Gallia Belgica - wikipedia Gallia Belgica This article is about the Roman province. For the pre-Roman people, see Belgae. For other uses, see Belgica ( disambiguation ). Provincia Belgica Province of the Roman Empire 22 BC -- 5th century Capital Durocortorum ( modern Reims ) Augusta Treverorum ( modern Trier ) Historical era Antiquity Established after the Gallic Wars 22 BC Ended with Frankish Kingdoms 5th century Today part of Belgium France Luxembourg Germany < 90 Netherlands < 90 Map with the location of the Belgae at the time of Julius Caesar Map of Roman Gaul with Belgica in orange ( Droysens Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas, 1886 ) The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian ( ruled 117 - 38 AD ), showing, in northeastern Gaul, the imperial province of Gallia Belgica ( Belgium / Picardie / Champagne ) Gallia Belgica ( Belgic Gaul ) was a province of the Roman empire located in the north - eastern part of Roman Gaul, in which Belgium is situated today. In 50BC after the conquest by Julius Caesar during his Gallic Wars, it became one of the three main provinces of Gaul ( known as the Tres Galliae the other two being Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Lugdunensis ). An official Roman province was later created by emperor Augustus in 22 BC. The province is named for the Belgae as the largest tribal confederation in the area, but it also included the territories of the Treveri, Mediomatrici, Leuci, Sequani, Helvetii and others. The southern border of Belgica, formed by the Marne and Seine rivers, was reported by Caesar as the original cultural boundary between the Belgae and the Gauls who he distinguished as Celts. The province was re-organised several times, first increased and later decreased in size. Diocletian brought the northeastern Civitas Tungrorum into Germania Inferior, joining the Rhineland colonies, and the remaining part of Gallia Belgica was divided into Belgica Prima in the eastern area of the Treveri, Mediomatrici and Leuci, around Luxembourg and the Ardennes, and Belgica Secunda between the English channel and the upper River Meuse. The capital of Belgica Prima, Trier, became an important late western Roman capital. Contents 1 Roman conquest 2 Formation under Augustus 3 Under the emperors 3.1 Reform of Domitian ( around 90 ) 3.2 Attack by the Chauci ( 173 ) 3.3 Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire 3.4 Reform of Diocletian ( around 300 ) 3.5 Prosperous fourth century 4 Germanic conquests ( after 406 ) 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References Roman conquest Further information : Belgae, Gallia Comata, and Gallic Wars In 57 BC, Julius Caesar led the conquest of northern Gaul, and already specified that the part to the north of the Seine and Marne rivers was inhabited by a people or alliance known as the Belgae. This definition became the basis of the later Roman province of Belgica. Caesar said that the Belgae were separated from the Celtic Gauls to their south by `` language, custom and laws '' ( lingua, institutis, legibus ) but he did not go into detail, except to mention that he learnt from his contacts that the Belgae had some ancestry from east of the Rhine, which he referred to as Germania. Indeed, the Belgian tribes closest to the Rhine he distinguished as the Germani cisrhenani. ( Strabo stated that the differences between the Celts and Belgae, in language, politics and way of life was a small one. ) Modern historians interpret Caesar and the archaeological evidence as indicating that the core of the Belgian alliance was in the present - day northernmost corner of France ; the Suessiones, Viromandui and Ambiani as well perhaps as some of their neighbours who lived in the area, Caesar identified as Belgium or Belgica. These were the leaders of the initial military alliance he confronted, and they were also more economically advanced ( and therefore less `` Germanic '' according to Caesar 's way of seeing things ) than many of their more northerly allies such as the Nervii and Germani Cisrhenani. Apart from the southern Remi, all the Belgic tribes allied against the Romans, angry at the Roman decision to garrison legions in their territory during the winter. At the beginning of the conflict, Caesar reported the allies ' combined strength at 288,000, led by the Suessione king, Galba. Due to the Belgic coalition 's size and reputation for uncommon bravery, Caesar avoided meeting the combined forces of the tribes in battle. Instead, he used cavalry to skirmish with smaller contingents of tribesmen. Only when Caesar managed to isolate one of the tribes did he risk conventional battle. The tribes fell in a piecemeal fashion and Caesar claimed to offer lenient terms to the defeated, including Roman protection from the threat of surrounding tribes. Most tribes agreed to the conditions. A series of uprisings followed the 57 BC conquest. The largest revolt was led by the Bellovaci in 52 BC, after the defeat of Vercingetorix. During this rebellion, it was the Belgae who avoided direct conflict. They harassed the Roman legions, led personally by Caesar, with cavalry detachments and archers. The rebellion was put down after a Bellovaci ambush of the Romans failed. The revolting party was slaughtered. Formation under Augustus Following a census of the region in 27 BC, Augustus ordered a restructuring of the provinces in Gaul. Therefore, in 22 BC, Marcus Agrippa split Gaul ( or Gallia Comata ) into three regions ( Gallia Aquitania, Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica. ) Agrippa made the divisions on what he perceived to be distinctions in language, race and community - Gallia Belgica was meant to be a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples. The capital of this territory was Reims, according to the geographer Strabo, though later the capital moved to modern day Trier. The date of this move is uncertain. Modern historians however view the term ' Gaul ' and its subdivisions as a `` product of faulty ethnography '' and see the split of Gallia Comata into three provinces as an attempt to construct a more efficient government, as opposed to a cultural division. Successive Roman emperors struck a balance between Romanizing the people of Gallia Belgica and allowing pre-existing culture to survive. The Romans divided the province into four `` civitates '' corresponding generally to ancient tribal boundaries : the civitas Menapiorum, Nerviorum, Tungrorum and Treverorum with capitals at modern Tournai, Bavay, Tongeren and Triers respectively. These civitates were in turn were divided into smaller units, pagi, a term that became the French word `` pays ''. Roman government was run by Concilia in Reims or Trier. Additionally, local notables from Gallia Belgica were required to participate in a festival in Lugdunum ( modern Lyon ) which typically celebrated or worshiped the emperor 's genius. The gradual adoption of Romanized names by local elites and the Romanization of laws under local authority demonstrate the effectiveness of this concilium Galliarum. With that said, the concept and community of Gallia Belgica did not predate the Roman province, but developed from it. Under the emperors Roman roads in Belgium Reform of Domitian ( around 90 ) During the 1st century AD ( estimated date 90 AD ), the provinces of Gaul were restructured. Emperor Domitian reorganized the provinces in order to separate the militarized zones of the Rhine from the civilian populations of the region. The northeastern part of Gallia Belgica was split off and renamed Germania Inferior, later to be reorganized and renamed as Germania Secunda. This included the eastern part of modern Belgium, the southernmost part of the modern Netherlands, and a part of modern Germany. The eastern part was split off to become Germania Superior ( parts of western Germany and eastern France ) and the southern border of Gallia Belgica was extended to the south. The newer Gallia Belgica included the cities of Camaracum ( Cambrai ), Nemetacum ( Arras ), Samarobriva ( Amiens ), Durocortorum ( Reims ), Dividorum ( Metz ) and Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ). Attack by the Chauci ( 173 ) In 173 the later emperor Didius Julianus, then governor of Gallia Belgica, had to repel a serious invasion of the Chauci, a Germanic tribe that lived along the shores of the Wadden Sea at the respective northern and northwestern coast of present - day Netherlands and Germany, in the drainage basin of the river Scheldt ( present day Flanders and Hainaut ). Archaeologists have found evidence that large farms near Tournai and the village Velzeke ( near Ghent ) had to be abandoned. Further the capitals in the areas of the former tribes of the Atrebates, Morini and the Nervians were either burnt down ( Nemetacum ( Arras ) ) or had to be rebuilt in the last quarter of the second century, Colonia Morinorum ( Thérouanne ) and Bagacum Nerviorum ( Bavay ). Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire With the crisis of the third century and the partition of the Empire, Roman control over Gaul deteriorated in the 3rd century. In 260 Postumus became emperor of a breakaway Gallic empire. He proved able to stop the incursions from the Franks. Only in 274 was Roman control restored by the new emperor Aurelian in the Battle of Châlons. The cost of this defeat in the long run proved very high indeed. With the Gallic army defeated and not returning to the Rhine border, the Franks overran the neighbouring province of Germania Inferior. The Rhineland ( to the Ripuarian Franks ) and the area between the Rhine and the main road between Boulogne and Cologne, present day South Holland, Zeeland, Flanders, Brabant and Limburg, the last three in both the present day Netherlands and Belgium ( to the Salic Franks ) were de facto lost forever for the Roman empire. This gave the Salic Franks a base from which they could expand some 130 years later, beginning after the disastrous Rhine crossing in 406, to conquer the whole area of the former province of Gallia Belgica and start the Merovingian kingdom, the first immediate forerunner state of Western civilization. Reform of Diocletian ( around 300 ) Emperor Diocletian restructured the provinces around 300, and split Belgica into two provinces : Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had Treveri ( Trier ) as its main city, and consisted of the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was approximately along the River Meuse. Prosperous fourth century The eastern part of Gallia Belgica, especially the valley of the Moselle became very prosperous in the fourth century, particularly in the decades that Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ) was the capital of the Western Roman Empire. The Roman poet Ausonius wrote a famous poem over the Mosella. Germanic conquests ( after 406 ) The Provinces of Gaul, circa 400 AD The Porta Nigra of Trier, capital of Gallia Belgica, constructed between 186 and 200 AD Franks held de facto control over the major part of Germania Inferior since 275. Around 350 this was partly formalized when the Romans gave official control over Toxandria to the Salian Franks. Toxandria was most likely for a large part overlapping with the area now known as the Kempen. Eventually, in 406, a large alliance among them Vandals, Alans and Suebi, under great pressure from the Huns, after first having been defeated by the Ripuarian Franks in the neighborhood of Cologne in Germania Inferior, successfully crossed the Rhine in the neighborhood of present - day Koblenz and entered Gallia Belgica by way of the Moselle valley. They subsequently destroyed large parts of Gallia Belgica, before eventually moving on to Hispania ( present day Spain ). This invasion and the accompanying widespread destruction broke the backbone of Roman power in at least the northern part of Gallia Belgica. After this invasion the Franks were able to conquer valuable agricultural land south of the Via Belgica, the very important main road between Cologne and Boulogne, that had been the backbone of Roman defense strategy between 260 and 406. In 452 a major battle was fought at the Catalaunian fields ( between the Seine and the Moselle ). A coalition of Romans, Visigoths and Franks fought an army led by the legendary Hunnic leader Attila. The outcome of this battle itself was inconclusive, but as a consequence of this battle the Huns and their allies left the area of Gallia Belgica where they had plundered nearly all major cities, except Paris. After the Western Roman Empire had already collapsed in Galla Belgica for some time the Gallo - Roman `` Kingdom of Soissons '' ( 457 - 486 ) managed to maintain control over the area around Soissons. The Franks however emerged victorious and Belgica Secunda in the 5th century became the center of Clovis ' Merovingian kingdom. During the 8th century in the Carolingian Empire the former area of Gallia Belgica was split into Neustria ( roughly Belgica Secunda, main cities Paris, Reims ) and Austrasia ( roughly Belgica Prima, main cities Trier, Metz ). After the death of Charlemagne 's son, Louis the Pious, the Carolingian Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The three sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories into three kingdoms : East Francia ( the forerunner of modern Germany ), West Francia ( west of the Scheldt river ) a part of which ( Ile de France ), from the middle of the 10th century became the kernel of modern France, and Middle Francia which was succeeded by Lotharingia. Though often presented as the dissolution of the Frankish empire, it was in fact the continued adherence to Salic patrimony. Lotharingia was divided in 870 by the Treaty of Meerssen under West and East Francia. Legacy Further information : Terminology of the Low Countries Representation of the Low Countries as Leo Belgicus by Claes Janszoon Visscher, 1609 ' Belgica Foederata ' was the Latin name of the Dutch Republic. The name of Belgica continued to refer to the entire Low Countries until the modern period. The Seventeen Provinces of the Low Countries were then divided into the independent Belgica Foederata or the federal Dutch Republic and the Belgica Regia or the royal Southern Netherlands under the Habsburgian crown. For example, several contemporary maps of the Dutch Republic, which consisted of the Northern Netherlands, and therefore has almost no overlap with the country of Belgium, show the Latin title Belgium Foederatum. Belgica Foederata continued to be used as the Latin name of the Dutch Federation after its secession of Belgica Regia in 1581 ; the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815 was still known as Royaume des Belgiques, and it was only with the independence of modern Belgium and the modern Netherlands in the 1830s that the name became reserved for Belgium to the exclusion of the Netherlands. See also Saxon shore References Jump up ^ Gaius Julius Caesar. The Conquest of Gaul. Trans. S.A. Handford ( New York : Penguin, 1982 ), Caes. Gal. 1.1. 1 Jump up ^ `` Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana diuidit. '', Commentarii de Bello Gallico Jump up ^ Gallia Belgica - Edith Mary Wightman - Google Boeken. Books.google.be. Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 07. Jump up ^ Geography 4.1 Jump up ^ Wightman, Edith Mary ( 1985 ), Gallia Belgica, University of California Press pages 12 - 14. Jump up ^ Gaius Julius Caesar. The Conquest of Gaul. Trans. S.A. Handford ( New York : Penguin, 1982 ), pp. 59 - 60. Jump up ^ Gaius Julius Caesar. The Conquest of Gaul. Trans. S.A. Handford ( New York : Penguin, 1982 ) ; pp. 59, 70, 72. Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson. Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire ( New York : Facts on File, 1994 ), p. 169. Jump up ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, New Ed., Vol. 10 ( London : Cambridge University Press, 1970 ), p. 469. Jump up ^ Edith Mary Wightman, Gallia Belgica ( Los Angeles : University of California Press, 1985 ), pp. 57 - 62, 71 - 74. Jump up ^ Mary T. Boatwright, Daniel J. Gargola and Richard J.A. Talbert. A Brief History of the Romans ( New York : Oxford University Press, 2006 ), p. 224. Jump up ^ Jona Lendering on www.livius.org Jump up ^ For example, the map `` Belgium Foederatum '' by Matthaeus Seutter, from 1745, which shows the current Netherlands. ( 1 ) Provinces of the early Roman Empire ( 117 AD ) Achaea Aegyptus Africa proconsularis Alpes Cottiae Alpes Maritimae Alpes Poeninae Arabia Petraea Armenia Asia Assyria Bithynia et Pontus Britannia Cappadocia Cilicia Corsica et Sardinia Creta et Cyrenaica Cyprus Dacia Dalmatia Epirus Galatia Gallia Aquitania Gallia Belgica Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Narbonensis Germania Inferior Germania Superior Hispania Baetica Hispania Tarraconensis Italia Iudaea Lusitania Lycia et Pamphylia Macedonia Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Tingitana Mesopotamia Moesia Inferior Moesia Superior Noricum Pannonia Inferior Pannonia Superior Raetia Sicilia Syria Thracia Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until Diocletian 's reforms. Late Roman provinces ( 4th -- 7th centuries AD ) History As found in the Notitia Dignitatum. Provincial administration reformed and dioceses established by Diocletian, c. 293. Permanent praetorian prefectures established after the death of Constantine I. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of Ravenna and Africa established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the theme system in c. 640 -- 660, although in Asia Minor and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century. Western Empire ( 395 -- 476 ) Praetorian Prefecture of Gaul Diocese of Gaul Alpes Poeninae et Graiae Belgica I Belgica II Germania I Germania II Lugdunensis I Lugdunensis II Lugdunensis III Lugdunensis IV Maxima Sequanorum Diocese of Vienne Alpes Maritimae Aquitanica I Aquitanica II Narbonensis I Narbonensis II Novempopulania Viennensis Diocese of Spain Baetica Balearica Carthaginensis Gallaecia Lusitania Mauretania Tingitana Tarraconensis Diocese of the Britains Britannia I Britannia II Flavia Caesariensis Maxima Caesariensis Valentia ( ? ) Praetorian Prefecture of Italy Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy Apulia et Calabria Campania Corsica Lucania et Bruttii Picenum Suburbicarium Samnium Sardinia Sicilia Tuscia et Umbria Valeria Diocese of Annonarian Italy Alpes Cottiae Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium Liguria et Aemilia Raetia I Raetia II Venetia et Istria Diocese of Africa Africa proconsularis ( Zeugitana ) Byzacena Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Sitifensis Numidia Cirtensis Numidia Militiana Tripolitania Diocese of Pannonia Dalmatia Noricum mediterraneum Noricum ripense Pannonia I Pannonia II Savia Valeria ripensis Eastern Empire ( 395 -- c. 640 ) Praetorian Prefecture of Illyricum Diocese of Dacia Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Dardania Moesia I Praevalitana Diocese of Macedonia Achaea Creta Epirus nova Epirus vetus Macedonia I Macedonia II Salutaris Thessalia Praetorian Prefecture of the East Diocese of Thrace Europa Haemimontus Moesia II Rhodope Scythia Thracia Diocese of Asia Asia Caria Hellespontus Insulae Lycaonia ( 370 ) Lycia Lydia Pamphylia Pisidia Phrygia Pacatiana Phrygia Salutaris Diocese of Pontus Armenia I Armenia II Armenia Maior Armenian Satrapies Armenia III ( 536 ) Armenia IV ( 536 ) Bithynia Cappadocia I Cappadocia II Galatia I Galatia II Salutaris Helenopontus Honorias Paphlagonia Pontus Polemoniacus Diocese of the East Arabia Cilicia I Cilicia II Cyprus Euphratensis Isauria Mesopotamia Osroene Palaestina I Palaestina II Palaestina III Salutaris Phoenice I Phoenice II Libanensis Syria I Syria II Salutaris Theodorias ( 528 ) Diocese of Egypt Aegyptus I Aegyptus II Arcadia Augustamnica I Augustamnica II Libya Superior Libya Inferior Thebais Superior Thebais Inferior Other territories Taurica Quaestura exercitus ( 536 ) Spania ( 552 ) Later the Septem Provinciae Re-established after reconquest by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate Prefecture of Africa Later the Diocese of Illyricum Placed under the Quaestura exercitus in 536 Affected ( i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed ) by Justinian I 's administrative reorganization in 534 -- 536 History of the Roman Empire by modern territory Albania Balkans Belgium Britain France Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Germany Greece Hungary Israel Italy Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco The Netherlands North Africa Palestine Portugal Romania Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Syria Tunisia Turkey Wales Lorraine topics Departments Meurthe - et - Moselle ( Nancy ) Arrondissement of Briey Arrondissement of Lunéville Arrondissement of Nancy Arrondissement of Toul Meuse ( Bar - le - Duc ) Arrondissement of Bar - le - Duc Arrondissement of Commercy Arrondissement of Verdun Moselle ( Metz ) Arrondissement of Forbach - Boulay - Moselle Arrondissement of Metz Arrondissement of Sarrebourg - Château - Salins Arrondissement of Sarreguemines Arrondissement of Thionville Vosges ( Épinal ) Arrondissement of Épinal Arrondissement of Neufchâteau Arrondissement of Saint - Dié Culture Coat of arms Flag Symbol People Languages ( Franconian, Lorrain, Alsatian ) Demographics Religion Sports FC Metz FC Metz ( Women ) AS Nancy SAS Épinal US Raon - l'Étape SLUC Nancy Basket Metz Handball ASPTT Nancy Dauphins d'Épinal Rallye Alsace - Vosges Lorraine Open History Gallia Belgica ( Mediomatrici & Leuci ) ( 22 BC -- 5th - century ) Alemanni / Ripuarian Franks ( 5th - century -- 511 ) Austrasia ( 511 -- 751 ) Carolingian Empire ( 751 - 843 ) Middle Francia ( 843 - 855 ) Lotharingia ( 855 -- 959 ) Duchy of Lorraine ( 959 -- 1766 ) Duchy of Bar ( circa 950 - 1766 ) Three Bishoprics ( 1552 - 1790 ) Bezirk Lothringen ( 1871 -- 1918 ) CdZ - Gebiet Lothringen ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Lorraine ( 1945 -- 2016 ) Grand Est ( 2016 -- ) Lorraine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&oldid=798640462 '' Categories : Gallia Belgica Provinces of Roman Gaul Roman Belgium Former polities in the Netherlands States and territories established in the 1st century BC 22 BC establishments 5th - century disestablishments in the Roman Empire 5th - century disestablishments Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 No local image but image on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017, at 02 : 11. 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Question: i was the roman name for the area now known as france and belgium
Answer: Provincia Belgica