Zener diode - wikipedia Zener diode Zener diode Zener diode Type Passive Working principle Zener breakdown Invented Clarence Melvin Zener Pin configuration anode and cathode Electronic symbol A Zener diode is a particular type of diode that, unlike a normal one, allows current to flow not only from its anode to its cathode, but also in the reverse direction, when the so - called `` Zener voltage '' is reached. Zener diodes have a highly doped p-n junction. Normal diodes will also break down with a reverse voltage but the voltage and sharpness of the knee are not as well defined as for a Zener diode. Also normal diodes are not designed to operate in the breakdown region, but Zener diodes can reliably operate in this region. The device was named after Clarence Melvin Zener, who discovered the Zener effect. Zener reverse breakdown is due to electron quantum tunnelling caused by a high strength electric field. However, many diodes described as `` Zener '' diodes rely instead on avalanche breakdown. Both breakdown types are used in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating under 5.6 V and avalanche breakdown above. Zener diodes are widely used in electronic equipment of all kinds and are one of the basic building blocks of electronic circuits. They are used to generate low power stabilized supply rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits from over-voltage, especially electrostatic discharge ( ESD ). Contents 1 Operation 2 Construction 2.1 Surface Zeners 2.2 Subsurface Zeners 3 Uses 3.1 Waveform clipper 3.2 Voltage shifter 3.3 Voltage regulator 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Operation Current - voltage characteristic of a Zener diode with a breakdown voltage of 17 volts. Notice the change of voltage scale between the forward biased ( positive ) direction and the reverse biased ( negative ) direction. Temperature coefficient of Zener voltage against nominal Zener voltage. A conventional solid - state diode allows significant current if it is reverse - biased above its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is exceeded, a conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche breakdown. Unless this current is limited by circuitry, the diode may be permanently damaged due to overheating. A Zener diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device is specially designed so as to have a reduced breakdown voltage, the so - called Zener voltage. By contrast with the conventional device, a reverse - biased Zener diode exhibits a controlled breakdown and allows the current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode close to the Zener breakdown voltage. For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V exhibits a voltage drop of very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents. The Zener diode is therefore ideal for applications such as the generation of a reference voltage ( e.g. for an amplifier stage ), or as a voltage stabilizer for low - current applications. Another mechanism that produces a similar effect is the avalanche effect as in the avalanche diode. The two types of diode are in fact constructed the same way and both effects are present in diodes of this type. In silicon diodes up to about 5.6 volts, the Zener effect is the predominant effect and shows a marked negative temperature coefficient. Above 5.6 volts, the avalanche effect becomes predominant and exhibits a positive temperature coefficient. In a 5.6 V diode, the two effects occur together, and their temperature coefficients nearly cancel each other out, thus the 5.6 V diode is useful in temperature - critical applications. An alternative, which is used for voltage references that need to be highly stable over long periods of time, is to use a Zener diode with a temperature coefficient ( TC ) of + 2 mV / ° C ( breakdown voltage 6.2 -- 6.3 V ) connected in series with a forward - biased silicon diode ( or a transistor B-E junction ) manufactured on the same chip. The forward - biased diode has a temperature coefficient of − 2 mV / ° C, causing the TCs to cancel out. Modern manufacturing techniques have produced devices with voltages lower than 5.6 V with negligible temperature coefficients, but as higher - voltage devices are encountered, the temperature coefficient rises dramatically. A 75 V diode has 10 times the coefficient of a 12 V diode. Zener and avalanche diodes, regardless of breakdown voltage, are usually marketed under the umbrella term of `` Zener diode ''. Under 5.6 V, where the Zener effect dominates, the IV curve near breakdown is much more rounded, which calls for more care in targeting its biasing conditions. The IV curve for Zeners above 5.6 V ( being dominated by Avalanche ), is much sharper at breakdown. Construction The Zener diode 's operation depends on the heavy doping of its p-n junction. The depletion region formed in the diode is very thin ( < 1 μm ) and the electric field is consequently very high ( about 500 kV / m ) even for a small reverse bias voltage of about 5 V, allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p - type material to the conduction band of the n - type material. At the atomic scale, this tunnelling corresponds to the transport of valence band electrons into the empty conduction band states ; as a result of the reduced barrier between these bands and high electric fields that are induced due to the relatively high levels of doping on both sides. The breakdown voltage can be controlled quite accurately in the doping process. While tolerances within 0.07 % are available, the most widely used tolerances are 5 % and 10 %. Breakdown voltage for commonly available Zener diodes can vary widely from 1.2 volts to 200 volts. For diodes that are lightly doped the breakdown is dominated by the avalanche effect rather than the Zener effect. Consequently, the breakdown voltage is higher ( over 5.6 V ) for these devices. Surface Zeners The emitter - base junction of a bipolar NPN transistor behaves as a Zener diode, with breakdown voltage at about 6.8 V for common bipolar processes and about 10 V for lightly doped base regions in BiCMOS processes. Older processes with poor control of doping characteristics had the variation of Zener voltage up to ± 1 V, newer processes using ion implantation can achieve no more than ± 0.25 V. The NPN transistor structure can be employed as a surface Zener diode, with collector and emitter connected together as its cathode and base region as anode. In this approach the base doping profile usually narrows towards the surface, creating a region with intensified electric field where the avalanche breakdown occurs. The hot carriers produced by acceleration in the intense field sometime shoot into the oxide layer above the junction and become trapped there. The accumulation of trapped charges can then cause ' Zener walkout ', a corresponding change of the Zener voltage of the junction. The same effect can be achieved by radiation damage. The emitter - base Zener diodes can handle only smaller currents as the energy is dissipated in the base depletion region which is very small. Higher amount of dissipated energy ( higher current for longer time, or a short very high current spike ) causes thermal damage to the junction and / or its contacts. Partial damage of the junction can shift its Zener voltage. Total destruction of the Zener junction by overheating it and causing migration of metallization across the junction ( `` spiking '' ) can be used intentionally as a ' Zener zap ' antifuse. Subsurface Zeners A subsurface Zener diode, also called ' buried Zener ', is a device similar to the Surface Zener, but with the avalanche region located deeper in the structure, typically several micrometers below the oxide. The hot carriers then lose energy by collisions with the semiconductor lattice before reaching the oxide layer and can not be trapped there. The Zener walkout phenomenon therefore does not occur here, and the buried Zeners have voltage constant over their entire lifetime. Most buried Zeners have breakdown voltage of 5 -- 7 volts. Several different junction structures are used. Uses Zener diode shown with typical packages. Reverse current − i Z ( displaystyle - i_ ( Z ) ) is shown. Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode 's reverse breakdown voltage. From that point on, the relatively low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across the diode at that value. In this circuit, a typical voltage reference or regulator, an input voltage, U, is regulated down to a stable output voltage U. The breakdown voltage of diode D is stable over a wide current range and holds U relatively constant even though the input voltage may fluctuate over a fairly wide range. Because of the low impedance of the diode when operated like this, resistor R is used to limit current through the circuit. In the case of this simple reference, the current flowing in the diode is determined using Ohm 's law and the known voltage drop across the resistor R ; I d i o d e = U I N − U O U T R Ω ( displaystyle I_ ( diode ) = ( dfrac ( U_ ( IN ) - U_ ( OUT ) ) ( R_ ( Omega ) ) ) ) The value of R must satisfy two conditions : R must be small enough that the current through D keeps D in reverse breakdown. The value of this current is given in the data sheet for D. For example, the common BZX79C5V6 device, a 5.6 V 0.5 W Zener diode, has a recommended reverse current of 5 mA. If insufficient current exists through D, then U is unregulated and less than the nominal breakdown voltage ( this differs to voltage - regulator tubes where the output voltage will be higher than nominal and could rise as high as U ). When calculating R, allowance must be made for any current through the external load, not shown in this diagram, connected across U. R must be large enough that the current through D does not destroy the device. If the current through D is I, its breakdown voltage V and its maximum power dissipation P correlate as such : I D V B < P M A X ( displaystyle I_ ( D ) V_ ( B ) < P_ ( mathrm ( MAX ) ) ). A load may be placed across the diode in this reference circuit, and as long as the Zener stays in reverse breakdown, the diode provides a stable voltage source to the load. Zener diodes in this configuration are often used as stable references for more advanced voltage regulator circuits. Shunt regulators are simple, but the requirements that the ballast resistor be small enough to avoid excessive voltage drop during worst - case operation ( low input voltage concurrent with high load current ) tends to leave a lot of current flowing in the diode much of the time, making for a fairly wasteful regulator with high quiescent power dissipation, only suitable for smaller loads. These devices are also encountered, typically in series with a base - emitter junction, in transistor stages where selective choice of a device centered around the avalanche or Zener point can be used to introduce compensating temperature co-efficient balancing of the transistor p -- n junction. An example of this kind of use would be a DC error amplifier used in a regulated power supply circuit feedback loop system. Zener diodes are also used in surge protectors to limit transient voltage spikes. Another application of the Zener diode is the use of noise caused by its avalanche breakdown in a random number generator. Waveform clipper Examples of a Waveform Clipper Two Zener diodes facing each other in series will act to clip both halves of an input signal. Waveform clippers can be used not only to reshape a signal, but also to prevent voltage spikes from affecting circuits that are connected to the power supply. Voltage shifter Examples of a Voltage Shifter A Zener diode can be applied to a circuit with a resistor to act as a voltage shifter. This circuit lowers the output voltage by a quantity that is equal to the Zener diode 's breakdown voltage. Voltage regulator Examples of a Voltage Regulator A Zener diode can be applied in a voltage regulator circuit to regulate the voltage applied to a load, such as in a linear regulator. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zener diodes. Backward diode E-series of preferred numbers Transient voltage suppression diode References ^ Jump up to : Millman, Jacob ( 1979 ). Microelectronics. McGraw Hill. pp. 45 -- 48. ISBN 978 - 0071005968. ^ Jump up to : Dorf, Richard C., ed. ( 1993 ). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton : CRC Press. p. 457. ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0185 - 8. Jump up ^ Calibration : Philosophy in Practice. Fluke. 1994. pp. 7 -- 10. ISBN 0963865005. Jump up ^ Rakesh Kumar Garg, Ashish Dixit, Pavan Yadav, Basic Electronics, p. 150, Firewall Media, 2008 ISBN 8131803023. Jump up ^ Comer, Donald T. ( 1996 ). `` Zener Zap Anti-Fuse Trim in VLSI Circuits ''. VLSI Design. 5 : 89. doi : 10.1155 / 1996 / 23706. Jump up ^ Hastings, Alan ( 2005 ). The Art of Analog Layout ( Second ed. ). Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131464100. Jump up ^ Horowitz, Paul ; Hill, Winfield ( 1989 ). The Art of Electronics ( 2nd ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 68 -- 69. ISBN 0 - 521 - 37095 - 7. Jump up ^ `` BZX79C5V6 − 5.6 V, 0.5 W Zener Diode - data sheet ''. Fairchild Semiconductor. Retrieved July 22, 2014. Jump up ^ Diffenderfer, Robert ( 2005 ). Electronic Devices : Systems and Applications. Thomas Delmar Learning. pp. 95 -- 100. ISBN 1401835147. Retrieved July 22, 2014. Further reading TVS / Zener Theory and Design Considerations ; ON Semiconductor ; 127 pages ; 2005 ; HBD854 / D. ( Free PDF download ) External links Zener Diode Axial Part Number Table Electronic components Semiconductor devices Avalanche diode Transistor Tetrode transistor Pentode transistor Memistor Memristor Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) FinFET CMOS MOSFET JFET Field - effect transistor ( FET ) Quantum circuit Constant - current diode ( CLD, CRD ) Darlington transistor DIAC Diode Heterostructure barrier varactor Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) Integrated circuit ( IC ) Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Photodetector Photodiode PIN diode Schottky diode Silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristor TRIAC Unijunction transistor ( UJT ) Varicap Zener diode Voltage regulators Linear regulator Low - dropout regulator Switching regulator Buck Boost Buck -- boost Split - pi Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Nonode Nuvistor Pentagrid ( Hexode, Heptode, Octode ) Pentode Photomultiplier Phototube Tetrode Triode Vacuum tubes ( RF ) Backward - wave oscillator ( BWO ) Cavity magnetron Crossed - field amplifier ( CFA ) Gyrotron Inductive output tube ( IOT ) Klystron Maser Sutton tube Traveling - wave tube ( TWT ) Cathode ray tubes Beam deflection tube Charactron Iconoscope Magic eye tube Monoscope Selectron tube Storage tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Gas - filled tubes Cold cathode Crossatron Dekatron Ignitron Krytron Mercury - arc valve Neon lamp Nixie tube Thyratron Trigatron Voltage - regulator tube Adjustable Potentiometer digital Variable capacitor Varicap Passive Connector audio and video electrical power RF Electrolytic detector Ferrite Fuse resettable Resistor Switch Thermistor Transformer Varistor Wire Wollaston wire Reactive Capacitor types Ceramic resonator Crystal oscillator Inductor Parametron Relay reed relay mercury switch GND : 4190693 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&oldid=800719768 '' Categories : Diodes Voltage stability Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 07 : 42. 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Question: zener diode is based on the principle of
Answer: Zener breakdown