Spectroscopy - wikipedia Spectroscopy Analysis of white light by dispersing it with a prism is an example of spectroscopy. Spectroscopy / spɛkˈtrɒskəpi / is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency. Spectroscopic data are often represented by an emission spectrum, a plot of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or frequency. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Theory 3 Classification of methods 3.1 Type of radiative energy 3.2 Nature of the interaction 3.3 Type of material 3.3. 1 Atoms 3.3. 2 Molecules 3.3. 3 Crystals and extended materials 3.3. 4 Nuclei 4 Other types 5 Applications 6 History 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Introduction This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2016 ) Spectroscopy and spectrography are terms used to refer to the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength and are often used to describe experimental spectroscopic methods. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as spectrometers, spectrophotometers, spectrographs or spectral analyzers. Daily observations of color can be related to spectroscopy. Neon lighting is a direct application of atomic spectroscopy. Neon and other noble gases have characteristic emission frequencies ( colors ). Neon lamps use collision of electrons with the gas to excite these emissions. Inks, dyes and paints include chemical compounds selected for their spectral characteristics in order to generate specific colors and hues. A commonly encountered molecular spectrum is that of nitrogen dioxide. Gaseous nitrogen dioxide has a characteristic red absorption feature, and this gives air polluted with nitrogen dioxide a reddish - brown color. Rayleigh scattering is a spectroscopic scattering phenomenon that accounts for the color of the sky. Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of quantum mechanics and included Max Planck 's explanation of blackbody radiation, Albert Einstein 's explanation of the photoelectric effect and Niels Bohr 's explanation of atomic structure and spectra. Spectroscopy is used in physical and analytical chemistry because atoms and molecules have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in astronomy and remote sensing on Earth. Most research telescopes have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine the chemical composition and physical properties of astronomical objects ( such as their temperature and velocity ). Theory This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2016 ) One of the central concepts in spectroscopy is a resonance and its corresponding resonant frequency. Resonances were first characterized in mechanical systems such as pendulums. Mechanical systems that vibrate or oscillate will experience large amplitude oscillations when they are driven at their resonant frequency. A plot of amplitude vs. excitation frequency will have a peak centered at the resonance frequency. This plot is one type of spectrum, with the peak often referred to as a spectral line, and most spectral lines have a similar appearance. In quantum mechanical systems, the analogous resonance is a coupling of two quantum mechanical stationary states of one system, such as an atom, via an oscillatory source of energy such as a photon. The coupling of the two states is strongest when the energy of the source matches the energy difference between the two states. The energy ( E ) ( displaystyle ( E ) ) of a photon is related to its frequency ( ν ) ( displaystyle ( \nu ) ) by E = h ν ( displaystyle E = h \nu ) where h ( displaystyle h ) is Planck 's constant, and so a spectrum of the system response vs. photon frequency will peak at the resonant frequency or energy. Particles such as electrons and neutrons have a comparable relationship, the de Broglie relations, between their kinetic energy and their wavelength and frequency and therefore can also excite resonant interactions. Spectra of atoms and molecules often consist of a series of spectral lines, each one representing a resonance between two different quantum states. The explanation of these series, and the spectral patterns associated with them, were one of the experimental enigmas that drove the development and acceptance of quantum mechanics. The hydrogen spectral series in particular was first successfully explained by the Rutherford - Bohr quantum model of the hydrogen atom. In some cases spectral lines are well separated and distinguishable, but spectral lines can also overlap and appear to be a single transition if the density of energy states is high enough. Named series of lines include the principal, sharp, diffuse and fundamental series. Classification of methods A huge diffraction grating at the heart of the ultra-precise ESPRESSO spectrograph. Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways. Type of radiative energy This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2018 ) The types of spectroscopy are distinguished by the type of radiative energy involved in the interaction. In many applications, the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the intensity or frequency of this energy. The types of radiative energy studied include : Electromagnetic radiation was the first source of energy used for spectroscopic studies. Techniques that employ electromagnetic radiation are typically classified by the wavelength region of the spectrum and include microwave, terahertz, infrared, near - infrared, ultraviolet - visible, x-ray, and gamma spectroscopy. Particles, because of their de Broglie waves, can also be a source of radiative energy. Both electron and neutron spectroscopy are commonly used. For a particle, its kinetic energy determines its wavelength. Acoustic spectroscopy involves radiated pressure waves. Dynamic mechanical analysis can be employed to impart radiating energy, similar to acoustic waves, to solid materials. Nature of the interaction The types of spectroscopy also can be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the energy and the material. These interactions include : Absorption spectroscopy : Absorption occurs when energy from the radiative source is absorbed by the material. Absorption is often determined by measuring the fraction of energy transmitted through the material, with absorption decreasing the transmitted portion. Emission spectroscopy : Emission indicates that radiative energy is released by the material. A material 's blackbody spectrum is a spontaneous emission spectrum determined by its temperature. This feature can be measured in the infrared by instruments such as the atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer. Emission can also be induced by other sources of energy such as flames or sparks or electromagnetic radiation in the case of fluorescence. Elastic scattering and reflection spectroscopy determine how incident radiation is reflected or scattered by a material. Crystallography employs the scattering of high energy radiation, such as x-rays and electrons, to examine the arrangement of atoms in proteins and solid crystals. Impedance spectroscopy : Impedance is the ability of a medium to impede or slow the transmittance of energy. For optical applications, this is characterized by the index of refraction. Inelastic scattering phenomena involve an exchange of energy between the radiation and the matter that shifts the wavelength of the scattered radiation. These include Raman and Compton scattering. Coherent or resonance spectroscopy are techniques where the radiative energy couples two quantum states of the material in a coherent interaction that is sustained by the radiating field. The coherence can be disrupted by other interactions, such as particle collisions and energy transfer, and so often require high intensity radiation to be sustained. Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy is a widely used resonance method, and ultrafast laser spectroscopy is also possible in the infrared and visible spectral regions. Type of material This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2018 ) Spectroscopic studies are designed so that the radiant energy interacts with specific types of matter. Atoms Atomic spectroscopy was the first application of spectroscopy developed. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy involve visible and ultraviolet light. These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to electronic transitions of outer shell electrons as they rise and fall from one electron orbit to another. Atoms also have distinct x-ray spectra that are attributable to the excitation of inner shell electrons to excited states. Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra and therefore atomic spectroscopy allows for the identification and quantitation of a sample 's elemental composition. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered new elements by observing their emission spectra. Atomic absorption lines are observed in the solar spectrum and referred to as Fraunhofer lines after their discoverer. A comprehensive explanation of the hydrogen spectrum was an early success of quantum mechanics and explained the Lamb shift observed in the hydrogen spectrum, which further led to the development of quantum electrodynamics. Modern implementations of atomic spectroscopy for studying visible and ultraviolet transitions include flame emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, glow discharge spectroscopy, microwave induced plasma spectroscopy, and spark or arc emission spectroscopy. Techniques for studying x-ray spectra include X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. Molecules The combination of atoms into molecules leads to the creation of unique types of energetic states and therefore unique spectra of the transitions between these states. Molecular spectra can be obtained due to electron spin states ( electron paramagnetic resonance ), molecular rotations, molecular vibration, and electronic states. Rotations are collective motions of the atomic nuclei and typically lead to spectra in the microwave and millimeter - wave spectral regions. Rotational spectroscopy and microwave spectroscopy are synonymous. Vibrations are relative motions of the atomic nuclei and are studied by both infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Electronic excitations are studied using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy as well as fluorescence spectroscopy. Studies in molecular spectroscopy led to the development of the first maser and contributed to the subsequent development of the laser. Crystals and extended materials The combination of atoms or molecules into crystals or other extended forms leads to the creation of additional energetic states. These states are numerous and therefore have a high density of states. This high density often makes the spectra weaker and less distinct, i.e., broader. For instance, blackbody radiation is due to the thermal motions of atoms and molecules within a material. Acoustic and mechanical responses are due to collective motions as well. Pure crystals, though, can have distinct spectral transitions, and the crystal arrangement also has an effect on the observed molecular spectra. The regular lattice structure of crystals also scatters x-rays, electrons or neutrons allowing for crystallographic studies. Nuclei Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to gamma ray spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Other types This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. ( April 2016 ) Other types of spectroscopy are distinguished by specific applications or implementations : Acoustic resonance spectroscopy is based on sound waves primarily in the audible and ultrasonic regions. Auger electron spectroscopy is a method used to study surfaces of materials on a micro-scale. It is often used in connection with electron microscopy. Cavity ring - down spectroscopy Circular Dichroism spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is a recent technique that has high sensitivity and powerful applications for in vivo spectroscopy and imaging. Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Correlation spectroscopy encompasses several types of two - dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Deep - level transient spectroscopy measures concentration and analyzes parameters of electrically active defects in semiconducting materials. Dual - polarization interferometry measures the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive index. Electron energy loss spectroscopy in transmission electron microscopy. Electron phenomenological spectroscopy measures the physicochemical properties and characteristics of the electronic structure of multicomponent and complex molecular systems. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy Force spectroscopy Fourier - transform spectroscopy is an efficient method for processing spectra data obtained using interferometers. Fourier - transform infrared spectroscopy is a common implementation of infrared spectroscopy. NMR also employs Fourier transforms. Hadron spectroscopy studies the energy / mass spectrum of hadrons according to spin, parity, and other particle properties. Baryon spectroscopy and meson spectroscopy are types of hadron spectroscopy. Hyperspectral imaging is a method to create a complete picture of the environment or various objects, each pixel containing a full visible, visible near infrared, near infrared, or infrared spectrum. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy uses the changes in current due to inelastic electron - vibration interaction at specific energies that can also measure optically forbidden transitions. Inelastic neutron scattering is similar to Raman spectroscopy, but uses neutrons instead of photons. Laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy, also called laser - induced plasma spectrometry Laser spectroscopy uses tunable lasers and other types of coherent emission sources, such as optical parametric oscillators, for selective excitation of atomic or molecular species. Mass spectroscopy is a historical term used to refer to mass spectrometry. The current recommendation is to use the latter term. The term `` mass spectroscopy '' originated in the use of phosphor screens to detect ions. Mössbauer spectroscopy probes the properties of specific isotopic nuclei in different atomic environments by analyzing the resonant absorption of gamma rays. See also Mössbauer effect. Multivariate optical computing is an all optical compressed sensing technique, generally used in harsh environments, that directly calculates chemical information from a spectrum as analogue output. Neutron spin echo spectroscopy measures internal dynamics in proteins and other soft matter systems. Photoacoustic spectroscopy measures the sound waves produced upon the absorption of radiation. Photoemission spectroscopy Photothermal spectroscopy measures heat evolved upon absorption of radiation. Pump - probe spectroscopy can use ultrafast laser pulses to measure reaction intermediates in the femtosecond timescale. Raman optical activity spectroscopy exploits Raman scattering and optical activity effects to reveal detailed information on chiral centers in molecules. Raman spectroscopy Saturated spectroscopy Scanning tunneling spectroscopy Spectrophotometry Spin noise spectroscopy traces spontaneous fluctuations of electronic and nuclear spins. Time - resolved spectroscopy measures the decay rates of excited states using various spectroscopic methods. Time - stretch spectroscopy Thermal infrared spectroscopy measures thermal radiation emitted from materials and surfaces and is used to determine the type of bonds present in a sample as well as their lattice environment. The techniques are widely used by organic chemists, mineralogists, and planetary scientists. Transient grating spectroscopy measures quasiparticle propagation. It can track changes in metallic materials as they are irradiated. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy Ultraviolet -- visible spectroscopy Vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy Video spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Applications UVES is a high - resolution spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope. Cure monitoring of composites using optical fibers. Estimate weathered wood exposure times using near infrared spectroscopy. Measurement of different compounds in food samples by absorption spectroscopy both in visible and infrared spectrum. Measurement of toxic compounds in blood samples History Main article : History of spectroscopy The history of spectroscopy began with Isaac Newton 's optics experiments ( 1666 -- 1672 ). Newton applied the word `` spectrum '' to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light and that are revealed when the white light is passed through a prism. During the early 1800s, Joseph von Fraunhofer made experimental advances with dispersive spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to become a more precise and quantitative scientific technique. Since then, spectroscopy has played and continues to play a significant role in chemistry, physics, and astronomy. `` In 1672, in the first paper that he submitted to the Royal Society, Isaac Newton described an experiment in which he permitted sunlight to pass through a small hole and then through a prism. Newton found that sunlight, which looks white to us, is actually made up of a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow. '' `` In 1802, William Hyde Wollaston built an improved spectrometer that included a lens to focus the Sun 's spectrum on a screen. Upon use, Wollaston realized that the colors were not spread uniformly, but instead had missing patches of colors, which appeared as dark bands in the spectrum. Later, in 1815, German physicist Joseph Fraunhofer also examined the solar spectrum, and found about 600 such dark lines ( missing colors ), which are now known as Fraunhofer lines, or Absorption lines. '' See also Applied spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy Biomedical spectroscopy Coronium List of spectroscopists Metamerism ( color ) Operando spectroscopy Scattering theory Spectral power distribution Spectroscopic notation Spectral theory Notes ^ Jump up to : Crouch, Stanley ; Skoog, Douglas A. ( 2007 ). Principles of instrumental analysis. Australia : Thomson Brooks / Cole. ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 01201 - 6. Jump up ^ Herrmann, R. ; C. Onkelinx ( 1986 ). `` Quantities and units in clinical chemistry : Nebulizer and flame properties in flame emission and absorption spectrometry ( Recommendations 1986 ) ''. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 58 ( 12 ) : 1737 -- 1742. doi : 10.1351 / pac198658121737. Jump up ^ `` A Taste of ESPRESSO ''. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Jump up ^ Mariani, Z. ; Strong, K. ; Wolff, M. ; Rowe, P. ; Walden, V. ; Fogal, P.F. ; Duck, T. ; Lesins, G. ; Turner, D.S. ; Cox, C. ; Eloranta, E. ; Drummond, J.R. ; Roy, C. ; Turner, D.D. ; Hudak, D. ; Lindenmaier, I.A. ( 2012 ). `` Infrared measurements in the Arctic using two Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers ''. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 5 ( 2 ) : 329 -- 344. Bibcode : 2012AMT... 5... 329M. doi : 10.5194 / amt - 5 - 329 - 2012. Jump up ^ Evans, C.L. ; Xie, X.S. ( 2008 ). `` Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy : Chemical Imaging for Biology and Medicine ''. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 1 : 883 -- 909. Bibcode : 2008ARAC... 1... 883E. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anchem. 1.031207. 112754. PMID 20636101. Jump up ^ W. Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy, 3rd Ed. ( Springer, 2003 ). Jump up ^ Brian Orr ; J.G. Haub ; Y. He ; R.T. White ( 2016 ). `` Spectroscopic Applications of Pulsed Tunable Optical Parametric Oscillators ''. In F.J. Duarte. Tunable Laser Applications ( 3rd ed. ). Boca Raton : CRC Press. pp. 17 -- 142. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 6106 - 6. Jump up ^ Murray, Kermit K. ; Boyd, Robert K. ; Eberlin, Marcos N. ; Langley, G. John ; Li, Liang ; Naito, Yasuhide ( 2013 ). `` Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry ( IUPAC Recommendations 2013 ) ''. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 85 ( 7 ) : 1. doi : 10.1351 / PAC - REC - 06 - 04 - 06. ISSN 0033 - 4545. Jump up ^ N.A. Sinitsyn ; Y.V. Pershin ( 2016 ). `` The theory of spin noise spectroscopy : a review ''. Reports on Progress in Physics. 79 ( 10 ) : 106501. arXiv : 1603.06858. Bibcode : 2016RPPh... 79j6501S. doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 79 / 10 / 106501. PMID 27615689. Jump up ^ Solli, D.R. ; Chou, J. ; Jalali, B. ( 2008 ). `` Amplified wavelength -- time transformation for real - time spectroscopy ''. Nature Photonics. 2 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 51. Bibcode : 2008NaPho... 2... 48S. doi : 10.1038 / nphoton. 2007.253. Jump up ^ Chou, Jason ; Solli, Daniel R. ; Jalali, Bahram ( 2008 ). `` Real - time spectroscopy with subgigahertz resolution using amplified dispersive Fourier transformation ''. Applied Physics Letters. 92 ( 11 ) : 111102. arXiv : 0803.1654. Bibcode : 2008ApPhL... 92k1102C. doi : 10.1063 / 1.2896652. Jump up ^ `` Media advisory : Press Conference to Announce Major Result from Brazilian Astronomers ''. ESO Announcement. Retrieved 21 August 2013. Jump up ^ Wang, Xiping ; Wacker, James P. ( 2006 ). `` Using NIR Spectroscopy to Predict Weathered Wood Exposure Times '' ( PDF ). WTCE 2006 -- 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering. ^ Jump up to : Andrew Fraknoi ; David Morrison ( October 13, 2016 ). `` OpenStax Astronomy ''. References John M. Chalmers ; Peter Griffiths, eds. ( 2006 ). Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy. New York : Wiley. doi : 10.1002 / 0470027320. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 98847 - 2. Jerry Workman ; Art Springsteen, eds. ( 1998 ). Applied Spectroscopy. Boston : Academic Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 052749 - 9. Peter M. Skrabal ( 2012 ). Spectroscopy - An interdisciplinary integral description of spectroscopy from UV to NMR ( e-book ). ETH Zurich : vdf Hochschulverlag AG. doi : 10.3218 / 3385 - 4. ISBN 978 - 3 - 7281 - 3385 - 4. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Spectroscopy Look up spectroscopy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spectroscopy. Spectroscopy links at Curlie Amateur spectroscopy links at Curlie NIST Atomic Spectroscopy Databases MIT Spectroscopy Lab 's History of Spectroscopy Timeline of Spectroscopy Analytical chemistry Instrumentation Atomic absorption spectrometer Flame emission spectrometer Gas chromatograph High - performance liquid chromatograph Infrared spectrometer Mass spectrometer Melting point apparatus Microscope Spectrometer Spectrophotometer Techniques Calorimetry Chromatography Electroanalytical methods Gravimetric analysis Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy Titration Sampling Coning and quartering Dilution Dissolution Filtration Masking Pulverization Sample preparation Separation process Sub-sampling Calibration Chemometrics Calibration curve Matrix effect Internal standard Standard addition Isotope dilution Prominent publications Analyst Analytica Chimica Acta Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Analytical Biochemistry Chemistry Branches of chemistry Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table Physical Chemical kinetics Chemical physics Nuclear chemistry Electrochemistry Femtochemistry Geochemistry Photochemistry Quantum chemistry Solid - 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state Semiconductor Dye Gas Chemical Excimer Ion Metal Vapor Laser physics Active laser medium Amplified spontaneous emission Continuous wave Doppler cooling Laser ablation Laser cooling Laser linewidth Lasing threshold Magneto - optical trap Optical tweezers Population inversion Resolved sideband cooling Ultrashort pulse Laser optics Beam expander Beam homogenizer B Integral Chirped pulse amplification Gain - switching Gaussian beam Injection seeder Laser beam profiler M squared Mode - locking Multiple - prism grating laser oscillator Multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan Optical amplifier Optical cavity Optical isolator Output coupler Q - switching Regenerative amplification Laser spectroscopy Cavity ring - down spectroscopy Confocal laser scanning microscopy Laser - based angle - resolved photoemission spectroscopy Laser diffraction analysis Laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy Laser - induced fluorescence Noise - immune cavity - enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Second - harmonic imaging microscopy Terahertz time - domain spectroscopy Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy Two - photon excitation microscopy Ultrafast laser spectroscopy Laser ionization Above threshold ionization Atmospheric - pressure laser ionization Matrix - assisted laser desorption / ionization Resonance - enhanced multiphoton ionization Soft laser desorption Surface - assisted laser desorption / ionization Surface - enhanced laser desorption / ionization Laser fabrication Laser beam welding Laser bonding Laser converting Laser cutting Laser cutting bridge Laser drilling Laser engraving Laser - hybrid welding Laser peening Multiphoton lithography Pulsed laser deposition Selective laser melting Selective laser sintering Laser medicine Computed tomography laser mammography IntraLASIK Laser capture microdissection Laser hair removal Laser lithotripsy Laser coagulation Laser scalpel Laser surgery Laser thermal keratoplasty LASIK Low level laser therapy Optical coherence tomography Photorefractive keratectomy Photorejuvenation Soft - tissue laser surgery Laser fusion Argus laser Cyclops laser GEKKO XII HiPER ISKRA lasers Janus laser Laboratory for Laser Energetics Laser integration line Laser Mégajoule Long path laser LULI2000 Mercury laser National Ignition Facility Nike laser Nova ( laser ) Novette laser Shiva laser Trident laser Vulcan laser Civil applications 3D laser scanner CD DVD Laser lighting display Laser pointer Laser printer Laser tag Military applications Advanced Tactical Laser Boeing Laser Avenger Dazzler ( weapon ) Electrolaser Laser designator Laser guidance Laser - guided bomb Laser guns Laser rangefinder Laser warning receiver Laser weapon LLM01 Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System Tactical High Energy Laser Tactical light ZEUS - HLONS ( HMMWV Laser Ordnance Neutralization System ) Category Commons Spectroscopy Infrared FT - IR Raman Resonance Raman Rotational Vibrational Rotational -- vibrational UV -- Vis -- NIR Ultraviolet -- visible Fluorescence Vibronic Near - infrared Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization ( REMPI ) Laser - induced X-ray and photoelectron Photoelectron Atomic Emission Nucleon Gamma Mössbauer Radiowave NMR Terahertz ESR / EPR Ferromagnetic resonance Others Acoustic resonance spectroscopy Auger spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy Cavity ring - down spectroscopy Circular dichroism spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy Correlation spectroscopy Deep - level transient spectroscopy Dual - polarization interferometry Electron phenomenological spectroscopy EPR spectroscopy Force spectroscopy Fourier - transform spectroscopy Glow - discharge optical emission spectroscopy Hadron spectroscopy Hyperspectral imaging Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy Inelastic neutron scattering Laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy Neutron spin echo Photoacoustic spectroscopy Photoemission spectroscopy Photothermal spectroscopy Pump -- probe spectroscopy Raman optical activity spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Saturated spectroscopy Scanning tunneling spectroscopy Spectrophotometry Time - resolved spectroscopy Time - stretch Thermal infrared spectroscopy Video spectroscopy Vibrational circular dichroism Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene, buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Category : Astrochemistry Portal : Astrobiology GND : 4056138 - 0 NDL : 00561016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&oldid=862514527 '' Categories : Spectroscopy Observational astronomy Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer ( optics ) Scientific techniques Gustav Kirchhoff Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2018 Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2016 Pages using div col with small parameter Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018, at 21 : 40 ( UTC ). 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Question: spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of molecules with
Answer: electromagnetic radiation