Clove - wikipedia Clove This article is about the spice. For other uses, see Clove ( disambiguation ). `` Cloves '' redirects here. For the singer, see Cloves ( singer ). Clove Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Myrtales Family : Myrtaceae Genus : Syzygium Species : S. aromaticum Binomial name Syzygium aromaticum ( L. ) Merrill & Perry Synonyms Caryophyllus aromaticus L. Eugenia aromatica ( L. ) Baill. Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. Eugenia caryophyllus ( Spreng. ) Bullock & S.G. Harrison Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands ( or Moluccas ) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania ( Zanzibar ). Cloves are available throughout the year. Contents 1 Botanical features 2 Uses 2.1 Non-culinary uses 2.2 Traditional medicinal uses 2.3 Potential medicinal uses 3 Adulteration 4 History 5 Chemical compounds 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Botanical Features The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8 -- 12 m tall, with large leaves and crimson flowers grouped in terminal clusters. The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest. Cloves are harvested at 1.5 -- 2.0 cm long, and consist of a long calyx that terminates in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals that form a small central ball. Uses Dried cloves Clove tree flowers Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian, African, and the Near and Middle East countries, lending flavor to meats, curries, and marinades, as well as fruit such as apples, pears or rhubarb. Cloves may be used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages, often combined with other ingredients such as lemon and sugar. They are a common element in spice blends such as pumpkin pie spice and speculoos spices. In Mexican cuisine, cloves are best known as clavos de olor, and often accompany cumin and cinnamon. They are also used in Peruvian cuisine, in a wide variety of dishes as carapulcra and arroz con leche. A major component of clove taste is imparted by the chemical eugenol, and the quantity of the spice required is typically small. It pairs well with cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, red wine and basil, as well as onion, citrus peel, star anise, or peppercorns. Non-culinary uses The spice is used in a type of cigarette called kretek in Indonesia. Clove cigarettes have been smoked throughout Europe, Asia and the United States. Starting in 2009, clove cigarettes must be classified as cigars in the US. Because of the bioactive chemicals of clove, the spice may be used as an ant repellent. Cloves used in an orange as a pomander Cloves can be used to make a fragrance pomander when combined with an orange. When given as a gift in Victorian England, such a pomander indicated warmth of feeling. Traditional medicinal uses Cloves are used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, and western herbalism and dentistry where the essential oil is used as an anodyne ( painkiller ) for dental emergencies. Cloves are used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis. Cloves are also said to be a natural anthelmintic. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy when stimulation and warming are needed, especially for digestive problems. Topical application over the stomach or abdomen are said to warm the digestive tract. Applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth, it also relieves toothache. In Chinese medicine, cloves or ding xiang are considered acrid, warm, and aromatic, entering the kidney, spleen and stomach meridians, and are notable in their ability to warm the middle, direct stomach qi downward, to treat hiccup and to fortify the kidney yang. Because the herb is so warming, it is contraindicated in any persons with fire symptoms and according to classical sources should not be used for anything except cold from yang deficiency. As such, it is used in formulas for impotence or clear vaginal discharge from yang deficiency, for morning sickness together with ginseng and patchouli, or for vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen and stomach coldness. Cloves drying in sun Potential medicinal uses Generally, there is insufficient evidence that clove oil containing eugenol is effective for toothache pain or a variety of other types of pain, although one review reported efficacy of eugenol combined with zinc oxide as an analgesic for alveolar osteitis. Studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent, and to prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive. It remains unproven whether using cloves or clove oil reduces blood sugar levels. Adulteration Clove stalks are slender stems of the inflorescence axis that show opposite decussate branching. Externally, they are brownish, rough, and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture. Mother cloves ( anthophylli ) are the ripe fruits of cloves that are ovoid, brown berries, unilocular and one - seeded. This can be detected by the presence of much starch in the seeds. Brown cloves are expanded flowers from which both corollae and stamens have been detached. Exhausted cloves have most or all the oil removed by distillation. They yield no oil and are darker in color. History Archeologists have found cloves in a ceramic vessel in Syria, with evidence that dates the find to within a few years of 1721 BCE. In the third century BCE, a Chinese leader in the Han Dynasty required those who addressed him to chew cloves to freshen their breath. Cloves were traded by Muslim sailors and merchants during the Middle Ages in the profitable Indian Ocean trade, the clove trade is also mentioned by Ibn Battuta and even famous Arabian Nights characters such as Sinbad the Sailor are known to have bought and sold cloves from India. Clove output in 2005 Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Moluccas ( historically called the Spice Islands ), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. In fact, the clove tree that experts believe is the oldest in the world, named Afo, is on Ternate. The tree is between 350 and 400 years old. Tourists are told that seedlings from this very tree were stolen by a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre in 1770, transferred to the Isle de France ( Mauritius ), and then later to Zanzibar, which was once the world 's largest producer of cloves. Until cloves were grown outside of the Maluku Islands, they were traded like oil, with an enforced limit on exportation. As the Dutch East India Company consolidated its control of the spice trade in the 17th century, they sought to gain a monopoly in cloves as they had in nutmeg. However, `` unlike nutmeg and mace, which were limited to the minute Bandas, clove trees grew all over the Moluccas, and the trade in cloves was way beyond the limited policing powers of the corporation. '' Chemical compounds The compound eugenol is responsible for most of the characteristic aroma of cloves Eugenol composes 72 -- 90 % of the essential oil extracted from cloves and is the compound most responsible for clove aroma. Other important essential oil constituents of clove oil include acetyl eugenol, beta - caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as bicornin, gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate ( painkiller ), the flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin, tri terpenoids such as oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, and campesterol and several sesquiterpenes. Eugenol is toxic in relatively small quantities ; for example, a dose of 5 -- 10 ml has been reported as being a near fatal dose for a two - year - old child. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clove. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cloves. Cinnamomum cassia Gallic acid Insect repellent References ^ Jump up to : `` Syzygium aromaticum ( L. ) Merr. & L.M. Perry ''. Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ). Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ), United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ). Retrieved June 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Dorenburg, Andrew and Page, Karen. The New American Chef : Cooking with the Best Flavors and Techniques from Around the World, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2003 ^ Jump up to : Kamatou GP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM ( 2012 ). `` Eugenol -- from the remote Maluku Islands to the international market place : a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule ''. Molecules. 17 ( 6 ) : 6953 -- 81. doi : 10.3390 / molecules17066953. PMID 22728369. Jump up ^ `` Flavored Tobacco ''. FDA.gov. Retrieved September 7, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Get Rid of Ants 24 ''. getridofanst24. Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 28. Jump up ^ Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, 2000, p. 94 Jump up ^ Alqareer A, Alyahya A, Andersson L ( May 24, 2012 ). `` The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics ''. Journal of dentistry. 34 ( 10 ) : 747 -- 50. doi : 10.1016 / j. jdent. 2006.01. 009. PMID 16530911. ^ Jump up to : Chinese Herbal Medicine : Materia Medica, Third Edition by Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, and Andrew Gamble 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Clove ''. MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health. 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Taberner - Vallverdú, M ; Nazir, M ; Sanchez - Garces, MÁ ; Gay - Escoda, C ( 2015 ). `` Efficacy of different methods used for dry socket management : A systematic review ''. Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 20 ( 5 ) : e633 -- e639. doi : 10.4317 / medoral. 20589. PMC 4598935. Jump up ^ Bisset, N.G. ( 1994 ). Herbal drugs and phyotpharmaceuticals, Medpharm. Stuttgart : Scientific Publishers. ^ Jump up to : Turner, Jack ( 2004 ). Spice : The History of a Temptation. Vintage Books. pp. xxvii -- xxviii. ISBN 0 - 375 - 70705 - 0. Jump up ^ Andaya, Leonard Y. ( 1993 ). `` 1 : Cultural State Formation in Eastern Indonesia ''. In Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the early modern era : trade, power, and belief. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8093 - 5. Jump up ^ `` The Third Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman - The Arabian Nights - The Thousand and One Nights ''. Translated by Sir Richard Burton. Classiclit.about.com. April 10, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Worrall, Simon ( June 23, 2012 ). `` The world 's oldest clove tree ''. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Krondl, Michael. The Taste of Conquest : The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice. New York : Ballantine Books, 2007. Jump up ^ Li - Ming Bao, Eerdunbayaer ; Akiko Nozaki ; Eizo Takahashi ; Keinosuke Okamoto ; Hideyuki Ito & Tsutomu Hatano ( 2012 ). `` Hydrolysable Tannins Isolated from Syzygium aromaticum : Structure of a New C - Glucosidic Ellagitannin and Spectral Features of Tannins with a Tergalloyl Group ''. Heterocycles. 85 ( 2 ) : 365 -- 81. doi : 10.3987 / COM - 11 - 12392. Jump up ^ Chinese Herbal Medicine : Materia Medica, Third Edition by Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, and Andrew Gamble. 2004 Jump up ^ Hartnoll, G ; Moore, D ; Douek, D ( 1993 ). `` Near fatal ingestion of oil of cloves ''. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 69 ( 3 ) : 392 -- 3. doi : 10.1136 / adc. 69.3. 392. PMC 1029532. PMID 8215554. Further reading Liu, Bin - Bin ; Liu, Luo ; Liu, Xiao - Long ; Geng, Di ; Li, Cheng - Fu ; Chen, Shao - Mei ; Chen, Xue - Mei ; Yi, Li - Tao ; Liu, Qing ( February 2015 ). `` Essential Oil of Syzygium aromaticum Reverses the Deficits of Stress - Induced Behaviors and Hippocampal p - ERK / p - CREB / Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression ''. Planta Medica. 81 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 192. doi : 10.1055 / s - 0034 - 1396150. PMID 25590367. Retrieved 27 April 2015. Culinary herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil holy Thai Bay leaf Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese ( rau răm ) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi ( Vietnamese balm ) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica ( rice - paddy herb ) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori ( ground seaweed ) Ajwain Allspice Amchoor ( mango powder ) Anise star Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot ( krachai ) Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Mace Mango - ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella ( kalonji ) Njangsa Nutmeg Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Salt Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso seeds / berries Sumac Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Peppers Alligator Brazilian Chili Capsicum annuum Cayenne Jalapeño New Mexico chile Paprika Capsicum chinense Habanero Capsicum frutescens Piri piri Tabasco Long Peruvian Sichuan ( huājiāo ) Japanese pricklyash Tasmanian Peppercorn ( black / green / white ) Mixtures Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five - spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Idli podi Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Onion powder Panch phoron Persillade Powder - douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Vadouvan Yuzukoshō Za'atar Lists and related topics Lists of herbs and spices Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub TRP channel modulators TRPA Activators 4 - Hydroxynonenal 4 - Oxo - 2 - nonenal 4, 5 - EET 12S - HpETE 15 - Deoxy - Δ - prostaglandin J2 α - Sanshool ( ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Acrolein Allicin ( garlic ) Allyl isothiocyanate ( mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi ) AM404 Bradykinin Cannabichromene ( cannabis ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cinnamaldehyde ( cinnamon ) CR gas ( dibenzoxazepine ; DBO ) CS gas ( 2 - chlorobenzal malononitrile ) Curcumin ( turmeric ) Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine ( Lindera spp. ) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols ( ginger ) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate Ligustilide ( celery, Angelica acutiloba ) Linalool ( Sichuan pepper, thyme ) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate ( wintergreen ) N - Methylmaleimide Nicotine ( tobacco ) Oleocanthal ( olive oil ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) PF - 4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Shogaols ( ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol ( cannabis ) Thiopropanal S - oxide ( onion ) Umbellulone ( Umbellularia californica ) WIN 55,212 - 2 Blockers Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Nicotine ( tobacco ) Ruthenium red TRPC Activators Adhyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPM Activators ADP - ribose BCTC Calcium ( intracellular ) Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 CPS - 369 Eucalyptol ( eucalyptus ) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol ( mint ) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Steviol glycosides ( e.g., stevioside ) ( Stevia rebaudiana ) Sweet tastants ( e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose ; indirectly ) Thio - BCTC WS - 3 WS - 12 WS - 23 Blockers Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Elismetrep Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Nicotine ( tobacco ) Niflumic acid Ruthenium red Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPML Activators MK6 - 83 PI ( 3, 5 ) P SF - 22 TRPP Activators Triptolide ( Tripterygium wilfordii ) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPV Activators 2 - APB 5 ', 6 ' - EET 9 - HODE 9 - oxoODE 12S - HETE 12S - HpETE 13 - HODE 13 - oxoODE 20 - HETE α - Sanshool ( ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Allicin ( garlic ) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide ( Andrographis paniculata ) Camphor ( camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabidivarin ( cannabis ) Capsaicin ( chili pepper ) Carvacrol ( oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others ) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Estradiol Eugenol ( basil, clove ) Evodiamine ( Euodia ruticarpa ) Gingerols ( ginger ) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Homodihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Incensole ( incense ) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH ( acidic conditions ) Menthol ( mint ) N - Arachidonoyl dopamine N - Oleoyldopamine N - Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide ( PAVA ) ( PAVA spray ) Nordihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Phorbol esters ( e.g., 4α - PDD ) Piperine ( black pepper, long pepper ) Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Probenecid Protons RhTx Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Resiniferatoxin ( RTX ) ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Shogaols ( ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tetrahydrocannabivarin ( cannabis ) Thymol ( thyme, oregano ) Tinyatoxin ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Tramadol Vanillin ( vanilla ) Zucapsaicin Blockers α - Spinasterol ( Vernonia tweediana ) AMG - 517 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerolic acid ( cannabis ) Cannabigerovarin ( cannabis ) Cannabinol ( cannabis ) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GRC - 6211 HC - 067047 Lanthanum Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid NGD - 8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN - 1734 RN - 9893 Ruthenium red SB - 705498 Tivanisiran Tolfenamic acid See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Ion channel modulators Taxon identifiers Syzygium aromaticum Wikidata : Q26736 Wikispecies : Syzygium aromaticum APDB : 16437 BioLib : 62110 EoL : 2508665 EPPO : SYZAR GBIF : 3183002 GRIN : 50069 iNaturalist : 122770 IPNI : 601421 - 1 ITIS : 506167 NCBI : 219868 Plant List : kew - 199236 PLANTS : SYAR2 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 601421 - 1 Tropicos : 22102278 WCSP : 199236 Caryophyllus aromaticus Wikidata : Q21872197 GBIF : 5418973 GRIN : 318428 IPNI : 592134 - 1 ITIS : 510319 Tropicos : 22102177 GND : 4157307 - 9 NDL : 00576624 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clove&oldid=846800360 '' Categories : Syzygium Spices Flora of the Maluku Islands Plants used in Ayurveda Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Non-timber forest products Indian spices Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 95 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018, at 00 : 00 ( UTC ). 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Question: clove is taken from which part of the plant
Answer: flower buds