Cartogram - wikipedia Cartogram Not to be confused with Cartography. Cartogram of Germany, with the states and districts resized according to population A cartogram is a map in which some thematic mapping variable -- such as travel time, population, or GNP -- is substituted for land area or distance. The geometry or space of the map is distorted, sometimes extremely, in order to convey the information of this alternate variable. They are primarily used to display emphasis and for analysis as nomographs. Two common types of cartograms are area and distance cartograms. Cartograms have a fairly long history, with examples from the mid-1800s. Contents 1 Area cartograms 2 Production 2.1 Algorithms 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Area cartograms Area cartogram of the United States, with each county rescaled in proportion to its population. Colors refer to the results of the 2004 U.S. presidential election popular vote. Area cartogram of the world with each country rescaled in proportion to the hectares of certified organic farming An area cartogram is sometimes referred to as a value - by - area map or an isodemographic map, the latter particularly for a population cartogram, which illustrates the relative sizes of the populations of the countries of the world by scaling the area of each country in proportion to its population ; the shape and relative location of each country is retained to as large an extent as possible, but inevitably a large amount of distortion results. Other synonyms in use are anamorphic map, density - equalizing map and Gastner map. Area cartograms may be contiguous or noncontiguous. The area cartograms shown on this page are all contiguous, while a good example of a noncontiguous cartogram was published in The New York Times. This method of cartogram creation is sometimes referred to as the projector method or scaled - down regions. Cartograms may be classified also by the properties of shape and topology preservation. Classical area cartograms ( shown on this page ) are typically distorting the shape of spatial units to some degree, but they are strict at preserving correct neighborhood relationships between them. Scaled - down cartograms ( from the NY Times example ) are strictly shape - preserving. Another branch of cartograms introduced by Dorling, replaces actual shapes with circles scaled according to the mapped feature. Circles are distributed to resemble the original topology. Demers cartogram is a variation of Dorling cartogram, but it uses rectangles instead of circles, and attempts to retain visual cues at the expense of minimum distance. Schematic maps based on quad trees can be seen as non shape - preserving cartograms with some degree of neighborhood preservation. A collection of contiguous area cartograms is available at Worldmapper, which was started by a collaborative team of researchers at the Universities of Sheffield and Michigan. Production Cartogram showing Open Europe estimate of total European Union net budget expenditure in euros for the whole period 2007 - 2013, per capita, based on Eurostat 2007 pop. estimates ( Luxembourg not shown ). Net contributors - 5000 to - 1000 euro per capita - 1000 to - 500 euro per capita - 500 to 0 euro per capita Net recipients 0 to 500 euro per capita 500 to 1000 euro per capita 1000 to 5000 euro per capita 5000 to 10000 euro per capita 10000 euro plus per capita This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( August 2011 ) One of the first cartographers to generate cartograms with the aid of computer visualization was Waldo Tobler of UC Santa Barbara in the 1960s. Prior to Tobler 's work, cartograms were created by hand ( as they occasionally still are ). The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis located on the UCSB campus maintains an online Cartogram Central with resources regarding cartograms. A number of software packages generate cartograms. Most of the available cartogram generation tools work in conjunction with other GIS software tools as add - ons or independently produce cartographic outputs from GIS data formatted to work with commonly used GIS products. Examples of cartogram software include ScapeToad, Cart, and the Cartogram Processing Tool ( an ArcScript for ESRI 's ArcGIS ), which all use the Gastner - Newman algorithm. An alternative algorithm, Carto3F, is also implemented as an independent program for non-commercial use on Windows platforms. This program also provides an optimization to the original Dougenik rubber - sheet algorithm. The CRAN package recmap provides an implementation of a rectangular cartogram algorithm. Cartograms can also be constructed manually, either by hand or in a computer - assisted environment. Block cartograms are constructed by arranging geometrically regular equal - sized blocks, with the number of blocks allocated to each district proportional to the population variable. Several examples of block cartograms were published during the 2016 U.S. presidential election season by The Washington Post, the FiveThirtyEight blog, and the Wall Street Journal, among others. Algorithms This table includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this table by introducing more precise citations. ( November 2014 ) Year Author Algorithm Type Shape preservation Topology preservation 1973 Tobler Rubber map method area contiguous with distortion Yes, but not guaranteed 1976 Olson Projector method area noncontiguous yes No 1978 Kadmon, Shlomi Polyfocal projection distance radial Unknown Unknown 1984 Selvin et al. DEMP ( Radial Expansion ) method area contiguous with distortion Unknown 1985 Dougenik et al. Rubber Sheet Distortion method area contiguous with distortion Yes, but not guaranteed 1986 Tobler Pseudo-Cartogram method area contiguous with distortion Yes Snyder Magnifying glass azimuthal map projections distance radial Unknown Unknown Cauvin et al. Piezopleth maps area contiguous with distortion Unknown 1990 Torguson Interactive polygon zipping method area contiguous with distortion Unknown 1990 Dorling Cellular Automata Machine method area contiguous with distortion Yes Gusein - Zade, Tikunov Line Integral method area contiguous with distortion Yes Dorling Circular cartogram area noncontiguous no ( circles ) No 1997 Sarkar, Brown Graphical fisheye views distance radial Unknown Unknown 1997 Edelsbrunner, Waupotitsch Combinatorial - based approach area contiguous with distortion Unknown 1998 Kocmoud, House Constraint - based approach area contiguous with distortion Yes Keim, North, Panse CartoDraw area contiguous with distortion Yes, algorithmically guaranteed Gastner, Newman Diffusion - based method area contiguous with distortion Yes, algorithmically guaranteed Sluga Lastna tehnika za izdelavo anamorfoz area contiguous with distortion Unknown van Kreveld, Speckmann Rectangular Cartogram area contiguous no ( rectangles ) No Heilmann, Keim et al. RecMap area noncontiguous no ( rectangles ) No 2005 Keim, North, Panse Medial - axis - based cartograms area contiguous with distortion Yes, algorithmically guaranteed 2009 Heriques, Bação, Lobo Carto - SOM area contiguous with distortion Yes 2013 Shipeng Sun Opti - DCN and Carto3F area contiguous with distortion Yes, algorithmically guaranteed 2014 B.S. Daya Sagar Mathematical Morphology - Based Cartograms area contiguous with local distortion, but no global distortion No 2018 Gastner, Seguy, More Fast Flow - Based Method area contiguous with distortion Yes, algorithmically guaranteed See also Choropleth map Contour map Thematic map Visual geography Cartograms about Brazil References Jump up ^ Tobler, Waldo ( March 2004 ). `` Thirty - Five Years of Computer Cartograms ''. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 94 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 73. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.2004. 09401004. x. JSTOR 3694068. Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ). `` Early cartograms ''. indiemaps.com/blog. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17. Jump up ^ Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin ( 2016 ) Atlas of Organics : Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture Journal of Organics. 3 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32. ^ Jump up to : Michael T. Gastner ; Mark E.J. Newman ( 2004 ). `` Diffusion - based method for producing density equalizing maps ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 ( 20 ) : 7499 -- 7504. arXiv : physics / 0401102. Bibcode : 2004PNAS... 101.7499 G. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0400280101. PMC 419634. PMID 15136719. Jump up ^ Gallery of Data Visualization - Bright Ideas Jump up ^ UNEP GRID Ardenal : Anamorphic Maps Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ). `` Noncontiguous cartograms in OpenLayers and Polymaps ''. indiemaps.com/blog. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17. Jump up ^ Cowan, Sarah ; Doyle, Stephen ; Heffron, Drew ( 2008 - 11 - 02 ), `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? '', New York Times, retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ Worldmapper : Rediscover the world as you 've never seen it before Jump up ^ ScapeToad Jump up ^ The Art of Software : Cartogram Crash Course Jump up ^ Cart : Computer software for making cartograms Jump up ^ Cartogram Geoprocessing Tool Jump up ^ Hennig, Benjamin D. ; Pritchard, John ; Ramsden, Mark ; Dorling, Danny, `` Remapping the World 's Population : Visualizing data using cartograms '', ArcUser ( Winter 2010 ) : 66 -- 69 ^ Jump up to : Sun, Shipeng ( 2013 ), `` A Fast, Free - Form Rubber - Sheet Algorithm for Contiguous Area Cartograms '', International Journal of Geographic Information Science, 27 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 93, doi : 10.1080 / 13658816.2012. 709247 Jump up ^ Personal Website of Shipeng Sun ^ Jump up to : Sun, Shipeng ( 2013 ), `` An Optimized Rubber - Sheet Algorithm for Continuous Area Cartograms '', The Professional Geographer, 16 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 30, doi : 10.1080 / 00330124.2011. 639613 ^ Jump up to : Dougenik, James A. ; Chrisman, Nicholas R. ; Niemeyer, Duane R. ( 1985 ), `` An Algorithm to Construct Continuous Area Cartograms '', The Professional Geographer, 37 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 81, doi : 10.1080 / 00330124.2011. 639613 ^ Jump up to : Heilmann, Roland ; Keim, Daniel ; Panse, Christian ; Sips, Mike ( 2004 ). `` RecMap : Rectangular Map Approximations ''. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization : 33 -- 40. doi : 10.1109 / INFVIS. 2004.57. Jump up ^ `` Poll : Redrawing the Electoral Map ''. Washington Post. Retrieved 4 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Election Forecast ''. FiveThirtyEight blog. Retrieved 4 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Draw the 2016 Electoral College Map ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2018. Jump up ^ Keim, Daniel ; North, Stephen ; Panse, Christian ( 2004 ). `` CartoDraw : a fast algorithm for generating contiguous cartograms ''. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 10 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 110. doi : 10.1109 / TVCG. 2004.1260761. Jump up ^ van Kreveld, Marc ; Speckmann, Bettina ( 2004 ). `` On Rectangular Cartograms ''. In : Albers S., Radzik T. ( eds ) Algorithms -- ESA 2004. ESA 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 3221. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 30140 - 0_64. Jump up ^ Keim, Daniel ; Panse, Christian ; North, Stephen ( 2005 ). `` Medial - axis - based cartograms ''. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 25 ( 3 ) : 60 -- 68. doi : 10.1109 / MCG. 2005.64. Jump up ^ Michael T. Gastner ; Vivien Seguy ; Pratyush More ( 2018 ). `` Fast flow - based algorithm for creating density - equalizing map projections ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 ( 10 ) : E2156 -- E2164. arXiv : 1802.07625. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1712674115. Further reading Campbell, John. Map Use and Analysis. New York : McGraw - Hill, 2001. Dorling, Daniel. `` Area cartograms : Their use and creation. '' `` Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography series no. 59. '' Norwich : University of East Anglia, 1996. Gastner, Michael T. and Mark E.J. Newman, `` Diffusion - based method for producing density - equalizing maps. '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2004 ; 101 : 7499 -- 7504. Gillard, Quentin ( 1979 ). `` Places in the News : The Use of Cartograms in Introductory Geography Courses ''. Journal of Geography. 78 : 114 -- 115. Hennig, Benjamin D. `` Rediscovering the World : Map Transformations of Human and Physical Space. '' Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer, 2013. House, Donald H. and Christopher Kocmoud, `` Continuous Cartogram Construction. '' Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Visualization 1998 Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin ( 2016 ) Atlas of Organics : Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture Journal of Organics. 3 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32. Tobler, Waldo. `` Thirty - Five Years of Computer Cartograms. '' Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 94 ( 2004 ) : 58 - 73. Vescovo, Victor. `` The Atlas of World Statistics. '' Dallas : Caladan Press, 2005. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cartograms. Cartogram Central Worldmapper collection of world cartograms Classified Ads on the French Leboncoin social web site and their regional distribution Atlas Cartography Geography Map Map projection Topography Early world maps History of cartography List of cartographers Cartogram Choropleth map Geologic map Linguistic map Nautical chart Pictorial map Thematic map Topographic map Weather map Category : Maps Portal : Atlas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartogram&oldid=860954376 '' Categories : Diagrams Statistical charts and diagrams Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from August 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018, at 05 : 23 ( UTC ). 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Question: what types of data are best measured by a cartogram map
Answer: travel time