Magnesium sulfate - wikipedia Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate hexahydrate Anhydrous magnesium sulfate Epsomite ( heptahydrate ) Names IUPAC name Magnesium sulfate Other names Epsom salt ( heptahydrate ) English salt Bitter salts Bath salts Identifiers CAS Number 7487 - 88 - 9 ( anhydrous ) 14168 - 73 - 1 ( monohydrate ) 24378 - 31 - 2 ( tetrahydrate ) 15553 - 21 - 6 ( pentahydrate ) 13778 - 97 - 7 ( hexahydrate ) 10034 - 99 - 8 ( heptahydrate ) 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 32599 ChEMBL ChEMBL1200456 ChemSpider 22515 DrugBank DB00653 ECHA InfoCard 100.028. 453 E number E518 ( acidity regulators,... ) PubChem CID 24083 RTECS number OM4500000 UNII ML30MJ2U7I InChI InChI = 1S / Mg. H2O4S / c ; 1 - 5 ( 2, 3 ) 4 / h ; ( H2, 1, 2, 3, 4 ) / q + 2 ; / p - 2 Key : CSNNHWWHGAXBCP - UHFFFAOYSA - L InChI = 1 / Mg. H2O4S / c ; 1 - 5 ( 2, 3 ) 4 / h ; ( H2, 1, 2, 3, 4 ) / q + 2 ; / p - 2 Key : CSNNHWWHGAXBCP - NUQVWONBAQ SMILES ( Mg + 2 ). ( O - ) S ( ( O - ) ) ( = O ) = O Properties Chemical formula MgSO Molar mass 120.366 g / mol ( anhydrous ) 138.38 g / mol ( monohydrate ) 174.41 g / mol ( trihydrate ) 210.44 g / mol ( pentahydrate ) 228.46 g / mol ( hexahydrate ) 246.47 g / mol ( heptahydrate ) Appearance white crystalline solid Odor odorless Density 2.66 g / cm ( anhydrous ) 2.445 g / cm ( monohydrate ) 1.68 g / cm ( heptahydrate ) 1.512 g / cm ( 11 - hydrate ) Melting point anhydrous decomposes at 1,124 ° C monohydrate decomposes at 200 ° C heptahydrate decomposes at 150 ° C undecahydrate decomposes at 2 ° C Solubility in water anhydrous 26.9 g / 100 mL ( 0 ° C ) 35.1 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) 50.2 g / 100 mL ( 100 ° C ) heptahydrate 113 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) Solubility 1.16 g / 100 mL ( 18 ° C, ether ) slightly soluble in alcohol, glycerol insoluble in acetone Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 50 10 cm / mol Refractive index ( n ) 1.523 ( monohydrate ) 1.433 ( heptahydrate ) Structure Crystal structure monoclinic ( hydrate ) Pharmacology ATC code A06AD04 ( WHO ) A12CC02 ( WHO ) B05XA05 ( WHO ) D11AX05 ( WHO ) V04CC02 ( WHO ) Hazards Safety data sheet External MSDS NFPA 704 0 0 Related compounds Other cations Beryllium sulfate Calcium sulfate Strontium sulfate Barium sulfate Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ), 100 kPa ). N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO ( H O ) where 0 ≤ x ≤ 7. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite ( MgSO 7H O ), commonly called Epsom salt. The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons, of which the majority was used in agriculture. Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts. Epsom salt can also be used as a beauty product. Athletes use it to soothe sore muscles, while gardeners use it to improve crops. It has a variety of other uses : for example, Epsom salt is also effective in the removal of splinters. Contents 1 Hydrates and anhydrous material, production 2 Uses 2.1 Medical 2.2 Agriculture 2.3 Food preparation 2.4 Chemistry 2.5 Niche uses 3 Minerals 4 Double salts 5 Safety 6 References 7 External links Hydrates and anhydrous material, production A variety of hydrates are known. The heptahydrate ( epsomite ) readily loses one equivalent of water to form the hexahydrate. Epsom salt takes its name from a bitter saline spring in Epsom in Surrey, England, where the salt was produced from the springs that arise where the porous chalk of the North Downs meets non-porous London clay. The monohydrate, MgSO H O is found as the mineral kieserite. It can be prepared by heating the hexahydrate to approximately 150 ° C. Further heating to approximately 200 ° C gives anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Upon further heating, the anhydrous salt decomposes into magnesium oxide ( MgO ) and sulfur trioxide ( SO ). The heptahydrate can be prepared by neutralizing sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate or oxide, but it is usually obtained directly from natural sources. Uses Medical See also : Magnesium sulfate ( medical use ) It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. Magnesium sulfate is a common mineral pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium, commonly known as Epsom salt, used both externally and internally. Magnesium sulfate is highly water - soluble and solubility is inhibited with lipids typically used in lotions. Lotions often employ the use of emulsions or suspensions to include both oil and water - soluble ingredients. Hence, magnesium sulfate in a lotion may not be as freely available to migrate to the skin nor to be absorbed through the skin, hence both studies may properly suggest absorption or lack thereof as a function of the carrier ( in a water solution vs. in an oil emulsion / suspension ). Temperature and concentration gradients may also be contributing factors to absorption. Externally, magnesium sulfate paste is used to treat skin inflammations such as small boils or localised infections. Known in the UK as ' drawing paste ' it is also used to remove splinters. The standard British Pharmacopoeia composition is dried Magnesium Sulfate 47.76 % w / w, Phenol 0.49 % w / w. and glycerol ( E422 ). Epsom salt is used as bath salts and for isolation tanks. Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of intravenous magnesium. Internal uses include : Oral magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a saline laxative or osmotic purgative. Replacement therapy for hypomagnesemia Magnesium sulfate is a antiarrhythmic agent for torsades de pointes in cardiac arrest under the ECC guidelines and for managing quinidine - induced arrhythmias. As a bronchodilator after beta - agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma, magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma. It is commonly administered via the intravenous route for the management of severe asthma attacks. Magnesium sulfate is effective in decreasing the risk that pre-eclampsia progresses to eclampsia. IV magnesium sulfate is used to prevent and treat seizures of eclampsia. It reduces the systolic blood pressure but does n't alter the diastolic blood pressure, so the blood perfusion to the fetus is n't compromised. It is also commonly used for eclampsia where compared to diazepam or phenytoin it results in better outcomes. Agriculture In agriculture, magnesium sulfate is used to increase magnesium or sulfur content in soil. It is most commonly applied to potted plants, or to magnesium - hungry crops, such as potatoes, roses, tomatoes, lemon trees, carrots, and peppers. The advantage of magnesium sulfate over other magnesium soil amendments ( such as dolomitic lime ) is its high solubility, which also allows the option of foliar feeding. Solutions of magnesium sulfate are also nearly neutral, compared with alkaline salts of magnesium as found in limestone ; therefore, the use of magnesium sulfate as a magnesium source for soil does not significantly change the soil pH. Food preparation Magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer. It may also be used as a coagulant for making tofu. Chemistry Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. During work - up, an organic phase is treated with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration or decantation. Other inorganic sulfate salts such as sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate may be used in the same way. Niche uses Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is also used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals, as it is slowly depleted in their calcification process. In a magnesium - deficient marine aquarium, calcium and alkalinity concentrations are very difficult to control because not enough magnesium is present to stabilize these ions in the saltwater and prevent their spontaneous precipitation into calcium carbonate. Minerals Magnesium sulfates are common minerals in geological environments. Their occurrence is mostly connected with supergene processes. Some of them are also important constituents of evaporitic potassium - magnesium ( K - Mg ) salts deposits. Bright spots observed by the Dawn Spacecraft in Occator Crater on the dwarf planet Ceres are most consistent with reflected light from magnesium sulfate hexahydrate. Almost all known mineralogical forms of MgSO are hydrates. Epsomite is the natural analogue of `` Epsom salt ''. Another heptahydrate, the copper - containing mineral alpersite ( Mg, Cu ) SO 7H O, was recently recognized. Both are, however, not the highest known hydrates of MgSO, due to the recent terrestrial find of meridianiite, MgSO 11H O, which is thought to also occur on Mars. Hexahydrite is the next lower ( 6 ) hydrate. Three next lower hydrates -- pentahydrite, starkeyite, and especially sanderite are rare. Kieserite is a monohydrate and is common among evaporitic deposits. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was reported from some burning coal dumps. Double salts Double salts containing magnesium sulfate exist, for example there are several known sodium magnesium sulfates and potassium magnesium sulfates. Safety An abnormally elevated plasma concentration of magnesium is called hypermagnesemia. References Jump up ^ Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, Karl Heinz Büchel, Hans - Heinrich Moretto, Dietmar Werner, John Wiley & Sons, 2d edition, 2000, ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 61333 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Quick Cures / Quack Cures : Is Epsom Worth Its Salt ? ''. Wall Street Journal. April 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Lucia Odochian `` Study of the nature of the crystallization water in some magnesium hydrates by thermal methods, '' Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Volume 45, Number 6, December, 1995. doi : 10.1007 / BF02547437 Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines '' ( PDF ). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Does Epsom Salt Work ? ''. www.PainScience.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Pharmaceutical Information -- Magnesium Sulfate ''. RxMed. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` CPR and First Aid : Antiarrhythmic Drugs During and Immediately After Cardiac Arrest ( section ) ''. American Heart Association. Retrieved 29 August 2016. Previous ACLS guidelines addressed the use of magnesium in cardiac arrest with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ( ie, torsades de pointes ) or suspected hypomagnesemia, and this has not been reevaluated in the 2015 Guidelines Update. These previous guidelines recommended defibrillation for termination of polymorphic VT ( ie, torsades de pointes ), followed by consideration of intravenous magnesium sulfate when secondary to a long QT interval. ^ Jump up to : Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, Rowe BH. Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma : a systematic review. Chest 2005 ; 128 : 337 - 44. doi : 10.1378 / chest. 128.1. 337 PMID 16002955. Jump up ^ Duley, L ; Gülmezoglu, AM ; Henderson - Smart, DJ ; Chou, D ( Nov 10, 2010 ). `` Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia ''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 11 ) : CD000025. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000025. pub2. PMID 21069663. Jump up ^ Duley, L ; Henderson - Smart, DJ ; Walker, GJ ; Chou, D ( Dec 8, 2010 ). `` Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia ''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 12 ) : CD000127. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000127. pub2. PMID 21154341. Jump up ^ Duley, L ; Henderson - Smart, DJ ; Chou, D ( Oct 6, 2010 ). `` Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia ''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 10 ) : CD000128. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000128. pub2. PMID 20927719. Jump up ^ `` Pubchem : magnesium sulfate ''. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Jump up ^ US The present invention relates to a novel process for producing packed tofu, particularly a process for producing long - life packed tofu from sterilized soybean milk. 6042851, Matsuura, Masaru ; Masaoki Sasaki & Jun Sasakib et al., `` Process for producing packed tofu '', published 28 Mar 2000 Jump up ^ `` Do - It - Yourself Magnesium Supplements for the Reef Aquarium ''. Reefkeeping. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008. Jump up ^ M.C. De Sanctis ; E. Ammannito ; A. Raponi ; S. Marchi ; T.B. McCord ; H.Y. McSween ; F. Capaccioni ; M.T. Capria ; F.G. Carrozzo ; M. Ciarniello ; A. Longobardo ; F. Tosi ; S. Fonte ; M. Formisano ; A. Frigeri ; M. Giardino ; G. Magni ; E. Palomba ; D. Turrini ; F. Zambon ; J. - P. Combe ; W. Feldman ; R. Jaumann ; L.A. McFadden ; C.M. Pieters ( 2015 ). `` Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on ( 1 ) Ceres ''. Nature. 528 : 241 -- 244. doi : 10.1038 / nature16172. PMID 26659184. Jump up ^ Peterson, Ronald C. ; Hammarstrom, Jane M. ; Seal, II, Robert R ( Feb 2006 ). `` Alpersite ( Mg, Cu ) SO 7H O, a new mineral of the melanterite group, and cuprian pentahydrite : Their occurrence within mine waste ''. American Mineralogist. 91 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 261 -- 269. doi : 10.2138 / am. 2006.1911. External links International Chemical Safety Cards -- Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium compounds MgB MgBr MgCO MgC O MgC H O MgC H O MgCl Mg ( ClO ) MgF MgH Mg ( HCO ) MgI Mg ( NO ) MgO MgO Mg ( OH ) MgPo MgS MgSO MgSO MgU O Mg Al Mg Si Mg SiO Mg Si O Mg N Mg ( PO ) Mg ( CrO ) Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Mineral supplements ( A12 ) Major Calcium β - hydroxy - β - methylbutyrate carbonate chloride + cholecalciferol citrate glubionate glucoheptonate gluconate glycerylphosphate hydroxyapatite lactate gluconate lactate pangamate phosphate Magnesium aspartate chloride citrate gluconate glycinate lactate levulinate malate orotate oxide pidolate sulfate taurate Phosphorus adenosine triphosphate disodium hydroxyapatite monosodium phosphate Potassium bicarbonate bitartrate chloride citrate gluconate Sodium chloride sulfate Sulfur L - cysteine L - cystine L - glutathione L - methionine methylsulfonylmethane N - acetyl - L - cysteine R - α - lipoic acid S - adenosyl methionine taurine Trace Copper gluconate Iodine potassium iodide Iron ( II ) fumarate ( II ) sulfate Selenium selenate selenite Zinc acetate L - aspartate L - carnosine gluconate oxide proteinate sulfate Ultratrace Chromium ( III ) picolinate ( III ) chloride Fluorine fluoride monofluorophosphate Lithium aspartate carbonate orotate Vanadium ( IV ) sulfate WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Other hematological agents Antianemic preparations ( B03 ) Erythropoietins Darbepoetin alfa Methoxy polyethylene glycol - epoetin beta Peginesatide Iron supplements Ferrous ascorbate Ferrous aspartate Ferrous carbonate Ferrous chloride Ferrous fumarate Ferrous gluconate Ferrous glycine sulfate Ferrous iodine Ferrous succinate Ferrous sulfate Ferrous tartrate Iron sucrose Sodium ferric gluconate complex Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions ( B05 ) Dextran Gelatin agents Hemoglobin crosfumaril Hemoglobin raffimer Hydroxyethyl starch Icodextrin Mannitol Serum albumin Sorbitol Enzymes ( B06AA ) Bromelain Chymotrypsin Deoxyribonuclease Fibrinolysin Hyaluronidase Streptokinase Trypsin Drugs used i hereditary angioedema ( B06AC ) C1 - inhibitor Conestat alfa Ecallantide Icatibant Antiarrhythmic agents ( C01B ) Channel blockers class I ( Na channel blockers ) class Ia ( Phase 0 → and Phase 3 → ) Ajmaline Disopyramide Hydroquinidine Lorajmine Prajmaline Procainamide Quinidine Sparteine class Ib ( Phase 3 ← ) IV Lidocaine enteral Aprindine Mexiletine Tocainide class Ic ( Phase 0 → ) Encainide Ethacizine Flecainide Indecainide Lorcainide Moracizine Propafenone class III ( Phase 3 →, K channel blockers ) Amiodarone Bretylium Bunaftine Celivarone Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Ibutilide Nifekalant Sotalol Tedisamil Vernakalant class IV ( Phase 4 →, Ca channel blockers ) Diltiazem Verapamil Receptor agonists and antagonists class II ( Phase 4 →, β blockers ) Nadolol Pindolol Propranolol cardioselective Acebutolol Atenolol Esmolol Metoprolol A agonist Adenosine Benzodiazepines Barbiturates muscarinic antagonist : Atropine Disopyramide Quinidine muscarinic agonist : Digoxin α receptors Amiodarone Bretylium Quinidine Verapamil Ion transporters Na / K - ATPase Digitoxin Digoxin Ouabain WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Other dermatological preparations ( D11 ) Anti-seborrheics Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Antifungals Bifonazole Cetrimonium bromide ( cetrimide ) Ciclopirox olamine ( ciclopirox ) Climbazole Clotrimazole Ketoconazole Miconazole Piroctone olamine Selenium disulfide ( selenium sulfide ) Xenysalate Zinc pyrithione ( pyrithione zinc ) Antihistamines Calcineurin inhibitors Cyclosporin Pimecrolimus Tacrolimus Isotretinoin Keratolytics Coal tar Resorcinol Salicylic acid Sulfur Urea ( urea - containing cream ) Lithium salts Lithium gluconate Lithium succinate Topical corticosteroids ( e.g., hydrocortisone ) Skin lightening Hydroquinone Mequinol Monobenzone Skin darkening Afamelanotide Melanotan II Anti-inflammatories Oxaceprol Gamolenic acid Pimecrolimus Tacrolimus Alitretinoin Alopecia treatments 5α - Reductase inhibitors Alfatradiol Dutasteride Finasteride Saw palmetto extract Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Topilutamide ( fluridil ) Potassium channel openers Minoxidil Others Nepidermin Hair growth inhibitors 5α - Reductase inhibitors Dutasteride Finasteride Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Eflornithine Others Androgens ( e.g., testosterone ) Brimonidine Calcium gluconate Estrogens ( e.g., estradiol ) Hyaluronic acid Magnesium sulfate Pregnenolone acetate Progestogens ( e.g., progesterone ) Povidone - iodine Tiratricol Tocolytics / labor repressants ( G02CA ) β adrenoreceptor agonists Buphenine Fenoterol Hexoprenaline Ritodrine Terbutaline Oxytocin antagonists Atosiban NSAIDs Indometacin Calcium channel blockers Nifedipine Myosin inhibitors Magnesium sulfate Diagnostic agents ( V04 ) Digestive system Diabetes Glucose Tolbutamide Fat absorption Vitamin A concentrates Bile duct patency Ceruletide Magnesium sulfate Sincalide Sorbitol Liver functional capacity Galactose Sulfobromophthalein Gastric secretion Betazole Caffeine and sodium benzoate Cation exchange resins Histamine phosphate Methylthioninium chloride Pentagastrin Exocrine pancreatic function Bentiromide Pancreozymin cholecystokinin Secretin Endocrine system Pituitary function cortisol Corticorelin Metyrapone GH Pralmorelin Sermorelin Somatorelin Thyroid function Protirelin Thyrotropin Fertility disturbances Gonadorelin Tuberculosis Tuberculin Renal function Alsactide Aminohippuric acid Indigo carmine Inulin and other polyfructosans Phenolsulfonphthalein Compounds containing the sulfate group H SO He Li SO BeSO esters ROSO ( RO ) SO ( NH ) SO ( N H ) HSO ( NH OH ) SO NOHSO HOSO Ne Na SO NaHSO MgSO Al ( SO ) Al SO ( OAc ) Si SO HSO HSO ( HSO ) Cl Ar K SO KHSO CaSO Sc ( SO ) TiOSO VSO V ( SO ) VOSO CrSO Cr ( SO ) MnSO FeSO Fe ( SO ) CoSO NiSO CuSO Cu SO ( Cu ( NH ) ( H O ) ) SO ZnSO Ga ( SO ) Ge As Se Br Kr RbHSO Rb SO SrSO Y ( SO ) Zr ( SO ) Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh PdSO Ag SO CdSO In ( SO ) SnSO Sb ( SO ) Te Xe Cs SO CsHSO BaSO Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg SO HgSO Tl SO Tl ( SO ) PbSO Bi ( SO ) Po At Rn Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ La Ce ( SO ) Ce ( SO ) Pr ( SO ) Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb ( SO ) Lu Ac Th Pa U ( SO ) UO SO Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_sulfate&oldid=848274731 '' Categories : Magnesium compounds Sulfates Laxatives Desiccants Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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Question: what is the chemical formula of magnesium sulphate
Answer: MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7