Mining industry of Egypt - wikipedia Mining industry of Egypt The Turin mining papyrus depicts mines in the Wadi Hammamat and is the oldest known map of its kind. Mining in Egypt has had a long history that goes back to predynastic times. Egypt has substantial mineral resources, including 48 million tons of tantalite ( fourth largest in the world ), 50 million tons of coal, and an estimated 6.7 million ounces of gold in the Eastern Desert. The total real value of minerals mined was about £ E 102 million ( US $ 18.7 million ) in 1986, up from £ E60 million ( US $11 million ) in 1981. The chief minerals in terms of volume output were iron ore, phosphates, and salt. The quantities produced in 1986 were estimated at 2,048, 1,310, and 1,233 tons, respectively, compared with 2,139, 691, and 883 tons in 1981. In addition, minor amounts of asbestos ( 313 tons ) and quartz ( 19 tons ) were mined in 1986. Preliminary exploration in Sinai indicated the presence of zinc, tin, lead, and copper deposits. Private sector exploration and exploitation activities so far have been limited. Only recently, AngloGold Ashanti with its joint Venture Partner Thani Dubai and a Canadian listed exploration company, Alexander Nubia International have been undertaking exploration in Egypt 's Eastern Desert with some success. Centamin Ltd., a mineral exploration company founded in Australia, started a massive mining project in Sukari Hill. Contents 1 History 2 Modern technology and gold exploration 3 See more 4 References History See also : History of Egypt and Stone quarries of ancient Egypt Miners worshipped Hathor, the `` goddess of turquoise '', who was believed to protect them. Gold mining in Upper Egypt can be traced back to predynastic times, and the earliest map known in the world from the Ramesside Period dating to about 1160 BCE, shows the route to the gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat, Eastern Desert. Gold mining started with alluvial workings in Egypt and was followed by shallow underground vein mining in Nubia about 1300 BCE, during the New Kingdom period. The methods of working included fire - setting to weaken rocks by thermal shock, a method described by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica written about 60 BCE. The technique of quarrying granite and limestone was an advanced technology by the time the pyramids were being built. Marble, alabaster and diorite were used for making statues, basalt for making sarcophagi, and dolomite for hammers to work hard stones. Precious and semi-precious stones that were extensively mined and worked as well included turquoise, beryl, amethyst, lapis lazuli and malachite. Hathor was the miner 's patron goddess, and her temples, statues or inscriptions were found in many rediscovered mining locations. A major temple to Hathor constructed by Seti II was found at the copper mines in Timna valley ; another temple was discovered in Serabit el - Khadim, where turquoise was mined in antiquity, in an expedition led by Sir Flinders Petrie. Egypt became a major gold - producer during the Old Kingdom and remained so in the next 1,500 years, with interruptions when the kingdom broke down. During the New Kingdom, the production of gold steadily increased, and mining became more intensive as new fields were developed. British historian Paul Johnson says that it was gold rather than military power which sustained the Egyptian empire and made it the world power throughout the third quarter of the second millennium BCE. Most gold mines known today in Egypt have been exploited for high - grade gold ( 15 g / t gold or greater ) by the ancient Egyptians., however there has been limited exploration that applies modern day techniques where deposits can be viable based on gold grades as low as 0.5 g / t ( provided there is sufficient tonnage and readily available infrastructure ). The earliest known beryl mine in the world is located in the mountain valley of Wadi Sikait, Eastern Desert. Its mining started during the Ptolemaic period, although most of mining activities date to the Roman and Byzantine periods. All the other beryl mining sites such as Gebel Zabara, Wadi Umm Debaa and Wadi Gimal are Roman - Byzantine or Islamic ( mid-6th century onward ) in date. Beryl mining ceased in Egypt when the Spanish Empire discovered superior - quality emeralds in Colombia in the 16th century. Modern technology and gold exploration Sukari mine Alteration zones are considered the most promising areas for mineral exploration in the Central Eastern Desert ( CED ). Ancient gold miners in Egypt were only targeting the smoky quartz veins that contain large amounts of gold ; however, they left the alteration areas untouched. Remote sensing and geophysical techniques can provide cost - effective tools that can give valuable information about the new mineralization sites. Mapping of the potential mineralized alteration zones is a critical task to enhance mineral exploration in the CED. Previously, such mapping works had utilized standard remote - sensing techniques such as image rationing, principal component analysis, and image classifications. Recent study implemented the Spectral Angle Mapper ( SAM ) classification, surface structure, aeromagnetic data, and the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis ( MCDA ) to aid for better mapping results of the prospective mineralized alterations in CED. For instances, Spectral Angle Mapper ( SAM ) classification is one of the powerful classification techniques that can be integrated with aeromagnetic data to map the potential gold sites associated within the alteration zone in CED. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) spectral signature data for alteration minerals can be used as an end - member for the SAM classification. To aid in better mapping, the SAM result can be constrained by the structural elements that restrict the mapping to the actual alteration sites. The surface lineation layer from digital remote sensing data and the geophysical information such as total magnetic intensities can be deployed to understand the tectonic regimes in the CED and to detect the structural patterns that control the existence of the gold deposits. For more details please see See more Economy of Egypt References ^ Jump up to : `` Mining in Egypt -- Unexplored Territory '' ( PDF ). International Finance Corporation. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1, 2011. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22. ^ Jump up to : `` A Country Study : Egypt ''. US Library of Congress, Federal Research Division. December 1993. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22. This article incorporates text from the source, which is in the public domain. Jump up ^ fer, Cache ( August 2006 ). `` A Gold Mine Worth LE 23 Billion ( and counting ) ''. Egypt Today. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22. Jump up ^ McDermott, Bridget ( 2001 ). Decoding Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Chronicle Books. p. 79. ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3225 - 2. ^ Jump up to : `` Spotlights on the Exploitation and Use of Minerals and Rocks through the Egyptian Civilization ''. Egypt State Information Service. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 20. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21. Jump up ^ Johnson, Paul. The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins. p. 94. ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0. Jump up ^ Johnson, Paul ( 1999 ). The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins. p. 113. ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0. Jump up ^ Marsden, John. The Chemistry of Gold Extraction. Society of Mining Metallurgy and Exploration. p. 2. ISBN 0 - 87335 - 240 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Johnson, Paul ( 1999 ). The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins. p. 149. ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0. Jump up ^ Johnson, Paul ( 1999 ). The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins. p. 79. ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Harell, James A. ( June 2004 ). `` Archaeological geology of the world 's first emerald mine ''. Geoscience Canada. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22. Jump up ^ Hasan, E. ; Fagin, T. ; El Alfy, Z. ; Hong, Y. ( 2016 ). `` Spectral Angle Mapper and aeromagnetic data integration for gold - associated alteration zone mapping : a case study for the Central Eastern Desert Egypt ''. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 37 ( 8 ) : 1762 -- 1776. doi : 10.1080 / 01431161.2016. 1165887. Jump up ^ Hasan, E. ; Fagin, T. ; El Alfy, Z. ; Hong, Y. ( 2016 ). `` Spectral Angle Mapper and aeromagnetic data integration for gold - associated alteration zone mapping : a case study for the Central Eastern Desert Egypt ''. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 37 ( 8 ) : 1762 -- 1776. doi : 10.1080 / 01431161.2016. 1165887. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mining in Egypt. Mining in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Egypt topics History Chronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Muslim conquest Islamization Fustat Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Egypt Eyalet Muhammad Ali dynasty Al - Nahda Khedivate Ethiopian -- Egyptian War ' Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 coup d'état Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six - Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Libyan -- Egyptian War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s Crisis 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - 38 1939 - 54 1954 - present Parliament Population Postal Saladin Timekeeping devices By city Alexandria Cairo Port Said Geography Biota Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Fossils Geology Halfaya Pass Islands Lakes Mountains Mount Sinai Nile Delta Northern coast Qattara Depression Red Sea Riviera Rivers Nile Sinai Peninsula Suez Canal Towns and villages Wadis Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Governorates Postal codes Civil Code Conflicts Conscription Constitution Elections Foreign relations Missions Islamic extremism Judiciary Law enforcement Massacres Military Supreme Council Nationality law Parliament Passport Political parties President list Prime Minister list Proposed new capital Refugees of the Syrian Civil War Terrorism Terrorism and tourism Twin towns and sister cities Economy Agriculture Banking National Bank Companies Economic regions Egyptian stock exchange Egyptian pound Energy Entrepreneurship policies Fishing Impact on the environment Lighthouses Military industry Mining Mines Nuclear program Power stations Aswan Dam Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces Tallest buildings Telecommunications Internet Tourism Cultural tourism Transport Airlines Airports Railway stations Water supply and sanitation Water resources management Society General Abortion Animal welfare Billionaires Cannabis Capital punishment Censuses Corruption Crime Human trafficking Mass sexual assault Rape Demographics Diaspora Education Academic grading Law schools Medical schools Schools Universities Families Abaza family Feminism Gender inequality Health Healthcare Hospitals Homelessness Human rights Freedom of religion LGBT rights International rankings Languages Egyptian Arabic Sa'idi Arabic Sign Language Liberalism Literature Prostitution Religion Bahá'í Blasphemy law Christianity Catholic dioceses Coptic Churches Hinduism Identification card controversy Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Mosques Niqāb Judaism Synagogues Scientology Smoking Units of measurement Vehicle registration plates Women Culture Art Botanical gardens Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Beer Wine Films Flag list regions Football Football clubs Football stadiums Egyptians Media Magazines Newspapers Radio TV Museums Music National anthem Olympics Public holidays World Heritage Sites Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Egypt&oldid=856627477 '' Categories : Mining in Egypt Industry in Egypt History of mining by country Mining industry by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 15 : 26 ( UTC ). 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Question: where did all the gold come from in egypt
Answer: Wadi Hammamat, Eastern Desert