Quadrilateral - wikipedia Quadrilateral This article is about four - sided mathematical shapes. For other uses, see Quadrilateral ( disambiguation ). Quadrilateral Some types of quadrilaterals Edges and vertices Schläfli symbol ( 4 ) ( for square ) Area various methods ; see below Internal angle ( degrees ) 90 ° ( for square and rectangle ) In Euclidean plane geometry, a quadrilateral is a polygon with four edges ( or sides ) and four vertices or corners. Sometimes, the term quadrangle is used, by analogy with triangle, and sometimes tetragon for consistency with pentagon ( 5 - sided ), hexagon ( 6 - sided ) and so on. The origin of the word `` quadrilateral '' is the two Latin words quadri, a variant of four, and latus, meaning `` side ''. Quadrilaterals are simple ( not self - intersecting ) or complex ( self - intersecting ), also called crossed. Simple quadrilaterals are either convex or concave. The interior angles of a simple ( and planar ) quadrilateral ABCD add up to 360 degrees of arc, that is ∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C + ∠ D = 360 ∘. ( displaystyle angle A+ angle B+ angle C+ angle D = 360 ^ ( circ ). ) This is a special case of the n - gon interior angle sum formula ( n − 2 ) × 180 °. All non-self - crossing quadrilaterals tile the plane by repeated rotation around the midpoints of their edges. Contents 1 Simple quadrilaterals 1.1 Convex quadrilaterals 1.2 Concave quadrilaterals 2 Complex quadrilaterals 3 Special line segments 4 Area of a convex quadrilateral 4.1 Trigonometric formulas 4.2 Non-trigonometric formulas 4.3 Vector formulas 5 Diagonals 5.1 Properties of the diagonals in some quadrilaterals 5.2 Lengths of the diagonals 5.3 Generalizations of the parallelogram law and Ptolemy 's theorem 5.4 Other metric relations 6 Angle bisectors 7 Bimedians 8 Trigonometric identities 9 Inequalities 9.1 Area 9.2 Diagonals and bimedians 9.3 Sides 10 Maximum and minimum properties 11 Remarkable points and lines in a convex quadrilateral 12 Other properties of convex quadrilaterals 13 Taxonomy 14 Skew quadrilaterals 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Simple quadrilaterals Any quadrilateral that is not self - intersecting is a simple quadrilateral. Convex quadrilaterals Euler diagram of some types of simple quadrilaterals. ( UK ) denotes British English and ( US ) denotes American English. In a convex quadrilateral, all interior angles are less than 180 ° and the two diagonals both lie inside the quadrilateral. Irregular quadrilateral ( British English ) or trapezium ( North American English ) : no sides are parallel. ( In British English this was once called a trapezoid. ) Trapezium ( UK ) or trapezoid ( US ) : at least one pair of opposite sides are parallel. Trapezia ( UK ) and trapezoids ( US ) include parallelograms. Isosceles trapezium ( UK ) or isosceles trapezoid ( US ) : one pair of opposite sides are parallel and the base angles are equal in measure. Alternative definitions are a quadrilateral with an axis of symmetry bisecting one pair of opposite sides, or a trapezoid with diagonals of equal length. Parallelogram : a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. Equivalent conditions are that opposite sides are of equal length ; that opposite angles are equal ; or that the diagonals bisect each other. Parallelograms include rhombi ( including those rectangles we call squares ) and rhomboids ( including those rectangles we call oblongs ). In other words, parallelograms include all rhombi and all rhomboids, and thus also include all rectangles. Rhombus or rhomb : all four sides are of equal length. An equivalent condition is that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other. Informally : `` a pushed - over square '' ( but strictly including a square, too ). Rhomboid : a parallelogram in which adjacent sides are of unequal lengths and some angles are oblique ( equivalently, having no right angles ). Informally : `` a pushed - over oblong ''. Not all references agree, some define a rhomboid as a parallelogram which is not a rhombus. Rectangle : all four angles are right angles. An equivalent condition is that the diagonals bisect each other and are equal in length. Rectangles include squares and oblongs. Informally : `` a box or oblong '' ( including a square ). Square ( regular quadrilateral ) : all four sides are of equal length ( equilateral ), and all four angles are right angles. An equivalent condition is that opposite sides are parallel ( a square is a parallelogram ), that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other, and are of equal length. A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is both a rhombus and a rectangle ( four equal sides and four equal angles ). Oblong : a term sometimes used to denote a rectangle which has unequal adjacent sides ( i.e. a rectangle that is not a square ). Kite : two pairs of adjacent sides are of equal length. This implies that one diagonal divides the kite into congruent triangles, and so the angles between the two pairs of equal sides are equal in measure. It also implies that the diagonals are perpendicular. Kites include rhombi. Tangential quadrilateral : the four sides are tangents to an inscribed circle. A convex quadrilateral is tangential if and only if opposite sides have equal sums. Tangential trapezoid : a trapezoid where the four sides are tangents to an inscribed circle. Cyclic quadrilateral : the four vertices lie on a circumscribed circle. A convex quadrilateral is cyclic if and only if opposite angles sum to 180 °. Right kite : a kite with two opposite right angles. It is a type of cyclic quadrilateral. Bicentric quadrilateral : it is both tangential and cyclic. Orthodiagonal quadrilateral : the diagonals cross at right angles. Equidiagonal quadrilateral : the diagonals are of equal length. Ex-tangential quadrilateral : the four extensions of the sides are tangent to an excircle. An equilic quadrilateral has two opposite equal sides that, when extended, meet at 60 °. A Watt quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with a pair of opposite sides of equal length. A quadric quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral whose four vertices all lie on the perimeter of a square. A diametric quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral having one of its sides as a diameter of the circumcircle. A Hjelmslev quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with two right angles at opposite vertices. Concave quadrilaterals In a concave quadrilateral, one interior angle is bigger than 180 ° and one of the two diagonals lies outside the quadrilateral. A dart ( or arrowhead ) is a concave quadrilateral with bilateral symmetry like a kite, but one interior angle is reflex. See ( concave ) kite. Complex quadrilaterals An antiparallelogram A self - intersecting quadrilateral is called variously a cross-quadrilateral, crossed quadrilateral, butterfly quadrilateral or bow - tie quadrilateral. In a crossed quadrilateral, the four `` interior '' angles on either side of the crossing ( two acute and two reflex, all on the left or all on the right as the figure is traced out ) add up to 720 °. Crossed trapezoid ( US ) or trapezium ( Commonwealth ) : a crossed quadrilateral in which ( like a trapezoid ) one pair of nonadjacent sides is parallel Antiparallelogram : a crossed quadrilaterals in which ( like a parallelogram ) each pair of nonadjacent sides have equal lengths. Crossed rectangle : an antiparallelogram whose sides are two opposite sides and the two diagonals of a rectangle, hence having one pair of opposite sides parallel. Crossed square : a special case of a crossed rectangle where two of the sides intersect at right angles. Special line segments The two diagonals of a convex quadrilateral are the line segments that connect opposite vertices. The two bimedians of a convex quadrilateral are the line segments that connect the midpoints of opposite sides. They intersect at the `` vertex centroid '' of the quadrilateral ( see Remarkable points below ). The four maltitudes of a convex quadrilateral are the perpendiculars to a side through the midpoint of the opposite side. Area of a convex quadrilateral There are various general formulas for the area K of a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD and d = DA. Trigonometric formulas The area can be expressed in trigonometric terms as K = 1 2 p q ⋅ sin ⁡ θ, ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) pq cdot sin \theta, ) where the lengths of the diagonals are p and q and the angle between them is θ. In the case of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral ( e.g. rhombus, square, and kite ), this formula reduces to K = 1 2 p q ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) pq ) since θ is 90 °. The area can be also expressed in terms of bimedians as K = m n ⋅ sin ⁡ φ, ( displaystyle K = mn cdot sin \varphi, ) where the lengths of the bimedians are m and n and the angle between them is φ. Bretschneider 's formula expresses the area in terms of the sides and two opposite angles : K = ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) ( s − d ) − 1 2 a b c d ( 1 + cos ⁡ ( A + C ) ) = ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) ( s − d ) − a b c d ( cos 2 ⁡ ( A + C 2 ) ) ( displaystyle ( \begin ( aligned ) K& = ( sqrt ( ( s-a ) ( s-b ) ( s-c ) ( s-d ) - ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) abcd ; ( 1 + cos ( A + C ) ) ) ) & = ( sqrt ( ( s-a ) ( s-b ) ( s-c ) ( s-d ) - abcd left ( cos ^ ( 2 ) left ( ( \tfrac ( A + C ) ( 2 ) ) \right ) \right ) ) ) end ( aligned ) ) ) where the sides in sequence are a, b, c, d, where s is the semiperimeter, and A and C are two ( in fact, any two ) opposite angles. This reduces to Brahmagupta 's formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral when A + C = 180 °. Another area formula in terms of the sides and angles, with angle C being between sides b and c, and A being between sides a and d, is K = 1 2 a d ⋅ sin ⁡ A + 1 2 b c ⋅ sin ⁡ C. ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ad cdot sin ( A ) + ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) bc cdot sin ( C ). ) In the case of a cyclic quadrilateral, the latter formula becomes K = 1 2 ( a d + b c ) sin ⁡ A. ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( ad + bc ) sin ( A ). ) In a parallelogram, where both pairs of opposite sides and angles are equal, this formula reduces to K = a b ⋅ sin ⁡ A. ( displaystyle K = ab cdot sin ( A ). ) Alternatively, we can write the area in terms of the sides and the intersection angle θ of the diagonals, so long as this angle is not 90 ° : K = tan ⁡ θ 4 ⋅ a 2 + c 2 − b 2 − d 2. ( displaystyle K = ( \frac ( \tan \theta ) ( 4 ) ) cdot left a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) - d ^ ( 2 ) \right. ) In the case of a parallelogram, the latter formula becomes K = 1 2 tan ⁡ θ ⋅ a 2 − b 2. ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \tan \theta cdot left a ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) \right. ) Another area formula including the sides a, b, c, d is K = 1 4 ( 2 ( a 2 + c 2 ) − 4 x 2 ) ( 2 ( b 2 + d 2 ) − 4 x 2 ) sin ⁡ φ ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( sqrt ( ( 2 ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) - 4x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ( b ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) - 4x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) sin ( \varphi ) ) where x is the distance between the midpoints of the diagonals and φ is the angle between the bimedians. The last trigonometric area formula including the sides a, b, c, d and the angle α between a and b is : K = 1 2 a b ⋅ sin ⁡ α + 1 4 4 c 2 d 2 − ( c 2 + d 2 − a 2 − b 2 + 2 a b ⋅ cos ⁡ α ) 2, ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ab cdot sin ( alpha ) + ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( sqrt ( 4c ^ ( 2 ) d ^ ( 2 ) - ( c ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) - a ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) + 2ab cdot cos ( alpha ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ), ) which can also be used for the area of a concave quadrilateral ( having the concave part opposite to angle α ) just changing the first sign + to -. Non-trigonometric formulas The following two formulas express the area in terms of the sides a, b, c, d, the semiperimeter s, and the diagonals p, q : K = ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) ( s − d ) − 1 4 ( a c + b d + p q ) ( a c + b d − p q ), ( displaystyle K = ( sqrt ( ( s-a ) ( s-b ) ( s-c ) ( s-d ) - ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( ac + bd + pq ) ( ac + bd - pq ) ) ), ) K = 1 4 4 p 2 q 2 − ( a 2 + c 2 − b 2 − d 2 ) 2. ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( sqrt ( 4p ^ ( 2 ) q ^ ( 2 ) - left ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) - d ^ ( 2 ) \right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ). ) The first reduces to Brahmagupta 's formula in the cyclic quadrilateral case, since then pq = ac + bd. The area can also be expressed in terms of the bimedians m, n and the diagonals p, q : K = 1 2 ( m + n + p ) ( m + n − p ) ( m + n + q ) ( m + n − q ), ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( ( m + n + p ) ( m + n-p ) ( m + n + q ) ( m + n-q ) ) ), ) K = 1 2 p 2 q 2 − ( m 2 − n 2 ) 2. ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( p ^ ( 2 ) q ^ ( 2 ) - ( m ^ ( 2 ) - n ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ). ) In fact, any three of the four values m, n, p, and q suffice for determination of the area, since in any quadrilateral the four values are related by p 2 + q 2 = 2 ( m 2 + n 2 ). ( displaystyle p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) = 2 ( m ^ ( 2 ) + n ^ ( 2 ) ). ) The corresponding expressions are : K = 1 2 ( ( m + n ) 2 − p 2 ) ⋅ ( p 2 − ( m − n ) 2 ), ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( ( ( m + n ) ^ ( 2 ) - p ^ ( 2 ) ) cdot ( p ^ ( 2 ) - ( m-n ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ), ) if the lengths of two bimedians and one diagonal are given, and K = 1 4 ( ( p + q ) 2 − 4 m 2 ) ⋅ ( 4 m 2 − ( p − q ) 2 ), ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( sqrt ( ( ( p + q ) ^ ( 2 ) - 4m ^ ( 2 ) ) cdot ( 4m ^ ( 2 ) - ( p-q ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ), ) if the lengths of two diagonals and one bimedian are given. Vector formulas The area of a quadrilateral ABCD can be calculated using vectors. Let vectors AC and BD form the diagonals from A to C and from B to D. The area of the quadrilateral is then K = 1 2 A C × B D, ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mathbf ( AC ) \times mathbf ( BD ), ) which is half the magnitude of the cross product of vectors AC and BD. In two - dimensional Euclidean space, expressing vector AC as a free vector in Cartesian space equal to ( x, y ) and BD as ( x, y ), this can be rewritten as : K = 1 2 x 1 y 2 − x 2 y 1. ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) x_ ( 1 ) y_ ( 2 ) - x_ ( 2 ) y_ ( 1 ). ) Diagonals Properties of the diagonals in some quadrilaterals In the following table it is listed if the diagonals in some of the most basic quadrilaterals bisect each other, if their diagonals are perpendicular, and if their diagonals have equal length. The list applies to the most general cases, and excludes named subsets. Quadrilateral Bisecting diagonals Perpendicular diagonals Equal diagonals Trapezoid No See note 1 No Isosceles trapezoid No See note 1 Yes Parallelogram Yes No No Kite See note 2 Yes See note 2 Rectangle Yes No Yes Rhombus Yes Yes No Square Yes Yes Yes Note 1 : The most general trapezoids and isosceles trapezoids do not have perpendicular diagonals, but there are infinite numbers of ( non-similar ) trapezoids and isosceles trapezoids that do have perpendicular diagonals and are not any other named quadrilateral. Note 2 : In a kite, one diagonal bisects the other. The most general kite has unequal diagonals, but there is an infinite number of ( non-similar ) kites in which the diagonals are equal in length ( and the kites are not any other named quadrilateral ). Lengths of the diagonals The lengths of the diagonals in a convex quadrilateral ABCD can be calculated using the law of cosines on each triangle formed by one diagonal and two sides of the quadrilateral. Thus p = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos ⁡ B = c 2 + d 2 − 2 c d cos ⁡ D ( displaystyle p = ( sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) - 2ab cos ( B ) ) ) = ( sqrt ( c ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) - 2cd cos ( D ) ) ) ) and q = a 2 + d 2 − 2 a d cos ⁡ A = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos ⁡ C. ( displaystyle q = ( sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) - 2ad cos ( A ) ) ) = ( sqrt ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) - 2bc cos ( C ) ) ). ) Other, more symmetric formulas for the lengths of the diagonals, are p = ( a c + b d ) ( a d + b c ) − 2 a b c d ( cos ⁡ B + cos ⁡ D ) a b + c d ( displaystyle p = ( sqrt ( \frac ( ( ac + bd ) ( ad + bc ) - 2abcd ( cos ( B ) + cos ( D ) ) ) ( ab + cd ) ) ) ) and q = ( a b + c d ) ( a c + b d ) − 2 a b c d ( cos ⁡ A + cos ⁡ C ) a d + b c. ( displaystyle q = ( sqrt ( \frac ( ( ab + cd ) ( ac + bd ) - 2abcd ( cos ( A ) + cos ( C ) ) ) ( ad + bc ) ) ). ) Generalizations of the parallelogram law and Ptolemy 's theorem In any convex quadrilateral ABCD, the sum of the squares of the four sides is equal to the sum of the squares of the two diagonals plus four times the square of the line segment connecting the midpoints of the diagonals. Thus a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = p 2 + q 2 + 4 x 2 ( displaystyle a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) = p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) + 4x ^ ( 2 ) ) where x is the distance between the midpoints of the diagonals. This is sometimes known as Euler 's quadrilateral theorem and is a generalization of the parallelogram law. The German mathematician Carl Anton Bretschneider derived in 1842 the following generalization of Ptolemy 's theorem, regarding the product of the diagonals in a convex quadrilateral p 2 q 2 = a 2 c 2 + b 2 d 2 − 2 a b c d cos ⁡ ( A + C ). ( displaystyle p ^ ( 2 ) q ^ ( 2 ) = a ^ ( 2 ) c ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) d ^ ( 2 ) - 2abcd cos ( ( A + C ) ). ) This relation can be considered to be a law of cosines for a quadrilateral. In a cyclic quadrilateral, where A + C = 180 °, it reduces to pq = ac + bd. Since cos ( A + C ) ≥ − 1, it also gives a proof of Ptolemy 's inequality. Other metric relations If X and Y are the feet of the normals from B and D to the diagonal AC = p in a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, d = DA, then X Y = a 2 + c 2 − b 2 − d 2 2 p. ( displaystyle XY = ( \frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) - d ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2p ) ). ) In a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, d = DA, and where the diagonals intersect at E, e f g h ( a + c + b + d ) ( a + c − b − d ) = ( a g h + c e f + b e h + d f g ) ( a g h + c e f − b e h − d f g ) ( displaystyle efgh ( a + c + b + d ) ( a + c-b-d ) = ( agh + cef + beh + dfg ) ( agh + cef - beh - dfg ) ) where e = AE, f = BE, g = CE, and h = DE. The shape and size of a convex quadrilateral are fully determined by the lengths of its sides in sequence and of one diagonal between two specified vertices. The two diagonals p, q and the four side lengths a, b, c, d of a quadrilateral are related by the Cayley - Menger determinant, as follows : det ( 0 a 2 p 2 d 2 1 a 2 0 b 2 q 2 1 p 2 b 2 0 c 2 1 d 2 q 2 c 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 ) = 0. ( displaystyle det ( \begin ( bmatrix ) 0&a ^ ( 2 ) &p ^ ( 2 ) &d ^ ( 2 ) &1 a ^ ( 2 ) &0&b ^ ( 2 ) &q ^ ( 2 ) &1 p ^ ( 2 ) &b ^ ( 2 ) &0&c ^ ( 2 ) &1 d ^ ( 2 ) &q ^ ( 2 ) &c ^ ( 2 ) &0&1 1&1&1&1&0 end ( bmatrix ) ) = 0. ) Angle bisectors The internal angle bisectors of a convex quadrilateral either form a cyclic quadrilateral ( that is, the four intersection points of adjacent angle bisectors are concyclic ) or they are concurrent. In the latter case the quadrilateral is a tangential quadrilateral. In quadrilateral ABCD, if the angle bisectors of A and C meet on diagonal BD, then the angle bisectors of B and D meet on diagonal AC. Bimedians See also : Varignon 's theorem The Varignon parallelogram EFGH The bimedians of a quadrilateral are the line segments connecting the midpoints of the opposite sides. The intersection of the bimedians is the centroid of the vertices of the quadrilateral. The midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral ( convex, concave or crossed ) are the vertices of a parallelogram called the Varignon parallelogram. It has the following properties : Each pair of opposite sides of the Varignon parallelogram are parallel to a diagonal in the original quadrilateral. A side of the Varignon parallelogram is half as long as the diagonal in the original quadrilateral it is parallel to. The area of the Varignon parallelogram equals half the area of the original quadrilateral. This is true in convex, concave and crossed quadrilaterals provided the area of the latter is defined to be the difference of the areas of the two triangles it is composed of. The perimeter of the Varignon parallelogram equals the sum of the diagonals of the original quadrilateral. The diagonals of the Varignon parallelogram are the bimedians of the original quadrilateral. The two bimedians in a quadrilateral and the line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals in that quadrilateral are concurrent and are all bisected by their point of intersection. In a convex quadrilateral with sides a, b, c and d, the length of the bimedian that connects the midpoints of the sides a and c is m = 1 2 − a 2 + b 2 − c 2 + d 2 + p 2 + q 2 ( displaystyle m = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( - a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) - c ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) + p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where p and q are the length of the diagonals. The length of the bimedian that connects the midpoints of the sides b and d is n = 1 2 a 2 − b 2 + c 2 − d 2 + p 2 + q 2. ( displaystyle n = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) - d ^ ( 2 ) + p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) ) ). ) Hence p 2 + q 2 = 2 ( m 2 + n 2 ). ( displaystyle displaystyle p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) = 2 ( m ^ ( 2 ) + n ^ ( 2 ) ). ) This is also a corollary to the parallelogram law applied in the Varignon parallelogram. The lengths of the bimedians can also be expressed in terms of two opposite sides and the distance x between the midpoints of the diagonals. This is possible when using Euler 's quadrilateral theorem in the above formulas. Whence m = 1 2 2 ( b 2 + d 2 ) − 4 x 2 ( displaystyle m = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( 2 ( b ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) - 4x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) and n = 1 2 2 ( a 2 + c 2 ) − 4 x 2. ( displaystyle n = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( 2 ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) - 4x ^ ( 2 ) ) ). ) Note that the two opposite sides in these formulas are not the two that the bimedian connects. In a convex quadrilateral, there is the following dual connection between the bimedians and the diagonals : The two bimedians have equal length if and only if the two diagonals are perpendicular. The two bimedians are perpendicular if and only if the two diagonals have equal length. Trigonometric identities The four angles of a simple quadrilateral ABCD satisfy the following identities : sin ⁡ A + sin ⁡ B + sin ⁡ C + sin ⁡ D = 4 sin ⁡ A + B 2 sin ⁡ A + C 2 sin ⁡ A + D 2 ( displaystyle sin ( A ) + sin ( B ) + sin ( C ) + sin ( D ) = 4 sin ( \frac ( A + B ) ( 2 ) ) sin ( \frac ( A + C ) ( 2 ) ) sin ( \frac ( A + D ) ( 2 ) ) ) and tan ⁡ A tan ⁡ B − tan ⁡ C tan ⁡ D tan ⁡ A tan ⁡ C − tan ⁡ B tan ⁡ D = tan ⁡ ( A + C ) tan ⁡ ( A + B ). ( displaystyle ( \frac ( \tan ( A ) \tan ( B ) - \tan ( C ) \tan ( D ) ) ( \tan ( A ) \tan ( C ) - \tan ( B ) \tan ( D ) ) ) = ( \frac ( \tan ( ( A + C ) ) ) ( \tan ( ( A + B ) ) ) ). ) Also, tan ⁡ A + tan ⁡ B + tan ⁡ C + tan ⁡ D cot ⁡ A + cot ⁡ B + cot ⁡ C + cot ⁡ D = tan ⁡ A tan ⁡ B tan ⁡ C tan ⁡ D. ( displaystyle ( \frac ( \tan ( A ) + \tan ( B ) + \tan ( C ) + \tan ( D ) ) ( cot ( A ) + cot ( B ) + cot ( C ) + cot ( D ) ) ) = \tan ( A ) \tan ( B ) \tan ( C ) \tan ( D ). ) In the last two formulas, no angle is allowed to be a right angle, since tan 90 ° is not defined. Inequalities Area If a convex quadrilateral has the consecutive sides a, b, c, d and the diagonals p, q, then its area K satisfies K ≤ 1 4 ( a + c ) ( b + d ) ( displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( a + c ) ( b + d ) ) with equality only for a rectangle. K ≤ 1 4 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 ) ( displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) ) with equality only for a square. K ≤ 1 4 ( p 2 + q 2 ) ( displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) ) ) with equality only if the diagonals are perpendicular and equal. K ≤ 1 2 ( a 2 + c 2 ) ( b 2 + d 2 ) ( displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( b ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) with equality only for a rectangle. From Bretschneider 's formula it directly follows that the area of a quadrilateral satisfies K ≤ ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) ( s − d ) ( displaystyle K leq ( sqrt ( ( s-a ) ( s-b ) ( s-c ) ( s-d ) ) ) ) with equality if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic or degenerate such that one side is equal to the sum of the other three ( it has collapsed into a line segment, so the area is zero ). The area of any quadrilateral also satisfies the inequality K ≤ 1 2 ( a b + c d ) ( a c + b d ) ( a d + b c ) 3. ( displaystyle displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( ( ab + cd ) ( ac + bd ) ( ad + bc ) ) ). ) Denoting the perimeter as L, we have K ≤ 1 16 L 2, ( displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) L ^ ( 2 ), ) with equality only in the case of a square. The area of a convex quadrilateral also satisfies K ≤ 1 2 p q ( displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) pq ) for diagonal lengths p and q, with equality if and only if the diagonals are perpendicular. Diagonals and bimedians A corollary to Euler 's quadrilateral theorem is the inequality a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 ≥ p 2 + q 2 ( displaystyle a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) geq p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) ) where equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Euler also generalized Ptolemy 's theorem, which is an equality in a cyclic quadrilateral, into an inequality for a convex quadrilateral. It states that p q ≤ a c + b d ( displaystyle pq leq ac + bd ) where there is equality if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic. This is often called Ptolemy 's inequality. In any convex quadrilateral the bimedians m, n and the diagonals p, q are related by the inequality p q ≤ m 2 + n 2, ( displaystyle pq leq m ^ ( 2 ) + n ^ ( 2 ), ) with equality holding if and only if the diagonals are equal. This follows directly from the quadrilateral identity m 2 + n 2 = 1 2 ( p 2 + q 2 ). ( displaystyle m ^ ( 2 ) + n ^ ( 2 ) = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) ). ) Sides The sides a, b, c, and d of any quadrilateral satisfy a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > d 2 3 ( displaystyle a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) > ( \frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) ) and a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ≥ d 4 27. ( displaystyle a ^ ( 4 ) + b ^ ( 4 ) + c ^ ( 4 ) geq ( \frac ( d ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 27 ) ). ) Maximum and minimum properties Among all quadrilaterals with a given perimeter, the one with the largest area is the square. This is called the isoperimetric theorem for quadrilaterals. It is a direct consequence of the area inequality K ≤ 1 16 L 2 ( displaystyle K leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) L ^ ( 2 ) ) where K is the area of a convex quadrilateral with perimeter L. Equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is a square. The dual theorem states that of all quadrilaterals with a given area, the square has the shortest perimeter. The quadrilateral with given side lengths that has the maximum area is the cyclic quadrilateral. Of all convex quadrilaterals with given diagonals, the orthodiagonal quadrilateral has the largest area. This is a direct consequence of the fact that the area of a convex quadrilateral satisfies K = 1 2 p q sin ⁡ θ ≤ 1 2 p q, ( displaystyle K = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) pq sin ( \theta ) leq ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) pq, ) where θ is the angle between the diagonals p and q. Equality holds if and only if θ = 90 °. If P is an interior point in a convex quadrilateral ABCD, then A P + B P + C P + D P ≥ A C + B D. ( displaystyle AP + BP + CP + DP geq AC + BD. ) From this inequality it follows that the point inside a quadrilateral that minimizes the sum of distances to the vertices is the intersection of the diagonals. Hence that point is the Fermat point of a convex quadrilateral. Remarkable points and lines in a convex quadrilateral The centre of a quadrilateral can be defined in several different ways. The `` vertex centroid '' comes from considering the quadrilateral as being empty but having equal masses at its vertices. The `` side centroid '' comes from considering the sides to have constant mass per unit length. The usual centre, called just centroid ( centre of area ) comes from considering the surface of the quadrilateral as having constant density. These three points are in general not all the same point. The `` vertex centroid '' is the intersection of the two bimedians. As with any polygon, the x and y coordinates of the vertex centroid are the arithmetic means of the x and y coordinates of the vertices. The `` area centroid '' of quadrilateral ABCD can be constructed in the following way. Let G, G, G, G be the centroids of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively. Then the `` area centroid '' is the intersection of the lines G G and G G. In a general convex quadrilateral ABCD, there are no natural analogies to the circumcenter and orthocenter of a triangle. But two such points can be constructed in the following way. Let O, O, O, O be the circumcenters of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively ; and denote by H, H, H, H the orthocenters in the same triangles. Then the intersection of the lines O O and O O is called the quasicircumcenter, and the intersection of the lines H H and H H is called the quasiorthocenter of the convex quadrilateral. These points can be used to define an Euler line of a quadrilateral. In a convex quadrilateral, the quasiorthocenter H, the `` area centroid '' G, and the quasicircumcenter O are collinear in this order, and HG = 2GO. There can also be defined a quasinine - point center E as the intersection of the lines E E and E E, where E, E, E, E are the nine - point centers of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively. Then E is the midpoint of OH. Another remarkable line in a convex non-parallelogram quadrilateral is the Newton line, which connects the midpoints of the diagonals, the segment connecting these points being bisected by the vertex centroid. One more interesting line ( in some sense dual to the Newton 's one ) is the line connecting the point of intersection of diagonals with the vertex centroid. The line is remarkable by the fact that it contains the ( area ) centroid. The vertex centroid divides the segment connecting the intersection of diagonals and the ( area ) centroid in the ratio 3 : 1. Other properties of convex quadrilaterals Let exterior squares be drawn on all sides of a quadrilateral. The segments connecting the centers of opposite squares are ( a ) equal in length, and ( b ) perpendicular. Thus these centers are the vertices of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral. This is called Van Aubel 's theorem. For any simple quadrilateral with given edge lengths, there is a cyclic quadrilateral with the same edge lengths. The four smaller triangles formed by the diagonals and sides of a convex quadrilateral have the property that the product of the areas of two opposite triangles equals the product of the areas of the other two triangles. Taxonomy A taxonomy of quadrilaterals. A hierarchical taxonomy of quadrilaterals is illustrated by the figure to the right. Lower classes are special cases of higher classes they are connected to. Note that `` trapezoid '' here is referring to the North American definition ( the British equivalent is a trapezium ). Inclusive definitions are used throughout. Skew quadrilaterals See also : Skew polygon The ( red ) side edges of tetragonal disphenoid represent a regular zig - zag skew quadrilateral A non-planar quadrilateral is called a skew quadrilateral. Formulas to compute its dihedral angles from the edge lengths and the angle between two adjacent edges were derived for work on the properties of molecules such as cyclobutane that contain a `` puckered '' ring of four atoms. Historically the term gauche quadrilateral was also used to mean a skew quadrilateral. A skew quadrilateral together with its diagonals form a ( possibly non-regular ) tetrahedron, and conversely every skew quadrilateral comes from a tetrahedron where a pair of opposite edges is removed. See also Complete quadrangle Perpendicular bisector construction of a quadrilateral Saccheri quadrilateral Quadrangle ( geography ) References Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14, 2014. 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Jump up ^ King, James, Two Centers of Mass of a Quadrilateral, ( 4 ), Accessed 2012 - 04 - 15. Jump up ^ Honsberger, Ross, Episodes in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Euclidean Geometry, Math. Assoc. Amer., 1995, pp. 35 -- 41. ^ Jump up to : Myakishev, Alexei ( 2006 ), `` On Two Remarkable Lines Related to a Quadrilateral '' ( PDF ), Forum Geometricorum, 6 : 289 -- 295. Jump up ^ https://www.austms.org.au/Publ/Gazette/2010/May10/TechPaperMiller.pdf Jump up ^ Josefsson, Martin, `` Characterizations of Trapezoids '', Forum Geometricorum 13 ( 2013 ) 23 -- 35. Jump up ^ Barnett, M.P. ; Capitani, J.F. ( 2006 ). `` Modular chemical geometry and symbolic calculation ''. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 106 ( 1 ) : 215 -- 227. doi : 10.1002 / qua. 20807. Jump up ^ Hamilton, William Rowan ( 1850 ). `` On Some Results Obtained by the Quaternion Analysis Respecting the Inscription of `` Gauche '' Polygons in Surfaces of the Second Order '' ( PDF ). Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 4 : 380 -- 387. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tetragons. Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ), `` Quadrangle, complete '', Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Weisstein, Eric W. `` Quadrilateral ''. MathWorld. Encyclopedia of Quadri - Figures by Chris Van Tienhoven Compendium Geometry Analytic Geometry of Quadrilaterals Quadrilaterals Formed by Perpendicular Bisectors, Projective Collinearity and Interactive Classification of Quadrilaterals from cut - the - knot Definitions and examples of quadrilaterals and Definition and properties of tetragons from Mathopenref A ( dynamic ) Hierarchical Quadrilateral Tree at Dynamic Geometry Sketches An extended classification of quadrilaterals at Dynamic Math Learning Homepage Quadrilateral Venn Diagram Quadrilaterals expressed in the form of a Venn diagram, where the areas are also the shape of the quadrilateral they describe. The role and function of a hierarchical classification of quadrilaterals by Michael de Villiers Polygons Special cases, including regular polygons with their own names, in parentheses List of polygons by number of sides 1 -- 10 sides Monogon Digon Triangle Equilateral Isosceles Quadrilateral Square Rectangle Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezoid Kite Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon ( Enneagon ) Decagon 11 -- 20 sides Hendecagon Dodecagon Tridecagon Tetradecagon Pentadecagon Hexadecagon Heptadecagon Octadecagon Enneadecagon Icosagon 21 -- 100 sides ( selected ) Icositetragon ( 24 ) Triacontagon ( 30 ) Triacontadigon ( 32 ) Triacontatetragon ( 34 ) Tetracontagon ( 40 ) Tetracontadigon ( 42 ) Tetracontaoctagon ( 48 ) Pentacontagon ( 50 ) Hexacontagon ( 60 ) Hexacontatetragon ( 64 ) Heptacontagon ( 70 ) Octacontagon ( 80 ) Enneacontagon ( 90 ) Enneacontahexagon ( 96 ) Hectogon ( 100 ) > 100 sides 120 - gon 257 - gon 360 - gon Chiliagon ( 1,000 ) Myriagon ( 10,000 ) 65537 - gon Megagon ( 1,000,000 ) Apeirogon ( ∞ ) Star polygons ( 5 -- 12 sides ) Pentagram Hexagram Heptagram Octagram Enneagram Decagram Hendecagram Dodecagram Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrilateral&oldid=804042807 '' Categories : 4 ( number ) Quadrilaterals Polygons Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 10 : 21. 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Question: quadrilateral with 2 pairs of equal sides and 2 pairs of opposite angles that are equal
Answer: Parallelogram