Venus of Urbino - wikipedia Venus of Urbino Venus of Urbino Artist Titian Year 1534 ( 1534 ) Medium Oil on canvas 119 cm × 165 cm ( 47 in × 65 in ) Location Uffizi, Florence Dresden Venus ( c. 1510 - 11 ), traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian at least completed the landscape, and perhaps painted the figure. The Venus of Urbino ( also known as Reclining Venus ) is an oil painting by the Italian painter Titian, which seems to have been begun in 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It depicts a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. It is now in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence. The figure 's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but which Titian at least completed. In this depiction, Titian has domesticated Venus by moving her to an indoor setting, engaging her with the viewer, and making her sensuality explicit. Devoid as it is of any classical or allegorical trappings -- Venus displays none of the attributes of the goddess she is supposed to represent -- the painting is sensual and unapologetically erotic. Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups. Both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner ( who according to some may not have commissioned it ). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510 - 11. For Charles Hope, `` It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian 's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content. '' Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case `` an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors ''. Contents 1 Description 1.1 Later history 2 Notes 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Description The Venus stares straight at the viewer, unconcerned with her nudity. In her right hand she holds a posy of roses whilst she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were kept. The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, in Titian. Titian contr32 for the 21 year old Ippolito de ' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal ( though not a priest ), by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532 he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and sometimes a dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito 's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it. Johan Zoffany, The Tribuna of the Uffizi, 1770s On 20 December 1534 Titian wrote to Ippolito 's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still Titian 's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24 - year - old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later ; he refers to it simply as `` the nude woman '', and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is usually known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro from early on. Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10 year - old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband 's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus 's hand `` caressing '' her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female `` emission '' or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument ; an identical dog is shown in Titian 's portrait of the duke 's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman. Édouard Manet 's Olympia, 1863 Later history In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s. In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino `` the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses ''. He proposed that `` it was painted for a bagnio ( brothel ), and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong '', adding humorously that `` in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery ''. Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license ( for nudity, for example ) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the `` last eighty or ninety years ''. In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had `` stood in innocent nakedness for ages. '' External video Titian 's Venus of Urbino, Smarthistory The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet 's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent. Notes Jump up ^ Haegen, Anne Mueller von der ; Strasser, Ruth F. ( 2013 ). `` Galleria degli Uffizi ''. Art & Architecture : Tuscany. Potsdam : H.F. Ullmann Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 978 - 3 - 8480 - 0321 - 1. Jump up ^ Hope, 56 Jump up ^ Wind, 141 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997a ), 83 - 84 Jump up ^ Hale, 337 - 341 Jump up ^ Hale, 341 - 345 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997a ), 81 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997b ), 151 - 152 ; Sheila Hale finds talk of the dog `` absurd '', 762, note 5 Jump up ^ `` Titian masterpiece temporarily returns to Urbino '' by Mary Gray, The Florentine, 2 August 2016 Jump up ^ Honour, H. and Fleming, J. ( 2009 ) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London : Laurence King Publishing, p. 709. ISBN 9781856695848 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997a ), 71 References Goffen, Rona ( 1997a ), `` Sex, Space and Social History in Titian 's Venus of Urbino '', in Goffen, Rona ( ed ), Titian 's `` Venus of Urbino '', 1997, Cambridge University Press Goffen, Rona ( 1997b ), Titian 's Women, 1997, Yale University Press, relevant excerpts Hale, Sheila, Titian, His Life, 2012, Harper Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 00717582 - 6 Hope, Charles ( 1994 ), `` Classical antiquity in Venetian Renaissance subject matter '', in Francis Ames - Lewis ( ed ), New Interpretations of Venetian Renaissance Painting, 1994, Birkbeck College History of Art ISBN 9780907904809 Wind, Edgar, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance, 1967 edn., Peregrine Books Further reading Goffen, Rona ( ed ), Titian 's `` Venus of Urbino '', 1997, Cambridge University Press ( Masterpieces of Western Painting ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Venus of Urbino. Titian 's Venus of Urbino - critical review of the painting Titian List of works Portraits Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter ( 1503 -- 06 ) A Man with a Quilted Sleeve ( c. 1509 ) La Schiavona ( 1510 -- 12 ) Of a Man ( 1512 ) Vincenzo Mosti ( c. 1520 ) Young Woman in a Black Dress ( c. 1520 ) Man with a Glove ( c. 1520 ) Laura Dianti ( c. 1520 -- 25 ) Federico II Gonzaga ( c. 1529 ) Charles V with a Dog ( 1533 ) Ippolito de ' Medici ( 1533 ) Giacomo Doria ( 1533 -- 35 ) Isabella d'Este ( 1534 -- 36 ) La Bella ( c. 1536 ) Girl in a Fur ( 1536 - 38 ) A Young Englishman ( 1540 -- 45 ) Clarissa Strozzi ( 1542 ) The Vendramin Family ( 1543 -- 47 ) Pietro Aretino ( 1545 ) Lavinia Vecellio ( c. 1545 ) Pope Paul III ( 1545 -- 46 ) Pope Paul III and His Grandsons ( 1545 -- 46 ) Equestrian Portrait of Charles V ( 1548 ) Charles V ( seated ) ( 1548 ) Isabella of Portugal ( 1548 ) Philip II in Armour ( 1550 ) Christina of Denmark ( 1555 -- 56 ) Jacopo Strada ( 1567 -- 68 ) Self portraits Self - Portrait ( 1546 -- 47 ) Self - Portrait ( c. 1560 ) Secular Pastoral Concert ( c. 1509 -- also attributed to Giorgione ) Dresden Venus ( with Giorgione, c. 1510 ) Miracle of the Jealous Husband ( 1511 ) The Three Ages of Man ( c. 1512 -- 14 ) Sacred and Profane Love ( c. 1514 ) The Feast of the Gods ( 1514 ) Lucretia and her Husband ( 1515 ) The Bravo ( c. 1515 ) Flora ( c. 1515 ) Salome ( c. 1515 ) Vanity ( c. 1515 ) Violante ( c. 1515 ) Woman with a Mirror ( c. 1515 ) The Worship of Venus ( 1518 -- 19 ) Venus Anadyomene ( c. 1520 ) Bacchus and Ariadne ( 1520 -- 23 ) The Bacchanal of the Andrians ( 1523 -- 26 ) Eleven Caesars ( 1536 - 40 ) Venus of Urbino ( 1538 ) Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops ( 1540 ) Venus and Musician ( 1540s on, series ) The Punishment of Tythus ( 1549 ) Danaë ( series ) ( 1543 -- 65 ) Venus and Adonis ( several versions ) Pardo Venus ( 1551 ) Venus with a Mirror ( 1555 ) Perseus and Andromeda ( 1554 - 56 ) Diana and Actaeon ( 1556 -- 59 ) Diana and Callisto ( 1556 -- 59 ) The Death of Actaeon ( c. 1559 -- 75 ) The Rape of Europa ( c. 1560 -- 62 ) Venus Blindfolding Cupid ( c. 1565 ) Allegory of Prudence ( c. 1565 -- 70 ) Tarquin and Lucretia ( comp. 1571 ) Flaying of Marsyas ( 1570 -- 76 ) Religious Christ Carrying the Cross ( c. 1505 -- also attributed to Giorgione ) Bache Madonna ( c. 1508 ) St. Mark Enthroned ( c. 1510 ) The Gypsy Madonna ( c. 1510 ) Balbi Holy Conversation ( c. 1513 ) Noli me tangere ( c. 1514 ) Madonna of the Cherries ( 1515 ) The Tribute Money ( c. 1516 ) Assumption of the Virgin ( 1516 -- 18 ) Pesaro Madonna ( 1519 -- 26 ) Gozzi Altarpiece ( 1520 ) Malchiostro Annunciation ( c. 1520 ) The Entombment of Christ ( c. 1520 ) Averoldi Polyptych ( 1520 -- 22 ) The Aldobrandini Madonna ( 1530 ) The Madonna of the Rabbit ( 1530 ) Penitent Magdalene ( 1533 ) The Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple ( 1534 - 38 ) Saint John the Baptist ( 1540 ) The Crowning with Thorns ( 1542 -- 43 ) The Fall of Man ( c. 1550 ) Saint Jerome in Penitence ( 1552 ) The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence ( c. 1548 -- 59 ) La Gloria ( 1554 ) Mater Dolorosa ( c. 1555 ) Saint Jerome in Penitence ( 1575 ) Crucifixion ( 1558 ) The Entombment ( 1559 ) St Margaret and the Dragon ( c. 1559 ) Annunciation ( 1559 -- 64 ) Madonna and Child with Saints Luke and Catherine of Alexandria ( c. 1560 ) Penitent Magdalene ( 1565 ) Saint Sebastian ( c. 1575 ) The Crowning with Thorns ( 1576 ) Pietà ( 1576 ) VIAF : 186016342 LCCN : n98093044 GND : 4467404 - 1 SUDOC : 035309180 BNF : cb13180791g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus_of_Urbino&oldid=833062437 '' Categories : 1538 paintings Paintings of the Uffizi Erotic art Paintings by Titian Paintings of Venus Nude art Dogs in paintings by Titian Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 13 : 24. 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Question: the forms and composition of titian's venus of urbino were evolved primarily from ____
Answer: the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but which Titian at least completed