Myenteric plexus - wikipedia Myenteric plexus Myenteric plexus The myenteric plexus from the rabbit. X 50. Details Identifiers Latin Plexus myentericus, plexus Auerbachi MeSH A08. 800.050. 050.500 Dorlands / Elsevier p_24 / 12648143 TA A14. 3.03. 041 FMA 63252 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on the Gastrointestinal wall General structure Epithelium Mucosa Submucosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Serosa Adventitia Specific Meissner 's plexus Auerbach 's plexus Organs Esophagus Stomach Intestines The myenteric plexus ( or Auerbach 's plexus ) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input ( although present ganglionar cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus ), whereas the submucous plexus has only parasympathetic fibers and provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut. It arises from cells in the vagal trigone also known as the nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve ( vagus nerve ), located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility. According to preclinical studies, 30 % of myenteric plexus ' neurons are enteric sensory neurons, thus Auerbach 's plexus has also a sensory component. Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Neurotransmitters 2.1. 1 Receptors 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Role in CNS Disorders 4 History 5 References 6 External links Structure A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The ganglia have properties similar to the central nervous system ( CNS ). These properties include presence of glia, interneurons, a small extracellular space, dense synaptic neuropil, isolation from blood vessels, multiple synaptic mechanisms and multiple neurotransmitters. The myenteric plexus originates in the medulla oblongata as a collection of neurons from the ventral part of the brain stem. The vagus nerve then carries the axons to their destination in the gastrointestinal tract. They contain Dogiel cells. Function The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system ( digestive system ). The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously, but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system. The ENS contains sensory receptors, primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The events that are controlled, at least in part, by the ENS are multiple and include motor activity, secretion, absorption, blood flow, and interaction with other organs such as the gallbladder or pancreas. These links take the form of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system directly with the digestive tract. Through these cross connections, the gut can provide sensory information to the CNS, and the CNS can affect gastrointestinal function. Connection to the central nervous system also means that signals from outside of the digestive system can be relayed to the digestive system : for instance, the sight of appealing food stimulates secretion in the stomach. Neurotransmitters The enteric nervous system makes use of over 30 different neurotransmitters, most similar to those of the CNS such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90 % of the body 's serotonin lies in the gut ; as well as about 50 % of the body 's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain. The heavily studied neuropeptide known as substance P is present in significant levels and may help facilitate the production of saliva, smooth muscle contractions, and other tissue responses. Receptors Since many of the same neurotransmitters are found in the ENS as the brain, it follows that myenteric neurons can express receptors for both peptide and non-peptide ( amines, amino acids, purines ) neurotransmitters. Generally, expression of a receptor is limited to a subset of myenteric neurons, with probably the only exception being expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on all myenteric neurons. One receptor that has been targeted for therapeutic reasons has been the 5 - hydroxytryptamine ( 5 - HT ) receptor. Activating this pre-synaptic receptor enhances cholinergic neurotransmission and can stimulate gastrointestinal motility. The enteric nervous system exhibits taste receptors similar to the ones in the tongue. The taste receptor TAS1R3 and the taste G protein gustducin are two of the most common. These receptors sense `` sweetness '' on the tongue and sense glucose in the enteric nervous system. These receptors help regulate the secretion of insulin and other hormones that are responsible for controlling blood sugar levels. Clinical significance Hirschsprung 's disease is a congenital disorder of the colon in which nerve cells of the myenteric plexus in its walls, also known as ganglion cells, are absent. Hirschsprung 's disease is a form of functional low bowel obstruction due to failure of caudal migration of neuroblasts within developing bowel -- this results in an absence of parasympathetic intrinsic ganglion cells in both Auerbach 's and Meissner 's plexi. The distal large bowel from the point of neuronal arrest to the anus is continuously aganglionic. It is a rare disorder ( 1 : 5000 ), with prevalence among males being four times that of females. Achalasia is a motor disorder of the esophagus characterized by decrease in ganglion cell density in the myenteric plexus. The cause of the lesion is unknown. Role in CNS disorders Because the ENS is known as the `` brain of the gut, '' due to its similarities with the CNS, researchers have been using colonic biopsies of Parkinson 's patients to help better understand and manage Parkinson 's disease. PD patients are known to experience severe constipation due to GI tract dysfunction years before the onset of motor movement complications, which characterises Parkinson 's disease. History Leopold Auerbach, a neuropathologist, was one of the first to further research the nervous system using histological staining methods. References Jump up ^ Human Anatomy and Physiology, Marieb & Hoehn, seventh edition Jump up ^ Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 194 : Sensory Nerves, Brendan J. Canning, Domenico Spina. Springer. Page 341. Jump up ^ Costa, M ; Brookes, S.J. ; Hennig, G.W. ( 2000 ). `` Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system ''. Gut. 47 ( 90004 ) : iv15 -- 9 ; discussion iv26. PMC 1766806. PMID 11076898. doi : 10.1136 / gut. 47. suppl_4. iv15. Jump up ^ Mazzuoli, Gemma ; Schemann, Michael ( 2012 ). `` Mechanosensitive Enteric Neurons in the Myenteric Plexus of the Mouse Intestine ''. PLoS ONE. 7 ( 7 ) : e39887. Bibcode : 2012PLoSO... 739887M. PMC 3388088. PMID 22768317. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0039887. Jump up ^ Stach, W ( 1979 ). `` Differentiated vascularization of Dogiel 's cell types and the preferred vascularization of type I / 2 cells within plexus myentericus ( Auerbach ) ganglia of the pig ( author 's transl ) ''. Anatomischer Anzeiger. 145 ( 5 ) : 464 -- 73. PMID 507375. Jump up ^ Fujita, Shin ; Nakanisi, Yukihiro ; Taniguchi, Hirokazu ; Yamamoto, Seiichiro ; Akasu, Takayuki ; Moriya, Yoshihiro ; Shimoda, Tadakazu ( 2007 ). `` Cancer Invasion to Auerbachʼs Plexus is an Important Prognostic Factor in Patients with pT3 - pT4 Colorectal Cancer ''. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 50 ( 11 ) : 1860 -- 6. PMID 17899273. doi : 10.1007 / s10350 - 007 - 9072 - 8. Jump up ^ Pasricha, Pankaj Jay. `` Stanford Hospital : Brain in the Gut - Your Health ''. Jump up ^ Dickson, E.J. ; Heredia, D.J. ; Smith, T.K. ( 2010 ). `` Critical role of 5 - HT1A, 5 - HT3, and 5 - HT7 receptor subtypes in the initiation, generation, and propagation of the murine colonic migrating motor complex ''. AJP : Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 299 ( 1 ) : G144 -- 57. PMC 2904117. PMID 20413719. doi : 10.1152 / ajpgi. 00496.2009. Jump up ^ Margolskee, Robert F. ; Dyer, Jane ; Kokrashvili, Zaza ; Salmon, Kieron S.H. ; Ilegems, Erwin ; Daly, Kristian ; Maillet, Emeline L. ; Ninomiya, Yuzo ; Mosinger, Bedrich ; Shirazi - Beechey, Soraya P. ( 2007 ). `` T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na - glucose cotransporter 1 ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 ( 38 ) : 15075 -- 80. Bibcode : 2007PNAS... 10415075M. JSTOR 25449086. PMC 1986615. PMID 17724332. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0706678104. Jump up ^ Tam, Paul K.H. ; Garcia - Barceló, Mercè ( 2009 ). `` Genetic basis of Hirschsprung 's disease ''. Pediatric Surgery International. 25 ( 7 ) : 543 -- 58. PMID 19521704. doi : 10.1007 / s00383 - 009 - 2402 - 2. Jump up ^ Storch, W.B. ; Eckardt, V.F. ; Wienbeck, M ; Eberl, T ; Auer, P.G. ; Hecker, A ; Junginger, T ; Bosseckert, H ( 1995 ). `` Autoantibodies to Auerbach 's plexus in achalasia ''. Cellular and molecular biology ( Noisy - le - Grand, France ). 41 ( 8 ) : 1033 -- 8. PMID 8747084. Jump up ^ Shprecher, D.R. ; Derkinderen, P. ( 2012 ). `` Parkinson Disease : The Enteric Nervous System Spills its Guts ''. Neurology. 78 ( 9 ) : 683 ; author reply 683. PMID 22371415. doi : 10.1212 / WNL. 0b013e31824bd195. Jump up ^ Lebouvier, Thibaud ; Neunlist, Michel ; Bruley Des Varannes, Stanislas ; Coron, Emmanuel ; Drouard, Anne ; n'Guyen, Jean - Michel ; Chaumette, Tanguy ; Tasselli, Maddalena ; Paillusson, Sébastien ; Flamand, Mathurin ; Galmiche, Jean - Paul ; Damier, Philippe ; Derkinderen, Pascal ( 2010 ). `` Colonic Biopsies to Assess the Neuropathology of Parkinson 's Disease and Its Relationship with Symptoms ''. PLoS ONE. 5 ( 9 ) : e12728. Bibcode : 2010PLoSO... 512728L. PMC 2939055. PMID 20856865. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012728. External links Slide at ucla.edu Histology image : 49_09 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Histology image : 21703loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Medical Mnemonics.com : 885 Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system Head Sympathetic Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots long ciliary Deep Petrosal Parasympathetic Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Neck Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid Chest Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior Abdomen Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves Enteric Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Pelvis Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myenteric_plexus&oldid=752243859 '' Categories : Digestive system Enteric nervous system Nerve plexus Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2016, at 07 : 04. 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Question: which nerve plexus plays a role in peristalsis
Answer: The myenteric plexus