Woodland period - wikipedia Woodland period Periods in North American history Lithic stage 18,000 BC - 5000 / 3000 BC Archaic period Mesoamerican 2000 BC - 250 AD General 8,000 - 1,000 BC Formative stage Mesoamerican 3500 BC - 1800 BC General 1,000 BC - 500AD Woodland period 1000BC - 1000AD Classic stage 500 -- 1200 Post-Classic stage Mesoamerican 900 - 1519 General 1200 - today See also List of archaeological periods ( North America ) List of archaeological periods ( Mesoamerica ) In the classification of Archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period. The term `` Woodland Period '' was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter - gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures. The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region, the Eastern United States, along to the Gulf of Mexico. This period is variously considered a developmental stage, a time period, a suite of technological adaptations or `` traits, '' and a `` family tree '' of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures. It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools, leather crafting, textile manufacture, cultivation, and shelter construction. Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period, when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however, Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns. The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ), and the diversification of pottery forms, decorations, and manufacturing practices. The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex, consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation, also meant that groups became less mobile over time and, in some times and places, people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities. Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from ca. 1000 - 1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact, around 500 years ago. Contents 1 Early Woodland period ( 1000 -- 200 BCE ) 1.1 Interaction 1.2 Pottery 1.3 Subsistence Strategies 2 Middle Woodland period ( 200 BCE -- 500 CE ) 3 Late Woodland period ( 500 -- 1000 CE ) 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Early Woodland period ( 1000 -- 200 BCE ) The Early Woodland period continued many trends begun during the Late and Terminal Archaic periods, including extensive mound - building, regional distinctive burial complexes, the trade of exotic goods across a large area of North America as part of interaction spheres, the reliance on both wild and domesticated plant foods, and a mobile subsistence strategy in which small groups took advantage of seasonally available resources such as nuts, fish, shellfish, and wild plants. Pottery, which had been manufactured during the Archaic period in limited amounts, was now widespread across the Eastern Interior, the Southeast, and the Northeast ; the Far Northeast, the Sub-Arctic, and the Northwest / Plains regions widely adopted pottery somewhat later, about 200 BCE. Interaction The Adena culture built conical mounds in which single - or multiple - event burials, often cremated, were interred along with rich grave goods including copper bracelets, beads, and gorgets, art objects made from mica, novaculite, hematite, banded slate, and other kinds of stone, shell beads and cups, and leaf - shaped `` cache blades. '' This culture is believed to have been core to the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, in which cultures in the Great Lakes region, the St. Lawrence region, the Far Northeast, and the Atlantic region interacted. The large area of interaction is indicated by the presence of Adena - style mounds, the presence of exotic goods from other parts of the interaction spheres, and the participation in the `` Early Woodland Burial Complex '' defined by William Ritchie Pottery Pottery was widely manufactured and sometimes traded, particularly in the Eastern Interior region. Clay for pottery was typically tempered ( mixed with non-clay additives ) with grit ( crushed rock ) or limestone. Pots were usually made in a conoidal or conical jars with rounded shoulders, slightly constricted necks, and flaring rims. Pottery was most often decorated with a variety of linear or paddle stamps that created `` dentate '' ( tooth - like ) impressions, wavy line impressions, checked surfaces, or fabric - impressed surfaces, but some pots were incised with geometric patterns or, more rarely, with pictorial imagery such as faces. Pots were coiled and paddled entirely by hand without the use of fast rotation such as a pottery wheel. Some were slipped or brushed with red ochre. Pottery, agriculture, and permanent settlements have often been thought of the three defining characteristics of the Woodland period. However, it has become evident that, in some areas of the United States, prehistoric cultural groups with a clearly Archaic cultural assemblage were making pottery without any evidence of the cultivation of domesticated crops. In fact, it appears that hunting and gathering continued as the basic subsistence economy and that subsistence horticulture / agriculture did not occur in much of the Southeast for a couple of thousand years after the introduction of pottery, and in parts of the Northeast, horticulture was never practiced. This research indicated that a fiber - tempered horizon of ceramics greatly predates 1000 BCE, first appearing about 2500 BCE in parts of Florida with the Orange culture and in Georgia with the Stallings culture. Nevertheless, these early sites were typical Archaic settlements, differing only in the use of basic ceramic technology. As such, researchers are now redefining the period to begin with not only pottery, but the appearance of permanent settlements, elaborate burial practices, intensive collection and / or horticulture of starchy seed plants ( see Eastern Agricultural Complex ), differentiation in social organization, and specialized activities, among other factors. Most of these are evident in the Southeastern United States by 1000 BCE. In some areas, like South Carolina and coastal Georgia, Deptford culture pottery manufacture ceased after ca. 700 CE. Subsistence strategies In coastal regions, many settlements were near the coast, often near salt marshes, which were habitats rich in food resources. People tended to settle along rivers and lakes in both coastal and interior regions for maximum access to food resources. Nuts were processed in large amounts, including hickory and acorns, and many wild berries, including palm berries, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries, were eaten, as well as wild grapes and persimmon. Most groups relied heavily on white - tailed deer, but a variety of other small and large mammals were hunted also, including beaver, raccoon, and bear. Shellfish formed an important part of the diet, attested to by numerous shell middens along the coast and interior rivers. Coastal peoples practiced seasonal mobility, moving to the coast during the summer take advantage of numerous marine resources such as sea mammals and shellfish, then moved to interior locations during the winter where access to deer, bear, and anadromous fish such as salmon could see them through the winter. Seasonal foraging also characterized the strategies of many interior populations, with groups moving strategically among dense resource areas. Recently evidence has accumulated of a greater reliance of woodland peoples on cultivation in this period, at least in some localities, than has historically been recognized. This is especially true for the middle woodland period and perhaps beyond. C. Margaret Scarry states `` in the Woodland periods, people diversified their use of plant foods... ( they ) increased their consumption of starchy foods. They did so, however, by cultivating starchy seeds rather than by gathering more acorns. '' Smith and Yarnell refer to an `` indigenous crop complex '' as early as 3800 B.P. in parts of the region. Middle Woodland period ( 200 BCE -- 500 CE ) Hopewell Interaction Area and local expressions of the Hopewell tradition The beginning of the Middle Woodland saw a shift of settlement to the Interior. As the Woodland period progressed, local and inter-regional trade of exotic materials greatly increased to the point where a trade network covered most of the Eastern United States. Throughout the Southeast and north of the Ohio River, burial mounds of important people were very elaborate and contained a variety of mortuary gifts, many of which were not local. The most archaeologically certifiable sites of burial during this time were in Illinois and Ohio. These have come to be known as the Hopewell tradition. Due to the similarity of earthworks and burial goods, researchers assume a common body of religious practice and cultural interaction existed throughout the entire region ( referred to as the `` Hopewellian Interaction Sphere '' ). Such similarities could also be the result of reciprocal trade, obligations, or both between local clans that controlled specific territories. Access to food or resources outside a clan 's territory would be made possible through formal agreements with neighbors. Clan heads would then be buried along with goods received from their trading partners to symbolize the relationships they had established. Under this scenario, permanent settlements would be likely to develop, leading to increased agricultural production and a population increase. Ceramics during this time were thinner and better quality than earlier times. Examples also show pottery also was more decorated than Early Woodland. One style was the Trempealeau phase which could have been seen by the Hopewell in Indiana. This type included a round body, and lines of decoration with cross-etching on rim. The Havana style found in Illinois had a decorated neck. One of the major tools unique to this era was Snyders Points. These were quite large and corner - notched. They were made by soft - hammering percussion, and finished by pressure flaking. Although many of the Middle Woodland cultures are called `` Hopewellian, '' and groups shared ceremonial practices, archeologists have identified the development of distinctly separate cultures during the Middle Woodland period. Examples include the Armstrong culture, Copena culture, Crab Orchard culture, Fourche Maline culture, the Goodall Focus, the Havana Hopewell culture, the Kansas City Hopewell, the Marksville culture, and the Swift Creek culture. The Center for American Archeology specializes in Middle Woodland culture. Late Woodland period ( 500 -- 1000 CE ) The late Woodland period was a time of apparent population dispersal, although populations do not appear to have decreased. In most areas construction of burial mounds decreased drastically, as well as long - distance trade in exotic materials. At the same time, bow and arrow technology gradually overtook the use of the spear and atlatl, and agricultural production of the `` Three Sisters '' ( maize, beans, and squash ) was introduced. While full scale intensive agriculture did not begin until the following Mississippian period, the beginning of serious cultivation greatly supplemented the gathering of plants. Late Woodland settlements became more numerous, but the size of each one ( with exceptions ) was smaller than their middle Woodland counterparts. The reasons for this are unknown, but it has been theorized that populations increased so much that trade alone could no longer support the communities and some clans resorted to raiding others for resources. Alternatively, the efficiency of bows and arrows in hunting may have decimated the large game animals, forcing the tribes to break apart into smaller clans to better use local resources, thus limiting the trade potential of each group. A third possibility is a colder climate may have affected food yields, possibly affected by Northern Hemisphere extreme weather events of 535 -- 536, also limiting trade possibilities. Lastly, it may be that agricultural technology became sophisticated enough that crop variation between clans lessened, thereby decreasing the need for trade. As communities became more isolated, they began to develop in their own unique ways, giving rise to small - scale cultures that were distinctive to their regional areas. Examples include the Baytown, Troyville and Coles Creek cultures of Louisiana, the Alachua and Weeden Island cultures of Florida, and the Plum Bayou culture of Arkansas and Missouri. Although the 1000 CE ending of the Late Woodland period is traditional, in practice many regions of the Eastern Woodlands adopted the full Mississippian culture much later than that. Some groups in the north and northeast of the current United States, such as the Iroquois, retained a way of life that was technologically identical to the Late Woodland until the arrival of Europeans. Furthermore, despite the widespread adoption of the bow and arrow during this time, the peoples of a few areas of the United States appear never to have made the change. During Hernando de Soto 's travels through the southern United States around 1543, the groups at the mouth of the Mississippi river still preferentially used the spear. See also Glenwood culture Rock Eagle Effigy Mound Rock Hawk Effigy Mound Old Stone Fort ( Tennessee ) Pinson Mounds The Bluff Point Stoneworks Mound builder ( people ) Crystal River Archaeological State Park Notes Jump up ^ McDonald and Woodward, Indian Mounds of the Atlantic Coast : A Guide from Maine to Florida, McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Newark OH, 1987 p. 13 Jump up ^ `` Eastern Woodland Indians Culture ''. Native Art in Canada. Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ Mason, Ronald J. ( 1970 ). `` Hopewell, Middle Woodland, and the Laurel Culture : A Problem in Archaeological Classification. '' American Anthropologist 72 ( 4 ) : 802 -- 15. Jump up ^ Neusius, Sarah W. and G. Timothy Gross ( 2014 ). `` Seeking Our Past : An Introduction to North American Archaeology. '' Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ Ritchie, W.A. ( 1955 ). `` Recent Discoveries Suggesting an Early Woodland Burial Cult in the Northeast. '' New York State Museum and Science Service Circular 40. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Jump up ^ `` Quick study : Woodland Period ''. learnnc.org. Research Laboratories of Archaeology. Retrieved 28 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Woodland Period ( ca. 2000 B.C. - A.D. 1000 ) ''. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 12 May 2012. Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Sassaman ( 2002 ). `` Woodland Ceramic Beginnings ''. In David G. Anderson and Robert C. Mainfort Jr. The Woodland Southeast. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1137 - 8. Jump up ^ Fiedel, Stuart J. ( 1992 ). `` Prehistory of the Americas, 2nd Edition. '' Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ C. Margaret Scarry ( 2003 ). `` Patterns of Wild Plant Utilization in the Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands '' In Paul E. Minnis, People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America, Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Jump up ^ Bruce D. Smith and Richard A. Yarnell ( 2009 ). `` Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P., '' PNAS, vol. 106, no. 16, 6561 -- 6566 Jump up ^ Behm, Jeffrey ( 2007 March ) Middle Woodland. University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. Oshkosh, WI References Bense, Judith A. ( 1994 ). Archaeology of the Southeastern United States : Paleoindian to World War I. New York : Academic Press. ISBN 0 - 12 - 089060 - 7. Milanich, Jerald T. ( 1994 ). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1273 - 2. National Park Service, Southeast Archaeological Center. `` The Woodland Period ''. Retrieved August 6, 2009. Adena Culture List of Adena culture sites Woodland period Mound builder ( people ) List of archaeological periods ( North America ) Ohio sites Adena Austin Brown Arledge Beam Farm Clemmons Conrad Coon Hunters George Deffenbaugh Enon Fortner Great Mound Highbanks Metro Park Hillside Haven Hodgen 's Cemetery Horn Hurley Jackson Karshner Kinzer Luthor List McDaniel Miamisburg Mound Cemetery Odd Fellows ' Cemetery Old Maid 's Orchard Orators Carl Potter Raleigh Reeves D.S. Rose Ross Trails Circle Short Woods Park Shrum Snead Spruce Run David Stitt Story ( Cincinnati ) Story ( Chillicothe ) Williamson Wolf Plains Wright - Patterson Zaleski Kentucky sites Biggs Gaitskill Mound Hill Mount Horeb Ramey Round Hill West Virginia sites Criel Grave Creek Indiana sites Mounds State Park Related topics Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley burial mound Eastern Agricultural Complex Hopewell tradition Hopewellian peoples Woodland period List of Hopewell sites Mound builder ( people ) List of archaeological periods ( North America ) Ohio Hopewell Beam Farm Benham Mound Cary Village Site Cedar - Bank Works Dunns Pond Mound Ellis Mounds Ety Enclosure Ety Habitation Site Fort Ancient Fortified Hill Works Great Hopewell Road High Banks Works Hopeton Earthworks Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Indian Mound Cemetery Keiter Mound Marietta Earthworks Moorehead Circle Mound of Pipes Nettle Lake Mound Group Newark Earthworks Oak Mounds Orators Perin Village Site Pollock Works Portsmouth Earthworks Rocky Fork Enclosures Rocky Fork Mounds Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District Shawnee Lookout Stubbs Earthworks Tremper Mound and Works Williamson Mound Archeological District Crab Orchard culture Carrier Mills Archaeological District Cleiman Mound Hubele Site Mann Site O'byams Fort site Wilson Site Yankeetown Site Goodall Focus Goodall Site Norton Mound Group Havana Hopewell culture Albany Mounds State Historic Site Dickson Mounds Duncan Farm Golden Eagle - Toppmeyer Site Kamp Mound Site Mound House site Naples Archeological District Naples Mound 8 Ogden - Fettie Site Rockwell Mound Sinnissippi Mounds Toolesboro Mound Group Kansas City Hopewell Cloverdale archaeological site Renner Village Archeological Site Trowbridge Archeological Site Marksville culture Crooks Mound Grand Gulf Mound Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site Mott Archaeological Preserve Miller culture Bynum Mound and Village Site Ingomar Mound Miller Site Pharr Mounds Pinson Mounds Point Peninsula Complex Lewiston Mound Serpent Mounds Park LeVescounte Mounds Swift Creek culture Santa Rosa - Swift Creek culture Crystal River Archaeological State Park Etowah Indian Mounds Leake Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park Miner 's Creek site Pierce Site Swift Creek mound site Third Gulf Breeze Yearwood site Yent Mound Other Hopewellian peoples Armstrong culture Copena culture Fourche Maline culture Laurel Complex Saugeen Complex Old Stone Fort ( Tennessee ) Exotic trade items Copper Galena Mica Fresh water pearls Obsidian Pipestone Sea shells Related topics Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley Black drink burial mound Ceremonial pipe Effigy mound Hopewell pottery Horned Serpent Eastern Agricultural Complex Underwater panther Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures Late Woodland period List of archaeological periods ( North America ) Coles Creek sites Aden Site Balmoral Mounds Boone 's Mounds Churupa Plantation Mound Coles Creek Site Crippen Point site Cypress Grove Mound DePrato Mounds Greenhouse Site Feltus Mound Site Filhiol Mound Site Fisher Site Flowery Mound Frogmore Mound Site Ghost Site Mounds Greenhouse Site Insley Mounds Kings Crossing Site Lamarque Landing Mound Marsden Mounds Mazique Archeological Site Mott Mounds Mound Plantation Peck Mounds Raffman Site Scott Place Mounds Shackleford Church Mounds Spanish Fort Sundown Mounds Transylvania Mounds Troyville Earthworks Venable Mound Wade Landing Mound Coastal Coles Creek sites Atchafalaya Basin Mounds Bayou Black Mound ( 16TR78 ) Bayou Cypremont ( 16SMY7 ) Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds Bayou L'Ours Site Bayou Portage Mounds Bayou Sorrel Mounds ( 16IV4 ) Clovelly Site ( 16LF64 ) Cypress Point Site ( 16VM112 ) Eagle Point Site ( 16IB123 ) Gibson Mounds ( 16TR5 ) Greenwood Cemetery Site ( 16SMY10 ) Kleinpeter Mounds Little Cheniere Site ( 16CM22 ) Little Pecan Island Site Jerry Haas Site ( 16SJ51 ) Machias Lake ( 16SB2 ) Morgan Mounds Pecan Mounds ( 16SM37 ) Pennison Mounds ( 16AS16 ) Portage Mounds ( 16SM5 ) Richeau Field Site ( 16TR82 ) Schwing Place Mound ( 16IV13 ) Sims Site Southwest of Cut Off Lagoon ( 16SB50 ) St. Gabriel Mounds ( 16IV128 ) Temple Mounds Site ( 16LF4 ) Plum Bayou sites Baytown Site Chandler Landing Site Coy Site Dogtown Site Hayes site Maberry Site Roland Site Toltec Mounds Related topics Eastern Agricultural Complex Fourche Maline culture Mississippian culture Natchez Plaquemine culture Platform mound Taensa Troyville culture Native Americans in Nebraska Historic and present tribes Arapaho Arikara Northern Cheyenne Comanche Fox Great Sioux Nation Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Kiowa Missouria Omaha Otoe Pawnee Ponca Tribe of Nebraska Sac Ho - Chunk Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska Skidi Pawnee Present languages Hocak Omaha - Ponca language Fox language Sioux language Sac language Present reservations Ioway Omaha Ponca Sac and Fox Santee Sioux Winnebago Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Present tribal colleges and universities Little Priest Tribal College Nebraska Indian Community College Historic figures Antonine Barada Big Elk Chief Blackbird Joba Chamberlain Larry EchoHawk Logan Fontenelle Francis La Flesche Joseph La Flesche Old Lady Grieves The Enemy Petalesharo Susan La Flesche Picotte Red Cloud Standing Bear Susette LaFlesche Tibbles Jim Thorpe James Young Deer Moses J. `` Chief '' Yellow Horse Historic events Battle of Ash Hollow Massacre Canyon Battle of Mud Springs Battle of Rush Creek Battle of Warbonnet Creek Grattan massacre Cheyenne War Indian Congress Historic reservations Nemaha Half - Breed Reservation Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Oto Pawnee Niobrara Historic communities Ton'wontongathon Pike - Pawnee Village Site Skidi Pawnee Village Horse Creek Pawnee Village Cottonwood Creek Schrader Archeological Site Fullerton Archeological Site Oto Indian Village Site Leshara Site McClean Site Woodcliff Site Theodore Davis Site Kelso Site Wright Site Historic sacred places Pahur Ahkawitakol Lalawakohtito Pahuk Cunningham Archeological Site Other historic places Blackbird Hill Genoa Indian Industrial School Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital Indian agencies Susan LaFlesche Picotte House Nanza Moses Merrill Mission Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site Carlisle Indian Industrial School Ionia Volcano Prehistoric peoples Central Plains Woodland Dismal River Prehistoric communities Leary Site Ash Hollow Coufal Schultz Site Signal Butte Site 25SM20 Champe - Fremont 1 Archeological Site Frank Parker Archeological Site Sweetwater Archeological Site Burkett Archeological Site Ashland Archeological Site Yutan Site Schrader Archeological Site Humphrey Archeological Site Table Rock Archeological Site Other prehistoric places Indian Cave Indian Hill Walker Gilmore Site Site JF00 - 072 Hudson - Meng Bison Kill Woodcliff Burials Nehawka Flint Quarries Farwell Archeological District Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site Barneston Site Kurz Omaha Village Site Patterson Site Fontenelle Forest Historic District Wolfe and Grey ( Schuyler ) Sites Schulte Archeological Site Wiseman Archeological Site Durflinger Site Other topics Native American place names in Nebraska Late Woodland cultures Mound builder ( people ) List of archaeological periods ( North America ) Sites Baum site Beattie Park Mound Group Book Site Bowen Site ( 12 MA 61 ) Brinsfield I Site Brokaw Site Clampitt Site ( 12 - LR - 329 ) Fisher Site Hoye Site Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve Man Mound Memorial Park Site Nottingham Site Ormond Mound St. Croix River Access Site Sommerheim Park University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound Cultures Alachua culture Clemson Island culture Manahoac Monongahela culture Oliver Phase Springwells Phase Weeden Island culture Related topics Steuben point Belle Glade culture Extreme weather events of 535 -- 536 Fort Ancient culture Mississippian culture Oneota St. Johns culture Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Brewster Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Orwell Site Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America Pre-Columbian era Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodland_period&oldid=856282011 '' Categories : Woodland period Archaeological cultures of North America Pre-Columbian cultures Late Prehistoric period of North America Native American history Prehistoric cultures in Nebraska 11th - century BC establishments 10th - century disestablishments in North America Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Русский Slovenščina Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018, at 03 : 38 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: when did archaic hunter-gatherers of the eastern woodlands begin to develop agriculture
Answer: late Woodland period