Comprehensive school - wikipedia Comprehensive school The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( January 2018 ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2010 ) A comprehensive school is a secondary school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90 % of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the Gesamtschule in Germany. Contents 1 Context 2 History 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 Scotland 2.3 Northern Ireland 2.4 Australia 3 References 4 External links Context Comprehensive schools provide an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost - effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11 -- 16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain. In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school 's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation. ( though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England ). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school ( or junior high school ) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11 -- 16 and 11 -- 18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another. In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as `` neighbourhood '' schools for all students in a specified catchment area. History England and Wales Main article : Comprehensive school ( England and Wales ) The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five ' experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Coventry opened two Comprehensive School in 1954 by combining Grammar Schools and Secondary Modern Schools. These were Caludon Castle and Woodlands. Another early example was Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton. The first, purpose - built comprehensive in the North of England was Colne Valley High School near Huddersfield in 1956. The largest expansion of comprehensive schools resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964 -- 1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10 / 65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11 + examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15 % and 25 % of total secondary places, depending on location. In 1970 Margaret Thatcher, the Secretary of State for Education in the new Conservative government, ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Thatcher than any other education secretary. By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11 - Plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10 - year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s. In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the ' great debate ' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny : the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90 % of pupils, or 64 % if one does not count schools with low - level selection. This figure varies by region. Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of `` school choice '' introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original `` neighbourhood comprehensive '' model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting ' specialisation ' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child 's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance. Scotland Further information : Education in Scotland Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005. Northern Ireland Further information : Education in Northern Ireland Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland. Australia When the first comprehensive schools appeared in the 1950s, the Australian Government started to transition to comprehensive schooling which has been expanding and improving ever since. Prior to the transition into comprehensive schooling systems, primary and secondary state schools regularly measured students ' academic merit based on their performance in public examinations. The state of Western Australia was the first to replace many multilateral school systems, proceeding with Queensland, and finally South Australia and Victoria. The Australian education system is organised through three compulsory school types. Students commence their education in Primary school, which runs for seven or eight years, starting at kindergarten through to Year 6 or 7. The next is Secondary school which runs for three or four years, from Year 7 or 8 to Year 10. Finally, Senior Secondary school which runs for two years, completing Years 11 and 12. Each school tier follows a comprehensive curriculum that is categorised into sequences for each Year - level. The Year - level follows specific sequence content and achievement for each subject, which can be interrelated through cross-curricula. In order for students to complete and graduate each tier - level of schooling, they need to complete the subject sequences of content and achievement. Once students have completed Year 12, they may choose to enter into Tertiary education. The two - tier Tertiary education system in Australia includes both higher education ( i.e. : University, College, other Institutions ) and vocational education and training ( VET ). Higher education works off of the Australian Qualifications Framework ( AQF ) and prepares Australians for an academic route that may take them into the theoretical and philosophical lenses of their career options. References Jump up ^ Peter Medway and Pat Kingwell, ' A Curriculum in its place : English teaching in one school 1946 - 1963 ′, History of Education 39, no. 6 ( November 2010 ) : 749 - 765. Jump up ^ Comps - here to stay ?, Phil Tineline, September 2005, BBC, accessed 12 August 2008. Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20051025/ai_n15717384. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barcan, Alan ( 2007 ). `` Comprehensive Secondary Schools in Australia : a View from Newcastle, New South Wales '' ( PDF ). Education Research and Perspectives, University of Newcastle, NSW. 34 : 136 -- 178. Jump up ^ Harrington, Marylin ( 2008 ). Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority Bill 2008. National Curriculum : Social Policy Section. pp. 1 -- 19. ISSN 1328 - 8091. Jump up ^ Technology, Elcom. `` Education system overview ''. www.studyinaustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24. Jump up ^ `` F - 10 curriculum ''. www.australiancurriculum.edu.au. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ Agency, Digital Transformation. `` Higher education australia.gov.au ''. www.australia.gov.au. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comprehensive schools. Comprehensive Future -- the campaign for fair admissions Centre for the Support of Comprehensive Schools Comprehensive Education -- Examining the Evidence Report of 1999 seminar organised by CASE ( the Campaign for State Education in the UK ). Campaign for State Education Secretary of State for Education Ruth Kelly on comprehensive education Comp, a BBC Radio 4 documentary about the creation of comprehensive schools Discussions in 2002 about the future of comprehensives Melissa Benn : To abolish the class divide - abolish private schools Educational Inequality and Sociological Models Dave Harris School types By educational stage Early childhood Preschool Pre-kindergarten Kindergarten Primary Elementary school First school Infant school Junior school Primary school Secondary Adult high school Comprehensive school Cadet college Grammar school Gymnasium High school Lyceum Middle school Secondary school Sixth form college Studio school University - preparatory school University technical college Upper school Tertiary Continuing education Further education Professional school Vocational school Higher Academy College Community college Graduate school Institute of technology Junior college University Upper division college Vocational university Seminary By funding / eligibility Academy ( England ) Charter school Comprehensive school For - profit education Free education Free school ( England ) Independent school UK Independent school preparatory public Private school Selective school Separate school State or public school State - integrated school ( New Zealand ) By style of education Adult education Alternative school Boarding school Day school Folk high school Free skool Homeschool International school K - 12 Madrasa Magnet school Montessori school One - room schools Parochial school Ranch school Sink school Virtual school Vocal school Yeshiva By scope College preparatory Compulsory education Democratic education Gifted education Remedial education Vocational education Historical Ancient higher - learning institutions Platonic Academy Lyceum Monastic schools Cathedral schools Medieval universities Schools imposed on indigenous peoples in Canada in New Zealand in the United States in South Africa Informal or illegal in Ireland in Greece in South Tyrol Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comprehensive_school&oldid=856326839 '' Categories : Comprehensive education Philosophy of education Public education in the United Kingdom State schools in the United Kingdom School types Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2018 United Kingdom - centric Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Cymraeg Deutsch Esperanto Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Suomi Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018, at 12 : 43 ( UTC ). 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Question: when was the first comprehensive school opened in england
Answer: after the Second World War