Tannin - wikipedia Tannin For the mythical creature, see Tannin ( monster ). Tannic acid, a type of tannin Tannin powder ( mixture of compounds ) A bottle of tannic acid solution in water A tannin ( or tannoid ) is an astringent, polyphenolic biomolecule that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin ( from tanna, an Old High German word for oak or fir tree, as in Tannenbaum ) refers to the use of wood tannins from oak in tanning animal hides into leather ; hence the words `` tan '' and `` tanning '' for the treatment of leather. However, the term `` tannin '' by extension is widely applied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups ( such as carboxyls ) to form strong complexes with various macromolecules. The tannin compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants, where they play a role in protection from predation, and perhaps also as pesticides, and might help in regulating plant growth. The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of unripened fruit or red wine or tea. Likewise, the destruction or modification of tannins with time plays an important role when determining harvesting times. Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000 ( gallic acid esters ) and up to 20,000 ( proanthocyanidins ). Contents 1 Structure and classes of tannins 1.1 Pseudo tannins 2 History 3 Occurrence 3.1 Localization in plant organs 3.2 Cellular localization 3.3 Presence in soils 3.4 Presence in water and wood 4 Extraction 5 Tests for tannins 5.1 Alcaloid precipitation 5.2 Goldbeater 's skin test 5.3 Ferric chloride test 5.4 Other methods 5.5 Reaction with phenolic rings 6 Food items with tannins 6.1 Pomegranates 6.2 Accessory fruits 6.3 Berries 6.4 Nuts 6.5 Herbs and spices 6.6 Legumes 6.7 Chocolate 6.8 Drinks with tannins 6.8. 1 Fruit juices 6.8. 2 Beer 7 Health effects of tannins 8 Properties for animal nutrition 9 Tannin market 9.1 Uses 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Structure and classes of tannins There are three major classes of tannins : Shown below are the base unit or monomer of the tannin. Particularly in the flavone - derived tannins, the base shown must be ( additionally ) heavily hydroxylated and polymerized in order to give the high molecular weight polyphenol motif that characterizes tannins. Typically, tannin molecules require at least 12 hydroxyl groups and at least five phenyl groups to function as protein binders. Base Unit : Gallic acid Flavone Phloroglucinol Class / Polymer : Hydrolyzable tannins Non-Hydrolyzable or condensed tannins Phlorotannins Sources Plants Plants Brown algae Oligostilbenoids ( oligo - or polystilbenes ) are oligomeric forms of stilbenoids and constitute a class of tannins. Pseudo tannins Pseudo tannins are low molecular weight compounds associated with other compounds. They do not change color during the Goldbeater 's skin test, unlike hydrolysable and condensed tannins, and can not be used as tanning compounds. Some examples of pseudo tannins and their sources are : Pseudo tannin Source ( s ) Gallic acid Rhubarb Flavan - 3 - ols ( Catechins ) Tea, acacia, catechu, cocoa, guarana Chlorogenic acid Nux - vomica, coffee, mate Ipecacuanhic acid Carapichea ipecacuanha History Ellagic acid, gallic acid, and pyrogallic acid were first discovered by chemist Henri Braconnot in 1831. Julius Löwe was the first person to synthesize ellagic acid by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid or silver oxide. Maximilian Nierenstein studied natural phenols and tannins found in different plant species. Working with Arthur George Perkin, he prepared ellagic acid from algarobilla and certain other fruits in 1905. He suggested its formation from galloyl - glycine by Penicillium in 1915. Tannase is an enzyme that Nierenstein used to produce m - digallic acid from gallotannins. He proved the presence of catechin in cocoa beans in 1931. He showed in 1945 that luteic acid, a molecule present in the myrobalanitannin, a tannin found in the fruit of Terminalia chebula, is an intermediary compound in the synthesis of ellagic acid. At these times, molecule formulas were determined through combustion analysis. The discovery in 1943 by Martin and Synge of paper chromatography provided for the first time the means of surveying the phenolic constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945, including prominent work by Edgar Charles Bate - Smith and Tony Swain at Cambridge University. In 1966, Edwin Haslam proposed a first comprehensive definition of plant polyphenols based on the earlier proposals of Bate - Smith, Swain and Theodore White, which includes specific structural characteristics common to all phenolics having a tanning property. It is referred to as the White -- Bate - Smith -- Swain -- Haslam ( WBSSH ) definition. Occurrence Tannins are distributed in species throughout the plant kingdom. They are commonly found in both gymnosperms as well as angiosperms. Mole studied the distribution of tannin in 180 families of dicotyledons and 44 families of monocotyledons ( Cronquist ). Most families of dicot contain tannin - free species ( tested by their ability to precipitate proteins ). The best known families of which all species tested contain tannin are : Aceraceae, Actinidiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bixaceae, Burseraceae, Combretaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ericaceae, Grossulariaceae, Myricaceae for dicot and Najadaceae and Typhaceae in Monocot. To the family of the oak, Fagaceae, 73 % of the species tested ( N = 22 ) contain tannin. For those of acacias, Mimosaceae, only 39 % of the species tested ( N = 28 ) contain tannin, among Solanaceae rate drops to 6 % and 4 % for the Asteraceae. Some families like the Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Papaveraceae contain no tannin - rich species. The most abundant polyphenols are the condensed tannins, found in virtually all families of plants, and comprising up to 50 % of the dry weight of leaves. Tannins of tropical woods tend to be of a cathetic nature rather than of the gallic type present in temperate woods. There may be a loss in the bio-availability of still other tannins in plants due to birds, pests, and other pathogens. Localization in plant organs This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) Tannins are found in leaf, bud, seed, root, and stem tissues. An example of the location of the tannins in stem tissue is that they are often found in the growth areas of trees, such as the secondary phloem and xylem and the layer between the cortex and epidermis. Tannins may help regulate the growth of these tissues. Cellular localization In all vascular plants studied so far, tannins are manufactured by a chloroplast - derived organelle, the tannosome. Tannins are mainly physically located in the vacuoles or surface wax of plants. These storage sites keep tannins active against plant predators, but also keep some tannins from affecting plant metabolism while the plant tissue is alive ; it is only after cell breakdown and death that the tannins are active in metabolic effects. Tannins are classified as ergastic substances, i.e., non-protoplasm materials found in cells. Tannins, by definition, precipitate proteins. In this condition, they must be stored in organelles able to withstand the protein precipitation process. Idioblasts are isolated plant cells which differ from neighboring tissues and contain non-living substances. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin or pigments etc. They also can contain tannins. In Japanese persimmon ( Diospyros kaki ) fruits, tannin is accumulated in the vacuole of tannin cells, which are idioblasts of parenchyma cells in the flesh. Presence in soils See also : Soil pH The convergent evolution of tannin - rich plant communities has occurred on nutrient - poor acidic soils throughout the world. Tannins were once believed to function as anti-herbivore defenses, but more and more ecologists now recognize them as important controllers of decomposition and nitrogen cycling processes. As concern grows about global warming, there is great interest to better understand the role of polyphenols as regulators of carbon cycling, in particular in northern boreal forests. Leaf litter and other decaying parts of kauri ( Agathis australis ), a tree species found in New Zealand, decompose much more slowly than those of most other species. Besides its acidity, the plant also bears substances such as waxes and phenols, most notably tannins, that are harmful to microorganisms. Presence in water and wood The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins. The presence of tannins ( or humic acid ) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter, but this does not make it unsafe to drink. Tannins leaching from an unprepared driftwood decoration in an aquarium can cause pH lowering and coloring of the water to a tea - like tinge. A way to avoid this is to boil the wood in water several times, discarding the water each time. Using peat as an aquarium substrate can have the same effect. Many hours of boiling the driftwood may need to be followed by many weeks or months of constant soaking and many water changes before the water will stay clear. Adding baking soda to the water to raise its pH level will accelerate the process of leaching, as the more alkaline solution can draw out tannic acid from the wood faster than the pH - neutral water. Softwoods, while in general much lower in tannins than hardwoods, are usually not recommended for use in an aquarium so using a hardwood with a very light color, indicating a low tannin content, can be an easy way to avoid tannins. Tannic acid is brown in color, so in general white woods have a low tannin content. Woods with a lot of yellow, red, or brown coloration to them ( like southern yellow pine, cedar, redwood, red oak, etc. ) tend to contain a lot of tannin. Tannin - rich fresh water draining into Cox Bight from Freney Lagoon, Southwest Conservation Area, Tasmania, Australia Bog - wood ( similar to, but not, driftwood ) in an aquarium, turning the water a tea - like brown Upper Tahquamenon falls Panoramic view A tannin - rich stream produces a maroon colour near Milabena, Tasmania Extraction There is no single protocol for extracting tannins from all plant material. The procedures used for tannins are widely variable. It may be that acetone in the extraction solvent increases the total yield by inhibiting interactions between tannins and proteins during extraction or even by breaking hydrogen bonds between tannin - protein complexes. Tests for tannins There are three groups of methods for the analysis of tannins : precipitation of proteins or alkaloids, reaction with phenolic rings, and depolymerization. Alcaloid precipitation Alcaloids such as caffeine, cinchonine, quinine or strychnine, precipitates polyphenols and tannins. This property can be used in a quantitation method. Goldbeater 's skin test When goldbeater 's skin or ox skin is dipped in HCl, rinsed in water, soaked in the tannin solution for 5 minutes, washed in water, and then treated with 1 % FeSO solution, it gives a blue black color if tannin was present. Ferric chloride test Use of ferric chloride ( FeCl ) tests for phenolics in general. Powdered plant leaves of the test plant ( 1.0 g ) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added. The mixture is boiled for five minutes. Two drops of 5 % FeCl are then added. Production of a greenish precipitate was an indication of the presence of tannins. Alternatively, a portion of the water extract is diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1 : 4 and few drops of 10 % ferric chloride solution is added. A blue or green color indicates the presence of tannins ( Evans, 1989 ). Other methods The hide - powder method is used in tannin analysis for leather tannin and the Stiasny method for wood adhesives. Statistical analysis reveals that there is no significant relationship between the results from the hide - powder and the Stiasny methods. Hide - powder method 400 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. 3 g of slightly chromated hide - powder previously dried in vacuum for 24h over CaCl are added and the mixture stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature. The suspension is filtered without vacuum through a sintered glass filter. The weight gain of the hide - powder expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material is equated to the percentage of tannin in the sample. Stiasny 's method 100 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 10 ml distilled water. 1 ml of 10M HCl and 2 ml of 37 % formaldehyde are added and the mixture heated under reflux for 30 min. The reaction mixture is filtered while hot through a sintered glass filter. The precipitate is washed with hot water ( 5 × 10 ml ) and dried over CaCl. The yield of tannin is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material. Reaction with phenolic rings The bark tannins of Commiphora angolensis have been revealed by the usual color and precipitation reactions and by quantitative determination by the methods of Löwenthal - Procter and of Deijs ( formalin - hydrochloric acid method ). Colorimetric methods have existed such as the Neubauer - Löwenthal method which uses potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent and indigo sulfate as an indicator, originally proposed by Löwenthal in 1877. The difficulty is that the establishing of a titer for tannin is not always convenient since it is extremely difficult to obtain the pure tannin. Neubauer proposed to remove this difficulty by establishing the titer not with regard to the tannin but with regard to crystallised oxalic acid, whereby he found that 83 g oxalic acid correspond to 41.20 g tannin. Löwenthal 's method has been criticized. For instance, the amount of indigo used is not sufficient to retard noticeably the oxidation of the non-tannins substances. The results obtained by this method are therefore only comparative. A modified method, proposed in 1903 for the quantification of tannins in wine, Feldmann 's method, is making use of calcium hypochlorite, instead of potassium permanganate, and indigo sulfate. Food items with tannins This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2015 ) Pomegranates Main article : Pomegranate ellagitannin Accessory fruits Strawberries contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Berries Strawberries in a bowl Most berries, such as cranberries, and blueberries, contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Nuts Nuts that can be consumed raw, such as hazelnuts, walnuts, and pecans, contain high amounts of tannins. Almonds have a lower content. Tannin concentration in the crude extract of these nuts did not directly translate to the same relationships for the condensed fraction. Herbs and spices Cloves, tarragon, cumin, thyme, vanilla, and cinnamon all contain tannins. Legumes Most legumes contain tannins. Red - colored beans contain the most tannins, and white - colored beans have the least. Peanuts without shells have a very low tannin content. Chickpeas ( garbanzo beans ) have a smaller amount of tannins. Chocolate Chocolate liquor contains about 6 % tannins. Drinks with tannins Main articles : Tannins in tea and Tannins in wine Principal human dietary sources of tannins are tea and coffee. Most wines aged in charred oak barrels possess tannins absorbed from the wood. Soils high in clay also contribute to tannins in wine grapes. This concentration gives wine its signature bitterness. Coffee pulp has been found to contain low to trace amounts of tannins. Fruit juices This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) Although citrus fruits do not themselves contain tannins, orange - colored juices often contain food dyes with tannins. Apple juice, grape juices and berry juices are all high in tannins. Sometimes tannins are even added to juices and ciders to create a more astringent feel to the taste. Beer In addition to the alpha acids extracted from hops to provide bitterness in beer, condensed tannins are also present. These originate both from the malt and hops. Especially in Germany, trained brewmasters consider the presence of tannins as a flaw. In some styles, the presence of this astringency is acceptable or even desired, as, for example, in a Flanders red ale. In lager type beers, the tannins can form a precipitate with specific haze - forming proteins in the beer resulting in turbidity at low temperature. This chill haze can be prevented by removing part of the tannins or part of the haze - forming proteins. Tannins are removed using PVPP, haze - forming proteins by using silica or tannic acid. Health effects of tannins Main article : Health effects of tannins Properties for animal nutrition Tannins have traditionally been considered antinutritional, but it is now known that their beneficial or antinutritional properties depend upon their chemical structure and dosage. The new technologies used to analyze molecular and chemical structures have shown that a division into condensed and hydrolyzable tannins is too simplistic. Recent studies have demonstrated that products containing chestnut tannins included at low dosages ( 0.15 -- 0.2 % ) in the diet of chickens may be beneficial. Some studies suggest that chestnut tannins have positive effects on silage quality in the round bale silages, in particular reducing NPNs ( non protein nitrogen ) in the lowest wilting level. Improved fermentability of soya meal nitrogen in the rumen may occur. Studies conducted in 2002 on in vitro ammonia release and dry matter degradation of soybean meal comparing three different types of tannins ( quebracho, acacia and chestnut ) demonstrated that chestnut tannins are more efficient in protecting soybean meal from in vitro degradation by rumen bacteria. Condensed tannins inhibit herbivore digestion by binding to consumed plant proteins and making them more difficult for animals to digest, and by interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes ( for more on that topic, see plant defense against herbivory ). Many tannin - consuming animals secrete a tannin - binding protein ( mucin ) in their saliva. Tannin - binding capacity of salivary mucin is directly related to its proline content. Salivary proline - rich proteins ( PRPs ) are sometimes used to inactivate tannins. One reason is that they inactivate tannins to a greater extent than do dietary proteins resulting in reduced fecal nitrogen losses. PRPs additionally contain non-specific nitrogen and non-essential amino acids making them more convenient than valuable dietary protein. Histatins, another type of salivary proteins, also precipitate tannins from solution, thus preventing alimentary adsorption. Tannin market Tannin in a plastic container Tannin production began at the beginning of the 19th century with the industrial revolution, to produce tanning material for the need for more leather. Before that time, processes used plant material and were long ( up to six months ). There was a collapse in the vegetable tannin market in the 1950s -- 1960s, due to the appearance of synthetic tannins, which were invented in response to a scarcity of vegetable tannins during World War II. At that time, many small tannin industry sites closed. Vegetable tannins are estimated to be used for the production of 10 -- 20 % of the global leather production. The cost of the final product depends on the method used to extract the tannins, in particular the use of solvents, alkali and other chemicals used ( for instance glycerin ). For large quantities, the most cost - effective method is hot water extraction. Tannic acid is used worldwide as clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks and as aroma ingredient in both alcoholic and soft drinks or juices. Tannins from different botanical origins also find extensive uses in the wine industry. Uses Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. Tanbark from oak, mimosa, chestnut and quebracho tree has traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin, though inorganic tanning agents are also in use today and account for 90 % of the world 's leather production. Tannins produce different colors with ferric chloride ( either blue, blue black, or green to greenish - black ) according to the type of tannin. Iron gall ink is produced by treating a solution of tannins with iron ( II ) sulfate. Tannin is a component in a type of industrial particleboard adhesive developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada. Pinus radiata tannins has been investigated for the production of wood adhesives. Condensed tannins, e.g., quebracho tannin, and Hydrolyzable tannins, e.g., chestnut tannin, appear to be able to substitute a high proportion of synthetic phenol in phenol - formaldehyde resins for wood particleboard. Tannins can be used for production of anti-corrosive primer, sold under brand - name `` Nox Primer '' for treatment of rusted steel surfaces prior to painting, rust converter to transform oxidized steel into a smooth sealed surface and rust inhibitor. The use of resins made of tannins has been investigated to remove mercury and methylmercury from solution. Immobilized tannins have been tested to recover uranium from seawater. See also Polyphenol References Jump up ^ Katie E. Ferrell ; Thorington, Richard W. ( 2006 ). Squirrels : the animal answer guide. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8402 - 0. Jump up ^ McGee, Harold ( 2004 ). On food and cooking : the science and lore of the kitchen. New York : Scribner. p. 714. ISBN 0 - 684 - 80001 - 2. Jump up ^ Bate - Smith and Swain ( 1962 ). `` Flavonoid compounds ''. In Florkin M. ; Mason H.S. Comparative biochemistry. III. 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( 1993 ). `` Effect of chestnut tannin on the fermentability of soyabean meal nitrogen in the rumen ''. Ann Zootech. 42 ( 2 ) : 127. doi : 10.1051 / animres : 19930210. Jump up ^ González S. ; Pabón M.L. ; Carulla J. ( 2002 ). `` Effects of tannins on in vitro ammonia release and dry matter degradation of soybean meal ''. Arch. Latinoam. Prod. Anim. 10 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 101. Jump up ^ Salivary proteins as a defense against dietary tannins. Shimada T. Journal of Chemical Ecology 2006 Jun ; 32 ( 6 ) : 1149 - 63. Jump up ^ `` The Status of Mangrove Ecosystems : Trends in the Utilisation and Management of Mangrove Resources ''. D. Macintosh and S. Zisman Jump up ^ Marion Kite ; Roy Thomson ( 2006 ). Conservation of leather and related materials. Butterworth - Heinemann. p. 23. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 4881 - 3. Jump up ^ Lemay, Marie - France. `` Iron Gall Ink ''. Traveling Scriptorium : A Teaching Kit. Yale University. Retrieved 18 January 2017. Jump up ^ Bisanda E.T.N. ; Ogola W.O. ; Tesha J.V. ( August 2003 ). `` Characterisation of tannin resin blends for particle board applications ''. Cement and Concrete Composites. 25 ( 6 ) : 593 -- 8. doi : 10.1016 / S0958 - 9465 ( 02 ) 00072 - 0. Jump up ^ Li, Jingge ; Maplesden, Frances ( 1998 ). `` Commercial production of tannins from radiata pine bark for wood adhesives '' ( PDF ). IPENZ Transactions. 25 ( 1 / EMCh ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 January 2003. Jump up ^ Torres J. ; Olivares S. ; De La Rosa D. ; Lima L. ; Martínez F. ; Munita C.S. ; Favaro D.I.T. ( 1999 ). `` Removal of mercury ( II ) and methylmercury from solution by tannin adsorbents ''. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 240 ( 1 ) : 361 -- 5. doi : 10.1007 / BF02349180. Jump up ^ Takashi Sakaguchia ; Akira Nakajimaa ( June 1987 ). `` Recovery of Uranium from Seawater by Immobilized Tannin ''. Separation Science and Technology. 22 ( 6 ) : 1609 -- 23. doi : 10.1080 / 01496398708058421. External links Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Tannin. Tannins : fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules `` Tannin Chemistry '' ( PDF ). ( 1.41 MB ) Haslam, Edwin ( 1989 ). Plant polyphenols : vegetable tannins revisited. CUP Archive. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32189 - 1. Types of natural tannins Hydrolysable tannins Ellagitannins Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B Gallotannins Digalloyl glucose 1, 3, 6 - Trigalloyl glucose Condensed tannins Proanthocyanidins Polyflavonoid tannins Catechol - type tannins Pyrocatecollic type tannins Flavolans Phlorotannins Eckol 8, 8 ′ - Bieckol 6, 6 ' - Bieckol Dieckol Eckstolonol Diphlorethol Difucol Fucophlorethol A Phlorofucofuroeckol A Tetrafucol A Trifucol Bifuhalol 7 - Phloroeckol Phlorofucofuroeckol B Flavono - ellagitannins ( complex tannins ) Epicutissimin A Acutissimin A Other Miscellaneous Tannin sources Pseudo tannins Synthetic tannins Tannin uses Enological Drilling Ink Tanning Wood products Lumber / timber Batten Beam Bressummer Cruck Flitch beam Flooring Joist Lath Molding Panelling Plank Plate Post Purlin Rafter Railroad ties Reclaimed Shingle Siding Sill Stud Timber truss Treenail Truss Utility pole Engineered wood Glued laminated timber veneer LVL parallel strand I - joist Fiberboard hardboard Masonite MDF Oriented strand board Oriented structural straw board Particle board Plywood Structural insulated panel Wood - plastic composite lumber Fuelwood Charcoal biochar Firelog Firewood Pellet fuel Wood fuel Fibers Cardboard Corrugated fiberboard Paper Paperboard Pulp Pulpwood Rayon Derivatives Birch - tar Cellulose nano Hemicellulose Cellulosic ethanol Dyes Lignin Liquid smoke Lye Methanol Pyroligneous acid Pine tar Pitch Sandalwood oil Tannin Wood gas By - products Barkdust Black liquor Ramial chipped wood Sawdust Tall oil Wood flour Wood wool Woodchips Historical Axe ties Clapboard Dugout canoe Potash Sawdust brandy Split - rail fence Tanbark Timber framing Wooden masts See also Biomass Certified wood Destructive distillation Dry distillation Engineered bamboo Forestry List of woods Mulch Non-timber forest products Papermaking Wood drying Wood preservation Wood processing Woodworking Forestry portal Trees portal Commons WikiProject Forestry NDL : 00572669 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tannin&oldid=807981292 '' Categories : Tannins Nutrition Oenology Organic polymers Wine terminology Astringent flavors Phenol antioxidants Wood products Food stabilizers Phytochemicals Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from May 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017, at 04 : 42. 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Question: what is the use of tannin in plant
Answer: protection from predation