Vasopressin - wikipedia Vasopressin This article is about the endogenous peptide. For the exogenous peptide, see Vasopressin ( medication ). Vasopressin Clinical data Pronunciation / ˌveɪzoʊˈprɛsɪn / Synonyms Arginine Vasopressin ; Argipressin ATC code H01BA01 ( WHO ) Physiological data Source tissues Supraoptic nucleus ; Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus Target tissues System - wide Receptors V, V, V, OXTR Agonists Felypressin, Desmopressin Antagonists Diuretics Metabolism Predominantly in the liver and kidneys Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 1 % Metabolism Predominantly in the liver and kidneys Elimination half - life 10 - 20 minutes Excretion Urine Identifiers IUPAC name 1 - ( ( ( 4R, 7S, 10S, 13S, 16S, 19R ) - 19 - Amino - 7 - ( 2 - amino - 2 - oxoethyl ) - 10 - ( 3 - amino - 3 - oxopropyl ) - 13 - benzyl - 16 - ( 4 - hydroxybenzyl ) - 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 - pentaoxo - 1, 2 - dithia - 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 - pentaazacycloicosan - 4 - yl ) carbonyl ) - L-p rolyl - L - arginylglycinamide CAS Number 11000 - 17 - 2 PubChem CID 644077 IUPHAR / BPS 2168 DrugBank DB00067 ChemSpider 559126 UNII Y4907O6MFD KEGG D00101 ChEBI CHEBI : 9937 ChEMBL CHEMBL373742 Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 1,084.24 g mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Density 1.6 ± 0.1 g / cm SMILES c1ccc ( cc1 ) C ( C@H ) 2C ( = O ) N ( C@H ) ( C ( = O ) N ( C@H ) ( C ( = O ) N ( C @ @ H ) ( CSSC ( C @ @ H ) ( C ( = O ) N ( C@H ) ( C ( = O ) N2 ) Cc3ccc ( cc3 ) O ) N ) C ( = O ) N4CCC ( C@H ) 4C ( = O ) N ( C @ @ H ) ( CCCN = C ( N ) N ) C ( = O ) NCC ( = O ) N ) CC ( = O ) N ) CCC ( = O ) N InChI InChI = 1S / C46H65N15O12S2 / c47 - 27 - 22 - 74 - 75 - 23 - 33 ( 45 ( 73 ) 61 - 17 - 5 - 9 - 34 ( 61 ) 44 ( 72 ) 56 - 28 ( 8 - 4 - 16 - 53 - 46 ( 51 ) 52 ) 39 ( 67 ) 54 - 21 - 37 ( 50 ) 65 ) 60 - 43 ( 71 ) 32 ( 20 - 36 ( 49 ) 64 ) 59 - 40 ( 68 ) 29 ( 14 - 15 - 35 ( 48 ) 63 ) 55 - 41 ( 69 ) 31 ( 18 - 24 - 6 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 7 - 24 ) 58 - 42 ( 70 ) 30 ( 57 - 38 ( 27 ) 66 ) 19 - 25 - 10 - 12 - 26 ( 62 ) 13 - 11 - 25 / h1 - 3, 6 - 7, 10 - 13, 27 - 34, 62H, 4 - 5, 8 - 9, 14 - 23, 47H2, ( H2, 48, 63 ) ( H2, 49, 64 ) ( H2, 50, 65 ) ( H, 54, 67 ) ( H, 55, 69 ) ( H, 56, 72 ) ( H, 57, 66 ) ( H, 58, 70 ) ( H, 59, 68 ) ( H, 60, 71 ) ( H4, 51, 52, 53 ) / t27 -, 28 -, 29 -, 30 -, 31 -, 32 -, 33 -, 34 - / m0 / s1 Key : KBZOIRJILGZLEJ - LGYYRGKSSA - N AVP Identifiers Aliases AVP, ADH, ARVP, AVP - NPII, AVRP, VP, arginine vasopressin, Vasopressin External IDs OMIM : 192340 MGI : 88121 HomoloGene : 417 GeneCards : AVP hide Gene location ( Human ) Chr. Chromosome 20 ( human ) Band 20p13 Start 3,082,556 bp End 3,084,724 bp show Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr. Chromosome 2 ( mouse ) Band 2 F1 2 63.24 cM Start 130,580,620 bp End 130,582,554 bp hide RNA expression pattern More reference expression data show Gene ontology Molecular function protein kinase activity hormone activity cysteine - type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process neurohypophyseal hormone activity receptor binding V1A vasopressin receptor binding V1B vasopressin receptor binding neuropeptide hormone activity Cellular component extracellular region cytosol clathrin - coated vesicle membrane extracellular space secretory granule dendrite Biological process negative regulation of cysteine - type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process regulation of blood vessel size vasoconstriction negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria ERK1 and ERK2 cascade water transport cell - cell signaling negative regulation of apoptotic process protein kinase C signaling generation of precursor metabolites and energy positive regulation of peptidyl - serine phosphorylation positive regulation of gene expression renal water homeostasis signal transduction apoptotic process membrane organization regulation of receptor activity G - protein coupled receptor signaling pathway maternal aggressive behavior positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration negative regulation of female receptivity grooming behavior locomotory behavior positive regulation of cell proliferation positive regulation of glutamate secretion response to organic cyclic compound positive regulation of cell growth positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular pH reduction response to testosterone response to nicotine social organism behavior regulation of renal sodium excretion hyperosmotic salinity response maternal behavior penile erection response to ethanol positive regulation of vasoconstriction multicellular organismal water homeostasis negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 551 11998 Ensembl ENSG00000101200 ENSMUSG00000037727 UniProt P01185 P35455 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_000490 NM_009732 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_000481 NP_033862 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 20 : 3.08 -- 3.08 Mb Chr 2 : 130.58 -- 130.58 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ), arginine vasopressin ( AVP ) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP. It then travels down the axon of that cell, which terminates in the posterior pituitary, and is released from vesicles into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid hypertonicity ( hyperosmolality ). AVP has two primary functions. First, it increases the amount of solute - free water reabsorbed back into the circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephrons. Second, AVP constricts arterioles, which increases peripheral vascular resistance and raises arterial blood pressure. A third function is possible. Some AVP may be released directly into the brain from the hypothalamus, and may play an important role in social behavior, sexual motivation and pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress. It has a very short half - life, between 16 -- 24 minutes. Vasopressin is available for use as a nasal spray as a dietary supplement, research chemical, or medication. Contents 1 Physiology 1.1 Function 1.1. 1 Kidney 1.1. 2 Central nervous system 1.2 Regulation 1.3 Production and secretion 1.4 Receptors 1.5 Structure and relation to oxytocin 2 Medical use 2.1 Pharmacokinetics 2.2 Side effects 2.3 Contraindications 2.4 Interactions 3 Role in disease 3.1 Deficiency 3.2 Excess 4 History 5 Animal studies 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Physiology Further information : Renal physiology Function Vasopressin regulates the tonicity of body fluids. It is released from the posterior pituitary in response to hypertonicity and causes the kidneys to reabsorb solute - free water and return it to the circulation from the tubules of the nephron, thus returning the tonicity of the body fluids toward normal. An incidental consequence of this renal reabsorption of water is concentrated urine and reduced urine volume. AVP released in high concentrations may also raise blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. AVP also may have a variety of neurological effects on the brain. It may influence pair - bonding in voles. The high - density distributions of vasopressin receptor AVPr1a in prairie vole ventral forebrain regions have been shown to facilitate and coordinate reward circuits during partner preference formation, critical for pair bond formation. A very similar substance, lysine vasopressin ( LVP ) or lypressin, has the same function in pigs and is used in human AVP deficiency. Kidney Vasopressin has three main effects : Increasing the water permeability of initial and cortical collecting tubules ( ICT & CCT ), as well as outer and inner medullary collecting duct ( OMCD & IMCD ) in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine, i.e., antidiuresis. This occurs through increased transcription and insertion of water channels ( Aquaporin - 2 ) into the apical membrane of collecting tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells. Aquaporins allow water to move down their osmotic gradient and out of the nephron, increasing the amount of water re-absorbed from the filtrate ( forming urine ) back into the bloodstream. This effect is mediated by V2 receptors. Vasopressin also increases the concentration of calcium in the collecting duct cells, by episodic release from intracellular stores. Vasopressin, acting through cAMP, also increases transcription of the aquaporin - 2 gene, thus increasing the total number of aquaporin - 2 molecules in collecting duct cells. Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters, which facilitates its reabsorption into the medullary interstitium as it travels down the concentration gradient created by removing water from the connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, and outer medullary collecting duct. Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of henle. This adds to the countercurrent multiplication which aids in proper water reabsorption later in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Central nervous system Vasopressin released within the brain may have several actions : Vasopressin is released into the brain in a circadian rhythm by neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Vasopressin released from centrally projecting hypothalamic neurons is involved in aggression, blood pressure regulation, and temperature regulation. -- > Recent evidence suggests that vasopressin may have analgesic effects. The analgesia effects of vasopressin were found to be dependent on both stress and sex. Regulation Many factors influence the secretion of vasopressin : Ethanol ( alcohol ) reduces the calcium - dependent secretion of AVP by blocking voltage - gated calcium channels in neurohypophyseal nerve terminals in rats. Angiotensin II stimulates AVP secretion, in keeping with its general pressor and pro-volumic effects on the body. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits AVP secretion, in part by inhibiting Angiotensin II - induced stimulation of AVP secretion. Cortisol inhibits secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Production and secretion The physiologic stimulus for secretion of vasopressin is increased osmolality of the plasma, monitored by the hypothalamus. A decreased arterial blood volume, ( such as can occur in cirrhosis, nephrosis and heart failure ), stimulates secretion, even in the face of decreased osmolality of the plasma : it supersedes osmolality, but with a milder effect. In other words, vasopressin is secreted in spite of the presence of hypoosmolality ( hyponatremia ) when the arterial blood volume is low. The AVP that is measured in peripheral blood is almost all derived from secretion from the posterior pituitary gland ( except in cases of AVP - secreting tumours ). Vasopressin is produced by magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus ( PVN ) and Supraoptic nucleus ( SON ). It then travels down the axon through the infundibulum within neurosecretory granules that are found within Herring bodies, localized swellings of the axons and nerve terminals. These carry the peptide directly to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is stored until released into the blood. There are other sources of AVP, beyond the hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. For example, AVP is also synthesized by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the PVN, transported and released at the median eminence, from which it travels through the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates corticotropic cells synergistically with CRH to produce ACTH ( by itself it is a weak secretagogue ). Receptors The following describes the actions of AVP : Type Second messenger system Locations Actions Agonists Antagonists AVPR1A Phosphatidylinositol / calcium Liver, kidney, peripheral vasculature, brain Vasoconstriction, gluconeogenesis, platelet aggregation, and release of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor ; social recognition, circadian tau Felypressin AVPR1B or AVPR3 Phosphatidylinositol / calcium Pituitary gland, brain Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to stress ; social interpretation of olfactory cues AVPR2 Adenylate cyclase / cAMP Basolateral membrane of the cells lining the collecting ducts of the kidneys ( especially the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts ) Insertion of aquaporin - 2 ( AQP2 ) channels ( water channels ). This allows water to be reabsorbed down an osmotic gradient, and so the urine is more concentrated. Release of von Willebrand factor and surface expression of P - selectin through exocytosis of Weibel - Palade bodies from endothelial cells AVP, desmopressin `` - vaptan '' diuretics, i.e. tolvaptan Structure and relation to oxytocin Chemical structure of the arginine vasopressin ( argipressin ) with an arginine at the 8th amino acid position. Lysine vasopressin differs only in having a lysine in this position. Chemical structure of oxytocin The vasopressins are peptides consisting of nine amino acids ( nonapeptides ). ( NB : the value in the table above of 164 amino acids is that obtained before the hormone is activated by cleavage. ) The amino acid sequence of arginine vasopressin ( argipressin ) is Cys - Tyr - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH, with the cysteine residues forming a disulfide bond and the C - terminus of the sequence converted to a primary amide. Lysine vasopressin ( lypressin ) has a lysine in place of the arginine as the eighth amino acid, and is found in pigs and some related animals, whereas arginine vasopressin is found in humans. The structure of oxytocin is very similar to that of the vasopressins : It is also a nonapeptide with a disulfide bridge and its amino acid sequence differs at only two positions ( see table below ). The two genes are located on the same chromosome separated by a relatively small distance of less than 15,000 bases in most species. The magnocellular neurons that secrete vasopressin are adjacent to magnocellular neurons that secrete oxytocin, and are similar in many respects. The similarity of the two peptides can cause some cross-reactions : oxytocin has a slight antidiuretic function, and high levels of AVP can cause uterine contractions. Below is a table showing the superfamily of vasopressin and oxytocin neuropeptides : Vertebrate Vasopressin Family Cys - Tyr - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Argipressin ( AVP, ADH ) Most mammals Cys - Tyr - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Lys - Gly - NH Lypressin ( LVP ) Pigs, hippos, warthogs, some marsupials Cys - Phe - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Phenypressin Some marsupials Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Vasotocin † Non-mammals Vertebrate Oxytocin Family Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Leu - Gly - NH Oxytocin ( OXT ) Most mammals, ratfish Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Pro - Gly - NH Prol - Oxytocin Some New World monkeys, northern tree shrews Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Mesotocin Most marsupials, all birds, reptiles, amphibians, lungfishes, coelacanths Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Ser - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Seritocin Frogs Cys - Tyr - Ile - Ser - Asn - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Isotocin Bony fishes Cys - Tyr - Ile - Ser - Asn - Cys - Pro-Gln - Gly - NH Glumitocin skates Cys - Tyr - Ile - Asn / Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Leu / Val - Gly - NH Various tocins Sharks Invertebrate VP / OT Superfamily Cys - Leu - Ile - Thr - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Inotocin Locust Cys - Phe - Val - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Thr - Gly - NH Annetocin Earthworm Cys - Phe - Ile - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Lys - Gly - NH Lys - Connopressin Geography & imperial cone snail, pond snail, sea hare, leech Cys - Ile - Ile - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Arg - Connopressin Striped cone snail Cys - Tyr - Phe - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Cephalotocin Octopus Cys - Phe - Trp - Thr - Ser - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Octopressin Octopus † Vasotocin is the evolutionary progenitor of all the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones. Medical use Main article : Vasopressin ( medication ) Vasopressin is used to manage anti-diuretic hormone deficiency. It has off - label uses and is used in the treatment of vasodilatory shock, gastrointestinal bleeding, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular defibrillation. Vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus related to low levels of antiduretic hormone.It is available as Pressyn. Vasopressin agonists are used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long - acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring low vasopressin secretion, as well as for control of bleeding ( in some forms of von Willebrand disease and in mild haemophilia A ) and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children. Terlipressin and related analogues are used as vasoconstrictors in certain conditions. Use of vasopressin analogues for esophageal varices commenced in 1970. Vasopressin infusions are also used as second line therapy in septic shock patients not responding to fluid resuscitation or infusions of catecholamines ( e.g., dopamine or norepinephrine ). Pharmacokinetics Vasopressin is administered through an intravenous device, intramuscular injection or a subcutaneous injection. The duration of action depends on the mode of administration and ranges from thirty minutes to two hours. It has a half life of ten to twenty minutes. It is widely distributed throughout the body and remains in the extracellular fluid. It is degraded by the liver and excreted through the kidneys. Side effects The most common side effects during treatment with vasopressin are dizziness, angina, chest pain, abdominal cramps, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, trembling, fever, water intoxication, pounding sensation in the head, diarrhea, sweating, paleness, and flatulence. The most severe adverse reactions are mycardial infarction and hypersensitivy. Contraindications The use of vasopressin is contraindicated in the presence of hypersentivity to beef or pork proteins, increased BUN and chronic renal failure. It recommended that it be cautiously used in instances of perioperative polyuria, sensitivity to the drug, asthma, seizures, heart failure, a comatose state, migraine headaches, and cardiovascular disease. Interactions alcohol - may lower the antidiuretic effect carbamazepine, chloropropamide, clofibrate, tricyclic antidepressants fludrocortisone may raise the diuretic effect lithium, demeclocycline, heparin or norepinephrine may lower the antidiuretic effect vasopressor effect may be higher with the concurrent use of ganglionic blocking medications Role in disease There may be a connection between arginine vasopressin and autism. Deficiency Decreased AVP release ( neurogenic -- i.e. due to alcohol intoxication or tumour ) or decreased renal sensitivity to AVP ( nephrogenic, i.e. by mutation of V2 receptor or AQP ) leads to diabetes insipidus, a condition featuring hypernatremia ( increased blood sodium concentration ), polyuria ( excess urine production ), and polydipsia ( thirst ). Excess Main article : Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion ( SIADH ) in turn can be caused by a number of problems. Some forms of cancer can cause SIADH, particularly small cell lung carcinoma but also a number of other tumors. A variety of diseases affecting the brain or the lung ( infections, bleeding ) can be the driver behind SIADH. A number of drugs has been associated with SIADH, such as certain antidepressants ( serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants ), the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, oxytocin ( used to induce and stimulate labor ), and the chemotherapy drug vincristine. It has also been associated with fluoroquinolones ( including ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin ). Finally, it can occur without a clear explanation. Hyponatremia can be treated pharmaceutically through the use of vasopressin receptor antagonists. History Vasopressin was elucidated and synthesized for the first time by Vincent du Vigneaud. Animal studies Evidence for an effect of AVP on monogamy vs promiscuity comes from experimental studies in several species, which indicate that the precise distribution of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors in the brain is associated with species - typical patterns of social behavior. In particular, there are consistent differences between monogamous species and promiscuous species in the distribution of AVP receptors, and sometimes in the distribution of vasopressin - containing axons, even when closely related species are compared. See also Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion ( SIADH ) Oxytocin Sexual motivation and hormones Vasopressin receptor Vasopressin receptor antagonists Copeptin References ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000101200 - Ensembl, May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000037727 - Ensembl, May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : ''. Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : ''. Jump up ^ Anderson DA ( 2012 ). Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed. ). Elsevier. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8. Jump up ^ Marieb E ( 2014 ). Anatomy & physiology. Glenview, IL : Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 86158 - 0. 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Jump up ^ Carson DS, Garner JP, Hyde SA, Libove RA, Berquist SW, Hornbeak KB, Jackson LP, Sumiyoshi RD, Howerton CL, Hannah SL, Partap S, Phillips JM, Hardan AY, Parker KJ ( 2015 ). `` Arginine Vasopressin Is a Blood - Based Biomarker of Social Functioning in Children with Autism ''. PLoS One. 10 ( 7 ) : e0132224. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0132224. PMC 4511760. PMID 26200852. Lay summary -- Scientific American. ^ Jump up to : Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Schrier RW, Sterns RH ( November 2007 ). `` Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007 : expert panel recommendations ''. The American Journal of Medicine. 120 ( 11 Suppl 1 ) : S1 -- 21. doi : 10.1016 / j. amjmed. 2007.09. 001. PMID 17981159. Jump up ^ Young LJ ( October 2009 ). `` The neuroendocrinology of the social brain ''. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 30 ( 4 ) : 425 -- 8. doi : 10.1016 / j. yfrne. 2009.06. 002. PMID 19596026. Further reading Rector FC, Brenner BM ( 2004 ). Brenner & Rector 's the kidney ( 7th ed. ). Philadelphia : Saunders. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0164 - 9. Mastropietro CW ( May 2013 ). `` Arginine vasopressin and paediatric cardiovascular surgery ''. OA Critical Care. 1 ( 1 ) : 7. doi : 10.13172 / 2052 - 9309 - 1 - 1 - 680. PDB gallery 1jk4 : DES 1 - 6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH VASOPRESSIN 1jk6 : UNCOMPLEXED DES 1 - 6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN 1npo : BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH OXYTOCIN 2bn2 : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEXED WITH THE VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUE PHE - TYR AMIDE Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA - S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis Testosterone AMH Inhibin Ovary Estradiol Progesterone Activin Inhibin Relaxin GnSAF Placenta hCG HPL Estrogen Progesterone Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Amylin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland Melatonin N, N - Dimethyltryptamine 5 - Methoxy - N, N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach Gastrin Ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 Secretin Motilin VIP Ileum Enteroglucagon Peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue Leptin Adiponectin Resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney Renin EPO Calcitriol Prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Peptides : neuropeptides Hormones see hormones Opioid peptides Dynorphins Dynorphin A Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Big dynorphin Leumorphin α - Neoendorphin β - Neoendorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin - 1 Endomorphin - 2 Endorphins α - Endorphin β - Endorphin γ - Endorphin Enkephalins Met - enkephalin Leu - enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin - 4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptides Kinins Bradykinins Tachykinins : mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins U Orexins Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene - related peptide Carnosine Cocaine - and amphetamine - regulated transcript Delta sleep - inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin - like peptide Gastrin releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide RVD - Hpα VGF Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead. Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead. Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulators Oxytocin Agonists : Peptide : Aspartocin Carbetocin Cargutocin Demoxytocin Lipo - oxytocin - 1 Merotocin Nacartocin Oxytocin PF - 06478939 PF - 06655075 ( PF1 ) TGOT Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) ; Non-peptide : TC OT 39 WAY - 267464 Antagonists : Peptide : Atosiban Tocinoic acid ; Non-peptide : Barusiban Cligosiban Epelsiban Erlosiban IX - 01 L - 368,899 L - 371,257 L - 372,662 Nolasiban Retosiban SSR - 126768 WAY - 162720 Catabolism inhibitors : Amastatin Bestatin ( ubenimex ) EDTA L - Methionine Leupeptin o - Phenanthroline Phosphoramidon Puromycin Vasopressin V Agonists : Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin Selepressin Terlipressin Vasopressin ( argipressin ) Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) Antagonists : Atosiban Balovaptan Conivaptan FR - 218944 JNJ - 17079166 JNJ - 17308616 LY - 307174 PF - 184563 Relcovaptan SRX246 SRX251 TC OT 39 WAY - 267464 YM - 218 YM - 471 YM - 35471 V Agonists : Desmopressin Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin Terlipressin Vasopressin ( argipressin ) Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) Antagonists : ABT - 436 ABT - 558 Nelivaptan ORG - 52186 ( SCH - 740935 ) TASP - 0233278 TASP - 0390325 TS - 121 Ligands : TASP - 699 V Agonists : Desmopressin Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin TC OT 39 Terlipressin Vasopressin ( argipressin ) Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) Antagonists : Conivaptan JNJ - 17079166 Lixivaptan Mozavaptan RWJ - 351647 Satavaptan Tolvaptan YM - 471 YM - 35471 Unsorted Antagonists : Balovaptan Ribuvaptan RWJ - 339489 VMAX - 367 VMAX - 372 VMAX - 382 YM - 222546 Other inhibitors : Demeclocycline Lithium ( lithium carbonate ) Others Carrier proteins : Neurophysin ( I, II ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&oldid=845553331 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 20 Neuropeptides Posterior pituitary hormones Neuroendocrinology Renal physiology Vasopressin receptor agonists Orgasm Antidiuretics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input Drugs with no legal status Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Drugs that are a physiological drug All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018, at 14 : 45 ( UTC ). 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Question: antidiuretic hormone is synthesized by cells in the
Answer: hypothalamus