Military history of Indonesia - wikipedia Military history of Indonesia Indonesian naval ships KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda 367 and KRI Silas Papare 386 with U.S. Coast Guard ship USCGC Waesch 751 conducting gunnery exercises in Java sea. President Joko Widodo has expressed a desire to turn Indonesia into a `` maritime axis ''. Part of a series on the History of Indonesia Timeline Prehistory Java Man 1,000,000 BP Flores Man 94,000 -- 12,000 BP Toba catastrophe 75,000 BP Buni culture 400 BCE Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms Salakanagara Kingdom 130 -- 362 Kutai Kingdom 350 -- 1605 Tarumanagara Kingdom 358 -- 669 Kalingga Kingdom 500s -- 600s Melayu Kingdom 600s Srivijaya Kingdom 600s -- 1200s Sailendra Kingdom 800s -- 900s Galuh Kingdom 669 -- 1482 Sunda Kingdom 669 -- 1579 Medang Kingdom 752 -- 1006 Bali Kingdom 914 -- 1908 Kahuripan Kingdom 1006 -- 1045 Kediri Kingdom 1045 -- 1221 Dharmasraya Kingdom 1183 -- 1347 Singhasari Kingdom 1222 -- 1292 Majapahit Kingdom 1293 -- 1500 Rise of Muslim states Spread of Islam 1200 -- 1600 Aru Kingdom 1225 -- 1613 Ternate Sultanate 1257 -- 1914 Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267 -- 1521 Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347 -- 1833 Brunei Sultanate 1368 -- 1888 Malacca Sultanate 1400 -- 1511 Sulu Sultanate 1405 -- 1851 Cirebon Sultanate 1445 -- 1677 Demak Sultanate 1475 -- 1548 Aceh Sultanate 1496 -- 1903 Banten Sultanate 1526 -- 1813 Kalinyamat Sultanate 1527 -- 1599 Mataram Sultanate 1500s -- 1700s Johor Sultanate 1528s -- 1877 Siak Sultanate 1725 -- 1946 Surakarta Sunanate 1745 -- 1946 Yogyakarta Sultanate 1755 -- 1945 Deli Sultanate 1814 -- 1946 Riau - Lingga Sultanate 1824 -- 1911 Christian kingdom Larantuka Kingdom 1515 -- 1904 European colonisation Portuguese 1512 -- 1850 Dutch East India Company 1602 -- 1800 French and British interlude 1806 -- 1815 Netherlands East Indies 1800 -- 1942 1945 -- 1950 Emergence of Indonesia National Awakening 1908 -- 1942 Japanese occupation 1942 -- 1945 National Revolution 1945 -- 1949 Independence United States of Indonesia 1949 -- 1950 Liberal democracy 1950 -- 1957 Guided Democracy 1957 -- 1965 Transition 1965 -- 1966 New Order 1966 -- 1998 Reformasi 1998 -- present By topic Archaeology Currency Economy Military Indonesia portal The military history of Indonesia includes the military history of the modern nation of Republic of Indonesia, as well as the military history of the states which preceded and formed it. It encompassed a kaleidoscope of conflicts spanning over a millennia. The ancient and medieval part of it began as tribal warfare began among indigenous populations, and escalated as kingdoms emerged. The modern part is defined by foreign colonial occupations, battles for independence through guerrilla warfare during Indonesian National Revolution, regional conquests and disputes with neighbouring countries, as well as battles between the Republic and separatist factions. Since the formation of the Republic, the military has played significant role in state affairs. However, in Post-Suharto era, the Indonesian military has retreated from politics, yet it still possesses some influences. Contents 1 Prehistoric tribal warfare 2 Ancient kingdoms 2.1 Srivijaya 2.2 Majapahit 3 Islamic states 3.1 Mataram Sultanate 3.2 Aceh Sultanate 4 European colonial state 4.1 Dutch East India Company 4.2 Dutch East Indies 5 World War II 6 Republic of Indonesia 6.1 War of independence 6.2 Securing the Republic 6.3 Regional ambition 6.4 Battling separatism 6.5 War against terror 6.6 International engagements 6.7 Military role in modern Indonesia 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links 10 Further reading Prehistoric tribal warfare Nias warrior armed with spear and shield Archaeological findings dating from prehistoric eras have discovered a variety of stone and metal weaponry, such as axes, arrows and spearheads. Usually used for hunting, they also allowed tribes to battle with each other. Some more elaborate bronze pieces, such as axes, seemed better suited for ceremonial purposes, but showed its influence as an icon. Native edged weapons, such as the parang, klewang, mandau, badik, pedang, kujang, golok and kris, were invented early. Tribal warfare, although often motivated by resources, lands and slave grabbing, was also a tribal solution to settling disputes, as well as a component of coming of age rituals ( headhunting ) for several tribes, primarily the Dayak, Nias and Batak. Warriors from militaristic tribes were appreciated by other factions, and were recruited by developed kingdoms and polities as mercenaries, such as Nias warriors serving as palace guards in the Aceh Sultanate, as well as Ambonese warriors recruited by the Dutch East India Company. Tribal wars still occur amongst Papuan tribes in West Papua, as well as more remote areas of Nusantara, such as the interior of Borneo and Sumatra. Ancient kingdoms The bas - relief of Prambanan temple depicting the scene of battle, the weapon used are bow and arrow, sword, stab dagger similar to kris, shield and gada ( mace ) As ancient kingdoms began to form in Indonesia after the 4th century, standing units became increasingly prevalent in the region. Indianised Hindu - Buddhist kingdoms saw the establishment of the Hindu Kshatriya caste. Bas reliefs on Javanese temples dating back to the Mataram Kingdom, particularly Borobudur and Prambanan, depict battles and soldiers wielding various types of weapons. These weapons were primarily sharp - edged, such as spears, swords, sabre, klewang, golok, as well as stabbing daggers ( seeming predecessors to kris ). However, blunt weapons such as the Gada, shields, bows and arrows were also depicted. Major Indonesian empires such as Srivijaya and Majapahit were known to launch naval raids against neighbouring kingdoms. Bas reliefs from their period depict double outriggered ships, now called cadik. These reliefs show that some kingdoms developed navies and even armadas. These ancient kingdoms also developed martial arts for use in self - defence and warfare. They are collectively known today as pencak silat. Srivijaya Further information : Srivijaya The image of a ship on Borobudur bas relief. Sailendra and Srivijaya probably possess naval armada consists of this kind of ships. Many inscriptions were found that mention Srivijayan activity in the 7th century. The Kedukan Bukit inscription is the oldest record of Indonesian military history, and noted a 7th - century Srivijaya n siddhayatra expedition led by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa. He was said to have brought 20,000 troops, including 200 seamen and 1,312 foot soldiers. The Telaga Batu inscription mentions military titles ; such as senāpati ( general ), cātabhata ( soldier ), puhāvam ( ship captain ) and vāsīkarana ( blacksmith / weapon maker ). It revealed that the empire had specialised military units and formal military occupations. The Kota Kapur inscription mentions a Srivijayan naval expedition against Bhumi Java, and is dated to a period coinciding with the fall of the Tarumanagara and Kalingga kingdoms in Java. From the 7th to 9th century, Srivijaya was allied with the Sailendras of Central Java due to intermarriage. Srivijayan leader Maharaja Dharmasetu launched various naval raids against Cham ports in Indochina. The city of Indrapura by the Mekong River was temporarily controlled from Palembang in the early 8th century. The Srivijayans continued to dominate areas around present - day Cambodia until the Khmer King Jayavarman II, the founder of the Khmer Empire dynasty, severed the Srivijayan link later in the same century. The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest known kris, ancient dagger of Indonesia. In the late 10th century, animosity between the Sumatran Srivijaya and Javanese Medang kingdom escalated. The Anjukladang inscription, dated to 937, commemorated the Javanese Medang successful effort to repel Srivijayan attack. In 990 AD, King Dharmawangsa of Medang launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya, and unsuccessfully attempted to capture Palembang. Dharmawangsa 's invasion led the Maharaja of Srivijaya, Sri Cudamani Warmadewa to seek protection from China. His diplomatic skills saw him securing Chinese support through appeasement, by building a Buddhist temple to honour the Chinese emperor. In 1006 AD, Srivijaya successfully repelled the Javanese invasion, and in retaliation and alarm, assisted Haji ( king ) Wurawari of Lwaram to revolt, destroying the Medang palace. With the death of Dharmawangsa and the fall of the Medang capital, Srivijaya collapsed the Medang kingdom. In 1025 Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya and conquered Kadaram ( modern Kedah ) from Srivijaya. Further battles with the Chola dynasty marked the decline of Srivijayan military might. Majapahit Further information : Pamalayu expedition, Mongol invasion of Java, Battle of Bubat, and Paregreg war The model of a Majapahit ship. After defeating Srivijaya 's successor, the Dharmasraya kingdom, in Sumatra on 1275, the kingdom of Singhasari in Java became the most powerful kingdom in the region. King Kertanegara launched the Pamalayu expedition against Sumatran states and conquered them. Having taken notice of these conquests, the Mongol Yuan dynasty of China demanded tribute to be sent to Kublai Khan 's court by Java. Kertanegara responded by insulting and torturing Khan 's envoy, and Kublai Khan sent an armada of 1000 ships in retaliation. Meanwhile, Jayakatwang, the ruler of the Gelang - Gelang ( Kediri ) kingdom, revolted against Kertanegara, killing him and destroying the Singhasari kingdom. Raden Wijaya, the son in law of Kertanegara, led Mongol invading forces to Jayakatwang to oust him. Raden Wijaya then turned back against Mongol forces, and drove them out to the sea. Raden Wijaya then established the Majapahit kingdom in 1293. Bronze cannon, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, claimed to be from Majapahit and 14th century AD Majapahit would be plagued by regional rebellions, such as the rebellions of Sadeng and Keta, rebellion of Ranggalawe, and Nambi. After that, under the able and aggressive leader Gajah Mada, Majapahit spread its influence beyond Java and Sumatra, to the rest of the Nusantaran archipelago. During the reign of Hayam Wuruk, Majapahit was involved in a battle against the royal family of Sunda Kingdom in the Battle of Bubat. However, the Paregreg civil war of 1404 to 1406 drained the coffers of the Majapahit kingdom, and led to its decline in the following years. Islamic states For centuries, numerous kingdoms rose and fell in the Indonesian archipelago. By the 15th century, Islamic states began to spread their influence, as a number of Sultanates started flourished in Indonesia. Mataram Sultanate Further information : Mataram Sultanate The military campaigns Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo ( 1613 -- 1645 ) In the 17th century, Mataram Sultanate had replaced Demak and previous hegemon Majapahit, as the most powerful kingdom in Java. The reign of able and ambitious Sultan Agung of Mataram marked the apogee of Javanese Mataram martial power. The Sultan launched a series of military expeditions against other polities in Java, such as Pajang, Surabaya, Priangan, and went further by attacking the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) fortress in the Siege of Batavia ( 1628 -- 29 ). Aceh Sultanate Further information : Aceh Sultanate Bronze cannon inscribed with Arabic scripts, Aceh. Aceh was one of the earliest Muslim states in the Indonesian archipelago, and they had the ambition to spread Islam as well as their political influence in northern parts of Sumatra. The Sultanate was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah, who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra in 1520. His conquests included Deli, Pedir, and Pasai, and he attacked Aru. His son Alauddin al - Kahar ( d. 1571 ) extended the domains farther south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with the support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent 's Ottoman Empire. The Aceh sultanate has formed a military alliance with the Ottoman Empire, that sent a relief force of 15 Xebecs. Aceh 's military ambition reach its peak during the reign of Iskandar Muda. He extended the Sultanate 's control over most of Sumatra. He also conquered Pahang, a tin - producing region of the Malayan Peninsula. The strength of his formidable fleet was brought to an end with a disastrous campaign against Malacca in 1629, when the combined Portuguese and Johor forces managed to destroy all his ships and 19,000 troops according to Portuguese account. Aceh forces was not destroyed, however, as Aceh was able to conquer Kedah within the same year and taking many of its citizens to Aceh. In 1871, the Anglo - Dutch Treaty of Sumatra allowed for Dutch control throughout Sumatra in exchange for concessions in the Gold Coast and equal trading rights in northern Aceh. The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873. In 1874 the Sultan abandoned the capital, withdrawing to the hills, while the Dutch announced the annexation of Aceh into Dutch East Indies colonial state. European colonial state Started during the age of exploration in the 16th century, the European kingdoms and empires began to established themselves in Southeast Asia. From Portuguese, Spanish, British to the Dutch, each of them involved in some fierce contests, during the age of European colonialism, to rule Indonesian archipelago. Because of the European 's advance military technology, such as gunpowder technology in canons and muskets, many kingdoms and polities in Indonesian archipelago were conquered and subjugated by European power. Dutch East India Company Further information : Dutch East India Company The VOC conquest of Makassar by Speelman in 1666 to 1669. The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) was the first multinational corporation in the world It was a powerful company, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to form military units or militias, wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies. The Company in particular, was extremely successful on conquering local Indonesian polities, mostly contributed from European superiority on weaponry and military technology. Start by subjugated Ternate Sultanate in Maluku, wrestled former Portuguese ports by conquering Amboina and Banda islands, acquired port of Jayakarta from Banten Sultanate as they were establishing their headquarter in Batavia ( now Jakarta ), and the conquest of Makassar in 1669. They went further by weakening the Sultanate of Mataram, and conquered most parts of Java, except the interior of Vorstenlanden Mataram and Banten. By 1800, the company was declared bankrupt and the Dutch nationalised VOC assets and creating the colonial state of Dutch East Indies. Dutch East Indies Further information : Royal Netherlands East Indies Army KNIL troops marching through Surabaya, 1937 The colonial state of Dutch East Indies expanded further as they launched a series of conquest against native kingdoms and sultanates started in the early 19th century to the early 20th century. The Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger ( KNIL ) was formed on 10 March 1830. It was not part of the Royal Netherlands Army, but a separate military arm specifically formed for service in the Netherlands East Indies. Its establishment coincided with the Dutch ambition to expand colonial rule from the 17th century area of control to the far larger territories comprising the Dutch East Indies seventy years later. The KNIL was involved in many campaigns against indigenous polities and militias in the Indonesian archipelago including the Padri War ( 1821 -- 1845 ), the Java War ( 1825 -- 1830 ), crushing the resistance of Bali in 1849, and the prolonged Aceh War ( 1873 -- 1904 ). In 1894, Lombok and Karangasem were annexed. Bali was finally taken under full control through the campaign in 1906 and the final campaign in 1908. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the KNIL launched some conquests on the Indonesian archipelago, and after 1904 the Netherlands East Indies were considered pacified, with no large - scale armed opposition to the Dutch rule. By 1920 the Dutch colonial state has integrated most of Indonesian archipelago within its territory. The Dutch East Indies has become the most precious colony for Dutch crown. World war II Further information : Dutch East Indies campaign and Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies Young Indonesian youth being trained by the Japanese Army The Dutch colonial state was brought into an abrupt end when the Japanese Empire launched some fast and systematic attacks in 1942. The Japanese occupation in Indonesia was part of larger war of the Pacific theatre during World War II. To gain popular support and mobilise Indonesian people in their war effort against the Western Allied force, Japanese occupation forces encouraged Indonesian nationalistic movements and recruiting Indonesian nationalist leaders ; Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara and Kyai Haji Mas Mansyur to rally the people support for mobilisation centre Putera ( Indonesian : Pusat Tenaga Rakyat ) on 16 April 1943, replaced with Jawa Hokokai on 1 March 1944. Some of these mobilised populations were sent to forced labour as romusha. Japanese military also provided Indonesian youth with military trainings and weapons, including the formation of volunteer army called PETA ( Pembela Tanah Air -- Defenders of the Homeland ). The Japanese military trainings for Indonesian youth originally was meant to rally the local 's support for the collapsing power of Japanese Empire, but later it has become the significant resource for Republic of Indonesia during Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949, and also has leads to the formation of Indonesian National Armed Forces in 1945. Republic of Indonesia Further information : Indonesian National Armed Forces War of independence Further information : Indonesian National Revolution British forces battling Indonesian freedom fighters in Tunjungan street during the Battle of Surabaya. Just two days after Japanese Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japanese Empire to the Allied force, the Indonesian Republic was proclaimed by Sukarno and Hatta in Jakarta on 17 August 1945. At first, The Indonesian Army started out as BKR ( Badan Keamanan Rakjat -- People 's Security Corps ), which was formed on 29 August 1945, it was created more as a civil defence force than an army. However, the Dutch with the help of British forces tried to reestablish the colonial state of Dutch East Indies. Indonesian nationalist republicans fought hard to protect their newly declared independence. The fierce Battle of Surabaya on October to November 1945 saw the birth of Tentara Keamanan Rakyat ( TKR -- People 's Security Army ) on 5 October 1945 ; this was a move taken to formalise, unite, and organise the splintered pockets of independent troopers ( ' laskar ' ) across Indonesia, ensuing a more professional military approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied force invaders. This is the predecessor of Indonesian armed force, Tentara Nasional Indonesia. In January 1946, TRI ( Tentara Republik Indonesia -- Republic of Indonesia Army ) was formed, in a further step to professionalise the army and increase its ability to engage systematically. In June 1947 then, TRI changed its name to TNI ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia - Indonesian National Army ) which is a merger between the TRI with independent troopers paramilitary people 's struggle ( laskar ) across Indonesia. Indonesian soldiers marching in front of Borobudur, March 1947 On 20 July 1947, the Dutch launched a major military offensive called Operatie Product, with the intent of conquering the Republic. Claiming violations of the Linggajati Agreement, the Dutch described the campaign as politionele acties ( `` police actions '' ) to restore law and order. This used to be the task of the KNIL. However, at the time the majority of the Dutch troops in Indonesia belonged to the Royal Netherlands Army. The United Nations Security Council brokered the Renville Agreement in an attempt to rectify the collapsed Linggarjati Agreement. The agreement was ratified in January 1948 and recognised a cease - fire along the so - called ' Van Mook line ' ; which connected the most advanced Dutch positions. Many Republican positions, however, were still held behind the Dutch lines. In February 1948 the Siliwangi Division ( 35,000 men ) of the Republican Army, led by Nasution, marched from West Java to Central Java ; the relocation was intended to ease internal Republican tensions involving the Division in the Surakarta area. The Battalion, however, clashed with Dutch troops while crossing Mount Slamet, and the Dutch believed it was part of a systematic troop movement across the Renville Line. The Dutch launched a military offensive on 19 December 1948 called ' Operatie Kraai ' ( Operation Crow ). By the following day it had conquered the city of Yogyakarta, the temporary Republican capital. By the end of December, all major Republican held cities in Java and Sumatra were in Dutch hands. The Republican President, Vice-President, and all but six Republic of Indonesia ministers were captured by Dutch troops and exiled on Bangka Island off the east coast of Sumatra. In areas surrounding Yogyakarta and Surakarta, Republican forces refused to surrender and continued to wage a guerrilla war under the leadership of Republican military chief of staff General Sudirman who had escaped the Dutch offensives. An emergency Republican government, the Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia ( PDRI ), was established in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. Although Dutch forces conquered the towns and cities in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra, they could not control villages and the countryside. Republican troops and militia led by Lt. Colonel ( later President ) Suharto attacked Dutch positions in Yogyakarta at dawn on 1 March 1949. The Dutch were expelled from the city for six hours but reinforcements were brought in from the nearby cities of Ambarawa and Semarang that afternoon. Indonesian fighters retreated at 12 : 00 pm and the Dutch re-entered the city. The Indonesian attack, later known in Indonesia as Serangan Oemoem ( new spelling : Serangan Umum ' 1 March General Offensive ' ). A similar attack against Dutch troops in Surakarta was led by Lt. Col. Slamet Riyadi on 7 August the same year. The resilience of Indonesian Republican resistance and active international diplomacy set world opinion against the Dutch. The United States pushed the Netherlands government into negotiations. The Dutch -- Indonesian Round Table Conference was held in The Hague from 23 August 1949 to 2 November 1949 between the Republic, the Netherlands, and the Dutch - created federal states. The Netherlands agreed to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over a new federal state known as the ' United States of Indonesia ' ( RUSI ). It would include all the territory of the former Dutch East Indies with the exception of Netherlands New Guinea ; which was retained by the Netherlands until further negotiations with Indonesia. Sovereignty was formally transferred on 27 December 1949. Securing the Republic Further information : Darul Islam ( Indonesia ), Republic of South Maluku, Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia, and Permesta B - 25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s used to combat regional rebellions, such as PRRI, Permesta, DI / TII and the RMS. In the period between the 1949 to 1965, Indonesian national unity faced some dire ordeals, as Indonesian Central Government in Jakarta faced numerous regional rebellions and separatist movements that appeared almost simultaneously. They had established the alternative government and declared separate independent states within the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian Islamic state appeared in 1949, Republic of South Maluku was declared in 1950, while the PRRI and Permesta rebellions appeared in the same period between 1957 and 1958. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Kartosuwirjo founded his own band of freedom fighters in West Java, called Hizbullah and Sabilillah. As a protest toward the Renville Agreement signed by Indonesian leaders in 1948, which ceded West Java to the Dutch, Kartosuwirjo proclaimed a Darul Islam ( `` Islamic State '' ) in West Java on 7 August 1949. Darul Islam did not disband itself after the transfer of sovereignty in 1949, resulting in a clash with the government of the Indonesian Republic. On 25 April 1950, the Republic of South Maluku ( RMS ) was declared and promptly quashed by Indonesian Republic. The RMS on Ambon was defeated by Indonesian forces in November 1950. The defeat on Ambon resulted in the flight of the self - declared RMS government to the island of Seram, where guerrilla clashes would take place for more than a decade. In 1951, rebels in South Sulawesi led by army deserter Abdul Kahar Muzakkar joined the Darul Islam movement. On 20 September 1953, Daud Beureu'eh declared that Aceh was part of the Islamic State of Indonesia ( Negara Islam Indonesia ) under the leadership of Kartosuwirjo. In 1957, it was estimated that the Darul Islam controlled one - third of West Java and more than 90 % of South Sulawesi and Aceh provinces. The movement had 15,000 armed guerrillas operating under the banner of Tentara Islam Indonesia ( Indonesian Islamic Army ). Flag of Islamic State of Indonesia, an Islamist armed rebellion in the 1950s. Indonesian Republic launched some crackdown operations against the Islamist state. Smaller Darul Islam bands operating in Central Java under Amir Fatah was crushed by Colonel Ahmad Yani 's Banteng Raiders in 1954 -- 1957. Amir Fatah was killed in 1954, while Ibnu Hadjar was eventually executed in 1962. On 2 March 1957, the Permesta rebellion was declared by civil and military leaders of East Indonesia, centred in Manado. The movement was led by Colonel Ventje Sumual. In 1958, the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia / PRRI ) set up an alternative government in Sumatra to oppose the Indonesian Central Government. On 17 February 1958 the Permesta rebels joined forces with the PRRI rebels based in Sumatra who had declared a revolutionary government two days earlier. Darul Islam forces in South Kalimantan under Ibnu Hadjar were forced to surrender in 1959. Three years of negotiations ( 1959 -- 1962 ) led to a peace agreement that ended the conflict in Aceh, in which Aceh was restored as an autonomous province with special rights for Islamic law. Introduction of effective `` fence - of - legs '' method of encircling rebel mountain hideouts in 1959 succeeded in breaking the strong rebel grip over West Java 's rural areas. The Central Government launched military operations against PRRI headquarter in Central Sumatra. General Nasution, who was leading the government forces, launched Operasi Pemanggilan Kembali ( Operation Call Back ) at the end of 1960 to take advantage of internal rifts within the PRRI. The main objective of which was to persuade the army officers supporting the PRRI to surrender themselves. By 1961 PRRI rebellion surrendered. Following successful Central Government attacks on the PRRI based in Sumatra, the conflict swung to the east where the Permesta rebels were based. Central Government forces were able to capture the Permesta capital of Manado at the conclusion of June 1958. However, the Permesta rebels continued their resistance, fighting a guerrilla campaign against central government troops until the last remnants surrendered and were given an amnesty in 1961. In June 1962, Kartosuwirjo, the leader of Darul Islam, was captured on his hideout of Mount Geber near Garut. In captivity, Kartosuwirjo issued order for all his followers to surrender, after which he was quickly tried and executed. The last Darul Islam band in West Java surrendered in August 1962. Successive military operations also crushed the Darul Islam in South Sulawesi. RMS armed struggle continued on the island of Seram until defeated in December 1963. In February 1965, Darul Islam 's leader Kahar Muzakkar was killed in a military ambush in the interior of Southeast Sulawesi province, ending the Darul Islam insurgency in Indonesia. The fall of RMS position in Maluku has led to the formation of RMS government in exile in the Netherlands in 1966. Regional ambition Further information : West New Guinea dispute, Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation, and Indonesian invasion of East Timor Indonesian postage stamp commemorate the national hero of West New Guinea campaign, Yos Sudarso. In the early 1960s, Indonesia has succeeded in maintaining its national unity against regional rebellions, and shifted their attention to Dutch - held West New Guinea. Indonesia argued that as a successor state of Dutch East Indies, West Papua is theirs. Feeling confidence, Indonesia has won Soviet Union 's supports to modernise their weapons and military equipment, and soon would embarked on regional military campaigns, first against Dutch to wrestle West New Guinea, then against the formation of Malaysia, and later in the 1970s against Portuguese Timor. In July 1959, the Indonesian government adopted a policy of confrontation against the Dutch to claim West New Guinea and increased military incursions into the island. Sukarno also developed closer relations with the Soviet Union, which shared Indonesia 's anti-colonial outlook. Later that year, the Soviet government decided to supply the warships and other military hardware directly to the Indonesians. Between 1960 and 1962, Indonesia pursued a policy of confrontation against the Netherlands for the control of West New Guinea, which combined diplomatic, political, and economic pressure with limited military force. The final stage of the Indonesian Confrontation also involved a planned military invasion of the territory. The Indonesians also secured military weapons and political support from the Soviet Union, which induced the United States to intervene in the conflict as a third - party mediator between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Throughout 1960, Indonesian armed forces launched several infiltrations into West New Guinea. On 19 December 1961 Indonesian President Sukarno decreed the establishment of the Operation Trikora or Tri Komando Rakyat with the objective of ' liberating ' West New Guinea by 1 January 1963. During the ensuing Vlakke Hoek incident, one of Indonesian torpedo boats was sunk while the remaining two boats were forced to retreat. Many Indonesian crew members and embarked marines being killed and 55 survivors taken prisoner. Among the casualties was Commodore Yos Sudarso, the deputy chief of the Indonesian Navy Staff. On 24 June 1962, four Indonesian Air Force C - 130 Hercules jets dropped 213 paratroopers near Merauke. Throughout the year, a total of 1,200 Indonesian paratroopers and 340 naval infiltrators landed in West New Guinea. By mid-1962, the Indonesian military had begun preparations to launch a full - scale invasion of Dutch New Guinea known as Operation Jayawijaya around August 1962. However, a ceasefire agreement between the Dutch and Indonesians, which facilitated the transfer of West New Guinea to Indonesia control by 1963, was signed on 15 August. As a result, the Indonesian military cancelled Operation Jayawijaya on 17 August 1962. Following the Act of Free Choice plebiscite in 1969, West Papua was formally integrated into the Republic of Indonesia. Play media 1966 ABC report discussing the Indonesian political context of Konfrontasi. In 1963, Indonesia opposed the British decolonisation initiative on the formation of Malaysia, arguing that it was the western imperialist move to block Indonesian influence. This led to an undeclared war popularly called Konfrontasi that took place between 1963 and 1966. This tension was marked by the infiltration of Indonesian forces into Northern Borneo. The conflict lasted nearly four years ; however, following General Suharto 's replacement of Sukarno, Indonesian interest in pursuing the war with Malaysia declined, and combat eased. Peace negotiations were initiated during May 1966 before a final peace agreement was ratified on 11 August 1966. Indonesian - controlled areas of East Timor by October 1976. On 7 December 1975, Indonesian forces invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism. Operasi Seroja ( Operation Lotus ) was the largest military operation ever carried out by Indonesia. Following a naval bombardment of Dili, Indonesian seaborne troops landed in the city while simultaneously paratroopers descended. 641 Indonesian paratroopers jumped into Dili, where they engaged in six - hours combat with FALINTIL gunmen. Indonesia would rule East Timor as its province for 24 years until 1999, when East Timorese vote for independence from Indonesia. Battling separatism Further information : Insurgency in Aceh and Papua conflict Aceh rebel soldiers during insurgency in Aceh in 1999. By 1970s Indonesian Republic facing two main separatist movements in both edges of the archipelagic realm ; separatist movement in Aceh on western front, and small scale separatist movement in Papua on eastern front. Between 1976 and 2005 in Aceh, there was an insurgency waged by the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) aspired for the province to be independent from Indonesia. Previously in the 1950s, Aceh has been a part of similar separatism aspiration, the Darul Islam. On 4 December 1976 Hasan di Tiro, the leader of Free Aceh Movement, declared Acehnese independence. In 1985, di Tiro secured Libyan support for GAM -- taking advantage of Muammar Gaddafi 's policy of supporting nationalist rebellions. Incidents began in 1989 after the return of the Acehnese trainees from Libya. Operations by GAM included weapons raiding, attacks against police and military posts, arsons and targeted assassinations of police and military personnel, government informants and other individuals. The GAM 's actions led the Indonesian government to institute repressive measures. The period between 1989 and 1998 became known as the `` Military Operation Area '' or Daerah Operasi Militer ( DOM ) era as the Indonesian military stepped up its counter-insurgency measures. This measure, although tactically successful in destroying GAM as a guerrilla force, alienated the local Acehnese. Shortly the GAM re-establish itself when Indonesian military was almost totally withdrawn from Aceh by order of president Habibie in late 1998. Destruction caused by the armed conflicts and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake brought a peace deal and an end to the insurgency. The resulting peace agreement was signed on 15 August 2005. Under the agreement, Aceh would receive special autonomy under the Republic of Indonesia, and non-Aceh native government troops would be withdrawn from the province in exchange for GAM 's disarmament. As part of the agreement, the European Union dispatched 300 monitors. Their mission expired on 15 December 2006, following local elections. In eastern front, despite the official international recognition of West New Guinea absorption into Indonesia in 1969, there is some residual problems that still haunting the province up until this day. This is mostly because previously the Netherlands New Guinea has promoted Papuan nationalism among native population back in the 1950s that inspired their desire to establishing an independence state separated from Indonesia. There is an ongoing low - level conflict between the Indonesian Government and portions of the indigenous populations of West Papua in the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua. One of the separatist group, the Free Papua Movement ( OPM ), a militant Papuan - independence organisation, has conducted a low - level guerrilla war against the Indonesian state, targeting the Indonesian military and police, as well as engaging in the kidnapping of both non-Papuan Indonesian settlers and foreigners. Up until this day, most of the West Papuan insurgency were considered as low - level security disturbances and dealt by deploying Indonesian police and military force. War against terror Further information : Terrorism in Indonesia Special Forces of the Indonesian Army After the crack down of Darul Islam in 1962 and the death of most of its leaders in 1965, the Islamist aspiration in Indonesia were seems to be repressed, but not completely eradicated. During and after the rule of Suharto, numbers of Islamist movement has been aspired to establish Islamic state based on sharia and toppled the secular Republican government of Indonesia. Among these organisation, the most notable is Jemaah Islamiyah Islamist terrorist group, that orchestrated series of terror attacks in Indonesia, such as 2000 Christmas Eve bombings, 2002 Bali bombings, 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing, 2004 Australian Embassy bombings, 2005 Bali bombings and 2009 Jakarta bombings. Since then Indonesian Police and authority has been successfully crack down the terrorist - cells and arrested their leaders and masterminds. International engagements Further information : Garuda Contingent An Indonesian soldier during UN training. Since 1956, Indonesia has been participating in United Nations ' peacekeepers force drawn from the Indonesian military called Garuda Contingent. It has deployed to three continents. The Garuda Contingent was first deployed to Egypt and Israel in November 1956 as part of the United Nations Emergency Force. The next two contingents were sent to the Congo. The first contingent consisted of 1,074 troops, served from September 1960 to May 1961. The second contingent to the Congo consisted of 3,457 troops, served from 1962 to 1963 and saw one casualty. The Garuda Contingent 's fourth and fifth deployments were to Vietnam in 1973 and 1974, towards the end of the Vietnam War. This was followed by a sixth deployment to Egypt after the Yom Kippur War under the command of Colonel Rudini. The Garuda Contingent later returned to Vietnam and Egypt for a seventh and eighth deployment, respectively. After an eight - year hiatus, the Garuda Contingent deployed as part of the United Nations Iran -- Iraq Military Observer Group in 1988, followed by the mission to Somalia and Cambodia in 1992, Mozambique in 1994, Bosnia in 1995, Congo in 2003, and Lebanon in the 2010. Military role in modern Indonesia Throughout the history of modern Indonesia, military has maintained an important role in political and social affairs. Numbers of Indonesian prominent figures has military backgrounds. Since the rise of Suharto regime in 1965, the armed forces has been actively involved on supporting the regime. However, after the fall of Suharto regime in 1998, there were some calls to limit the military role in national politics. With the inauguration of the newly elected national parliament in October 2004, the military no longer has a formal political role, although it retains important influence. See also Indonesian Sukhoi Su - 30 fighter Aceh War Battle of Bubat Dutch East Indies campaign Dutch intervention in Bali ( 1906 ) Indonesian invasion of East Timor Indonesian National Revolution Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Insurgency in Aceh Insurgency in Papua Java War Operation Trikora Pamalayu Puputan Terrorism in Indonesia West New Guinea dispute Notes Jump up ^ Budi Kurniawan Supangat & Dimas Muhamad ( 21 October 2014 ). `` Defining Jokowi 's vision of a maritime axis ''. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 December 2014. Jump up ^ Katharine E. McGregor ( 2007 ). History in Uniform : Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia 's Past, Southeast Asia publications series. NUS Press. ISBN 9789971693602. Jump up ^ Donn F. Draeger ( 2012 ). Weapons & Fighting Arts of Indonesia. Tuttle Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 9781462905096. Jump up ^ Lonely Planet, Loren Bell, Stuart Butler, Trent Holden, Anna Kaminski, Hugh McNaughtan, Adam Skolnick, Iain Stewart, Ryan Ver Berkmoes ( 2016 ). Lonely Planet Indonesia. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781760341619. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Howard Alexander, Quintin Chambers, Donn F. Draeger ( 1979 ). Pentjak Silat : The Indonesian Fighting Art. Tokyo, Japan : Kodansha International Ltd. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Munoz, 132 Jump up ^ Munoz, 140 Jump up ^ Cannon, Majapahit period ( 1296 -- 1520 ), ca. 14th century Jump up ^ Victor M Fic ( 2 January 2014 ). From Majapahit and Sukuh to Megawati Sukarnoputri. Abhinav Publications. p. 104. Retrieved 16 December 2014. Jump up ^ Ricklefs, 32 Jump up ^ Ricklefs, 33 Jump up ^ Ricklefs, 34 ^ Jump up to : * D.G.E. Hall, A History of South - east Asia. London : Macmillan, 1955. Jump up ^ Ricklefs, 144 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10. VOC at the National Library of the Netherlands ( in Dutch ) Jump up ^ `` Slave Ship Mutiny : Program Transcript ''. Secrets of the Dead. PBS. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010. Jump up ^ Ames, Glenn J. ( 2008 ). The Globe Encompassed : The Age of European Discovery, 1500 -- 1700. pp. 102 -- 103. Jump up ^ The Royal Netherlands Indies Army Jump up ^ Ibrahim, Alfian. `` Aceh and the Perang Sabil. '' Indonesian Heritage : Early Modern History. Vol. 3, ed. Anthony Reid, Sian Jay and T. Durairajoo. Singapore : Editions Didier Millet, 2001. p132 -- 133 ^ Jump up to : Vickers, Adrian. ( 2005 ) A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p10 -- 11 Jump up ^ `` Sejarah TNI '' ( in Indonesian ). Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Retrieved 29 November 2014. Jump up ^ Kahin ( 2003 ), p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Reid ( 1973 ), page 153 ^ Jump up to : Reid ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Friend, Theodore ( 2003 ). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0 - 674 - 01834 - 6. Jump up ^ Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy : The secret Eisenhower and Dulles debacle in Indonesia, p. 143 Jump up ^ M.C. Ricklefs, A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200, p. 299. Jump up ^ Audrey R. Kahin, Rebellion to Integration : West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity, p. 226 - 228. Jump up ^ Soedjati Djiwandono, Konfrontasi Revisited, p. 125 Jump up ^ Soedjati Djiwandono, Konfrontasi Revisited, pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Soedjati Djiwandono, Konfrontasi Revisited, pp. 122 -- 35. Jump up ^ `` Operation Trikora -- Indonesia 's Takeover of West New Guinea ''. Pathfinder : Air Power Development Centre Bulletin. Air Power Development Centre ( 150 ) : 1 -- 2. February 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ Bilveer Singh, West Irian and the Suharto Presidency, p. 86 Jump up ^ Soedjati Djiwandono, p. 131 Jump up ^ Ken Conboy, ' Kopassus : Inside Indonesia 's Special Forces ', p. 66. Jump up ^ Wies Platje, p. 304. Jump up ^ Wies Platje, pp. 305 -- 07. Jump up ^ Easter, `` Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia 1960 -- 1966 '', p. 46 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy, `` Facing North : A Century of Australian Engagement with Asia, p. 342, '' Jump up ^ Martin, Ian ( 2001 ). Self - determination in East Timor : the United Nations, the ballot, and international intervention. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 16. Jump up ^ Indonesia ( 1977 ), p. 39. Jump up ^ Budiardjo and Liong, p. 22. Jump up ^ Schwarz ( 2003 ), p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Aspinall. Islam and Nation. p. 110. Jump up ^ Schulz. Op cit. p. 4. Jump up ^ Leonard Sebastian, `` Realpolitik : Indonesia 's Use of Military Force '', 2006, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Jump up ^ Text of the MOU Archived 18 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ( PDF format ) Jump up ^ Pike, John ( 17 April 2009 ). `` Free Papua Movement ''. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : Jusuf, Muhammad ( 2003 ). `` Pasukan Perdamaian Indonesia Bertugas Lagi di Kongo '' ( Indonesian Peacekeepers Deployed Again ) ( in Indonesian ). Indonesian Army. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI ''. Global Security.org. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military history of Indonesia. History of TNI In Indonesian Further reading Munoz, Paul Michel ( 2006 ). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 981 - 4155 - 67 - 5. Ricklefs, M.C. ( 1991 ). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. ISBN 0 - 333 - 57689 - 6. Vaisutis, Justine ( 2007 ). Lonely Planet Indonesia : Travel Survival Kit Series. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741044355. 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Question: when was the indonesian rule that constitutes a military occupation established
Answer: 7th-century