Verb - wikipedia Verb This article is about the part of speech. For the physical activity program, see VERB ( program ). For English usage of verbs, see English verbs. Examples I washed the car yesterday. The dog ate my homework. John studies English and French. Lucy enjoys listening to music. Todd Young became a Senator last year. ( occurrence ) Mike Trout is a center fielder. ( state of being ) A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word ( part of speech ) that in syntax conveys an action ( bring, read, walk, run, learn ), an occurrence ( happen, become ), or a state of being ( be, exist, stand ). In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive. In many languages, verbs are inflected ( modified in form ) to encode tense, aspect, mood, and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. Verbs have tenses : present, to indicate that an action is being carried out ; past, to indicate that an action has been done ; future, to indicate that an action will be done. Contents 1 Agreement 2 Verb types 2.1 Intransitive verbs 2.2 Transitive verbs 2.3 Ditransitive verbs 2.4 Double transitive verbs 2.5 Copular verbs 3 Valency 4 Tense, aspect, and modality 5 Voice 6 See also 6.1 Verbs in various languages 6.2 Grammar 6.3 Other 7 References 8 External links Agreement Main article : Grammatical conjugation In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument ( the subject ) in person, number or gender. With the exception of the verb to be, English shows distinctive agreements only in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs, which are marked by adding `` - s '' ( walks ) or `` - es '' ( fishes ). The rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb ( I walk, you walk, they walk, etc. ). Latin and the Romance languages inflect verbs for tense -- aspect -- mood ( abbreviated ' TAM ' ), and they agree in person and number ( but not in gender, as for example in Polish ) with the subject. Japanese, like many languages with SOV word order, inflects verbs for tense - aspect - mood, as well as other categories such as negation, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject - it is a strictly dependent - marking language. On the other hand, Basque, Georgian, and some other languages, have polypersonal agreement : the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object, and even the secondary object if present, a greater degree of head - marking than is found in most European languages. Verb types Verbs vary by type, and each type is determined by the kinds of words that accompany it and the relationship those words have with the verb itself. Classified by the number of their valency arguments, usually three basic types are distinguished : intransitives, transitives, ditransitives and double transitive verbs. Some verbs have special grammatical uses and hence complements, such as copular verbs ( i.e., be ) ; the verb `` do '' used for do - support in questioning and negation, and tense or aspect auxiliaries, e.g., `` be '', `` have '' or `` can ''. In addition, verbs can be nonfinite, namely, not inflected for tense, and have various special forms such as infinitives, participles or gerunds. Intransitive verbs An intransitive verb is one that does not have a direct object. Intransitive verbs may be followed by an adverb ( a word that addresses how, where, when, and how often ) or end a sentence. For example : `` The woman spoke softly. '' `` The athlete ran faster than the official. '' `` The boy wept. '' Transitive verbs A transitive verb is followed by a noun or noun phrase. These noun phrases are not called predicate nouns, but are instead called direct objects because they refer to the object that is being acted upon. For example : `` My friend read the newspaper. '' `` The teenager earned a speeding ticket. '' A way to identify a transitive verb is to invert the sentence, making it passive. For example : `` The newspaper was read by my friend. '' `` A speeding ticket was earned by the teenager. '' Ditransitive verbs Ditransitive verbs ( sometimes called Vg verbs after the verb give ) precede either two noun phrases or a noun phrase and then a prepositional phrase often led by to or for. For example : `` The players gave their teammates high fives. '' `` The players gave high fives to their teammates. '' When two noun phrases follow a transitive verb, the first is an indirect object, that which is receiving something, and the second is a direct object, that being acted upon. Indirect objects can be noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Double transitive verbs Double transitive verbs ( sometimes called Vc verbs after the verb consider ) are followed by a noun phrase that serves as a direct object and then a second noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive phrase. The second element ( noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive ) is called a complement, which completes a clause that would not otherwise have the same meaning. For example : `` The young couple considers the neighbors wealthy people. '' `` Some students perceive adults quite inaccurately. '' `` Sarah deemed her project to be the hardest she has ever completed. '' Copular verbs Copular verbs ( a.k.a. linking verbs ) ca n't be followed by an adverb or end a sentence, but instead must be followed by a noun or adjective, whether in a single word or phrase. Common copulae include be, seem, become, appear, look, and remain. For example : `` His mother looked worried. '' `` Josh remained a reliable friend. '' Copulae are thought to ' link ' the adjective or noun to the subject. The verb be is manifested in eight forms : be, is, am, are, was, were, been, and being. These verbs precede nouns or adjectives in a sentence, which become predicate nouns and predicate adjectives similar to those that function with a linking verb. They can also be followed by an adverb of place, which is sometimes referred to as a predicate adverb. For example : `` Her daughter was a writing tutor. '' `` The singers were very nervous. '' `` My house is down the street. '' Adjectives that come after copular verbs are predicate adjectives, and nouns that come after linking verbs are predicate nouns. Valency Main article : Valency ( linguistics ) The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its valency or valence. Verbs can be classified according to their valency : Avalent ( valency = 0 ) : the verb has neither a subject nor an object. Zero valency does not occur in English ; in some languages such as Mandarin Chinese, weather verbs like snow ( s ) take no subject or object. Intransitive ( valency = 1, monovalent ) : the verb only has a subject. For example : `` he runs '', `` it falls ''. Transitive ( valency = 2, divalent ) : the verb has a subject and a direct object. For example : `` she eats fish '', `` we hunt nothing ''. Ditransitive ( valency = 3, trivalent ) : the verb has a subject, a direct object, and an indirect object. For example : `` He gives her a flower '' or `` She gave John the watch. '' A few English verbs, particularly those concerned with financial transactions, take four arguments, as in `` Pat sold Chris a lawnmower for $20 '' or `` Chris paid Pat $20 for a lawnmower ''. Weather verbs often appear to be impersonal ( subjectless, or avalent ) in null - subject languages like Spanish, where the verb llueve means `` It rains ''. In English, French and German, they require a dummy pronoun, and therefore formally have a valency of 1. However, as verbs in Spanish incorporate the subject as a TAM suffix, Spanish is not actually a null - subject language, unlike Mandarin ( see above ). Such verbs in Spanish also have a valency of 1. Intransitive and transitive verbs are the most common, but the impersonal and objective verbs are somewhat different from the norm. In the objective the verb takes an object but no subject ; the nonreferent subject in some uses may be marked in the verb by an incorporated dummy pronoun similar to that used with the English weather verbs. Impersonal verbs in null subject languages take neither subject nor object, as is true of other verbs, but again the verb may show incorporated dummy pronouns despite the lack of subject and object phrases. Verbs are often flexible with regard to valency. In non-valency marking languages such as English, a transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive ; or an intransitive verb can take an object and become transitive. For example, in English the verb move has no grammatical object in he moves ( though in this case, the subject itself may be an implied object, also expressible explicitly as in he moves himself ) ; but in he moves the car, the subject and object are distinct and the verb has a different valency. Some verbs in English, however, have historically derived forms that show change of valency in some causative verbs, such as fall - fell - fallen : fell - felled - felled ; rise - rose - risen : raise - raised - raised ; cost - cost - cost : cost - costed - costed. In valency marking languages, valency change is shown by inflecting the verb in order to change the valency. In Kalaw Lagaw Ya of Australia, for example, verbs distinguish valency by argument agreement suffixes and TAM endings : Nui mangema `` He arrived earlier today '' ( mangema today past singular subject active intransitive perfective ) Palai mangemanu `` They ( dual ) arrived earlier today '' Thana mangemainu `` They ( plural ) arrived earlier today '' Verb structure : manga - i - ( number ) - TAM `` arrive + active + singular / dual / plural + TAM '' Nuidh wapi manganu `` He took the fish ( to that place ) earlier today '' ( manganu today past singular object attainative transitive perfective ) Nuidh wapi mangamanu `` He took the two fish ( to that place ) earlier today '' Nuidh wapil mangamainu `` He took the ( three or more ) fish ( to that place ) earlier today '' Verb structure : manga - Ø - ( number ) - TAM `` arrive + attainative + singular / dual / plural + TAM '' The verb stem manga - ' to take / come / arrive ' at the destination takes the active suffix - i ( > mangai - ) in the intransitive form, and as a transitive verb the stem is not suffixed. The TAM ending - nu is the general today past attainative perfective, found with all numbers in the perfective except the singular active, where - ma is found. Tense, aspect, and modality A single - word verb in Spanish contains information about time ( past, present, future ), person and number. The process of grammatically modifying a verb to express this information is called conjugation. Main articles : Grammatical tense, Aspect ( linguistics ), Linguistic modality, and Tense -- aspect -- mood Depending on the language, verbs may express grammatical tense, aspect, or modality. Grammatical tense is the use of auxiliary verbs or inflections to convey whether the action or state is before, simultaneous with, or after some reference point. The reference point could be the time of utterance, in which case the verb expresses absolute tense, or it could be a past, present, or future time of reference previously established in the sentence, in which case the verb expresses relative tense. Aspect expresses how the action or state occurs through time. Important examples include : perfective aspect, in which the action is viewed in its entirety through completion ( as in `` I saw the car '' ) imperfective aspect, in which the action is viewed as ongoing ; in some languages a verb could express imperfective aspect more narrowly as : habitual aspect, in which the action occurs repeatedly ( as in `` I used to go there every day '' ), or continuous aspect, in which the action occurs without pause ; continuous aspect can be further subdivided into stative aspect, in which the situation is a fixed, unevolving state ( as in `` I know French '' ), and progressive aspect, in which the situation continuously evolves ( as in `` I am running '' ) perfect, which combines elements of both aspect and tense and in which both a prior event and the state resulting from it are expressed ( as in `` he has gone there '', i.e. `` he went there and he is still there '' ) discontinuous past, which combines elements of a past event and the implication that the state resulting from it was later reversed ( as in `` he did go there '' or `` he has been there '', i.e. `` he went there but has now come back '' ) Aspect can either be lexical, in which case the aspect is embedded in the verb 's meaning ( as in `` the sun shines, '' where `` shines '' is lexically stative ), or it can be grammatically expressed, as in `` I am running. '' Modality expresses the speaker 's attitude toward the action or state given by the verb, especially with regard to degree of necessity, obligation, or permission ( `` You must go '', `` You should go '', `` You may go '' ), determination or willingness ( `` I will do this no matter what '' ), degree of probability ( `` It must be raining by now '', `` It may be raining '', `` It might be raining '' ), or ability ( `` I can speak French '' ). All languages can express modality with adverbs, but some also use verbal forms as in the given examples. If the verbal expression of modality involves the use of an auxiliary verb, that auxiliary is called a modal verb. If the verbal expression of modality involves inflection, we have the special case of mood ; moods include the indicative ( as in `` I am there '' ), the subjunctive ( as in `` I wish I were there '' ), and the imperative ( `` Be there ! '' ). Voice The voice of a verb expresses whether the subject of the verb is performing the action of the verb or whether the action is being performed on the subject. The two most common voices are the active voice ( as in `` I saw the car '' ) and the passive voice ( as in `` The car was seen by me '' or simply `` The car was seen '' ). Main article : Non-finite verb Most languages have a number of verbal nouns that describe the action of the verb. In the Indo - European languages, verbal adjectives are generally called participles. English has an active participle, also called a present participle ; and a passive participle, also called a past participle. The active participle of break is breaking, and the passive participle is broken. Other languages have attributive verb forms with tense and aspect. This is especially common among verb - final languages, where attributive verb phrases act as relative clauses. See also Linguistics Verbs in various languages Adyghe verbs Arabic verbs Ancient Greek verbs Basque verbs Bulgarian verbs Chinese verbs English verbs Finnish verb conjugation French verbs German verbs Germanic verbs Hebrew verb conjugation Hungarian verbs Ilokano verbs Irish verbs Italian verbs Japanese consonant and vowel verbs Japanese verb conjugations Korean verbs Latin verbs Persian verbs Portuguese verb conjugation Proto - Indo - European verb Romance verbs Romanian verbs Sanskrit verbs Sesotho verbs Slovene verbs Spanish verbs Tigrinya verbs Grammar Auxiliary verb Grammar Grammatical aspect Grammatical mood Grammatical tense Grammatical voice Performative utterance Phrasal verb Phrase structure rules Sentence ( linguistics ) Syntax Tense -- aspect -- mood Transitivity ( grammatical category ) Verb argument Verb framing Verbification Verb phrase Other Le Train de Nulle Part : A 233 - page book without a single verb. Oh, with the verbing ! Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animate / Inanimate Attributive Common / Proper Countable / Mass / Collective Initial - stress - derived Relational Strong / Weak Verbal / Deverbal Verb Forms Finite / Non-finite Attributive Converb Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle ( adjectival adverbial ) Supine Verbal noun Types Accusative Ambitransitive Andative / Venitive Anticausative Autocausative Auxiliary Captative Catenative Compound Copular Defective Denominal Deponent Ditransitive Dynamic ECM Ergative Frequentative Impersonal Inchoative Intransitive Irregular Lexical Light Modal Monotransitive Negative Performative Phrasal Predicative Preterite - present Reflexive Regular Separable Stative Stretched Strong Transitive Unaccusative Unergative Weak Adjective Collateral Demonstrative Nominalized Possessive Postpositive Adverb Genitive Conjunctive Flat Locative Interrogative Prepositional Pronominal Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Disjunctive Distributive Donkey Dummy Formal / Informal Gender - neutral Gender - specific Inclusive / Exclusive Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Objective Personal Possessive Prepositional Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Resumptive Subjective Weak Preposition / postposition Inflected Casally modulated Stranded Conjunction Determiner Article Demonstrative Interrogative Possessive Quantifier Classifier Measure word Particle Discourse Interrogative Modal Noun Possessive Complementizer Other Yes and no Copula Coverb Expletive Interjection ( verbal ) Preverb Pro-form Pro-sentence Pro-verb Procedure word Prop - word References Jump up ^ Morenberg 2010, pp. 6 - 14 Jump up ^ Morenberg 2010, pp. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Morenberg 2010, p. 7 Jump up ^ Jackendoff 2002, p. 135. Jump up ^ Comrie, Bernard, Tense, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985. ^ Jump up to : Östen Dahl, Tense and Aspect Systems, Blackwell, 1985. Jump up ^ Fleischman, Suzanne, The Future in Thought and Action, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982. Jump up ^ Comrie, Bernard, Aspect, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976. Jump up ^ Plungian, Vladimir A. & Johan van der Auwera ( 2006 ), `` Towards a typology of discontinuous past marking ''. Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch. ( STUF ), Berlin 59, 4, 317 -- 349. Jump up ^ Palmer, F.R., Mood and Modality, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001. Jump up ^ Klaiman, M.H., Grammatical Voice ( Cambridge Studies in Linguistics ), Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991. Morenberg, Max ( 2010 ). Doing Grammar ( Third ed. ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 1997 - 3288 - 3. Gideon Goldenberg, `` On Verbal Structure and the Hebrew Verb '', in : idem, Studies in Semitic Linguistics, Jerusalem : Magnes Press 1998, pp. 148 -- 196 ( English translation ; originally published in Hebrew in 1985 ). Jackendoff, R. ( 2002 ). Foundations of Language. Oxford University Press. External links Look up verb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. www.verbix.com Verbs and verb conjugation in many languages. conjugation.com English Verb Conjugation. Italian Verbs Coniugator and Analyzer Conjugation and Analysis of Regular and Irregular Verbs, and also of Neologisms, like googlare for to google. El verbo en español Downloadable handbook to learn the Spanish verb paradigm in an easy ruled - based method. It also supplies the guidelines to know whenever a Spanish verb is regular or irregular GND : 4062553 - 9 NDL : 00575539 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verb&oldid=831131178 '' Categories : Parts of speech Verb types Verbs Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 115 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018, at 22 : 37. 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Question: what is the meaning of verb in english
Answer: a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand)