Sarcoplasmic reticulum - wikipedia Sarcoplasmic reticulum A cartoon section of skeletal muscle, showing t - tubules running deep into the centre of the cell between two terminal cisternae / junctional SR. The thinner projections, running horizontally between two terminal cisternae are the longitudinal sections of the SR. The sarcoplasmic reticulum ( SR ) is a membrane - bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions ( Ca ). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell. This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes ( the calcium is said to be a second messenger ; see calcium in biology for more details ). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate ( found in chalk ) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening ( calcification ) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria, leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then remove from the cell. Contents 1 Structure 2 Calcium absorption 3 Calcium storage 4 Calcium release 5 References Structure The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around ( but not in direct contact with ) the myofibrils ( contractile units of the cell ). Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules ( T - tubules ), which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell. T - tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR, known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle, with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers, separating them. This is the primary site of calcium release. The longitudinal SR are thinner projects, that run between the terminal cisternae / junctional SR, and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant. These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation - contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Calcium absorption The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions wo n't freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ). These calcium pumps are called Sarco ( endo ) plasmic reticulum ATPases ( SERCA ). There are a variety of different forms of SERCA, with SERCA 2a being found primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle. SERCA consists of 13 subunits ( labelled M1 - M10, N, P and A ). Calcium ions bind to the M1 - M10 subunits ( which are located within the membrane ), whereas ATP binds to the N, P and A subunits ( which are located outside the SR ). When 2 calcium ions, along with a molecule of ATP, bind to the cytosolic side of the pump ( i.e the region of the pump outside the SR ), the pump opens. This occurs because ATP ( which contains three phosphate groups ) releases a single phosphate group ( becoming adenosine diphosphate ). The released phosphate group then binds to the pump, causing the pump to change shape. This shape change causes the cytosolic side of the pump to open, allowing the two Ca to enter. The cytosolic side of the pump then closes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum side opens, releasing the Ca into the SR. A protein found in cardiac muscle, called phospholamban ( PLB ) has been shown to prevent SERCA from working. It does this by binding to the SERCA and decreasing its attraction ( affinity ) to calcium, therefore preventing calcium uptake into the SR. Failure to remove Ca from the cytosol, prevents muscle relaxation and therefore means that there is a decrease in muscle contraction too. However, molecules such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, can prevent PLB from inhibiting SERCA. When these hormones bind to a receptor, called a beta 1 adrenoceptor, located on the cell membrane, they produce a series of reactions ( known as a cyclic AMP pathway ) that produces an enzyme called protein kinase A ( PKA ). PKA can add a phosphate to PLB ( this is known as phosphorylation ), preventing it from inhibiting SERCA and allowing for muscle relaxation. Calcium storage Located within the SR is a protein called calsequestrin. This protein can bind to around 50 Ca, which decreases the amount of free Ca within the SR ( as more is bound to calsequestrin ). Therefore, more calcium can be stored ( the calsequestrin is said to be a buffer ). It is primarily located within the junctional SR / terminal cisternae, in close association with the calcium release channel ( described below ). Calcium release Calcium ion release from the SR, occurs in the junctional SR / terminal cisternae through a ryanodine receptor ( RyR ) and is known as a calcium spark. There are three types of ryanodine receptor, RyR1 ( in skeletal muscle ), RyR2 ( in cardiac muscle ) and RyR3 ( in the brain ). Calcium release through ryanodine receptors in the SR is triggered differently in different muscles. In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse ( action potential ) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L - type calcium channel located in the cell membrane ( smooth muscle ) or T - tubule membrane ( cardiac muscle ). These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR, producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium. In skeletal muscle, however, the L - type calcium channel is bound to the RyR. Therefore activation of the L - type calcium channel, via an action potential, activates the RyR directly, causing calcium release ( see calcium sparks for more details ). Also, caffeine ( found in coffee ) can bind to and stimulate RyR. Caffeine works by making the RyR more sensitive to either the action potential ( skeletal muscle ) or calcium ( cardiac or smooth muscle ) therefore producing calcium sparks more often ( this can result in increased heart rate, which is why we feel more awake after coffee ). Triadin and Junctin are proteins found within the SR membrane, that are bound to the RyR. The main role of these proteins is to anchor calsequestrin ( see above ) to the ryanodine receptor. At ' normal ' ( physiological ) SR calcium levels, calsequestrin binds to the RyR, Triadin and Junctin, which prevents the RyR from opening. If calcium concentration within the SR falls too low, there will be less calcium bound to the calsequestrin. This means that there is more room on the calsequestrin, to bind to the junctin, triadin and ryanodine receptor, therefore it binds tighter. However, if calcium within the SR rises too high, more calcium binds to the calsequestrin and therefore it binds to the junctin - triadin - RyR complex less tightly. The RyR can therefore open and release calcium into the cell. In addition to the effects that PKA had on phospholamban ( see above ) that resulted in increased relaxation of the cardiac muscle, PKA ( as well as another enzyme called calmodulin kinase II ) can also phosphorylate ryanodine receptors. When phosphorylated, RyRs are more sensitive to calcium, therefore they open more often and for longer periods of time. This increases calcium release from the SR, increasing the rate of contraction. Therefore, in cardiac muscle, activation of PKA, through the cyclic AMP pathway, results in increased muscle contraction ( via RyR2 phosphorylation ) and increased relaxation ( via phospholamban phosphorylation ), which increases heart rate. The mechanism behind the termination of calcium release through the RyR is still not fully understood. Some researchers believe it is due to the random closing of ryanodine receptors ( known as stochastic attrition ), or the ryanodine receptors becoming inactive after a calcium spark, while others believe that a decrease in SR calcium, triggers the receptors to close ( see calcium sparks for more details ). References Jump up ^ Bronner, F. ( 2003 ) ' Extracellular and intracellular regulation of calcium homeostasis ', TheScientificWorldJournal., 1, pp. 919 -- 25. Jump up ^ Trump, B., Berezesky, I., Laiho, K., Osornio, A., Mergner, W. and Smith, M. ( 1980 ) ' The role of calcium in cell injury. A review ', Scanning electron microscopy.,, pp. 437 -- 62. Jump up ^ The anatomy of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in vertebrate skeletal muscle : Its implications for excitation contraction coupling ', Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences., 37, pp. 665 -- 78. Jump up ^ Arai, M. ; Matsui, H. ; Periasamy, M. 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Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 85 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 69. doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2003.07. 001. ISSN 0079 - 6107. PMID 15050380. Jump up ^ MacLennan, DH ; Wong, PT ( 1971 ). `` Isolation of a calcium - sequestering protein from sarcoplasmic reticulum ''. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 68 ( 6 ) : 1231 -- 1235. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 68.6. 1231. PMC 389160. Jump up ^ Cheng, H. ; Lederer, W.J. ; Cannell, M.B. ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ). `` Calcium sparks : elementary events underlying excitation - contraction coupling in heart muscle ''. Science. 262 ( 5134 ) : 740 -- 744. doi : 10.1126 / science. 8235594. ISSN 0036 - 8075. PMID 8235594. Jump up ^ Lanner, J.T., Georgiou, D.K., Joshi, A.D. and Hamilton, S.L. ( 2010b ) ' Ryanodine receptors : Structure, expression, molecular details, and function in calcium release ', 2 ( 11 ). Jump up ^ Cheng, H. and Lederer, W. ( 2008 ) ' Calcium sparks ', Physiological Reviews., 88 ( 4 ), pp. 1491 -- 545. Jump up ^ Sitsapesan R, Williams AJ. Mechanisms of caffeine activation of single calcium - release channels of sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Physiol ( Lond ) 1990 ; 423 : 425 -- 439 ) Jump up ^ Zhang, L ; Kelley, J ; Schmeisser, G ; Kobayashi, YM ; Jones, LR ( 1997 ). `` Complex formation between junctin, triadin, calsequestrin, and the ryanodine receptor : proteins of the cardiac junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane ''. J Biol Chem. 272 ( 37 ) : 23389 -- 23397. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 272.37. 23389. Jump up ^ Györke, I., Hester, N., Jones, L.R. and Györke, S. ( 2004 ) ' The role of Calsequestrin, Triadin, and Junctin in conferring cardiac Ryanodine receptor responsiveness to Luminal calcium ', 86 ( 4 ). Jump up ^ Bers, D.M. ( 2006 ) ' Cardiac ryanodine receptor phosphorylation : Target sites and functional consequences ', 396 ( 1 ). Jump up ^ Sham, J.S.K. ; et al. ( 1998 ). `` Termination of Ca2+ release by a local inactivation of ryanodine receptors in cardiac myocytes ''. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95 ( 25 ) : 15096 -- 15101. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.25. 15096. PMC 24581. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcoplasmic_reticulum&oldid=843163400 '' Categories : Cell biology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 09 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: where is calcium ions stored in muscle cells
Answer: The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)