Gladstonian liberalism - Wikipedia Gladstonian liberalism William Ewart Gladstone Part of a series on Liberalism Schools History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal autocracy Liberal conservatism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Libertarianism Agorism Anarcho - capitalism Christian libertarianism / Libertarian Christianity Geolibertarianism Green libertarianism Libertarian conservatism Minarchism Paleolibertarianism Voluntaryism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism National liberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Radicalism Reformist Left Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism Third Way Whiggism People Lord Acton Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Gary Becker Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio Ludwig Joseph Brentano John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Richard Cobden R.G. Collingwood Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf Guido De Ruggiero John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Thomas Hobbes Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Wilhelm von Humboldt Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Zef Jubani Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Mariano José de Larra John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani Jules Michelet James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin José Ortega y Gasset Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz Charles Renouvier David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Jean - Charles - Léonard Simonde de Sismondi Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Baruch Spinoza Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolph Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics Democratic capitalism Liberal bias in academia Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal Gladstonian liberalism is a political doctrine named after the British Victorian Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party, William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstonian liberalism consisted of limited government expenditure and low taxation whilst making sure government had balanced budgets and the classical liberal stress on self - help and freedom of choice. Gladstonian liberalism also emphasised free trade, little government intervention in the economy and equality of opportunity through institutional reform. It is referred to as laissez - faire or classical liberalism in the United Kingdom and is often compared to Thatcherism. Gladstonian financial rectitude had a partial lasting impact on British politics and the historian John Vincent contends that under Lord Salisbury 's premiership he `` left Britain 's low tax, low cost, low growth economy, with its Gladstonian finance and its free trade dogmas, and no conscript army, exactly as he had found it... Salisbury reigned, but Gladstone ruled ''. However, in the early 20th - century the Liberal Party began to move away from Gladstonian liberalism and instead developed new policies based on social liberalism ( or what Gladstone called `` constructionism '' ). The Liberal government of 1906 -- 1914 is noted for its social reforms and these included old age pensions and National Insurance. Taxation and public expenditure was also increased and New Liberal ideas led to David Lloyd George 's People 's Budget of 1909 -- 1910. The first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Snowden, had Gladstonian economic views. This was demonstrated in his first Budget in 1924 as government expenditure was curtailed, taxes were lowered and duties on tea, coffee, cocoa and sugar were reduced. Historian A.J.P. Taylor remarked that this budget `` would have delighted the heart of Gladstone ''. Ernest Bevin remarked on becoming Minister of Labour in 1940 : `` They say that Gladstone was at the Treasury from 1860 to 1930 ''. The `` Gladstonian '' era For the next thirty years Gladstone and liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as Prime Minister four times ( 1868 -- 1874, 1880 -- 1885, 1886 and 1892 -- 1894 ). His financial policies, based on the notion of balanced budgets, low taxes and laissez - faire, were suited to a developing capitalist society. Called the `` Grand Old Man '' later in life, Gladstone was a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class. Deeply religious, Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics, with his evangelical sensibility and his opposition to aristocracy. His moralism often angered his upper - class opponents ( including Queen Victoria ) and his heavy - handed control split the Liberal Party. In foreign policy, Gladstone was in general against foreign entanglements, but he did not resist the realities of imperialism. For example, he approved of the occupation of Egypt by British forces in 1882. His goal was to create a European order based on co-operation rather than conflict and on mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion whilst the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self - interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by a Bismarckian system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms. As Prime Minister from 1868 to 1874, Gladstone headed a Liberal Party which was a coalition of Peelites like himself, Whigs and Radicals. He was now a spokesman for `` peace, economy and reform ''. In terms of historic reforms, his first ministry 1868 -- 1874 was his most successful. He was an idealist who insisted that government should take the lead in making society more efficient, more fair and that the government should expand its role in society in order to extend liberty and toleration. The Education Act of 1870 made universal schooling a major national policy. The judiciary system was made up of multiple overlapping and conflicting courts dating back centuries. The Judicature Act of 1873 merged them into one central court. In local government, the challenge of sanitation and clean water in fast - growing cities were met with new powers in the realm of public health. Local government was streamlined in a later Gladstone ministry and made more powerful and standardized. Patronage and favoritism was replaced by civil service examinations, downplaying the role of family and aristocracy and emphasizing the role of talent and ability. The secret ballot was enacted in 1872 to prevent the buying of votes -- politicians would not pay out the money if they were not sure how the person voted. The Trade Union Act of 1871 lessened the intimidation of employers, made unions legal and protected their funding from lawsuits. The Protestant Church of Ireland, serving a small minority of rich landowners, was disestablished. Catholics no longer had to pay taxes to it. While the Navy was in fine shape, the Army was not. Its organization was confused, its policies unfair and its cruel punishments were based chiefly on brutal flogging. At the county level, politicians name the officers of the county militia units, preferring connections in class overcapacity. The regular army called for enlistments for twenty - one years, but with reforms initiated by Edward Cardwell, Gladstone 's secretary for war, enlistments were reduced to six years, plus six years in reserve. Regiments were organized by territorial districts and advanced with modern rifles. The complex chain of command was simplified and in wartime the county militias were under the control of the central war office. Commissions of officer commissions were abolished and flogging in peacetime was also abolished. The reforms were not quite complete as the Royal Duke of Cambridge still had great authority despite his mediocre abilities. Historians have given Gladstone high marks on his successful reform program. Regarding Ireland, the major Liberal efforts focused on land reform, where he ended centuries of landlord oppression and the disestablishment of the ( Anglican ) Church of Ireland through the Irish Church Act 1869. Gladstone became a champion of Home Rule, but it caused a secession from his party and he failed to enact legislation In the 1874 general election, Gladstone was defeated by the Conservatives under Benjamin Disraeli during a sharp economic recession. He formally resigned as Liberal leader and was succeeded by the Marquess of Hartington, but he soon changed his mind and returned to active politics. He strongly disagreed with Disraeli 's pro-Ottoman foreign policy and in 1880 conducted the first outdoor mass - election campaign in Britain, known as the Midlothian campaign. The Liberals won a large majority in the 1880 election. Hartington ceded his place and Gladstone resumed office. Among the consequences of the Third Reform Act ( 1884 -- 1885 ) was the enfranchisement of many Catholics in Ireland and the growth of the Irish Parliamentary Party led by Charles Stewart Parnell. In the 1885 general election, this party won the balance of power in the House of Commons and demanded Irish Home Rule as the price of support for a continued Gladstone ministry. Gladstone personally supported Home Rule, but a strong Liberal Unionist faction led by Joseph Chamberlain, along with the last of the Whigs, Hartington, opposed it. The Irish Home Rule bill gave all owners of Irish land a chance to sell to the state at a price equal to twenty years ' purchase of the rents and allowing tenants to purchase the land. Irish nationalist reaction was mixed, Unionist opinion was hostile and the election addresses during the 1886 election revealed English radicals to be against the bill also. Among the Liberal rank and file, several Gladstonian candidates disowned the bill, reflecting fears at the constituency level that the interests of the working people were being sacrificed to finance a rescue operation for the landed elite. The result was a catastrophic split in the Liberal Party led by Joseph Chamberlain, who formed the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party. It meant and heavy defeat in the 1886 general election at the hands of Lord Salisbury. There was a final weak Gladstone ministry in 1892, but it also was dependent on Irish support and failed to get Irish Home Rule through the House of Lords. Gladstone finally retired in 1894 and his successor, the Earl of Rosebery, led the party to another heavy defeat in the 1895 general election. References British politics portal Liberalism portal Jump up ^ Heffer, Simon ( 10 May 2013 ). `` Margaret Thatcher was not right - wing ''. New Statesman. Retrieved 28 June 2017. Jump up ^ Quinault, Roland ( 3 March 2016 ). William Gladstone : New Studies and Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. p. 327. ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 76694 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Liberalism rediscovered ''. The Economist. 5 February 1998. Retrieved 28 June 2017. Jump up ^ Vincent, John ( 24 July 1999 ). `` Reigning not Ruling ''. The Spectator. Jump up ^ Taylor, A.J.P. ( 1990 ). English History, 1914 - 1945. Oxford University Press. p. 212. Jump up ^ Parry, J.P. ( 1989 ). Democracy and Religion : Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867 - 1875. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. Jump up ^ Matthew, H.C.G. `` William Gladstone ''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed. ). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 101010787. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ Hammond, J.L. ; Foot, M.R.D. ( 1952 ). Gladstone and Liberalism. London : English Universities Press. Jump up ^ Goodlad, Graham D. ( 2000 ). British foreign and imperial policy, 1865 -- 1919. London : Routledge. p. 21. Jump up ^ Roy Jenkins, Gladstone : A Biography ( 1997 ) pp 293 - 378. Jump up ^ Clayton Roberts and David Roberts, A History of England : 1688 to the Present ( 3rd ed. 1991 ) pp 623 - 24. Jump up ^ D.W. Sylvester, `` Robert Lowe and the 1870 Education Act. '' History of Education 3.2 ( 1974 ) : 16 - 26. Jump up ^ David O'Keefe, `` Sir George Jessel and the Union of Judicature. '' American Journal of Legal History 26 ( 1982 ) : 227 +. Jump up ^ Desmond Bowen ( 2006 ). Paul Cardinal Cullen and the Shaping of Modern Irish Catholicism. Wilfrid Laurier UP. p. 192. Jump up ^ Harold E. Raugh ( 2004 ). The Victorians at War, 1815 - 1914 : An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC - CLIO. pp. 82 -- 83. Jump up ^ Ian St John ( 2016 ). The Historiography of Gladstone and Disraeli. Anthem Press. pp. 117 -- 25. Jump up ^ Goodlad, Graham D. ( Sep 1989 ). `` The Liberal Party and Gladstone 's Land Purchase Bill of 1886 ''. The Historical Journal. 32 ( 3 ) : 627 -- 641. doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00012450. JSTOR 2639536. Jump up ^ Ian Cawood, The Liberal Unionist Party : A History ( 2012 ) pp 13 - 41. Further reading Biagini, Eugenio F. Liberty, retrenchment and reform : popular liberalism in the age of Gladstone, 1860 - 1880 ( Cambridge UP, 2004 ). Clarke, Peter F. Lancashire and the new liberalism ( Cambridge UP, 2007 ). Hammond, J.L. and M.R.D. Foot. Gladstone and Liberalism ( 1952 ). Kelley, Robert L. The Transatlantic Persuasion : The Liberal - Democratic Mind in the Age of Gladstone ( 1977 ). Lubenow, William C. `` The Liberals and the National Question : Irish Home Rule, Nationalism, and their Relationship to Nineteenth ‐ Century Liberalism. '' Parliamentary History 13.1 ( 1994 ) : 119 -- 142. Moore, James. The Transformation of Urban Liberalism : Party Politics and Urban Governance in Late Nineteenth - century England ( Routledge, 2017 ). Parry, Jonathan. The politics of patriotism : English liberalism, national identity and Europe, 1830 - 1886 ( Cambridge UP, 2006 ). Vincent, Andrew. `` The New Liberalism in Britain 1880 -- 1914. '' Australian Journal of Politics & History 36.3 ( 1990 ) : 388 -- 405. Warren, Allen. `` ' The Return of Ulysses ' : Gladstone, Liberalism and Late Victorian Politics. '' Parliamentary History 9.1 ( 1990 ) : 184 -- 196. This liberalism - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gladstonian_liberalism&oldid=856062492 '' Categories : Liberalism stubs Classical liberalism Liberalism Liberal Party ( UK ) Eponymous economic ideologies Eponymous political ideologies Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB All stub articles Talk Variants About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018, at 16 : 21 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: which british statesman became synonymous with british liberalism
Answer: William Ewart Gladstone