Analytic function - wikipedia Analytic function Not to be confused with analytic expression or analytic signal. This article is about both real and complex analytic functions. For analytic functions in complex analysis specifically, see holomorphic function. In mathematics, an analytic function is a function that is locally given by a convergent power series. There exist both real analytic functions and complex analytic functions, categories that are similar in some ways, but different in others. Functions of each type are infinitely differentiable, but complex analytic functions exhibit properties that do not hold generally for real analytic functions. A function is analytic if and only if its Taylor series about x converges to the function in some neighborhood for every x in its domain. Contents 1 Definitions 2 Examples 3 Alternative characterizations 4 Properties of analytic functions 5 Analyticity and differentiability 6 Real versus complex analytic functions 7 Analytic functions of several variables 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Definitions Formally, a function f ( displaystyle f ) is real analytic on an open set D ( displaystyle D ) in the real line if for any x 0 ∈ D ( displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) in D ) one can write f ( x ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n ( x − x 0 ) n = a 0 + a 1 ( x − x 0 ) + a 2 ( x − x 0 ) 2 + a 3 ( x − x 0 ) 3 + ⋯ ( displaystyle f ( x ) = sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( infty ) a_ ( n ) left ( x-x_ ( 0 ) \right ) ^ ( n ) = a_ ( 0 ) + a_ ( 1 ) ( x-x_ ( 0 ) ) + a_ ( 2 ) ( x-x_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + a_ ( 3 ) ( x-x_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) + cdots ) in which the coefficients a 0, a 1,... ( displaystyle a_ ( 0 ), a_ ( 1 ), dots ) are real numbers and the series is convergent to f ( x ) ( displaystyle f ( x ) ) for x ( displaystyle x ) in a neighborhood of x 0 ( displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) ). Alternatively, an analytic function is an infinitely differentiable function such that the Taylor series at any point x 0 ( displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) ) in its domain T ( x ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n ( displaystyle T ( x ) = sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( infty ) ( \frac ( f ^ ( ( n ) ) ( x_ ( 0 ) ) ) ( n ! ) ) ( x-x_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( n ) ) converges to f ( x ) ( displaystyle f ( x ) ) for x ( displaystyle x ) in a neighborhood of x 0 ( displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) ) pointwise ( and locally uniformly ). The set of all real analytic functions on a given set D ( displaystyle D ) is often denoted by C ω ( D ) ( displaystyle C ^ ( , omega ) ( D ) ). A function f ( displaystyle f ) defined on some subset of the real line is said to be real analytic at a point x ( displaystyle x ) if there is a neighborhood D ( displaystyle D ) of x ( displaystyle x ) on which f ( displaystyle f ) is real analytic. The definition of a complex analytic function is obtained by replacing, in the definitions above, `` real '' with `` complex '' and `` real line '' with `` complex plane ''. A function is complex analytic if and only if it is holomorphic i.e. it is complex differentiable. For this reason the terms `` holomorphic '' and `` analytic '' are often used interchangeably for such functions. Examples Typical examples of analytic functions are : All elementary functions : All polynomials : if a polynomial has degree n, any terms of degree larger than n in its Taylor series expansion must immediately vanish to 0, and so this series will be trivially convergent. Furthermore, every polynomial is its own Maclaurin series. The exponential function is analytic. Any Taylor series for this function converges not only for x close enough to x ( as in the definition ) but for all values of x ( real or complex ). The trigonometric functions, logarithm, and the power functions are analytic on any open set of their domain. Most special functions ( at least in some range of the complex plane ) : hypergeometric functions Bessel functions gamma function Typical examples of functions that are not analytic are : The absolute value function when defined on the set of real numbers or complex numbers is not everywhere analytic because it is not differentiable at 0. Piecewise defined functions ( functions given by different formulas in different regions ) are typically not analytic where the pieces meet. The complex conjugate function z → z * is not complex analytic, although its restriction to the real line is the identity function and therefore real analytic, and it is real analytic as a function from R 2 ( displaystyle mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) ) to R 2 ( displaystyle mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) ). Other non-analytic smooth functions. Alternative characterizations The following conditions are equivalent : 1. ƒ is real analytic. 2. There is a complex analytic extension of ƒ to an open set G ⊂ C which contains D. 3. For every compact set K ⊂ D there exists a constant C such that for every x ∈ K and every non-negative integer k the following bound holds d k f d x k ( x ) ≤ C k + 1 k ! ( displaystyle left ( \frac ( d ^ ( k ) f ) ( dx ^ ( k ) ) ) ( x ) \right leq C ^ ( k + 1 ) k ! ) The real analyticity of a function ƒ at a given point x can be characterized using the Fourier -- Bros -- Iagolnitzer transform. Complex analytic functions are exactly equivalent to holomorphic functions, and are thus much more easily characterized. Properties of analytic functions The sums, products, and compositions of analytic functions are analytic. The reciprocal of an analytic function that is nowhere zero is analytic, as is the inverse of an invertible analytic function whose derivative is nowhere zero. ( See also the Lagrange inversion theorem. ) Any analytic function is smooth, that is, infinitely differentiable. The converse is not true for real functions ; in fact, in a certain sense, the real analytic functions are sparse compared to all real infinitely differentiable functions. For the complex numbers, the converse does hold, and in fact any function differentiable once on an open set is analytic on that set ( see `` analyticity and differentiability '' below ). For any open set Ω ⊆ C, the set A ( Ω ) of all analytic functions u : Ω → C is a Fréchet space with respect to the uniform convergence on compact sets. The fact that uniform limits on compact sets of analytic functions are analytic is an easy consequence of Morera 's theorem. The set A ∞ ( Ω ) ( displaystyle scriptstyle A_ ( infty ) ( Omega ) ) of all bounded analytic functions with the supremum norm is a Banach space. A polynomial can not be zero at too many points unless it is the zero polynomial ( more precisely, the number of zeros is at most the degree of the polynomial ). A similar but weaker statement holds for analytic functions. If the set of zeros of an analytic function ƒ has an accumulation point inside its domain, then ƒ is zero everywhere on the connected component containing the accumulation point. In other words, if ( r ) is a sequence of distinct numbers such that ƒ ( r ) = 0 for all n and this sequence converges to a point r in the domain of D, then ƒ is identically zero on the connected component of D containing r. This is known as the Principle of Permanence. Also, if all the derivatives of an analytic function at a point are zero, the function is constant on the corresponding connected component. These statements imply that while analytic functions do have more degrees of freedom than polynomials, they are still quite rigid. Analyticity and differentiability As noted above, any analytic function ( real or complex ) is infinitely differentiable ( also known as smooth, or C ). ( Note that this differentiability is in the sense of real variables ; compare complex derivatives below. ) There exist smooth real functions that are not analytic : see non-analytic smooth function. In fact there are many such functions. The situation is quite different when one considers complex analytic functions and complex derivatives. It can be proved that any complex function differentiable ( in the complex sense ) in an open set is analytic. Consequently, in complex analysis, the term analytic function is synonymous with holomorphic function. Real versus complex analytic functions Real and complex analytic functions have important differences ( one could notice that even from their different relationship with differentiability ). Analyticity of complex functions is a more restrictive property, as it has more restrictive necessary conditions and complex analytic functions have more structure than their real - line counterparts. According to Liouville 's theorem, any bounded complex analytic function defined on the whole complex plane is constant. The corresponding statement for real analytic functions, with the complex plane replaced by the real line, is clearly false ; this is illustrated by f ( x ) = 1 x 2 + 1. ( displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ). ) Also, if a complex analytic function is defined in an open ball around a point x, its power series expansion at x is convergent in the whole open ball ( holomorphic functions are analytic ). This statement for real analytic functions ( with open ball meaning an open interval of the real line rather than an open disk of the complex plane ) is not true in general ; the function of the example above gives an example for x = 0 and a ball of radius exceeding 1, since the power series 1 − x + x − x... diverges for x > 1. Any real analytic function on some open set on the real line can be extended to a complex analytic function on some open set of the complex plane. However, not every real analytic function defined on the whole real line can be extended to a complex function defined on the whole complex plane. The function ƒ ( x ) defined in the paragraph above is a counterexample, as it is not defined for x = ± i. This explains why the Taylor series of ƒ ( x ) diverges for x > 1, i.e., the radius of convergence is 1 because the complexified function has a pole at distance 1 from the evaluation point 0 and no further poles within the open disc of radius 1 around the evaluation point. Analytic functions of several variables One can define analytic functions in several variables by means of power series in those variables ( see power series ). Analytic functions of several variables have some of the same properties as analytic functions of one variable. However, especially for complex analytic functions, new and interesting phenomena show up when working in 2 or more dimensions. For instance, zero sets of complex analytic functions in more than one variable are never discrete. See also Cauchy -- Riemann equations Holomorphic function Paley -- Wiener theorem Quasi-analytic function Infinite compositions of analytic functions Notes Jump up ^ Churchill ; Brown ; Verhey ( 1948 ). Complex Variables and Applications. McGraw - Hill. p. 46. ISBN 0 - 07 - 010855 - 2. A function f of the complex variable z is analytic at point z if its derivative exists not only at z but at each point z in some neighborhood of z. It is analytic in a region R if it is analytic as every point in R. The term holomorphic is also used in the literature do denote analyticity Jump up ^ Komatsu 1960. Jump up ^ Krantz & Parks 2002. References Conway, John B. ( 1978 ). Functions of One Complex Variable I. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 11 ( 2nd ed. ). Springer - Verlag. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 90328 - 6. Krantz, Steven ; Parks, Harold R. ( 2002 ). A Primer of Real Analytic Functions ( 2nd ed. ). Birkhäuser. ISBN 0 - 8176 - 4264 - 1. Komatsu, Hikosaburo ( 1960 ). `` A characterization of real analytic functions ''. Proc. Japan Acad. 36 ( 3 ) : 90 -- 93. doi : 10.3792 / pja / 1195524081. External links Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ), `` Analytic function '', Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Weisstein, Eric W. `` Analytic Function ''. MathWorld. Solver for all zeros of a complex analytic function that lie within a rectangular region by Ivan B. Ivanov NDL : 00564621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analytic_function&oldid=794176708 '' Categories : Analytic functions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017, at 10 : 30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: when is a function said to be analytic
Answer: if and only if its Taylor series about x0 converges to the function in some neighborhood for every x0 in its domain