Herbert Hoover - wikipedia Herbert Hoover 31st President of the United States of America 31st President of the United States Herbert Hoover 31st President of the United States In office March 4, 1929 -- March 4, 1933 Vice President Charles Curtis Preceded by Calvin Coolidge Succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce In office March 5, 1921 -- August 21, 1928 President Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Preceded by Joshua W. Alexander Succeeded by William F. Whiting Director of the United States Food Administration In office August 21, 1917 -- November 16, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Position abolished Personal details Herbert Clark Hoover ( 1874 - 08 - 10 ) August 10, 1874 West Branch, Iowa, U.S. October 20, 1964 ( 1964 - 10 - 20 ) ( aged 90 ) New York City, U.S. Cause of death Internal bleeding Resting place Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, West Branch, Iowa Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Lou Henry ( m. 1899 ; d. 1944 ) Children Herbert Jr. Allan Parents Jesse Hoover Hulda Randall Minthorn Residence Stanford, California, U.S. Education George Fox University Stanford University ( BS ) Profession Mining engineer Civil engineer Businessman Humanitarian Signature Herbert Clark Hoover ( August 10, 1874 -- October 20, 1964 ) was an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. A Republican, as Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s he introduced themes of efficiency in the business community and provided government support for standardization, efficiency and international trade. As president from 1929 to 1933, his domestic programs were overshadowed by the onset of the Great Depression. Hoover was defeated in a landslide election in 1932 by Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt. After this loss, Hoover became staunchly conservative, and advocated against Roosevelt 's New Deal policies. A lifelong Quaker, he became a successful mining engineer with a global perspective. He built an international reputation as a humanitarian by leading international relief efforts in Belgium during World War I, 1914 - 1917. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917 he became `` food czar '' as head of the U.S. Food Administration with charge of much of the nation 's food supply and a massive advertising campaign to help consumers adjust and save. He worked well with President Woodrow Wilson and the cabinet, and gained a large national audience. After the war, he led the American Relief Administration, which provided food to the inhabitants of Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Hoover was a popular among progressives as a potential candidate in the 1920 presidential election, but his candidacy quickly petered out. Republican Warren G. Harding won and appointed Hoover as Secretary of Commerce. Hoover was an unusually active and visible cabinet member, becoming known as `` Secretary of Commerce and Under - Secretary of all other departments. '' Hoover won the Republican nomination in 1928, and defeated Democrat Al Smith in a landslide. Hoover avoided the anti-Catholicism that hurt Smith, but in a time of peace and prosperity his success was highly likely. The Great Depression was the central issue of his presidency, starting with the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. There were occasional upswings but more frequent downswings until the economy verged on disaster in 1931 - 33, along with most of the industrial world. Hoover pursued a variety of policies in an attempt to lift the economy, but opposed direct federal relief efforts until late in his tenure. He asked business and labor leaders to avoid wage cuts and work stoppages, and raised taxes in the hope of balancing the budget. In 1930, he reluctantly approved the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff, which sent foreign trade spiraling down. The economy kept falling, and the unemployment rate rose to 25 %, with heavy industry, mining, and wheat and cotton farming hit especially hard. In 1932, Hoover signed a major public works bill and established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which was designed to provide government loans to banks, railroads and big businesses in danger of failing. The downward economic spiral, along with violent dispersal of the Bonus Army, set the stage for Hoover 's overwhelming defeat by Roosevelt, who promised a New Deal. Hoover became a conservative spokesman in opposition to the domestic and foreign policies of Roosevelt. He opposed entry into the Second World War and was not called on to serve in any public role during the war. He had better relations with President Harry S. Truman, and Hoover helped produce a number of reports that changed U.S. occupation policy in Germany. Truman also appointed Hoover to head the Hoover Commission, intended to foster greater efficiency throughout the federal bureaucracy, and Hoover served on a similar commission under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. By the time of his death in 1964, he had rehabilitated his image. Nevertheless, Hoover is generally not ranked highly in historical rankings of Presidents of the United States. Contents 1 Family background and early life 2 Mining engineer 2.1 Australia 2.2 China and other global operations 2.3 Sole proprietor 3 Humanitarian work 3.1 Relief in Europe and Belgium 3.2 U.S. Food Administration 3.3 Post-war relief and 1920 election 4 Secretary of Commerce 4.1 Radio and air travel 4.2 Traffic conferences 4.3 Mississippi flood 5 Presidential election of 1928 5.1 Republican nomination 5.2 General election 6 Presidency ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 6.1 Civil rights 6.2 Great Depression 6.2. 1 Early policies 6.2. 2 Later policies 6.3 Taxes, revenues, and deficits 6.4 Foreign relations 6.5 Bonus Army 6.6 1932 re-election campaign 7 Post-presidency 7.1 Opposition to Roosevelt 7.2 World War II 7.3 Post -- World War II 7.4 Final years and death 8 Writing 9 Legacy and memorials 10 Media 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading 13.1 Biographies 13.2 Scholarly studies 13.3 Primary sources 14 External links Family background and early Life 1877 Herbert Hoover tintype Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa. He is the only president born in that state, and the first born west of the Mississippi River. His father, Jesse Hoover ( 1849 -- 1880 ), was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner of German ( Pfautz, Wehmeyer ), German - Swiss ( Huber, Burkhart ) and English ancestry. Jesse Hoover and his father Eli had moved to Iowa from Ohio twenty years previously. Hoover 's mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn ( 1849 -- 1884 ), was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada and was of English and Irish ancestry. Both of his parents were Quakers. Hoover 's family figured prominently in the town 's public prayer life due almost entirely to Hulda 's role in her church. His father, noted by the local paper for his `` pleasant, sunshiny disposition '', died in 1880. After working to retire her husband 's debts, retain their life insurance, and care for the children, his mother died in 1884, leaving Hoover ( age nine ), his older brother, and his younger sister as orphans. Fellow Quaker Lawrie Tatum was appointed as Hoover 's guardian. Herbert Hoover birthplace cottage, West Branch, Iowa After a brief stay with one of his grandmothers in Kingsley, Iowa, Hoover lived the next 18 months with his uncle Allen Hoover in West Branch. In November 1885, he went to Newberg, Oregon, to live with his uncle Dr. John Minthorn, a physician and businessman whose own son had died the year before. The Minthorn household was considered cultured and educational, and imparted a strong work ethic. Observers, including Minthorn himself, describe Hoover as being unhappy with the long days of toil he experienced while staying with the Minthorn household. Hoover attended Friends Pacific Academy ( now George Fox University ), but dropped out at the age of thirteen to become an office assistant for his uncle 's real estate office in Salem, Oregon. Though he did not attend high school, Hoover attended night school and learned bookkeeping, typing, and mathematics. Hoover entered Stanford University in 1891, its inaugural year, after failing all the entrance exams ( except mathematics ) and then being tutored for the summer in Palo Alto. Hoover claimed to be the very first student at Stanford, by virtue of having been the first person in the first class to sleep in the dormitory. Hoover worked a variety of odd jobs to support himself, and struggled in many of his classes, especially English. But he found a happiness at Stanford that previously eluded him. Hoover had been unsure of his major before arriving at Stanford, but a position working for geologist John Casper Branner convinced him to switch his major to geology, and Hoover interned for Branner and the United States Geological Survey during the summer. Though he was shy among fellow students at first, Hoover won election as student treasurer and became known for his distaste for fraternities and sororities. In his senior year, he became smitten with a classmate named Lou Henry, but his financial situation precluded marriage. Hoover graduated from Stanford in 1895, in the midst of the Panic of 1893, and initially struggled to find a job. While at the university he was the student manager of both the baseball and football teams and was a part of the inaugural Big Game versus rival the University of California and friend ( Cal Manager ) Herbert Lang. Only 10,000 tickets were printed for the inaugural game and 20,000 people showed up. Both Hoover and Lang had to find pots, bowls and any other available receptacles to collect admission fees. Stanford won the game. In 1892 Hoover invited Polish composer Ignacy Jan Paderewski to give a benefit concert. Hoover and his associates were unable to pay Paderewski the entire honorarium. The musician after hearing their story returned them the money so they could pay for rental of the concert hall. In 1919 Paderewski, now prime minister of Poland, traveled to America to thank the head of the American Relief Administration for helping Poland. `` That 's all right, Mr. Paderewski, '' Hoover replied. `` Besides, you do n't remember it, but you helped me once when I was a student at college and I was in a hole. '' Mining engineer Australia After graduation, Hoover worked in the gold mining districts of Nevada City and Grass Valley, California, before landing a job with the mining engineering firm of Louis Janin. Hoover went to Western Australia in 1897 as an employee of Bewick, Moreing & Co., a London - based gold mining company. His geological training and work experience were well suited for the firm 's objectives. He worked at gold mines in Big Bell, Cue, Gwalia, Menzies, and Coolgardie. Herbert Hoover, aged 23 ; taken in Perth, Western Australia, in 1898 Hoover first went to Coolgardie, then the center of the Eastern Goldfields, where he worked under Edward Hooper, a company partner. Conditions were harsh in these goldfields even though he got a $5,000 salary ( equivalent to $100,000 today ). In the Coolgardie and Murchison rangelands on the edge of the Great Victoria Desert, Hoover described the region as a land of `` black flies, red dust and white heat ''. He served as a geologist and mining engineer while searching the Western Australian goldfields for investments. A poem ( written to a barmaid he met ) and antique mirror gifted by Hoover can still be found today at The Palace Hotel, in Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Western Australia. After being appointed as mine manager at the age of 23, he led a major program of expansion for the Sons of Gwalia gold mine at Gwalia, and brought in many Italian immigrants to cut costs and counter the labour movement of the Australian miners. Hoover became opposed to measures such as the minimum wage and workers ' compensation, feeling that they were unfair to owners. In 1898, Hoover was promoted to junior partner by his employers, who were pleased with Hoover 's talent and devotion to his work. After earning his promotion, he cabled his college sweetheart, Lou Henry, asking her to marry him. After she cabled back her acceptance of the proposal, Hoover briefly returned to the United States to marry her. Hoover and his wife had two children : Herbert Charles Hoover ( 1903 -- 1969 ) and Allan Henry Hoover ( 1907 -- 1993 ). Rather than returning to Australia, Hoover and his new wife traveled to China. An open feud had developed between Hoover and his boss Ernest Williams, with Hoover persuading four other mine managers to conspire against his rival. Defusing the situation, the firm 's principals offered Hoover a compelling promotion that relocated him to China. During his time at Gwalia, Hoover first met Fleury James Lyster, a pioneering metallurgist. In Western Australia friends called Hoover `` H.C. '' or the old nickname `` Hail Columbia ''. China and other global operations The Hoovers lived in China from April 1899 until August 1900. Hoover 's work in China revolved around the huge Kaiping Mines. Hoover worked as chief engineer for the Chinese Bureau of Mines, and as general manager for the Chinese Engineering and Mining Corporation. Later he worked for Bewick, Moreing & Co. as the company 's lead engineer. Hoover 's wife studied Mandarin Chinese and he also learned some of the language while he worked in China ; it is said that they used it during his tenure at the White House when they wanted to foil eavesdroppers. Hoover made recommendations to improve the lot of the Chinese worker, seeking to end the practice of imposing long term servitude contracts and to institute reforms for workers based on merit. The Boxer Rebellion trapped the Hoovers in Tianjin in June 1900. For almost a month, the settlement was under fire, and both dedicated themselves to defense of their city. Hoover himself guided U.S. Marines around Tianjin during the battle, using his knowledge of the local terrain. Mrs. Hoover, meanwhile, devoted her efforts at the various hospitals and even wielded, and willingly and accurately deployed, a. 38 - caliber pistol. Lou Henry, age 17, on a burro and rifle - ready at Acton, California on August 22, 1891 Hoover was made a partner in Bewick, Moreing & Co. on December 18, 1901 and assumed responsibility for various Australian operations and investments. His initial compensation rose to $12,500 annually in addition to a 20 % share of profits. The company eventually controlled at one point approximately 50 % of gold production in Western Australia. In 1901, Hoover no longer lived in Australia, but he visited the country in 1902, 1903, 1905, and 1907 as an overseas investor. Hoover was also a director of Chinese Engineering and Mining Corporation ( CEMC ) when it became a supplier of immigrant labor from Southeast Asia for South African mines. The first shipment of almost 2,000 workers arrived in Durban from Qinhuangdao in July 1904. By 1906, the total number of immigrant workers increased to 50,000, almost entirely recruited and shipped by CEMC. When the living and working conditions of the laborers became known, public opposition to the scheme grew and questions were asked in the British Parliament. The scheme was abandoned in 1911. Acting as a main investor, financier, mining speculator, and organizer of men, Hoover played a major role in the important metallurgical developments that occurred in Broken Hill, New South Wales in the first decade of the twentieth century, developments that had a great impact on the mining and production of silver, lead, and zinc. In August -- September 1905, he founded the Zinc Corporation ( eventually part of the Rio Tinto Group ) with William Baillieu and others. The lead - silver ore produced at Broken Hill was rich in zinc. But the zinc could not be recovered due to `` the Sulphide Problem '', and was left in the tailings that remained after the silver and lead was extracted. Zinc Corporation proposed to buy the tailings and extract the zinc by a new process. The froth flotation process was then being developed at Broken Hill, although the Zinc Corporation struggled to apply it. F.J. Lyster, originally a carpenter before becoming a foreman in the gravity mill, perfected the `` Lyster Process '', which enabled the Zinc Corporation to operate the world 's first selective or differential flotation plant. According to Geoffrey Blainey, though the process was not fully understood, a patent was applied for in May 1912. Hoover wrote, `` Broken Hill was one of the dreariest places in the world at this time. It lay in the middle of the desert, was unbelievably hot in summer, had no fresh water, no vegetation, and mountains of tailings blew into every crack with every wisp of wind. ' Despite these miserable conditions, Hoover and his associates became suppliers to world industry of zinc and other vital base minerals. Sole proprietor Herbert Hoover in his 30s while a mining engineer In 1908, Hoover became an independent mining consultant, traveling worldwide until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. He left Bewick, Moreing & Co and, setting out on his own, eventually ended up with investments on every continent and offices in San Francisco, London, New York City, St. Petersburg, Paris and Mandalay, Burma. He specialized in rejuvenating troubled mining operations, taking a share of the profits in exchange for his technical and financial expertise. In later years Hoover thought of himself and his associates as `` engineering doctors to sick concerns '', hence his reputation as the `` Doctor of sick mines ''. He had his second successful venture with the British firm Burma Corporation, again producing silver, lead, and zinc in large quantities at the Namtu Bawdwin Mine, where he caught malaria in 1907. He also helped increase copper production in Kyshtym, Russia, through the use of pyritic smelting. Then he agreed to manage one of the Russian Czar 's Cabinet Mines, located in the Altai Mountains. The oxidized lead - zinc - silver ore contained copper and gold as well. According to Hoover, `` It developed probably the greatest and richest single body of ore known in the world '' before the Communist Revolution. In his spare time, Hoover wrote. His lectures at Columbia and Stanford universities were published in 1909 as Principles of Mining, which became a standard textbook. The book reflects his move towards Progressive ideals, as Hoover came to endorse eight - hour workdays and organized labor. Hoover and his wife also published their English translation of the 1556 mining classic De re metallica in 1912. This translation from the Latin of Renaissance author Georgius Agricola is still the most important scholarly version and provides its historical context. By 1914, Hoover was a very wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $4 million. Hoover also stood eventually to obtain what he later described as `` a large fortune from these Russian industries, probably more than is good for anybody. '' Sixty - six years after opening the mine in 1897, Hoover still had a partial share in the Sons of Gwalia mine when it finally closed in 1963, just one year before the former president 's death in New York City in 1964. The successful mine had yielded $55 m in gold and $10 m in dividends for investors. Humanitarian work Relief in Europe and Belgium Poster for the American Relief Administration for Belgium directed by Hoover. When World War I began in August 1914, Hoover helped organize the return of around 120,000 Americans from Europe. He led 500 volunteers in distributing food, clothing, steamship tickets and cash. `` I did not realize it at the moment, but on August 3, 1914, my career was over forever. I was on the slippery road of public life. '' Hoover liked to say that the difference between dictatorship and democracy was simple : dictators organize from the top down, democracies from the bottom up. When Belgium faced a food crisis after being invaded by Germany in 1914, Hoover undertook an unprecedented relief effort with the Commission for Relief in Belgium ( CRB ). As chairman of the CRB, Hoover worked with the leader of the Belgian Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation ( CNSA ), Émile Francqui, to feed the entire nation for the duration of the war. The CRB obtained and imported millions of tons of foodstuffs for the CNSA to distribute, and watched over the CNSA to make sure the German army did not appropriate the food. The CRB became a veritable independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills, and railroads. Private donations and government grants ( 78 % ) supplied an $11 - million - a-month budget. For the next two years, Hoover worked 14 - hour days from London, administering the distribution of over two million tons of food to nine million war victims. In an early form of shuttle diplomacy, he crossed the North Sea forty times to meet with German authorities and persuade them to allow food shipments, becoming an international hero. The Belgian city of Leuven named a prominent square Hooverplein after him. At its peak, Hoover 's American Relief Administration ( ARA ) fed 10.5 million people daily. Great Britain grew reluctant to support the CRB, preferring instead to emphasize Germany 's obligation to supply the relief ; Winston Churchill, whom Hoover intensely disliked, led a military faction that considered the Belgian relief effort `` a positive military disaster ''. Hoover greatly impressed American diplomat Walter Page, who said : He is probably the only man living who has privately ( i.e., without holding office ) negotiated understandings with the British, French, German, Dutch, and Belgian governments. He personally knows and has had direct dealings with these governments, and his transactions with them have involved several hundred million dollars. He is a man of very considerable fortune -- less than when the war began, for this relief work has cost him much. U.S. food Administration After the United States entered the war in April 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was created under the Lever Food Control Act in 1917 to ensure the nation 's food needs during the war. This was a position he actively sought, though he later claimed it was thrust upon him. He was convinced from his Belgian work that centralization of authority was essential to any relief effort ; he demanded, and got, great power albeit not as much as he sought. Hoover believed `` food will win the war '' ; and beginning on September 29, this slogan was introduced and put into frequent use. Earning the appellation of `` food czar, '' Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership -- Alonzo Taylor ( technical abilities ), Robert Taft ( political associations ), Gifford Pinchot ( agricultural influence ) and Julius Barnes ( business acumen ). Determined to avoid rationing, Hoover established set days for people to avoid eating specified foods and save them for soldiers ' rations : meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and `` when in doubt, eat potatoes. '' These policies were dubbed `` Hooverizing '' by government publicists, in spite of Hoover 's continual orders that publicity should not mention him by name. The agency employed a system of price controls and licensing requirements for suppliers to maximize production. Despite efforts to prevent it, some companies reaped great profits. Post-war relief and 1920 election Days after the end of World War I in November 1918, Hoover sailed to Europe. The United States Food Administration became the American Relief Administration ( ARA ), and Hoover was charged with providing food to Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions, including the inhabitants of Germany and the former Habsburg Empire. U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, and Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children 's Fund fed millions of starving children. In addition to nourishing millions, the ARA also helped the United States avoid a potentially problematic domestic food surplus. In response to criticism over his willingness to grant aid to countries under the sway of Bolshevism, Hoover stated, Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed ! Reflecting the gratitude of many Europeans, in July 1922, Soviet author Maxim Gorky wrote to Hoover : Your help will enter history as a unique, gigantic achievement, worthy of the greatest glory, which will long remain in the memory of millions of Russians whom you have saved from death. As one of the most powerful individuals in Europe, Hoover became involved in continental politics. He was broadly supportive of Wilson 's Fourteen Points, and was appointed by Wilson to the U.S. delegation at the peace conference in Versailles. He urged ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, but opposed harsh reparations for Germany. He opposed a monarchist coup in Hungary and demanded the appointment of the moderate Ignacy Jan Paderewski in Poland. He condemned Bolshevism, but warned President Wilson against an intervention in Russia, viewing the White Russian forces as little better and fearing the possibility of a protracted U.S. involvement. Hoover had been little known among the American public before 1914, but emerged as perhaps the second-most famous person in the United States after President Wilson. In the lead - up to the 1920 presidential election, Hoover was often mentioned as a potential candidate, but his partisan affiliation was unclear. Hoover particularly appealed to progressives of both parties, who commended his wartime push for higher taxes, criticism of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, and advocacy for measures such as the minimum wage, forty - eight - hour workweek, and elimination of child labor. Yet Hoover 's `` rags to riches '' story and war - time leadership made him appealing to many others as well. In March 1920, Hoover publicly declared his allegiance with the GOP, stating that he would not run for but would not refuse the 1920 Republican nomination. Hoover had various reasons for choosing the Republican Party, including a split with Wilson over the Versailles Treaty ( Hoover had come to accept the Lodge Reservations to the treaty ), and his view that the Democrats would likely lose the 1920 election. However, the conservative Old Guard of the GOP viewed Hoover warily, and his time as Food Czar had also made him numerous enemies among farmers, an important bloc in the GOP. Hoover 's candidacy for the GOP nomination fizzled out after his defeat in the California primary by favorite son Hiram Johnson. In the general election, Hoover supported the Republican nominee, Warren G. Harding, who emerged victorious. In 1919, Hoover established the Hoover War Collection at Stanford University. He donated all the files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration, and pledged $50,000 as an endowment. Scholars were sent to Europe to collect pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related to the war and the revolutions that followed it. The collection was renamed the Hoover War Library in 1922 and is now known as the Hoover Institution. Secretary of Commerce Assistants William McCracken ( left ) & Walter Drake ( right ) with Secretary Hoover ( center ) After his election as president in 1920, Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him as either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce. Expecting opposition from the Republican - controlled Senate, Hoover initially decided to refuse a Cabinet position, but Harding paired Hoover 's nomination with that of Andrew Mellon, who many Republicans hoped would become Secretary of the Treasury. Secretary of Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, with limited and vaguely defined responsibilities, but Hoover decided to accept the position. Hoover remained in office until 1928, serving in both the Harding and Coolidge administrations. Hoover envisioned the Commerce Department as the hub of the nation 's growth and stability. From Harding he demanded, and received, authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics, the census and radio, to air travel. In some instances he `` seized '' control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well. He became known as the `` Secretary of Commerce and Under - Secretary of all other departments. '' Many of Hoover 's efforts as Commerce Secretary centered on eliminating waste and increasing efficiency in business and industry. This included reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing the amount of crude oil spilled during extraction and shipping. One major achievement was to promote product standardizations. He promoted international trade by opening overseas offices to advise businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote Hollywood films overseas. Hoover with President Harding at a baseball game in 1921. As secretary and later as president, Hoover revolutionized relations between business and government. Rejecting the adversarial stance of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson, he sought to make the Commerce Department a powerful service organization, empowered to forge cooperative voluntary partnerships between government and business. This philosophy is often called `` associationalism ''. Both the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission opposed Hoover 's goals, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Maple Flooring Manufacturers ' Assn. v. United States 268 U.S. 563 ( 1925 ) that Hoover 's policies served the public interest by producing `` fairer price levels '' and `` avoid ( ing ) waste. '' His `` Own Your Own Home '' campaign was a collaboration to promote ownership of single - family dwellings, with groups such as the Better Houses in America movement, the Architects ' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers and the savings and loan industry to promote the new long - term home mortgage, which dramatically stimulated home construction. Radio and air travel Herbert Hoover listening to a radio receiver Hoover 's radio conferences played a key role in the early organization, development and regulation of radio broadcasting. Prior to the Radio Act of 1927, the Secretary of Commerce was unable to deny radio licensing or reassign broadcast frequencies. With help from supporters Senator Dill and Representative White, Hoover brought the issue of radio control to the Senate floor. Hoover fought for more power to control the proliferation of licensed radio stations ( which in 1927, stood at 732 stations ). With help from Dill and White, Hoover promoted the Dill - White Bill which eventually would become the Radio Act of 1927. This act allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed `` non-useful '' to the public. Hoover 's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all Congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners. However, Hoover 's contributions to regulate radio in its infancy heavily influenced the modern radio system. Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel. He sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by indirect government subsidies. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields and required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams. He also encouraged farmers to make use of planes for crop dusting. In light of his efforts, Washington, D.C. named its first airport Hoover Field. Traffic conferences As Commerce Secretary, Hoover also hosted two national conferences on street traffic, in 1924 and 1926 ( a third convened in 1930, during Hoover 's presidency ). Collectively the meetings were called the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover 's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states, and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile 's priority in city streets. Mississippi flood The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 broke the banks and levees of the lower Mississippi River in early 1927, resulting in flooding of millions of acres and leaving 1.5 million people displaced from their homes. Although such a disaster did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, the governors of six states along the Mississippi specifically asked for Herbert Hoover in the emergency. President Coolidge appointed Hoover to coordinate the response to the flood. Hoover personally crisscrossed the Mississippi Valley, giving speeches and coordinating the response. He established over one hundred tent cities and a fleet of more than six hundred vessels, and raised $17 million. In large part due to his leadership during the flood crisis, by 1928, Hoover had begun to overshadow President Coolidge himself. The treatment of African - Americans during the disaster endangered Hoover 's reputation as a humanitarian. Local officials brutalized black farmers and prevented them from leaving relief camps, aid intended for African - American sharecroppers was often given instead to the landowners, and black men often were conscripted by locals into forced labor, sometimes at gun point. Knowing the potential damage to his presidential hopes if this became public, Hoover struck a deal with Robert Russa Moton, the prominent African - American successor to Booker T. Washington as president of the Tuskegee Institute. In exchange for keeping the sufferings of African - Americans quiet, Hoover promised unprecedented influence for African - Americans should he become president. Moton agreed, and following the accommodationist philosophy of Washington, he worked actively to conceal the information from the media. Presidential election of 1928 Main article : United States presidential election, 1928 Republican nomination When President Calvin Coolidge announced in August 1927 that he would not seek a second full term of office in the 1928 presidential election, Hoover became the leading Republican candidate, despite the fact Coolidge was lukewarm on Hoover, often deriding his ambitious and popular Commerce Secretary as `` Wonder Boy ''. Coolidge had been reluctant to choose Hoover as his successor ; on one occasion he remarked that for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice -- all of it bad. I was particularly offended by his comment to `` shit or get off the pot ''. Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the popular Commerce Secretary 's nomination. Prior to the 1928 Republican National Convention, many wary Republican leaders cast about for an alternative candidate such as Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon, former Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, or Coolidge. When no challenger emerged, Hoover won the presidential nomination on the first ballot of the convention. The delegates considered nominating incumbent Vice President Charles Dawes to be Hoover 's running mate. However, Coolidge ( who hated Dawes ) remarked that this would be `` a personal affront '' to him. The convention instead selected Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas. Hoover accepted the nomination at Stanford Stadium, telling a huge crowd that he would continue the policies of the Harding and Coolidge administration. General election 1928 electoral vote results. Hoover campaigned for efficiency and the Republican record of prosperity against Democrat Alfred E. Smith. Smith likewise was a proponent of efficiency earned as governor of New York. Both candidates were pro-business, and each promised to improve conditions for farmers, reform immigration laws, and maintain America 's isolationist foreign policy. Where they differed was on the Volstead Act which outlawed the sale of liquor and beer. Smith was a `` wet '' who called for its repeal, whereas Hoover gave limited support for prohibition, calling it an `` experiment noble in purpose. '' His use of `` experiment '' suggested it was not permanent. While Smith won extra support among Catholics in the big cities, he was also the target of intense anti-Catholicism from some Protestant communities, especially amongst Southern Baptists and German Lutherans. Overall the religious factor worked to the advantage of Hoover, although he took no part in it. Historians agree that Hoover 's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory with 58 percent of the popular vote. Hoover 's appeal to southern white voters succeeded in cracking the `` Solid South '', winning the Democratic strongholds of Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, Texas and Tennessee, and nearly taking Alabama on support from Appalachian counties ; the Deep South continued to support Smith as the Democratic candidate. This was the first time that a Republican candidate for president had carried Texas. Hoover and the national party had pursued a `` lily - white southern strategy '' to resuscitate the Republican Party in the South, `` purging black Republicans from leadership positions in the southern wing of the G.O.P. '' This outraged the black leadership, which largely broke from the Republican Party, and began seeking candidates within the Democratic Party who supported civil rights. In 1956, W.E.B. Du Bois, a leader in the NAACP in the 1920s, would recall that, `` In 1928, Negroes faced absolute dilemma. Neither Hoover nor Smith wanted the Negro vote and both publicly insulted us. '' Presidency ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Main article : Presidency of Herbert Hoover Inauguration of Hoover Following his inauguration, Hoover held a press conference on his first day in office, promising a `` new phase of press relations ''. He asked the group of journalists to elect a committee to recommend improvements to the White House press conference. Hoover declined to use a spokesman, instead asking reporters to directly quote him and giving them handouts with his statements ahead of time. In his first 120 days in office, he held more regular and frequent press conferences than any other president, before or since. However, he changed his press policies after the 1929 stock market crash, screening reporters and greatly reducing his availability. Hoover entered office with a plan to reform the nation 's regulatory system, believing that a federal bureaucracy should have limited regulation over a country 's economic system. Hoover sought a balance among labor, capital, and the government, and he has been variously labeled a corporatist or associationalist. Hoover saw the presidency as a vehicle for improving the conditions of all Americans by encouraging public - private cooperation -- what he termed `` volunteerism ''. He tended to oppose governmental coercion or intervention, as he thought they infringed on American ideals of individualism and self - reliance. Hoover made extensive use of commissions to study issues and propose solutions, and many of those commissions were sponsored by private donors rather than by the government. One of the commissions started by Hoover, the Research Committee on Social Trends, was tasked with surveying the entirety of American society. Lou Henry Hoover was an activist First Lady. She typified the new woman of the post -- World War I era : intelligent, robust, and aware of multiple female possibilities. White House physician Admiral Joel T. Boone invented the sport Hooverball to keep Hoover fit while in the White House. Hooverball is a combination of volleyball and tennis, played with a 6 lb medicine ball. Hoover and several staff members played it each morning, earning them the nickname Medicine Ball Cabinet. Civil rights Hoover seldom mentioned civil rights while he was president. He believed that African - Americans and other races could improve themselves with education and individual initiative. He opposed federal anti-lynching laws, and when lynchings occurred in the South, including one incident linked to his party 's efforts to `` Republicanize '' southern states, he offered only verbal condemnation. First Lady Lou Hoover defied custom and invited the wife of Republican Oscar De Priest, the only African - American member in Congress, to tea at the White House. Booker T. Washington was the only previous African - American to have dined at the White House, with Theodore Roosevelt in 1901. Charles Curtis, the nation 's first Native American Vice President, was from the Kaw tribe in Kansas. Hoover 's humanitarian and Quaker reputation, along with Curtis as a vice president, gave special meaning to his Indian policies. His Quaker upbringing influenced his views that Native Americans needed to achieve economic self - sufficiency. As president, he appointed Charles J. Rhoads as commissioner of Indian affairs. Hoover supported Rhoads ' commitment to Indian assimilation and sought to minimize the federal role in Indian affairs. His goal was to have Indians acting as individuals ( not as tribes ) and to assume the responsibilities of citizenship granted with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. Great Depression See also : Great Depression in the United States On taking office, Hoover said that `` given the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation. '' Having seen the fruits of prosperity brought by technological progress, many shared Hoover 's optimism, and the already bullish stock market climbed even higher on Hoover 's accession. But within months of taking office, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 ( also known as Black Tuesday ) occurred, and the worldwide economy began to spiral downward into the Great Depression. The causes of the Great Depression remain a matter of debate, but Hoover viewed a lack of confidence in the financial system as the fundamental economic problem facing the nation. He sought to avoid direct federal intervention, believing that the best way to bolster the economy was through the strengthening of businesses such as banks and railroads. He also feared that allowing individuals on the `` dole '' would permanently weaken the country. Instead, Hoover strongly believed that local governments and private giving should address the needs of individuals. A reserved man with a fear of public speaking, Hoover allowed his political enemies to define him as cold, incompetent, reactionary, and out - of - touch. Early policies Hoover pursued many policies in an attempt to pull the country out of depression, while attempting to restrain the federal government from becoming directly involved in commercial affairs. In the days following Black Tuesday, Hoover gathered business and labor leaders, asking them to avoid wage cuts and work stoppages while the country faced what he believed would be a short recession similar to the Depression of 1920 -- 21. Some economists, such as Lee Ohanian, point to the resulting wage rigidity as a key cause of the severity of the Great Depression. Hoover blamed Mexicans for the economic downturn, and championed a mass deportation which became known as the Mexican Repatriation program. This forced migration of approximately 500,000 to 2 million people to Mexico continued until 1936, after Hoover had left office. An estimated sixty percent of those deported were birthright citizens. Because the forced movement was based on race, and ignored citizenship, the process is seen as meeting modern standards for ethnic cleansing. In the spring of 1930, Hoover acquired from Congress an additional $100 million to continue the Federal Farm Board lending and purchasing policies. At the end of 1929, the FFB established the National Wool Marketing Corporation ( NWMC ), a national wool cooperative made up of 30 state associations. Hoover also supported new public works projects, although his fear of budget deficits led him to oppose expansive projects such as that contemplated by the Muscle Shoals Bill, which sought to establish government production and distribution of power in the Tennessee Valley. In autumn 1930, Hoover established the President 's Organization for Unemployment Relief, which issued press releases urging companies to hire. Hoover had taken office hoping to raise agricultural tariffs in order to help farmers reeling from the farm crisis of the 1920s, but his attempt to raise agricultural tariffs became connected with attempts to raise tariffs for other goods. In June 1930, over the objection of many economists, Congress approved and Hoover reluctantly signed into law the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act. The legislation raised tariffs on thousands of imported items. The intent of the act was to encourage the purchase of American - made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. However, economic depression had spread worldwide, and Canada, France and other nations retaliated by raising tariffs on imports from the U.S. The result was to contract international trade, and worsen the Depression. Progressive Republicans such as Senator Borah were outraged when Hoover signed the bill, and Hoover 's relations with that wing of the party never recovered. Later policies For much of his presidency, Hoover opposed congressional proposals to provide federal relief, and he feared that Congress would impose a federal relief program that would infringe on the prerogatives of state and local governments and philanthropic organizations. Hoover created the National Credit Corporation, a voluntary association of bankers, but the organization did not manage to save banks or ease credit as Hoover had hoped it would. As the Great Depression continued, Hoover finally heeded calls for more direct federal intervention, though he vetoed a bill that would have allowed direct federal lending to individuals. In January 1932, Hoover signed a bill creating the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ). The RFC 's initial goal was to provide government - secured loans to financial institutions, railroads, and local governments to continue relief programs. The RFC saved numerous businesses from failure, but it failed to stimulate commercial lending as Hoover had hoped, partly because it was run by conservative bankers unwilling to make riskier loans. The RFC would be adopted by Roosevelt and greatly expanded as part of his New Deal. With the RFC failing to stem the economic crisis, Hoover signed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, a major public works bill, in July 1932. Throughout his presidency, Hoover defended the gold standard, and derided any other monetary system as `` collectivism. '' Hoover and Senator Carter Glass, another gold standard proponent, recognized that they needed to stop deflation by encouraging the lending of credit. Hoover was instrumental in passing the Glass -- Steagall Act of 1932, which allowed for prime rediscounting at the Federal Reserve, in turn allowing further inflation of credit and bank reserves. In July 1932, Hoover signed the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, establishing 12 district banks overseen by a Federal Home Loan Bank Board in a manner similar to the Federal Reserve System. In 1930, unemployment stood at 8.9 %, and many assumed that the United States was just in another recession. But by 1932, unemployment had reached 24.9 %, businesses had defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed, especially small rural banks. The homeless lived in shantytowns they called Hoovervilles. Herbert Hoover in the Oval Office with Ted Joslin, 1932 Taxes, revenues, and deficits National debt as a fraction of GNP up from 20 % to 40 % under Hoover. From Historical Statistics US ( 1976 ) Hoover was a firm believer in balanced budgets, and sought to avoid a budget deficit by greatly increasing tax rates on the wealthy. Nonetheless, the total Federal deficit in 1932 was 4.5 % of GDP. Along with falling tax revenue, this was caused by the increase in total spending from about $2.9 billion in 1929 to about $4.6 billion in 1932, a total increase of about 58 percent. To pay for government programs and to make up for revenue lost due to the Depression, Hoover signed the Revenue Act of 1932. The act increased taxes across the board, so that top earners were taxed at 63 % on their net income -- up from 25 % when Herbert Hoover took office. The 1932 Act also increased the tax on the net income of corporations from 12 % to 13.75 %. Additionally, under Hoover, the estate tax was doubled and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15 %. Also, a `` check tax '' took effect, placing a 2 - cent tax ( over 30 cents in today 's economy ) on all bank checks. Economists William D. Lastrapes and George Selgin conclude that the check tax was `` an important contributing factor to that period 's severe monetary contraction ''. Despite the passage of the Revenue Act, the federal government continued to run a budget deficit. Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover aboard a train in Illinois. Foreign relations According to Leuchtenburg, Hoover was `` the last American president to take office with no conspicuous need to pay attention to the rest of the world. '' Nevertheless, during Hoover 's term, the world order established with the 1919 Treaty of Versailles began to crumble. As president, Hoover largely made good on his pledge made prior to assuming office not to interfere in Latin America 's internal affairs. In 1930, he released the Clark Memorandum, a rejection of the Roosevelt Corollary and a move towards non-interventionism in Latin America. Hoover did not completely refrain from the use of the military in Latin American affairs ; he thrice threatened intervention in the Dominican Republic, and he sent warships to El Salvador to support the government against a left - wing revolution. But he wound down the Banana Wars, ending the occupation of Nicaragua and nearly bringing an end to the occupation of Haiti. Franklin Roosevelt 's Good Neighbor policy would continue the trend towards non-interventionism in Latin America. Though the United States remained outside of the League of Nations, Hoover showed a willingness to work within multilateral structures. Hoover pursued United States membership in the Permanent Court of International Justice, but the Senate never voted on his proposal. The Senate also defeated Hoover 's proposed Saint Lawrence Seaway Treaty with Canada. In 1930, the United States and other major naval powers signed the London Naval Treaty, an extension of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which sought to prevent a naval arms race. The treaty represented the first time that the naval powers had agreed to cap their tonnage of auxiliary vessels ( previous agreements had focused on capital ships ), but the treaty failed to include France or Italy. The treaty provoked a nationalist backlash in Japan due to its reconfirmation of the `` 5 - 5 - 3 '' ratio which limited Japan to a smaller fleet than the United States or the United Kingdom. At the 1932 World Disarmament Conference, Hoover urged worldwide cutbacks in armaments and the outlawing of tanks and bombers, but his proposals were not adopted. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, defeating the Republic of China 's military forces and establishing Manchukuo, a puppet state. The Hoover administration deplored the invasion, but also sought to avoid antagonizing the Japanese, fearing that taking too strong a stand would weaken the moderate forces in the Japanese government. In response to the Japanese invasion, Hoover and Secretary of State Henry Stimson outlined the Stimson Doctrine, which held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force. The Hoover administration based this declaration on the 1928 Kellogg - Briand Pact, in which several nations ( including Japan and the United States ) renounced war and promised to peacefully solve disputes. In the aftermath of invasion of Manchuria, Stimson and other members of the Cabinet came to believe that war with Japan might be inevitable, though Hoover continued to push for disarmament among the world powers. In 1931, Hoover issued the Hoover Moratorium, calling for a one - year halt in World War I reparation payments. Hoover also made U.S. bankers agree to refrain from demanding payment on private loans from Germans. Hoover hoped that the moratorium would help stabilize the European economy, which he viewed as a major cause of economic troubles in the United States. As the moratorium neared its expiration the following year, an attempt to find a permanent solution was made at the Lausanne Conference of 1932. A working compromise was never established, and reparations payments virtually stopped. Bonus Army Main article : Bonus Army Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, DC, during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of a bonus that had been promised by the World War Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924 for payment in 1945. Although offered money by Congress to return home, some members of the `` Bonus Army '' remained. Washington police attempted to remove the demonstrators from their camp, but they were outnumbered and unsuccessful. Shots were fired by the police in a futile attempt to attain order, and two protesters were killed while many officers were injured. Hoover sent U.S. Army forces led by General Douglas MacArthur and helped by lower ranking officers Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton to stop a march. MacArthur, believing he was fighting a communist revolution, chose to clear out the camp with military force. In the ensuing clash, hundreds of civilians were injured. Hoover had sent orders that the Army was not to move on the encampment, but MacArthur chose to ignore the command. Hoover was incensed, but refused to reprimand MacArthur. The entire incident was another devastating negative for Hoover in the 1932 election. That led New York governor and Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt to declare of Hoover : `` There is nothing inside the man but jelly ! '' 1932 re-election campaign Hoover addresses a large crowd in his 1932 campaign. Main article : United States presidential election, 1932 Despite the economic calamity facing the nation and his dim hopes for re-election, Hoover faced little opposition for re-nomination at the 1932 Republican National Convention. Some Republicans talked of nominating Coolidge, former Vice President Charles Dawes, or Senator Hiram Johnson, but all passed on the opportunity to challenge Hoover. Curtis was re-nominated as Hoover 's running mate. Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential nomination on the third ballot of the 1932 Democratic National Convention, defeating the 1928 Democratic nominee, Al Smith. Speaker of the House John Nance Garner was nominated as Roosevelt 's running mate. By 1932, the radio was in 12 million homes, changing the nature of presidential campaigns. No longer could presidents change the content of their speeches for each audience ; anyone with a radio could listen to every major speech. Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government. Hoover urged voters to hold to the `` foundations of experience, '' rejecting the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. 1932 electoral vote results. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds of any sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to kill Hoover by disgruntled citizens, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the President 's train. The Democrats attacked Hoover as the cause of the Great Depression, and for being indifferent to the suffering of millions. As Governor of New York, Roosevelt had called on the New York legislature to provide aid for the needy, establishing Roosevelt 's reputation for being more favorable toward government interventionism during the economic crisis. Fausold rejects the notion that the two nominees were similar ideologically, pointing to differences between the two on federal spending on public works, agricultural issues, Prohibition, and the tariff. Hoover 's attempts to vindicate his administration fell on deaf ears, as much of the public blamed his administration for the depression. Roosevelt won 57.4 percent of the popular vote compared to Hoover 's 39.7 percent. Hoover 's popular vote was reduced by nineteen percent from his result in the 1928 election, and he carried just five Northeastern states and Delaware. Roosevelt became the first Democratic presidential nominee to win a majority of the popular vote and the presidency since Franklin Pierce in 1852. Post-presidency Hoover with Franklin D. Roosevelt, March 4, 1933 Hoover departed from Washington in March 1933, bitter at his election loss and continuing unpopularity. Upon leaving office, Hoover was the only living ex-president for nearly 20 years, until Harry Truman left office in 1953. The Hoovers went first to New York City, where they stayed for a while in the Waldorf Astoria hotel. Later that spring, they returned to California to their Stanford residence. Hoover enjoyed returning to the men 's clubs that he had long been involved with, including the Bohemian Club, the Pacific - Union Club, and the University Club in San Francisco. Hoover and his wife lived in Palo Alto until her death in 1944, at which point Hoover began to live permanently at the Waldorf Astoria. Hoover 's book, Fishing For Fun -- And To Wash Your Soul Opposition to Roosevelt Hoover continued to closely follow national events after his retirement, becoming a constant critic of Franklin Roosevelt. In response to continued attacks on his character and presidency, Hoover wrote more than two dozen books, including The Challenge to Liberty ( 1934 ), which harshly criticized the New Deal. Hoover feared that the country had surrendered its `` freedom of mind and spirit '' to the New Deal. He described the National Recovery Administration and Agricultural Adjustment Administration as `` fascistic, '' and the 1933 Banking Act as a `` move to gigantic socialism. '' Hoover fishing in his home state of Iowa. Only 58 when he left office, Hoover held out hope for another term during the 1930s. At the 1936 Republican National Convention, Hoover 's speech attacking the New Deal was well received, but the nomination went to Kansas Governor Alf Landon. In the general election, Hoover campaigned for Landon 's unsuccessful campaign with numerous well - publicized speeches attacking New Deal liberalism. Though Hoover was eager to oppose Roosevelt at every turn, Senator Arthur Vandenberg and other Republicans urged the still - unpopular Hoover to remain out of the fray during the debate over Roosevelt 's proposed Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. At the 1940 Republican National Convention, Hoover again hoped for the presidential nomination, and was disheartened when it went to the internationalist Wendell Willkie. World War II Hoover remained popular in Europe and was honored in France and Belgium. During a 1938 trip to Europe, Hoover met with Adolf Hitler and stayed at Hermann Göring 's hunting lodge. Hoover expressed dismay at the persecution of Jews in Germany and believed that Hitler was mad, but did not present a threat to the U.S. Instead, Hoover believed that Roosevelt posed the biggest threat to peace, as he believed that Roosevelt provoked Japan and discouraged France and the United Kingdom from reaching an `` accommodation '' with Germany. After the September 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany, Hoover opposed United States intervention in World War II, including the Lend - Lease policy. Hoover became a vocal supporter of providing relief to countries in Nazi - occupied Europe. He was instrumental in creating the Commission for Polish Relief and Finnish Relief Fund. In 1939, Roosevelt asked Hoover to the White House for advice on getting aid to Poland, but Hoover turned down the offer. Much to his own frustration, Hoover was not called upon to serve after the United States entered World War II due to his differences with Roosevelt and his continuing unpopularity. During a radio broadcast on June 29, 1941, one week after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Hoover disparaged any `` tacit alliance '' between the U.S. and the USSR by saying : If we go further and join the war and we win, then we have won for Stalin the grip of communism on Russia... Again I say, if we join the war and Stalin wins, we have aided him to impose more communism on Europe and the world. At least we could not with such a bedfellow say to our sons that by making the supreme sacrifice, they are restoring freedom to the world. War alongside Stalin to impose freedom is more than a travesty. It is a tragedy. Post -- World War II Herbert Hoover with his son Allan ( left ) and his grandson Andrew ( above ), 1950 Following World War II, Hoover became friends with President Harry S. Truman despite their ideological differences. Hoover joked that they were for many years the sole members of the `` trade union '' of former Presidents. Because of Hoover 's experience with Germany at the end of World War I, in 1946 President Truman selected the former president to tour Germany to ascertain the food needs of the occupied nation. Hoover toured what was to become West Germany in Hermann Göring 's old train coach and produced a number of reports critical of U.S. occupation policy. He said that the economy of Germany had `` sunk to the lowest level in a hundred years ''. He stated in one report : There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a `` pastoral state ''. It can not be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. External audio National Press Club Luncheon Speakers, Herbert Hoover, March 10, 1954, 37 : 23, Hoover speaks starting at 7 : 25 about the second reorganization commission, Library of Congress On Hoover 's initiative, a school meals program in the American and British occupation zones of Germany was begun on April 14, 1947. The program served 3,500,000 children aged six through 18. A total of 40,000 tons of American food was provided during the Hooverspeisung ( Hoover meals ). In 1947, Truman appointed Hoover to a commission, which elected him chairman, to reorganize the executive departments. This became known as the Hoover Commission. Led by Hoover, the commission recommended changes designed to strengthen the president 's ability to manage the federal government. Though Hoover had opposed FDR 's concentration of power in the 1930s, he believed that a stronger presidency was required with the advent of the Atomic Age. In 1953, Hoover was appointed to a similar commission by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Despite the appointment, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter 's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover 's official White House portrait painted by Elmer Wesley Greene. Despite his advancing years, Hoover continued to work nearly full - time both on writing ( among his literary works is The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, a bestseller, and the first time one former president had ever written a biography about another ), as well as overseeing the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, which housed not only his own professional papers, but also those of a number of other former high - ranking governmental and military servants. He also threw himself into fund - raising for the Boys Clubs ( now the Boys & Girls Clubs of America ), which became his pet charity. In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money ; reportedly, he did so to avoid embarrassing Truman, who was the only other living former president and whose precarious financial status played a role in the law 's enactment. Final years and death Hoover was the only living former Republican president between his last day in office in 1933 and Eisenhower 's last day in office in 1961. Starting with the 1948 convention, Hoover was feted as the guest of `` farewell '' ceremonies, with the unspoken assumption that the aging former president might not survive until the next convention. In 1960, Hoover appeared at his final Republican National Convention. Joking to the delegates, he said, `` Apparently, my last three good - byes did n't take. '' Although he lived to see the 1964 convention, ill health prevented him from attending, and his absence was acknowledged in presidential nominee Barry Goldwater 's acceptance speech. In 1962, Hoover had a malignant intestinal tumor removed. Ten months later he had severe gastrointestinal bleeding and seemed terminally ill and frail, but his mind was clear and he maintained a great deal of correspondence. Although the illness would get worse over time, he refused to be hospitalized. Hoover died following massive internal bleeding at the age of 90 in his New York City suite at 11 : 35 a.m. on October 20, 1964, 31 years, seven months, and sixteen days after leaving office. At the time of his death, he had the longest retirement of any president. Former President Jimmy Carter surpassed the length of Hoover 's retirement on September 7, 2012. At the time of Hoover 's death he was the second longest - lived president after John Adams ; both were since surpassed by George H.W. Bush, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter. He had outlived by 20 years his wife, Lou Henry Hoover, who had died in 1944, and he was the last living member of both the Harding and Coolidge administrations. He had also outlived John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated nearly a year prior. By the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. His birthplace in Iowa and an Oregon home where he lived as a child, became National Landmarks during his lifetime. His Rapidan fishing camp in Virginia, which he had donated to the government in 1933, is now a National Historic Landmark within the Shenandoah National Park. Hoover and his wife are buried at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa. Hoover was honored with a state funeral, the last of three in a span of 12 months, coming as it did just after the deaths of President John F. Kennedy and General Douglas MacArthur. Former Chaplain of the Senate Frederick Brown Harris officiated. All three had two things in common : the commanding general of the Military District of Washington during those funerals was Army Major General Philip C. Wehle and the riderless horse was Black Jack, who also served in that role during Lyndon B. Johnson 's funeral. Writing In 1912 Hoover published the first English edition of the medieval mining compendium De Re Metallica ( On the Nature of Metals ). It was translated from Latin by himself and his wife, who was a geologist and proficient in Latin. It remains the standard English translation. After working with the Food Administration, Hoover became president of the Federated American Engineering Societies. Hoover 's design was set on increasing efficiency and reducing waste. As president of the FAES, Hoover constructed a plan to study waste in the industrial sector, and he had a strong focus on labor matters. The result was a 400 - page report titled Waste in Industry, which was a highly publicized report at the time. When Hoover became Commerce Secretary, he resigned from the FAES. Waste in Industry served as a blueprint for the Department of Commerce for the next several years. Hoover began his magnum opus Freedom Betrayed in 1944 as part of a proposed autobiography. This turned into a significant work critiquing the foreign policy of the United States during the period from the 1930s to 1945. Essentially an attack on the statesmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hoover completed this work in his 90th year but it was not published until the historian George H. Nash took on the task of editing it. Significant themes are his belief that the western democratic powers should have let Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia assail and weaken each other, and opposition to the British guarantee of Poland 's independence. Other works include : Principles of Mining ( 1909 ) Food Guide for War Service at Home Prepared under the direction of the United States Food Administration ( 1918 ) Preface to a report of the United States Food Administration ( 1920 ) American Individualism ( 1922 ) The Challenge to Liberty ( 1935 ) American Ideals Versus the New Deal ( 1936 ) The Problems Of Lasting Peace ( 1942 ) Prefaces to Peace ( 1943 ) The Memoirs Of Herbert Hoover : 1874 - 1920 Years Of Adventure ( 1951 ) The Memoirs Of Herbert Hoover : The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920 -- 1933 ( 1952 ) The Memoirs Of Herbert Hoover : 1929 - 1941 the Great Depression ( 1952 ) The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson ( 1958 ) Herbert Hoover On Growing Up : His Letters from and to American Children ( 1962 ) Fishing for Fun : And to Wash Your Soul ( 1963 ) Legacy and memorials Hoover Presidential Library located in West Branch, Iowa A plaque in Poznań honoring Herbert Hoover The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is located in West Branch, Iowa next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. The Hoover - Minthorn House, where Hoover lived from 1885 to 1891, is located in Newberg, Oregon. The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, built in 1919 in Stanford, California, is now the official residence of the president of Stanford University, and a National Historic Landmark. Also located at Stanford is the Hoover Institution, a think tank and research institution started by Hoover. Hoover 's rustic rural presidential retreat, Rapidan Camp ( also known as Camp Hoover ) in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, has been restored and opened to the public. The Hoover Dam is named in his honor, as are numerous elementary, middle, and high schools across the United States. The Polish capital of Warsaw also has a square named after Hoover alongside the Royal Route leading to the Old Town. The historic townsite of Gwalia, Western Australia contains the Sons of Gwalia Museum and the Hoover House Bed and Breakfast, the renovated and restored Mining Engineers residence that was the original residence of Herbert Hoover and where he stayed in subsequent visits to the mine during the first decade of the twentieth century. Hoover was made an honorary citizen of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. ( 1921 ). Media Play media Brief synopsis of the Hoover Administration See also Hoover -- Minthorn House U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience Notes Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 4. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 9. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 10. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 12. Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 4 -- 6. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 16. ^ Jump up to : Revsine, David ' Dave ', `` One - sided numbers dominate Saturday 's rivalry games '', ESPN, Go, retrieved November 30, 2006 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 6 -- 9. Jump up ^ Big Games : College Football 's Greatest Rivalries -- Page 222 Jump up ^ Big Games : College Football 's Greatest Rivalries -- Pages 221 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : Hoover, Herbert C. ( 1952 ). The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874 -- 1920. London : Hollis & Carter. p. 33 Jump up ^ Macomber, Debbie. One Simple Act. Discovering the Power of Generosity. New York : Howard Books. p. 83. Retrieved November 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Paderewska, Helena ( 2015 ). Memoirs, 1910 -- 1920. Hoover Press. Jump up ^ Trei, Lisa ( July 26, 2006 ). `` Traveling exhibit showcases Herbert Hoover 's humanitarian efforts in Poland ''. Retrieved November 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, pp. 24 -- 26. Jump up ^ `` Cue Heritage Trail '' ( PDF ). Western AustraliaHeritage Trails Network. Government of Western Australia. June 4, 1999. pp. 4, 12. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 16, 2003. Retrieved January 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Historic pictures '', Leonora Gwalia Historical Museum, archived from the original on January 12, 2007. His former house in Gwalia is now a historical tourist attraction, and as of 2004, a bed and breakfast inn. Hoover is profiled as a mining pioneer in the Kalgoorlie Miners Hall of Fame, although his biography fails to mention his subsequent role as U.S. President. Jump up ^ `` Herbert Hoover, the graduate : Have Stanford degree, will travel ''. Hoover Institution. June 15, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` What did the President do in Western Australia ? '', FAQ, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum Jump up ^ The Hoover Mirror on the website of the Palace Hotel. Retrieved August 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Blainey, Geoffrey ( 1963 ). The Rush That Never Ended. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press. pp. 265 -- 268. Jump up ^ Gwalia Historic Site, AU Jump up ^ `` Hoover 's Gold '' ( PDF ). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 10 -- 13. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 32. ^ Jump up to : Fairweather, DF, `` Lyster, Fleury James ( Jim ) ( 1872 -- 1948 ) '', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved February 19, 2012 Jump up ^ Nash, George H, `` Hoover, Herbert Clark ( 1874 -- 1964 ) '', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved February 18, 2012 Jump up ^ Nash 1983, pp. 292 -- 293. Jump up ^ `` Herbert Hoover and China ''. World Association for International Studies. 21 November 2001. Retrieved 13 January 2018. The Hoovers arrived in China in April 1899 and lived through the siege of Tienjin. Being an engineer, Mr. Hoover and his detail were responsibie for maintaining the battleworks ; Mrs. Hoover worked as a nurse. Although both Hoovers knew how to fire a gun, there is no evidence that they ever shot at the boxers. They left China in August 1900 ``. Jump up ^ 31st President, Herbert Clark Hoover Archived March 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine... Presidentialpetmuseum.com ( October 20, 1964 ). Retrieved on July 14, 2013. Jump up ^ King, David ( 2009 ), Herbert Hoover, Tarrytown, NY : Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 0 - 7614 - 3626 - X, retrieved March 22, 2010 Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 34. Jump up ^ Hoover, Herbert C. ( 1952 ). The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874 -- 1920. London : Hollis & Carter. p. 53 Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 37. Jump up ^ Nash 1983, p. 224. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 38. Jump up ^ Nash 1983, p. 283. Jump up ^ Walter Liggett, The Rise of Herbert Hoover ( New York, 1932 ) Jump up ^ Mr Winston Churchill : speeches in 1906 ( Hansard ). Hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved on July 14, 2013. Jump up ^ Nash 1983, p. 411. Jump up ^ `` Hoover Biography '', SOE, USA : Stanford University Jump up ^ Rice, Arnold S, ed. ( 1971 ). Herbert Hoover, 1874 - 1964 ; chronology - documents - bibliographical aids. Jump up ^ The Silver City : The Mining History, Line of Load Association, 2002, archived from the original on July 23, 2009, retrieved February 13, 2012 Jump up ^ Rio Tinto Review ( PDF ), Rio Tinto Group, September 2006, archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27, 2009, retrieved February 13, 2012 Jump up ^ Herbert Hoover, just another Stanford ( blog ), Hoover Institution and Archives, June 2011, retrieved February 20, 2012 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey, The Rise of Broken Hill p. 51 Jump up ^ Burner 1996, pp. 24 -- 43. Jump up ^ Hoover, Herbert C. ( 1952 ). The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874 -- 1920. London : Hollis & Carter. p. 88 Jump up ^ Hoover, Herbert C. ( 1952 ). The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874 -- 1920. London : Hollis & Carter. p. 99 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 11 -- 13. Jump up ^ Nash 1983, p. 392. Jump up ^ Nash 1983, p. 381. Jump up ^ Kennan, George ( 1891 ). Siberia and the Exile System. London : James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. pp. 165, 286. Jump up ^ Hoover, Herbert C ( 1909 ), Principles of Mining ( First ed. ), London : McGraw - Hill Book Company, retrieved September 25, 2008 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 18 -- 20. Jump up ^ Agricola 1912. Jump up ^ Nash 1983, p. 569. Jump up ^ Nash 1983, p. 446. Jump up ^ The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, Herbert Hoover Jump up ^ `` The Humanitarian Years '', The Museum Exhibit Galleries, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, retrieved February 16, 2011 Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 74. Jump up ^ Burner 1996, p. 79. Jump up ^ John Hudson ( 6 October 2014 ). Christmas 1914 : The First World War at Home and Abroad. History Press. p. 31. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 6038 - 0. 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( 2005 ). `` Disaster Response and the Appointment of a Recovery Czar : The Executive Branch 's Response to the Flood of 1927 '' U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, pp. 9 -- 10. Washington D.C. Jump up ^ ' Robert Moton and the Colored Advisory Commission ', PBS.org Jump up ^ `` The Duncan Group -- Interviews ''. Duncanentertainment.com. December 2007. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2010. Jump up ^ Ferrell 1957, p. 195. Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, pp. 390 -- 391 ; Wilson 1975, pp. 122 -- 123. Jump up ^ Rusnak, Robert J. ( Spring 1983 ). `` Andrew W. Mellon : Reluctant Kingmaker ''. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 13 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 278. JSTOR 27547924. Jump up ^ Mencken, Henry Louis ; Nathan, George Jean ( 1929 ), The American Mercury, p. 404 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 71 -- 72. Jump up ^ Edmund A. Moore, A Catholic runs for President ; : The campaign of 1928 by Edmund Arthur Moore ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. 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World Almanac 2009, World Almanac Books, 2009, p. 524 Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 106. Jump up ^ Biography, Miller center Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 84 -- 85. Jump up ^ Nancy Beck Young, Lou Henry Hoover : Activist First Lady ( University Press of Kansas, 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` History of Hoover - Ball ''. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Lisio, Donald J. Hoover, Blacks, & Lily - Whites : A Study of Southern Strategies, University of North Carolina Press, 1985 ( excerpt ) Jump up ^ `` The American Franchise '' Archived August 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., American President, An On Line Reference Resource, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia Jump up ^ `` Charles Curtis, 31st Vice President ( 1929 -- 1933 ) '', U.S. Senate, Art and History, Senate.gov Jump up ^ Britten, Thomas A. ( 1999 ), `` Hoover and the Indians : the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900 -- 1933 '', Historian, 61 ( 3 ) : 518 -- 538, doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1999. tb01035. x, ISSN 0018 - 2370 Jump up ^ James L. Roark ; Michael P. Johnson ; Patricia Cline Cohen ; Sarah Stage ; Susan M. Hartmann ( 2012 ). The American Promise, Volume C : A History of the United States : Since 1890. Bedford / St. Martin 's. p. 772. Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 80 -- 81. Jump up ^ Glen Jeansonne, The Life of Herbert Hoover : Fighting Quaker, 1928 -- 1933 ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2012 ) Jump up ^ Kaufman 2012, p. 502. Jump up ^ Houck, pp. 155 -- 156. Jump up ^ Carcasson, pp. 350 -- 351. ^ Jump up to : Leuchtenburg 2009b. Jump up ^ Carcasson 1998, pp. 351 -- 352. Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 104 -- 105. Jump up ^ Kaufman 2012, pp. 155 -- 156. Jump up ^ Rosales, F. Arturo ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ). `` Repatriation of Mexicans from the US ''. In Soto, Lourdes Diaz. The Praeger Handbook of Latino Education in the U.S. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 400 -- 403. ISBN 9780313338304. ^ Jump up to : Johnson, Kevin ( Fall 2005 ). `` The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror ''. 26 ( 1 ). Davis, California : Pace Law Review. Jump up ^ Hoffman, Abraham ( 1974 - 01 - 01 ). Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression : Repatriation Pressures, 1929 - 1939. VNR AG. ISBN 9780816503667. ^ Jump up to : Balderrama, Francisco E. ; Rodriguez, Raymond ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ). Decade of Betrayal : Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. UNM Press. ISBN 9780826339737. Jump up ^ Harris Gaylord Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression ( New York : Oxford University Press, 1959 ), p. 175. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 98 -- 99, 134 -- 135. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 93 -- 97. Jump up ^ Kumiko Koyama, `` The Passage of the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act : Why Did the President Sign the Bill ? '' Journal of Policy History ( 2009 ) 21 # 2 pp. 163 -- 86 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 91 -- 92. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 147 -- 149. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 152 -- 153. Jump up ^ Olson 1972, pp. 508 -- 511. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, p. 154. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 162 -- 163. Jump up ^ Joseph R. Mason, `` The political economy of Reconstruction Finance Corporation assistance during the Great Depression. '' Explorations in Economic History 40 # 2 ( 2003 ) : 101 -- 121. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 163 -- 166. Jump up ^ Eichengreen & Temin 2000, pp. 196 -- 197. Jump up ^ Rappleye 2016, pp. 312 -- 314. Jump up ^ Rappleye 2016, p. 309. Jump up ^ Samuelson, Robert J. ( Winter 2012 ). `` Revisiting the Great Depression ''. Wilson Quarterly. 36 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 43. JSTOR 41484425. Jump up ^ `` Great Depression in the United States '', Microsoft Encarta Archived November 1, 2009 Jump up ^ Dickson, Paul ; Thomas B. Allen ( 2010 ). The Bonus Army : An American Epic. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1936 - 2. Jump up ^ Rate Limited, federal-budget.insidegov.com Jump up ^ Outlays of the Federal Government, by Major Function : 1900 to 1939. ( n.d. ). Retrieved from https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/CT1970p2-12.pdf Jump up ^ James Ciment. Encyclopedia of the Great Depression and the New Deal. Sharpe Reference, 2001. p. 396 Jump up ^ Lastrapes, William D. ; Selgin, Grorge ( December 1997 ), `` The Check Tax : Fiscal Folly and The Great Monetary Contraction '' ( PDF ), Journal of Economic History, 57 ( 4 ) : 859 -- 78, doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700019562, archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11, 2006 Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, p. 161. Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, p. 117. Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 120 -- 121. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 183 -- 186. Jump up ^ O'Brien & Rosen 1981, p. 92. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, pp. 175 -- 176. Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 117 -- 119. Jump up ^ Richard N. 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Regnery Co., p. 4, retrieved March 1, 2011 Jump up ^ Robinson, Edgar Eugene, `` Hoover, Herbert Clark '', Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 11 ( Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1973 ), pp. 676 -- 77 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 157 -- 158. Jump up ^ Beschloss, Michael R ( 2002 ), The Conquerors : Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany, 1941 -- 1945, p. 277 Jump up ^ UN Chronicle ( March 18, 1947 ). `` The Marshall Plan at 60 : The General 's Successful War on Poverty ''. The United Nations. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2010. Jump up ^ `` National Press Club Luncheon Speakers, Herbert Hoover, March 10, 1954 ''. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Shephard, Roy J. ( 2014 ). An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World. Springer. p. 782. Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2009, pp. 158 -- 159. Jump up ^ Smith, Stephanie ( March 18, 2008 ). `` Former Presidents : Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits '' ( PDF ). Congressional Research Service. U.S. Senate. Retrieved November 18, 2008. Jump up ^ Martin, Joseph William ( 1960 ). My First Fifty Years in Politics as Told to Robert J. Donovan. McGraw - Hill. p. 249. Jump up ^ Phillips, McCandlish ( October 21, 1964 ). `` Herbert Hoover Is Dead ; Ex-President, 90, Served Country in Varied Fields ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Where U.S. Presidents retired ''. 55places.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017. Jump up ^ Fausold 1985, p. 244. Jump up ^ Mossman, Billy C. ; Stark, M.W. ( 1971 ). `` Chapter XXV, Former President Herbert C. Hoover, State Funeral, October 20 -- 25, 1964 ''. The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funeral, 1921 -- 1969. Washington : Department of the Army. pp. 188, 194, 216, 263. OCLC 123268063. Retrieved August 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Memorial and Wreath Laying Ceremony for ' Black Jack ' ''. U.S. Army. February 5, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Agricola, Georg ( 1912 ). De Re Metallica. Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover ; Lou Henry Hoover. The Mining Magazine. Reprinted and still in print as Agricola, Georg ( 1950 ). De Re Metallica. Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover ; Lou Henry Hoover. Dover. ISBN 978 - 0486600062. Jump up ^ Zieger, Robert H. ( January 13, 2015 ). `` Republicans and Labor : 1919 -- 1929 ''. University Press of Kentucky -- via Google Books. ^ Jump up to : Himmelberg, Robert F. ( January 16, 1962 ). `` Antitrust and Regulation During World War I and the Republican Era, 1917 - 1932 ''. Taylor & Francis -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` Mechanical Engineering ''. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. January 16, 2018 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Hawley, Ellis Wayne ( January 16, 1981 ). `` Herbert Hoover As Secretary of Commerce : Studies in New Era Thought and Practice ''. University of Iowa Press -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Clements, K. ( June 21, 2010 ). `` The Life of Herbert Hoover : Imperfect Visionary, 1918 -- 1928 ''. Springer -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Engineers Unite to Stop Wastes of Industries, Cornell Daily Sun Jump up ^ `` Engineers Endorse Hoover Work Plan -- Would Let Road - Building Contracts This Fall to Assist the Unemployed -- $450,000,000 is Involved -- Council Also Would Eliminate Waste They Say Is Due to Highway Work in the Spring ''. New York Times. September 11, 1921. p. E6. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ American Engineering Council meeting of executive board : Washington, September 30 Jump up ^ Herbert Hoover 's Last Laugh : The Enduring Significance of the `` Associative State '' in the U.S. Jump up ^ Hoover, Herbert ( 2011 ), George H. Nash, ed., Freedom Betrayed, Hoover Institution Press Jump up ^ Yerxa, Donald A ( September 2012 ), `` Freedom Betrayed : An interview with George H. Nash about Herbert Hoover 's Magnum Opus '', Historically Speaking, XIII ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` An American Friendship : Herbert Hoover and Poland '', Library & Archives, Stanford University : Hoover Institution, June 1 -- August 1, 2005, archived from the original on January 1, 2011, retrieved February 17, 2011 Jump up ^ Gwalia House Archived April 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine... Gwalia.org.au. Retrieved on July 14, 2013. Jump up ^ https://vp2006-2016.president.ee/en/official-duties/speeches/2706-president-ilves-at-st-georges-church-in-tori-at-the-opening-of-the-memorial-tablet-for-the-us-citizens-upon-who-the-cross-of-liberty-was-bestowed/index.html Works cited Burner, David ( 1996 ) ( 1979 ). Herbert Hoover : The Public Life. Easton Press. Originally published as Burner, David ( 1979 ). Herbert Hoover : The Public Life. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46134 - 2. Carcasson, Martin ( Spring 1998 ). `` Herbert Hoover and the Presidential Campaign of 1932 : The Failure of Apologia ''. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 28 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 365. JSTOR 27551864. Eichengreen, Barry ; Temin, Peter ( 2000 ). `` The Gold Standard and the Great Depression ''. Contemporary European History. 9 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 207. JSTOR 20081742. Fausold, Martin L. ( 1985 ). The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0259 - 9. Ferrell, Robert H. ( 1957 ). American Diplomacy in the Great Depression : Hoover -- Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929 -- 1933. Yale University Press. Hart, David M. ( 1998 ), `` Herbert Hoover 's Last Laugh : the Enduring Significance of the ' Associative State ' in the United States '', Journal of Policy History, 10 ( 4 ) : 419 -- 444, doi : 10.1017 / S0898030600007156 Kaufman, Bruce E. ( 2012 ). `` Wage Theory, New Deal Labor Policy, and the Great Depression : Were Government and Unions to Blame ? ''. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 65 ( 3 ) : 501 -- 532. hdl : 10072 / 48703. JSTOR 24368882. Leuchtenburg, William E. ( 2009 ). Herbert Hoover. Times Books ( Henry Holt and Company ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6958 - 7. Leuchtenburg, William E. ( Summer 2009 ). `` The Wrong Man at the Wrong Time ''. American Heritage. 59 ( 2 ). McCoy, Donald R. ( 1967 ). Calvin Coolidge : The Quiet President. Macmillan. ISBN 1468017772. Nash, George H. ( 1983 ). The Life of Herbert Hoover : The Engineer 1874 -- 1914. WW Norton. ISBN 978 - 0393016345. Book 1 in The Life of Herbert Hoover Series. O'Brien, Patrick G. ; Rosen, Philip T. ( 1981 ). `` Hoover and the Historians : the Resurrection of a President ''. The Annals of Iowa. 46 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 99. Olson, James S. ( October 1972 ). `` Gifford Pinchot and the Politics of Hunger, 1932 -- 1933 ''. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 96 ( 4 ) : 508 -- 520. JSTOR 20090681. Rappleye ( 2016 ). Herbert Hoover in the White House : The Ordeal of the Presidency. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 4869 - 0. Wilson, Joan Hoff ( 1975 ). Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive. Little, Brown. ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 94416 - 8. Further reading Biographies Best, Gary Dean. The Politics of American Individualism : Herbert Hoover in Transition, 1918 -- 1921 ( 1975 ) Best, Gary Dean. The Life of Herbert Hoover : Keeper of the Torch, 1933 -- 1964. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Clements, Kendrick A. The Life of Herbert Hoover : Imperfect Visionary, 1918 -- 1928 ( 2010 ). Edwards, Barry C. `` Putting Hoover on the Map : Was the 31st President a Progressive ?. '' Congress & the Presidency 41 # 1 ( 2014 ) pp 49 - 83 online Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed. Herbert Hoover : The Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914 -- 1923 ( 1979 ) Hatfield, Mark. ed. Herbert Hoover Reassessed ( 2002 ) Hawley, Ellis. Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce : Studies in New Era Thought and Practice ( 1981 ). Hawley, Ellis ( 1989 ), Herbert Hoover and the Historians. Jeansonne, Glen. The Life of Herbert Hoover : Fighting Quaker, 1928 -- 1933. Palgrave Macmillan ; 2012. Jeansonne, Glen. Herbert Hoover : A Life ( 2016 ), 464pp ; comprehensive scholarly biography Lloyd, Craig. Aggressive Introvert : A Study of Herbert Hoover and Public Relations Management, 1912 -- 1932 ( 1973 ). Nash, George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover : The Engineer 1874 -- 1914 ( 1983 ) ; in - depth scholarly study -- -- -- -- ( 1988 ), The Humanitarian, 1914 -- 1917, The Life of Herbert Hoover, 2. -- -- -- -- ( 1996 ), Master of Emergencies, 1917 -- 1918, The Life of Herbert Hoover, 3. Nash, Lee, ed. Understanding Herbert Hoover : Ten Perspectives ( 1987 ) ; essays by scholars Smith, Gene. The Shattered Dream : Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression ( 1970 ) Smith, Richard Norton. An Uncommon Man : The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, ( 1987 ), biography concentrating on post 1932. Walch, Timothy. ed. Uncommon Americans : The Lives and Legacies of Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover Praeger, 2003. West, Hal Elliott. Hoover, The Fishing President : Portrait of the Man and his Life Outdoors ( 2005 ). Whyte, Kenneth. Hoover : An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Time ( 2017 ). 752pp excerpt Scholarly Studies Extensive annotated bibliography at the University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs Claus Bernet ( 2009 ). `` Hoover, Herbert ''. In Bautz, Traugott. Biographisch - Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon ( BBKL ) ( in German ). 30. Nordhausen : Bautz. cols. 644 -- 653. ISBN 978 - 3 - 88309 - 478 - 6. Barber, William J. From New Era to New Deal : Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy, 1921 -- 1933. ( 1985 ) Barry, John M. Rising Tide : The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America ( 1998 ), Hoover played a major role Britten, Thomas A. `` Hoover and the Indians : the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900 -- 1933 '' Historian 1999 61 ( 3 ) : 518 -- 538. ISSN 0018 - 2370 Calder, James D. The Origins and Development of Federal Crime Control Policy : Herbert Hoover 's Initiatives Praeger, 1993 Clements, Kendrick A. Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism : Engineering the Good Life. University Press of Kansas, 2000 DeConde, Alexander. Herbert Hoover 's Latin American Policy. ( 1951 ) Dodge, Mark M., ed. Herbert Hoover and the Historians. ( 1989 ) Doenecke, Justus D. `` Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover ''. Journal of Libertarian Studies, ( Summer 1987 ), 8 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 340 Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. The Hoover Presidency : A Reappraisal ( 1974 ) Goodman, Mark and Gring, Mark. `` The Ideological Fight over Creation of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 '' Journalism History 2000 26 ( 3 ) : 117 -- 124 Hamilton, David E. From New Day to New Deal : American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928 -- 1933. ( 1991 ) Hawley, Ellis. `` Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an ' Associative State ', 1921 -- 1928 ''. Journal of American History, ( June 1974 ) 61 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 140 Houck, Davis W. `` Rhetoric as Currency : Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash '' Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2000 3 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 181. ISSN 1094 - 8392 Hutchison, Janet. `` Building for Babbitt : the State and the Suburban Home Ideal '' Journal of Policy History 1997 9 ( 2 ) : 184 -- 210 Lichtman, Allan J. Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1979 ) Lisio, Donald J. The President and Protest : Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot, 2d ed. ( 1994 ) Lisio, Donald J. Hoover, Blacks, and Lily - whites : A Study of Southern Strategies ( 1985 ) Malin, James C. The United States after the World War. 1930. extensive coverage of Hoover 's Commerce Dept. policies Olson, James S. Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1931 -- 1933 ( 1977 ) Robinson, Edgar Eugene and Vaughn Davis Bornet. Herbert Hoover : President of the United States. ( 1976 ) Romasco, Albert U. The Poverty of Abundance : Hoover, the Nation, the Depression ( 1965 ) Schwarz, Jordan A. The Interregnum of Despair : Hoover, Congress, and the Depression. ( 1970 ). Hostile to Hoover Sibley, Katherine A.S., ed. A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover ( 2014 ) ; 616pp ; essays by scholars stressing historiography Stoff, Michael B. `` Herbert Hoover : 1929 -- 1933 ''. The American Presidency : The Authoritative Reference. New York, New York : Houghton Mifflin Company ( 2004 ), 332 -- 343 Sobel, Robert Herbert Hoover and the Onset of the Great Depression 1929 -- 1930 ( 1975 ) Tracey, Kathleen. Herbert Hoover -- A Bibliography : His Writings and Addresses. ( 1977 ) Wilbur, Ray Lyman, and Arthur Mastick Hyde. The Hoover Policies. ( 1937 ). In depth description of his administration by two cabinet members Wueschner, Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong, 1917 -- 1927. Greenwood, 1999 Primary sources Myers, William Starr ; Walter H. Newton, eds. The Hoover Administration ; a documented narrative. 1936. Hawley, Ellis, ed. Herbert Hoover : Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 4 vols. ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Hoover, Herbert Clark ( 1934 ), The Challenge to Liberty. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 1938 ), Addresses Upon The American Road, 1933 -- 1938. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 1941 ), Addresses Upon The American Road, 1940 -- 41. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ; and Gibson, Hugh ( 1942 ), The Problems of Lasting Peace. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 1949 ), Addresses Upon The American Road, 1945 -- 48. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 1952a ), Years of adventure, 1874 -- 1920 ( PDF ), Memoirs, 1, New York, archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 17, 2008. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 1952b ), The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920 -- 1933 ( PDF ), Memoirs, 2, New York, archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 17, 2008. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 1952c ), The Great Depression, 1929 -- 1941 ( PDF ), Memoirs, 3, New York, archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 17, 2008. Miller, Dwight M. ; Walch, Timothy, eds. ( 1998 ), Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt : A Documentary History, Contributions in American History, Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30608 - 2 Hoover, Herbert Clark ( 2011 ), Nash, George H., ed., Freedom Betrayed : Herbert Hoover 's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath, Stanford, CA : Hoover Institution Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 1234 - 5. Hoover, Herbert Clark ( 2013 ), Nash, George H., ed., The Crusade Years, 1933 -- 1955 : Herbert Hoover 's Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath, Stanford, CA : Hoover Institution Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 1674 - 9. Mossman, Billy C. ; Stark, M.W. ( 1971 ). `` Chapter XXV, Former President Herbert C. Hoover, State Funeral, October 20 -- 25, 1964 ''. The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funeral, 1921 -- 1969. Washington : Department of the Army. OCLC 123268063. Retrieved January 7, 2015. American Engineering Council, Committee on Elimination of Waste in Industry ; Waste in Industry Federated American Engineering Societies, 1921 External links Find more aboutHerbert Hooverat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Appearances on C - SPAN White House biography Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, National Park Service `` Herbert Hoover collected news and commentary ''. The New York Times. Herbert Hoover at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Herbert Hoover on IMDb Newspaper clippings about Herbert Hoover in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ). hide Herbert Hoover 31st President of the United States ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) Presidency 1929 inauguration Hoover Dam Federal Farm Board Wall Street Crash of 1929 Hooverville Bonus Army Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua U.S. occupation of Haiti London Naval Treaty Hoover Moratorium Stimson Doctrine Cabinet Medicine Ball Cabinet Hooverball State of the Union Address, 1929 1930 Judicial appointments Supreme Court Other events Sons of Gwalia mine Zinc Corporation Commission for Relief in Belgium University Foundation Belgian American Educational Foundation American Relief Administration Russian Famine Relief Act U.S. Food Administration Commission for Polish Relief Finnish Relief Fund Hoover Commission Life Early life Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site Hoover -- Minthorn House Lou Henry Hoover House Rapidan Camp Legacy Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite Hoover Institution Library and Archives Hoover Tower Hoover Institution Herbert C. Hoover Building U.S. Postage stamp Hoover Medal Hoover Chair Hoover Field Books Freedom Betrayed English translation of De re metallica Elections Republican National Convention, 1920 1928 1932 1940 United States presidential election, 1928 1932 Family Lou Henry Hoover ( wife ) Herbert Hoover Jr. ( son ) Allan Hoover ( son ) Margaret Hoover ( great - granddaughter ) Jesse Hoover ( father ) Hulda Randall ( Minthorn ) Hoover ( mother ) ← Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt → Category Offices and distinctions Political offices Position established Director of the U.S. Food Administration 1917 -- 1918 Position abolished Preceded by Joshua W. Alexander United States Secretary of Commerce 1921 -- 1928 Succeeded by William F. Whiting Preceded by Calvin Coolidge President of the United States 1929 -- 1933 Succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt Party political offices Preceded by Calvin Coolidge Republican nominee for President of the United States 1928, 1932 Succeeded by Alf Landon Preceded by William F. Varney Prohibition nominee for President of the United States 1928 Succeeded by William David Upshaw Awards and achievements Preceded by Aristide Briand Cover of Time November 16, 1925 Succeeded by Gifford Pinchot Preceded by Paul Painlevé Honorary titles Preceded by Calvin Coolidge Oldest living President of the United States 1933 -- 1964 Succeeded by Harry S. Truman Preceded by Douglas MacArthur Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda 1964 Succeeded by Dwight D. Eisenhower Articles related to Herbert Hoover Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Trump Book Category United States Republican Party Chairpersons of the RNC Morgan Raymond Ward Claflin Morgan Chandler Cameron Jewell Sabin Jones Quay Clarkson Carter Hanna Payne Cortelyou New Hitchcock Hill Rosewater Hilles Wilcox Hays Adams Butler Work Huston Fess Sanders Fletcher Hamilton Martin Walsh Spangler Brownell Reece Scott Gabrielson Summerfield Roberts Hall Alcorn T.B. Morton Miller Burch Bliss R. Morton Dole Bush Smith Brock Richards Laxalt / Fahrenkopf Reagan / Fahrenkopf Atwater Yeutter Bond Barbour Nicholson Gilmore Racicot Gillespie Mehlman Martínez Duncan Steele Priebus Romney McDaniel Presidential tickets Frémont / Dayton Lincoln / Hamlin Lincoln / Johnson Grant / Colfax Grant / Wilson Hayes / Wheeler Garfield / Arthur Blaine / Logan Harrison / Morton Harrison / Reid McKinley / Hobart McKinley / Roosevelt Roosevelt / Fairbanks Taft / Sherman Taft / Sherman / Butler Hughes / Fairbanks Harding / Coolidge Coolidge / Dawes Hoover / Curtis ( twice ) Landon / Knox Willkie / McNary Dewey / Bricker Dewey / Warren Eisenhower / Nixon ( twice ) Nixon / Lodge Goldwater / Miller Nixon / Agnew ( twice ) Ford / Dole Reagan / G.H.W. Bush ( twice ) G.H.W. Bush / Quayle ( twice ) Dole / Kemp G.W. Bush / Cheney ( twice ) McCain / Palin Romney / Ryan Trump / Pence Parties by state and territory State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territory American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Conventions ( list ) 1856 ( Philadelphia ) 1860 ( Chicago ) 1864 ( Baltimore ) 1868 ( Chicago ) 1872 ( Philadelphia ) 1876 ( Cincinnati ) 1880 ( Chicago ) 1884 ( Chicago ) 1888 ( Chicago ) 1892 ( Minneapolis ) 1896 ( Saint Louis ) 1900 ( Philadelphia ) 1904 ( Chicago ) 1908 ( Chicago ) 1912 ( Chicago ) 1916 ( Chicago ) 1920 ( Chicago ) 1924 ( Cleveland ) 1928 ( Kansas City ) 1932 ( Chicago ) 1936 ( Cleveland ) 1940 ( Philadelphia ) 1944 ( Chicago ) 1948 ( Philadelphia ) 1952 ( Chicago ) 1956 ( San Francisco ) 1960 ( Chicago ) 1964 ( San Francisco ) 1968 ( Miami Beach ) 1972 ( Miami Beach ) 1976 ( Kansas City ) 1980 ( Detroit ) 1984 ( Dallas ) 1988 ( New Orleans ) 1992 ( Houston ) 1996 ( San Diego ) 2000 ( Philadelphia ) 2004 ( New York ) 2008 ( St. Paul ) 2012 ( Tampa ) 2016 ( Cleveland ) Affiliated organizations Fundraising groups National Republican Congressional Committee National Republican Senatorial Committee Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives Republican Conference of the United States Senate Republican Governors Association Sectional groups College Republicans Chairmen Congressional Hispanic Conference International Democrat Union Log Cabin Republicans Republican Jewish Coalition Republican National Hispanic Assembly Republicans Abroad Teen Age Republicans Young Republicans Factional groups Republican Main Street Partnership Republican Majority for Choice Republican Liberty Caucus Republican National Coalition for Life Republican Study Committee ConservAmerica Liberty Caucus Freedom Caucus Ripon Society The Wish List Related articles History Primaries Debates 2009 chairmanship election 2011 chairmanship election 2013 chairmanship election 2015 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election Bibliography Timeline of modern American conservatism Republican Party portal Prohibition Party Presidential tickets 1872 : Black / Russell 1876 : Smith / Stewart 1880 : Dow / Thompson 1884 St. John / Daniel 1888 : Fisk / Brooks 1892 : Bidwell / Cranfill 1896 : Levering / Johnson - Bentley / Southgate 1900 : Wolley / Metcalf 1904 : Swallow / Carroll 1908 / 1912 : Chafin / A. Watkins 1916 : Hanley / Landrith 1920 : A. Watkins / Colvin 1924 : Faris / Brehm 1928 : Varney / Edgerton 1932 : Upshaw / Regan 1936 : Colvin / Watson 1940 : Babson / Moorman 1944 : Watson / Johnson 1948 : Watson / Learn 1952 : Hamblen / Holtwick 1956 : Holtwick / Cooper 1960 : Decker / Munn 1964 : Munn / Shaw 1968 : Munn / Fisher 1972 : Munn / Uncapher 1976 / 1980 : Bubar / Dodge 1984 : Dodge / Martin 1988 / 1992 : Dodge / Ormsby 1996 : Dodge / Bubar Kelly 2000 : Dodge / D. Watkins 2004 : Amondson / Pletten - Dodge - Lydick 2008 : Amondson / Pletten 2012 : Fellure / Davis 2016 : Hedges / Bayes Related topics Prohibition in the United States - Anti-Saloon League - Woman 's Christian Temperance Union United States Secretaries of Commerce Secretaries of Commerce and Labor Cortelyou Metcalf Straus Nagel Secretaries of Commerce Redfield Alexander Hoover Whiting Lamont Chapin Roper Hopkins Jones Wallace Harriman Sawyer Weeks Strauss Mueller Hodges Connor Trowbridge Smith Stans Peterson Dent Morton Richardson Kreps Klutznick Baldrige Verity Mosbacher Franklin Brown Kantor Daley Mineta Evans Gutierrez Locke Bryson Pritzker Ross National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners 1958 : Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959 : Douglas MacArthur 1960 : Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg 1961 : John F. Kennedy 1962 : Byron `` Whizzer '' White 1963 : Roger Q. Blough 1964 : Donold B. Lourie 1965 : Juan T. Trippe 1966 : Earl H. `` Red '' Blaik 1967 : Frederick L. Hovde 1968 : Chester J. LaRoche 1969 : Richard Nixon 1970 : Thomas J. Hamilton 1971 : Ronald Reagan 1972 : Gerald Ford 1973 : John Wayne 1974 : Gerald B. Zornow 1975 : David Packard 1976 : Edgar B. Speer 1977 : Louis H. Wilson 1978 : Vincent dePaul Draddy 1979 : William P. Lawrence 1980 : Walter J. Zable 1981 : Justin W. Dart 1982 : Silver Anniversary Awards ( NCAA ) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink 1983 : Jack Kemp 1984 : John F. McGillicuddy 1985 : William I. Spencer 1986 : William H. Morton 1987 : Charles R. Meyer 1988 : Clinton E. Frank 1989 : Paul Brown 1990 : Thomas H. Moorer 1991 : George H.W. Bush 1992 : Donald R. Keough 1993 : Norman Schwarzkopf 1994 : Thomas S. Murphy 1995 : Harold Alfond 1996 : Gene Corrigan 1997 : Jackie Robinson 1998 : John H. McConnell 1999 : Keith Jackson 2000 : Fred M. Kirby II 2001 : Billy Joe `` Red '' McCombs 2002 : George Steinbrenner 2003 : Tommy Franks 2004 : William V. Campbell 2005 : Jon F. Hanson 2006 : Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden 2007 : Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach 2008 : John Glenn 2009 : Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman 2010 : Bill Cosby 2011 : Robert Gates 2012 : Roscoe Brown 2013 : National Football League & Roger Goodell 2014 : Tom Catena & George Weiss 2015 : Condoleezza Rice 2016 : Archie Manning Cabinet of President Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 23 ) Vice President Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 23 ) Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes ( 1921 -- 23 ) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon ( 1921 -- 23 ) Secretary of War John W. Weeks ( 1921 -- 23 ) Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty ( 1921 -- 23 ) Postmaster General Will H. Hays ( 1921 -- 22 ) Hubert Work ( 1922 -- 23 ) Harry S. New ( 1923 ) Secretary of the Navy Edwin C. Denby ( 1921 -- 23 ) Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall ( 1921 -- 23 ) Hubert Work ( 1923 ) Secretary of Agriculture Henry C. Wallace ( 1921 -- 23 ) Secretary of Commerce Herbert C. Hoover ( 1921 -- 23 ) Secretary of Labor James J. Davis ( 1921 -- 23 ) Cabinet of President Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 29 ) Vice President None ( 1923 -- 25 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 29 ) Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes ( 1923 -- 25 ) Frank B. Kellogg ( 1925 -- 29 ) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon ( 1923 -- 29 ) Secretary of War John W. Weeks ( 1923 -- 25 ) Dwight F. Davis ( 1925 -- 29 ) Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty ( 1923 -- 24 ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1924 -- 25 ) John G. Sargent ( 1925 -- 29 ) Postmaster General Harry S. New ( 1923 -- 29 ) Secretary of the Navy Edwin C. Denby ( 1923 -- 24 ) Curtis D. Wilbur ( 1924 -- 29 ) Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work ( 1923 -- 28 ) Roy O. West ( 1928 -- 29 ) Secretary of Agriculture Henry C. Wallace ( 1923 -- 24 ) Howard M. Gore ( 1924 -- 25 ) William M. Jardine ( 1925 -- 29 ) Secretary of Commerce Herbert C. Hoover ( 1923 -- 28 ) William Fairfield Whiting ( 1928 -- 29 ) Secretary of Labor James J. Davis ( 1923 -- 29 ) Cabinet of President Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 33 ) Vice President Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 33 ) Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg ( 1929 ) Henry L. Stimson ( 1929 -- 33 ) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon ( 1929 -- 32 ) Ogden L. Mills ( 1932 -- 33 ) Secretary of War James W. Good ( 1929 ) Patrick J. Hurley ( 1929 -- 33 ) Attorney General William DeWitt Mitchell ( 1929 -- 33 ) Postmaster General Walter F. Brown ( 1929 -- 33 ) Secretary of the Navy Charles F. Adams, III ( 1929 -- 33 ) Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur ( 1929 -- 33 ) Secretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde ( 1929 -- 33 ) Secretary of Commerce Robert P. Lamont ( 1929 -- 32 ) Roy D. Chapin ( 1932 -- 33 ) Secretary of Labor James J. Davis ( 1929 -- 30 ) William N. Doak ( 1930 -- 33 ) ( 1916 ← ) United States presidential election, 1920 ( → 1924 ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee James M. Cox VP nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Candidates William Gibbs McAdoo A. Mitchell Palmer Al Smith John W. Davis Edward I. Edwards Woodrow Wilson Robert Latham Owen Republican Party Convention Nominee Warren G. Harding VP nominee Calvin Coolidge Candidates Leonard Wood Frank Orren Lowden Hiram Johnson William Cameron Sproul Nicholas Murray Butler Calvin Coolidge Robert M. La Follette Jeter Connelly Pritchard Miles Poindexter Howard Sutherland Herbert Hoover Third party and independent candidates Socialist Party of America Nominee Eugene V. Debs VP nominee Seymour Stedman Farmer -- Labor Party Nominee Parley P. Christensen VP nominee Max S. Hayes Prohibition Party Nominee Aaron S. Watkins VP nominee D. Leigh Colvin American Party Nominee James E. Ferguson VP nominee William J. Hough Socialist Labor Party Nominee William Wesley Cox VP nominee August Gillhaus Single Tax Nominee Robert Colvin Macauley VP nominee Richard C. Barnum Other 1920 elections : House Senate ( 1924 ← ) United States presidential election, 1928 ( → 1932 ) Republican Party Convention Nominee Herbert Hoover VP nominee Charles Curtis Candidates : Charles Curtis Guy D. Goff Frank O. Lowden George W. Norris Frank B. Willis Democratic Party Convention Nominee Al Smith VP nominee Joseph Taylor Robinson Candidates Cordell Hull Atlee Pomerene James A. Reed Evans Woollen Third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee William Z. Foster VP nominee Benjamin Gitlow Prohibition Party Nominee William F. Varney Socialist Party Nominee Norman Thomas VP nominee James H. Maurer Socialist Labor Party Nominee Frank T. Johns VP nominee Verne L. Reynolds Independents and other candidates William Dudley Pelley Other 1928 elections : House Senate ( 1928 ← ) United States presidential election, 1932 ( → 1936 ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt VP nominee John Nance Garner Candidates John Nance Garner William H. Murray James A. Reed Albert Ritchie Al Smith Republican Party Convention Nominee Herbert Hoover VP nominee Charles Curtis Candidates John J. Blaine Calvin Coolidge Joseph I. France James W. Wadsworth Third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee William Z. Foster VP nominee James W. Ford Prohibition Party Nominee William David Upshaw Socialist Party Nominee Norman Thomas VP nominee James H. Maurer Socialist Labor Party Nominee Verne L. Reynolds VP nominee John W. Aiken Independents and other candidates : James Renshaw Cox William Hope Harvey Other 1932 elections : House Senate Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Trump Book Category Biography portal 1920s portal Conservatism portal Geology portal Government of the United States portal Politics portal Iowa portal Republican Party portal United States portal BIBSYS : 6058769 BNE : XX1312413 BNF : cb11944763g ( data ) GND : 118706985 ISNI : 0000 0001 2099 256X LCCN : n79021421 NARA : 10678005 NDL : 00522710 NLA : 35243285 SELIBR : 189725 SNAC : w6q81cm3 SUDOC : 027396320 VIAF : 14778660 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&oldid=846198820 '' Categories : Herbert Hoover 1874 births 1964 deaths 19th - century American people 19th - century Quakers 20th - century American politicians 20th - century Quakers American mining engineers American anti-communists American expatriates in Australia American expatriates in China American geologists American humanitarians American memoirists American non-fiction outdoors writers American male writers American people of Canadian descent American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Swiss descent American political writers American Quakers Belgian relief in World War I Burials in Iowa California Republicans Coolidge administration cabinet members Conservatism in the United States Deaths from colorectal cancer Dudley -- Winthrop family Engineers from California Engineers from Iowa Engineers from New York ( state ) George Fox University alumni Harding administration cabinet members Hoover family John Fritz Medal recipients National Academy of Sciences laureates People from Stanford, California People from West Branch, Iowa People from Newberg, Oregon Presidents of the United States Republican Party Presidents of the United States Republican Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Sons of the American Revolution Stanford University alumni Stanford University trustees United States presidential candidates, 1920 United States presidential candidates, 1928 United States presidential candidates, 1932 United States presidential candidates, 1936 United States presidential candidates, 1940 United States Secretaries of Commerce Writers from California Writers from Iowa Writers from New York City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with short description Use mdy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018, at 02 : 09 ( UTC ). 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Question: who was the 31st president of the united states of america
Answer: Herbert Clark Hoover