Human embryogenesis - wikipedia Human embryogenesis This article is about Human embryogenesis. For Embryogenesis in general, see Embryogenesis. The initial stages of human embryogenesis. Part of a series on Human growth and development Stages Human embryogenesis Fetus Infant Toddler Early childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adult Middle age Old age Biological milestones Fertilization Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre - and perinatal Infant and child Adolescent Youth Young adult Adult Maturity Developmental stage theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural - historical Evolutionary Human body portal Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one - celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilisation occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell ( ovum ). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. Embryogenesis covers the first eight weeks of development ; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus. Human embryology is the study of this development during the first eight weeks after fertilisation. The normal period of gestation ( pregnancy ) is nine months or 38 weeks. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the development of the early embryo until implantation is completed in the uterus. The germinal stage takes around 10 days. During this stage, the zygote begins to divide, in a process called cleavage. A blastocyst is then formed and implanted in the uterus. Embryogenesis continues with the next stage of gastrulation, when the three germ layers of the embryo form in a process called histogenesis, and the processes of neurulation and organogenesis follow. In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a more complete set of developing organs. The entire process of embryogenesis involves coordinated spatial and temporal changes in gene expression, cell growth and cellular differentiation. A nearly identical process occurs in other species, especially among chordates. Contents 1 Germinal stage 1.1 Fertilization 1.2 Cleavage 1.3 Blastulation 1.4 Implantation 1.5 Embryonic disc 2 Gastrulation 3 Neurulation 4 Development of the nervous system 5 Blood cell development 6 Organogenesis 6.1 Development of the heart and circulatory system 6.2 Development of the digestive system 7 Development of the face and neck 8 Development of the limbs 9 Clinical significance 10 See also 11 Additional images 12 References 13 External links Germinal stage Fertilization Fertilization takes place when the spermatozoon has successfully entered the ovum and the two sets of genetic material carried by the gametes fuse together, resulting in the zygote ( a single diploid cell ). This usually takes place in the ampulla of one of the fallopian tubes. The zygote contains the combined genetic material carried by both the male and female gametes which consists of the 23 chromosomes from the nucleus of the ovum and the 23 chromosomes from the nucleus of the sperm. The 46 chromosomes undergo changes prior to the mitotic division which leads to the formation of the embryo having two cells. Successful fertilization is enabled by three processes, which also act as controls to ensure species - specificity. The first is that of chemotaxis which directs the movement of the sperm towards the ovum. Secondly there is an adhesive compatibility between the sperm and the egg. With the sperm adhered to the ovum, the third process of acrosomal reaction takes place ; the front part of the spermatozoan head is capped by an acrosome which contains digestive enzymes to break down the zona pellucida and allow its entry. The entry of the sperm causes calcium to be released which blocks entry to other sperm cells. A parallel reaction takes place in the ovum called the zona reaction. This sees the release of cortical granules that release enzymes which digest sperm receptor proteins, thus preventing polyspermy. The granules also fuse with the plasma membrane and modify the zona pellucida in such a way as to prevent further sperm entry. Cleavage Further information : Cleavage ( embryo ) 8 - cell embryo, at 3 days The beginning of the cleavage process is marked when the zygote divides through mitosis into two cells. This mitosis continues and the first two cells divide into four cells, then into eight cells and so on. Each division takes from 12 to 24 hours. The zygote is large compared to any other cell and undergoes cleavage without any overall increase in size. This means that with each successive subdivision, the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material increases. Initially the dividing cells, called blastomeres ( blastos Greek for sprout ), are undifferentiated and aggregated into a sphere enclosed within the membrane of glycoproteins ( termed the zona pellucida ) of the ovum. When eight blastomeres have formed they begin to develop gap junctions, enabling them to develop in an integrated way and co-ordinate their response to physiological signals and environmental cues. When the cells number around sixteen the solid sphere of cells within the zona pellucida is referred to as a morula At this stage the cells start to bind firmly together in a process called compaction, and cleavage continues as cellular differentiation. Blastulation Blastocyst with an inner cell mass and trophoblast. Cleavage itself is the first stage in blastulation, the process of forming the blastocyst. Cells differentiate into an outer layer of cells ( collectively called the trophoblast ) and an inner cell mass. With further compaction the individual outer blastomeres, the trophoblasts, become indistinguishable. They are still enclosed within the zona pellucida. This compaction serves to make the structure watertight, containing the fluid that the cells will later secrete. The inner mass of cells differentiate to become embryoblasts and polarise at one end. They close together and form gap junctions, which facilitate cellular communication. This polarisation leaves a cavity, the blastocoel, creating a structure that is now termed the blastocyst. ( In animals other than mammals, this is called the blastula. ) The trophoblasts secrete fluid into the blastocoel. The resulting increase in size of the blastocyst causes it to hatch through the zone pellucida, which then disintegrates. The inner cell mass will give rise to the embryo proper, the amnion, yolk sac and allantois, while the fetal part of the placenta will form from the outer trophoblast layer. The embryo plus its membranes is called the conceptus, and by this stage the conceptus has reached the uterus. The zona pellucida ultimately disappears completely, and the now exposed cells of the trophoblast allow the blastocyst to attach itself to the endometrium, where it will implant. The formation of the hypoblast and epiblast, which are the two main layers of the bilaminar germ disc, occurs at the beginning of the second week. Either the embryoblast or the trophoblast will turn into two sub-layers. The inner cells will turn into the hypoblast layer, which will surround the other layer, called the epiblast, and these layers will form the embryonic disc that will develop into the embryo. The trophoblast will also develop two sub-layers : the cytotrophoblast, which is front of the syncytiotrophoblast, which in turn lies within the endometrium. Next, another layer called the exocoelomic membrane or Heuser 's membrane will appear and surround the cytotrophoblast, as well as the primitive yolk sac. The syncytiotrophoblast will grow and will enter a phase called lacunar stage, in which some vacuoles will appear and be filled by blood in the following days. The development of the yolk sac starts with the hypoblastic flat cells that form the exocoelomic membrane, which will coat the inner part of the cytotrophoblast to form the primitive yolk sac. An erosion of the endothelial lining of the maternal capillaries by the syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the sinusoids will form where the blood will begin to penetrate and flow through the trophoblast to give rise to the uteroplacental circulation. Subsequently new cells derived from yolk sac will be established between trophoblast and exocelomic membrane and will give rise to extra-embryonic mesoderm, which will form the chorionic cavity. At the end of the second week of development, some cells of the trophoblast penetrate and form rounded columns into the syncytiotrophoblast. These columns are known as primary villi. At the same time, other migrating cells form into the exocelomic cavity a new cavity named the secondary or definitive yolk sac, smaller than the primitive yolk sac. Implantation Main article : Implantation ( human embryo ) Trophoblast differentiation After ovulation, the endometrial lining becomes transformed into a secretory lining in preparation of accepting the embryo. It becomes thickened, with its secretory glands becoming elongated, and is increasingly vascular. This lining of the uterine cavity ( or womb ) is now known as the decidua, and it produces a great number of large decidual cells in its increased interglandular tissue. The trophoblast then differentiates into an inner layer, the cytotrophoblast, and an outer layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast contains cuboidal epithelial cells and is the source of dividing cells, and the syncytiotrophoblast is a syncytial layer without cell boundaries. The syncytiotrophoblast implants the blastocyst in the decidual epithelium by projections of chorionic villi, forming the embryonic part of the placenta. The placenta develops once the blastocyst is implanted, connecting the embryo to the uterine wall. The decidua here is termed the decidua basalis ; it lies between the blastocyst and the myometrium and forms the maternal part of the placenta. The implantation is assisted by hydrolytic enzymes that erode the epithelium. The syncytiotrophoblast also produces human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that stimulates the release of progesterone from the corpus luteum. Progesterone enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that it can oxygenate and sustain the developing embryo. The uterus liberates sugar from stored glycogen from its cells to nourish the embryo. The villi begin to branch and contain blood vessels of the embryo. Other villi, called terminal or free villi, exchange nutrients. The embryo is joined to the trophoblastic shell by a narrow connecting stalk that develops into the umbilical cord to attach the placenta to the embryo. Arteries in the decidua are remodelled to increase the maternal blood flow into the intervillous spaces of the placenta, allowing gas exchange and the transfer of nutrients to the embryo. Waste products from the embryo will diffuse across the placenta. As the syncytiotrophoblast starts to penetrate the uterine wall, the inner cell mass ( embryoblast ) also develops. The inner cell mass is the source of embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and can develop into any one of the three germ layer cells. Embryonic disc The embryoblast forms an embryonic disc, which is a bilaminar disc of two layers, an upper layer called the epiblast ( primitive ectoderm ) and a lower layer called the hypoblast ( primitive endoderm ). The disc is stretched between what will become the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac. The epiblast is adjacent to the trophoblast and made of columnar cells ; the hypoblast is closest to the blastocyst cavity and made of cuboidal cells. The epiblast migrates away from the trophoblast downwards, forming the amniotic cavity, the lining of which is formed from amnioblasts developed from the epiblast. The hypoblast is pushed down and forms the yolk sac ( exocoelomic cavity ) lining. Some hypoblast cells migrate along the inner cytotrophoblast lining of the blastocoel, secreting an extracellular matrix along the way. These hypoblast cells and extracellular matrix are called Heuser 's membrane ( or the exocoelomic membrane ), and they cover the blastocoel to form the yolk sac ( or exocoelomic cavity ). Cells of the epiblast migrate along the outer edges of this reticulum and form the extraembryonic mesoderm ; this disrupts the extraembryonic reticulum. Soon pockets form in the reticulum, which ultimately coalesce to form the chorionic cavity or extraembryonic coelom. Gastrulation Main article : Gastrulation Histogenesis of the three germ layers Artificially colored - gestational sac, yolk sac and embryo ( measuring 3 mm at 5 weeks ) Embryo attached to placenta in amniotic cavity The primitive streak, a linear band of cells formed by the migrating epiblast, appears, and this marks the beginning of gastrulation, which takes place around the seventeenth day ( week 3 ) after fertilisation. The process of gastrulation reorganises the two - layer embryo into a three - layer embryo, and also gives the embryo its specific head - to - tail, and front - to - back orientation, by way of the primitive streak which establishes bilateral symmetry. A primitive node ( or primitive knot ) forms in front of the primitive streak which is the organiser of neurulation. A primitive pit forms as a depression in the centre of the primitive node which connects to the notochord which lies directly underneath. The node has arisen from epiblasts of the amniotic cavity floor, and it is this node that induces the formation of the neural plate which serves as the basis for the nervous system. The neural plate will form opposite the primitive streak from ectodermal tissue which thickens and flattens into the neural plate. The epiblast in that region moves down into the streak at the location of the primitive pit where the process called ingression, which leads to the formation of the mesoderm takes place. This ingression sees the cells from the epiblast move into the primitive streak in an epithelial - mesenchymal transition ; epithelial cells become mesenchymal stem cells, multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into various cell types. The hypoblast is pushed out of the way and goes on to form the amnion. The epiblast keeps moving and forms a second layer, the mesoderm. The epiblast has now differentiated into the three germ layers of the embryo, so that the bilaminar disc is now a trilaminar disc, the gastrula. The three germ layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, and are formed as three overlapping flat discs. It is from these three layers that all the structures and organs of the body will be derived through the processes of somitogenesis, histogenesis and organogenesis. The embryonic endoderm is formed by invagination of epiblastic cells that migrate to the hypoblast, while the mesoderm is formed by the cells that develop between the epiblast and endoderm. In general, all germ layers will derive from the epiblast. The upper layer of ectoderm will give rise to the outermost layer of skin, central and peripheral nervous systems, eyes, inner ear, and many connective tissues. The middle layer of mesoderm will give rise to the heart and the beginning of the circulatory system as well as the bones, muscles and kidneys. The inner layer of endoderm will serve as the starting point for the development of the lungs, intestine, thyroid, pancreas and bladder. Following ingression, a blastopore develops where the cells have ingressed, in one side of the embryo and it deepens to become the archenteron, the first formative stage of the gut. As in all deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus whilst the gut tunnels through the embryo to the other side where the opening becomes the mouth. With a functioning digestive tube, gastrulation is now completed and the next stage of neurulation can begin. Neurulation Main article : Neurulation Neural plate Following gastrulation, the ectoderm gives rise to epithelial and neural tissue, and the gastrula is now referred to as the neurula. The neural plate that has formed as a thickened plate from the ectoderm, continues to broaden and its ends start to fold upwards as neural folds. Neurulation refers to this folding process whereby the neural plate is transformed into the neural tube, and this takes place during the fourth week. They fold, along a shallow neural groove which has formed as a dividing median line in the neural plate. This deepens as the folds continue to gain height, when they will meet and close together at the neural crest. The cells that migrate through the most cranial part of the primitive line form the paraxial mesoderm, which will give rise to the somitomeres that in the process of somitogenesis will differentiate into somites that will form the sclerotome, the syndetome, the myotome and the dermatome to form cartilage and bone, tendons, dermis ( skin ), and muscle. The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital tract and consists of cells that migrate from the middle region of the primitive line. Other cells migrate through the caudal part of the primitive line and form the lateral mesoderm, and those cells migrating by the most caudal part contribute to the extraembryonic mesoderm. The embryonic disc begins flat and round, but eventually elongates to have a wider cephalic part and narrow - shaped caudal end. At the beginning, the primitive line extends in cephalic direction and 18 days after fertilization returns caudally until it disappears. In the cephalic portion, the germ layer shows specific differentiation at the beginning of the 4th week, while in the caudal portion it occurs at the end of the 4th week. Cranial and caudal neuropores become progressively smaller until they close completely ( by day 26 ) forming the neural tube. Development of the nervous system Main articles : Neural development and Development of the nervous system in humans Embryonic development Late in the fourth week, the superior part of the neural tube flexes at the level of the future midbrain -- the mesencephalon. Above the mesencephalon is the prosencephalon ( future forebrain ) and beneath it is the rhombencephalon ( future hindbrain ). Cranial neural crest cells migrate to the pharyngeal arches as neural stem cells, where they develop in the process of neurogenesis into neurons. The optical vesicle ( which eventually becomes the optic nerve, retina and iris ) forms at the basal plate of the prosencephalon. The alar plate of the prosencephalon expands to form the cerebral hemispheres ( the telencephalon ) whilst its basal plate becomes the diencephalon. Finally, the optic vesicle grows to form an optic outgrowth. Development of brain in 8 week old embryo Blood cell development Haematopoietic stem cells that give rise to all the blood cells develop from the mesoderm. Organogenesis The development of the organs starts during the third to eighth weeks of embryogenesis. Development of the heart and circulatory system Main article : Heart development The heart is the first functional organ to develop and starts to beat and pump blood at around 21 or 22 days. Cardiac myoblasts and blood islands in the splanchnopleuric mesenchyme on each side of the neural plate, give rise to the cardiogenic region. This is a horseshoe - shaped area near to the head of the embryo. By day 19, following cell signalling, two strands begin to form as tubes in this region, as a lumen develops within them. These two endocardial tubes grow and by day 21 have migrated towards each other and fused to form a single primitive heart tube, the tubular heart. This is enabled by the folding of the embryo which pushes the tubes into the thoracic cavity. Also at the same time that the tubes are forming, vasculogenesis ( the development of the circulatory system ) has begun. This starts on day 18 with cells in the splanchnopleuric mesoderm differentiating into angioblasts that develop into flattened endothelial cells. These join to form small vesicles called angiocysts which join up to form long vessels called angioblastic cords. These cords develop into a pervasive network of plexuses in the formation of the vascular network. This network grows by the additional budding and sprouting of new vessels in the process of angiogenesis. The tubular heart quickly forms five distinct regions. From head to tail, these are the infundibulum, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and the sinus venosus. Initially, all venous blood flows into the sinus venosus, and is propelled from tail to head to the truncus arteriosus. This will divide to form the aorta and pulmonary artery ; the bulbus cordis will develop into the right ( primitive ) ventricle ; the primitive ventricle will form the left ventricle ; the primitive atrium will become the front parts of the left and right atria and their appendages, and the sinus venosus will develop into the posterior part of the right atrium, the sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus. Cardiac looping begins to shape the heart as one of the processes of morphogenesis, and this completes by the end of the fourth week. Programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) is involved in this process, at the joining surfaces enabling fusion to take place. In the middle of the fourth week, the sinus venosus receives blood from the three major veins : the vitelline, the umbilical and the common cardinal veins. During the first two months of development, the interatrial septum begins to form. This septum divides the primitive atrium into a right and a left atrium. Firstly it starts as a crescent - shaped piece of tissue which grows downwards as the septum primum. The crescent shape prevents the complete closure of the atria allowing blood to be shunted from the right to the left atrium through the opening known as the ostium primum. This closes with further development of the system but before it does, a second opening ( the ostium secundum ) begins to form in the upper atrium enabling the continued shunting of blood. A second septum ( the septum secundum ) begins to form to the right of the septum primum. This also leaves a small opening, the foramen ovale which is continuous with the previous opening of the ostium secundum. The septum primum is reduced to a small flap that acts as the valve of the foramen ovale and this remains until its closure at birth. Between the ventricles the septum inferius also forms which develops into the muscular interventricular septum. Development of the digestive system Main article : Development of the digestive system The digestive system starts to develop from the third week and by the twelfth week, the organs have correctly positioned themselves. Development of the face and neck Main article : Face and neck development of the embryo From the third to the eighth week the face and neck develop. Development of the limbs Main articles : Limb development and Limb bud Further information : Zone of polarizing activity In the fourth week limb development begins. Clinical significance Toxic exposures during the germinal stage may cause prenatal death resulting in a miscarriage, but do not cause developmental defects. However, toxic exposures in the embryonic period can be the cause of major congenital malformations, since the precursors of the major organ systems are now developing. Each cell of the preimplantation embryo has the potential to form all of the different cell types in the developing embryo. This cell potency means that some cells can be removed from the preimplantation embryo and the remaining cells will compensate for their absence. This has allowed the development of a technique known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis, whereby a small number of cells from the preimplantation embryo created by IVF, can be removed by biopsy and subjected to genetic diagnosis. This allows embryos that are not affected by defined genetic diseases to be selected and then transferred to the mother 's uterus. Sacrococcygeal teratomas, tumours formed from different types of tissue, that can form, are thought to be related to primitive streak remnants, which ordinarily disappear. First arch syndromes are congenital disorders of facial deformities, caused by the failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the first pharyngeal arch. Spina bifida a congenital disorder is the result of the incomplete closure of the neural tube. Vertically transmitted infections can be passed from the mother to the unborn child at any stage of its development. Hypoxia a condition of inadequate oxygen supply can be a serious consequence of a preterm or premature birth. See also Aorta - gonad - mesonephros CDX2 Development of the reproductive system Development of the urinary system Developmental biology Drosophila embryogenesis Embryomics Eye development Gonadogenesis Human tooth development Potential person Recapitulation theory Additional images Representing different stages of embryogenesis Early stage of the gastrulation process Phase of the gastrulation process Top of the form of the embryo Establishment of embryo medium Spinal cord at 5 weeks Head and neck at 32 days References Jump up ^ Sherk, Stephanie Dionne. `` http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/prenatal-development ''. Gale Encyclopedia of Children 's Health, 2006. Gale. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` germinal stage ''. Mosby 's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Elsevier. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` acrosome definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15. ^ Jump up to : Forgács, G. ; Newman, Stuart A. ( 2005 ). `` Cleavage and blastula formation ''. Biological physics of the developing embryo. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78337 - 8. Jump up ^ Brison, D.R. ; Sturmey, R.G. ; Leese, H.J. ( 2014 ). `` Metabolic heterogeneity during preimplantation development : the missing link ? ''. Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 5 ) : 632 -- 640. ISSN 1355 - 4786. PMID 24795173. doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmu018. Jump up ^ Boklage, Charles E. ( 2009 ). How New Humans Are Made : Cells and Embryos, Twins and Chimeras, Left and Right, Mind / Self / Soul, Sex, and Schizophrenia. World Scientific. p. 217. ISBN 978 - 981 - 283 - 513 - 0. Jump up ^ http://www.vanat.cvm.umn.edu/TFFLectPDFs/LectEarlyEmbryo ^ Jump up to : Carlson, Bruce M. ( 1999 ) ( 1t. Pub. 1997 ). `` Chapter 4 : Formation of germ layers and initial derivatives ''. Human Embryology & Developmental Biology. Mosby, Inc. pp. 62 -- 68. ISBN 0 - 8151 - 1458 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Sadler, T.W. ; Langman, Jan ( 2012 ) ( 1st. Pub. 2001 ). `` Chapter 3 : Primera semana del desarrollo : de la ovulación a la implantación ''. In Seigafuse, sonya. Langman, Embriología médica. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolters Kluwer. pp. 29 -- 42. ISBN 978 - 84 - 15419 - 83 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Moore, Keith L. ; Persaud, V.N. ( 2003 ) ( 1t. Pub. 1996 ). `` Chapter 3 : Formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc : second week ''. The Developing Human, Clinically Oriented Embryology. WB Saunders Co. pp. 47 -- 51. ISBN 0 - 7216 - 9412 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Larsen, William J. ; Sherman, Lawrence S. ; Potter, S. Steven ; Scott, William J. ( 2001 ) ( 1t. Pub. 1998 ). `` Chapter 2 : Bilaminar embryonic disc development and establishment of the uteroplacental circulation ''. Human Embryology. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 37 -- 45. ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7. Jump up ^ Campbell, Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ). Biology : Exploring Life. Boston : Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Smith Agreda, Víctor ; Ferrés Torres, Elvira ; Montesinos Castro - Girona, Manuel ( 1992 ). `` Chapter 5 : Organización del desarrollo : Fase de germinación ''. Manual de embriología y anatomía general. Universitat de València. pp. 72 -- 85. ISBN 84 - 370 - 1006 - 3. Jump up ^ Ross, Lawrence M. & Lamperti, Edward D., ed. ( 2006 ). `` Human Ontogeny : Gastrulation, Neurulation, and Somite Formation ''. Atlas of anatomy : general anatomy and musculoskeletal system. Thieme. ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 142081 - 7. url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9TgTaGt6UC&pg=PA6 Jump up ^ `` Pregnancy week by week ''. Retrieved 28 July 2010. Jump up ^ Brent AE, Schweitzer R, Tabin CJ ( April 2003 ). `` A somitic compartment of tendon progenitors ''. Cell. 113 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 48. PMID 12705871. doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 03 ) 00268 - X. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20. Jump up ^ Larsen, WJ ( 2001 ). Human Embryology ( 3rd ed. ). Elsevier. p. 87. ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Betts, J. Gordon ( 2013 ). Anatomy & physiology. pp. 787 -- 846. ISBN 1938168135. ^ Jump up to : Larsen, WJ ( 2001 ). Human Embryology ( 3rd ed. ). Elsevier. pp. 170 -- 190. ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human embryos. Photo of blastocyst in utero Slideshow : In the Womb Online course in embryology for medicine students developed by the universities of Fribourg, Lausanne and Bern Developmental biology Ageing Compartment Embryogenesis Human Drosophila Fish polarity Embryology Metamerism Metamorphosis Indirect development : holometabolism, hemimetabolism Direct development : ametabolism Model organisms Ontogeny Puberty Regeneration Human Teratology Evolutionary developmental biology Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Cells in humans derived from ectoderm Surface ectoderm Skin Trichocyte Keratinocyte Anterior pituitary Gonadotrope Corticotrope Thyrotrope Somatotrope Lactotroph Neural crest Peripheral nervous system Neuron Glia Schwann cell Satellite glial cell Neuroendocrine system Chromaffin cell Parafollicular cell Glomus cell Skin Melanocyte Nevus cell Merkel cell Teeth Odontoblast Cementoblast Eyes Corneal keratocyte Neural tube Central nervous system Neuron Glia ( Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte ) Ependyma Ependymocytes Pineal gland Pinealocyte Cells in humans derived from endoderm Foregut Respiratory Pneumocyte Type 1 Type 2 Club cell Goblet cell Digestive Stomach Enteroendocrine cell G cell Delta cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Gastric chief cell Parietal cell Foveolar cell Intestine Enteroendocrine cell Gastric inhibitory polypeptide S cell Delta cell Cholecystokinin Goblet cell Paneth cell Tuft cell Enterocyte Microfold cell Liver Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell ( Kupffer cell from mesoderm ) Gallbladder Cholecystocyte Exocrine pancreas Centroacinar cell Pancreatic stellate cell Islets of Langerhans alpha cell beta cell delta cell F cell ( PP cell epsilon cell Pharyngeal pouch Thyroid gland Follicular cell Parathyroid gland Parathyroid chief cell Oxyphil cell Hindgut / cloaca Urothelial cells Cells in humans derived from mesoderm Paraxial Mesenchymal stem cell Osteochondroprogenitor cell Bone ( Osteoblast → Osteocyte ) Cartilage ( Chondroblast → Chondrocyte ) Myofibroblast Fat Lipoblast → Adipocyte Muscle Myoblast → Myocyte Myosatellite cell Tendon cell Cardiac muscle cell Other Fibroblast → Fibrocyte Other Digestive system Interstitial cell of Cajal Intermediate Renal stem cell Angioblast → Endothelial cell Mesangial cell Intraglomerular Extraglomerular Juxtaglomerular cell Macula densa cell Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Reproductive system Sertoli cell Leydig cell Granulosa cell Peg cell germ cells spermatozoon ovum Lateral plate / hemangioblast Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphoid Lymphoblast see lymphocytes Myeloid CFU - GEMM see myeloid cells Circulatory system Endothelial progenitor cell Endothelial colony forming cell Endothelial stem cell Angioblast / Mesoangioblast Pericyte Mural cell Development of the nervous system Neurogenesis General Neural development Neurulation Neurula Notochord Neuroectoderm Neural plate Neural fold Neural groove Neuropoiesis Adult neurogenesis Neural crest Cranial neural crest Cardiac neural crest complex Truncal neural crest Neural tube Rostral neuropore Neuromere / Rhombomere Cephalic flexure Pontine flexure Alar plate Basal plate Glioblast Neuroblast Germinal matrix Eye Neural tube Optic vesicle Optic stalk Optic cup Surface ectoderm Lens placode Ear Otic placode Otic pit Otic vesicle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_embryogenesis&oldid=804506683 '' Categories : Embryology Developmental biology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 13 : 34. 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Question: an embryo during the late stages of development
Answer: blastocyst