Mount Rushmore - wikipedia Mount Rushmore This article is about the mountain. For the 1960s rock band, see Mount Rushmore ( band ). Mount Rushmore National Memorial IUCN category III ( natural monument or feature ) Mount Rushmore with sculptures of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln ( left to right ) Location Pennington County, South Dakota, United States Nearest city Keystone, South Dakota Coordinates 43 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 103 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.87889 ° N 103.45972 ° W ﻿ / 43.87889 ; - 103.45972 Coordinates : 43 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 103 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.87889 ° N 103.45972 ° W ﻿ / 43.87889 ; - 103.45972 Area 1,278 acres ( 5.17 km ) Established March 3, 1925 Visitors 2,431,231 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Mount Rushmore National Memorial Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore, a batholith in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture 's design and oversaw the project 's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum. Mount Rushmore features 60 - foot ( 18 m ) sculptures of the heads of four United States presidents : George Washington ( 1732 -- 1799 ), Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ), Theodore Roosevelt ( 1858 -- 1919 ), and Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ). The memorial park covers 1,278.45 acres ( 2.00 sq mi ; 5.17 km ) and is 5,725 feet ( 1,745 m ) above sea level. South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. Robinson 's initial idea was to sculpt the Needles ; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes like Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and Buffalo Bill Cody, but Borglum decided the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents. After securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of `` Mount Rushmore 's great political patron '' U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck, construction on the memorial began in 1927, and the presidents ' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Upon Gutzon Borglum 's death in March 1941, his son Lincoln Borglum took over as leader of the construction project. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist. Lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31, 1941. Mount Rushmore has become an iconic symbol of the United States, and it has appeared in works of fiction, as well as being discussed or depicted in other popular works. It attracts over two million visitors annually. Contents 1 History 2 Ecology 3 Geography 3.1 Geology 3.2 Soils 3.3 Climate 4 Tourism 5 Conservation 6 Controversy 7 In popular culture 8 Legacy and commemoration 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History See also : Construction of Mount Rushmore Southwestern South Dakota Sculptures Mount Rushmore ( National Memorial ) Crazy Horse Geologic formations Badlands ( National Park ) Bear Butte ( National Historic Landmark ) Needles Black Hills Spearfish Canyon Mountains Black Elk Peak Iron Mountain Caves Wind Cave ( National Park ) Jewel Cave ( National Monument ) Forests and wildernesses Custer ( State Park ) Black Hills ( National Forest ) Black Elk ( Wilderness ) Buffalo Gap ( National Grassland ) Lakes Sylvan Pactola Mount Rushmore before construction, circa 1905. A model at the site depicting Mount Rushmore 's intended final design Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as `` The Six Grandfathers '' ( Tunkasila Sakpe ) or `` Cougar Mountain '' ( Igmu Tanka Paha ), the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities. As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie ( see section `` Controversy '' below ). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey ( husband of Carrie Ingalls ), and Bill Challis. Closeup view of sculptures Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the Confederate Memorial Carving, a massive bas - relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone Mountain in Georgia, but was in disagreement with the officials there. The original plan was to make the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, `` America will march along that skyline. '' Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925. Construction of the Mount Rushmore monument Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the colossal 60 foot ( 18 m ) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of `` honeycombing '', a process where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand. In total, about 450,000 short tons ( 410,000 t ) of rock were blasted off the mountainside. The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington 's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington 's left. The Chief Carver of the mountain was Luigi del Bianco, artisan and headstone carver in Port Chester, NY. Del Bianco emigrated to the U.S. from Friuli in Italy, and was chosen to work on this project because of his remarkable skill at etching emotions and personality into his carved portraits. In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington 's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil - rights leader Susan B. Anthony, but a rider was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time. In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated. The Sculptor 's Studio -- a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting -- was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum had planned to make a secret room behind the hairline of Abraham Lincoln which was supposed to be a doorway to a chamber originally intended to hold some of America 's most treasured documents but was left unfinished due to his death. Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941. His son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist, but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight - foot - tall gilded letters the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from Alaska to Texas to the Panama Canal Zone. In total, the entire project cost US $989,992.32. Unusual for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving. A typical photo view of Mount Rushmore as seen from the highway leading to park entrance Entrance to the site On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A 500 - word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college - age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973. In 1991, President George H.W. Bush officially dedicated Mount Rushmore. In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber, cut only 70 feet ( 21 m ) into the rock, containing a vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels. The panels include the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, biographies of the four presidents and Borglum, and the history of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance - way to a planned `` Hall of Records '' ; the vault was installed in 1998. Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the Lincoln Borglum Museum, and the Presidential Trail. Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually. Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens. However, on July 8, 2005, Alfred Kärcher GmbH, a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over 200 ° F ( 93 ° C ). Ecology The Black Hills opposite Mount Rushmore. Aerial NW direction view of Mount Rushmore National Memorial from a helicopter. The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain. Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests. Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow - bellied marmot, and American bison. The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area, along with several species of snake. Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout. Mountain goats are not indigenous to the region. Those living near Mount Rushmore are descendents of a tribe that Canada gifted to Custer State Park in 1924, which later escaped. At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser. However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region. The area receives about 18 inches ( 460 mm ) of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff. Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers. A study of the fire scars present in tree ring samples indicates that forest fires occur in the ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years. Large fires are not common. Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris. The area is a climax community. Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest. Geography Geology Mount Rushmore, showing the full size of the mountain and the scree of rocks from the sculpting and construction. Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Black Elk Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, 1.6 billion years ago. Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light - colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents. The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago. The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome. Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington. The tallest mountain in the region is Black Elk Peak ( 7,242 ft or 2,207 m ). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine - grained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch ( 25 mm ) every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long - term exposure. The mountain 's height of 5,725 feet ( 1,745 m ) above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. Soils The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained alfisol soils of very gravelly loam ( Mocmount ) to silt loam ( Buska ) texture, brown to dark grayish brown. Climate Mount Rushmore has a humid continental climate ( Dwb in the Köppen climate classification ). It is inside a USDA Plant Hardiness Zone of 5a, meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low temperature of no less than − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ). The two wettest months of the year are May and June. Orographic lift causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer. hide Climate data for Mount Rushmore National Memorial, 1981 - 2011 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 68 ( 20 ) 68 ( 20 ) 78 ( 26 ) 85 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 99 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 75 ( 24 ) 67 ( 19 ) 100 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 36.7 ( 2.6 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 79.1 ( 26.2 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 54.9 ( 12.7 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 27.5 ( − 2.5 ) 27.8 ( − 2.3 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 51.1 ( 10.6 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 18.7 ( − 7.4 ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 24.6 ( − 4.1 ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 58.9 ( 14.9 ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 48.2 ( 9 ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 18.1 ( − 7.7 ) 36.0 ( 2.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 38 ( − 39 ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) ( − 17 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 35 ( 2 ) 33 ( 1 ) 19 ( − 7 ) ( − 17 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) − 38 ( − 39 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.38 ( 9.7 ) 0.70 ( 17.8 ) 1.19 ( 30.2 ) 2.23 ( 56.6 ) 4.22 ( 107.2 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 2.90 ( 73.7 ) 1.99 ( 50.5 ) 1.81 ( 46 ) 1.68 ( 42.7 ) 0.62 ( 15.7 ) 0.43 ( 10.9 ) 21.56 ( 547.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.8 ( 14.7 ) 7.9 ( 20.1 ) 10.4 ( 26.4 ) 10.8 ( 27.4 ) ( 3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 3.6 ( 9.1 ) 6.2 ( 15.7 ) 5.8 ( 14.7 ) 52.4 ( 132.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 ) 4.3 4.7 6.3 8.2 11.9 12.6 11.4 9.3 7.4 6.8 4.4 4.2 91.5 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 ) 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 2.7 3.4 23.1 Source # 1 : Source # 2 : Tourism Historical visitor count Year Visitors 1941 393,000 1950 740,499 1960 1,067,000 1970 1,965,700 1980 1,284,888 1,671,673 2000 1,868,876 2,331,237 Tourism is South Dakota 's second - largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state 's top tourist attraction. In 2012, 2,185,447 people visited the park. In the 1950s and 1960s, Sioux Benjamin Black Elk ( son of medicine man Black Elk ) was the `` Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore '', posing for photographs with thousands of tourists. He became one of the most photographed people in the world. Conservation Distant view of Mount Rushmore The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service. Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance ( components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead ). A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust. In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm. The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site. This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access. Controversy The United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876. The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity. Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it `` Mount Crazy Horse ''. Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer, who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain. Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents ' faces `` which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled. '' In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park, Gerard Baker, was appointed. Baker has stated that he will open up more `` avenues of interpretation '', and that the four presidents are `` only one avenue and only one focus. '' The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader as a response to Mount Rushmore. It is said to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs ; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds. However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community. In popular culture Roger Thornhill ( Cary Grant ) and Eve Kendall ( Eva Marie Saint ) dangle precariously from the sculpture of George Washington in the 1959 film North by Northwest. Studio mockups were intercut with actual monument footage for the filming. Mount Rushmore commemorative stamp of 1952 Main article : Mount Rushmore in popular culture Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple places in popular culture. It is often depicted as a cover for a secret location ; shown with faces removed or modified ( as in Superman II ), or added ; or parodied. Trey Parker and Matt Stone used the location as the headquarters for their film Team America : World Police. National Treasure : Book of Secrets also depicts this location as a secret cover for a fictional gold city. The memorial was also famously used as the location of the climactic chase scene in Alfred Hitchcock 's 1959 movie North by Northwest. Deep Purple 's breakthrough album, 1970 's In Rock, parodies the sculpture. Legacy and commemoration On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial commemorative stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mt. Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. On January 2, 1974, a 26 - cent airmail stamp depicting the monument was also issued. See also List of colossal sculpture in situ South Dakota portal References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Park Statistics ''. National Park Service. Retrieved January 23, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Roberts, Sam ( June 28, 2016 ). `` An Immigrant 's Contribution to Mount Rushmore Is Recognized, 75 Years Later ''. New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Andrews, John ( May 2014 ). `` Slight of Hand ''. South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved September 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006. Jump up ^ McGeveran, William A. Jr. et al. ( 2004 ). The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004. New York : World Almanac Education Group, Inc. ISBN 0 - 88687 - 910 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Mount Rushmore, South Dakota ( November 1, 2004 ). Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006. Jump up ^ ' !, episode 5x08 `` Mount Rushmore '', May 10, 2007 Jump up ^ `` Making Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore ''. Oh, Ranger !. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Biography : Senator Peter Norbeck ''. American Experience : Mount Rushmore. PBS. Retrieved July 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore ''. American Experience -- TV 's Most Watched History Series. PBS. Retrieved 18 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Feature Detail Report for : Mount Rushmore ''. US Board on Geographic Names. February 13, 1980. Jump up ^ `` Untold Stories Discussion Guide : Baker and Mount Rushmore '' ( PDF ). The National Parks : America 's Best Idea. PBS. p. 2. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 18, 2015. Mount Rushmore -- a rocky outcropping the Lakota had called ' The Six Grandfathers, ' named for the earth, the sky, and the four directions Jump up ^ Belanger, Ian A. ; Kennedy, Sally ; Allison ; McMeen, Melissa ; Arnold, John ( April 21, 2002 ). `` Mt. Rushmore -- presidents on the rocks ''. Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore National Memorial Frequently Asked Questions ''. National Park Service. Retrieved December 2, 2009. Jump up ^ Keystone Area Historical Society Keystone Characters Archived September 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved October 3, 2006. Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Carving of Stone Mountain ''. American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Carving History ( October 2, 2004 ). National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Carving History ''. National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Albert Boime, `` Patriarchy Fixed in Stone : Gutzon Borglum 's ' Mount Rushmore ', '' American Art, Vol. 5, No. 1 / 2. ( Winter -- Spring, 1991 ), pp. 142 -- 67. Jump up ^ `` Honeycombing process explained from ''. nps.gov. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Geology Fieldnotes ''. nps.gov. January 4, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2010. ^ Jump up to : American Experience `` Timeline : Mount Rushmore '' ( 2002 ). Retrieved March 20, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore 's Secret Chamber -- History in the Headlines ''. HISTORY.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. Retrieved March 19, 2006. Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Outdoorplaces.com. Retrieved June 7, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Text of 1934 Essay -- History of the United States '' ( PDF ). Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` George Bush : Remarks at the Dedication Ceremony of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota ''. The American Presidency Project. July 3, 1991. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hall of Records ''. Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site. National Park Service. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007. Jump up ^ `` For Mount Rushmore, An Overdue Face Wash ''. Washington Post. July 11, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Enjoy Wildlife... Safely '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Freeman, Mary. `` Mount Rushmore, South Dakota for Tourists ''. USA Today. Tysons Corner, VA : Gannett Company. Retrieved January 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Amphibians ''. National Park Service. National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nature & Science - Animals ''. NPS. November 26, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Rushmore - Flora and Fauna ''. American Park Network. 2001. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nature & Science -- Plants ''. NPS. December 6, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2010. Jump up ^ Nature & Science - Groundwater. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006. Jump up ^ Nature & Science - Forests. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Geologic Activity. National Park Service. Jump up ^ Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery ( 2001 ). Retrieved March 16, 2006. Jump up ^ `` SoilWeb : An Online Soil Survey ''. University of California, Davis. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` USDA Hardiness Zone Finder ''. The National Gardening Association. National Gardening Association. Retrieved January 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Weather History ''. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Mount Rushmore Natl Memorial, SD ''. The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data ''. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Popular South Dakota Attractions > > South Dakota ''. southdakota.com. Retrieved March 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Kilen Ode, Jeanne ( 1984 ). Dakota Images : Benjamin Black Elk ( PDF ). 14. South Dakota Historical Society. Jump up ^ `` Caring For A Monumental Sculpture '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. Retrieved July 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mount Rushmore National Memorial ''. CyArk. Retrieved July 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Matthew Glass, `` Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore, '' Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 62, No. 2. ( Summer, 1994 ), pp. 265 -- 283. Jump up ^ David Melmer ( December 13, 2004 ). `` Historic changes for Mount Rushmore ''. Indiancountrytoday. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010. Jump up ^ Lame Deer, John ( Fire ) and Richard Erdoes. Lame Deer Seeker of Visions. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, 1972. Paperback ISBN 0 - 671 - 55392 - 5 Jump up ^ John Brady ( 1981 ). The Craft of the Screenwriter. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671252291., p. 201. Jump up ^ David Hatch, Stephen Millward ( 1989 ). From Blues to Rock : An Analytical History of Pop Music. Manchester University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978 - 0 - 719 - 02349 - 1. Jump up ^ Neil Brodie ( 2004 ). Material Engagements : Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. p. 72. ISBN 978 - 1 - 902 - 93726 - 7. Jump up ^ `` 3c Mt. Rushmore single ''. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Jump up ^ Scotts United States Stamp catalogue, 1982. Scott 's Publishing Company. 1981. ISBN 0 - 89487 - 042 - 4., p. 289. Further reading Larner, Jesse. Mount Rushmore : An Icon Reconsidered New York : Nation Books, 2002. Taliaferro, John. Great White Fathers : The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore. New York : PublicAffairs, c2002. ISBN 9781586482053. Puts the creation of the monument into a historical and cultural context. Coutant, Arnaud, `` Les Visages de l'Amérique, les constructeurs d'une démocratie fédérale '', Mare et Martin, 2014 ( ISBN 9782849341605 ). French Study about the Four Presidents, Life, presidency, influence about American political evolution. http://www.mareetmartin.com/livre/_les-visages-de-l-amerique The National Parks : Index 2001 -- 2003. Washington : United States Department of the Interior `` Making Mount Rushmore ''. Oh, Ranger !. APN Media. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Dobrzynski, Judith H. ( July 15, 2006 ). `` A Monumental Achievement ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Buckingham, Matthew ( Summer 2002 ). `` The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E. '' Cabinet Magazine. Immaterial Incorporated. Retrieved January 27, 2013. `` Luigi Del Bianco : chief stone carver on Mount Rushmore, 1933 -- 1940 ''. Lou Del Bianco. Retrieved January 27, 2013. `` Caring For A Monumental Sculpture ''. National Park Service. Retrieved July 8, 2013. External links Media related to Mount Rushmore National Memorial at Wikimedia Commons Mount Rushmore National Memorial travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail, Columbia '' `` My Country, ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Gutzon Borglum Works Alexander Hamilton Stephens General Philip Sheridan ( 1908 ) Harvey W. 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Case Poet Charles Badger Clark Historian Watson Parker Road junctions Carlile Junction Cheyenne Crossing Four Corners Four Mile Keystone Wye Maverick Junction Mule Creek Junction Related Mount Rushmore in popular culture George Washington 1st President of the United States, 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army, 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army, 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress, 1775 First Continental Congress, 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief, Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election, 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House, First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House, Second Presidential Mansion President 's House, Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington, D.C. 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Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate, Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder, University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address, 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) Farewell Address ( 1861 ) First inaugural address ( 1861 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 event ) Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. 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Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Lincoln Park Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue Lincoln Trail State Memorial Lincoln the Lawyer statue Kentucky statue The Peacemakers painting Lincoln Highway Other memorials Photographs Cultural depictions films postage stamps Lincoln penny Illinois Centennial half dollar currency five - dollar bill art Lincoln Prize Abraham Lincoln Association White House ghost Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Thomas Lincoln ( father ) Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) Old Bob ( horse ) ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Book Category Outline Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States, 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States, 1901 33rd Governor of New York, 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner, 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman, 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service, United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address, 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace, boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' ( 1912 post-assassination - attempt speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election, 1898 Republican National Convention, 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election, 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly, and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Protected areas of South Dakota Federal National Parks Badlands Wind Cave National Historic Sites and Memorials Minuteman Missile NHS Mount Rushmore NMem National Monument Jewel Cave National Forests Black Hills Custer National Grasslands Buffalo Gap Dakota Prairie Fort Pierre Grand River National Historic Trail Lewis and Clark National Recreational River Missouri National Wildlife Refuges Huron WMD Karl E. 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Question: who r the 4 presidents on mt. rushmore
Answer: George Washington