's studies ( also referred to as masculine studies ). Since the early 1980s increasing interest in Black males among scholars and policy makers has resulted in a marked rise in the sub-discipline Black Male Studies. Today, numerous books, research articles, conferences, foundations, research centers and institutes, academic journals, initiatives, and scholarly collectives emphasize or focus entirely on the status of Black boys and men in society. Universities and colleges with African - American Studies departments ( incomplete ) American University Amherst College Baruch College Brandeis University Brown University Carleton College Cleveland State University College of William and Mary Columbia University California State University, Dominguez Hills California State University, Fullerton Dominican University Emory University Georgetown University Georgia State University Indiana University Ohio State University Loyola Marymount University Middle Tennessee State University Pennsylvania State University Princeton University Purdue University Syracuse University Temple University Tufts University University at Alabama University of Arkansas University of California Irvine University of California Los Angeles University of California Davis University of California Santa Barbara University of California, San Diego University of California Berkeley University of Florida University of Houston University of Louisville University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Michigan University of Montana University of Nebraska at Omaha University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of North Carolina at Greensboro University of North Texas University of Pennsylvania University of Puget Sound University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at Arlington University of Virginia University of the Virgin Islands University of Wisconsin Virginia Commonwealth University Valdosta State University Vassar College Western Illinois University Wright State University Yale University University of Kansas University of Rochester University of Oklahoma Wright State University Nassau Community College Universities with Ph. D. programs in African - American Studies Brown University Cornell University Harvard University Indiana University Michigan State University Northwestern University Pennsylvania State University Temple University University of California, Berkeley University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Texas at Austin University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee Yale University University of Pennsylvania University of Louisville Scholars in African - American studies Maulana Karenga Kwame Anthony Appiah Molefi Kete Asante M.K. Asante, Jr. Houston A. Baker Jr. Horace Campbell Hazel Carby Linda Carty Bill Cole Patricia Hill Collins Allison Davis Angela Y. Davis St. Clair Drake W.E.B. Du Bois Michael Eric Dyson Melissa Harris - Perry Tricia Rose Gerald Early John Hope Franklin E. Franklin Frazier Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Paul Gilroy Nathan Hare Melville Herskovits bell hooks Charles S. Johnson Glenn C. Loury Manning Marable Janis Mayes Micere Mugo Mark Anthony Neal Adolph Reed Cedric Robinson Milton Sernett Renate Simson Robert B. Stepto Akinyele Umoja Cornel West William Julius Wilson Carter G. Woodson Sylvia Wynter Walter Rodney Geneva Smitherman Oliver Cromwell Cox C.L.R. James Maulana Karenga Kwame Ture Vincent Harding Scholarly and academic journals Africology : The Journal of Pan African Studies Afro - Americans in New York Life and History Negro History Bulletin Journal of Black Studies African American Review Negro Digest Phylon Journal of Negro History The Callaloo Journal Journal of African American History Journal of Negro Education Journal of Pan African Studies Race & Class Transition Magazine Souls : A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society Journal of African American Males in Education ' ' ( JAAME ) The Griot : The Journal of African American Studies Negro Educational Review International Journal of Africana Studies The Black Scholar : Journal of Black Studies and Research See also African American portal Black Feminism Black matriarchy Black Womanism Religion in Black America Non-African - American specific : Pan-African studies African studies Ethnic Studies Asian American Studies Chicano Studies Native American Studies Africana Studies Afro - Latino Studies References Jump up ^ `` African American studies facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about African American studies ''. Jump up ^ See Pero Gaglo Dagbovie : The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene, University of Illinois Press, 2007. Jump up ^ Jason Kelly, `` Lorenzo Dow Turner, PhD ' 26 : A linguist who identified the African influences in the Gullah dialect '' ( University of Chicago Magazine, November - December 2010 ) : `` Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect ( 1949 )... was considered not only the defining work of Gullah language and culture but also the beginning of a new field, African American studies. ' Until then it was pretty much thought that all of the African knowledge and everything had been erased by slavery. Turner showed that was not true, ' ( curator Alcione ) Amos says. ' He was a pioneer. He was the first one to make the connections between African Americans and their African past. ' '' Jump up ^ Holland Cotter, `` A Language Explorer Who Heard Echoes of Africa '' ( New York Times, September 2, 2010 ) : `` Turner published ' Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect, ' a book that would help pave the way for the field of African - American studies in the 1960s. '' Jump up ^ Jerry DeMuth, `` Fannie Lou Hamer : Tired of Being Sick and Tired, '' The Nation, June 1, 1964, 548 - 551. Jump up ^ Philips, Mary ( 2010 ). `` Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley ''. Journal of Western Black Studies. 34 : 256. ^ Jump up to : `` Free Speech Café Mural ''. Moffit Library ( University of California, Berkeley ). ^ Jump up to : `` Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley ''. Journal of Western Black Studies ( Print ) : 256. 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` EOP Offers Aid ''. Daily Californian. 19 October 1970. Jump up ^ `` Racial, ethnic minorities 7.02 percent of Cal Students ''. California Monthly ( Editorial ). July -- August 1966. Jump up ^ `` Negro Group Afro - American Rally Will Oppose SDS '', Daily Californian, Editorial, October 26, 1966. Jump up ^ `` Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley ''. Journal of Western Black Studies ( Editorial ) : 257. 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Afro - American Studies Proposal '', Daily Californian, Editorial, March 4, 1969. Jump up ^ Barlow W. & Shapiro ( 1971 ). An End to Silence : The San Francisco State Student Movement in the 60s. New York : Pegasus. Jump up ^ `` African & African American Studies - Stanford University ''. Jump up ^ `` About the Department - Department of Black Studies - UC Santa Barbara ''. Jump up ^ Douglas Martin, `` Robert A. Dahl Dies at 98 ; Defined Politics and Power '', New York Times, Feb. 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Revolutionary Minds - The NewsHouse - Syracuse University and Community News - S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Redirect ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Black Studies : Challenges and Critical Debates ''. Journal of Western Black Studies ( Editorial ) : 273 -- 274. 2010. Jump up ^ `` Black Male Development Symposium ''. Blackmaledevelopment.com. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Schott Foundation -- 50 State Black Boys Report ''. Blackboysreport.org. August 17, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` OSU Office of Diversity and Inclusion Homepage ''. Oma.osu.edu. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Center for African American Male Research Success and Leadership ''. Centerforafricanamericanmales.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` UCLA Black Male Institute ''. Jump up ^ `` The Journal of Black Masculinity ''. Blackmasculinity.com. March 31, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Home ''. Theblackmaleinitiative.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Black Male Initiative -- Current Initiatives -- CUNY ''. Cuny.edu. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` About us ''. The Morehouse Male Initiative. November 1, 2006. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Brothers of the Academy Institute ''. Brothersoftheacademy.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` African American Studies ''. afam.la.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Department of Africana Studies - University at Albany - SUNY ''. Jump up ^ `` Home - UCI African American Studies ''. Jump up ^ `` Department of African, African American, and Diaspora Studies ''. Jump up ^ `` African American Studies - Majors - UNCG Admissions ''. Jump up ^ `` Graduate -- African American Studies ''. afam.la.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ University of Texas at Austin African and African Diaspora Studies. `` Graduate Admissions for Master 's and Ph. D. Programs ''. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014. Jump up ^ University of Pennsylvania. `` PhD Program ''. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. Further reading Fabio Rojas : From Black Power to Black Studies : How a Radical Social Movement Became an Academic Discipline, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8619 - 8 Kemner, Jochen. `` African - American Movements '' ( 2012 ). University Bielefeld - Center for InterAmerican Studies. External links Afro - American Studies Newsletter / The Vision ( MUM00511 ) at the University of Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections. African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction Era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Redlining Great Migration Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 95 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post-Civil Rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Culture Art African - American names Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education, science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole ( of color ) Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African American Vernacular English Gullah Louisiana Creole French By state / city Alabama Florida Georgia ( Atlanta ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Iowa ( Davenport ) Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( Boston ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Mississippi Nebraska ( Omaha ) New York New York City Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Puerto Rico Tennessee Texas ( Houston ) Diaspora Africa Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Back - to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African-American_studies&oldid=807133379 '' Categories : African - American studies African - American society African - American culture African studies American studies Postmodernism Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Deutsch සිංහල Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 03 : 13. 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Question: when were afro-american and africana studies programs founded in colleges and universities
Answer: 1960s and 1970s