Oath of office of the President of the United States - wikipedia Oath of office of the President of the United States Play media Chief Justice John Roberts administering the presidential oath of office to Donald Trump on January 20, 2017. The oath of office of the President of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the President of the United States takes after assuming the presidency but before carrying out any duties of the office. The wording of the oath is specified in Article II, Section One, Clause 8, of the United States Constitution. This clause is one of two oath or affirmation clauses, but it alone actually specifies the words that must be spoken. The other, Article VI, Clause 3, simply requires the persons specified therein to `` be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution. '' The presidential oath, on the other hand, requires much more than this general oath of allegiance and fidelity. This clause enjoins the new president to swear or affirm that he `` will to the best of his ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. '' Contents 1 Text 2 Administration of the oath 2.1 Option of taking an oath or an affirmation 2.2 Forms of administering the oath 3 Use of Bibles 4 `` So help me God '' 5 Oath mishaps 6 List of swearing - in events 6.1 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Text Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation : -- `` I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. '' Administration of the oath Franklin D. Roosevelt being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes on March 4, 1933, the first of Roosevelt 's four presidential inaugurations. While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston. William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor. Upon being informed of Warren Harding 's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public. Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy 's assassination on November 22, 1963. This was the first ( and to date only ) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices ( one of whom -- William Howard Taft -- was also a former president ), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public. Option of taking an oath or an affirmation The Constitutional language gives the option to `` affirm '' instead of `` swear ''. While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally : `` But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath : but let your yea be yea ; and your nay, nay ; lest ye fall into condemnation '' ( James 5 : 12, KJV ). Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word `` affirm '' rather than `` swear. '' Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used `` affirm '' as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were `` solemnly swear. '' Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirmed. Forms of administering the oath There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office. Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, `` Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear... '' and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of `` I do '' or `` I swear '' completed the oath. It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, `` I will, so help me God. '' In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, `` You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear... '', Hoover replied with a simple `` I do ''. Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim. Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself. By the time of Harry Truman 's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president - elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed. Use of Bibles By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John 's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward. Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit. Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible. Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901. Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One. Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles. `` So help me God '' Further information : So help me God § United States, and Oath George H.W. Bush being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice William Rehnquist on January 20, 1989. It is uncertain how many presidents used a Bible or added the words `` So help me God '' at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law ; unlike many other federal oaths which do include the phrase `` So help me God. '' There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. No contemporary sources mention Washington as adding a religious codicil to his acceptance. The historical debate over who first used `` So help me God, '' is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, `` Do you George Washington solemnly swear... '', requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of `` I do '' or `` I swear '' completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with `` So help me God, '' and he kissed the Bible. However, the Daily Union 's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer in time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln 's uttering the phrase. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, `` I will, so help me God ''. In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, `` You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear... '' Hoover replied with a simple `` I do ''. A Federal lawsuit filed in the District of Columbia by Michael Newdow on December 30, 2008, contended the second, current form of administration, where both the chief justice and the president articulate the oath, appending `` So help me God '', to be a breach of the Constitutional instructions. The suit distinguishes between the words spoken by the administrator, which must conform to the exact 35 words of the Constitution, and the president, who has a right to add a personal prayer, such as `` So help me God. '' Chief Justice Roberts ' reply was that his `` prompting '' for these four extra-constitutional words were to be recited `` after '' the oath of office, and not as a part of the oath as claimed in the suit. After rendering the oath to President Barack Obama, Roberts prompted with a question `` So help you God ? '', to which the president responded, `` So help me God. '' The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase `` So help me God '' in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776. Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath : `` Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath. '' In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase `` So help me God '', and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath ( rather than an affirmation ), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase. The earliest known source indicating Washington added `` So help me God '' to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event. The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath, without reference to Washington 's adding `` So Help Me God '' to his acceptance. Evidence is lacking to support the claim that presidents between Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase `` So help me God. '' A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln 's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase `` So help me God '' to the oath. This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln 's death ( April 15, 1865 ), that Lincoln said `` So help me God '' during his oath. The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln 's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said `` So help me God '' at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event. During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was `` registered in Heaven '', something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase `` So help me God. '' Conversely, there was a claim made by A.M. Milligan ( a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government ) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God 's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument. All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted. Given that nearly every president - elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil, it is likely that the majority of presidents - elect have uttered the phrase ( as well as some vice presidents, while taking their oaths ). However, as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase `` And thus I swear, '' it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century. Oath mishaps Barack Obama being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice John Roberts for the second time, on January 21, 2009. In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, `` When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip, '' and added, `` but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath. '' In 1929, Taft, later the Chief Justice, garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words `` preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution '', instead of `` preserve, protect, and defend ''. The error was picked up by schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft 's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath. In 1945, President Harry S. Truman 's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman 's middle initial ( which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself ), began reading the oath by saying `` I, Harry Shipp Truman... '', Truman responded : `` I, Harry S Truman,... '' In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line `` the office of President of the United States '' as `` the office of the President of the United States, '' even as Chief Justices Fred Vinson ( in 1953 ) and Earl Warren ( in 1957 ) said the line correctly. In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, `` the Office of the Presidency of the United States ''. In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word `` and '' between `` preserve '' and `` protect '', resulting in `` preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. '' Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration. In 2009, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, `` That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully. '' Obama stopped at `` execute, '' and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama 's `` execute '' with `` faithfully '', which results in `` execute faithfully, '' which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts ' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word `` faithfully '' after `` United States. '' The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House. List of swearing - in events Since the office of President of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 58 public swearing - in ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four - year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the presidential oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors : a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inauguration ceremony. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges. Further information on the inauguration ceremony and its history : United States presidential inauguration Date Type Event Location Oath administered by April 30, 1789 ( Thursday ) Public First inauguration of George Washington Balcony, Federal Hall New York, New York Robert Livingston, Chancellor of New York March 4, 1793 ( Monday ) Public Second inauguration of George Washington Senate Chamber, Congress Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania William Cushing, Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court March 4, 1797 ( Saturday ) Public Inauguration of John Adams House Chamber, Congress Hall Oliver Ellsworth, Chief Justice of the United States March 4, 1801 ( Wednesday ) Public First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol Washington, D.C. John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States March 4, 1805 ( Monday ) Public Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 4, 1809 ( Saturday ) Public First inauguration of James Madison House Chamber, U.S. Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 4, 1813 ( Thursday ) Public Second inauguration of James Madison House Chamber, U.S. Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 4, 1817 ( Tuesday ) Public First inauguration of James Monroe Front steps, Old Brick Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 5, 1821 ( Monday ) Public Second inauguration of James Monroe House Chamber, U.S. Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 4, 1825 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of John Quincy Adams House Chamber, U.S. Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 4, 1829 ( Wednesday ) Public First inauguration of Andrew Jackson East Portico, U.S. Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 4, 1833 ( Monday ) Public Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson House Chamber, U.S. Capitol John Marshall, Chief Justice March 4, 1837 ( Saturday ) Public Inauguration of Martin Van Buren East Portico, U.S. Capitol Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States March 4, 1841 ( Thursday ) Public Inauguration of William Henry Harrison East Portico, U.S. Capitol Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice April 6, 1841 ( Tuesday ) Private Inauguration of John Tyler Brown 's Indian Queen Hotel, Washington, D.C. William Cranch Chief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia March 4, 1845 ( Tuesday ) Public Inauguration of James K. Polk East Portico, U.S. Capitol Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice March 5, 1849 ( Monday ) Public Inauguration of Zachary Taylor East Portico, U.S. Capitol Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice July 10, 1850 ( Wednesday ) Public Inauguration of Millard Fillmore House Chamber, U.S. Capitol William Cranch Circuit Court Judge March 4, 1853 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of Franklin Pierce East Portico, U.S. Capitol Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice March 4, 1857 ( Wednesday ) Public Inauguration of James Buchanan East Portico, U.S. Capitol Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice March 4, 1861 ( Monday ) Public First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln East Portico, U.S. Capitol Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice March 4, 1865 ( Saturday ) Public Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln East Portico, U.S. Capitol Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States April 15, 1865 ( Saturday ) Private Inauguration of Andrew Johnson Kirkwood House Hotel, Washington, D.C. Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice March 4, 1869 ( Thursday ) Public First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant East Portico, U.S. Capitol Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice March 4, 1873 ( Tuesday ) Public Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant East Portico, U.S. Capitol Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice March 3, 1877 ( Saturday ) Private Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes Red Room, White House Morrison Waite, Chief Justice of the United States March 5, 1877 ( Monday ) Public East Portico, U.S. Capitol March 4, 1881 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of James A. Garfield East Portico, U.S. Capitol Morrison Waite, Chief Justice September 20, 1881 ( Tuesday ) Private Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur Home, New York, New York John R. Brady, Justice of the New York Supreme Court September 22, 1881 ( Thursday ) Public The Vice President 's Room, U.S. Capitol Morrison Waite Chief Justice March 4, 1885 ( Wednesday ) Public First inauguration of Grover Cleveland East Portico, U.S. Capitol Morrison Waite, Chief Justice March 4, 1889 ( Monday ) Public Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison East Portico, U.S. Capitol Melville Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States March 4, 1893 ( Saturday ) Public Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland East Portico, U.S. Capitol Melville Fuller, Chief Justice March 4, 1897 ( Thursday ) Public First inauguration of William McKinley Front of original Senate Wing U.S. Capitol Melville Fuller, Chief Justice March 4, 1901 ( Monday ) Public Second inauguration of William McKinley East Portico, U.S. Capitol Melville Fuller, Chief Justice September 14, 1901 ( Saturday ) Private First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt Ansley Wilcox Home, Buffalo, New York John R. Hazel, Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York March 4, 1905 ( Saturday ) Public Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt East Portico, U.S. Capitol Melville Fuller, Chief Justice March 4, 1909 ( Thursday ) Public Inauguration of William Howard Taft Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol Melville Fuller, Chief Justice March 4, 1913 ( Tuesday ) Public First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson East Portico, U.S. Capitol Edward D. White, Chief Justice of the United States March 4, 1917 ( Sunday ) Private Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson The President 's Room, U.S. Capitol Edward D. White Chief Justice March 5, 1917 ( Monday ) Public East Portico, U.S. Capitol March 4, 1921 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of Warren G. Harding East Portico, U.S. Capitol Edward D. White Chief Justice August 3, 1923 ( Friday ) Private First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge Coolidge Homestead, Plymouth Notch, Vermont John Calvin Coolidge Notary public August 21, 1923 ( Tuesday ) Private Willard Hotel Washington, D.C. Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia March 4, 1925 ( Wednesday ) Public Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge East Portico, U.S. Capitol William Howard Taft Chief Justice of the United States March 4, 1929 ( Monday ) Public Inauguration of Herbert Hoover East Portico, U.S. Capitol William H. Taft Chief Justice March 4, 1933 ( Saturday ) Public First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico, U.S. Capitol Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice of the United States January 20, 1937 ( Wednesday ) Public Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico, U.S. Capitol Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice January 20, 1941 ( Monday ) Public Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico, U.S. Capitol Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice January 20, 1945 ( Saturday ) Public Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt South Portico, White House Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice of the United States April 12, 1945 ( Thursday ) Private First inauguration of Harry S. Truman Cabinet Room, White House Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice January 20, 1949 ( Thursday ) Public Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman East Portico, U.S. Capitol Fred M. Vinson Chief Justice of the United States January 20, 1953 ( Tuesday ) Public First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower East Portico, U.S. Capitol Fred M. Vinson Chief Justice January 20, 1957 ( Sunday ) Private Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower East Room, White House Earl Warren Chief Justice of the United States January 21, 1957 ( Monday ) Public East Portico, U.S. Capitol January 20, 1961 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of John F. Kennedy East Portico, U.S. Capitol Earl Warren Chief Justice November 22, 1963 ( Friday ) Private First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson Air Force One, Dallas Love Field, Dallas, Texas Sarah T. Hughes Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas January 20, 1965 ( Wednesday ) Public Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson East Portico, U.S. Capitol Earl Warren Chief Justice January 20, 1969 ( Monday ) Public First inauguration of Richard Nixon East Portico, U.S. Capitol Earl Warren Chief Justice January 20, 1973 ( Saturday ) Public Second inauguration of Richard Nixon East Portico, U.S. Capitol Warren Burger Chief Justice of the United States August 9, 1974 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of Gerald Ford East Room, White House Warren Burger Chief Justice January 20, 1977 ( Thursday ) Public Inauguration of Jimmy Carter East Portico, U.S. Capitol Warren Burger Chief Justice January 20, 1981 ( Tuesday ) Public First inauguration of Ronald Reagan West Front, U.S. Capitol Warren Burger Chief Justice January 20, 1985 ( Sunday ) Private Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan Entrance Hall, White House Warren Burger Chief Justice January 21, 1985 ( Monday ) Public Rotunda, U.S. Capitol January 20, 1989 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of George H.W. Bush West Front, U.S. Capitol William Rehnquist Chief Justice of the United States January 20, 1993 ( Wednesday ) Public First inauguration of Bill Clinton West Front, U.S. Capitol William Rehnquist Chief Justice January 20, 1997 ( Monday ) Public Second inauguration of Bill Clinton West Front, U.S. Capitol William Rehnquist Chief Justice January 20, 2001 ( Saturday ) Public First inauguration of George W. Bush West Front, U.S. Capitol William Rehnquist Chief Justice January 20, 2005 ( Thursday ) Public Second inauguration of George W. Bush West Front, U.S. Capitol William Rehnquist Chief Justice January 20, 2009 ( Tuesday ) Public First inauguration of Barack Obama West Front, U.S. Capitol John Roberts Chief Justice of the United States January 21, 2009 ( Wednesday ) Private Map Room, White House January 20, 2013 ( Sunday ) Private Second inauguration of Barack Obama Blue Room, White House John Roberts Chief Justice January 21, 2013 ( Monday ) Public West Front, U.S. Capitol January 20, 2017 ( Friday ) Public Inauguration of Donald Trump West Front, U.S. Capitol John Roberts Chief Justice ZZZ Date ZZZ Type ZZZ Event ZZZ Location ZZZ Oath administered by Notes Jump up ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president 's last name. ^ Jump up to : Term began Sunday, March 4. Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4. Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9. ^ Jump up to : Term began when President Garfield died on September 19. ^ Jump up to : Term began when President Harding died on August 2. ^ Jump up to : Term began Sunday, January 20. Jump up ^ Oath repeated after `` mishap '' at the public ceremony. Map showing locations where the oath of office was first taken, marked with a green ' O ' ( or a green dot for scheduled occurrences ). Locations where presidencies ended unexpectedly are marked with a red ' X ' ( a red dot denoted scheduled transitions ). The nine sets of names shown in black denote the location where presidencies have ended intra-term due to the incumbent 's death ( four presidents have died of natural causes and four were assassinated -- names underlined in grey ) or resignation ( one, noted by a superscript ' R ' ). The inset at the bottom of the map is Oath or Affirmation Clause ( Article II, Section One, Clause 8 ) of the U.S. Constitution. See also Presidential Succession Act Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States References Jump up ^ Kesavan, Vasan. `` Essays on Article II : Oath of Office ''. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved July 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013 '' ( PDF ). Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. p. 13. Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election of 1789 ''. George Washington 's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association. Retrieved October 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Inaugural Address ''. The National Archives. Retrieved October 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` President Millard Fillmore, 1850 ''. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23. Jump up ^ Glenn D. Kittler, Hail to the Chief ! : The Inauguration Days of our Presidents, 1965, page 167. Jump up ^ Porter H. Dale, `` The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited : An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale '', Vermont History, 1994, Volume 62, pp. 214 -- 222. Jump up ^ `` Oath Of Office : To Swear Or To Affirm ''. NPR.org. January 18, 2009. Jump up ^ Bendat, Jim ( 2012 ). Democracy 's Big Day : The Inauguration of Our President, 1789 - 2013. iUniverse. pp. xi, 28, 36. ISBN 978 - 1 - 935278 - 47 - 4. Jump up ^ YouTube. Jump up ^ YouTube. ^ Jump up to : `` The New Administration ; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated '' ( PDF ). The New York Times. September 23, 1881. ^ Jump up to : Time Magazine, Mar. 25, 1929 ). Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23. Jump up ^ Herbert Hoover Takes the Oath of Office. February 6, 2009 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt -- Oath of office March 4th, 1933. June 19, 2007 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman -- Oath of office January 20th, 1949. June 19, 2007 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ http://www.stjohns1.org/portal/gwib `` St. John 's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons ''. Jump up ^ Joint Congressional Committee on Inauguration Ceremonies website : `` Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789 ''. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ McCullough, David ( 1992 ). Truman. New York : Simon and Schuster. pp. 347, 729. ISBN 0 - 671 - 86920 - 5. Harry Truman is a notable example, as he bent and kissed the Bible upon taking the oath for the first time, on April 12, 1945, as well as at his second inauguration. Jump up ^ `` Inaugural fun facts ''. Toledo, OH : WTOL.com. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. ^ Jump up to : `` Bibles Used in Inaugural Ceremonies ''. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Wallner ( 2004 ), pp. 249 -- 255. Jump up ^ Kennon, Donald ( 2005 ). `` Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present ''. Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ Glass, Andrew J. ( February 26, 1967 ). `` Catholic Church Missal, Not Bible, Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas '' ( PDF ). The Washington Post. Retrieved June 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Title 28,453. Oaths of justices and judges LII / Legal Information Institute ''. Law.cornell.edu. 2010 - 01 - 21. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ Peter R. Henriques, `` So Help Me God '' : A George Washington Myth that Should Be Discarded, hnn.us ( 1 - 12 - 2009 ). Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union, 10 April 1865 -- California Digital Newspaper Collection ''. Jump up ^ `` New York Herald, 5 March 1865 -- Library of Congress, Chronicling America ''. Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 08 - cv - 02248 - RBW Document 1 '' ( PDF ). www.restorethepledge.com. 2008 - 12 - 30. p. 25. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 08 - cv - 02248 - RBW Document 13 - 9 '' ( PDF ). www.restorethepledge.com. 2009 - 01 - 08. p. 25. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04. Before the commencement of this lawsuit, the Chief Justice instructed me to ascertain from President - elect Obama 's representatives the president - elect 's wishes concerning the administration of the oath of office at the inauguration -- including his wishes concerning the inclusion of the phrase `` So help me God '' after the conclusion of the constitutional oath Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 14. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28. CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008. CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Oaths of Enlistment and Oaths of Office - U.S. Army Center of Military History ''. www.history.army.mil. Retrieved 31 March 2018. Jump up ^ Judiciary Act of 1789, Sec. 7. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Griswold, Rufus W ( 1855 ) ( 1854 ). The Republican court, or, American society in the days of Washington. New York : D. Appleton and Company. pp. 141 -- 142. Jump up ^ Documentary History of the First Federal Congress, Vol. 15, pp. 404 - 405. Jump up ^ Sacramento Daily Union, April 10, 1865 ; page 8, column 6. Jump up ^ Memorial record of the nation 's... -- Google Books. Books.google.com. 1865. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ Recollections of President Lincoln... -- Google Books. Books.google.com. 2006 - 08 - 10. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ Anecdotal Lincoln -- Google Books. Books.google.com. 2007 - 10 - 11. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ `` The Avalon Project : First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln ''. Jump up ^ Foster, James Mitchell ( 1894 ) ( 1894 ). Christ the King. Boston : James H. Earle. p. 277. In fact, Milligan did write to Lincoln, but his request was not that Lincoln add `` so help me God '' to the Oath, but rather that the name of Jesus Christ be added to the U.S. Constitution ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Foster, James Mitchell ( 1890 ). Reformation Principles Stated and Applied. Chicago and New York : F.H Revell. pp. 234 -- 5. Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 -- 1875 ''. Jump up ^ `` Inauguration of the President : Facts & Firsts ''. U.S. Senate. Retrieved December 13, 2008. Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 2009 - 01 - 21 ). `` Chief justice leads Obama to stumble presidential oath ''. ABS - CBN News. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ `` No Problems With Today 's Oath at the Supreme Court -- The BLT : The Blog of Legal Times ''. Legaltimes.typepad.com. 2009 - 01 - 21. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 347. Jump up ^ `` Lyndon B. Johnson Oath of Office, January 20, 1965 ''. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. Jump up ^ Williams, Pete ( January 20, 2009 ). `` About That Oath Flub ''. MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Jump up ^ File : Barack Obama Oath of Office. ogg Jump up ^ `` Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts ' mistake ''. CNN. January 21, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Jump up ^ Obama is Sworn in for Second Time, BBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol ''. Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved January 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Spiegel Grove : Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center ''. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Chester A. Arthur House ''. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Wilson to Take Oath Sunday : First Swearing Into Office on March 4 Will Be Repeated the Following Day ''. The New York Times. November 15, 1916. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Arbelbide, C.L. ( Winter 2000 ). `` Abrupt Transition ''. Prologue. Vol. 32 no. 4. The National Archives. Retrieved February 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts ' mistake ''. CNN. January 21, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Obama to take private oath in brief family service ''. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oath of office of the president of the United States. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oath of office of the President of the United States Forrest Church, Ph. D., `` Did George Washington Say ' So Help Me God ' ? '' Video on YouTube Video of inaugurations from Franklin D. Roosevelt -- Barack H. 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Question: when did presidents start swearing on the bible
Answer: 1789