Rabbit - wikipedia Rabbit Mammals of the family Leporidae For domesticated breeds ( including pets ), see Domestic rabbit. For the woodworking term, see Rabbet. For other uses, see Rabbit ( disambiguation ). `` Bunny '' redirects here. For other uses, see Bunny ( disambiguation ). Rabbit Temporal range : Late Eocene - Holocene, 53 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Rabbit in Wisconsin, United States Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Subphylum : Vertebrata Class : Mammalia Order : Lagomorpha Family : Leporidae in part Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha ( along with the hare and the pika ). Oryctolagus cuniculus includes the European rabbit species and its descendants, the world 's 305 breeds of domestic rabbit. Sylvilagus includes thirteen wild rabbit species, among them the seven types of cottontail. The European rabbit, which has been introduced on every continent except Antarctica, is familiar throughout the world as a wild prey animal and as a domesticated form of livestock and pet. With its widespread effect on ecologies and cultures, the rabbit ( or bunny ) is, in many areas of the world, a part of daily life -- as food, clothing, and companion, and as a source of artistic inspiration. Contents 1 Terminology 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Differences from hares 2.2 Domestication of rabbits 3 Biology 3.1 Evolution 3.2 Morphology 3.3 Hind limb elements 3.3. 1 Musculature 3.4 Ears 3.5 Thermoregulation 3.6 Digestion 3.7 Sleep 3.8 Diseases 4 Ecology 4.1 Habitat and range 4.2 Environmental problems 5 As food and clothing 6 In art, literature, and culture 6.1 Folklore and mythology 6.2 Other fictional rabbits 6.3 Superstition and urban legend 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Terminology Male rabbits are called bucks ; females are called does. An older term for an adult rabbit is coney, while rabbit once referred only to the young animals. Another term for a young rabbit is bunny, though this term is often applied informally ( especially by children ) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a leveret ; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well. A group of rabbits is known as a colony or nest ( or, occasionally, a warren, though this more commonly refers to where the rabbits live ). A group of baby rabbits produced from a single mating is referred to as a litter, and a group of domestic rabbits living together is sometimes called a herd. Taxonomy Rabbits and hares were formerly classified in the order Rodentia ( rodent ) until 1912, when they were moved into a new order, Lagomorpha ( which also includes pikas ). Below are some of the genera and species of the rabbit. Brachylagus Idahoensis Pygmy rabbit Nesolagus netscheri Sumatran Striped Rabbit ( Model ) Oryctolagus cuniculus European rabbit ( Feral Tasmanian specimen ) Pentalagus furnessi Amami rabbit ( Taxidermy specimen ) Romerolagus diazi Volcano rabbit ( Taxidermy specimen ) Sylvilagus aquaticus Swamp rabbit ( Juvenile ) Sylvilagus audubonii Desert cottontail Sylvilagus bachmani Brush rabbit Sylvilagus brasiliensis Tapeti ( Taxidermy specimen ) Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Lower Keys marsh rabbit Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Genus Brachylagus Pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis Genus Bunolagus Bushman rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis Genus Lepus ← NOTE : This genus is considered a hare, not a rabbit Genus Nesolagus Sumatran striped rabbit, Nesolagus netscheri Annamite striped rabbit, Nesolagus timminsi Genus Ochoronidae ← NOTE : This genus is considered a pika, not a rabbit Genus Oryctolagus European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus Genus Pentalagus Amami rabbit / Ryūkyū rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi Genus Poelagus Central African Rabbit, Poelagus marjorita Genus Prolagidae ← NOTE : This genus is extinct. Genus Romerolagus Volcano rabbit, Romerolagus diazi Genus Sylvilagus Swamp rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus Desert cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii Brush rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani Forest rabbit, Sylvilagus brasiliensis Mexican cottontail, Sylvilagus cunicularis Dice 's cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus Tres Marias rabbit, Sylvilagus graysoni Omilteme cottontail, Sylvilagus insonus San Jose brush rabbit, Sylvilagus mansuetus Mountain cottontail, Sylvilagus nuttallii Marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris New England cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis Hare Johann Daniel Meyer ( 1748 ) Rabbit Johann Daniel Meyer ( 1748 ) Differences from hares Main article : Hare Hares are precocial, born relatively mature and mobile with hair and good vision, while rabbits are altricial, born hairless and blind, and requiring closer care. Hares ( and cottontail rabbits ) live a relatively solitary life in a simple nest above the ground, while most rabbits live in social groups underground in burrows or warrens. Hares are generally larger than rabbits, with ears that are more elongated, and with hind legs that are larger and longer. Hares have not been domesticated, while descendants of the European rabbit are commonly bred as livestock and kept as pets. Domestication of rabbits Main article : Domestic rabbit Rabbits have long been domesticated. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the European rabbit has been widely kept as livestock, starting in ancient Rome. Selective breeding has generated a wide variety of rabbit breeds, many of which ( since the early 19th century ) are also kept as pets. Some strains of rabbit have been bred specifically as research subjects. As livestock, rabbits are bred for their meat and fur. The earliest breeds were important sources of meat, and so became larger than wild rabbits, but domestic rabbits in modern times range in size from dwarf to giant. Rabbit fur, prized for its softness, can be found in a broad range of coat colors and patterns, as well as lengths. The Angora rabbit breed, for example, was developed for its long, silky fur, which is often hand - spun into yarn. Other domestic rabbit breeds have been developed primarily for the commercial fur trade, including the Rex, which has a short plush coat. Biology Evolution Development of the rabbit heart ( wax models ) Because the rabbit 's epiglottis is engaged over the soft palate except when swallowing, the rabbit is an obligate nasal breather. Rabbits have two sets of incisor teeth, one behind the other. This way they can be distinguished from rodents, with which they are often confused. Carl Linnaeus originally grouped rabbits and rodents under the class Glires ; later, they were separated as the scientific consensus is that many of their similarities were a result of convergent evolution. However, recent DNA analysis and the discovery of a common ancestor has supported the view that they do share a common lineage, and thus rabbits and rodents are now often referred to together as members of the superorder Glires. Morphology. Skeleton of the rabbit Since speed and agility are a rabbit 's main defenses against predators ( including the swift fox ), rabbits have large hind leg bones and well developed musculature. Though plantigrade at rest, rabbits are on their toes while running, assuming a more digitigrade form. Rabbits use their strong nails for digging and ( along with their teeth ) for defense. Each front foot has four toes plus a dewclaw. Each hind foot has four toes ( but no dewclaw ). Melanistic coloring Oryctologus cuniculus European rabbit ( wild ) Most wild rabbits ( especially compared to hares ) have relatively full, egg - shaped bodies. The soft coat of the wild rabbit is agouti in coloration ( or, rarely, melanistic ), which aids in camouflage. The tail of the rabbit ( with the exception of the cottontail species ) is dark on top and white below. Cottontails have white on the top of their tails. As a result of the position of the eyes in its skull, the rabbit has a field of vision that encompasses nearly 360 degrees, with just a small blind spot at the bridge of the nose. Hind limb elements This image comes from a specimen in the Pacific Lutheran University natural history collection. It displays all of the skeletal articulations of rabbit 's hind limbs. The anatomy of rabbits hind limbs are structurally similar to that of other land mammals and contribute to their specialized form of locomotion. The Bones of the hind limbs consist of long bones ( the femur, tibia, fibula, and phalanges ) as well as short bones ( the tarsals ). These bones are created through endochondral ossification during development. Like most land mammals, the round head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the ox coxae. The femur articulates with the tibia, but not the fibula, which is fused to the tibia. The tibia and fibula articulate with the tarsals of the pes, commonly called the foot. The hind limbs of the rabbit are longer than the front limbs. This allows them to produce their hopping form of locomotion. Longer hind limbs are more capable of producing faster speeds. Hares, which have longer legs than cottontail rabbits, are able to move considerably faster. Rabbits stay just on their toes when moving this is called Digitigrade locomotion. The hind feet have four long toes that allow for this and are webbed to prevent them from spreading when hopping. Rabbits do not have paw pads on their feet like most other animals that use digitigrade locomotion. Instead, they have coarse compressed hair that offers protection. Musculature The rabbits hind limb ( lateral view ) includes muscles involved in the quadriceps and hamstrings. Rabbits have muscled hind legs that allow for maximum force, maneuverability, and acceleration that is divided into three main parts ; foot, thigh, and leg. The hind limbs of a rabbit are an exaggerated feature, that are much longer than the forelimbs providing more force. Rabbits run on their toes to gain the optimal stride during locomotion. The force put out by the hind limbs is contributed to both the structural anatomy of the fusion tibia and fibula, and muscular features. Bone formation and removal, from a cellular standpoint, is directly correlated to hind limb muscles. Action pressure from muscles creates force that is then distributed through the skeletal structures. Rabbits that generate less force, putting less stress on bones are more prone to osteoporosis due to bone rarefaction. In rabbits, the more fibers in a muscle, the more resistant to fatigue. For example, hares have a greater resistant to fatigue than cottontails. The muscles of rabbit 's hind limbs can be classified into four main categories : hamstrings, quadriceps, dorsiflexors, or plantar flexors. The quadricep muscles are in charge of force production when jumping. Complimenting these muscles are the hamstrings which aid in short bursts of action. These muscles play off of one another in the same way as the plantar flexors and doriflexors, contributing to the generation and actions associated with force. Ears Within the order lagomorphs, the ears are utilized to detect and avoid predators. In the family leporidae, the ears are typically longer than they are wide. For example, in black tailed jack rabbits, their long ears cover a greater surface area relative to their body size that allow them to detect predators from far away. Contrasted to cotton tailed rabbits, their ears are smaller and shorter, requiring predators to be closer to detect them before fleeing. Evolution has favored rabbits to have shorter ears so the larger surface area does not cause them to lose heat in more temperate regions. The opposite can be seen in rabbits that live in hotter climates, mainly because they possess longer ears that have a larger surface area that help with dispersion of heat as well as the theory that sound does not travel well in more arid air, opposed to cooler air. Therefore, longer ears are meant to aid the organism in detecting prey sooner rather than later in warmer temperatures. The rabbit is characterized by its shorter ears while hares are characterized by their longer ears. Rabbits ears are an important structure to aid thermoregulation and detect predators due to how the outer, middle, and inner ear muscles coordinate with one another. The ear muscles also aid in maintaining balance and movement when fleeing predators. Anatomy of mammalian ear. Outer ear The Auricle ( anatomy ), also known as the pinna is a rabbit 's outer ear. The rabbit 's body surface is mainly taken up by the pinnae. It is theorized that the ears aid in dispersion of heat at temperatures above 30 ° C with rabbits in warmer climates having longer pinnae due to this. Another theory is that the ears function as shock absorbers that could aid and stabilize rabbit 's vision when fleeing predators, but this has typically only been seen in hares. The rest of the outer ear has bent canals that lead to the eardrum or tympanic membrane. Middle ear The middle ear is filled with three bones called ossicles and is separated by the outer eardrum in the back of the rabbit 's skull. The three ossicles are called hammer, anvil, and stirrup and act to decrease sound before it hits the inner ear. In general, the ossicles act as a barrier to the inner ear for sound energy. Inner ear Inner ear fluid called endolymph receives the sound energy. After receiving the energy, later within the inner ear there are two parts : the cochlea that utilizes sound waves from the ossicles and the vestibular apparatus that manages the rabbit 's position in regards to movement. Within the cochlea there is a basilar membrane that contains sensory hair structures utilized to send nerve signals to the brain so it can recognize different sound frequencies. Within the vestibular apparatus the rabbit possesses three semicircular canals to help detect angular motion. Thermoregulation Thermoregulation is the process that an organism utilizes to maintain an optimal body temperature even if there are severe external conditions. This process is carried out by the pinnae which takes up most of the rabbit 's body surface and contain a vascular network and arteriovenous shunts. In a rabbit, the optimal body temperature is around 21 °C. If their body temperature exceeds or does not meet this optimal temperature, the rabbit must return to homeostasis. Homeostasis of body temperature is maintained by the use of their large, highly vascularized ears that are able to change the amount of blood flow that passes through the ears. Rabbits use their large vascularized ears which aid in thermoregulation to keep their body temperature at an optimal level. Constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the ears are used to control the core body temperature of a rabbit. If the core temperature exceeds its optimal temperature greatly, blood flow is constricted to limit the amount of blood going through the vessels. With this constriction, there is only a limited amount of blood that is passing through the ears where ambient heat would be able to heat the blood that is flowing through the ears and therefore, increasing the body temperature. Constriction is also used when the ambient temperature is much lower than that of the rabbit 's core body temperature. When the ears are constricted it again limits blood flow through the ears to conserve the optimal body temperature of the rabbit. If the ambient temperature is either 15 degrees above or below the optimal body temperature, the blood vessels will dilate. With the blood vessels being enlarged, the blood is able to pass through the large surface area which causes it to either heat or cool down. During the summer, the rabbit has the capability to stretch its pinnae which allows for greater surface area and increase heat dissipation. In the winter, the rabbit does the opposite and folds its ears in order to decrease its surface area to the ambient air which would decrease their body temperature. The jackrabbit has the largest ears within the Oryctolagus cuniculus group. Their ears contribute to 17 % of their total body surface area. Their large pinna were evolved to maintain homeostasis while in the extreme temperatures of the desert. Digestion Rabbits are herbivores that feed by grazing on grass, forbs, and leafy weeds. In consequence, their diet contains large amounts of cellulose, which is hard to digest. Rabbits solve this problem via a form of hindgut fermentation. They pass two distinct types of feces : hard droppings and soft black viscous pellets, the latter of which are known as caecotrophs and are immediately eaten ( a behaviour known as coprophagy ). Rabbits reingest their own droppings ( rather than chewing the cud as do cows and numerous other herbivores ) to digest their food further and extract sufficient nutrients. Rabbits graze heavily and rapidly for roughly the first half - hour of a grazing period ( usually in the late afternoon ), followed by about half an hour of more selective feeding. In this time, the rabbit will also excrete many hard fecal pellets, being waste pellets that will not be reingested. If the environment is relatively non-threatening, the rabbit will remain outdoors for many hours, grazing at intervals. While out of the burrow, the rabbit will occasionally reingest its soft, partially digested pellets ; this is rarely observed, since the pellets are reingested as they are produced. Play media Video of a wild European rabbit with ears twitching and a jump Hard pellets are made up of hay - like fragments of plant cuticle and stalk, being the final waste product after redigestion of soft pellets. These are only released outside the burrow and are not reingested. Soft pellets are usually produced several hours after grazing, after the hard pellets have all been excreted. They are made up of micro-organisms and undigested plant cell walls. Rabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion takes place in their large intestine and cecum. In rabbits, the cecum is about 10 times bigger than the stomach and it along with the large intestine makes up roughly 40 % of the rabbit 's digestive tract. The unique musculature of the cecum allows the intestinal tract of the rabbit to separate fibrous material from more digestible material ; the fibrous material is passed as feces, while the more nutritious material is encased in a mucous lining as a cecotrope. Cecotropes, sometimes called `` night feces '', are high in minerals, vitamins and proteins that are necessary to the rabbit 's health. Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional requirements ; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic stomach for digestion in the intestines. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients from their food. The chewed plant material collects in the large cecum, a secondary chamber between the large and small intestine containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. The pellets are about 56 % bacteria by dry weight, largely accounting for the pellets being 24.4 % protein on average. The soft feces form here and contain up to five times the vitamins of hard feces. After being excreted, they are eaten whole by the rabbit and redigested in a special part of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach ; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates. This double - digestion process enables rabbits to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut, as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat. This process serves the same purpose in the rabbit as rumination does in cattle and sheep. Rabbits are incapable of vomiting. Because rabbits ca n't vomit, if buildup occurs within the intestines ( due often to a diet with insufficient fiber ), intestinal blockage can occur. Sleep Further information : Sleep ( non-human ) Rabbits may appear to be crepuscular, but their natural inclination is toward nocturnal activity. In 2011, the average sleep time of a rabbit in captivity was calculated at 8.4 hours per day. As with other prey animals, rabbits often sleep with their eyes open, so that sudden movements will awaken the rabbit to respond to potential danger. Diseases For a more comprehensive list, see Category : Rabbit diseases. In addition to being at risk of disease from common pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Escherichia coli, rabbits can contract the virulent, species - specific viruses RHD ( `` rabbit hemorrhagic hisease '', a form of calicivirus ) or myxomatosis. Among the parasites that infect rabbits are tapeworms ( such as Taenia serialis ), external parasites ( including fleas and mites ), coccidia species, and Toxoplasma gondii. Domesticated rabbits with a diet lacking in high fiber sources, such as hay and grass, are susceptible to potentially lethal gastrointestinal stasis. Rabbits and hares are almost never found to be infected with rabies and have not been known to transmit rabies to humans. Ecology Rabbit kits ( one hour after birth ) Rabbits are prey animals and are therefore constantly aware of their surroundings. For instance, in Mediterranean Europe, rabbits are the main prey of red foxes, badgers, and Iberian lynxes. If confronted by a potential threat, a rabbit may freeze and observe then warn others in the warren with powerful thumps on the ground. Rabbits have a remarkably wide field of vision, and a good deal of it is devoted to overhead scanning. They survive predation by burrowing, hopping away in a zig - zag motion, and, if captured, delivering powerful kicks with their hind legs. Their strong teeth allow them to eat and to bite in order to escape a struggle. The longest - lived rabbit on record, a domesticated European rabbit living in Tasmania, died at age 18. The lifespan of wild rabbits is much shorter ; the average longevity of an eastern cottontail, for instance, is less than one year. Rabbit burrow entrance Habitat and range Rabbit habitats include meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands. Rabbits live in groups, and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in underground burrows, or rabbit holes. A group of burrows is called a warren. More than half the world 's rabbit population resides in North America. They are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present. Rabbits first entered South America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while most of South America 's southern cone is without rabbits. The European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the world. Environmental problems See also : Rabbits in Australia Rabbits have been a source of environmental problems when introduced into the wild by humans. As a result of their appetites, and the rate at which they breed, feral rabbit depredation can be problematic for agriculture. Gassing, barriers ( fences ), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, but the most effective measures are diseases such as myxomatosis ( myxo or mixi, colloquially ) and calicivirus. In Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected against myxomatosis and calicivirus with a genetically modified virus. The virus was developed in Spain, and is beneficial to rabbit farmers. If it were to make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia, it could create a population boom, as those diseases are the most serious threats to rabbit survival. Rabbits in Australia and New Zealand are considered to be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them. As food and clothing Main article : Cuniculture See also : Category : Rabbit dishes. Saint Jerome in the Desert ( Note rabbit being chased by a ( trained ? ) domesticated hound ) Taddeo Crivelli ( Italian, died about 1479 ) Rabbit being prepared in the kitchen Simulation of daily life, mid-15th century Hospices de Beaune, France An Australian ' rabbiter ' ( c. 1900 ) In some areas, wild rabbits and hares are hunted for their meat, a lean source of high quality protein. In the wild, such hunting is accomplished with the aid of trained falcons, ferrets, or dogs, as well as with snares or other traps, and rifles. A caught rabbit may be dispatched with a sharp blow to the back of its head, a practice from which the term rabbit punch is derived. Wild leporids comprise a small portion of global rabbit - meat consumption. Domesticated descendants of the European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) that are bred and kept as livestock ( a practice called cuniculture ) account for the estimated 200 million tons of rabbit meat produced annually. In 1994, the countries with the highest consumption per capita of rabbit meat were Malta with 8.89 kilograms ( 19.6 lb ), Italy with 5.71 kilograms ( 12.6 lb ), and Cyprus with 4.37 kilograms ( 9.6 lb ), falling to 0.03 kilograms ( 0.066 lb ) in Japan. The figure for the United States was 0.14 kilograms ( 0.31 lb ) per capita. The largest producers of rabbit meat in 1994 were China, Russia, Italy, France, and Spain. Rabbit meat was once a common commodity in Sydney, Australia, but declined after the myxomatosis virus was intentionally introduced to control the exploding population of feral rabbits in the area. In the United Kingdom, fresh rabbit is sold in butcher shops and markets, and some supermarkets sell frozen rabbit meat. At farmers markets there, including the famous Borough Market in London, rabbit carcasses are sometimes displayed hanging, unbutchered ( in the traditional style ), next to braces of pheasant or other small game. Rabbit meat is a feature of Moroccan cuisine, where it is cooked in a tajine with `` raisins and grilled almonds added a few minutes before serving ''. In China, rabbit meat is particularly popular in Sichuan cuisine, with its stewed rabbit, spicy diced rabbit, BBQ - style rabbit, and even spicy rabbit heads, which have been compared to spicy duck neck. Rabbit meat is comparatively unpopular elsewhere in the Asia - Pacific. An extremely rare infection associated with rabbits - as - food is tularemia ( also known as rabbit fever ), which may be contracted from an infected rabbit. Hunters are at higher risk for tularemia because of the potential for inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process. An even more rare condition is protein poisoning, which was first noted as a consequence of eating rabbit meat to exclusion ( hence the colloquial term, `` rabbit starvation '' ). Protein poisoning, which is associated with extreme conditions of the total absence of dietary fat and protein, was noted by Vilhjalmur Stefansson in the late 19th century and in the journals of Charles Darwin. In addition to their meat, rabbits are used for their wool, fur, and pelts, as well as their nitrogen - rich manure and their high - protein milk. Production industries have developed domesticated rabbit breeds ( such as the well - known Angora rabbit ) to efficiently fill these needs. In art, literature, and culture Main article : Rabbits and hares in art Rabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth, and have long been associated with spring and Easter as the Easter Bunny. The species ' role as a prey animal with few defenses evokes vulnerability and innocence, and in folklore and modern children 's stories, rabbits often appear as sympathetic characters, able to connect easily with youth of all kinds ( for example, the Velveteen Rabbit, or Thumper in Bambi ). Tile ( 19th c. ) inspired by Marvels of Creatures and Strange Things Existing ( 13th century Iranian book ) With its reputation as a prolific breeder, the rabbit juxtaposes sexuality with innocence, as in the Playboy Bunny. The rabbit ( as a swift prey animal ) is also known for its speed, agility, and endurance, symbolized ( for example ) by the marketing icon the `` Energizer Bunny '' ( known in Europe and Australia as the `` Duracell Bunny '' ). Folklore and mythology The rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype, as he uses his cunning to outwit his enemies. `` Rabbit fools Elephant by showing the reflection of the moon. '' Illustration ( from 1354 ) of the Panchatantra `` Three rabbits '' motif Coat of arms of Corbenay, France In Aztec mythology, a pantheon of four hundred rabbit gods known as Centzon Totochtin, led by Ometotchtli or Two Rabbit, represented fertility, parties, and drunkenness. In Central Africa, the common hare ( Kalulu ), is `` inevitably described '' as a trickster figure. In Chinese folklore, rabbits accompany Chang'e on the Moon. In the Chinese New Year, the zodiacal rabbit is one of the twelve celestial animals in the Chinese zodiac. Note that the Vietnamese zodiac includes a zodiacal cat in place of the rabbit, possibly because rabbits did not inhabit Vietnam. The most common explanation, however, is that the ancient Vietnamese word for `` rabbit '' ( mao ) sounds like the Chinese word for `` cat '' ( 卯, mao ). In Japanese tradition, rabbits live on the Moon where they make mochi, the popular snack of mashed sticky rice. This comes from interpreting the pattern of dark patches on the moon as a rabbit standing on tiptoes on the left pounding on an usu, a Japanese mortar. In Jewish folklore, rabbits ( shfanim שפנים ) are associated with cowardice, a usage still current in contemporary Israeli spoken Hebrew ( similar to the English colloquial use of `` chicken '' to denote cowardice ). In Korean mythology, as in Japanese, rabbits live on the moon making rice cakes ( `` Tteok '' in Korean ). In Anishinaabe traditional beliefs, held by the Ojibwe and some other Native American peoples, Nanabozho, or Great Rabbit, is an important deity related to the creation of the world. A Vietnamese mythological story portrays the rabbit of innocence and youthfulness. The Gods of the myth are shown to be hunting and killing rabbits to show off their power. Buddhism, Christianity, and Judaism have associations with an ancient circular motif called the three rabbits ( or `` three hares '' ). Its meaning ranges from `` peace and tranquility '', to purity or the Holy Trinity, to Kabbalistic levels of the soul or to the Jewish diaspora. The tripartite symbol also appears in heraldry and even tattoos. Other fictional rabbits Main article : List of fictional hares and rabbits The rabbit as trickster is a part of American popular culture, as Br'er Rabbit ( from African - American folktales and, later, Disney animation ) and Bugs Bunny ( the cartoon character from Warner Bros. ), for example. Anthropomorphized rabbits have appeared in film and literature, in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( the White Rabbit and the March Hare characters ), in Watership Down ( including the film and television adaptations ), in Rabbit Hill ( by Robert Lawson ), and in the Peter Rabbit stories ( by Beatrix Potter ). In the 1920s, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was a popular cartoon character. WWII USAF pilot D.R. Emerson `` flys with a rabbit 's foot talisman, a gift from a New York girl friend '' Superstition and urban legend This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. ( June 2018 ) A rabbit 's foot may be carried as an amulet, believed to bring protection and good luck. This belief is found in many parts of the world, with the earliest use being recorded in Europe c. 600 BC. On the Isle of Portland in Dorset, UK, the rabbit is said to be unlucky and even speaking the creature 's name can cause upset among older island residents. This is thought to date back to early times in the local quarrying industry where ( to save space ) extracted stones that were not fit for sale were set side in what became tall, unstable walls. The local rabbits ' tendency to burrow there would weaken the walls and their collapse resulted in injuries or even death. Thus, invoking the name of the culprit became an unlucky act to be avoided. In the local culture to this day, the rabbit ( when he has to be referred to ) may instead be called a `` long ears '' or `` underground mutton '', so as not to risk bringing a downfall upon oneself. While it was true 50 years ago that a pub on the island could be emptied by calling out the word `` rabbit '', this has become more fable than fact in modern times. In other parts of Britain and in North America, invoking the rabbit 's name may instead bring good luck. `` Rabbit rabbit rabbit '' is one variant of an apotropaic or talismanic superstition that involves saying or repeating the word `` rabbit '' ( or `` rabbits '' or `` white rabbits '' or some combination thereof ) out loud upon waking on the first day of each month, because doing so will ensure good fortune for the duration of that month. The `` rabbit test '' is a term, first used in 1949, for the Friedman test, an early diagnostic tool for detecting a pregnancy in humans. It is a common misconception ( or perhaps an urban legend ) that the test - rabbit would die if the woman was pregnant. This led to the phrase `` the rabbit died '' becoming a euphemism for a positive pregnancy test. See also Rabbits and hares portal Book : Pet rabbits Book : Fictional rabbits Animal track Cuniculture Dwarf rabbit Hare games Jackalope List of animal names List of rabbit breeds Lop rabbit Rabbits in the arts Rabbit show jumping References Jump up ^ `` Data export ''. DAD - IS ( Domestic Animal Diversity Information System ). FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ). 21 November 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` coney ''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Collective Noun Page ''. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008. Jump up ^ McClure, DVM PhD DACLAM, Diane ( 2018 ). `` Breeding and Reproduction of Rabbits ''. Merck Veterinary Manual. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Common Questions : What Do You Call a Group of... ? ''. archived copy of Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of... ?. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Jump up ^ Brown, Louise ( 2001 ). How to Care for Your Rabbit. Kingdom Books. p. 6. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85279 - 167 - 4. Jump up ^ Katherine Quesenberry & James W. Carpenter, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents : Clinical Medicine and Surgery ( 3rd ed. 2011 ). Jump up ^ van Praag, Esther. `` Deformed claws in a rabbit, after traumatic fractures ''. ResearchGate. www.medirabbit.com ( July -- August 2015 ). Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` rabbit ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( Standard ed. ). Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` Endochondral ossification - an overview ScienceDirect Topics ''. www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11. Jump up ^ Bensley, Benjamin Arthur ( 1910 ). Practical anatomy of the rabbit. The University Press. Jump up ^ `` Description and Physical Characteristics of Rabbits - All Other Pets - Merck Veterinary Manual ''. Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11. Jump up ^ D.A.B.V.P., Margaret A. Wissman, D.V.M.,. `` Rabbit Anatomy ''. www.exoticpetvet.net. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11. Jump up ^ Susan., Lumpkin, ( 2011 ). Rabbits : the animal answer guide. Seidensticker, John. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421401263. OCLC 794700391. Jump up ^ Geiser, Max ; Trueta, Joseph ( 1958 - 05 - 01 ). `` Muscle action, bone rarefaction and bone formation ''. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume. 40 -- B ( 2 ) : 282 -- 311. doi : 10.1302 / 0301 - 620X. 40B2. 282. ISSN 0301 - 620X. Jump up ^ Lieber, Richard L. ; Blevins, Field T. ( January 1989 ). `` Skeletal muscle architecture of the rabbit hindlimb : Functional implications of muscle design ''. Journal of Morphology. 199 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 101. doi : 10.1002 / jmor. 1051990108. ISSN 0362 - 2525. Jump up ^ Hall, E. Raymond. ( 2001 ). The Mammals of North America. The Blackburn Press. ISBN 978 - 1930665354. Jump up ^ Bensley, Benjamin Arthur ( 1910 ). Practical anatomy of the rabbit. The University Press. Jump up ^ Meyer, D.L. ( 1971 ). `` Single Unit Responses of Rabbit Ear - Muscles to Postural and Accelerative Stimulation ''. Experimental Brain Research. 14. Jump up ^ Capello, Vittorio ( 2006 ). `` Lateral Ear Canal Resection and Ablation in Pet Rabbits '' ( PDF ). The North American Veterinary Conference. 20 : 1711 -- 1713. Jump up ^ Vella, David ( 2012 ). Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents : Clinical Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6621 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Parsons, Paige K. ( 2018 ). `` Rabbit Ears : A Structural Look :... injury or disease, can send your rabbit into a spin ''. House Rabbit Society. Jump up ^ Romanovsky AA ( March 2014 ). `` Skin temperature : its role in thermoregulation ''. Acta Physiologica. 210 ( 3 ) : 498 -- 507. doi : 10.1111 / apha. 12231. PMC 4159593. PMID 24716231. Jump up ^ Vella, David ( 2012 ). Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents : Clinical, Medicine, and Surgery. Elsevier. ISBN 9781416066217. Jump up ^ Fayez, I ( 1994 ). `` Thermoregulation in Rabbits '' ( PDF ). CIHEAM : 33 -- 41. Jump up ^ `` Information for Rabbit Owners -- Oak Tree Veterinary Centre ''. Oaktreevet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Feeding the Pet Rabbit '' Jump up ^ Dr. Byron de la Navarre 's `` Care of Rabbits '' Susan A. Brown, DVM 's `` Overview of Common Rabbit Diseases : Diseases Related to Diet '' Jump up ^ The Private Life of the Rabbit, R.M. Lockley, 1964. Chapter 10. Jump up ^ The forbidden list of the things a rabbit can not eat due to being unable to produce the enzymes to break certain minerals in their bodies are the following : Parsley ( Induces an accelerated heart rhythm and finally producing heart attack ) Grapes ( Contains phosphorus and potassium in high levels that the rabbits can not produce the enzymes to break it ) Avocado Leaf ( Produces instestinal blockage due to the toxicity of the leaf ) Tomato Leaf ( Due to its high content of toxic glycoalkaloids, can cause internal bleeding ) Non-Vegetable leafs ( Contains high content of toxic substances, can cause instant death to instestinal blockage ) Cherries ( High potassium content and the impossibility of producing the enzymes to break this mineral, can induce to muscular blockage and most common cause of death in this case is by asfyxia ) Brussel sprouts ( Due that this vegetable is known for producing gases it induces bloating in stomach and intestines producing bleeding ulcers on them ) Potato ( Due to its high content of potassium, phosphorus and calcium can induce to a sudden heart attack ) Mustard seeds ( Due to his hight content of potassium, phosporus, magnesium and calcium can produce from a heart attack to internal necrosis ) Spearmint leaf ( It contains menthone, phelandrene and limonene can produce a respiratory arrest prompting a sudden heart attack ) `` True or False ? Rabbits are physically incapable of vomiting. ( Answer to Pop Quiz ) ''. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Jump up ^ Karr - Lilienthal, Phd ( University of Nebraska - Lincoln ), Lisa ( 4 November 2011 ). `` The Digestive System of the Rabbit ''. eXtension ( a Part of the Cooperative Extension Service ). Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Living with a House Rabbit ''. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017. Jump up ^ Jilge, B ( 1991 ). `` The rabbit : a diurnal or a nocturnal animal ? ''. Journal of Experimental Animal Science. 34 ( 5 - 6 ) : 170 -- 183. Jump up ^ `` 40 Winks ? '' Jennifer S. Holland, National Geographic Vol. 220, No. 1. July 2011. Jump up ^ Wright, Samantha ( 2011 ). For The Love of Parsley. A Guide To Your Rabbit 's Most Common Behaviours. Lulu. pp. 35 -- 36. ISBN 1 - 4467 - 9111 - 4. Jump up ^ Cooke, Brian Douglas ( 2014 ). Australia 's War Against Rabbits. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 643 - 09612 - 7. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Jump up ^ Wood, Maggie. `` Parasites of Rabbits ''. Chicago Exotics, PC. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Boschert, Ken. `` Internal Parasites of Rabbits ''. Net Vet. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Krempels, Dana. `` GastroIntestinal Stasis, The Silent Killer ''. Department of Biology at the University of Miami. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Rabies : Other Wild Animals ''. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 November 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2012. Jump up ^ Fedriani, J.M. ; Palomares, F. ; Delibes, M. ( 1999 ). `` Niche relations among three sympatric Mediterranean carnivores '' ( PDF ). Oecologia. 121 : 138 -- 148. doi : 10.1007 / s004420050915. JSTOR 4222449. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016. Jump up ^ Tynes, Valarie V. Behavior of Exotic Pets Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine... Wiley Blackwell, 2010, p. 70 Jump up ^ Davis, Susan E. and DeMello, Margo Stories Rabbits Tell : A Natural And Cultural History of A Misunderstood Creature Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine... Lantern Books, 2003, p. 27. Jump up ^ Glenday, Craig ( 2013 ). Guinness World Records 2014. p. 043. ISBN 978 - 1 - 908843 - 15 - 9. Jump up ^ Cottontail rabbit at Indiana Department of Natural Resources Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : `` Rabbit Habitats ''. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Feral animals in Australia -- Invasive species ''. Environment.gov.au. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Rabbits -- The role of government -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand ''. Teara.govt.nz. 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Rabbit : From Farm to Table ''. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. ^ Jump up to : Olivia Geng, French Rabbit Heads : The Newest Delicacy in Chinese Cuisine Archived 14 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine... The Wall Street Journal Blog, 13 June 2014 Jump up ^ FAO - The Rabbit - Husbandry, health and production. Archived 23 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ ' Traditional Moroccan Cooking, Recipes from Fez ', by Madame Guinadeau. ( Serif, London, 2003 ). ISBN 1 - 897959 - 43 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Tularemia ( Rabbit fever ) ''. Health.utah.gov. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010. Jump up ^ Houdebine, Louis - Marie ; Fan, Jianglin ( 1 June 2009 ). Rabbit Biotechnology : Rabbit Genomics, Transgenesis, Cloning and Models. シュプリンガー ・ ジャパン 株式 会社. pp. 68 -- 72. ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2226 - 4. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Jump up ^ Brian Morris, The Power of Animals : An Ethnography, p. 177 ( 2000 ). Jump up ^ `` Year of the Cat OR Year of the Rabbit ? ''. www.nwasianweekly.com. Retrieved 27 February 2018. Jump up ^ Ellis, Bill ( 1 January 2004 ). Lucifer Ascending : The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978 - 0813122892. Further reading Windling, Terri. The Symbolism of Rabbits and Hares External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rabbit. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rabbit American Rabbit Breeders Association organization which promotes all phases of rabbit keeping House Rabbit Society an activist organization which promotes keeping rabbits indoors. RabbitShows.com an informational site on the hobby of showing rabbits. The ( mostly ) silent language of rabbits World Rabbit Science Association an international rabbit - health science - based organization The Year of the Rabbit -- slideshow by Life magazine House Rabbit Society - FAQ : Aggression Extant Lagomorpha species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires Family Ochotonidae ( Pikas ) Ochotona Subgenus Pika : Alpine pika ( O. alpina ) Helan Shan pika ( O. argentata ) Collared pika ( O. collaris ) Hoffmann 's pika ( O. hoffmanni ) Northern pika ( O. hyperborea ) Pallas 's pika ( O. pallasi ) American pika ( O. princeps ) Turuchan pika ( O. turuchanensis ) Subgenus Ochotona : Gansu pika ( O. cansus ) Plateau pika ( O. curzoniae ) Daurian pika ( O. dauurica ) Tsing - ling pika ( O. huangensis ) Nubra pika ( O. nubrica ) Steppe pika ( O. pusilla ) Afghan pika ( O. rufescens ) Moupin pika ( O. thibetana ) Thomas 's pika ( O. thomasi ) Subgenus Conothoa : Chinese red pika ( O. erythrotis ) Forrest 's pika ( O. forresti ) Gaoligong pika ( O. gaoligongensis ) Glover 's pika ( O. gloveri ) Himalayan pika ( O. himalayana ) Ili pika ( O. iliensis ) Koslov 's pika ( O. koslowi ) Ladak pika ( O. ladacensis ) Large - eared pika ( O. macrotis ) Muli pika ( O. muliensis ) Black pika ( O. nigritia ) Royle 's pika ( O. roylei ) Turkestan red pika ( O. rutila ) Family Leporidae ( Rabbits and Hares ) Pentalagus Amami rabbit ( P. furnessi ) Bunolagus Riverine rabbit ( B. monticularis ) Nesolagus Sumatran striped rabbit ( N. netscheri ) Annamite striped rabbit ( N. timminsi ) Romerolagus Volcano rabbit ( R. diazi ) Brachylagus Pygmy rabbit ( B. idahoensis ) Sylvilagus ( Cottontail rabbits ) Subgenus Tapeti : Swamp rabbit ( S. aquaticus ) Tapeti ( S. brasiliensis ) Dice 's cottontail ( S. dicei ) Omilteme cottontail ( S. insonus ) Marsh rabbit ( S. palustris ) Venezuelan lowland rabbit ( S. varynaensis ) Subgenus Sylvilagus : Desert cottontail ( S. audubonii ) Manzano mountain cottontail ( S. cognatus ) Mexican cottontail ( S. cunicularis ) Eastern cottontail ( S. floridanus ) Tres Marias rabbit ( S. graysoni ) Mountain cottontail ( S. nuttallii ) Appalachian cottontail ( S. obscurus ) Robust cottontail ( S. robustus ) New England cottontail ( S. transitionalis ) Subgenus Microlagus : Brush rabbit ( S. bachmani ) San José brush rabbit ( S. mansuetus ) Oryctolagus European rabbit ( O. cuniculus ) Poelagus Bunyoro rabbit ( P. marjorita ) Pronolagus ( Red rock hares ) Natal red rock hare ( P. crassicaudatus ) Jameson 's red rock hare ( P. randensis ) Smith 's red rock hare ( P. rupestris ) Hewitt 's red rock hare ( P. saundersiae ) Caprolagus Hispid hare ( C. hispidus ) Lepus ( Hares ) Subgenus Macrotolagus : Antelope jackrabbit ( L. alleni ) Subgenus Poecilolagus : Snowshoe hare ( L. americanus ) Subgenus Lepus : Arctic hare ( L. arcticus ) Alaskan hare ( L. othus ) Mountain hare ( L. timidus ) Subgenus Proeulagus : Black - tailed jackrabbit ( L. californicus ) White - sided jackrabbit ( L. callotis ) Cape hare ( L. capensis ) Tehuantepec jackrabbit ( L. flavigularis ) Black jackrabbit ( L. insularis ) Scrub hare ( L. saxatilis ) Desert hare ( L. tibetanus ) Tolai hare ( L. tolai ) Subgenus Eulagos : Broom hare ( L. castrovieoi ) Yunnan hare ( L. comus ) Korean hare ( L. coreanus ) Corsican hare ( L. corsicanus ) European hare ( L. europaeus ) Granada hare ( L. granatensis ) Manchurian hare ( L. mandschuricus ) Woolly hare ( L. oiostolus ) Ethiopian highland hare ( L. starcki ) White - tailed jackrabbit ( L. townsendii ) Subgenus Sabanalagus : Ethiopian hare ( L. fagani ) African savanna hare ( L. microtis ) Subgenus Indolagus : Hainan hare ( L. hainanus ) Indian hare ( L. nigricollis ) Burmese hare ( L. peguensis ) Subgenus Sinolagus : Chinese hare ( L. sinensis ) Subgenus Tarimolagus : Yarkand hare ( L. yarkandensis ) Subgenus incertae sedis : Japanese hare ( L. brachyurus ) Abyssinian hare ( L. habessinicus ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabbit&oldid=849842832 '' Categories : Rabbits and hares Herbivorous mammals Mythological rabbits and hares Extant Ypresian first appearances Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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Question: what are a group of baby rabbits called
Answer: litter