Asexual reproduction - wikipedia Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction in liverworts : a caducous phylloid germinating Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only ; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single - celled organisms such as the Archaea and bacteria. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually ( without the formation and fusion of gametes ), mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation, transformation and transduction are sometimes likened to sexual reproduction or at least with sex, in the sense of genetic recombination in meiosis. Current hypotheses suggest that asexual reproduction may have benefits when rapid population growth is important or in stable environments, while sexual reproduction offers a net advantage by allowing more rapid generation of genetic diversity allowing adaptation to changing environments. Developmental constraints may underlie why few animals have relinquished sexual reproduction completely in their life - cycles. This does not involve fertilization. Another constraint on switching from sexual to asexual reproduction would be the concomitant loss of meiosis and the protective recombinational repair of DNA damage afforded as one function of meiosis. Contents 1 Types of asexual reproduction 1.1 Fission 1.2 Budding 1.3 Vegetative propagation 1.4 Sporogenesis 1.5 Fragmentation 1.6 Agamogenesis 1.6. 1 Parthenogenesis 1.6. 2 Apomixis and nucellar embryony 2 Alternation between sexual and asexual reproduction 3 Inheritance in sexual species 4 Examples in animals 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Types of asexual reproduction Fission Main article : Fission ( biology ) An important form of fission is binary fission. In binary fission, the parent organism is replaced by two daughter organisms, because it literally divides in two. Only prokaryotes ( the archaea and the bacteria ) reproduce asexually through binary fission. Eukaryotes ( such as protists and unicellular fungi ) may reproduce in a functionally similar manner by mitosis ; most of these are also capable of sexual reproduction. Another type of fission is multiple fission. Multiple fission at the cellular level occurs in many protists, e.g. sporozoans and algae. The nucleus of the parent cell divides several times by mitosis, producing several nuclei. The cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells. In apicomplexans, multiple fission, or schizogony, is manifested either as merogony, sporogony or gametogony. Merogony results in merozoites, which are multiple daughter cells, that originate within the same cell membrane, sporogony results in sporozoites, and gametogony results in micro gametes. Budding Main article : Budding Some cells split via budding ( for example baker 's yeast ), resulting in a `` mother '' and `` daughter '' cell. The offspring organism is smaller than the parent. Budding is also known on a multicellular level ; an animal example is the hydra, which reproduces by budding. The buds grow into fully matured individuals which eventually break away from the parent organism. Internal budding is a process of asexual reproduction, favoured by parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii. It involves an unusual process in which two ( endodyogeny ) or more ( endopolygeny ) daughter cells are produced inside a mother cell, which is then consumed by the offspring prior to their separation. Also, budding ( external or internal ) is present in some worm like Taenia or Echinococci ; these worm produce cyst and then produce ( invaginated or evaginated ) protoscolex with budding. Vegetative propagation Main article : Vegetative propagation Vegetative plantlets of mother - of - thousands, Bryophyllum ( Kalanchoe ) daigremontianum Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy. Examples of vegetative reproduction include the formation of miniaturized plants called plantlets on specialized leaves ( for example in kalanchoe ) and some produce new plants out of rhizomes or stolon ( for example in strawberry ). Other plants reproduce by forming bulbs or tubers ( for example tulip bulbs and dahlia tubers ). Some plants produce adventitious shoots and may form a clonal colony, where all the individuals are clones, and the clones may cover a large area. Sporogenesis Main article : Sporogenesis Many multicellular organisms form spores during their biological life cycle in a process called sporogenesis. Exceptions are animals and some protists, who undergo meiosis immediately followed by fertilization. Plants and many algae on the other hand undergo sporic meiosis where meiosis leads to the formation of haploid spores rather than gametes. These spores grow into multicellular individuals ( called gametophytes in the case of plants ) without a fertilization event. These haploid individuals give rise to gametes through mitosis. Meiosis and gamete formation therefore occur in separate generations or `` phases '' of the life cycle, referred to as alternation of generations. Since sexual reproduction is often more narrowly defined as the fusion of gametes ( fertilization ), spore formation in plant sporophytes and algae might be considered a form of asexual reproduction ( agamogenesis ) despite being the result of meiosis and undergoing a reduction in ploidy. However, both events ( spore formation and fertilization ) are necessary to complete sexual reproduction in the plant life cycle. Fungi and some algae can also utilize true asexual spore formation, which involves mitosis giving rise to reproductive cells called mitospores that develop into a new organism after dispersal. This method of reproduction is found for example in conidial fungi and the red algae Polysiphonia, and involves sporogenesis without meiosis. Thus the chromosome number of the spore cell is the same as that of the parent producing the spores. However, mitotic sporogenesis is an exception and most spores, such as those of plants, most Basidiomycota, and many algae, are produced by meiosis. Fragmentation Linckia guildingi `` comet '', a starfish regrowing from a single arm Main article : Fragmentation ( reproduction ) Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Fragmentation is seen in many organisms. Animals that reproduce asexually include planarians, many annelid worms including polychaetes and some oligochaetes, turbellarians and sea stars. Many fungi and plants reproduce asexually. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation, such as gemma in liverworts. Most lichens, which are a symbiotic union of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria, reproduce through fragmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbiont. These fragments can take the form of soredia, dust - like particles consisting of fungal hyphen wrapped around photobiont cells. Fragmentation happens when the offspring grows from a fragment of a parent organism. Clonal Fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism. In echinoderms, this method of reproduction is usually known as fissiparity. Researchers claim today that due to many environmental and epigenetic differences, that clones originated in the same ancestor might actually be genetically and epigenetically different. Agamogenesis Agamogenesis is any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete. Examples are parthenogenesis and apomixis. Parthenogenesis Aphid giving birth to live young from an unfertilized egg Main article : Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis is a form of agamogenesis in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in many plants, invertebrates ( e.g. water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps ), and vertebrates ( e.g. some reptiles, amphibians, rarely birds ). In plants, apomixis may or may not involve parthenogenesis. Apomixis and nucellar embryony Main articles : Apomixis and Nucellar embryony Apomixis in plants is the formation of a new sporophyte without fertilization. It is important in ferns and in flowering plants, but is very rare in other seed plants. In flowering plants, the term `` apomixis '' is now most often used for agamospermy, the formation of seeds without fertilization, but was once used to include vegetative reproduction. An example of an apomictic plant would be the triploid European dandelion. Apomixis mainly occurs in two forms : In gametophytic apomixis, the embryo arises from an unfertilized egg within a diploid embryo sac that was formed without completing meiosis. In nucellar embryony, the embryo is formed from the diploid nucellus tissue surrounding the embryo sac. Nucellar embryony occurs in some citrus seeds. Male apomixis can occur in rare cases, such as the Saharan Cypress Cupressus dupreziana, where the genetic material of the embryo are derived entirely from pollen. The term `` apomixis '' is also used for asexual reproduction in some animals, notably water - fleas, Daphnia. Alternation between sexual and asexual reproduction See also : Plant reproduction § Sexual reproduction Some species alternate between the sexual and asexual strategies, an ability known as heterogamy, depending on conditions. Alternation is observed in several rotifer species ( cyclical parthenogenesis e.g. in Brachionus species ) and a few types of insects, such as aphids which will, under certain conditions, produce eggs that have not gone through meiosis, thus cloning themselves. The cape bee Apis mellifera subsp. capensis can reproduce asexually through a process called thelytoky. A few species of amphibians, reptiles, and birds have a similar ability ( see parthenogenesis for examples ). For example, the freshwater crustacean Daphnia reproduces by parthenogenesis in the spring to rapidly populate ponds, then switches to sexual reproduction as the intensity of competition and predation increases. Another example are monogonont rotifers of the genus Brachionus, which reproduce via cyclical parthenogenesis : at low population densities females produce asexually and at higher densities a chemical cue accumulates and induces the transition to sexual reproduction. Many protists and fungi alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction. For example, the slime mold Dictyostelium undergoes binary fission ( mitosis ) as single - celled amoebae under favorable conditions. However, when conditions turn unfavorable, the cells aggregate and follow one of two different developmental pathways, depending on conditions. In the social pathway, they form a multicellular slug which then forms a fruiting body with asexually generated spores. In the sexual pathway, two cells fuse to form a giant cell that develops into a large cyst. When this macrocyst germinates, it releases hundreds of amoebic cells that are the product of meiotic recombination between the original two cells. The hyphae of the common mold ( Rhizopus ) are capable of producing both mitotic as well as meiotic spores. Many algae similarly switch between sexual and asexual reproduction. A number of plants use both sexual and asexual means to produce new plants, some species alter their primary modes of reproduction from sexual to asexual under varying environmental conditions. Inheritance in sexual species For example, in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus asexual reproduction ( obligate parthenogenesis ) can be inherited by a recessive allele, which leads to loss of sexual reproduction in homozygous offspring. Inheritance of asexual reproduction by a single recessive locus has also been found in the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum. Examples in animals Parthenogenesis occurs in the hammerhead shark and the blacktip shark. In both cases, the sharks had reached sexual maturity in captivity in the absence of males, and in both cases the offspring were shown to be genetically identical to the mothers. The New Mexico whiptail is another example. Reptiles use the ZW sex - determination system, which produces either males ( with ZZ sex chromosomes ) or females ( with ZW or WW sex chromosomes ). Until 2010, it was thought that the ZW chromosome system used by reptiles was incapable of producing viable WW offspring, but a ( ZW ) female boa constrictor was discovered to have produced viable female offspring with WW chromosomes. The female boa could have chosen any number of male partners ( and had successfully in the past ) but on these occasions she reproduced asexually, creating 22 female babies with WW sex - chromosomes. Polyembryony is a widespread form of asexual reproduction in animals, whereby the fertilized egg or a later stage of embryonic development splits to form genetically identical clones. Within animals, this phenomenon has been best studied in the parasitic Hymenoptera. In the 9 - banded armadillos, this process is obligatory and usually gives rise to genetically identical quadruplets. In other mammals, monozygotic twinning has no apparent genetic basis, though its occurrence is common. There are at least 10 million identical human twins and triplets in the world today. Bdelloid rotifers reproduce exclusively asexually, and all individuals in the class Bdelloidea are females. Asexuality evolved in these animals millions of years ago and has persisted since. There is evidence to suggest that asexual reproduction has allowed the animals to evolve new proteins through the Meselson effect that have allowed them to survive better in periods of dehydration. Molecular evidence strongly suggest that several species of the stick insect genus Timema have used only asexual ( parthenogenetic ) reproduction for millions of years, the longest period known for any insect. In the grass thrips genus Aptinothrips there have been several transitions to asexuality, likely due to different causes. See also Alternation of generations Bacterial conjugation Biological life cycle Biological reproduction, also simply reproduction Cloning Parthenogenesis Plant reproduction Sex Sexual reproduction References Jump up ^ Narra HP, Ochman H ( 2006 ). `` Of what use is sex to bacteria ? ''. Current Biology. 16 ( 17 ) : R705 -- 710. doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2006.08. 024. PMID 16950097. Jump up ^ Dawson KJ ( October 1995 ). `` The Advantage of Asexual Reproduction : When is it Two-fold ? ''. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 176 ( 3 ) : 341 -- 347. doi : 10.1006 / jtbi. 1995.0203. Jump up ^ Engelstädter J ( November 2008 ). `` Constraints on the evolution of asexual reproduction ''. BioEssays. 30 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1138 -- 1150. doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20833. PMID 18937362. Jump up ^ Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE ( 1987 ). `` The molecular basis of the evolution of sex ''. Adv. Genet. Advances in Genetics. 24 : 323 -- 70. doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2660 ( 08 ) 60012 - 7. ISBN 9780120176243. PMID 3324702. Jump up ^ Avise, J. ( 2008 ) Clonality : The Genetics, Ecology and Evolution of Sexual Abstinence in Vertebrate Animals. See pp. 22 - 25. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019536967X ISBN 978 - 0195369670 Jump up ^ `` Cell reproduction ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2011 ). Fungi, Algae, and Protists. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 463 - 9. Jump up ^ P. Puranik ; Asha Bhate ( 2007 ). Animal Forms And Functions : Invertebrata. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 791 - 6. Jump up ^ Lynn Margulis ; Heather I. McKhann ; Lorraine Olendzenski ( 2001 ). Illustrated glossary of protoctista : vocabulary of the algae, apicomplexa, ciliates, foraminifera, microspora, water molds, slime molds, and the other protoctists. Jones & Bartlett learn. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86720 - 081 - 2. Jump up ^ Yoshinori Tanada ; Harry K. Kaya ( 1993 ). Insect pathology. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 683255 - 6. Jump up ^ James Desmond Smyth ; Derek Wakelin ( 1994 ). Introduction to animal parasitology ( 3 ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 101 -- 102. ISBN 0 - 521 - 42811 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Asexual Reproduction ''. Ucmp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 13 August 2010. Jump up ^ Fun Fact ( 11 May 2010 ). `` Celebrating Wildflowers - Fading Gold - How Aspens Grow ''. Fs.fed.us. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010. Jump up ^ Ruppert, E.E. ; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. ( 2004 ). `` Annelida ''. Invertebrate Zoology ( 7 ed. ). Brooks / Cole. pp. 434 -- 441. ISBN 0 - 03 - 025982 - 7. Jump up ^ Ruppert, E.E. ; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. ( 2004 ). `` Annelida ''. Invertebrate Zoology ( 7 ed. ). Brooks / Cole. pp. 466 -- 469. ISBN 0 - 03 - 025982 - 7. Jump up ^ Helen Nilsson Sköld ; Matthias Obst ; Mattias Sköld & Bertil Åkesson ( 2009 ). `` Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates ''. In Baruch Rinkevich & Valeria Matranga. Stem Cells in Marine Organisms. Springer. p. 125. ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2766 - 5. Jump up ^ Neuhof, Moran ; Levin, Michael ; Rechavi, Oded ( 26 August 2016 ). `` Vertically and horizontally - transmitted memories -- the fading boundaries between regeneration and inheritance in planaria ''. Biology Open. 5 : bio. 020149. doi : 10.1242 / bio. 020149. PMC 5051648. PMID 27565761. Retrieved 30 August 2016. Jump up ^ R.S. Mehrotra ; K.R. Aneja ( December 1990 ). An Introduction to Mycology. New Age International. pp. 83 ff. ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 0089 - 2. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Kathleen M. Cole ; Robert G. Sheath ( 1990 ). Biology of the red algae. Cambridge University Press. pp. 469 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34301 - 5. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Edward G. Reekie ; Fakhri A. Bazzaz ( 28 October 2005 ). Reproductive allocation in plants. Academic Press. pp. 99 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088386 - 8. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Stelzer, C. - P. ; Schmidt, J. ; Wiedlroither, A. ; Riss, S. ( 2010 ). `` Loss of Sexual Reproduction and Dwarfing in a Small Metazoan ''. PLoS ONE. 5 ( 9 ) : e12854. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012854. PMC 2942836. PMID 20862222. Jump up ^ Scheuerl, T. ; Riss, S. ; Stelzer, C.P. ( 2011 ). `` Phenotypic effects of an allele causing obligate parthenogenesis in a rotifer ''. Journal of Heredity. 102 ( 4 ) : 409 -- 415. doi : 10.1093 / jhered / esr036. PMC 3113615. PMID 21576287. Jump up ^ Sandrock C, Vorburger C ( 2011 ). `` Single - locus recessive inheritance of asexual reproduction in a parasitoid wasp ''. Curr. Biol. 21 ( 5 ) : 433 -- 7. doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2011.01. 070. PMID 21353557. Jump up ^ Savage, Juliet Eilperin ( 23 May 2007 ). `` Female Sharks Can Reproduce Alone, Researchers Find ''. Washington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2008. Jump up ^ Chapman, D.D. ; Firchau, B. ; Shivji, M.S. ( 11 October 2008 ). `` ' Virgin Birth ' By Shark Confirmed : Second Case Ever ''. Journal of Fish Biology. Sciencedaily.com. 73 ( 6 ) : 1473 -- 1477. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2008. 02018. x. Retrieved 13 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Boa constrictor produces fatherless babies ''. CBC News - Technology&Science. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20. Jump up ^ Pouchkina - Stantcheva, N.N. ; McGee, B.M. ; Boschetti, C. ; Tolleter, D. ; Chakrabortee, S. ; Popova, A.V. ; Meersman, F. ; MacHerel, D. ; Hincha, D.K. ( 2007 ). `` Functional Divergence of Former Alleles in an Ancient Asexual Invertebrate ''. Science. 318 ( 5848 ) : 268 -- 71. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1144363. PMID 17932297. Jump up ^ T Schwander et al. 2011 Molecular evidence for ancient asexuality in Timema stick insects Current Biology 21 : 1129 - 34 Jump up ^ CJ van der Kooi & T Schwander ( 2014 ) Evolution of asexuality via different mechanisms in grass thrips ( Thysanoptera : Aptinothrips ) Evolution 86 : 1883 - 1893 Further reading Graham, L., J. Graham, & L. Wilcox. 2003. Plant Biology. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. : pp. 258 -- 259. Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F., Eichhorn, S.E. 2005. Biology of Plants, 7th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, NY. Avise, J. 2008. Clonality : The Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution of Sexual Abstinence in Vertebrate Animals. Oxford University Press External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction Intestinal Protozoa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asexual_reproduction&oldid=807823409 '' Categories : Asexual reproduction Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 09 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what do you call that type of asexual reproduction yeast
Answer: budding