Glomus ( fungus ) - wikipedia Glomus ( fungus ) Glomus Scientific classification Kingdom : Fungi Division : Glomeromycota Class : Glomeromycetes Order : Glomerales Family : Glomeraceae Genus : Glomus Tul. & C. Tul. ( 1845 ) Type species Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & C. Tul. ( 1845 ) Species ca. 85 species described Synonyms Rhizophagus P.A. Dang. ( 1896 ) Sphaerocreas Sacc. & Ellis ( 1882 ) Stigeosporium C. West ( 1916 ) Glomus is a genus of arbuscular mycorrhizal ( AM ) fungi, and all species form symbiotic relationships ( mycorrhizas ) with plant roots. Glomus is the largest genus of AM fungi, with ca. 85 species described, but is currently defined as non-monophyletic. Contents 1 Classification 2 Ecology 3 Life cycle 4 Meiosis 5 Agricultural significance 6 Species 7 See also 8 References Classification Glomus is the only genus in the family Glomeraceae, in the division Glomeromycota. Some members of the genus were originally described as Sclerocystis species, but this genus has been entirely transferred to Glomus. However, further taxonomic changes are likely as the phylogeny of AM fungi becomes better understood. Glomus is likely related to the fossil fungus Glomites, discovered in the Rhynie chert deposits from the Early Devonian ( 400 million years ago ). Ecology As with other AM fungi, all Glomus species are thought to be obligate symbionts, dependent on their mycorrhizal association with plant roots to complete their life cycle. They can not be cultured in the laboratory in the absence of a plant host. Glomus species are found in nearly all terrestrial habitats, including arable land, deserts, grasslands, tropical forests, and tundras. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can provide numerous benefits to their plant hosts, including improved nutrient uptake, drought resistance, and disease resistance. However, the symbiosis is not mutualistic in all circumstances and may often be parasitic, with a detrimental effect on plant growth. Rarely, some plant species can parasitise the fungi. Life cycle Glomus species were considered to be entirely asexual until recently ( see Meiosis section below ). Spores are produced at the tips of hyphae either within the host root or outside the root in the soil. Thought to be chlamydospores, these spores germinate and the germination tube that is produced grows through the soil until it comes into contact with roots. The fungus then penetrates the root and grows between root cells, or it may penetrate the cell wall and grow within root cells. Inside the root, the fungus forms arbuscules, which are highly branched hyphal structures that serve as sites of nutrient exchange with the plant. Arbuscules are formed within plant cell walls but are surrounded by an invaginated cell membrane, so remain within the apoplast. The fungus may also form vesicles, swollen structures which are thought to function as food storage organs. Meiosis Halary et al. searched the genomes of four Glomus species for the presence of genes that encode proteins essential for meiosis. These proteins make up the conserved meiotic recombination machinery of eukaryotic cells. The study indicated that the Glomus species contain 51 genes encoding all the tools necessary for meiotic recombination and associated DNA repair processes. In particular, these species have seven genes that encode proteins whose only known function is in meiosis, including Dmc1 that is a meiosis - specific recombinase. Since meiosis is considered to be a hallmark of sexual reproduction, it might be expected that a sexual stage or a sexual apparatus should be present. However, as yet, none has been identified. In addition, mating type gene homologues and a putative sex hormone - sensing pathway were detected in these fungi. Based on these findings it was suggested that Glomus species may be able to undergo a cryptic sexual cycle. The population structure of Glomus etunicatum suggests that clonal expansion plays an important role in the ecological success of Glomus species, and that gene exchanges are not completely absent, although likely very rare. Agricultural significance Several species of Glomus, including G. aggregatum, are cultured and sold as mycorrhizal inoculant for agricultural soils. One species, G. macrocarpum ( and possibly also G. microcarpum ), causes tobacco stunt disease. Species Glomus aggregatum Glomus albidum Glomus ambisporum Glomus brazillanum Glomus caledonium Glomus coremioides Glomus claroideum Glomus clarum Glomus clavisporum Glomus constrictum Glomus coronatum Glomus deserticola Glomus diaphanum Glomus eburneum Glomus etunicatum Glomus fasciculatum Glomus fistulosum Glomus fragilistratum Glomus geosporum Glomus globiferum Glomus heterosporum Glomus hoi Glomus intraradices Glomus lacteum Glomus lamellosum Glomus luteum Glomus manihotis Glomus microaggregatum Glomus monosporum Glomus mosseae Glomus multicaule Glomus pansihalos Glomus pustulatum Glomus sinuosum Glomus spurcum Glomus tortuosum Glomus trimurales Glomus verruculosum Glomus versiforme Glomus viscosum See also Glomalin Glomeromycota References Jump up ^ `` Glomus Tul. & C. Tul. 1845 ''. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA ( 2008 ). Dictionary of the Fungi ( 10th ed. ). Wallingford, UK : CABI. p. 287. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 826 - 8. Jump up ^ Bidartondo, M.I. ; Redecker, D. ; Hijri, I. ; Wiemken, A. ; Bruns, T.D. ; Dominguez, L. ; Sersic A., Leake ; J.R., Read, D.J. ( 2002 ). `` Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ''. Nature. 419 ( 6905 ) : 389 -- 392. doi : 10.1038 / nature01054. PMID 12353033. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Halary S, Malik SB, Lildhar L, Slamovits CH, Hijri M, Corradi N ( 2011 ). `` Conserved meiotic machinery in Glomus spp., a putatively ancient asexual fungal lineage ''. Genome Biol Evol. 3 : 950 -- 8. doi : 10.1093 / gbe / evr089. PMC 3184777. PMID 21876220. Jump up ^ Halary S, Daubois L, Terrat Y, Ellenberger S, Wöstemeyer J, Hijri M ( 2013 ). `` Mating type gene homologues and putative sex pheromone - sensing pathway in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a presumably asexual plant root symbiont ''. PLoS ONE. 8 ( 11 ) : e80729. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080729. PMC 3834313. PMID 24260466. Jump up ^ Sanders IR ( November 2011 ). `` Fungal sex : meiosis machinery in ancient symbiotic fungi ''. Curr. Biol. 21 ( 21 ) : R896 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2011.09. 021. PMID 22075432. Jump up ^ den Bakker HC, Vankuren NW, Morton JB, Pawlowska TE ( November 2010 ). `` Clonality and recombination in the life history of an asexual arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus ''. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 ( 11 ) : 2474 -- 86. doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msq155. PMID 20566475. Jump up ^ Modjo, H.S. ; Hendrix, J.W. ( 1986 ). `` The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus macrocarpum as a cause of tobacco stunt disease ''. Phytopathology. 76 ( 7 ) : 688 -- 691. doi : 10.1094 / Phyto - 76 - 688. `` Genus Glomus '' at the Catalogue of Life Checklist International Culture Collection of ( Vesicular ) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiotic Fungi Taxon identifiers Wd : Q80855 EoL : 38606 EPPO : 1GLMUG Fungorum : 20244 GBIF : 2559545 iNaturalist : 175781 ITIS : 181533 MycoBank : 20244 NCBI : 4875 WoRMS : 988502 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glomus_(fungus)&oldid=826046788 '' Categories : Glomerales Fungus genera Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Cebuano Deutsch Français Polski Português Svenska Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018, at 22 : 10. About Wikipedia

Question: the genus glomus falls under which of the divisions of fungi
Answer: arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)