Takeoff - wikipedia Takeoff For other uses, see Takeoff ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2011 ) An F / A-18 taking off from an aircraft carrier An Embraer E-175 takes off Takeoff is the phase of flight in which an aerospace vehicle or animal goes from the ground to flying in the air. For aircraft that take off horizontally, this usually involves starting with a transition from moving along the ground on a runway. For balloons, helicopters and some specialized fixed - wing aircraft ( VTOL aircraft such as the Harrier ), no runway is needed. Takeoff is the opposite of landing. Contents 1 Horizontal takeoff 1.1 Power settings 1.2 Speed required 1.3 Assisted takeoff 2 Vertical takeoff 2.1 VTOL 2.2 Rocket launch 3 See also 4 References Horizontal takeoff Power settings Take off of a hot air balloon For light aircraft, usually full power is used during takeoff. Large transport category ( airliner ) aircraft may use a reduced power for takeoff, where less than full power is applied in order to prolong engine life, reduce maintenance costs and reduce noise emissions. In some emergency cases, the power used can then be increased to increase the aircraft 's performance. Before takeoff, the engines, particularly piston engines, are routinely run up at high power to check for engine - related problems. The aircraft is permitted to accelerate to rotation speed ( often referred to as V ). The term rotation is used because the aircraft pivots around the axis of its main landing gear while still on the ground, usually because of manipulation of the flight controls to make this change in aircraft attitude. The nose is raised to a nominal 5 ° -- 15 ° nose up pitch attitude to increase lift from the wings and effect liftoff. For most aircraft, attempting a takeoff without a pitch - up would require cruise speeds while still on the runway. Fixed - wing aircraft designed for high - speed operation ( such as commercial jet aircraft ) have difficulty generating enough lift at the low speeds encountered during takeoff. These are therefore fitted with high - lift devices, often including slats and usually flaps, which increase the camber and often area of the wing, making it more effective at low speed, thus creating more lift. These are deployed from the wing before takeoff, and retracted during the climb. They can also be deployed at other times, such as before landing. The speeds needed for takeoff are relative to the motion of the air ( indicated airspeed ). A headwind will reduce the ground speed needed for takeoff, as there is a greater flow of air over the wings. Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners are in the 130 -- 155 knot range ( 150 -- 180 mph, 240 -- 285 km / h ). Light aircraft, such as a Cessna 150, take off at around 55 knots ( 63 mph, 100 km / h ). Ultralights have even lower takeoff speeds. For a given aircraft, the takeoff speed is usually dependent on the aircraft weight ; the heavier the weight, the greater the speed needed. Some aircraft are specifically designed for short takeoff and landing ( STOL ), which they achieve by becoming airborne at very low speeds. Speed required The takeoff speed required varies with air density, aircraft gross weight, lift coefficient, and aircraft configuration ( flap or slat position, as applicable ). Air density is affected by factors such as field elevation and air temperature. This relationship between temperature, altitude, and air density can be expressed as a density altitude, or the altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the air density would be equal to the actual air density. Operations with transport category aircraft employ the concept of the takeoff V - Speeds, V, V and V. These speeds are determined not only by the above factors affecting takeoff performance, but also by the length and slope of the runway and any peculiar conditions, such as obstacles off the end of the runway. Below V, in case of critical failures, the takeoff should be aborted ; above V the pilot continues the takeoff and returns for landing. After the co-pilot calls V, he / she will call V or `` rotate, '' marking speed at which to rotate the aircraft. The V for transport category aircraft is calculated such as to allow the aircraft to reach the regulatory screen height at V with one engine failed. Then, V ( the safe takeoff speed ) is called. This speed must be maintained after an engine failure to meet performance targets for rate of climb and angle of climb. In a single - engine or light twin - engine aircraft, the pilot calculates the length of runway required to take off and clear any obstacles, to ensure sufficient runway to use for takeoff. A safety margin can be added to provide the option to stop on the runway in case of a rejected takeoff. In most such aircraft, any engine failure results in a rejected takeoff as a matter of course, since even overrunning the end of the runway is preferable to lifting off with insufficient power to maintain flight. If an obstacle needs to be cleared, the pilot climbs at the speed for maximum climb angle ( V ), which results in the greatest altitude gain per unit of horizontal distance travelled. If no obstacle needs to be cleared, or after an obstacle is cleared, the pilot can accelerate to the best rate of climb speed ( V ), where the aircraft will gain the most altitude in the least amount of time. Generally speaking, V is a lower speed than V, and requires a higher pitch attitude to achieve. Normally ground speed for takeoff varies between 250 km / h to 475 km / h. Assisted takeoff Main article : Assisted takeoff Tow line and towing aircraft seen from the cockpit of a glider Assisted takeoff is any system for helping aircraft into the air ( as opposed to strictly under its own power ). The reason it might be needed is due to the aircraft 's weight exceeding the normal maximum takeoff weight, insufficient power, or the available runway length may be insufficient, or a hot and high airfield, or a combination of all four factors. Assisted takeoff is also required for gliders, which do not have an engine and so are unable to take off by themselves. Vertical takeoff Vertical takeoff refers to aircraft or rockets that take off in a vertical trajectory. Vertical takeoff eliminates the need for airfields. Most vertical take off aircraft are also able to land horizontally, but there were certain rocket - powered aircraft of the Luftwaffe that only took off vertically, landing in other ways. The Bachem Ba 349 Natter landed under a parachute after having taken off vertically. Other late Third Reich projects, such as the Heinkel P. 1077 Julia or the Focke - Wulf Volksjäger 2 climbed to their ceiling at a nearly vertical angle and landed later on a skid. VTOL Main article : VTOL The Harrier Jump Jet, a VTOL aircraft A Camcopter S - 100, a VTOL unmanned aerial vehicle Vertical take - off and landing ( VTOL ) aircraft include fixed - wing aircraft that can hover, take off and land vertically as well as helicopters and other aircraft with powered rotors, such as tiltrotors. Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as CTOL ( conventional take - off and landing ), STOL ( short take - off and landing ), and / or STOVL ( short take - off and vertical landing ). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate by VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle horizontal motion. VTOL is a subset of V / STOL ( vertical and / or short take - off and landing ). Besides the helicopter, there are two types of VTOL aircraft in military service : craft using a tiltrotor, such as the Bell Boeing V - 22 Osprey, and some aircraft using directed jet thrust such as the Harrier family. Rocket launch Main article : Rocket launch A rocket launch is the takeoff phase of the flight of a rocket. Launches for orbital spaceflights, or launches into interplanetary space, are usually from a fixed location on the ground, but may also be from a floating platform such as the San Marco platform, or the Sea Launch launch vessel. See also Balanced field takeoff V speeds Climb Cruise Descent Landing Space launch, the spaceflight equivalent References Jump up ^ Scott, Jeff ( 4 August 2002 ) `` Airliner Takeoff Speeds ''. Aerospace Web. Retrieved 12 August 2015 Jump up ^ Ulrich Albrecht : Artefakte des Fanatismus ; Technik und nationalsozialistische Ideologie in der Endphase des Dritten Reiches ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Vertical Takeoff & Landing Aircraft, '' John P. Campbell, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1962. Jump up ^ Rogers 1989. Jump up ^ Laskowitz, I.B. `` Vertical Take - Off and Landing ( VTOL ) Aircraft. '' Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Art. 1, 25 March 1963. Jump up ^ `` Straight Up - A History of Vertical Flight, '' Steve Markman and Bill Holder, Schiffer Publishing, 2000. Look up takeoff or take off in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Starts in aviation. Types of takeoff and landing Takeoff Assisted take - off Balanced field takeoff JATO Non-rocket spacelaunch Rejected takeoff Rocket launch Zero - length launch Takeoff and landing CATOBAR CTOL STOBAR STOL STOVL V / STOL VTHL / VTOHL VTOL Launch and recovery cycle VTVL VTHL HTHL HTVL Landing Belly landing Crosswind landing Deadstick landing Emergency landing Forced landing Hard landing SRVL Short - field landing Soft landing Splashdown Touch - and - go landing Water landing / Ditching Floating landing platform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takeoff&oldid=805743612 '' Categories : Flight phases Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017, at 10 : 35. 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Question: at what speed does a passenger plane take off
Answer: between 250 km/h to 475 km/h