Biodiversity hotspot - wikipedia Biodiversity hotspot A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. For example forests are considered as biodiversity hotspots. Norman Myers wrote about the concept in two articles in `` The Environmentalist '' ( 1988 ), & 1990 revised after thorough analysis by Myers and others in `` Hotspots : Earth 's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions '' and a paper published in the journal Nature. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot - map, a region must meet two strict criteria : it must contain at least 0.5 % or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70 % of its primary vegetation. Around the world, 36 areas qualify under this definition. These sites support nearly 60 % of the world 's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species, with a very high share of those species as endemics. Contents 1 Hotspot conservation initiatives 2 Distribution by region 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 Further reading Hotspot conservation initiatives Only a small percentage of the total land area within biodiversity hotspots is now protected. Several international organizations are working in many ways to conserve biodiversity hotspots. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund ( CEPF ) is a global program that provides funding and technical assistance to nongovernmental organizations and participation to protect the Earth 's richest regions of plant and animal diversity including : biodiversity hotspots, high - biodiversity wilderness areas and important marine regions. The World Wide Fund for Nature has derived a system called the `` Global 200 Ecoregions '', the aim of which is to select priority Ecoregions for conservation within each of 14 terrestrial, 3 freshwater, and 4 marine habitat types. They are chosen for their species richness, endemism, taxonomic uniqueness, unusual ecological or evolutionary phenomena, and global rarity. All biodiversity hotspots contain at least one Global 200 Ecoregion. Birdlife International has identified 218 `` Endemic Bird Areas '' ( EBAs ) each of which hold two or more bird species found nowhere else. Birdlife International has identified more than 11,000 Important Bird Areas all over the world. Plant life International coordinates several the world aiming to identify Important Plant Areas. Alliance for Zero Extinction is an initiative of a large number of scientific organizations and conservation groups who co-operate to focus on the most threatened endemic species of the world. They have identified 595 sites, including a large number of Birdlife ' s Important Bird Areas. The National Geographic Society has prepared a world map of the hotspots and ArcView shapefile and metadata for the Biodiversity Hotspots including details of the individual endangered fauna in each hotspot, which is available from Conservation International. By the influence of that the central government of india arrived a new authority named CAMPA ( compulsory afforestation fund management and planning authority ) to control the destruction of forests and biological spots in india Distribution by region Biodiversity hotspots. Original proposal in green, and added regions in blue. North and Central America California Floristic Province 8 Madrean pine - oak woodlands 26 Mesoamerica 2 North American Coastal Plain ( composed of Atlantic Coastal Plain and Gulf Coastal Plain ) 36 The Caribbean Caribbean Islands 3 South America Atlantic Forest 4 Cerrado 6 Chilean Winter Rainfall - Valdivian Forests 7 Tumbes - Chocó - Magdalena 5 Tropical Andes 1 Europe Mediterranean Basin 14 Africa Cape Floristic Region 12 Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa 10 Eastern Afromontane 28 Guinean Forests of West Africa 11 Horn of Africa 29 Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands 9 Maputaland - Pondoland - Albany 27 Succulent Karoo 13 Central Asia Mountains of Central Asia 31 South Asia Eastern Himalaya, Nepal, India 32 Indo - Burma, India and Myanmar 19 Western Ghats, India 21 Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka 21 South East Asia and Asia - Pacific East Melanesian Islands 34 New Caledonia 23 New Zealand 24 Philippines 18 Polynesia - Micronesia 25 Eastern Australian temperate forests 35 Southwest Australia 22 Sundaland and Nicobar islands of India 16 Wallacea 17 East Asia Japan 33 Mountains of Southwest China 20 West Asia Caucasus 15 Irano - Anatolian 30 Critiques of `` Hotspots '' The high profile of the biodiversity hotspots approach has resulted in some criticism. Papers such as Kareiva & Marvier ( 2003 ) have argued that the biodiversity hotspots : Do not adequately represent other forms of species richness ( e.g. total species richness or threatened species richness ). Do not adequately represent taxa other than vascular plants ( e.g. vertebrates, or fungi ). Do not protect smaller scale richness hotspots. Do not make allowances for changing land use patterns. Hotspots represent regions that have experienced considerable habitat loss, but this does not mean they are experiencing ongoing habitat loss. On the other hand, regions that are relatively intact ( e.g. the Amazon Basin ) have experienced relatively little land loss, but are currently losing habitat at tremendous rates. Do not protect ecosystem services. Do not consider phylogenetic diversity. A recent series of papers has pointed out that biodiversity hotspots ( and many other priority region sets ) do not address the concept of cost. The purpose of biodiversity hotspots is not simply to identify regions that are of high biodiversity value, but to prioritize conservation spending. The regions identified include some in the developed world ( e.g. the California Floristic Province ), alongside others in the developing world ( e.g. Madagascar ). The cost of land is likely to vary between these regions by an order of magnitude or more, but the biodiversity hotspot designations do not consider the conservation importance of this difference. However, the available resources for conservation also tend to vary in this way. See also Biodiversity Conservation biology Crisis Ecoregions Ecoregions Global 200 Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation High - Biodiversity Wilderness Areas Hope spot : biodiversity hotspots in the open sea Megadiverse countries Protected Areas Key Biodiversity Areas Wilderness References Jump up ^ Myers, N. The Environmentalist 8 187 - 208 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Myers, N. The Environmentalist 10 243 - 256 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Russell A. Mittermeier, Norman Myers and Cristina Goettsch Mittermeier, Hotspots : Earth 's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions, Conservation International, 2000 ISBN 978 - 968 - 6397 - 58 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Myers, Norman ; Mittermeier, Russell A. ; Mittermeier, Cristina G. ; da Fonseca, Gustavo A.B. ; Kent, Jennifer ( 2000 ). `` Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities '' ( PDF ). Nature. 403 ( 6772 ) : 853 -- 858. doi : 10.1038 / 35002501. ISSN 0028 - 0836. Jump up ^ `` CEPF.net - The Biodiversity Hotspots ''. www.cepf.net. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Conservation International '' ( PDF ). The Biodiversity Hotspots. 2010 - 10 - 07. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 27. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Conservation International ''. The Biodiversity Hotspots. 2010 - 10 - 07. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Resources ''. Biodiversityhotspots.org. 2010 - 10 - 07. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Kareiva, P. and M. Marvier ( 2003 ) Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots, American Scientist, 91, 344 - 351. Jump up ^ Daru, Barnabas H. ; van der Bank, Michelle ; Davies, T. Jonathan ( 2014 ). `` Spatial incongruence among hotspots and complementary areas of tree diversity in southern Africa ''. Diversity and Distributions. doi : 10.1111 / ddi. 12290. Jump up ^ Possingham, H. and K. Wilson ( 2005 ) Turning up the heat on hotspots, Nature, 436, 919 - 920. External links A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : Biodiversity Hotspots Conservation International 's Biodiversity Hotspots project African Wild Dog Conservancy 's Biodiversity Hotspots Project Biodiversity hotspots in India New biodiversity maps color - coded to show hotspots Further reading Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Biodiversity Hotspots. Some articles are freely available. Spyros Sfenthourakis, Anastasios Legakis : Hotspots of endemic terrestrial invertebrates in Southern Greece. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001 Template : DEFAULT SORT : Biodiversity Hotspot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_hotspot&oldid=832030525 '' Categories : Biodiversity hotspots Biodiversity International environmental organizations Conservation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018, at 12 : 02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: who gave the concept of hot spots of biodiversity
Answer: Norman Myers