Haka - wikipedia Haka This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2017 ) This article is about the traditional Māori war dance. For use in sports, see Haka ( sports ). For other uses, see Haka ( disambiguation ). Not to be confused with Hakka. Look up haka in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The haka is a traditional genre of Māori dance. This picture dates from c. 1845. The haka ( plural haka, in both Māori and English ) is a traditional war cry, war dance, or challenge in Māori culture. It is a posture dance performed by a group, with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet with rhythmically shouted accompaniment. War haka were originally performed by warriors before a battle, proclaiming their strength and prowess in order to intimidate the opposition, but haka are also performed to welcome distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions or funerals, and kapa haka ( performing arts ) groups are very common in schools. New Zealand sports teams ' practice of performing a haka before their international matches has made the haka more widely known around the world. This tradition began with the 1888 -- 89 New Zealand Native football team tour and has been carried on by the New Zealand rugby union team ( `` All Blacks '' ) since 1905. Contents 1 History 2 Types 3 Mythology 4 Cultural impact 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Inline citations 6.3 General references 7 External links History Haka being performed at the SCC Rugby Sevens Although the use of haka by the All Blacks rugby union team and the New Zealand rugby league team has made one type of haka familiar, it has led to misconceptions. Most haka are performed by men. There are however some haka which are performed predominantly by women -- one of the most well - known being the Ngāti Porou haka `` Ka Panapana ''. A performance by the Kahurangi Māori Dance group In modern times, various haka have been composed to be performed by women and even children. Haka are performed for various reasons : for welcoming distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions or funerals. War haka ( peruperu ) were originally performed by warriors before a battle, proclaiming their strength and prowess in order to intimidate the opposition. Today, haka constitute an integral part of formal or official welcome ceremonies for distinguished visitors or foreign dignitaries, serving to impart a sense of the importance of the occasion. Various actions are employed in the course of a performance, including facial contortions such as showing the whites of the eyes and poking out the tongue, and a wide variety of vigorous body actions such as slapping the hands against the body and stomping of the feet. As well as chanted words, a variety of cries and grunts are used. Haka may be understood as a kind of symphony in which the different parts of the body represent many instruments. The hands, arms, legs, feet, voice, eyes, tongue and the body as a whole combine to express courage, annoyance, joy or other feelings relevant to the purpose of the occasion. Types A group of men and women perform a haka for Lord Ranfurly at Ruatoki, Bay of Plenty, in 1904 The various types of haka include whakatu waewae, tutu ngarahu and peruperu. The peruperu is characterised by leaps during which the legs are pressed under the lower body. In former times, the peruperu was performed before a battle in order to invoke the god of war and to discourage and frighten the enemy. It involved fierce facial expressions and grimaces, poking out of the tongue, eye bulging, grunts and cries, and the waving of weapons. If the haka was not performed in total unison, this was regarded as a bad omen for the battle. Often, warriors went naked into battle, apart from a plaited flax belt around the waist. The tutu ngarahu also involves jumping, but from side to side, while in the whakatu waewae no jumping occurs. Another kind of haka performed without weapons is the ngeri, the purpose of which was to motivate the warriors psychologically. The movements are very free, and each performer is expected to be expressive of their feelings. Manawa wera haka were generally associated with funerals or other occasions involving death. Like the ngeri they were performed without weapons, and there was little or no choreographed movement. The most well - known haka is `` Ka Mate '', attributed to Te Rauparaha, war leader of the Ngāti Toa tribe. The `` Ka Mate '' haka is classified as a haka taparahi -- a ceremonial haka. `` Ka Mate '' is about the cunning ruse Te Rauparaha used to outwit his enemies, and may be interpreted as `` a celebration of the triumph of life over death ''. Mythology According to Māori mythology, the sun god, Tama - nui - te - rā, had two wives, the Summer Maid, Hine - raumati, and the Winter Maid, Hine - takurua. Haka originated in the coming of Hine - raumati, whose presence on still, hot days was revealed in a quivering appearance in the air. This was the haka of Tāne - rore, the son of Hine - raumati and Tama - nui - te - rā. Cultural impact Play media Māori haka at a mine site in western Australia In the lead up to the Rugby World Cup in 2011, flashmob haka became a popular way of expressing support for the All Blacks. Some Māori leaders thought it was `` inappropriate '' and a `` bastardisation '' of the traditional war cry, despite its popularity. Sizeable flashmob haka were performed in Wellington and Auckland, as well as London, which has a large New Zealander immigrant community. On 28 August 2012, the New Zealand Herald posted a story of video footage which went viral worldwide of soldiers from the 2nd and 1st Battalion Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment performing a haka for fallen comrades who were recently killed in action in Afghanistan. In November 2012, a Māori kapa haka group from Rotorua performed a version of the `` Gangnam Style '' dance mixed with a traditional haka in Seoul, celebrating 50 years of diplomatic relations between South Korea and New Zealand. On 7 December 2014, at the Blood and Thunder Roller Derby World Cup in Dallas, Texas, Team New Zealand performed a haka on roller skates to the Australian Roller Derby team before their bout in the quarter finals. Team New Zealand performed a haka before their debut game against Team USA at the first Blood and Thunder Roller Derby World Cup, on 1 December 2011, however it was unexpected and the arena music was still playing. It has since become an expected tradition. On 20 July 2015, Dawson Tamatea, a teacher at Palmerston North Boys ' High in Palmerston North, New Zealand, died. Hundreds of his students performed a haka at his funeral. In the first month, the posted video had over 6,000,000 views. The University of Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team adopted the haka as a pregame ritual during the 2006 season. Originally, Tala Esera, who played high school football at Kahuku High School, introduced the haka to the team, and during the 2006 season, star quarterback Colt Brennan led the team in performing the haka. The team 's 2007 campaign, which saw Brennan emerge as a Heisman Trophy finalist and lead the team to an undefeated regular season, as well as a berth in the Bowl Championship Series despite the Warriors not playing in a BCS conference, drew American attention to the haka. The Warriors are just one of numerous American football teams to perform the haka as a pregame ritual. In 2016, on the 15th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, New Zealand firefighters honoured the victims with a Haka, and the video has been viewed 20 million times. See also Māori Battalion haka in Egypt, 1941 Haka in popular culture Kapa haka Kailao Māori music Siva tau Cibi Hula Military music Partial squatting War song References Notes Jump up ^ The group of people performing a haka is referred to as a kapa haka ( kapa meaning row or rank ). The Māori word haka has cognates in other Polynesian languages, for example : Tongan haka, ' hand action while singing ' ; Samoan sa ʻa, Tokelau haka, Rarotongan ʻaka, Hawaiian ha ʻa, Marquesan haka, all meaning ' dance ' ; Mangarevan ʻaka, ' to dance in traditional fashion ; dance accompanied by chant, usually of a warlike nature '. In some languages, the meaning is divergent, for example in Tikopia saka means to ' perform rites in traditional ritual system '. The form reconstructed for Proto - Polynesian is * saka, deriving ultimately from Proto - Oceanic * saŋka ( g ). Inline citations Jump up ^ `` Haka, Maori dance ''. Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Retrieved 26 April 2017. Jump up ^ Hunt, Tom ( 19 September 2015 ). `` Flashback : The All Blacks perform haka for the first time ''. Stuff. Retrieved 4 May 2017. Jump up ^ All Black 's Haka ( 1 ). Jump up ^ `` East Coasters lead kapa haka group in Timor Leste ''. New Zealand Defence Force. Jump up ^ Haka is also the plural form in Māori Archived 2011 - 07 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Chant composed by Te Rauparaha ''. teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 31 October 2017. Jump up ^ A.H. McLintock, ed. ( 1966 ). `` Haka ''. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Maori leaders at odds over flash mob haka ''. 3 News NZ. September 20, 2011. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wellington haka attracts hundreds ''. 3 News NZ. September 8, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Flash mob haka on Auckland 's Queen Street ahead of RWC opener All Blacks vs Tonga ''. 3 News NZ. September 9, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Flashmob haka takes over Trafalgar Square ''. 3 News NZ. November 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` 2nd 1st Farewell Their Fallen Comrades With A Huge Haka ''. New Zealand Defence Force. August 25, 2012. Jump up ^ Harper, Paul ( August 28, 2012 ). `` Soldiers ' farewell haka footage goes viral ''. nzherald.co.nz. NZME. Publishing Limited. Retrieved January 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Maori take on Gangnam Style in Korea ''. 3 News NZ. November 30, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Team New Zealand vs Team Australia Haka ''. Blood and Thunder World Cup Official Facebook. December 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Team New Zealand Haka ''. Blood and Thunder World Cup Official Youtube. December 1, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Palmerston North Boys ' High teacher remembered ''. Manawatu Standard. July 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Keady, Cameron ( July 29, 2015 ). `` Entire Boys ' School Performs Electrifying, Emotional Dance For Teacher They Lost ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ `` PNBHS Haka for Mr. Dawson Tamatea 's Funeral Service ''. PHBHS. Jump up ^ `` 2006 Hawaii Bowl UH over ASU -- UH Haka ''. YouTube. Retrieved 6 February 2016. Jump up ^ Herreria, Carla ( September 12, 2016 ). `` New Zealand Firefighters Honor 9 / 11 Victims With A Powerful Haka ''. The Huffington Post. General references McLean, Mervyn, 1996. Maori music. Auckland : Auckland University Press. Pōmare, Mīria ( March 3, 2017 ). ' Ngāti Toarangatira -- Chant composed by Te Rauparaha '. Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haka. Haka -- A New Zealand icon HAKA in An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A.H. McLintock, originally published in 1966. 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Also see Category : Oceanian culture. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haka&oldid=820667495 '' Categories : Haka Māori culture Māori words and phrases Ritual dances War dances Dances of Polynesia Partial squatting position Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018, at 22 : 51. 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Question: when is the haka used in nz society
Answer: formal or official welcome ceremonies for distinguished visitors or foreign dignitaries