Stockholm syndrome - wikipedia Stockholm syndrome For other uses, see Stockholm syndrome ( disambiguation ). The location where the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery took place in Stockholm, Sweden ( 2005 ). Stockholm syndrome ( sometimes erroneously referred to as Helsinki syndrome ) is a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity. These feelings, resulting from a bond formed between captor and captives during intimate time spent together, are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims. Generally speaking, Stockholm syndrome consists of `` strong emotional ties that develop between two persons where one person intermittently harasses, beats, threatens, abuses, or intimidates the other. '' The FBI 's Hostage Barricade Database System shows that roughly eight percent of victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome. Formally named in 1973 when four hostages were taken during a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm syndrome is also commonly known as `` capture bonding ''. The syndrome 's title was developed when the victims of the Stockholm bank robbery defended their captors after being released and would not agree to testify in court against them. Stockholm syndrome 's significance arises because it is based on a paradox, as captives ' sentiments for their captors are the opposite of the fear and disdain an onlooker may expect to see as a result of trauma. There are four key components that generally lead to the development of Stockholm syndrome : A hostage 's development of positive feelings towards their captor No previous hostage - captor relationship A refusal by hostages to cooperate with police forces and other government authorities A hostage 's belief in the humanity of their captor, for the reason that when a victim holds the same values as the aggressor, they cease to be perceived as a threat. Stockholm syndrome is considered a `` contested illness '', due to many law enforcement officers ' doubt about the legitimacy of the condition. Contents 1 History 1.1 Famous instances 1.1. 1 Stockholm bank robbery 1.1. 2 Patty Hearst 1.1. 3 Yvonne Ridley 1.2 Lima syndrome 2 Symptoms and behaviours 2.1 Coping mechanism 2.2 Attachment patterns 2.3 Recovery 3 Controversy 3.1 Literature 3.1. 1 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 3.1. 2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM5 ) 3.1. 3 Loving to Survive 3.2 Professional 3.2. 1 Robbins and Anthony ( 1982 ) 4 In popular culture 4.1 Films and television 4.2 Other media 5 See also 6 References History Nils Bejerot, a Swedish criminologist and psychiatrist coined the term after Stockholm police asked him for assistance with analyzing the victims ' reactions to the 1973 bank robbery and their status as hostages. As the idea of brainwashing was not a new concept, Bejerot, speaking on `` a news cast after the captives ' release '' instinctively reduced the hostages ' reactions to a result of being brainwashed by their captors. He called it Norrmalmstorgssyndromet, meaning `` The Norrmalmstorg Syndrome '' ; it later became known outside of Sweden as the Stockholm syndrome. It was originally defined by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg to aid the management of hostage situations. Famous instances Stockholm bank robbery Main article : Norrmalmstorg robbery In 1973, Jan - Erik Olsson, a convict on parole, took four employees of the bank ( three women and one man ) hostage during a failed bank robbery in Kreditbanken, one of the largest banks in Stockholm, Sweden. He negotiated the release from prison of his friend Clark Olofsson to assist him. They held the hostages captive for six days ( August 23 -- 28 ) in one of the bank 's vaults while torturing them with nooses and dynamite. When they were released, none of them would testify against either captor in court ; instead they began raising money for their defense. Patty Hearst Patty Hearst, the granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst, was taken and held hostage by the Symbionese Liberation Army, `` an urban guerilla group '', in 1974. She was recorded denouncing her family as well as the police under her new name, `` Tania '', and was later seen working with the SLA to rob banks in San Francisco. She publicly asserted her sympathetic feelings towards the SLA and their pursuits as well. After her 1975 arrest, pleading Stockholm syndrome did not work as a proper defense in court, much to the chagrin of her defense lawyer, F. Lee Bailey. Her seven - year prison sentence was later commuted, and she was eventually presidentially pardoned by Bill Clinton, who was informed that she was not acting under her own free will. Yvonne Ridley Yvonne Ridley is a British journalist who was a reporter for the Sunday Express when she was captured for eleven days by the Afghan Taliban in 2001. Upon release, she became a fervent Muslim, denouncing the typical values and lifestyles of the west and praising Muslim practice. Ridley denies that she suffers from Stockholm syndrome, claiming that she did not bond or empathize with her captors and that she was only awoken and shown how to live a liberated life. Lima syndrome A similar form of Stockholm syndrome called Lima syndrome has been proposed, in which abductors develop sympathy for their hostages. There are many reasons why Lima syndrome can develop in abductors. Sometimes when there are multiple abductors, one or more of them will start to disagree with what they are doing and influence one another. An abductor may also have second thoughts or experience empathy towards their victims. Lima syndrome was named after an abduction at the Japanese embassy in Lima, Peru, in 1996, when members of a militant movement took hostage hundreds of people attending a party at the official residence of Japan 's ambassador. Within a few hours, the abductors had set free most of the hostages, including the most valuable ones, because of sympathy towards them. Symptoms and behaviours Victims of the formal definition of Stockholm syndrome develop `` positive feelings toward their captors and sympathy for their causes and goals, and negative feelings toward the police or authorities ''. These symptoms often follow escaped victims back into their previously ordinary lives. Coping mechanism From a psychoanalytic lens, it can be argued that Stockholm syndrome arises strictly as a result of survival instincts. Strentz states, `` the victim 's need to survive is stronger than his impulse to hate the person who has created the dilemma. '' A positive emotional bond between captor and captive is a `` defense mechanism of the ego under stress ''. These sentimental feelings are not strictly for show, however. Since captives often fear that their affection will be perceived as fake, they eventually begin to believe that their positive sentiments are genuine. Attachment patterns This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( October 2016 ) Stockholm syndrome is not merely a condition developed in victims of kidnappings or hostage instances. It can also be applied to a wider variety of situations, afflicting victims of domestic or child abuse, human trafficking, and incest. Prisoners of war, political terrorism, cult members, concentration camp prisoners, slaves, and prostitutes '' can also fall prey to Stockholm syndrome. It is believed that women are especially subject to develop the condition. Typically, Stockholm syndrome develops in captives when they engage in `` face - to - face contact '' with their captors, as well as when captors make captives doubt the likelihood of their survival by aggressively terrorizing them into `` helpless, powerless, and submissive '' states. This enables captors to appear to be nice people when captors perform acts of kindness on, or fail to `` beat, abuse, or rape the victims ''. Evolutionarily speaking, research evidence exists to support the genuine scientific nature of Stockholm syndrome. Responses similar to those in human captives have been detected in some reptiles and mammals, primates in particular. Ideas like `` dominance hierarchies and submission strategies '' assist in devising explanations for the illogical reasoning behind the symptoms of those suffering from Stockholm syndrome as a result of an oppressive relationship of any kind. One of the `` adaptive problems faced by our hunter - gatherer ancestors '', particularly females, was being abducted by another band. Life in the `` human environment of evolutionary adaptiveness '' ( EEA ) is thought by researchers such as Israeli military historian Azar Gat to be similar to that of the few remaining hunter - gatherer societies. `` Deadly violence is also regularly activated in competition over women... Abduction of women, rape,... are widespread direct causes of reproductive conflict... '' Being captured and having their dependent children killed might have been fairly common. Women who resisted capture in such situations risked being killed. Azar Gat asserts that war and abductions ( capture ) were typical of human pre-history. When selection is intense and persistent, adaptive traits ( such as capture - bonding ) become universal to the population or species. Partial activation of the capture - bonding psychological trait may lie behind battered person syndrome, military basic training, fraternity hazing, and sex practices such as sadism / masochism or bondage / discipline. Being captured by neighbouring tribes was a relatively common event for women in human history, if anything like the recent history of the few remaining tribes. In some of those tribes ( Yanomamo, for instance ), practically everyone in the tribe is descended from a captive within the last three generations. Perhaps as high as one in ten of females were abducted and incorporated into the tribe that captured them. Recovery Recovering from Stockholm syndrome ordinarily involves `` psychiatric or psychological counseling, '' with an end goal of making patients realize that their actions and feelings stemmed from inherent human survival techniques. Counseling aims to reinstate normalcy into the lives of recovering victims, and to make sure that they can function in a way that is not out of fear or in the sole interest of survival. Controversy Literature FBI law enforcement bulletin Within this work, writer Fuselier questions the frequency with which Stockholm Syndrome actually occurs, as well as the validity of its classifications as a disease or medical condition at all. Diagnostic and statistical manual ( dsm5 ) This book is widely used as the `` classification system for psychological disorders '' by the American Psychiatric Association. Stockholm syndrome has not historically appeared in the manual, as many believe it falls under Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Before the fifth edition ( DSM - 5 ) was released, Stockholm syndrome was under consideration to be included under ' Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified '. The work was updated in 2013, but Stockholm syndrome was not present. Loving to survive First published in 1994, author Dee Graham uses the Stockholm syndrome label to describe group or collective responses to trauma, rather than individual reactions. Graham focuses specifically on the impact of Stockholm syndrome on battered and abused women as a community. She claimed that in both the psychological and societal senses, women are defined by their sense of fear surrounding the threat of male violence. This constant fear drives women to perform actions that they know will be pleasing to men in order to avoid emotional, physical, or sexual assault as a result of male anger. Graham draws parallels between women and kidnapping victims in the sense that these women bond to men to survive, as captives bond to their captors to survive. Professional Robbins and Anthony ( 1982 ) Robbins and Anthony, who had historically studied a condition similar to Stockholm syndrome, known as destructive cult disorder, observed in their 1982 study that the 1970s were rich with apprehension surrounding the potential risks of brainwashing. They assert that brainwashing 's media attention during this time resulted in the fluid reception of Stockholm syndrome as a psychological condition. In popular culture Films and television In the independent film noir movie Something Wild ( 1961 ), the protagonist Mary Ann is held captive until she escapes, only to return to her captor and marry him. In the 1977 TV series Lou Grant, episode Hostages. The hostage negotiator mentions Stockholm Syndrome to Lou when hostage Carla Mardigian goes back after hostage taker lets her go to the toilet. In the opening sequence of Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) James Bond is `` killed '' in a training exercise by a prisoner he has released, since he does n't anticipate that she might be suffering from Stockholm syndrome. In Die Hard ( 1988 ), a book author, Dr. Hasseldorf, expresses his view that `` by this time, the hostages should be going through the early stages of the Helsinki syndrome, '' an error compounded by news reporter Harvey Johnson 's reply of `` As in Helsinki, Sweden. '' In Beauty and the Beast and its various adaptations, including the film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ), the main lead Beauty / Belle is blackmailed by the Beast into co-habitation under threat of her father 's death, eventually falling in love with her captor. Whether Belle is affected by Stockholm Syndrome is disputed. The Chase ( 1994 ), with Charlie Sheen. In the film 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ), where a psychologist ( Madeleine Stowe ) starts to believe the apocalyptic theories of her kidnapper ( the film 's protagonist ). In Babylon 5 's 8th episode of Season 4, The Illusion of Truth ( 1997 ), Dr. Indiri states that Sheridan is suffering from Helsinki Syndrome. Excess Baggage ( 1997 ) with Benicio Del Toro and Alicia Silverstone. Buffalo ' 66 ( 1998 ), where a dance student, Layla ( Christina Ricci ), is kidnapped by a man just so she can be taken home and be shown off to his parents. She eventually falls for him. Out of Sight ( 1998 ), where a bank robber ( George Clooney ) breaks out of jail and has an mutual attraction with a US Marshall ( Jennifer Lopez ) whom he has kidnapped. The World is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) In Bandits ' ( 2001 ), Kate Wheeler ( Cate Blanchett ) falls for the two bank robbers ( Bruce Willis and Billy Bob Thornton ) who have kidnapped her. In The Scorpion King ( 2002 ), a desert warrior ( Dwayne Johnson ) captures the enemy 's sorceress, only to fall in love with her later in the film. In John Q. ( 2002 ), a father ( Denzel Washington ) unable to pay for medical treatment and having a limited healthcare insurance policy ; takes various medical staff and patients hostage to force free - healthcare for his dying son. In Perfect Strangers ( 2003 ), a woman who realizes that she is kidnapped, gradually starts to fall for her captor ( Sam Neill ). In the remake of King Kong ( 2005 ), Ann Darrow ( Naomi Watts ) fears the ape at first but slowly develops feelings toward the creature and even attempts to save it. In the animated series Black Lagoon, it is often contemplated by the protagonist whether or not he has Stockholm Syndrome after he joins the pirates as a former hostage. Captivity ( 2007 ), with Elisha Cuthbert. In some episodes of Criminal Minds, abducted characters succumb to loyalty and obedience towards their captors. Red ( 2010 ), with Bruce Willis. In Time ( 2011 ), with Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried. In Pawn Shop Chronicles ( 2013 ) the abductor makes the women love him, one of the women even betraying her husband. Black Ice ( 2014 ), a girl, who becomes kidnapped and held hostage while being stranded on an icy mountain, falls in love with one of her captors. In Highway ( 2014 ), the main lead ( Alia Bhatt ) gets kidnapped and held in hostage meanwhile she falls for one of the captors ( Randeep Hooda ). Passengers ( 2016 ), with Chris Pratt and Jennifer Lawrence. In Berlin Syndrome ( 2017 ), the female lead Clare ( Teresa Palmer ) is held hostage by a Berlin school teacher, Andi ( Max Riemelt ) after a one - night stand. Other media In music, many bands have published songs titled Stockholm syndrome, such as Yo La Tengo, blink - 182, Muse, and One Direction. In the video game PAYDAY 2, there is an available skill in the `` Mastermind '' tree called Stockholm Syndrome, which gives civilians ( who are typically held hostage if not freed by police units or left unattended long enough ) a chance to revive downed players and give them more weapon ammunition. See also Psychology portal Atlas personality Attachment theory Codependency Cognitive dissonance Colonial mentality Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Enmeshment Patty Hearst Self - hating Jew Symptoms of victimization Traumatic bonding Uncle Tom syndrome References Jump up ^ Cherry, Andrew L. Jr. ( 2003 ). Examining global social welfare issues : using MicroCase. Brooks / Cole -- Thomson Learning. p. 236. ISBN 0534610404. Jump up ^ Mauk, John ; Metz, John ( 2012 ). Inventing arguments ( 3rd ed. ). Wadsworth Publishing. p. 566. ISBN 0840027761. Retrieved September 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Jameson, Celia ( 2010 ). `` The Short Step From Love to Hypnosis : A Reconsideration of the Stockholm Syndrome ''. Journal for Cultural Research. 14.4 : 337 -- 355 -- via Elsevior. ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie, Ian K. `` The Stockholm Syndrome Revisited : Hostages, Relationships, Prediction, Control, and Psychological Science ''. Journal For Police Crisis Negotiations. 4 : 5 -- 21 -- via Elsevior. ^ Jump up to : Sundaram, Chandar S. ( 2013 ). `` Stockholm Syndrome ''. Salem Press Encyclopedia -- via Research Starters. ^ Jump up to : Adorjan, Michael, Tony Christensen, Benjamin Kelly, and Dorothy Pawluch. `` Stockholm Syndrome As Vernacular Resource. '' The Sociological Quarterly 53.3 ( 2012 ) : 454 - 74. SocINDEX with Full Text ( EBSCO ). Web. 23 Oct. 2016. Jump up ^ Nils Bejerot : The six day war in Stockholm New Scientist 1974, volume 61, number 886, page 486 - 487 Jump up ^ Ochberg, Frank The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor, Los Angeles Times, April 8, 2005 Jump up ^ PTSD. Springer Science + Business Media. 2006. ISBN 4 - 431 - 29566 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Africa Politics ''. International Press Service. July 10, 1996. Retrieved May 8, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Åse, Cecilia. `` Crisis Narratives And Masculinist Protection. '' International Feminist Journal Of Politics 17.4 ( 2015 ) : 595 - 610. Political Science Complete. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. ^ Jump up to : Published in Anthropological Quarterly, 73.2 ( 2000 ), 74 -- 88. The Human Motivational Complex : Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of Hunter - Gatherer Fighting, Azar Gat Part II : Proximate, Subordinate, and Derivative Causes '' Jump up ^ `` The percentage of females in the lowland villages who have been abducted is significantly higher : 17 % compared ( with ) 11.7 % in the highland villages. '' ( Napoleon Chagnon quoted at Sexual Polarization in Warrior Cultures ) Jump up ^ `` Elena Valero, a Brazilian woman, was kidnapped by Yanomamo warriors when she was eleven years old... But none were so horrifying as the second ( raid ) : ' They killed so many. '... The man then took the baby by his feet and bashed him against the rocks... '' ( Hrdy quoted in Sexual Polarization in Warrior Cultures ) Jump up ^ `` The Shaur and Achuar Jivaros, once deadly enemies... A significant goal of these wars was geared toward the annihilation of the enemy tribe, including women and children... There were, however, many instances where the women and children were taken as prisoners... A woman who fights, or a woman who refuses to accompany the victorious war - party to their homes and serve a new master, exposes herself to the risk of suffering the same fate as her men - folk. '' ( Up de Graff also in Sexual Polarization in Warrior Cultures ) Jump up ^ Thims, Libb ( 2007 ). Human Chemistry ( Volume Two ). Lulu.com. pp. 604 -- 605. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4303 - 2840 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Henson, Keith ( Summer 2006 ). `` Evolutionary Psychology, Memes and the Origin of War ''. Mankind Quarterly. The Council for Social and Economic Studies. 46 ( 4 ). Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Association ), ( American Psychiatry ( 2013 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM - 5 ( 5th ed. ed. ). Washington ( etc. ) : American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 0890425558. 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Question: where did the name stockholm syndrome come from
Answer: bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden