Copyright clause - wikipedia Copyright clause This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Copyright Clause ( also known as the Intellectual Property Clause, Copyright and Patent Clause, or the Progress Clause ) describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution ( Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 ). The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power `` To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. '' The clause is the basis of intellectual property laws in the United States, specifically copyright and patent laws. Contents 1 History 2 Effect 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading History On August 18, 1787, the Constitutional Convention was in the midst of a weeks - long stretch of proposals to establish what would become the enumerated powers of the United States Congress. Three such proposals made on that day addressed what are now lumped together under intellectual property rights. One, by Charles Pinckney was `` to secure to authors exclusive rights for a limited time ''. The other two were made by James Madison, who had previously served on a committee of the Congress established under the Articles of Confederation which had encouraged the individual states to adopt copyright legislation. Madison proposed that the Constitution permit Congress `` to secure to literary authors their copyrights for a limited time '', or, in the alternative, `` to encourage, by proper premiums & Provisions, the advancement of useful knowledge and discoveries ''. Both proposals were referred to the Committee of Detail, which reported back on September 5, 1787 with a proposal containing the current language of the clause. No record exists to explain the exact choice of words selected by the Committee on Detail, whose task was essentially no more than creating a draft Constitution by arranging the proposals that had been made into the most appropriate language. On September 17, 1787, the members of the Convention unanimously agreed to the proposed language, without debate, and this language was incorporated into the Constitution. Effect The clause actually confers two distinct powers : the power to secure for limited times to authors the exclusive right to their writings is the basis for U.S. copyright law, and the power to secure for limited times to inventors the exclusive rights to their discoveries is the basis for U.S. patent law. Because the clause contains no language under which Congress may protect trademarks, those are instead protected under the Commerce Clause. Some terms in the clause are used in archaic meanings, potentially confusing modern readers. For example, `` useful Arts '' does not refer to artistic endeavors, but rather to the work of artisans, people skilled in a manufacturing craft ; `` Sciences '' refers not only to fields of modern scientific inquiry but rather to all knowledge. The Copyright Clause is the only clause granting power to Congress for which the means to accomplish its stated purpose are specifically provided. The exact limitations of this clause have been defined through a number of United States Supreme Court cases interpreting the text. For example, the Court has determined that because the purpose of the clause is to stimulate development of the works it protects, its application can not result in inhibiting such progress. However, there has been a countervailing strain in the courts that has promoted a varying view. Furthermore, the clause only permits protection of the writings of authors and the discoveries of inventors. Hence, writings may only be protected to the extent that they are original, and `` inventions '' must be truly inventive and not merely obvious improvements on existing knowledge. The term `` writings of authors '' appears to exclude non-human authorship such as painting by chimpanzees and computer code written by programmed computers, but the issue has not been tested in litigation. Although perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited -- the language specifies `` limited times '' -- the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft ( 2003 ) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute a perpetual copyright. In that case, the United States Supreme Court rejected a challenge to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, also known pejoratively as the `` Mickey Mouse Protection Act. '' Petitioners in that case argued that successive retroactive extensions of copyright were functionally unlimited and hence violated the limited times language of the clause. Justice Ginsburg, writing for the Court, rejected this argument, reasoning that the terms provided by the Act were limited in duration and noted that Congress had a long history of granting retroactive extensions. See also Wikisource has original text related to this article : U.S. Const. 1.8. 8 United States Constitution Copyright United States copyright law United States patent law Stanford v. Roche References ^ Jump up to : William F. Patry, Copyright Law and Practice ( 1994 ). Jump up ^ Ochoa, Tyler T. ( 2007 ). `` Chapter 7 : Copyright Duration : Theories and Practice ''. In Yu, Peter K. Intellectual Property and Information Wealth : Copyright and related rights. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 133. ISBN 9780275988838. OCLC 71427267. Jump up ^ See Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 349 ( 1991 ). Jump up ^ Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1 ( 1966 ). Jump up ^ See Compendium II of Copyright Office Practices § 503.03 ( a ) ( 1984 ) ( `` In order to be entitled to copyright registration, a work must be the product of human authorship. Works produced by mechanical processes or random selection without any contribution by a human author are not registrable. '' ). Jump up ^ See A Platonic Dialogue on Eldred v. Ashcroft. Further reading Fenning, Karl ( 1929 ). `` The Origin of the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution ''. Journal of the Patent Office Society. 11 : 438. ISSN 0096 - 3577. Hatch, Orrin G. ; Lee, Thomas R. ( 2002 ). `` To Promote the Progress Of Science : The Copyright Clause and Congress ' Power to Extend Copyrights ''. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology. 16 : 1 -- 23. ISSN 0897 - 3393. Ochoa, Tyler T. ; Rose, Mark ( 2002 ). `` The Anti-Monopoly Origins of the Patent and Copyright Clause ''. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society. 84 : 909. ISSN 0096 - 3577. 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Question: where does congress get its power to protect authors and inventors
Answer: Copyright Clause (also known as the Intellectual Property Clause, Copyright and Patent Clause, or the Progress Clause)