Pericardium - wikipedia Pericardium This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2016 ) For the Traditional Chinese medicine description, see Pericardium ( Chinese medicine ). `` Pericard '' redirects here. For the footballer, see Vincent Pericard. Pericardium Walls of the heart, showing pericardium at right. Cutaway illustration of pericardial sac Details Artery Pericardiacophrenic artery Nerve Phrenic nerve Identifiers Latin Pericardium Greek περίκάρδιον MeSH D010496 TA A12. 1.08. 001 FMA 9869 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pericardium is a double - walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid. The pericardium fixes the heart to the mediastinum, gives protection against infection, and provides the lubrication for the heart. It receives its name from Ancient Greek peri ( περί ; `` around '' ) and cardion ( κάρδιον ; `` heart '' ). Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Fibrous pericardium 1.2 Serous pericardium 1.3 Anatomical relationships 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure The pericardium is a tough double layered fibroserous sac which covers the heart. The space between the two layers of serous pericardium ( see below ), the pericardial cavity, is filled with serous fluid which protects the heart from any kind of external jerk or shock. There are two layers to the pericardial sac : the outermost fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. Fibrous pericardium The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium. It is made up of dense and loose connective tissue, which acts to protect the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and preventing it from overfilling with blood. It is continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels. Serous pericardium The serous pericardium, in turn, is divided into two layers, the parietal pericardium, which is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral pericardium, which is part of, or in some textbooks synonymous with, the epicardium. Both of these layers function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction during heart activity. The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels ( the large blood vessels serving the heart ) becoming one with the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. This happens at two areas : where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart. In between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers there is a potential space called the pericardial cavity, which contains a supply of lubricating serous fluid known as the pericardial fluid. When the visceral layer of serous pericardium comes into contact with heart ( not the great vessels ) it is known as the epicardium. The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper ( the myocardium ). The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions as a protective layer. During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from the endocardial to the epicardial surface. Anatomical relationships A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity are exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pleurae or between the pericardium and heart. Pericardium is also known as cardiac epidermis. The pericardial cavity in this image is labeled d and is part of the inferior mediastium. Here we can see its relation to the superior mediastinum a, the pleural cavities c, and the diaphragm e. Surrounds heart and bases of pulmonary artery and aorta. Deep to sternum and anterior chest wall. The right phrenic nerve passes to the right of the pericardium. The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle. Pericardial arteries supply blood to the dorsal portion of the pericardium. Function Sets heart in mediastinum and limits its motion Protects it from infections coming from other organs ( such as lungs ) Prevents excessive dilation of the heart in cases of acute volume overload Lubricates the heart Clinical significance Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis. This condition typically causes chest pain that spreads to the back that is worsened by lying flat. In patients suffering with pericarditis, a pericardial friction rub can often be heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Pericarditis is often caused by a viral infection ( glandular fever, cytomegalovirus, or coxsackievirus ), or more rarely with a bacterial infection, but may also occur following a myocardial infarction. Pericarditis is usually a short - lived condition that can be successfully treated with painkillers, anti-inflammatories, and colchicine. In some cases, pericarditis can become a long - term condition causing scarring of the pericardium which restricts the heart 's movement, known as constrictive pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis is sometimes treated by surgically removing the pericardium in a procedure called a pericardiectomy. Fluid can build up within the pericardial sack, referred to as a pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis, kidney failure, or tumours and frequently do not cause any symptoms. However, large effusions or effusions that accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as cardiac tamponade, causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure. Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis. For cases of recurrent pericardial effusion, an operation to create a hole between the pericardial and pleural spaces can be performed, known as a pericardial fenestration. Additional images Fibrous pericardium See also This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology. Pericardial sinus Pericardiocentesis References Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ). Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed. ). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1412. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8. Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J. ; Nielsen, Mark T. ( 2009 ). Principles of Human Anatomy ( 11th ed. ). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 84 -- 5. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78931 - 4. Jump up ^ Color atlas of fetal and neonatal histology. Ernst, Linda., Ruchelli, Eduardo D., Huff, Dale S. New York : Springer. 2011. p. 5. ISBN 9781461400196. OCLC 755068872. ^ Jump up to : Laizzo, P.A. ( 2009 ). Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices ( 2nd ed. ). Humana Press. pp. 125 -- 8. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60327 - 371 - 8. Jump up ^ Byrne, John G ; Karavas, Alexandros N ; Colson, Yolonda L ; Bueno, Raphael ; Richards, William G ; Sugarbaker, David J ; Goldhaber, Samuel Z ( 2002 ). `` Cardiac Decortication ( Epicardiectomy ) for Occult Constrictive Cardiac Physiology After Left Extrapleural Pneumonectomy ''. Chest. 122 ( 6 ) : 2256 -- 9. doi : 10.1378 / chest. 122.6. 2256. PMID 12475875. Jump up ^ Davidson 's 2010, pp. 638 -- 639. External links Anatomy photo : 21 : st - 1500 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Mediastinum : Pericardium ( pericardial sac ) '' thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( heartpericardium ) Atlas image : ht_pericard2 at the University of Michigan Health System - `` MRI of chest, lateral view '' Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae, coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum, moderator band / septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis ), → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&oldid=853019714 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 22 : 00 ( UTC ). 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Question: where is the pericardium attached to the heart
Answer: epicardium