Thyrotropin - releasing hormone - wikipedia Thyrotropin - releasing hormone `` TRH '' redirects here. For other uses, see TRH ( disambiguation ). hormone thyrotropin - releasing hormone Structural formula of TRH Identifiers Symbol TRH Entrez 7200 HUGO 12298 OMIM 275120 RefSeq NM_007117 UniProt P20396 Other data Locus Chr. 3 q13. 3 - q21 Thyrotropin - releasing hormone Clinical data ATC code V04CJ02 ( WHO ) Identifiers CAS Number 24305 - 27 - 9 PubChem CID 638678 IUPHAR / BPS 2139 ChemSpider 554166 ChEBI CHEBI : 35940 ChEMBL CHEMBL1472 ECHA InfoCard 100.041. 934 Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 362.38367 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image SMILES C1C ( C@H ) ( N ( C1 ) C ( = O ) ( C@H ) ( CC2 = CN = CN2 ) NC ( = O ) ( C @ @ H ) 3CCC ( = O ) N3 ) C ( = O ) N InChI InChI = 1S / C16H22N6O4 / c17 - 14 ( 24 ) 12 - 2 - 1 - 5 - 22 ( 12 ) 16 ( 26 ) 11 ( 6 - 9 - 7 - 18 - 8 - 19 - 9 ) 21 - 15 ( 25 ) 10 - 3 - 4 - 13 ( 23 ) 20 - 10 / h7 - 8, 10 - 12H, 1 - 6H2, ( H2, 17, 24 ) ( H, 18, 19 ) ( H, 20, 23 ) ( H, 21, 25 ) / t10 -, 11 -, 12 - / m0 / s1 Key : XNSAINXGIQZQOO - SRVKXCTJSA - N Thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ), also called thyrotropin - releasing factor ( TRF ) or thyroliberin, is a releasing hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, that stimulates the release of thyrotropin ( thyroid - stimulating hormone or TSH ) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. It is a tropic, tripeptidal hormone. TRH has been used clinically for the treatment of spinocerebellar degeneration and disturbance of consciousness in humans. Its pharmaceutical form is called protirelin ( INN ) ( / proʊˈtaɪrɪlɪn / ). Contents 1 Synthesis 2 History 3 Chemical properties 4 Clinical significance 5 Side effects 6 Related peptides 7 See also 8 References Synthesis The system of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. TRH is produced by the globe in medial neurons of the paraventricular nucleus. At the beginning, it is synthesized as a 242 - amino acid precursor polypeptide that contains 6 copies of the sequence - Gln - His - Pro-Gly -, flanked by Lys - Arg or Arg - Arg sequences. To produce the mature form, a series of enzymes are required. First, a protease cleaves to the C - terminal side of the flanking Lys - Arg or Arg - Arg. Second, a carboxypeptidase removes the Lys / Arg residues leaving Gly as the C - terminal residue. Then, this Gly is converted into an amide residue by a series of enzymes collectively known as peptidylglycine - alpha - amidating monooxygenase. Concurrently with these processing steps, the N - terminal Gln ( glutamine ) is converted into pyroglutamate ( a cyclic residue ). These multiple steps produce 6 copies of the mature TRH molecule per precursor molecule for human TRH ( 5 for mouse TRH ). Following secretion, TRH travels across the median eminence to the anterior pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system where it stimulates the release of thyroid - stimulating hormone from cells called thyrotropes. TRH can also be detected in other areas of the body including the gastrointestinal system and pancreatic islets, as well as in the brain. History The seleke of TRH was first determined, and the hormone synthesized, by Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally in 1969. Both parties insisted their labs determined the sequence first : Schally first suggested the possibility in 1966, but abandoned it after Guillemin proposed TRH was not actually a peptide. Guillemin 's chemist began concurring with these results in 1969, as NIH threatened to cut off funding for the project, leading both parties to return to work on synthesis. Schally and Guillemin shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Medicine `` for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain. '' News accounts of their work often focused on their `` fierce competition '' and use of a very large amount of sheep and pig brains to locate the hormone. Chemical properties Its molecular weight is 359.5 Da. Its tripeptide structure is : ( pyro ) Glu - His - Pro-NH. Its logp octanol / water is - 2.46 Clinical significance TRH is used clinically by intravenous injection ( brand name Relefact TRH ) to test the response of the anterior pituitary gland ; this procedure is known as a TRH test. This is done as diagnostic test of thyroid disorders such as secondary hypothyroidism and in acromegaly. TRH has anti-depressant and anti-suicidal properties, and in 2012 the U.S. Army awarded a research grant to develop a TRH nasal spray in order to prevent suicide amongst its ranks. TRH has been shown in mice to be an anti-aging agent with a broad spectrum of activities that, because of their actions, suggest that TRH has a fundamental role in the regulation of metabolic and hormonal functions. Side effects Side effects after intravenous TRH administration are minimal. Nausea, flushing, urinary urgency, and mild rise in blood pressure have been reported. After intrathecal administration, shaking, sweating, shivering, restlessness, and mild rise in blood pressure were observed. Related peptides Thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) Identifiers Symbol TRH Pfam PF05438 InterPro IPR008857 Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary TRH belongs to a family of several thyrotropin - releasing hormones. See also Thyrotropin - releasing hormone receptor Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis References Jump up ^ Zhang J, Watanabe Y, Yamada S, Urayama A, Kimura R ( 2002 ). `` Neuroprotective effect and brain receptor binding of taltirelin, a novel thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) analogue, in transient forebrain ischemia of C57BL / 6J mice ''. Life Sci. 72 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 601 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / S0024 - 3205 ( 02 ) 02268 - 3. PMID 12467901. Jump up ^ References used in image are found in image article in Commons : Commons : File : Thyroid system. png # References. Jump up ^ Taylor T, Wondisford FE, Blaine T, Weintraub BD ( January 1990 ). `` The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus has a major role in thyroid hormone feedback regulation of thyrotropin synthesis and secretion ''. Endocrinology. 126 ( 1 ) : 317 -- 24. doi : 10.1210 / endo - 126 - 1 - 317. PMID 2104587. Jump up ^ Bowen R ( 1998 - 09 - 20 ). `` Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone ''. Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System. Colorado State University. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04. Jump up ^ Boler J, Enzmann F, Folkers K, Bowers CY, Schally AV ( November 1969 ). `` The identity of chemical and hormonal properties of the thyrotropin releasing hormone and pyroglutamyl - histidyl - proline amide ''. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 37 ( 4 ) : 705 -- 10. doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 291X ( 69 ) 90868 - 7. PMID 4982117. Jump up ^ Burgus R, Dunn TF, Desiderio D, Guillemin R ( November 1969 ). `` ( Molecular structure of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic TRF factor of ovine origin : mass spectrometry demonstration of the PCA - His - Pro-NH2 sequence ) ''. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D ( in French ). 269 ( 19 ) : 1870 -- 3. PMID 4983502. ^ Jump up to : Woolgar, Steve ; Latour, Bruno ( 1979 ). `` Chapter 3 : The Case of TRF ( H ) ''. Laboratory life : the social construction of scientific facts. Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. ISBN 0 - 8039 - 0993 - 4. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 ''. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04. Jump up ^ CSID : 554166, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.554166.html ( accessed 00 : 54, Aug 29, 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Marangell LB, George MS, Callahan AM, Ketter TA, Pazzaglia PJ, L'Herrou TA, Leverich GS, Post RM ( March 1997 ). `` Effects of intrathecal thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( protirelin ) in refractory depressed patients ''. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 22. doi : 10.1001 / archpsyc. 1997.01830150034007. PMID 9075462. Jump up ^ `` Scientist developing anti-suicide nasal spray ''. ArmyTimes.com. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Army anti-suicide initiative brings $3 million to IU School of Medicine scientist 's research ''. Indiana University School of Medicine. July 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Pierpaoli W., Aging - reversing properties of thyrotropin - releasing hormone., Curr Aging Sci. 2013 Feb ; 6 ( 1 ) : 92 - 8. Jump up ^ Prange AJ, Lara PP, Wilson IC, Alltop LB, Breese GR ( November 1972 ). `` Effects of thyrotropin - releasing hormone in depression ''. Lancet. 2 ( 7785 ) : 999 -- 1002. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 72 ) 92407 - 5. PMID 4116985. Jump up ^ Borowski GD, Garofano CD, Rose LI, Levy RA ( January 1984 ). `` Blood pressure response to thyrotropin - releasing hormone in euthyroid subjects ''. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 58 ( 1 ) : 197 -- 200. doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 58 - 1 - 197. PMID 6417153. Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N, N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N, N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Peptides : neuropeptides Hormones see hormones Opioid peptides Dynorphins Dynorphin A Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Big dynorphin Leumorphin α - Neoendorphin β - Neoendorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin - 1 Endomorphin - 2 Endorphins α - Endorphin β - Endorphin γ - Endorphin Enkephalins Met - enkephalin Leu - enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin - 4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptides Kinins Bradykinins Tachykinins : mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins U Orexins Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene - related peptide Carnosine Cocaine - and amphetamine - regulated transcript Delta sleep - inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin - like peptide Gastrin releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide RVD - Hpα VGF Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Adiponectin AdipoR Agonists : Peptide : Adiponectin ADP - 355 ADP - 399 ; Non-peptide : AdipoRon ( -- ) - Arctigenin Arctiin Gramine Matairesinol Antagonists : Peptide : ADP - 400 AdipoR Agonists : Peptide : Adiponectin ADP - 355 ADP - 399 ; Non-peptide : AdipoRon Deoxyschizandrin Parthenolide Syringing Taxifoliol Antagonists : Peptide : ADP - 400 Angiotensin See here instead. Bradykinin Agonists : Bradykinin Kallidin Antagonists : FR - 173657 Icatibant LF22 - 0542 CGRP Agonists : Amylin CGRP Pramlintide Antagonists : Atogepant BI 44370 TA CGRP ( 8 - 37 ) MK - 3207 Olcegepant Rimegepant SB - 268262 Telcagepant Ubrogepant Antibodies : Eptinezumab Erenumab Fremanezumab Galcanezumab Cholecystokinin CCK Agonists : Cholecystokinin Antagonists : Amiglumide Asperlicin Devazepide Dexloxiglumide Lintitript Lorglumide Loxiglumide Pranazepide Proglumide Tarazepide Tomoglumide CCK Agonists : Cholecystokinin CCK - 4 Gastrin Pentagastrin ( CCK - 5 ) Antagonists : Ceclazepide CI - 988 ( PD - 134308 ) Itriglumide L - 365,360 Netazepide Proglumide Spiroglumide Unsorted Antagonists : Nastorazepide CRH CRF Agonists : Cortagine Corticorelin Corticotropin releasing hormone Sauvagine Stressin I Urocortin Antagonists : Antalarmin Astressin - B CP - 154,526 Emicerfont Hypericin LWH - 234 NBI - 27914 Pexacerfont R - 121919 TS - 041 Verucerfont CRF Agonists : Corticorelin Corticotropin releasing hormone Sauvagine Urocortin Antagonists : Astressin - B Cytokine See here instead. Endothelin Agonists : Endothelin 1 Endothelin 2 Endothelin 3 IRL - 1620 Antagonists : A-192621 ACT - 132577 Ambrisentan Aprocitentan Atrasentan Avosentan Bosentan BQ - 123 BQ - 788 Clazosentan Darusentan Edonentan Enrasentan Fandosentan Feloprentan Macitentan Nebentan Sitaxentan Sparsentan Tezosentan Zibotentan Galanin GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galanin - like peptide Galmic Galnon NAX 810 - 2 Antagonists : C7 Dithiepine - 1, 1, 4, 4 - tetroxide Galantide ( M15 ) M32 M35 M40 SCH - 202596 GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galanin ( 2 - 11 ) Galanin - like peptide Galmic Galnon J18 NAX 810 - 2 Antagonists : C7 Galantide ( M15 ) M32 M35 M40 M871 GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galmic Galnon Antagonists : C7 Galantide ( M15 ) GalR3ant HT - 2157 M32 M35 M40 SNAP - 37889 SNAP - 398299 Ghrelin / GHS See here instead. GH See here instead. GHRH See here instead. GLP GLP - 1 Agonists : Albiglutide Beinaglutide Dulaglutide Efpeglenatide Exenatide GLP - 1 Langlenatide Liraglutide Lixisenatide Oxyntomodulin Semaglutide Taspoglutide GLP - 2 Agonists : Apraglutide Elsiglutide Glepaglutide GLP - 2 Teduglutide Others Propeptides : Preproglucagon Proglucagon Glucagon Agonists : Dasiglucagon Glucagon Oxyntomodulin Antagonists : Adomeglivant L - 168,049 LGD - 6972 Propeptides : Preproglucagon Proglucagon GnRH See here instead. Gonadotropin See here instead. Growth factor See here instead. Insulin Agonists : Chaetochromin ( 4548 - G05 ) Insulin - like growth factor 1 Insulin - like growth factor 2 Insulin Insulin aspart Insulin degludec Insulin detemir Insulin glargine Insulin glulisine Insulin lispro Mecasermin Mecasermin rinfabate Antagonists : BMS - 754807 S661 S961 Kinase inhibitors : Linsitinib Antibodies : Xentuzumab ( against IGF - 1 and IGF - 2 ) Kisspeptin Agonists : Kisspeptin Kisspeptin - 10 Antagonists : Kisspeptin - 234 Leptin Agonists : Leptin Metreleptin MCH MCH Agonists : Melanin concentrating hormone Antagonists : ATC - 0065 ATC - 0175 GW - 803430 NGD - 4715 SNAP - 7941 SNAP - 94847 MCH Agonists : Melanin concentrating hormone Melanocortin See here instead. Neuropeptide FF Agonists : Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF ( RFRP - 1 ) Neuropeptide VF ( RFRP - 3 ) Antagonists : BIBP - 3226 RF9 Neuropeptide S Agonists : Neuropeptide S Antagonists : ML - 154 SHA - 68 Neuropeptide Y Y Agonists : Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY Antagonists : BIBO - 3304 BIBP - 3226 BVD - 10 GR - 231118 PD - 160170 Y Agonists : 2 - Thiouridine 5 ' - triphosphate Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y ( 13 - 36 ) Peptide YY Peptide YY ( 3 - 36 ) Antagonists : BIIE - 0246 JNJ - 5207787 SF - 11 Y Agonists : GR - 231118 Neuropeptide Y Pancreatic polypeptide Peptide YY Antagonists : UR - AK49 Y Agonists : BWX - 46 Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY Antagonists : CGP - 71683 FMS - 586 L - 152,804 Lu AA - 33810 MK - 0557 NTNCB Velneperit ( S - 2367 ) Neurotensin NTS Agonists : Neurotensin Neuromedin N Antagonists : Meclinertant SR - 142948 NTS Agonists : Neurotensin Antagonists : Levocabastine SR - 142948 Opioid See here instead. Orexin OX Agonists : Orexin ( A, B) Antagonists : ACT - 335827 ACT - 462206 Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant SB - 334867 SB - 408124 SB - 649868 Suvorexant TCS - 1102 OX Agonists : Orexin ( A, B) SB - 668875 Antagonists : ACT - 335827 ACT - 462206 Almorexant EMPA Filorexant JNJ - 10397049 Lemborexant MK - 1064 SB - 649868 Seltorexant Suvorexant TCS - 1102 TCS - OX2 - 29 Oxytocin See here instead. Prolactin Agonists : Growth hormone Human placental lactogen Placental growth hormone ( growth hormone variant ) Prolactin S179D - hPRL Somatotropin Antagonists : Δ1 -- 9 - G129R - hPRL Δ1 -- 14 - G129R - hPRL G120K - hGH G129R - hPRL Prolactin modulators : Prolactin inhibitors : D receptor agonists ( e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline ) ; Prolactin releasers : D receptor antagonists ( e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone ) Estrogens ( e.g., estradiol ) Progestogens ( e.g., progesterone ) PTH Agonists : Abaloparatide Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone - related protein ( PTHrP ) Semparatide Teriparatide Relaxin Agonists : Insulin - like factor 3 Relaxin ( 1, 2, 3 ) Serelaxin Somatostatin See here instead. Tachykinin See here instead. TRH Agonists : Azetirelin Fertirelin Montirelin Orotirelin Posatirelin Protirelin Rovatirelin Taltirelin TRH ( TRF ) TSH Agonists : Thyrotropin alfa TSH ( thyrotropin ) Vasopressin See here instead. VIP / PACAP VIPR Agonists : Peptide : Bay 55 - 9837 LBT - 3393 PACAP VIP VIPR Agonists : Peptide : LBT - 3627 PACAP VIP PAC Agonists : PACAP PACAP ( 1 - 27 ) PACAP ( 1 - 38 ) Antagonists : PACAP ( 6 - 38 ) Unsorted PHI PHM PHV Others Endogenous : Adrenomedullin Apelin Asprosin Bombesin Calcitonin Carnosine CART CLIP DSIP Enteroglucagon Formyl peptide GALP GIP GRP Integrin ligands ( collagens, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminins, ICAM - 1, ICAM - 2, osteopontin, VCAM - 1, vitronectin ) Kininogens Motilin Natriuretic peptides ( ANP, BNP, CNP, urodilatin ) Nesfatin - 1 Neuromedin B Neuromedin N Neuromedin S Neuromedin U Obestatin Osteocalcin Resistin Secretin Thymopoietin Thymosins Thymulin Urotensin - II VGF Exogenous : Lifitegrast ( LFA - 1 antagonist ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone&oldid=829021280 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 3 Hormones of the hypothalamus Hormones of the hypothalamic - pituitary - prolactin axis Peptide hormones Thyroid Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with short description ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Infobox drug articles without a structure image Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Protein pages needing a picture Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018, at 04 : 15. 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Question: how does thyrotropin releasing hormone travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
Answer: across the median eminence to the anterior pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system