Beaver dam - wikipedia Beaver dam For other uses, see Beaver dam ( disambiguation ). Beaver dam at Algonquin Park in Ontario, Canada North American beaver ( Castor canadensis ), one of two species of beaver that build dams Beaver dams are dams built by beavers to provide ponds as protection against predators such as coyotes, wolves, and bears, and to provide easy access to food during winter. These structures modify the natural environment in such a way that the overall ecosystem builds upon the change, making beavers a keystone species. Beavers work at night and are prolific builders, carrying mud and stones with their fore - paws and timber between their teeth. Contents 1 Construction 1.1 Extreme size 1.2 As tool use 2 Benefits 2.1 Flood control 2.2 Excess nutrient removal 2.3 Pesticide and herbicide removal 2.4 Denitrification 2.5 Salmon and trout 2.6 Frogs 2.7 Songbirds 3 Stream life cycle 3.1 Wetland creation 3.2 Meadow creation 3.3 Riverine forest 3.4 Bottom land 4 Disruption 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Construction Beaver dam in Lassen Volcanic National Park Beavers use rocks for their dams when mud and branches are less available as seen on Bear Creek, a tributary to the Truckee River, in Alpine Meadows, California A minimum water level of 0.6 to 0.9 metres ( 2.0 to 3.0 ft ) is required to keep the underwater entrance to beaver lodges from being blocked by ice during the winter. In lakes, rivers and large streams with deep enough water, beavers may not build dams and instead live in bank burrows and lodges. If the water is not deep enough to keep beavers safe from predators and their lodge entrances ice - free, beavers build dams. Beavers start construction by diverting the stream to lessen the water 's flow pressure. Branches and logs are then driven into the mud of the stream bed to form a base. Then sticks, bark ( from deciduous trees ), rocks, mud, grass, leaves, masses of plants, and anything else available, are used to build the superstructure. The average height of a dam is about 1.8 metres ( 5.9 ft ) with an average depth of water behind the dam of 1.2 to 1.8 m. The thickness of the dam is often around 1 m or more. The length depends on the stream width, but averages about 4.5 m long. Beavers vary the type of dam built and how they build it, according to the speed of water on the stream. In slow - moving water, they build a straight dam, whereas in fast - moving water they tend to be curved. Spillways and passageways are built into the dam to allow excess water to drain off without damaging it. Dams are generally built wider at the base and the top is usually tilted upstream to resist the force of the current. Beavers can transport their own weight in material ; they drag logs along mudslides and float them through canals to get them in place. Once the dam has flooded enough area to the proper depth to form a protective moat for the lodge ( often covering many acres ), beavers begin construction on the lodge. Trees approaching a diameter of 90 centimetres ( 3.0 ft ) may be used to construct a dam, although the average is 10 to 30 cm. The length depends on the diameter of the tree and the size of the beaver. There are recorded cases of beavers felling logs of as much 45 m tall and 115 cm in diameter. Logs of this size are not intended to be used as structural members of the dam, but rather the bark is used for food, and sometimes to get at upper branches. It takes a beaver about 20 minutes to cut down a 15 cm wide aspen, by gnawing a groove around the trunk in an hourglass shape. A beaver 's jaws are so powerful they can cut a 1.5 cm sapling in one bite. Maintenance work on the dam and lodges is particularly heavy in autumn. Extreme size Beaver dams typically range in length from a few meters to about 100 metres ( 330 ft ). The largest beaver dam known to exist is in Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta, Canada and measures 2,790 feet ( 850 m ) in length. Satellite photos provided by NASA World Wind show the dam did not exist in 1975 but it appeared in subsequent images. It has two or more lodges and is a combination of two original dams. Google Earth images show new dams being built which could ultimately join the main dam and increase the overall length by another 50 to 100 m during the next decade. Coordinates : 58 ° 16'15 `` N 112 ° 15'6 '' W Another large beaver dam measuring 2,139 feet ( 650 m ) long, 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) high and 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) thick at the base was found in Three Forks, Montana. As tool use It is claimed by some that by building dams, beavers are expressing tool use behaviour. However, the definition of tool use by animals is highly contentious. For example, it has been argued that like bird nests, beaver dams are too large to be picked up by the animal and therefore can not be classified as a tool. However, the cutting down of trees, preparing them for use, transporting them to the dam and then inserting them into the structure is consistent with other definitions of tool use. Benefits Beaver dam in winter in Mont Mégantic Dam building can be very beneficial in restoring wetlands. Such wetland benefits include flood control downstream, biodiversity ( by providing habitat for many rare as well as common species ), and water cleansing, both by the breakdown of toxins such as pesticides and the retention of silt by beaver dams. Over the years, this collection of silt produces the rich bottomland so sought after by farmers. Beaver dams reduce erosion as well as decrease the turbidity that is a limiting factor for much aquatic life. While beavers can create damage, part of the problem is one of perception and time scale. Such damage as the undermining of a roadway or the drowning of some trees is very visible shortly after the beginning of beavers ' activity in an area. The benefits may be long - term and unnoticed except, for example, by someone monitoring a catchment. Almost half of endangered and threatened species in North America rely upon wetlands. In 2012, a systematic review was conducted on the impacts of beaver dams on fishes and fish habitat ( biased to North America ( 88 % ) ). The most frequently cited benefits of beaver dams were increased habitat heterogeneity, rearing and overwintering habitat and flow refuge, and invertebrate production. Impeded fish movement because of dams, siltation of spawning habitat and low oxygen levels in ponds were the most often cited negative impacts. Benefits ( 184 ) were cited more frequently than costs ( 119 ). Flood control A beaver dam has a certain amount of freeboard above the water level. When heavy rains occur, the river or lake fills up and the dam gradually releases the extra stored water. Often this is all that is necessary to reduce the height of the flood wave moving down the river, and will reduce or eliminate damage to human structures. Flood control is achieved in other ways as well. The surface of any stream intersects the surrounding water table. By raising the stream level, the gradient of the surface of the water table above the beaver dam is reduced, and water near the beaver dam flows more slowly into the stream. This further helps in reducing flood waves, and increases water flow when there is no rain. Beaver dams also smooth out water flow by increasing the area wetted by the stream. This allows more water to seep into the ground where its flow is slowed. This water eventually finds its way back to the stream. Rivers with beaver dams in their head waters have lower high water and higher low water levels. Excess nutrient removal Beavers that work on top of heavy snowfall make cuts that are high above ground Beaver ponds can cause the removal of nutrients from the stream flow. Farming along the banks of rivers often increases the loads of phosphates, nitrates and other nutrients, which can cause eutrophication and may contaminate drinking water. Besides silt, the beaver dam collects twigs and branches from the beavers ' activity and leaves, notably in the fall. The main component of this material is cellulose, a polymer of β - glucose monomers ( This creates a more crystalline structure than is found in starch, which is composed of α - glucose monomers. Cellulose is a type of polysaccharide. ) Many bacteria produce cellulase which can split off the glucose and use it for energy. Just as algae get their energy from sunlight, these bacteria get their energy from cellulose, and they form the base of a very similar food chain. However, a source of energy is not enough for growth. These bacterial populations face serious shortages of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, and will absorb these nutrients as they pass by in the water stream. In this way, these and other nutrients are fixed into the beaver pond and the surrounding ecology, and are removed from the stream. Pesticide and herbicide removal Agriculture also introduces herbicides and pesticides into streams. Some of these toxicants are metabolized and decomposed by the bacteria in the cellulose - rich bottom of a beaver dam. Denitrification Some scientists believe that the nitrogen cascade, the production of far more fixed nitrogen than the natural cycles can turn back into nitrogen gas, may be as much of a problem to our ecology as carbon dioxide production. Studies have shown, that beaver dams along a stream contribute to denitrification ( the conversion of nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen ). Bacteria in the dirt and the plant debris, which collects at the dams, turns nitrates into nitrogen gas. The gas bubbles up to the surface and mixes with the atmosphere once more. Salmon and trout Large European beaver dam near Olden, Jämtland, Sweden Beaver dams and the associated ponds can provide nurseries for salmon and trout. An early indication of this was seen following the 1818 agreement between the British government of Canada and the government of America allowing Americans access to the Columbia watershed. The Hudson 's Bay Company, in a fit of pique, instructed its trappers to extirpate the fur - bearing animals in the area. The beaver was the first to be made locally extinct. Salmon runs fell precipitously in the following years, even though none of the factors associated with the decline of salmon runs were extant at that time. There are several reasons why beaver dams increase salmon runs. They produce ponds that are deep enough for juvenile salmon to hide from predatory wading birds. They trap nutrients in their ecology and notably the huge nutrient pulse represented by the migration of the adult salmon upstream. These nutrients help feed the juveniles after the yolk sac has been digested. The dams provide calm water which means that the young salmon can use energy for growth rather than for fighting currents ; larger smolts with a food reserve have a better rate of survival when they reach the sea. Finally, beaver dams keep the water clear which favours all salmonoids. Frogs Beaver dams have been shown to be beneficial to frog and toad populations, likely because they provide protected areas for larvae to mature in warm, well - oxygenated water. This is important because this type of water enhances the development and growth of frog and toad larvae. A study in Alberta, Canada, showed that `` Pitfall traps on beaver ponds captured 5.7 times more newly metamorphosed wood frogs, 29 times more western toads and 24 times more boreal chorus frogs than on nearby free - flowing streams. '' Songbirds Beaver dams help migrating songbirds. By stimulating the growth of species of plants that are critical to populations of songbirds in decline, beaver dams help create food and habitat for populations of songbirds in decline. The presence of beaver dams has been shown to be associated with an increased diversity of songbirds. Stream life cycle Drained beaver pond in Allegany State Park Wetland creation If a beaver pond becomes too shallow due to sediment accumulation, or if the tree supply is depleted, beavers will abandon the site. Eventually the dam will be breached and the water will drain out. The rich thick layer of silt, branches, and dead leaves behind the old dam is the ideal habitat for wetland species. Many may have been on the fringes of the pond. Wetlands have significant environmental benefits. Meadow creation As the wetland fills up with plant debris and dries out, pasture species colonize it and the wetland becomes a meadow suitable for grazing in an area with nothing but forest down to the stream edge. This provides a valuable niche for many animals which otherwise would be excluded. Riverine forest This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2017 ) Finally the meadow will be colonized by riverine trees, typically aspens, willows and such species which are favoured by the beaver. Beavers are then likely to recolonize the area, and the cycle begins again. Bottom land Each time the stream life cycle repeats itself another layer of rich organic soil is added to the bottom of the valley. The valley slowly fills and the flat area at the bottom gets wider. Research is sparse, but it seems likely that much of the fabled bottom land in North America was created, or at least added to, by the efforts of the generations of beavers that lived there. Disruption Canoeists try unsuccessfully to run a beaver dam in Algonquin Park. The dam is about 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) high. Beaver dams can be disruptive ; the flooding can cause extensive property damage, and when the flooding occurs next to a railroad roadbed, it can cause derailments by washing out the tracks, or when a beaver dam bursts and the resulting flash flood overwhelms a culvert. Traditional solutions to beaver problems have been focused on the trapping and removal of all the beavers in the area. While this is sometimes necessary, it is typically a short - lived solution, as beaver populations have made a remarkable comeback in the United States ( after near extirpation in the nineteenth century ) and are likely to continually recolonize suitable habitat. Modern solutions include relatively cost - effective and low maintenance flow devices. As for the dams, their construction is often too solid for them to be broken up manually or torn apart by machinery. One effective method for removing beaver dams is through the usage of dynamite. Introduced to an area without its natural predators, as in Tierra del Fuego, beavers have flooded thousands of acres of land and are considered a plague. One notable difference in Tierra del Fuego from most of North America is that the trees in Tierra del Fuego can not be coppiced as can willows, poplars, aspens, and other North American trees. Thus the damage by the beavers seems more severe. The beaver 's disruption is not limited to human geography ; beavers can destroy nesting habitat for endangered species. See also North American beaver Logjam, an accumulation of wood debris on a river or stream References ^ Jump up to : Fall, S. ( 2007 ). `` Beaver pictures & facts ''. Retrieved September 2, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Strege, David. `` Explorer first to reach world 's largest beaver dam ''. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Jump up ^ http://news.discovery.com/animals/zoo-animals/beaver-dam-canada-space.htm Jump up ^ Thie, J. `` Exploring beaver habitat and distribution with Google Earth : The longest beaver dam in the World ''. Retrieved September 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 15 remarkable animals that use tools ''. Mother Nature Network. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` About beavers ''. Beavers : Wetlands and Wildlife. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ Kemp, P.S., Worthington, T.A., Langford, E.L., Tree, A.R.J. and Gaywood, M.J., ( 2012 ). Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish. Fish and Fisheries, 13 ( 2 ) : 158 - 181 DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 2979.2011. 00421. x Jump up ^ Lazar, Julia ; Addy, Kelly ; Gold, Arthur ; Groffman, Peter ; McKinney, Richard ; Kellogg, Dorothy ( 16 September 2015 ). `` Beaver Ponds : Resurgent Nitrogen Sinks for Rural Watersheds in the Northeastern United States ''. Journal of Environmental Quality. 44 ( 5 ) : 1684 -- 1693. doi : 10.2134 / jeq2014. 12.0540. Retrieved 29 October 2015. Jump up ^ Grannes, S.G. ( 2008 ). `` Beaver dam information site ''. Retrieved August 30, 2013. Jump up ^ ' Beavers ' at The Northwest Power and Conservation Council Jump up ^ http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/beaver-boost.html&template=news_archive_item#cr Jump up ^ `` Beavers Helping Frogs And Toads Survive ''. Science Daily. January 11, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Beavers : Dam Good For Songbirds ''. Science Daily. October 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Pollock, Michael M. ; Morgan Heim ; Danielle Werner ( 2003 ). `` Hydrologic and geomorphic effects of beaver dams and their influence on fishes '' ( PDF ). American Fisheries Society Symposium. 37 : 213 -- 233. Retrieved Feb 20, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beaver dams. `` Worth a Dam '' ( beaver information and educational site ) `` Beaver dam ''. Collier 's New Encyclopedia. 1921. Video of a beaver building a dam Ponds, pools and puddles Ponds Ash pond Balancing lake Ballast pond Beel Cooling pond Detention pond Dew pond Evaporation pond Facultative lagoon Garden pond Ice pond Immersion pond Infiltration basin Kettle pond Log pond Melt pond Mill pond Polishing pond Raceway pond Retention pond Sag pond Salt evaporation pond Sediment pond Settling pond Solar pond Stepwell Stew pond Tailings Tarn Waste pond Waste stabilization pond Pools Anchialine pool Brine pool Natural pool Plunge pool Reflecting pool Spent fuel pool Stream pool Swimming pool Tide pool Vernal pool Puddles Bird bath Coffee ring effect Puddle Puddles on a surface Seep puddle Biota Beaver dam Duck pond Fish pond Goldfish pond Koi pond Ecosystems Aquatic ecosystem Freshwater ecosystem Lake ecosystem Related topics Aerated lagoon Bakki shower Big fish -- little pond Body of water Constructed wetland Full pond Hydric soil Phytotelma Pond of Abundance Pond liner Ponding Puddle ( MC Escher ) Spring Swimming hole Water aeration Water garden Water Lilies ( Monet ) Water well Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaver_dam&oldid=830000927 '' Categories : Beavers Ponds Dams by type Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018, at 03 : 06. 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Question: how does a beaver's dam changed the environment
Answer: the overall ecosystem builds upon the change