Scoville scale - wikipedia Scoville scale Pepper stand at Central Market in Houston, Texas, with Scoville scale The bhut jolokia ( ghost pepper ) is considered to be a `` very hot '' pepper. It is primarily found in the Northeast Indian states of Assam, Nagaland, and Manipur. The Naga Morich ( also known as Dorset Naga ) is primarily found in Bangladesh. The Scoville scale is a measurement of the pungency ( spiciness / heat of pepper ) of chili peppers, or other spicy foods, as reported in Scoville Heat Units ( SHU ), a function of capsaicin concentration. Capsaicin is one of many related pungent compounds found in chili peppers, collectively called capsaicinoids. The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville whose 1912 method is known as the Scoville organoleptic test. In modern times, high - performance liquid chromatography is used to determine the pungency. The older method is a subjective measurement dependent on the capsaicin sensitivity of testers, and so is not a precise or accurate method to measure capsaicinoid concentration. Contents 1 Scoville organoleptic test 2 Pungency units 3 Scoville ratings 3.1 Considerations 3.2 Capsicum peppers 3.3 Capsaicinoids 4 References 5 External links Scoville organoleptic test In the Scoville organoleptic test, an exact weight of dried pepper is dissolved in alcohol to extract the heat components ( capsaicinoids ), then diluted in a solution of sugar water. Decreasing concentrations of the extracted capsaicinoids are given to a panel of five trained tasters, until a majority ( at least three ) can no longer detect the heat in a dilution. The heat level is based on this dilution, rated in multiples of 100 SHU. A weakness of the Scoville organoleptic test is its imprecision due to human subjectivity, depending on the taster 's palate and number of mouth heat receptors, which varies widely among people. Another weakness is sensory fatigue ; the palate is quickly desensitized to capsaicinoids after tasting a few samples within a short time period. Results vary widely ( up to ± 50 % ) between laboratories. Pungency units The Red Savina pepper, a hot chili. Since the 1980s, spice heat has been measured by high - performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) which measures the concentration of heat - producing chemicals, such as capsaicin. HPLC results enable use of a mathematical formula that weights them according to their relative capacity to produce perceived heat ( `` pungency '' ). This method yields results in American Spice Trade Association ( ASTA ) `` pungency units '' which are defined as one part capsaicin per million parts dried pepper mass. The number of pungency units is then multiplied by 15 to produce a Scoville score. Scoville ratings Considerations Since Scoville ratings are defined per unit of dry mass, comparison of ratings between products having different water content can be misleading. For example, typical fresh chili peppers have a water content around 90 %, whereas Tabasco sauce has a water content of 95 %. For law - enforcement - grade pepper spray, values from 500,000 up to 1 million SHU have been mentioned, but the actual strength of the spray depends on the dilution. Numerical results for any specimen vary depending on its cultivation conditions and the uncertainty of the laboratory methods used to assess the capsaicinoid content. Pungency values for any pepper are variable, owing to expected variation within a species -- easily by a factor of 10 or more -- depending on seed lineage, climate ( humidity is a big factor for the Bhut Jolokia ; the Dorset Naga and the original Naga have quite different ratings ), and soil ( this is especially true of habaneros ). The inaccuracies described in the measurement methods above also contribute to the imprecision of these values. Capsicum peppers Capsicum chili peppers are commonly used to add pungency in cuisines worldwide. Subjective sensory feedback from people experienced with tasting hot chili peppers indicates five possible categories related to perceiving chili heat and the corresponding Scoville units : 1 ) development of heat sensation over time, 2 ) duration, 3 ) location ( lips, mouth, throat, stomach ), 4 ) sensation of heat, and 5 ) intensity ( specifically related to Scoville units ). The range of pepper heat reflected by a Scoville score is from 100 or less ( sweet peppers ) to over 3 million ( Pepper X ) ( table below ; Scoville scales for individual chili peppers are in the respective linked article ). Scoville heat units Peppers 800,000 to 3,200,000 Pepper X, Carolina Reaper, Dragon 's Breath, Naga Morich 350,000 to 800,000 Red Savina pepper, Chocolate habanero 100,000 to 350,000 Habanero, Scotch Bonnet 10,000 to 100,000 Malagueta pepper, Cayenne pepper 1,000 to 10,000 Guajillo pepper, Jalapeño 100 to 1,000 Banana pepper, Cubanelle 0 to 100 Bell pepper, Pimento Capsaicinoids Capsaicin pharmacophore The class of compounds causing pungency in plants like chili peppers is called capsaicinoids, which display a linear correlation between concentration and Scoville scale, and may vary in content during ripening. Scoville heat units Chemical 16,000,000,000 Resiniferatoxin 5,300,000,000 Tinyatoxin 16,000,000 Capsaicin, Dihydrocapsaicin 9,200,000 Nonivamide 9,100,000 Nordihydrocapsaicin 8,600,000 Homocapsaicin, Homodihydrocapsaicin 160,000 Shogaol 100,000 Piperine 60,000 Gingerol 16,000 Capsiate References ^ Jump up to : Twilight Greenaway ( 10 January 2013 ). `` How Hot is That Pepper ? How Scientists Measure Spiciness ''. Smithsonian.com, US Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 17 December 2017. Jump up ^ Peter, KV, ed. ( 2001 ), Handbook of Herbs and Spices, 1, CRC Press, p. 120, ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1217 - 5 Jump up ^ Mazourek M, Pujar A, Borovsky Y, Paran I, Mueller L, Jahn MM ( 2009 ). `` A Dynamic Interface for Capsaicinoid Systems Biology '' ( PDF ). Plant Physiology, Bioinformatics. 150 : 1806 -- 1821. doi : 10.1104 / pp. 109.136549. PMC 2719146. ^ Jump up to : Scoville, Wilbur ( May 1912 ). `` Note on Capsicums ''. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 454. doi : 10.1002 / jps. 3080010520. ^ Jump up to : Guzmán, I ; Bosland, P. W ( 2017 ). `` Sensory properties of chili pepper heat - and its importance to food quality and cultural preference '' ( PDF ). Appetite. 117 : 186 -- 190. doi : 10.1016 / j. appet. 2017.06. 026. PMID 28662907. ^ Jump up to : Kleiman, Dena ( November 8, 1989 ). `` Rating Hot Peppers : Mouth vs. Computer ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Peter, K.V. ( 2012 ). Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Elsevier Science. p. 127. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85709 - 5671. ^ Jump up to : Tainter, Donna R. ; Anthony T. Grenis ( 2001 ). Spices and Seasonings. Wiley - IEEE. p. 30. ISBN 0 - 471 - 35575 - 5. Interlab variation ( for the original Scoville scale ) could be as high as + / − 50 %. However, labs that run these procedures could generate reasonably repeatable results. ^ Jump up to : Barry - Jester, Anna Maria ( October 15, 2014 ). `` Rating Chili Peppers On A Scale Of 1 To Oh Dear God I 'm On Fire ''. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02. Jump up ^ DeWitt, Dave ; Bosland, Paul W. ( 2009 ). The Complete Chile Pepper Book. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 920 - 1. Jump up ^ Collins, M.D. ; et al. ( 1995 ). `` Improved Method for Quantifying Capsaicinoids in Capsicum Using High - performance Liquid Chromatography ''. HortScience. 30 : 137 -- 139. Jump up ^ USDA nutrient database for Peppers, jalapeño, raw ( 92 % water content ) ; Peppers, hot chile, red, raw ( 88 % water content ) ; Red Tabasco sauce ( 95 % ) Jump up ^ `` Chemical hazards in law enforcement ''. The Police Policy Studies Council. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09. Most law enforcement sprays have a pungency of 500,000 to 2 million SHU. One brand has sprays with 5.3 million SHU. Jump up ^ `` Some Like It Hot : Dorset 's Ultra-Hot Chillies ''. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Jump up ^ Nagy, Z ; Daood, H ; Ambrózy, Z ; Helyes, L ( 2015 ). `` Determination of Polyphenols, Capsaicinoids, and Vitamin C in New Hybrids of Chili Peppers ''. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2015 : 102125. doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 102125. PMC 4606152. PMID 26495153. ^ Jump up to : Govindarajan, Sathyanarayana ( 1991 ). `` Capsicum -- Production, Technology, Chemistry, and Quality. Part V. Impact on Physiology, Pharmacology, Nutrition, and Metabolism ; Structure, Pungency, Pain, and Desensitization Sequences ''. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 29 ( 6 ) : 435 -- 474. External links Food portal Chemistry portal Wilbur Scoville profile on NNDB hide Taste Basic tastes Bitterness Saltiness Sourness Sweetness Umami Anatomy Epiglottis Pharynx Soft palate Tongue Gustology Ageusia Dysgeusia Hypogeusia Other Aftertaste Acquired taste Pungency Scoville scale Supertaster Tongue map See also Sight Hearing Smell Touch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scoville_scale&oldid=849684259 '' Categories : Units of measurement Gustatory system Chili peppers 1912 introductions Spices Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018, at 16 : 57 ( UTC ). 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Question: how many scoville units in a jalapeno pepper
Answer: 1,000 to 10,000