Cosmic Calendar - wikipedia Cosmic Calendar A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar for presentations, featuring the months of the year, days of December, and the final minute. The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its current age of 13.8 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science. In this visualization, the Big Bang took place at the beginning of January 1 at midnight, and the current moment maps onto the end of December 31 just before midnight. At this scale, there are 437.5 years per second, 1.575 million years per hour, and 37.8 million years per day. The concept was popularized by Carl Sagan in his book The Dragons of Eden ( 1977 ) and on his television series Cosmos. Sagan goes on to extend the comparison in terms of surface area, explaining that if the Cosmic Calendar is scaled to the size of a football field, then `` all of human history would occupy an area the size of ( his ) hand ''. Contents 1 The Cosmic Year 1.1 Cosmology 1.2 Evolution of life on Earth 1.3 Human evolution 1.4 History begins 1.5 The current second 2 See also 3 References 4 External links The Cosmic year The Cosmic Calendar shows the time - scale relationship of the universe and all events on Earth as plotted along a single 12 - month, 365 - day, year : Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years. Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years. Orange labels : known ice ages. Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years. Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Cosmology Date Gya Event 1 Jan 13.8 Big Bang, as seen through cosmic background radiation 14 Jan 13.1 Oldest known Gamma Ray Burst 22 Jan 12.85 First galaxies form 16 Mar 11 Milky Way Galaxy formed 12 May 8.8 Milky Way Galaxy disk formed 2 Sep 4.57 formation of the Solar System 6 Sep 4.4 Oldest rocks known on Earth Date in year calculated from formula T ( days ) = 365 days * 0.100 / 13.797 ( 1 - T_Gya / 13.797 ) Evolution of life on Earth Date Gya Event 14 Sep 4.1 `` Remains of biotic life '' found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia. 21 Sep 3.8 First Life ( Prokaryotes ) 30 Sep 3.4 Photosynthesis 29 Oct 2.4 Oxygenation of Atmosphere 9 Nov Complex Cells ( Eukaryotes ) 5 Dec 0.8 First Multicellular Life 7 Dec 0.67 Simple Animals 14 Dec 0.55 Arthropods ( ancestors of insects, arachnids ) 17 Dec 0.5 Fish and Proto - amphibians 20 Dec 0.45 Land Plants 21 Dec 0.4 Insects and Seeds 22 Dec 0.36 Amphibians 23 Dec 0.3 Reptiles 24 Dec 0.25 Permian - Triassic Extinction Event, 90 % of Species Die Out 25 Dec 0.23 Dinosaurs 26 Dec 0.2 Mammals 27 Dec 0.15 Birds 28 Dec 0.13 Flowers 30 Dec, 06 : 24 0.065 Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event, Non-avian Dinosaurs Die Out Human evolution Date / time mya Event 30 Dec 65 Primates 31 Dec, 06 : 05 15 Apes 31 Dec, 14 : 24 12.3 Hominids 31 Dec, 22 : 24 2.5 Primitive Humans and Stone Tools 31 Dec, 23 : 44 0.4 Domestication of Fire 31 Dec, 23 : 52 0.2 Anatomically Modern Humans 31 Dec, 23 : 55 0.11 Beginning of Most Recent Glacial Period 31 Dec, 23 : 58 0.035 Sculpture and Painting 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 32 0.012 Agriculture History begins Date / time kya Event 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 33 12.0 End of the Ice Age 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 41 8.3 Flooding of Doggerland 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 46 6.0 Chalcolithic 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 47 5.5 Early Bronze Age ; Proto - writing ; Building of Stonehenge Cursus 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 48 5.0 First Dynasty of Egypt, Early Dynastic Period in Sumer, Beginning of Indus Valley Civilisation 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 49 4.5 Alphabet, Akkadian Empire, Wheel 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 51 4.0 Code of Hammurabi, Middle Kingdom of Egypt 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 52 3.5 Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age ; Minoan eruption 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 53 3.0 Iron Age ; Beginning of Classical Antiquity 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 54 2.5 Buddha, Mahavira, Zoroaster, Confucius, Qin Dynasty, Classical Greece, Ashokan Empire, Vedas Completed, Euclidean geometry, Archimedean Physics, Roman Republic 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 55 2.0 Ptolemaic astronomy, Roman Empire, Christ, Invention of Numeral 0, Gupta Empire 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 56 1.5 Muhammad, Maya civilization, Song Dynasty, Rise of Byzantine Empire 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 58 1.0 Mongol Empire, Maratha Empire, Crusades, Christopher Columbus Voyages to the Americas, Renaissance in Europe, Classical Music to the Time of Johann Sebastian Bach The current second Date / time kya Event 31 Dec, 23 : 59 : 59 0.5 Modern History ; the last 437.5 years before present. See also Big History Detailed logarithmic timeline List of timelines Timeline of ancient history Timeline of early modern history Timeline of evolution Timeline of the far future Timeline of human evolution Timeline of human prehistory Timeline of modern history Timeline of natural history Timeline of plant evolution Timeline of the Big Bang Timeline of the Middle Ages References Jump up ^ Therese Puyau Blanchard ( 1995 ). `` The Universe At Your Fingertips Activity : Cosmic Calendar ''. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15. Jump up ^ Cosmos, episode 1 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Episode 1 : The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean ( Cosmos : A Personal Voyage, Carl Sagan ) Jump up ^ `` First Galaxies Born Sooner After Big Bang Than Thought ''. Space.com. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07. Jump up ^ Borenstein, Seth ( 19 October 2015 ). `` Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth ''. Excite. Yonkers, NY : Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20. Jump up ^ Bell, Elizabeth A. ; Boehnike, Patrick ; Harrison, T. Mark ; et al. ( 19 October 2015 ). `` Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion - year - old zircon '' ( PDF ). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences. 112 : 14518 -- 21. Bibcode : 2015PNAS... 11214518B. ISSN 1091 - 6490. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1517557112. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20. Early edition, published online before print. Jump up ^ Yoko Ohtomo ; Takeshi Kakegawa ; Akizumi Ishida ; Toshiro Nagase ; Minik T. Rosing ( 8 December 2013 ). `` Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks ''. Nature Geoscience. 7 : 25 -- 28. Bibcode : 2014NatGe... 7... 25O. doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2025. Retrieved 9 December 2013. Jump up ^ Borenstein, Seth ( 13 November 2013 ). `` Oldest fossil found : Meet your microbial mom ''. AP News. Retrieved 15 November 2013. Jump up ^ Noffke, Nora ; Christian, Daniel ; Wacey, David ; Hazen, Robert M. ( 8 November 2013 ). `` Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion - Year - Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia ''. Astrobiology. 13 ( 12 ) : 1103 -- 24. Bibcode : 2013AsBio... 13.1103 N. PMC 3870916. PMID 24205812. doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2013.1030. Retrieved 15 November 2013. Jump up ^ Erwin, Douglas H. ( 9 November 2015 ). `` Early metazoan life : divergence, environment and ecology ''. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 370 ( 20150036 ). doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2015.0036. Retrieved 7 January 2016. Jump up ^ Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( @ 35min ) External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : General Astronomy / Short History of the Universe Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : High School Earth Science More information on the image used for this article. The Cosmic Calendar in a Google Calendar format The Cosmic Calendar relayed in real time. Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium - neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year Zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Carl Sagan Scientific career Pioneer plaque Faint young Sun paradox Cosmic Calendar Voyager Golden Record ( Contents ) Voyager Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot The Planetary Society Search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) Science books Mars and the Mind of Man ( 1971 ) The Cosmic Connection : An Extraterrestrial Perspective ( 1973 ) The Dragons of Eden : Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence ( 1977 ) Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record ( 1978 ) Broca 's Brain : Reflections on the Romance of Science ( 1979 ) Cosmos ( 1980 ) The Nuclear Winter : The World After Nuclear War ( 1983 ) The Cold and the Dark : The World after Nuclear War ( 1984 ) Comet ( 1985 ) A Path Where No Man Thought : Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race ( 1990 ) Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors : A Search for Who We Are ( 1993 ) Pale Blue Dot : A Vision of the Human Future in Space ( 1994 ) The Demon - Haunted World : Science as a Candle in the Dark ( 1995 ) Billions and Billions : Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium ( 1997 ) The Varieties of Scientific Experience : A Personal View of the Search for God ( 2006 ) Novels Contact ( 1985 ) Media Cosmos : A Personal Voyage ( 1980 TV series ) Contact ( 1997 film ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 TV series ) Wanderers ( 2014 film narration ) Family Lynn Margulis ( first wife ) Dorion Sagan ( son ) Jeremy Sagan ( son ) Linda Salzman Sagan ( second wife ) Nick Sagan ( son ) Ann Druyan ( third wife ) Sagan Prizes Carl Sagan Memorial Award Carl Sagan Medal Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science Recognition Carl Sagan Institute Sagan Planet Walk Carl Sagan Memorial Station 2709 Sagan Pale Blue Dot : A Tribute to Carl Sagan Symphony of Science The Sagan series Related Quotes Sagan 's number 900 Stewart Avenue Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Calendar&oldid=799443051 '' Categories : Units of time Physical cosmology Time in astronomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Cymraeg Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017, at 19 : 31. 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Question: if we compress the entire history of the universe into one year life on earth appeared
Answer: 21 Sep