Castoreum - wikipedia Castoreum For the fungus genus, see Castoreum ( fungus ). Castoreum Castoreum / kæsˈtɔːriəm / is the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American beaver ( Castor canadensis ) and the European beaver ( Castor fiber ). Castoreum is the yellowish secretion of the castor sac. Beavers use castoreum in combination with urine to scent mark territory. Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail. The castor sacs are not true glands ( endocrine or exocrine ) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as preputial glands, castor glands, or scent glands are misnomers. It is used as a tincture in some perfumes and as a food additive. Contents 1 Trapping 2 Uses 2.1 Perfume 2.2 Medicinal use 2.3 Food use 2.4 Other uses 3 Chemical composition 4 Related animal products 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Trapping The government of Ontario pays trappers to harvest beaver castor sacs. The sacs brought between 2.62 - 5.10 Canadian dollars per ounce when auctioned at the May -- June 2016 North American Fur Auction. Uses Perfume American Beavers at the U.S. National Zoo In perfume - making, the term castoreum is more liberally applied to denote the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor. The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow and for their raw harshness to dissipate. In perfumery, castoreum has largely been used as an animalic note suggesting leather, compounded with other ingredients including top, middle, and base notes as a composition. Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude, Chanel Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many `` leather '' themed compositions. Medicinal use Castoreum No pharmaceutical authorities in the Western world recommend castoreum for any medical condition. It was still in the materia medica in the 18th century as a treatment for many ailments, including headache, fever, and hysteria. The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an abortion. Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy. Castoreum was also used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Castoreum was described in the 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in dysmenorrhea and hysterical conditions ( i.e., pertaining to the womb ), for raising blood pressure and increasing cardiac output. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of salicin from willow trees in the beaver 's diet, which is transformed to salicylic acid and has an action very similar to aspirin. It is one of the 65 ingredients of mithridate, a semi-mythical remedy used as an antidote for poisoning. It is also an ingredient of theriac, a medical concoction originally formulated by the Greeks in the 1st century AD as an alexipharmic, or antidote, considered a universal panacea. Food use In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration lists castoreum extract as a generally recognized as safe ( GRAS ) food additive. In 1965, the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association 's GRAS program ( FEMA 2261 and 2262 ) added castoreum extract and castoreum liquid. Product ingredient lists often refer to it simply as a `` natural flavoring. '' While it is mainly used in foods and beverages as part of a substitute vanilla flavor, it is less commonly used as a part of a raspberry or strawberry flavoring. The annual industry consumption is very low, around 300 pounds, whereas vanillin is over 2.6 million pounds annually. Castoreum has been traditionally used in Sweden for flavoring schnapps commonly referred to as `` Bäverhojt '' ( literally, beaver shout ). Other uses Castoreum is also used to contribute to the flavor and odor of cigarettes. Medieval beekeepers used it to increase honey production. Chemical composition At least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum. Some of these have pheromonal activity. These are the phenols 4 - ethylphenol and 1, 2 - dihydroxybenzene ( catechol ) and the ketones acetophenone and 3 - hydroxyacetophenone. Five additional compounds noted are 4 - methyl - 1, 2 - dihydroxybenzene ( 4 - methylcatechol ), 4 - methoxyacetophenone, 5 - methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3 - hydroxybenzoic acid. Other neutral compounds are oxygen - containing monoterpenes such as 6 - methyl - l - heptanol, 4, 6 - dimethyl - l - heptanol, isopinocamphone, pinocamphone, two linalool oxides and their acetates. Other compounds are : benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, borneol, o - cresol, 4 - ( 4 ' - hydroxyphenyl ) - 2 - butanone, hydroquinone, phenol. All those compounds are gathered from plant food. It also contains nupharamine alkaloids and castoramine, and cis - cyclohexane - 1, 2 - diol. Related animal products Taxea, a secretion of the badger 's subcaudal glands comparable in its medicinal use to the better - known castoreum Hyraceum, the petrified and rock - like excrement composed of urine and feces excreted by the cape hyrax ( Procavia capensis ), and a sought - after material that has been used in traditional South African medicine and perfumery See also Musk Ambergris Perfume - Animal sources References Jump up ^ Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., `` Castor sacs and anal glands of the north american beaver ( Castor canadensis ) : their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication '' Journal of Chemical Ecology, Volume 8, Number 5 / May 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University, Jump up ^ Müller - Schwarze, Dietland ( 1992 ). `` Castoreum of beaver ( Castor canadensis ) : function, chemistry and biological activity of its components, '' Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV, 457 -- 464, Plenum Press. Jump up ^ Johnston, Robert E. ; Sorenson, Peter W. ; and Müller - Schwarze, Dietland ( 1999 ). Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Springer, 1, 282. ISBN 0 - 306 - 46114 - 5. Jump up ^ Svendsen, G.E., Huntsman, W.D, `` A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components, '' American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 120, No. 1 ( Jul., 1988 ), pp. 144 -- 149, University of Notre Dame. ^ Jump up to : International Perfume Museum, Grasse, France, Website : `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 24. Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ Burdock, G.A. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ). `` Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient ''. International Journal of Toxicology. 26 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 55. ISSN 1091 - 5818. PMID 17365147. doi : 10.1080 / 10915810601120145. Jump up ^ `` May - June 2016 Wild Fur Sales Report North American Fur Auction '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 21 February 2016 -- via Fur Institute of Canada. Jump up ^ Hyraceum.com, `` Castoreum, Perfumer 's Ancient Intrigue, '' http://www.hyraceum.com Archived February 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Boericke, Materia Medica. Jump up ^ Compare mummy Archived 2006 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Stephen Pincock ( 28 March 2005 ). `` The quest for pain relief : how much have we improved on the past ? ''. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Burdock GA ( 2007 ). `` Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient ''. International Journal of Toxicology. 26 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 5. PMID 17365147. doi : 10.1080 / 10915810601120145. Jump up ^ http://www.femaflavor.org/sites/default/files/3.%20GRAS%20Substances%282001-3124%29.pdf Jump up ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli 's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2005. p. 277. Jump up ^ Furia, Thomas E., Chemical Rubber Company, CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Volume 2. CRC Press, 1972. p. 253. Jump up ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli 's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2005. p. 276 - 8. Jump up ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli 's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2005. p. 639. Jump up ^ Baron Ambrosia ( 26 February 2015 ). `` Tales from the Fringe : Beaver Gland Vodka ''. PunchDrink.com. Retrieved 11 December 2015. Jump up ^ BVR HJT Jump up ^ ( 1 ) United States Patent Application Publication ^ Jump up to : The Beaver : Its Life and Impact. Dietland Muller - Schwarze, 2003, page 43 ( book at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver, Castor canadensis., Müller - Schwarze, D and Houlihan, P.W., Journal of Chemical Ecology, April 1991, Volume 17, Number 4, Springer Netherlands, doi : 10.1007 / BF00994195 Jump up ^ Neutral compounds from male castoreum of North American beaver, Castor canadensis. Rong Tang, Francis X. Webster, Dietland Müller - Schwarze, Journal of Chemical Ecology, November 1995, Volume 21, Issue 11, pages 1745 - 1762, doi : 10.1007 / BF02033674 Jump up ^ Stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure nupharamine alkaloids from castoreum. Stoye A, Quandt G, Brunnhöfer B, Kapatsina E, Baron J, Fischer A, Weymann M and Kunz H, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl., 2009, volume 48, issue 12, pages 2228 - 2230, doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200805606 Jump up ^ Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Inhaltsstoffe von Castoreum. B. Maurer and G. Ohloff, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2 June 1976, Volume 59, Issue 4, pages 1169 -- 1185, doi : 10.1002 / hlca. 19760590420 Jump up ^ cis - cyclohexane - 1, 2 - diol in the beaver gland. Z. Valenta, A. Khaleque, M.H. Rashid, Experientia, 1961, Volume 17, Issue 3, page 130, doi : 10.1007 / BF02160827 External links The International Perfume Museum : Castoreum Ancient anaesthesia Plants / animals Aconitum ( aconite ) Atropa belladonna ( belladonna ) Cannabis medical use Castoreum Coca Conium ( hemlock ) Datura innoxia ( thorn - apple ) Datura metel ( devil 's trumpet ) Hyoscyamus niger ( henbane ) Lactucarium Mandragora officinarum ( mandrake ) Opium Saussurea ( saw - wort ) Willow People Abulcasis Avenzoar Avicenna Celsus Dioscorides Galen Hippocrates Rhazes Sabuncuoğlu Sushrutha Theophrastus Zhang Compounds Aconitine Atropine Cocaine Coniine Hyoscine Δ9 - THC Hyoscyamine Morphine Salicylate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castoreum&oldid=808429509 '' Categories : Animal glandular products Beavers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hornjoserbsce Ido Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 20 : 33. 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Question: where does artificial strawberry and raspberry flavoring come from
Answer: castoreum