Unified field theory - wikipedia Unified field theory `` Unified theory '' redirects here. For the band, see Unified Theory ( band ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) In physics, a unified field theory ( UFT ) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a single field. There is currently no accepted unified field theory, and thus it remains an open line of research. The term was coined by Einstein, who attempted to unify his general theory of relativity with electromagnetism. The `` theory of everything '' and Grand Unified Theory are closely related to unified field theory, but differ by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields, and often by attempting to explain physical constants of nature. This article describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory. Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories. Although there may be no a priori reason why the correct description of nature must be a unified field theory, this goal has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate current research. Contents 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Modern progress 4 Current status 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Introduction The Standard Model of elementary particles + hypothetical Graviton According to the modern understanding of physics, forces are not transmitted directly between interacting objects, but instead are described by intermediary entities called fields. All four of the known fundamental forces are mediated by fields, which in the Standard Model of particle physics result from exchange of gauge bosons. Specifically the four fundamental interactions to be unified are : Strong interaction : the interaction responsible for holding quarks together to form hadrons, and holding neutrons and also protons together to form atomic nuclei. The exchange particle that mediates this force is the gluon. Electromagnetic interaction : the familiar interaction that acts on electrically charged particles. The photon is the exchange particle for this force. Weak interaction : a short - range interaction responsible for some forms of radioactivity, that acts on electrons, neutrinos, and quarks. It is mediated by the W and Z bosons. Gravitational interaction : a long - range attractive interaction that acts on all particles. The postulated exchange particle has been named the graviton. Modern unified field theory attempts to bring these four interactions together into a single framework. History The first successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time - varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previously separate field theories ( namely electricity and magnetism ) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. By 1905, Albert Einstein had used the constancy of the speed of light in Maxwell 's theory to unify our notions of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime and in 1915 he expanded this theory of special relativity to a description of gravity, General Relativity, using a field to describe the curving geometry of four - dimensional spacetime. In the years following the creation of the general theory, a large number of physicists and mathematicians enthusiastically participated in the attempt to unify the then - known fundamental interactions. In view of later developments in this domain, of particular interest are the theories of Hermann Weyl of 1919, who introduced the concept of an ( electromagnetic ) gauge field in a classical field theory and, two years later, that of Theodor Kaluza, who extended General Relativity to five dimensions. Continuing in this latter direction, Oscar Klein proposed in 1926 that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up into a small, unobserved circle. In Kaluza -- Klein theory, the gravitational curvature of the extra spatial direction behaves as an additional force similar to electromagnetism. These and other models of electromagnetism and gravity were pursued by Albert Einstein in his attempts at a classical unified field theory. By 1930 Einstein had already considered the Einstein -- Maxwell -- Dirac System ( Dongen ). This system is ( heuristically ) the super-classical ( Varadarajan ) limit of ( the not mathematically well - defined ) Quantum Electrodynamics. One can extend this system to include the weak and strong nuclear forces to get the Einstein -- Yang -- Mills -- Dirac System. The French physicist Marie - Antoinette Tonnelat published a paper in the early 1940s on the standard commutation relations for the quantized spin - 2 field. She continued this work in collaboration with Erwin Schrödinger after the World War II. In 1965, Tonnelat published a book on the state of research on unified field theories. In the 1960s Mendel Sachs proposed a generally covariant field theory that did not require recourse to renormalisation or perturbation theory. Modern progress This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) In 1963 American physicist Sheldon Glashow proposed that the weak nuclear force, electricity and magnetism could arise from a partially unified electroweak theory. In 1967, Pakistani Abdus Salam and American Steven Weinberg independently revised Glashow 's theory by having the masses for the W particle and Z particle arise through spontaneous symmetry breaking with the Higgs mechanism. This unified theory modeled the electroweak interaction as a force mediated by four particles : the photon for the electromagnetic aspect, and a neutral Z particle and two charged W particles for weak aspect. As a result of the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the weak force becomes short - range and the W and Z bosons acquire masses of 80.4 and 7001912000000000000 ♠ 91.2 GeV / c, respectively. Their theory was first given experimental support by the discovery of weak neutral currents in 1973. In 1983, the Z and W bosons were first produced at CERN by Carlo Rubbia 's team. For their insights, Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer received the Prize in 1984. After Gerardus ' t Hooft showed the Glashow -- Weinberg -- Salam electroweak interactions to be mathematically consistent, the electroweak theory became a template for further attempts at unifying forces. In 1974, Sheldon Glashow and Howard Georgi proposed unifying the strong and electroweak interactions into the Georgi -- Glashow model, the first Grand Unified Theory, which would have observable effects for energies much above 100 GeV. Since then there have been several proposals for Grand Unified Theories, e.g. the Pati -- Salam model, although none is currently universally accepted. A major problem for experimental tests of such theories is the energy scale involved, which is well beyond the reach of current accelerators. Grand Unified Theories make predictions for the relative strengths of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces, and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have the correct ratio of couplings for a Georgi -- Glashow Grand Unified Theory. Many Grand Unified Theories ( but not Pati -- Salam ) predict that the proton can decay, and if this were to be seen, details of the decay products could give hints at more aspects of the Grand Unified Theory. It is at present unknown if the proton can decay, although experiments have determined a lower bound of 10 years for its lifetime. Current status Gravity has yet to be successfully included in a theory of everything. Simply trying to combine the graviton with the strong and electroweak interactions runs into fundamental difficulties since the resulting theory is not renormalizable. Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated a widely accepted, consistent theory that combines general relativity and quantum mechanics. The incompatibility of the two theories remains an outstanding problem in the field of physics. Some theoretical physicists currently believe that a quantum theory of general relativity may require frameworks other than field theory itself, such as string theory or loop quantum gravity. Some models in string theory that are promising by way of realizing our familiar standard model are the perturbative heterotic string models, 11 - dimensional M - theory, Singular geometries ( e.g. orbifold and orientifold ), D - branes and other branes, flux compactification and warped geometry, and non-perturbative type IIB superstring solutions ( F - theory ). Notes Jump up ^ See Catherine Goldstein & Jim Ritter ( 2003 ) `` The varieties of unity : sounding unified theories 1920 - 1930 '' in A. Ashtekar, et al. ( eds. ), Revisiting the Foundations of Relativistic Physics, Dordrecht, Kluwer, p. 93 - 149 ; Vladimir Vizgin ( 1994 ), Unified Field Theories in the First Third of the 20th Century, Basel, Birkhäuser ; Hubert Goenner On the History of Unified Field Theories. Jump up ^ Erhard Scholtz ( ed ) ( 2001 ), Hermann Weyl 's Raum - Zeit - Materie and a General Introduction to His Scientific Work, Basel, Birkhäuser. Jump up ^ Daniela Wuensch ( 2003 ), `` The fifth dimension : Theodor Kaluza 's ground - breaking idea '', Annalen der Physik, vol. 12, p. 519 -- 542. Jump up ^ arXiv : 0812.1372 References Jeroen van Dongen Einstein 's Unification, Cambridge University Press ( July 26, 2010 ) Varadarajan, V.S. Supersymmetry for Mathematicians : An Introduction ( Courant Lecture Notes ), American Mathematical Society ( July 2004 ) External links On the History of Unified Field Theories, by Hubert F.M. Goenner Theories of gravitation Standard Newtonian gravity ( NG ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation History of gravitational theory General relativity ( GR ) Introduction History Mathematics Resources Tests Post-Newtonian formalism Linearized gravity ADM formalism Gibbons -- Hawking -- York boundary term Alternatives to general relativity Paradigms Classical theories of gravitation Quantum gravity Theory of everything Classical Einstein -- Cartan Bimetric theories Gauge theory gravity Teleparallelism Composite gravity f ( R ) gravity Infinite Derivative Gravity Massive gravity Modified Newtonian dynamics ( MOND ) Nonsymmetric gravitation Scalar -- tensor theories Brans -- Dicke Scalar -- tensor -- vector Conformal gravity Scalar theories Nordström Whitehead Geometrodynamics Induced gravity Tensor -- vector -- scalar Chameleon Pressuron Quantisation Euclidean quantum gravity Canonical quantum gravity Wheeler -- DeWitt equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory Unification Kaluza -- Klein theory Dilaton Supergravity Unification and quantisation Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M - theory F - theory Heterotic string theory Type I string theory Type 0 string theory Bosonic string theory Type II string theory Little string theory Twistor theory Twistor string theory Generalisations / extensions of GR Scale relativity Liouville gravity Lovelock theory ( 2 + 1 ) - dimensional topological gravity Gauss -- Bonnet gravity Jackiw -- Teitelboim gravity Pre-Newtonian theories and toy models Aristotelian physics CGHS model RST model Mechanical explanations Fatio -- Le Sage Entropic gravity Gravitational interaction of antimatter NDL : 00573163 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_field_theory&oldid=794649367 '' Categories : Particle physics Theories of gravitation Unsolved problems in physics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017, at 07 : 40. 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Question: who combined the electric and magnetic phenomena into one unified theory
Answer: James Clerk Maxwell