Hugo Grotius - wikipedia Hugo Grotius `` Hugo de Groot '' redirects here. For the crash of the KLM plane known under that name, see KLM Flight 607 - E. Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius -- Portrait by Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, 1631 10 April 1583 Delft, Holland, Dutch Republic 28 August 1645 ( aged 62 ) Rostock, Swedish Pomerania Alma mater Leiden University Era Renaissance philosophy Region Western philosophy School Natural law Main interests Philosophy of war, International law, Political philosophy Notable ideas Theory of natural rights, grounding just war principles in natural law Influences Alberico Gentili, Bodin, Suárez Influenced Gustav II Adolf, Milton, Selden, Hobbes, Cumberland, Pufendorf, Locke, Rousseau, Vico, Bynkershoek, Barbeyrac Hugo Grotius ( / ˈɡroʊʃiəs / ; 10 April 1583 -- 28 August 1645 ), also known as Huig de Groot ( Dutch : ( ˈɦœyɣ də ɣroːt ) ) or Hugo de Groot ( Dutch : ( ˈɦyɣoː də ɣroːt ) ), was a Dutch jurist. Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, Grotius laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden in a chest of books. He wrote most of his major works in exile in France. It is thought that Hugo Grotius was not the first to formulate the international society doctrine, but he was one of the first to define expressly the idea of one society of states, governed not by force or warfare but by actual laws and mutual agreement to enforce those laws. As Hedley Bull declared in 1990 : `` The idea of international society which Grotius propounded was given concrete expression in the Peace of Westphalia, and Grotius may be considered the intellectual father of this first general peace settlement of modern times. '' Additionally, his contributions to Arminian theology provided the seeds for later Arminian - based movements, such as Methodism and Pentecostalism, and he is acknowledged as a significant figure in the Arminianism -- Calvinism debate. Because of his theological underpinning of free trade, he is also considered an `` economic theologist ''. Contents 1 Early life 2 De Indis and Mare Liberum 3 Arminian controversy, arrest and exile 3.1 Controversy within Dutch Protestantism 3.2 Decretum pro pace ecclesiarum ( 1613 -- 14 ) 3.3 De Imperio Summarum Potestatum circa Sacra 4 On The Truth of the Christian Religion 4.1 Governmental theory of atonement 5 De Jure Belli ac Pacis 6 Natural law 7 Later years 8 Personal life 9 Commentary on Grotius 10 Bibliography ( selection ) 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early Life Grotius at age 16, by Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn, 1599 Born in Delft during the Dutch Revolt, Hugo was the first child of Jan de Groot and Alida van Overschie. His father was a man of learning, once having studied with the eminent Justus Lipsius at Leiden, as well as of political distinction, and he groomed his son from an early age in a traditional humanist and Aristotelian education. A prodigious learner, Hugo entered the University of Leiden when he was just eleven years old. There he studied with some of the most acclaimed intellectuals in northern Europe, including Franciscus Junius, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Rudolph Snellius. At age sixteen he published his first book : a scholarly edition of the late antique author Martianus Capella 's work on the seven liberal arts, Martiani Minei Felicis Capellæ Carthaginiensis viri proconsularis Satyricon, in quo De nuptiis Philologiæ & Mercurij libri duo, & De septem artibus liberalibus libri singulares. Omnes, & emendati, & Notis, siue Februis Hug. Grotii illustrati ( The Satyricon by Martianus Minneus Felix Capella, a man from Carthage, which includes the two books of ' On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury ', and the book named ' On the Seven Liberal Arts '. Everything, including corrections, annotations as well as deletions and illustrations by Hug. Grotius ). In Holland, Grotius earned an appointment as advocate to The Hague in 1599 and then as official historiographer for the States of Holland in 1601. His first occasion to write systematically on issues of international justice came in 1604, when he became involved in the legal proceedings following the seizure by Dutch merchants of a Portuguese carrack and its cargo in the Singapore Strait. De Indis and Mare Liberum Page written in Grotius ' hand from the manuscript of De Indis ( circa 1604 / 05 ) The Dutch were at war with Spain and Portugal when the loaded merchant ship Santa Catarina, a Portuguese carrack, was captured by captain Jacob van Heemskerk off present - day Singapore in 1603. Heemskerk was employed with the United Amsterdam Company ( part of the Dutch East India Company ), and though he did not have authorization from the company or the government to initiate the use of force, many shareholders were eager to accept the riches that he brought back to them. Not only was the legality of keeping the prize questionable under Dutch statute, but a faction of shareholders ( mostly Mennonite ) in the Company also objected to the forceful seizure on moral grounds, and of course, the Portuguese demanded the return of their cargo. The scandal led to a public judicial hearing and a wider campaign to sway public ( and international ) opinion. It was in this wider context that representatives of the Company called upon Grotius to draft a polemical defence of the seizure. Portrait of Grotius at age 25 ( Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, 1608 ) The result of Grotius ' efforts in 1604 / 05 was a long, theory - laden treatise that he provisionally entitled De Indis ( On the Indies ). Grotius sought to ground his defense of the seizure in terms of the natural principles of justice. In this, he had cast a net much wider than the case at hand ; his interest was in the source and ground of war 's lawfulness in general. The treatise was never published in full during Grotius ' lifetime, perhaps because the court ruling in favor of the Company preempted the need to garner public support. In The Free Sea ( Mare Liberum, published 1609 ) Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade. Grotius, by claiming ' free seas ' ( Freedom of the seas ), provided suitable ideological justification for the Dutch breaking up of various trade monopolies through its formidable naval power ( and then establishing its own monopoly ). England, competing fiercely with the Dutch for domination of world trade, opposed this idea and claimed That the Dominion of the British Sea, or That Which Incompasseth the Isle of Great Britain, is, and Ever Hath Been, a Part or Appendant of the Empire of that Island. Arminian controversy, arrest and exile Further information : History of Calvinist -- Arminian debate Further information : Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas Part of a series on Arminianism Jacobus Arminius Background Protestantism Reformation Five Articles of Remonstrance Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism in the Church of England People Jacobus Arminius Simon Episcopius Hugo Grotius The Remonstrants Synod of Dort participants John Wesley Doctrine Total depravity Conditional election Unlimited atonement Prevenient grace Conditional preservation Arminianism portal The Five Articles of Remonstrance Conditional election Unlimited atonement Total depravity Prevenient grace Conditional preservation Aided by his continued association with Van Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius made considerable advances in his political career, being retained as Oldenbarnevelt 's resident advisor in 1605, Advocate General of the Fisc of Holland, Zeeland and Friesland in 1607, and then as Pensionary of Rotterdam ( the equivalent of a mayoral office ) in 1613. In 1608 he married Maria van Reigersbergen, with whom he would have eight children ( four surviving beyond youth ) and who would be invaluable in helping him and the family to weather the storm to come. In these years a great theological controversy broke out between the chair of theology at Leiden Jacobus Arminius and his followers ( who are called Arminians or Remonstrants ) and the strongly Calvinist theologian, Franciscus Gomarus whose supporters are termed Gomarists or Counter-Remonstrants. Leiden University `` was under the authority of the States of Holland -- they were responsible, among other things, for the policy concerning appointments at this institution, which was governed in their name by a board of Curators -- and, in the final instance, the States were responsible for dealing with any cases of heterodoxy among the professors. '' The domestic dissension resulting over Arminius ' professorship was overshadowed by the continuing war with Spain, and the professor died in 1609 on the eve of the Twelve Years ' Truce. The new peace would move the people 's focus to the controversy and Arminius ' followers. Controversy within Dutch protestantism The controversy expanded when the Remonstrant theologian Conrad Vorstius was appointed to replace Jacobus Arminius as the theology chair at Leiden. Vorstius was soon seen by Counter-Remonstrants as moving beyond the teachings of Arminius into Socinianism and he was accused of teaching irreligion. Leading the call for Vorstius ' removal was theology professor Sibrandus Lubbertus. On the other side Johannes Wtenbogaert ( a Remonstrant leader ) and Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Grand Pensionary of Holland had strongly promoted the appointment of Vortius and began to defend their actions. Gomarus resigned his professorship at Leyden, in protest that Vorstius was not removed. The Counter-Remonstrants were also supported in their opposition by King James I of England `` who thundered loudly against the Leyden nomination and gaudily depicted Vorstius as a horrid heretic. He ordered his books to be publicly burnt in London, Cambridge, and Oxford, and he exerted continual pressure through his ambassador in the Hague, Ralph Winwood, to get the appointment cancelled. '' James began to shift his confidence from Oldenbarnevelt towards Maurice. Grotius joined the controversy by defending the civil authorities ' power to appoint ( independently of the wishes of religious authorities ) whomever they wished to a university 's faculty. He did this by writing Ordinum Pietas, `` a pamphlet... directed against an opponent, the Calvinist Franeker professor Lubbertus ; it was ordered by Grotius ' masters the States of Holland, and thus written for the occasion -- though Grotius may already have had plans for such a book. '' The work is twenty - seven pages long, is `` polemical and acrimonious '' and only two - thirds of it speaks directly about ecclesiastical politics ( mainly of synods and offices ). The work met with a violent reaction from the Counter-Remonstrants, and `` It might be said that all Grotius ' next works until his arrest in 1618 form a vain attempt to repair the damage done by this book. '' Grotius would later write De Satisfactione aiming `` at proving that the Arminians are far from being Socinians. '' Decretum pro pace ecclesiarum ( 1613 -- 14 ) Led by Oldenbarnevelt, the States of Holland took an official position of religious toleration towards Remonstrants and Counter-Remonstrants. Grotius, ( who acted during the controversy first as Attorney General of Holland, and later as a member of the Committee of Counsellors ) was eventually asked to draft an edict to express the policy of toleration. This edict, Decretum pro pace ecclesiarum was completed in late 1613 or early 1614. The edict put into practice a view that Grotius had been developing in his writings on church and state ( see Erastianism ) : that only the basic tenets necessary for undergirding civil order ( e.g., the existence of God and His providence ) ought to be enforced while differences on obscure theological doctrines should be left to private conscience. Statue of Hugo Grotius in Delft, the Netherlands The edict `` imposing moderation and toleration on the ministry '', was backed up by Grotius with `` thirty - one pages of quotations, mainly dealing with the Five Remonstrant Articles. '' In response to Grotius ' Ordinum Pietas, Professor Lubbertus published Responsio Ad Pietatem Hugonis Grotii in 1614. Later that year Grotius anonymously published Bona Fides Sibrandi Lubberti in response to Lubbertus. Jacobus Trigland joined Lubberdus in expressing the view that tolerance in matters of doctrine was inadmissible, and in his 1615 works Den Recht - gematigden Christen : Ofte vande waere Moderatie and Advys Over een Concept van moderatie Trigland denounced Grotius ' stance. It is generally assumed that Grotius first propounded the principle of freedom of the seas, although all countries in the Indian Ocean and other Asian seas accepted the right of unobstructed navigation long before Grotius wrote his De Jure Praedae ( On the Law of Spoils ) in the year of 1604. Additionally, 16th century Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria had postulated the idea of freedom of the seas in a more rudimentary fashion under the principles of jus gentium. Grotius 's notion of the freedom of the seas would persist until the mid-twentieth century, and it continues to be applied even to this day for much of the high seas, though the application of the concept and the scope of its reach is changing. In late 1615, when Middelburg professor Antonius Walaeus published Het Ampt der Kerckendienaren ( a response to Johannes Wtenbogaert 's 1610 Tractaet van ' t Ampt ende authoriteit eener hoogher Christelijcke overheid in kerckelijkcke zaken ) he sent Grotius a copy out of friendship. This was a work `` on the relationship between ecclesiastical and secular government '' from the moderate counter-remonstrant viewpoint. In early 1616 Grotius also received the 36 page letter championing a remonstrant view Dissertatio epistolica de Iure magistratus in rebus ecclesiasticis from his friend Gerardus Vossius. The letter was `` a general introduction on ( in ) tolerance, mainly on the subject of predestination and the sacrament... ( and ) an extensive, detailed and generally unfavourable review of Walaeus ' Ampt, stuffed with references to ancient and modern authorities. '' When Grotius wrote asking for some notes `` he received a treasure - house of ecclesiastical history... offering ammunition to Grotius, who gratefully accepted it ''. Around this time ( April 1616 ) Grotius went to Amsterdam as part of his official duties, trying to persuade the civil authorities there to join Holland 's majority view about church politics. In early 1617 Grotius debated the question of giving counter-remonstrants the chance to preach in the Kloosterkerk in The Hague which had been closed. During this time lawsuits were brought against the States of Holland by counter-remonstrant ministers and riots over the controversy broke out in Amsterdam. De Imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra Loevestein Castle at the time of Grotius ' imprisonment in 1618 -- 21 As the conflict between civil and religious authorities escalated, in order to maintain civil order Oldenbarnevelt eventually proposed that local authorities be given the power to raise troops ( the Sharp Resolution of August 4, 1617 ). Such a measure putatively undermined the authority of the stadtholder of the republic, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange. Maurice seized the opportunity to solidify the preeminence of the Gomarists, whom he had supported, and to eliminate the nuisance he perceived in Oldenbarnevelt ( the latter had previously brokered the Twelve Years ' Truce with Spain in 1609 against Maurice 's wishes ). During this time Grotius made another attempt to address ecclesiastical politics by completing De Imperio Summarum Potestatum circa Sacra, on `` the relations between the religious and secular authorities... Grotius had even cherished hopes that publication of this book would turn the tide and bring back peace to church and state ''. Grotius ' escape from Loevestein Castle in 1621 As the religious dispute between the Remonstrants and the Counter-Remonstrants became increasingly heated during the Twelve Years ' Truce ( 1609 -- 1621 ), riots broke out. A national synod, the Synod of Dort, was convened to settle the dispute and in 1619, it outlawed Arminianism. Remonstrant members of the States of Holland including Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius were immediately arrested and imprisoned. After half a year in remand, sentences were passed. Van Oldenbarnevelt was sentenced to death and was beheaded in 1619. Grotius was controversially sentenced to life imprisonment and transferred to Loevestein Castle. From his imprisonment in Loevestein, Grotius made a written justification of his position `` as to my views on the power of the Christian ( civil ) authorities in ecclesiastical matters, I refer to my... booklet De Pietate Ordinum Hollandiae and especially to an unpublished book De Imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra, where I have treated the matter in more detail... I may summarize my feelings thus : that the ( civil ) authorities should scrutinize God 's Word so thoroughly as to be certain to impose nothing which is against it ; if they act in this way, they shall in good conscience have control of the public churches and public worship -- but without persecuting those who err from the right way. '' Because this stripped Church officials of any power some of their members ( such as Johannes Althusius in a letter to Lubbertus ) declared Grotius ' ideas diabolical. The book chest in which Grotius escaped Loevestein in 1621 In 1621, with the help of his wife and his maidservant, Elsje van Houwening, Grotius managed to escape the castle in a book chest and fled to Paris. In the Netherlands today, he is mainly famous for this daring escape. Both the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and the museum Het Prinsenhof in Delft claim to have the original book chest in their collection. Grotius was well received in Paris by his former acquaintances and was granted a royal pension under Louis XIII. It was there in France that Grotius completed his most famous philosophical works. On the truth of the Christian Religion While in Paris, Grotius set about rendering into Latin prose a work which he had originally written as Dutch verse in prison, providing rudimentary yet systematic arguments for the truth of Christianity. The Dutch poem, Bewijs van den waren Godsdienst, was published in 1622, the Latin treatise in 1627, under the title De veritate religionis Christianae. Governmental theory of atonement Grotius also developed a particular view of the atonement of Christ known as the `` Governmental '' or `` Moral government '' theory. He theorized that Jesus ' sacrificial death occurred in order for the Father to forgive while still maintaining his just rule over the universe. This idea, further developed by theologians such as John Miley, became one of the prominent views of the atonement in Methodist Arminianism. De jure belli ac pacis Main article : De jure belli ac pacis Title page from the second edition ( Amsterdam 1631 ) of De jure belli ac pacis Living in the times of the Eighty Years ' War between Spain and the Netherlands and the Thirty Years ' War between Catholic and Protestant European nations ( Catholic France being in the otherwise Protestant camp ), it is not surprising that Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations and religions. His most lasting work, begun in prison and published during his exile in Paris, was a monumental effort to restrain such conflicts on the basis of a broad moral consensus. Grotius wrote : Fully convinced... that there is a common law among nations, which is valid alike for war and in war, I have had many and weighty reasons for undertaking to write upon the subject. Throughout the Christian world I observed a lack of restraint in relation to war, such as even barbarous races should be ashamed of ; I observed that men rush to arms for slight causes, or no cause at all, and that when arms have once been taken up there is no longer any respect for law, divine or human ; it is as if, in accordance with a general decree, frenzy had openly been let loose for the committing of all crimes. De jure belli ac pacis libri tres ( On the Law of War and Peace : Three books ) was first published in 1625, dedicated to Grotius ' current patron, Louis XIII. The treatise advances a system of principles of natural law, which are held to be binding on all people and nations regardless of local custom. The work is divided into three books : Book I advances his conception of war and of natural justice, arguing that there are some circumstances in which war is justifiable. Book II identifies three ' just causes ' for war : self - defense, reparation of injury, and punishment ; Grotius considers a wide variety of circumstances under which these rights of war attach and when they do not. Book III takes up the question of what rules govern the conduct of war once it has begun ; influentially, Grotius argued that all parties to war are bound by such rules, whether their cause is just or not. Natural law Engraved portrait of Grotius Grotius ' concept of natural law had a strong impact on the philosophical and theological debates and political developments of the 17th and 18th centuries. Among those he influenced were Samuel Pufendorf and John Locke, and by way of these philosophers his thinking became part of the cultural background of the Glorious Revolution in England and the American Revolution. In Grotius ' understanding, nature was not an entity in itself, but God 's creation. Therefore, his concept of natural law had a theological foundation. The Old Testament contained moral precepts ( e.g. the Decalogue ), which Christ confirmed and therefore were still valid. They were useful in interpreting the content of natural law. Both biblical revelation and natural law originated in God and could therefore not contradict each other. Later Years Many exiled Remonstrants began to return to the Netherlands after the death of Prince Maurice in 1625 when toleration was granted to them. In 1630 they were allowed complete freedom to build and run churches and schools and to live anywhere in Holland. The Remonstrants guided by Uytenbogaert set up a presbyterial organization. They established a theological seminary at Amsterdam where Grotius came to teach alongside Episcopius, Limborch, Curcellaeus, and Le Clerc. In 1634 Grotius was given the opportunity to serve as Sweden 's ambassador to France. The recently deceased Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus had been an admirer of Grotius ( he was said to have always carried a copy of De jure belli ac pacis in his saddle when leading his troops ). His successor 's regent, Axel Oxenstierna, was keen to have Grotius in his employ. Grotius accepted the offer and took up diplomatic residence in Paris, which remained his home until he was released from his post in 1645. While departing from his last visit to Sweden, Grotius was shipwrecked on the voyage. He washed up on the shore of Rostock, ill and weather - beaten, and on August 28, 1645, he died ; his body at last returned to the country of his youth, being laid to rest in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft. Personal Life Syntagma Arateorum Grotius ' personal motto was Ruit hora ( `` Time is running away '' ) ; his last words were `` By understanding many things, I have accomplished nothing '' ( Door veel te begrijpen, heb ik niets bereikt ). Significant friends and acquaintances of his included the theologian Franciscus Junius, the poet Daniel Heinsius, the philologist Gerhard Johann Vossius, the historian Johannes Meursius, the engineer Simon Stevin, the historian Jacques Auguste de Thou, and the Orientalist and Arabic scholar Erpinius. He was also friends with the Flemish Jesuit Andreas Schottus. Grotius was the father of regent and diplomat Pieter de Groot. Commentary on Grotius Andrew Dickson White wrote in Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason ( 1910 ) : Into the very midst of all this welter of evil, at a point in time to all appearance hopeless, at a point in space apparently defenseless, in a nation of which every man, woman, and child was under sentence of death from its sovereign, was born a man who wrought as no other has ever done for a redemption of civilization from the main cause of all that misery ; who thought out for Europe the precepts of right reason in international law ; who made them heard ; who gave a noble change to the course of human affairs ; whose thoughts, reasonings, suggestions, and appeals produced an environment in which came an evolution of humanity that still continues. In contrast, Robert A. Heinlein satirized the Grotian governmental approach to theology in Methuselah 's Children : `` There is an old, old story about a theologian who was asked to reconcile the doctrine of Divine Mercy with the doctrine of infant damnation. ' The Almighty, ' he explained, ' finds it necessary to do things in His official and public capacity which in His private and personal capacity He deplores. ' '' Bibliography ( selection ) Marble bas - relief of Hugo Grotius among 23 reliefs of great historical lawgivers in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol Annotationes ad Vetus Testamentum ( 1732 ) The Peace Palace Library in The Hague holds the Grotius Collection, which has a large number of books by and about Hugo Grotius. The collection was based on a donation from Martinus Nijhoff of 55 editions of De jure belli ac pacis libri tres. Works are listed in order of publication, with the exception of works published posthumously or after long delay ( estimated composition dates are given ). Where an English translation is available, the most recently published translation is listed beneath the title. Adamus exul ( The Exile of Adam ; tragedy ) -- The Hague, 1601 De republica emendanda ( To Improve the Dutch Republic ; manuscript 1601 ) -- pub. The Hague, 1984 Parallelon rerumpublicarum ( Comparison of Constitutions ; manuscript 1601 -- 02 ) -- pub. Haarlem 1801 -- 03 De Indis ( On the Indies ; manuscript 1604 -- 05 ) -- pub. 1868 as De Jure Praedae Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, ed. Martine Julia van Ittersum ( Liberty Fund, 2006 ). Christus patiens ( The Passion of Christ ; tragedy ) -- Leiden, 1608 Mare Liberum ( The Free Seas ; from chapter 12 of De Indis ) -- Leiden, 1609 The Free Sea, ed. David Armitage ( Liberty Fund, 2004 ). De antiquitate reipublicae Batavicae ( On the Antiquity of the Batavian Republic ) -- Leiden, 1610 The Antiquity of the Batavian Republic, ed. Jan Waszink and others ( van Gorcum, 2000 ). Meletius ( manuscript 1611 ) -- pub. Leiden, 1988 Meletius, ed. G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes ( Brill, 1988 ). Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis ( Annals and History of the Low Countries ' War ; manuscript 1612 - 13 ) -- pub. Amsterdam, 1657 The Annals and History of the Low - Countrey - warrs, ed. Thomas Manley ( London, 1665 ) : Modern Dutch translation of the `` Annales '' only in : Hugo de Groot, `` Kroniek van de Nederlandse Oorlog. De Opstand 1559 - 1588 '', ed. Jan Waszink ( Nijmegen, Vantilt 2014 ), with introduction, index, plates. Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas ( The Piety of the States of Holland and Westfriesland ) -- Leiden, 1613 Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas, ed. Edwin Rabbie ( Brill, 1995 ). De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra ( On the power of sovereigns concerning religious affairs ; manuscript 1614 -- 17 ) -- pub. Paris, 1647 De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra, ed. Harm - Jan van Dam ( Brill, 2001 ). De satisfactione Christi adversus Faustum Socinum ( On the satisfaction of Christ against ( the doctrines of ) Faustus Socinus ) -- Leiden, 1617 Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi, ed. Edwin Rabbie ( van Gorcum, 1990 ). A defence of the Catholic faith concerning the satisfaction of Christ against Faustus Socinus, tr. Frank Hugh Foster ( W.F. Draper, 1889 ). Inleydinge tot de Hollantsche rechtsgeleertheit ( Introduction to Dutch Jurisprudence ; written in Loevenstein ) -- pub. The Hague, 1631 The Jurisprudence of Holland, ed. R.W. Lee ( Oxford, 1926 ). Bewijs van den waaren godsdienst ( Proof of the True Religion ; didactic poem ) -- Rotterdam, 1622 Apologeticus ( Defense of the actions which led to his arrest ) -- Paris, 1922 De jure belli ac pacis ( On the Law of War and Peace ) -- Paris, 1625 ( 2nd ed. Amsterdam 1631 ) The Rights of War and Peace, ed. Richard Tuck ( Liberty Fund, 2005 ). De veritate religionis Christianae ( On the Truth of the Christian religion ) -- Paris, 1627 The Truth of the Christian Religion, ed. John Clarke ( Edinburgh, 1819 ). Sophompaneas ( Joseph ; tragedy ) -- Amsterdam, 1635 De origine gentium Americanarum dissertatio ( Dissertation of the origin of the American peoples ) -- Paris 1642 Via ad pacem ecclesiasticam ( The way to religious peace ) -- Paris, 1642 Annotationes in Vetus Testamentum ( Commentaries on the Old Testament ) -- Amsterdam, 1644 Annotationes in Novum Testamentum ( Commentaries on the New Testament ) -- Amsterdam and Paris, 1641 -- 50 De fato ( On Destiny ) -- Paris, 1648 See also Christianity portal Arminianism portal Poetry portal Coenraad van Beuningen Emer de Vattel English school of international relations theory International waters References Notes Jump up ^ Hedley Bull ; Adam Roberts ; Benedict Kingsbury ) ( eds. ). Hugo Grotius and International Relations. Oxford : Oxford UP. ISBN 0 - 19 - 825569 - 1. Jump up ^ Thumfart ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ See Vreeland ( 1919 ), chapter 1 Jump up ^ Stahl, William H. ( 1965 ). `` To a Better Understanding of Martianus Capella ''. Speculum. 40 : 104. doi : 10.2307 / 2856467. ^ Jump up to : See Ittersum ( 2006 ), chapter 1. Jump up ^ Selden, John. Needham, Marchmont ( trans. ) ( 1652 ) Mare Clausum. Of the Dominion, or, Ownership of the Sea. Vols. 1 & 2. London : Printed by William Du - Gard, by appointment of the Council of State and sold at the Sign of the Ship at the New Exchange. Jump up ^ Vreeland ( 1919 ), chapter 3. Jump up ^ Edwin Rabbie ( 1995 ). Hugo Grotius : Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae Pietas, 1613. Brill. Jump up ^ Willem Nijenhuis ( 1972 -- 1994 ). Ecclesia reformata : Studies on the Reformation. Leiden, Netherlands : Brill. ^ Jump up to : Harm - Jan Van Dam ( 1994 ). `` De Imperio Summarum Potestatum Circa Sacra ''. In Henk J.M. Nellen & Edwin Rabbie. Hugo Grotius Theologian -- Essays in Honor of G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes. New York : E.J. Brill. Jump up ^ A translation edict is printed in full in the appendix to Vreeland ( 1919 ). Jump up ^ See his manuscript for Meletius ( 1611 ) and the more systematic De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra ( finished 1617, published 1647 ). Jump up ^ Hans W. Blom, ed. ( 2009 ). Property, Piracy and Punishment : Hugo Grotius on War and Booty in De iure praedae. Brill. Jump up ^ Arthur Nussbaum ( 1947 ). A concise history of the law of nations. Macmillan Co. p. 62. Jump up ^ Slot Loevestein https://www.slotloevestein.nl/en/history/hugo-grotius/. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hugo de Groot - Slot Loevestein ''. Slot Loevestein ( in Dutch ). Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23. Jump up ^ The Law of War and Peace, trans. Francis Kelsey ( Carnegie edition, 1925 ), Prol. sect. 28. Jump up ^ Cf. Jeremy Waldron ( 2002 ), God, Locke, and Equality : Christian Foundations in Locke 's Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ( UK ), ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89057 - 1, pp. 189, 208 Jump up ^ Ernst Wolf, Naturrecht, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band IV ( 1960 ), Tübingen ( Germany ), col. 1357 Jump up ^ M. Elze, Grotius, Hugo, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band II ( 1958 ), Tübingen ( Germany ), col. 1885 Jump up ^ Grotius, Hugo The Rights of War and Peace Book I, Introduction by Tuck, Richard : Indianapolis : Liberty Fund, 2005. Jump up ^ Bill Uzgalis, `` Hugo Grotius '' in Western Philosophers, Oregon State online notes ( 2003 ) Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ Guillaume H.M. Posthumus Meyjes ( ed. ), Hugo Grotius, Meletius sive De iis quae inter Christianos conveniunt Epistola : Critical Edition with Translation, Commentary and Introduction, Brill 1988, p. 33, n. 67 Jump up ^ Robert A. Heinlein ( 1958 / 1999 ), Revolt in 2100 & Methuselah 's Children, reprint, Riverdale, New York : Baen, Chapter 3, pp. 324 -- 325. Jump up ^ See Catalogue of the Grotius Collection ( Peace Palace Library, The Hague ) and ' Grotius, Hugo ' in Dictionary of Seventeenth Century Dutch Philosophers ( Thoemmes Press 2003 ). Jump up ^ An extension of François Vranck 's Deduction of 1587, see Leeb, I. Leonard ( 1973 ). Ideological Origins of the Batavian Revolution : History and Politics in the Dutch Republic, 1747 -- 1800. Springer. pp. 21ff, 89. Sources van Ittersum, Martine Julia ( 2006 ). Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies 1595 -- 1615. Boston : Brill. ISBN 90 - 04 - 14979 - 1. Vreeland, Hamilton ( 1917 ). Hugo Grotius : The Father of the Modern Science of International Law. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 8377 - 2702 - 2. Further reading Bayle, Pierre. ( 1720 ). `` Grotius '', in Dictionaire historique et critique, 3rd ed. ( Rotterdam : Michel Bohm ). Bell, Jordy : Hugo Grotius : Historian. Ann Arbor, MI : University Microfilms, 1980 Blom, Hans W. ( ed. ) : Property, Piracy and Punishment : Hugo Grotius on War and Booty in De Iure Praedae -- Concepts and Contexts. Leiden, BRILL, 2009, 416pp Blom, H.W. ; Winkel, L.C. : Grotius and the Stoa. Van Gorcum Ltd, 2004, 332pp Borschberg, Peter, 2011, Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies, Singapore and Leiden : Singapore University Press and KITLV Press. Brandt, Reinhard : Eigentumstheorien von Grotius bis Kant ( Problemata ). Stuttgart - Bad Cannstatt : Frommann - Holzboog, 1974, 275pp Buckle, Stephen : Natural Law and the Theory of Property : Grotius to Hume. Oxford University Press, USA, 1993, 344pp Hedley Bull, Benedict Kingsbury and Adam Roberts, eds., 1990. Hugo Grotius and International Relations. Oxford Univ. Press. Burigny, Jean Lévesque de : The Life of the Truly Eminent and Learned Hugo Grotius : Containing a Copious and Circumstantial History of the Several Important and Honourable Negotiations in Which He was Employed ; Together with a Critical Account of His Works. London : printed for A. Millar, 1754. Also Echo Library, 2006. Butler, Charles : The Life of Hugo Grotius : With Brief Minutes of the Civil, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of the Netherlands. London : John Murray, 1826. Chappell, Vere : Grotius to Gassendi ( Essays on Early Modern Philosophers ). Garland Publishing Inc, New York, 1992, 302pp Craig, William Lane, 1985. The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Christ During the Deist Controversy, Texts and Studies in Religion, Vol. 23. Lewiston NY & Queenston, Ontario : Edwin Mellen Press. Dulles, Avery, 1999. A History of Apologetics. Eugene, Oregon : Wipf & Stock. Dumbauld, Edward, 1969. The Life and Legal Writings of Hugo Grotius. Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press. Edwards, Charles S., 1981. Hugo Grotius, The Miracle of Holland : A Study in Political and Legal Thought. Chicago : Nelson Hall. Falk, Richard A. ; Kratochwil, Friedrich ; Mendlovitz, Saul H. : International Law : A Contemporary Perspective ( Studies on a Just World Order, No 2 ). Westview Press, 1985, 702pp Feenstra, Robert ; Vervliet, Jeroen : Hugo Grotius : Mare Liberum ( 1609 -- 2009 ). BRILL, 2009, 178pp Figgis, John Neville : Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius 1414 -- 1625. Cambridge University Press, 1907, 258pp Gellinek, Christian : Hugo Grotius ( Twayne 's World Authors Series ). Twayne Publishers Inc., Boston, U.S., 1986, 161pp Grotiana. Assen, The Netherlands : Royal Van Gorcum Publishers. A journal of Grotius studies, 1980 --. Gurvitch, G. ( 1927 ). La philosophie du droit de Hugo Grotius et la théorie moderne du droit international,. Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale, vol. 34 : 365 -- 391. Haakonssen, Knud : Natural Law and Moral Philosophy : From Grotius to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press, 1996 Haakonssen, Knud ( 1985 ). `` Grotius and the History of Political Thought ''. Political Theory. 13 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 65. doi : 10.1177 / 0090591785013002005. Haggenmacher, Peter, 1983. Grotius et la doctrine de la guerre juste. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. Haskell, John D. : Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law : Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial. ( Emory International Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2011 ), ( 1 ) Heering, Jan - Paul : Hugo Grotius As Apologist for the Christian Religion : A Study of His Work De Veritate Religionis Christianae, 1640 ( Studies in the History of Christian Thought ). Brill Academic, 2004, 304pp Jeffery, Renée : Hugo Grotius in International Thought ( Palgrave MacMillan History of International Thought ). Palgrave Macmillan, 1st edition, 2006, 224pp Keene, Edward : Beyond the Anarchical Society : Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics. Port Chester, N.Y. : Cambridge University Press, 2002 Kingsbury, Benedict : A Grotian Tradition of Theory and Practice ? : Grotius, Law, and Moral Skepticism in the Thought of Hedley Bull. ( Quinnipiac Law Review, No. 17, 1997 ) Knight, W.S.M., 1925. The Life and Works of Hugo Grotius. London : Sweet & Maxwell, Ltd. Lauterpacht, Hersch, 1946, `` The Grotian Tradition in International Law, '' in British Yearbook of International Law. Leger, James. St. ( 1962 ). The ' Etiamsi Daremus ' of Hugo Grotius : A Study in the Origins of International Law ( Rome : Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale ). Mühlegger, Florian. Hugo Grotius. Ein christlicher Humanist in politischer Verantwortung. Berlin and New York, de Gruyter, 2007, XIV, 546 S. ( Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte, 103 ). Neff, Stephen C. : Hugo Grotius On the Law of War and Peace : Student Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, 546pp Nellen, Henk J.M., 2007. Hugo de Groot : Een leven in strijd om de vrede ( official Dutch State biography ). The Hague : Balans Publishing. -- -- -- and Rabbie, eds., 1994. Hugo Grotius, Theologian. New York : E.J. Brill. O'Donovan, Oliver. 2004. `` The Justice of Assignment and Subjective Rights in Grotius, '' in Bonds of Imperfection : Christian Politics Past and Present. O'Donovan, Oliver ; O'Donovan, Joan Lockwood : From Irenaeus to Grotius : A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999, 858pp Onuma, Yasuaki ( ed. ) : A Normative Approach to War : Peace, War, and Justice in Hugo Grotius. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1993, 421pp Osgood, Samuel : Hugo Grotius and the Arminians. Hila, MT : Kessinger Pub., 2007 Powell, Jim ; Powell, James ; Johnson, Paul : The Triumph of Liberty : A 2,000 Year History Told Through the Lives of Freedom 's Greatest Champions. Free Press, 1st edition, 2002, 574pp Remec, Peter Paul. ( 1960 ). The Position of the Individual in International Law according to Grotius and Vattel ( The Hague : Nijhoff ). Rommen, Heinrich : The Natural Law : A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, trans. Thomas R. Hanley. Introduction and Bibliography by Russell Hittinger. Indianapolis : Liberty Fund, 1998 Salter, John. ( 2001 ) `` Hugo Grotius ; Property and Consent. '' Political Theory 29, no. 4, 537 -- 55. Salter, John : Adam Smith and the Grotian Theory of Property. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, Volume 12, Issue 1, February 2010, p. 3 -- 21 Scharf, Michael P. : Customary International Law in Times of Fundamental Change : Recognizing Grotian Moments. Cambridge University Press, 2013 Scott, Jonathan : The Law of war : Grotius, Sidney, Locke and the political theory of rebellion in Simon Groenveld and Michael Wintle ( eds ) Britain and the Netherlands, vol. XI The Exchange of Ideas, pp. 115 -- 32. Sommerville, Johann P. : Selden, Grotius, and the Seventeenth - Century Intellectual Revolution in Moral and Political Theory, in Victoria Kahn and Lorna Hutson, eds., Rhetoric and Law in Early Modern Europe. New Haven, Yale University Press, 2001, pp. 318 -- 44 Straumann, Benjamin : Hugo Grotius und die Antike. Römisches Recht und römische Ethik im frühneuzeitlichen Naturrecht. Baden - Baden : NOMOS, 2007 Stumpf, Christoph A., 2006. The Grotian Theology of International Law : Hugo Grotius and the Moral Fundament of International Relations. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter. Takahashi, Sakuyei : The Influence of Grotius in the Far East. Brooklyn, NY : Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Law, 1908. Thomson, Erik : France 's Grotian moment ? Hugo Grotius and Cardinal Richelieus commercial statecraft. French History, Volume 21, Number 4, 21 December 2007, pp. 377 -- 394 ( 18 ) Johannes Thumfart : `` The Economic Theology of Free Trade. On the relationship between Hugo Grotius 's Mare Liberum and Francisco de Vitoria 's Relectio de Indis recenter inventis, following Giorgio Agamben 's enhancement of Carl Schmitt 's notion of Political Theology ''. In : Grotiana 30 / 2009, pp. 65 -- 87. Tooke, Joan D. : The Just War in Aquinas and Grotius. S.P.C.K, 1965, 337pp Tuck, Richard : Natural Rights Theories : Their Origin and Development. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press, 1982, 196pp -- -- --, 1993. Philosophy and Government : 1572 -- 1651. Cambridge Univ. Press. -- -- --, 1999. The Rights of War and Peace : Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant. Oxford Univ. Press. van Ittersum, Martine Julia, 2007. `` Preparing Mare liberum for the Press : Hugo Grotius ' Rewriting of Chapter 12 of De iure praedae in November - December 1608 '' ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 26 -- 28 Grotiana 246 van Vollenhoven, Cornelius, 1926. Grotius and Geneva, Bibliotheca Visseriana, Vol. VI. -- -- --, 1919. Three Stages in the Evolution of International Law. The Hague : Nijhoff. Waszink, Jan : `` Lipsius and Grotius : Tacitism '' History of European Ideas 39 / 2 ( 2013 ), p. 151 - 168 link : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01916599.2012.679114 Weeramantry, Christopher : `` The Grotius Lecture Series : Opening Tribute to Hugo Grotius ''. ( First Grotius Lecture, 1999 ) White, Andrew Dickson : Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason ( 1915 ) Wight, Martin : International Theory : the Three Traditions. Leicester University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996, 286pp Wight, Martin ( author ) ; Wight, Gabriele ( ed. ) ; Porter, Brian ( ed. ) : Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory : Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini. Oxford University Press, USA, 2005, 230 pp Wilson, Eric : Savage Republic : De Indis of Hugo Grotius, Republicanism and Dutch Hegemony within the Early Modern World - System ( c. 1600 -- 1619 ). Martinus Nijhoff, 2008, 534p Zuckert, Michael P. : Natural Rights and the New Republicanism. Princeton University Press, 1998, 410pp External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hugo Grotius. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hugo Grotius Wikisource has original works written by or about : Hugo Grotius Collections Works by Hugo Grotius at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Hugo Grotius at Internet Archive Works by Hugo Grotius at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Hugo Grotius in the Online Library of Liberty Works by Hugo Grotius at Post-Reformation Digital Library Works by Hugo Grotius in Short Title Catalogue Netherlands ( STCN ) Individual works by Grotius On the Laws of War and Peace ( abridged ) On the Laws of War and Peace ( Latin, first edition 1625 ) Logicarum disputationum quarta de postpraedicamentis ; disputation, aged 14, at Leiden University Physicarum disputationum septima de infinito, loco et vacuo ; disputation, aged 14, at Leiden University Other Extensive catalogue of Grotius ' writings at the Peace Palace Library, The Hague The Correspondence of Hugo de Groot ( Grotius ) in EMLO Blom, Andrew. `` Hugo Grotius ''. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Miller, Jon. `` Hugo Grotius ''. In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 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Category Law portal Philosophy portal WikiProject Law WikiProject Philosophy changes BNE : XX908856 BNF : cb119854851 ( data ) BPN : 09047823 GND : 118542702 ISNI : 0000 0001 2126 6471 LCCN : n78087113 LNB : 000066401 NDL : 00467633 NKC : jn20000700637 NLA : 35154120 NSK : 000096666 RKD : 435910 RSL : 000015804 ICCU : IT ICCU CFIV 081853 SELIBR : 188747 SNAC : w65x2f2q SUDOC : 027914836 ULAN : 500044269 VIAF : 32005141 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&oldid=849752263 '' Categories : Hugo Grotius 1583 births 1645 deaths 17th - century Calvinist and Reformed theologians 17th - century Dutch dramatists and playwrights 17th - century Dutch philosophers 17th - century Latin - language writers Ambassadors of Sweden to France Burials at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft Calvinist and Reformed philosophers Christian apologists Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians Dutch Christians Dutch diplomats Dutch dramatists and playwrights Dutch escapees Dutch exiles Dutch expatriates in France Dutch Golden Age writers Dutch historians Dutch jurists Dutch legal scholars Dutch male poets Dutch political theorists Dutch politicians Dutch Renaissance humanists 17th - century Dutch jurists 17th - century Dutch political theorists Early Modern philosophers Erastians International law scholars Leiden University alumni Male dramatists and playwrights People from Delft Philosophers of law Political philosophers Remonstrants Greek -- Latin translators Historians of the Dutch Republic Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic 17th - century Dutch theologians Arminianism Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2015 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with RSL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 19 elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Malti مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018, at 03 : 22 ( UTC ). 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Question: who is known as father of international law
Answer: Hugo Grotius