Gallipoli - wikipedia Gallipoli This article is about the peninsula. For the eponymous town, see Gelibolu. For other uses, see Gallipoli ( disambiguation ). Coordinates : 40 ° 21 ′ N 26 ° 28 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 40.350 ° N 26.467 ° E ﻿ / 40.350 ; 26.467 Satellite image of the Gallipoli peninsula and surrounding area A view of the Dardanelles from a ship The Gallipoli peninsula ( / ɡəˈlɪpəli, ɡæ - / ; Turkish : Gelibolu Yarımadası ; Greek : Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name `` Καλλίπολις '' ( Kallípolis ), meaning `` Beautiful City '', the original name of the modern town of Gelibolu. In antiquity, the peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese ( Greek : Θρακική Χερσόνησος, Thrakiké Chersónesos ; Latin : Chersonesus Thracica ). The peninsula runs in a south - westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the Hellespont ( now known as the Dardanelles ) and the bay of Melas ( today Gulf of Saros ). In antiquity, it was protected by the Long Wall, a defensive structure built across the narrowest part of the peninsula near the ancient city of Agora. The isthmus traversed by the wall was only 36 stadia in breadth ( about 6.5 km ), but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia ( about 77.5 km ). Contents 1 History 1.1 Antiquity and Medieval 1.2 Ottoman era 1.2. 1 Ottoman conquest 1.2. 2 Crimean War ( 1853 -- 56 ) 1.2. 3 First Balkan War, Persecution of Greeks ( 1912 -- 13 ) 1.2. 4 World War I : Gallipoli Campaign, Persecution of Greeks ( 1914 - 1919 ) 1.2. 5 Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) 1.3 Turkish Republic 2 Notable people from Gallipoli 3 References 4 External links History Antiquity and medieval Map of ancient Gallipoli In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonesus ( from Greek χερσόνησος, `` peninsula '' ) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including Cardia, Pactya, Callipolis ( Gallipoli ), Alopeconnesus ( Greek : Ἀλωπεκόννησος ), Sestos, Madytos, and Elaeus. The peninsula was renowned for its wheat. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between Europe and Asia, as well as from its control of the shipping route from Crimea. The city of Sestos was the main crossing - point on the Hellespont. According to Herodotus, the Thracian tribe of Dolonci ( Greek : Δόλογκοι ) ( or `` barbarians '' according to Cornelius Nepos ) held possession of Chersonesus before the Greek colonization. Then, settlers from Ancient Greece, mainly of Ionian and Aeolian stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC. The Athenian statesman Miltiades the Elder founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, building up its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew, the more famous Miltiades the Younger, around 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the Persians in 493 BC after the outbreak of the Greco - Persian Wars ( 499 -- 478 BC ). The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled over by Athens, which enrolled it into the Delian League in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of cleruchies on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. Sparta gained control after the decisive battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. In the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and Macedon, whose king Philip II sought possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC. After the death of Philip 's son Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the object of contention among Alexander 's successors. Lysimachus established his capital Lysimachia here. In 278 BC, Celtic tribes from Galatia in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the Romans, who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally Eumenes II of Pergamon in 188 BC. At the extinction of the Attalid dynasty in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the Roman province of Asia. It was subsequently made a state - owned territory ( ager publicus ) and during the reign of the emperor Augustus it was imperial property. The Thracian Chersonese was part of the Eastern Roman Empire from its foundation in 330 AD. In 443 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus. Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the Republic of Venice, the Byzantine Empire ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between the 1st and the 2nd of March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses. Ottoman era Further information : Sanjak of Gelibolu Ottoman conquest After the devastating 1354 earthquake, the town of Gallipoli was besieged and captured by the Ottomans, making Gallipoli the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe, and the staging area for their expansion across the Balkans. It was recaptured for Byzantium by the Savoyard Crusade in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The Greeks living there were allowed to continue their everyday life. In the 19th century, Gallipoli ( Turkish : Gelibolu ) was a district ( kaymakamlik ) in the Vilayet of Adrianople, with about thirty thousand inhabitants : comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews. Crimean War ( 1853 -- 56 ) Gallipoli became a major encampment for British and French forces in 1854 during the Crimean War, and the harbour was also a stopping - off point on the way to Constantinople. British and French engineers constructed in March 1854, a 7 - mile line of defence to protect the peninsula from a possible Russian attack and so keep control of the route to the Mediterranean Sea. First Balkan War, Persecution of Greeks ( 1912 -- 13 ) Gallipoli did not experience any more wars until the First Balkan War, when the 1913 Battle of Bulair and several minor skirmishes took place here. A dispatch on 7 July 1913 reported that Ottoman troops treated Gallipoli 's Greeks ' with marked depravity ' as they ' destroyed, looted, and burned all the Greek villages near Gallipoli '. Many villages were sacked and destroyed completely and also, some Greeks killed. The cause of this savagery of the Turks was their fear that if Thrace was declared autonomous the Greek population may be found numerically superior to the Muslims. The Turkish Government, under pre-text that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to Gallipoli. Seven of the Greek villagers who were two minutes late behind the three hours limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the Balkan War was over, the exiles were allowed to return. But as the Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnished them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli. World War I : Gallipoli campaign, Persecution of Greeks ( 1914 - 1919 ) Main article : Gallipoli Campaign ANZAC Cove The Sphinx overlooking Anzac Cove During World War I, British and colonial forces attacked the peninsula in 1915, seeking to secure a route to relieve their eastern ally, Russia. The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and the attackers were eventually repulsed. In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing Constantinople, the British authorised an attack on the peninsula. The first Australian troops landed on early morning 25 April 1915 and after eight months of heavy fighting, the troops were withdrawn around the end of the year. The campaign was one of the greatest Ottoman victories during the war and is considered a major Allied failure. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation 's history : a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the founding of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. The Gallipoli Star was a military decoration created by the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and awarded for the duration of World War I. The campaign was the first major military action of Australia and New Zealand as independent dominions, and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in those nations. The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as `` Anzac Day ''. It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand. On the Allied side one of the key promoters of the expedition was Britain 's First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, whose reputation took years to recover. Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915, Ottoman Empire deported Greek residents from Gallipoli and surrounding region and from the islands in the sea of Marmara, to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks. The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government. Also, Greek houses and properties were plundered by the Turks. A testimony of a deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing room only ; how, on disembarking, men of military age were removed ( for forced labour in the labour battalions of the Ottoman army ) and how the rest were ' scattered... among the farms like ownerless cattle '. The Metropolitan of Gallipoli on 17th July, 1915, wrote that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical. He also, mention that : `` The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all the Christians ' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where... ''. In addition many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape among women and young girls, as well as their conversion to Islam. Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Gallipoli was occupied by Greek troops on 4 August 1920 during the Greco - Turkish War of 1919 -- 22, considered part of the Turkish War of Independence, and after the Armistice of Mudros it became a Greek prefecture centre as `` Kallipolis ''. However, Greece was forced to withdraw from Eastern Thrace after the Armistice of Mudanya. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but was finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. In 1920, after the defeat of the Russian White army of General Pyotr Wrangel, a significant number of emigre soldiers and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the Crimean Peninsula. From there, many went to European countries, such as Yugoslavia, where they found refuge. A stone monument was erected and a special `` Gallipoli cross '' was created to commemorate the soldiers, who stayed in Gallipoli. The stone monument was destroyed during an earthquake, but in January 2008 reconstruction of the monument had begun with the consent of the Turkish government. Turkish Republic Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, Eceabat, Keşan and Şarköy. After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in Çanakkale Province. Notable people from Gallipoli Ahmed Bican ( 1398 -- ca. 1466 ), author Piri Reis ( 1465 / 70 -- 1553 ), admiral, geographer and cartographer Mustafa Ali ( 1541 -- 1600 ), Ottoman historian, politician and writer Sofia Vembo ( 1910 -- 1978 ), Greek singer and actress References Jump up ^ Jones, Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ), Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Καλλίπολις, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek - English Lexicon, on Perseus Jump up ^ Xenophon ( January 1921 ). Hellenica, Volume II. Translated by Brownson, Carleton L. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674990999. Jump up ^ Siculus, Diodorus ( January 1933 ). Library of History, Volume I. Translated by Oldfather, Charles H. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674993075. Jump up ^ Secundus, Gaius Plinius ( 1855 ). Bostock, John ; Riley, Henry Thomas, eds. The Natural History. London : H.G. Bohn. Jump up ^ Plutarch ( January 1919 ). Lives ( in Ancient Greek ). Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674991101. ^ Jump up to : Herodotus, The Histories, vi. 36 ; Xenophon, ibid. ; Pseudo-Scylax, Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, 67 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Xερσόνησος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek - English Lexicon, on Perseus Jump up ^ `` Alopeconnesus ''. wikimapia.org. Jump up ^ Herodotus, vi. 34 ; Cornelius Nepos, Lives of Eminent Commanders, `` Miltiades '', 1 Jump up ^ Attila the Hun : Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire. Vintage. p. 105. ISBN 978 - 1844139156. Jump up ^ Crowley, Roger. 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. New York : Hyperion, 2005. p 31 ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0850 - 3. Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. ( 1913 ). `` Callipolis ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York : Robert Appleton. Jump up ^ Crimea Jump up ^ `` Charles Usherwood 's Service Journal, 1852 -- 1856 : despatch ''. victorianweb.org. Jump up ^ Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers. Jump up ^ The Ethnic Cleansing of Greeks from Gallipoli, April 1915 Jump up ^ The Ethnic Cleansing of Greeks from Gallipoli, April 1915 ^ Jump up to : Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914 - 1918. Constantinople ( London, Printed by the Hesperia Press ). 1919. Jump up ^ The Berlin - Baghdad Express - p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Lieberman, Benjamin ( December 2013 ). Terrible Fate : Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 96 -- 97. ISBN 978 - 1442223196. Jump up ^ The Ethnic Cleansing of Greeks from Gallipoli, April 1915 Jump up ^ The Meaning of Gallipoli to Hellenism Jump up ^ The Ethnic Cleansing of Greeks from Gallipoli, April 1915 Jump up ^ http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallipoli ( Turkey ). Gallipoli travel guide from Wikivoyage Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park photos with info Tours of Gallipoli National parks of Turkey Aegean Region Başkomutan Dilek Peninsula - Büyük Menderes Delta Karagöl Mount Honaz Marmaris Mount Spil Black Sea Region Boğazköy - Alacahöyük Altındere Valley Hatila Valley Kaçkar Mountains Karagöl - Sahara Küre Mountains Mount Ilgaz Yedigöller Central Anatolia Region Aladağlar Battle of Sakarya Göreme Lake Beyşehir Soğuksu Yozgat Pine Grove Eastern Anatolia Region Mount Ararat Munzur Valley Nenehatun Sarıkamış - Allahuekber Mountains Marmara Region İğneada Floodplain Forests Kazdağı Kuş Cenneti Lake Gala Troy Uludağ Mediterranean Region Altınbeşik Cave Beydağları Coastal Mount Güllük - Termessos Karatepe - Aslantaş Kızıldağ Köprülü Canyon Lake Kovada Saklıkent Sultan Reedy Southeastern Anatolia Region Mount Nemrut Tek Tek Mountains Peninsulas of Turkey Main peninsulas Anadolu ( Anatolia ) Trakya ( Thrace ) Peninsulas in Thrace Çatalca Gelibolu Peninsulas in Anatolia Boztepe Kocaeli Armutlu Kapıdağ Biga Karaburun Güvercin Dilek Bodrum Datça Bozburun Çukurbağ Related geographical features Capes of Turkey Bays of Turkey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&oldid=816059991 '' Categories : Gallipoli Peninsula Dardanelles Geography of Thrace Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey Landforms of Çanakkale Province Headlands of Turkey National parks of Turkey Peninsulas of Turkey Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kurdî Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 00 : 12. 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Question: gallipoli is a peninsula located in which country
Answer: Turkey