Karl Landsteiner - wikipedia Karl Landsteiner Karl Landsteiner Landsteiner in Stockholm in 1930 ( 1868 - 06 - 14 ) 14 June 1868 Baden bei Wien, Austria - Hungary 26 June 1943 ( 1943 - 06 - 26 ) ( aged 75 ) New York City, New York, U.S. Citizenship Austria, Netherlands, U.S. Alma mater University of Vienna Known for Development of blood group system, discovery of Rh factor, discovery of poliovirus Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( 1930 ) Lasker - DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award ( 1946 posthumously ) ForMemRS ( 1941 ) Scientific career Fields Medicine, virology Institutions University of Vienna Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Karl Landsteiner, ForMemRS, ( 14 June 1868 -- 26 June 1943 ) was an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist. He distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient 's life. With Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio virus in 1909. He received the Aronson Prize in 1926. In 1930, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He was posthumously awarded the Lasker Award in 1946, and has been described as the father of transfusion medicine. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Research work in Vienna ; discovery of the polio virus 3 Discovery of the blood groups 4 Research work in the Netherlands and the United States 5 Awards and honours 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Early life and education Landsteiner 's father, Leopold ( 1818 -- 1875 ), a renowned Viennese journalist who was editor - in - chief of Die Presse, died at age 56, when Karl was only 6. This led to a close relationship between him and his mother Fanny ( born Hess ; 1837 -- 1908 ). After graduating with the Matura exam from a Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of medicine at the University of Vienna and wrote his doctoral thesis in 1891. While still a student he published an essay on the influence of diets on the composition of blood. From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner studied chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich under Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch. He had a number of publications from that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors. Research work in Vienna ; discovery of the polio virus After returning to Vienna he became an assistant to Max von Gruber at the Hygienic Institute. In his studies he concentrated on the mechanism of immunity and the nature of antibodies. From November 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological - anatomical institute of the University of Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, where he published 75 papers, dealing with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy. In addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten years. Weichselbaum was Landsteiner 's tutor for his postdoctoral lecture qualification in 1903. From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at the Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and in 1911 he was sworn in as an associate professor of pathological anatomy. During that time he discovered -- in co-operation with Erwin Popper -- the infectious character of poliomyelitis and isolated the polio virus. In recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, which proved to be the basis for the fight against polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall of Fame at Warm Springs, Georgia, which was dedicated in January 1958. Discovery of the blood groups Karl Landsteiner, reverse of 1,000 - schilling bank note, 1997 In 1900 Karl Landsteiner found out that the blood of two people under contact agglutinates, and in 1901 he found that this effect was due to contact of blood with blood serum. As a result, he succeeded in identifying the three blood groups A, B and O, which he labelled C, of human blood. Landsteiner also found out that blood transfusion between persons with the same blood group did not lead to the destruction of blood cells, whereas this occurred between persons of different blood groups. Based on his findings, the first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York in 1907. Today it is well known that persons with blood group AB can accept donations of the other blood groups, and that persons with blood group O - negative can donate to all other groups. Individuals with blood group AB are referred to as universal recipients and those with blood group O - negative are known as universal donors. These donor - recipient relationships arise due to the fact that type O - negative blood possesses neither antigens of blood group A nor of blood group B. Therefore, the immune systems of persons with blood group A, B or AB do not refuse the donation. Further, because persons with blood group AB do not form antibodies against either the antigens of blood group A or B, they can accept blood from persons with these blood groups, besides from persons with blood group O - negative. In today 's blood transfusions only concentrates of red blood cells without serum are transmitted, which is of great importance in surgical practice. In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, he is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine. Research work in the Netherlands and the United States Landsteiner bronze bust at Warm Springs After World War I, Vienna and the new republic of Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic state, a situation in which Landsteiner did not see any possibilities to carry on with his research work. He decided to move to The Netherlands and accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital ( now MCH Westeinde ) in The Hague and, in order to improve his financial situation also took a job in a small factory, producing old tuberculin ( tuberculinum prestinum ). He also published a number of papers, five of them being published in Dutch by the Royal Academy of Sciences. Yet working conditions proved to be not much better than in post-war Vienna. So Landsteiner accepted the invitation that reached him from New York, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner 's work, to work for the Rockefeller Institute. He arrived there with his family in the spring of 1923. Throughout the 1920s Landsteiner worked on the problems of immunity and allergy. In 1927 he discovered new blood groups : M, N and P, refining the work he had begun 20 years before. Soon after Landsteiner and his collaborator, Philip Levine, published the work and in 1927, the types began to be used in paternity suits. Awards and honours Landsteiner was posthumously awarded the Lasker - DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 1946 and elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1941. Personal life Landsteiner converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1890. In 1916 he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Orthodox who converted to her husband 's Roman Catholic faith. In 1937 Landsteiner took legal action ( unsuccessfully ) against an American publisher who had included him in the book Who 's Who in American Jewry, stating that `` it will be detrimental to me to emphasize publicly the religion of my ancestors. '' References ^ Jump up to : Rous, P. ( 1947 ). `` Karl Landsteiner. 1868 -- 1943 ''. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 5 ( 15 ) : 294 -- 324. doi : 10.1098 / rsbm. 1947.0002. JSTOR 769085. ^ Jump up to : `` Karl Landsteiner ''. Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922 -- 1941. Amsterdam : Elsevier Publishing Company. 1965. Retrieved 12 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Karl Landsteiner '', Jewish Virtual Library Jump up ^ Speiser, Paul ( 1990 ). Karl Landsteiner : Entdecker der Blutgruppen und Pionier der Immunologie ( 3rd ed. ). Berlin. ISBN 3 - 89412 - 084 - 3. Jump up ^ Dreiser, Karl Landsteiner, p. 24 Jump up ^ Speiser, Karl Landsteiner, p. 33 Jump up ^ Landsteiner, K. ; Popper, E. ( 1909 ). `` Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen ''. Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und experimentelle Therapie. 2 : 377 -- 390. Jump up ^ Landsteiner, Karl ( 1900 ). `` Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe ''. Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde u. Infektionskrankheiten. 27 : 357 -- 362. Jump up ^ `` Homage to scientist on Blood Donor 's Day ''. The Tribune. 15 June 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Landsteiner Instituut / / Het instituut > Wie was Karl Landsteiner ? ''. Jump up ^ Speiser, Karl Landsteiner p. 63 Jump up ^ Staudacher, Anna L. ( 2009 ) ``... meldet den Austritt aus dem mosaischen Glauben ''. 18000 Austritte aus dem Judentum in Wien, 1868 -- 1914 : Namen -- Quellen -- Daten. Peter Lang, Frankfurt, ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 55832 - 4, p. 349 Jump up ^ `` Concise Dictionary of American Jewish Biography ''. Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives. Jump up ^ `` Dr. Landsteiner Sues to Escape Being Labelled Jew ''. 6 April 1937. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Landsteiner. Biography at the Nobel e-Museum 1946 Lasker award for clinical medicine Key Participants : Karl Landsteiner -- It 's in the Blood ! A Documentary History of Linus Pauling, Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir See also : Landsteiner Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 -- 1925 1901 Emil Behring 1902 Ronald Ross 1903 Niels Finsen 1904 Ivan Pavlov 1905 Robert Koch 1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907 Alphonse Laveran 1908 Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909 Emil Kocher 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1911 Allvar Gullstrand 1912 Alexis Carrel 1913 Charles Richet 1914 Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Jules Bordet 1920 August Krogh 1921 1922 Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923 Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924 Willem Einthoven 1925 1926 -- 1950 1926 Johannes Fibiger 1927 Julius Wagner - Jauregg 1928 Charles Nicolle 1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930 Karl Landsteiner 1931 Otto Warburg 1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933 Thomas Morgan 1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935 Hans Spemann 1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937 Albert Szent - Györgyi 1938 Corneille Heymans 1939 Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945 Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946 Hermann Muller 1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948 Paul Müller 1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench 1951 -- 1975 1951 Max Theiler 1952 Selman Waksman 1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955 Hugo Theorell 1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957 Daniel Bovet 1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961 Georg von Békésy 1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr. 1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin 1976 -- 2000 1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979 Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983 Barbara McClintock 1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi - Montalcini 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995 Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1998 Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999 Günter Blobel 2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel 2001 -- present 2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré - Sinoussi 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010 Robert G. Edwards 2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman ( posthumously ) 2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014 John O'Keefe / May - Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015 William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young BIBSYS : 98016508 BNF : cb16555495q ( data ) GND : 118726226 ISNI : 0000 0000 8370 3537 LCCN : n50038729 NKC : nlk20000079381 NLA : 36016729 SNAC : w65d8v4p SUDOC : 098741047 VIAF : 32791609 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Landsteiner&oldid=850655298 '' Categories : 1868 births 1943 deaths Austrian emigrants to the United States Austrian Jews Austrian Nobel laureates Austrian pathologists Austrian immunologists Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism Austrian Roman Catholics Foreign Members of the Royal Society Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine People from Baden bei Wien People educated at Gymnasium Wasagasse Recipients of the Lasker - DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018, at 06 : 50 ( UTC ). 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Question: who won the nobel prize for his research in blood groups
Answer: Karl Landsteiner