Thurgood Marshall - wikipedia Thurgood Marshall For people and institutions etc. named after Thurgood Marshall, see Thurgood Marshall ( disambiguation ). Thurgood Marshall Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States In office August 30, 1967 -- October 1, 1991 Nominated by Lyndon B. Johnson Preceded by Tom Clark Succeeded by Clarence Thomas 32nd Solicitor General of the United States In office August 23, 1965 -- August 30, 1967 President Lyndon B. Johnson Preceded by Archibald Cox Succeeded by Erwin Griswold Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit In office October 5, 1961 -- August 23, 1965 Nominated by John F. Kennedy Preceded by Seat established Succeeded by Wilfred Feinberg Personal details Thoroughgood Marshall ( 1908 - 07 - 02 ) July 2, 1908 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. January 24, 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 24 ) ( aged 84 ) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Buster Burey ( 1929 -- 1955 ; her death ) Cecilia Suyat ( 1955 -- 1993 ; his death ) Children Thurgood Education Lincoln University, Pennsylvania ( BA ) Howard University ( LLB ) Thurgood Marshall ( July 2, 1908 -- January 24, 1993 ) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court 's 96th justice and its first African - American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he successfully argued several cases before the Supreme Court. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall graduated from the Howard University School of Law in 1933. He established a private legal practice in Baltimore before founding the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, where he served as executive director. In that position, he argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including Smith v. Allwright, Shelley v. Kraemer, and Brown v. Board of Education, which held that racial segregation in public education is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall as the United States Solicitor General. In 1967, Johnson successfully nominated Marshall to succeed retiring Associate Justice Tom C. Clark. Marshall retired during the administration of President George H.W. Bush, and was succeeded by Clarence Thomas. Contents 1 Early life 2 Law career 2.1 Chief Counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund 2.2 Court of Appeals and Solicitor General 2.3 U.S. Supreme Court 3 Death and legacy 4 Marriage and family 5 Thurgood Marshall Award 6 Timeline 7 Books authored 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life Henry Highland Garnet School ( P.S. 103 ), where Marshall attended elementary school Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2, 1908. He was descended from slaves on both sides of his family. His original name was Thoroughgood, but he shortened it to Thurgood. His father, William Marshall, worked as a railroad porter, and his mother Norma, as a teacher ; they instilled in him an appreciation for the United States Constitution and the rule of law. Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore and was placed in the class with the best students. He graduated a year early in 1925 with a B - grade average, and placed in the top third of the class. He went to Lincoln University. It is commonly reported that he intended to study medicine and become a dentist. But according to his application to Lincoln University, Marshall said his goal was to become a lawyer. Among his classmates were poet Langston Hughes and musician Cab Calloway. Initially he did not take his studies seriously, and was suspended twice for hazing and pranks against fellow students. He was not politically active at first, becoming a `` star '' of the debating team. In his freshman year he opposed the integration of African - American professors at the university. Hughes later described Marshall as `` rough and ready, loud and wrong ''. In his second year Marshall participated in a sit - in protest against segregation at a local movie theater. In that year, he was initiated as a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first fraternity founded by and for blacks. His marriage to Vivien Burey in September 1929 encouraged him to take his studies seriously, and he graduated from Lincoln with honors ( cum laude ) Bachelor of Arts in Humanities, with a major in American literature and philosophy. Marshall wanted to study in his hometown law school, the University of Maryland School of Law, but did not apply because of the school 's segregation policy. Marshall instead attended Howard University School of Law, where he worked harder than he had at Lincoln and his views on discrimination were heavily influenced by the dean Charles Hamilton Houston. In 1933, he graduated first in his class at Howard. Law career Thurgood Marshall in 1936 at the beginning of his career with the NAACP After graduating from law school, Marshall started a private law practice in Baltimore. He began his 25 - year affiliation with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in 1934 by representing the organization in the law school discrimination suit Murray v. Pearson. In 1936, Marshall became part of the national staff of the NAACP. In Murray v. Pearson, Marshall represented Donald Gaines Murray, a black Amherst College graduate with excellent credentials, who was denied admission to the University of Maryland Law School because of its segregation policy. Black students in Maryland wanting to study law had to attend segregated establishments, Morgan College, the Princess Anne Academy, or out - of - state black institutions. Using the strategy developed by Nathan Margold, Marshall argued that Maryland 's segregation policy violated the `` separate but equal '' doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson because the state did not provide a comparable educational opportunity at a state - run black institution. The Maryland Court of Appeals ruled against the state of Maryland and its Attorney General, who represented the University of Maryland, stating, `` Compliance with the Constitution can not be deferred at the will of the state. Whatever system is adopted for legal education must furnish equality of treatment now. '' Chief counsel for the NAACP legal Defense and Educational Fund At the age of 32, Marshall won U.S. Supreme Court case Chambers v. Florida, 309 U.S. 227 ( 1940 ). That same year, he founded and became the executive director of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. As the head of the Legal Defense Fund, he argued many other civil rights cases before the Supreme Court, most of them successfully, including Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 ( 1944 ) ; Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 ( 1948 ) ; Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 ( 1950 ) ; and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 ( 1950 ). His most famous case as a lawyer was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ), the case in which the Supreme Court ruled that `` separate but equal '' public education, as established by Plessy v. Ferguson, was not applicable to public education because it could never be truly equal. In total, Marshall won 29 out of the 32 cases he argued before the Supreme Court. During the 1950s, Thurgood Marshall developed a friendly relationship with J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In 1956, for example, he privately praised Hoover 's campaign to discredit T.R.M. Howard, a maverick civil rights leader from Mississippi. During a national speaking tour, Howard criticized the FBI 's failure to seriously investigate cases such as the 1955 killers of George W. Lee and Emmett Till. In a private letter to Hoover, Marshall `` attacked Howard as a ' rugged individualist ' who did not speak for the NAACP. '' Two years earlier Howard had arranged for Marshall to deliver a well - received speech at a rally of his Regional Council of Negro Leadership in Mound Bayou, Mississippi only days before the Brown decision. According to historians David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, `` Marshall 's disdain for Howard was almost visceral. ( He ) ' disliked Howard 's militant tone and maverick stance ' and ' was well aware that Hoover 's attack served to take the heat off the NAACP and provided opportunities for closer collaboration ( between the NAACP and the FBI ) in civil rights. ' '' Court of Appeals and Solicitor General President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1961 to a new seat created on May 19, 1961, by 75 Stat. 80. A group of Senators from the South, led by Mississippi 's James Eastland, held up his confirmation, so he served for the first several months under a recess appointment. Marshall remained on that court until 1965, when President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to be the United States Solicitor General, the first African American to hold the office. At the time, this made him the highest - ranking black government official in American history, surpassing Robert C. Weaver, Johnson 's first secretary of housing and urban development. As Solicitor General, he won 14 out of the 19 cases that he argued for the government. U.S. Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall photographed in 1967 in the Oval Office On June 13, 1967, President Johnson nominated Marshall to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice Tom C. Clark, saying that this was `` the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place. '' Marshall was confirmed as an Associate Justice by a Senate vote of 69 -- 11 on August 30, 1967. He was the 96th person to hold the position, and the first African American. Marshall once bluntly described his legal philosophy as this : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up '', a statement which his conservative detractors argued was a sign of his embracement of judicial activism. Marshall served on the Court for the next 24 years, compiling a liberal record that included strong support for Constitutional protection of individual rights, especially the rights of criminal suspects. His most frequent ally on the Court ( the pair rarely voted at odds ) was Justice William Brennan, who consistently joined him in supporting abortion rights and opposing the death penalty. Brennan and Marshall concluded in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was, in all circumstances, unconstitutional, and never accepted the legitimacy of Gregg v. Georgia, which ruled four years later that the death penalty was constitutional in some circumstances. Thereafter, Brennan or Marshall dissented from every denial of certiorari in a capital case and from every decision upholding a sentence of death. In 1987, Marshall gave a controversial speech on the occasion of the bicentennial celebrations of the Constitution of the United States. Marshall stated : The government they devised was defective from the start, requiring several amendments, a civil war, and major social transformations to attain the system of constitutional government and its respect for the freedoms and individual rights, we hold as fundamental today. In conclusion Marshall stated : Some may more quietly commemorate the suffering, struggle, and sacrifice that has triumphed over much of what was wrong with the original document, and observe the anniversary with hopes not realized and promises not fulfilled. I plan to celebrate the bicentennial of the Constitution as a living document, including the Bill of Rights and the other amendments protecting individual freedoms and human rights. Although best remembered for jurisprudence in the fields of civil rights and criminal procedure, Marshall made significant contributions to other areas of the law as well. In Teamsters v. Terry, he held that the Seventh Amendment entitled the plaintiff to a jury trial in a suit against a labor union for breach of duty of fair representation. In TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc., he articulated a formulation for the standard of materiality in United States securities law that is still applied and used today. In Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, he weighed in on the income tax consequences of the savings and loan crisis, permitting a savings and loan association to deduct a loss from an exchange of mortgage participation interests. In Personnel Administrator MA v. Feeney, Marshall wrote a dissent saying that a law that gave hiring preference to veterans over non-veterans was unconstitutional because of its inequitable impact on women. Among his many law clerks were attorneys who went on to become judges themselves, such as Judge Douglas Ginsburg of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ; Judge Ralph Winter of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ; Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan ; as well as notable law professors Susan Low Bloch, Elizabeth Garrett ( President of Cornell University ), Paul Gewirtz, Dan Kahan, Randall L. Kennedy, Eben Moglen, Rick Pildes, Louis Michael Seidman, Cass Sunstein, and Mark Tushnet ( editor of Thurgood Marshall : His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences ) ; and law school deans Paul Mahoney of University of Virginia School of Law, Martha Minow of Harvard Law School, and Richard Revesz of New York University School of Law. Marshall retired from the Supreme Court in 1991 due to declining health. In his retirement press conference on June 28, 1991, he expressed his view that race should not be a factor in choosing his successor, and he denied circulating claims that he was retiring because of frustration or anger over the conservative direction in which the Court was heading. '' He was reportedly unhappy that it would fall to President George H.W. Bush to name his replacement. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Marshall. Death and legacy Screening of Thurgood at the White House Play media Video commemorating Thurgood Marshall 's life with the screening of Thurgood, a play starring Laurence Fishburne at the White House as part of Black History Month 2011. The Video discusses Marshall 's life and legacy. Screening of Thurgood at the White House Audio only version. Problems playing these files ? See media help. Marshall 's grave at Arlington National Cemetery U.S. circuit judges Robert A. Katzmann, Damon J. Keith, and Sonia Sotomayor ( later Associate Justice ) at a 2004 exhibit on the Fourteenth Amendment, Thurgood Marshall, and Brown v. Board of Education U.S. Senator Ben Cardin ( left ) and Maryland Attorney General Doug Gansler talk in Lawyer 's Mall, near a statue of Thurgood Marshall ( October 2007 ). Marshall died of heart failure at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, at 2 : 58 pm on January 24, 1993, at the age of 84. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His second wife and their two sons survived him. Marshall left all his personal papers and notes to the Library of Congress. The Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington, opened Marshall 's papers for immediate use by scholars, journalists and the public, insisting that this was Marshall 's intent. The Marshall family and several of his close associates disputed this claim. The decision to make the documents public was supported by the American Library Association. A list of the archived manuscripts is available. There are numerous memorials to Marshall. One, an eight - foot statue, stands in Lawyers Mall adjacent to the Maryland State House. The statue, dedicated on October 22, 1996, depicts Marshall as a young lawyer and is placed just a few feet away from where the Old Maryland Supreme Court Building stood ; the court where Marshall argued discrimination cases leading up to the Brown decision. The primary office building for the federal court system, located on Capitol Hill in Washington D.C., is named in honor of Justice Marshall and contains a statue of him in the atrium. In 1976, Texas Southern University renamed its law school after the sitting justice. In 1980, the University of Maryland School of Law opened a new library which it named the Thurgood Marshall Law Library. In 2000, the historic Twelfth Street YMCA Building located in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington, D.C. was renamed the Thurgood Marshall Center. The major airport serving Baltimore and the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC, was renamed the Baltimore - Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport on October 1, 2005. The 2009 General Convention of the Episcopal Church added Marshall to the church 's liturgical calendar of `` Holy Women, Holy Men : Celebrating the Saints, '' designating May 17 as his feast day. His membership of the Lincoln University fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha is to be memorialized by a sculpture by artist Alvin Pettit in 2013. The University of California, San Diego, renamed its Third College after Thurgood Marshall in 1993. Marshall Middle School in Olympia, Washington, is also named after Thurgood Marshall, as is Thurgood Marshall Academy in Washington, D.C. In 2006, Thurgood, a one - man play written by George Stevens, Jr., premiered at the Westport Country Playhouse, starring James Earl Jones and directed by Leonard Foglia. Later it opened Broadway at the Booth Theatre on April 30, 2008, starring Laurence Fishburne. On February 24, 2011, HBO screened a filmed version of the play which Fishburne performed at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The production was described by the Baltimore Sun as `` one of the most frank, informed and searing discussions of race you will ever see on TV. ''. On February 16, 2011, a screening of the film was hosted by the White House as part of its celebrations of Black History Month A painting of Justice Thurgood by Chaz Guest has hung at the White House. Marshall is portrayed by Chadwick Boseman in a movie, Marshall, which revolves around the 1941 case of the State of Connecticut v. Joseph Spell. The movie was released October 2017. Marriage and family Marshall was married twice. He married Vivien `` Buster '' Burey in 1929. After her death in February 1955, Marshall married Cecilia Suyat in December of that year. They were married until he died in 1993, having two sons together : Thurgood Marshall, Jr., a former top aide to President Bill Clinton ; and John W. Marshall, a former United States Marshals Service Director and Virginia Secretary of Public Safety. Thurgood Marshall award In 1993 The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico instituted the annual Thurgood Marshall Award, given to the top student in civil rights at each of Puerto Rico 's four law schools. It includes a $500 monetary award. The awardees are selected by the Commonwealth 's Attorney General. Timeline This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2017 ) Marshall in 1957 1908 -- Born July 2 at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. 1930 -- Graduates cum laude from Lincoln University ). 1934 -- Receives law degree from Howard University ( magna cum laude ) and begins private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. 1934 -- Begins to work for Baltimore branch of NAACP. 1935 -- Working with Charles Houston, wins first major civil rights case, Murray v. Pearson. 1936 -- Becomes assistant special counsel for NAACP in New York. 1940 -- Wins Chambers v. Florida, the first of twenty - nine Supreme Court victories. 1943 -- Won case for integration of schools in Hillburn, New York. 1944 -- Successfully argues Smith v. Allwright, overthrowing the South 's `` white primary ''. 1946 -- Awarded Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. 1948 -- Wins Shelley v. Kraemer, in which Supreme Court strikes down legality of racially restrictive covenants. 1950 -- Wins Supreme Court victories in two graduate - school integration cases, Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. 1951 -- Visits South Korea and Japan to investigate charges of racism in U.S. armed forces. He reported that the general practice was one of `` rigid segregation. '' 1954 -- Wins Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, landmark case that demolishes legal basis for segregation in America. 1956 -- Wins Browder v. Gayle, ending the practice of segregation on buses and ending the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 1957 -- Founds and becomes the first president - director counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., a nonprofit law firm separate and independent of the NAACP 1961 -- Defends civil rights demonstrators, winning Supreme Court victory in Garner v. Louisiana ; nominated to Second Circuit Court of Appeals by President John F. Kennedy. 1961 -- Appointed circuit judge, makes 112 rulings, none of them reversed on certiorari by Supreme Court ( 1961 -- 1965 ). 1965 -- Appointed United States Solicitor General by President Lyndon B. Johnson ; wins 14 of the 19 cases he argues for the government ( 1965 -- 1967 ). 1967 -- Becomes first African American named to U.S. Supreme Court ( 1967 -- 1991 ). 1991 -- Retires from the Supreme Court. 1991 -- Received the Freedom medal 1992 -- Receives the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an annual award by Jefferson Awards. 1992 -- Receives the Liberty Medal recognizing his long history of protecting individual rights under the Constitution. 1993 -- Dies at age 84 in Bethesda, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. 1993 -- Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom, posthumously, from President Bill Clinton. Books authored Wikisource has original works written by or about : Thurgood Marshall Marshall, Thurgood ; Tushnet, Mark V. ( Editor ) ; and Kennedy, Randall ( Forward by ). ( 2001 ). Thurgood Marshall : His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences. Chicago : Chicago Review Press, Incorporated -- Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 386 - 1. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) See also Government of the United States portal Law portal Biography portal African American portal List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court Notes Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States ''. Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved April 26, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Lewis, Neil ( June 28, 1991 ). `` A Slave 's Great - Grandson Who Used Law to Lead the Rights Revolution ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2010. Jump up ^ GMU. `` Thurgood Marshall, Supreme Court Justice ''. Retrieved April 23, 2011. Jump up ^ `` A Thurgood Marshall Timeline, '' A Deeper Shade of Black. Jump up ^ Gibson, Larry S. ( 2012 ). Young Thurgood : The Making of a Supreme Court Justice. Prometheus Books. p. 84. ISBN 9781616145712. ^ Jump up to : Skocpol, Theda ( February 18, 2011 ). `` Foreword ''. In Hughey, Matthew Windust ; Parks, Gregory. Black Greek - Letter Organizations 2.0 : New Directions in the Study of African American Fraternities and Sororities ( Hardcover ) ( 1 ed. ). Jackson, Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi. pp. xiii, xiv, xvi. ISBN 1604739215. ^ Jump up to : Starks, Glenn ; Erik Brooks, F. ( 2012 ). Thurgood Marshall. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 9780313349171. page 7 & 8 Jump up ^ Nazel, Joseph. Thurgood Marshall : Supreme Court Justice. Los Angeles : Melrose Square Pub, 1993. p. 57. ISBN 0870675842. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ISBN 9780870675843 Jump up ^ Parks, Gregory S., Editor ; Bradley, Stefan M. ( 2012 ). Alpha Phi Alpha : A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence. University of Kentucky Press. pp. xiv, 167, 233, 236, 1239, 256, 376. ISBN 978 - 0813134215. Retrieved September 27, 2012. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Biographies of the Robes : Thurgood Marshall ''. PBS. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ Lomotey, Kofi ( 2010 ). Encyclopedia of African American Education. Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 4050 - 4. Jump up ^ Kluger, Richard ( 2004 ). Simple justice : the history of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America 's struggle for equality ( 1st Vintage Books ed. ). New York : Vintage Books. ISBN 978 - 1400030613. Jump up ^ `` Biographies : NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., Teaching Judicial History, fjc.gov ''. Missing or empty url = ( help ) http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_bush_bio_naacp.html ^ Jump up to : Root, Damon ( March 20, 2009 ) A Forgotten Civil Rights Hero, Reason Jump up ^ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2009 ), 132 -- 35, 157 -- 58. Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Giant and First Black Supreme Court Justice Honored on 2003 Black Heritage Series Stamp ''. United States Postal Service. August 7, 2002. Archived from the original on February 7, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010. Jump up ^ Williams, Juan ( 1998 ). Thurgood Marshall : American Revolutionary. New York : Times Books. p. 317. ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2028 - 7. Jump up ^ Graham, Fred P. ( August 31, 1967 ), `` Senate Confirms Marshall As the First Negro Justice ; 10 Southerners Oppose High Court Nominee in 69 - to - 11 Vote '', New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Kagan 's Link to Marshall Cuts 2 Ways ''. The New York Times. May 13, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Bendavid, Naftali. `` Thurgood Marshall in the Spotlight at Kagan Hearing ''. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kagan Quizzed About Thurgood Marshall 's Record ''. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Tinsley E. Yarbrough ( 2000 ). The Rehnquist Court and the Constitution. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510346 - 5. Retrieved May 1, 2009. ^ Jump up to : ThurgoodMarshall.com, Speeches. Constitutional Speech, May 6, 1987. Retrieved on April 7, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Profile Louis Seidman ''. Georgetown Law. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Retirement of Justice Marshall ''. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Lee Epstein ; Jeffrey Allan Segal ( 2005 ). Advice and Consent : the politics of judicial appointments. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530021 - 5. Retrieved August 13, 2009. Jump up ^ See generally, `` Christensen, George A. ( 1983 ) Here Lies the Supreme Court : Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook ''. Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2010. Supreme Court Historical Society. Jump up ^ Lewis, Neil A. ( May 26, 1993 ). `` Chief Justice Assails Library On Release of Marshall Papers ''. New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Conservation OnLine - CoOL ''. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Marshall, Thurgood. `` Thurgood Marshall papers, 1949 - 1991 ''. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Thurgood Marshall Memorial ''. Maryland Archives. Retrieved March 25, 2011. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Thurgood Marshall Law Library, University of Maryland School of Law Jump up ^ NEW YORK : St. Philip 's celebrates Thurgood Marshall feast day, ( 2 ). Jump up ^ `` Thurgood Marshall Monument ''. Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Incorporated, Nu Chapter. 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Schmidt, Steve ( October 3, 1993 ). `` UCSD ceremony dedicates Marshall College ''. San Diego Union - Tribune. p. B. 1.5. 7. Retrieved November 1, 2010. Jump up ^ Rizzo, Frank ( May 14, 2006 ). `` Thurgood ''. Variety. Variety. Retrieved January 2, 2012. Jump up ^ BWW ( October 24, 2007 ). `` Laurence Fishburne is ' Thurgood ' on Broadway Spring 2008 ''. broadwayworld.com. Retrieved March 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Zurawik, David ( February 18, 2011 ). `` HBO 's ' Thurgood ' is an exceptional look at race and the law ''. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved January 2, 2012. Jump up ^ White House ( February 24, 2011 ). `` White House Screening of `` Thurgood '' ``. US Federal Government. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2012. Jump up ^ McPeak, Joaquin ( February 16, 2011 ). `` City of Sacramento Press Release '' ( PDF ). Office of Mayor Kevin Johnson, City of Sacramento. Retrieved January 2, 2012. Jump up ^ CBS News ; Whitney Drolen reports. `` Local Artist Has Painting Hanging In The White House, Chaz Guest painted a portrait of the late Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall - VIDEO ''. Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mary Ann Akers. `` Artist Paints Portrait of ' President Obama ' ''. Jump up ^ What to Know About the Real Case that Inspired the Movie Marshall, by Lily Rothman, TIME magazine, 13 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` Marshall marries Cecilia `` Cissy '' Suyat ``. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Sistema de Información de Trámite Legislativo ''. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` NAACP Spingarn Medal ''. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Four Freedoms Award # Freedom Medal Jump up ^ `` National - Jefferson Awards Foundation ''. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Further reading Abraham, Henry J. ( 1992 ). Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3. Bland, Randall W. ( 1993 ). Private Pressure on Public Law : The Legal Career of Justice Thurgood Marshall 1934 -- 1991. New York : University Press of America. ISBN 0 - 8191 - 8736 - 4 Cushman, Clare ( 2001 ). The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies, 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed. ). ( Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books ). ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7. Frank, John P. ( 1995 ). Friedman, Leon ; Israel, Fred L., eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 9. Hall, Kermit L., ed. ( 1992 ). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505835 - 2. Hodges, Ruth A., Reference Librarian. Justice Thurgood Marshall : A Selected Bibliography, ( Moorland - Spingarn Research Center, Washington, DC, February 1993 ). James Jr, Rawn ( 2010 ). Root and Branch : Charles Hamilton Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and the Struggle to End Segregation. Bloomsbury Press. Kallen, Stuart A., ed. ( 1993 ). Thurgood Marshall : A Dream of Justice for All. Abdo and Daughters. ISBN 1 - 56239 - 258 - 1. Mack, Kenneth W., ( 2012 ). Representing the Race : The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04687 - 0. Marshall, Thurgood ( 1950 ). `` Mr. Justice Murphy and Civil Rights. '' 48 Michigan Law Review 745. Martin, Fenton S. ; Goehlert, Robert U. ( 1990 ). The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography. Washington, D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3. Tushnet, Mark V. ( 1994 ). Making Civil Rights Law : Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936 -- 1961. London : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510468 - 4 ; Tushnet, Mark V. ( 1997 ). Making Constitutional Law : Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961 -- 1991. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 509314 - 3 pp., 256. Urofsky, Melvin I. ( 1994 ). The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary. New York : Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 8. Vile, John R., ed. ( 2003 ). Great American Judges : An Encyclopedia. 1. Santa Barbara : ABC -- CLIO. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 989 - 8... Watson, Bradley C.S. ( 2003 ). `` The Jurisprudence of William Joseph Brennan, Jr., and Thurgood Marshall ''. In Frost, Bryan - Paul ; Sikkenga, Jeffrey. History of American Political Thought. Lexington : Lexington Books. ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0623 - 6. White, G. Edward ( 2007 ), The American Judicial Tradition : Profiles of Leading American Judges ( 3rd ed. ), Oxford : Oxford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513962 - 4. Williams, Juan, Thurgood Marshall : American Revolutionary ( New York : New York Times, 1998 ). Promotional site for book ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3299 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3299 - 7. Woodward, Robert ; Armstrong, Scott ( 1979 ). The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court. New York. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thurgood Marshall. Appearances on C - SPAN Booknotes interview with Hunter Clark and Michael Davis on Thurgood Marshall : Warrior at the Bar, Rebel on the Bench, January 3, 1993. Booknotes interview with Juan Williams on Thurgood Marshall : American Revolutionary, October 11, 1998. Fox, John, Expanding Civil Rights, Biographies of the Robes, Thurgood Marshall. Public Broadcasting Service. Oyez, official Supreme Court media, Thurgood Marshall. Thurgood Marshall at Find a Grave Oral History Interview with Thurgood Marshall, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library FBI file on Thurgood Marshall Legal offices New seat Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 1961 -- 1965 Succeeded by Wilfred Feinberg Preceded by Archibald Cox Solicitor General of the United States 1965 -- 1967 Succeeded by Erwin Griswold Preceded by Tom Clark Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1967 -- 1991 Succeeded by Clarence Thomas African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now, segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long, Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr. Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr. Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr. James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh, Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers NAACP General Counsel Houston Marshall Carter Jones Atkins Hankins Henderson ( acting ) Hayes Ciccolo ( acting ) Keenan Berry United States Solicitors General Bristow Phillips Goode Jenks Chapman Taft Aldrich Maxwell Conrad Richards Hoyt Bowers Lehmann Bullitt Davis King Frierson Beck Mitchell Hughes Thacher Biggs Reed Jackson Biddle Fahy McGrath Perlman Cummings Sobeloff Rankin Cox Marshall Griswold Bork McCree Lee Fried Starr Days Dellinger Waxman Underwood Olson Clement Garre Kneedler Kagan Katyal Verrilli Gershengorn Francisco Wall Francisco Acting officeholders shown in italics Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Jay J. Rutledge Ellsworth J. Marshall Taney S.P. Chase Waite Fuller E. White Taft Hughes Stone Vinson Warren Burger Rehnquist J. Roberts Seat 1 J. Rutledge T. Johnson Paterson Livingston Thompson Nelson Hunt Blatchford E. White Van Devanter Black Powell Kennedy Seat 2 Cushing Story Woodbury Curtis Clifford Gray Holmes Cardozo Frankfurter Goldberg Fortas Blackmun Breyer Seat 3 Wilson Washington Baldwin Grier Strong Woods L. Lamar H. Jackson Peckham Lurton McReynolds Byrnes W. Rutledge Minton Brennan Souter Sotomayor Seat 4 Blair S. Chase Duvall Barbour Daniel Miller Brown Moody J. Lamar Brandeis Douglas Stevens Kagan Seat 5 Iredell Moore W. Johnson Wayne Seat 6 Todd Trimble McLean Swayne Matthews Brewer Hughes Clarke Sutherland Reed Whittaker White Ginsburg Seat 7 Catron Seat 8 McKinley Campbell Davis Harlan Pitney Sanford O. Roberts Burton Stewart O'Connor Alito Seat 9 Field McKenna Stone R. Jackson Harlan II Rehnquist Scalia Gorsuch Seat 10 Bradley Shiras Day Butler Murphy Clark T. Marshall Thomas Note : Seats 5 and 7 are defunct Supreme Court of the United States The Warren Court Chief Justice : Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ) 1967 -- 1969 : H. Black Wm. O. Douglas J.M. Harlan II Wm. J. Brennan P. Stewart B. White A. Fortas T. Marshall The Burger Court Chief Justice : Warren Earl Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ) 1969 : H. Black Wm. O. Douglas J.M. Harlan II Wm. J. Brennan P. Stewart B. White A. Fortas T. Marshall 1970 -- 1971 : H. Black Wm. O. Douglas J.M. Harlan II Wm. J. Brennan P. Stewart B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun 1971 : Wm. O. Douglas J.M. Harlan II Wm. J. Brennan P. Stewart B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun L.F. Powell Jr. 1972 -- 1975 : Wm. O. Douglas Wm. J. Brennan P. Stewart B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun L.F. Powell Jr. Wm. Rehnquist 1975 -- 1981 : Wm. J. Brennan P. Stewart B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun L.F. Powell Jr. Wm. Rehnquist J.P. Stevens 1981 -- 1986 : Wm. J. Brennan B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun L.F. Powell Jr. Wm. Rehnquist J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor The Rehnquist Court Chief Justice : William Hubbs Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ) 1986 -- 1987 : Wm. J. Brennan B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun L.F. Powell Jr. J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia 1988 -- 1990 : Wm. J. Brennan B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy 1990 -- 1991 : B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy D. Souter VIAF : 52492199 LCCN : n50040903 ISNI : 0000 0000 8232 2775 GND : 119117479 SUDOC : 033450625 BNF : cb12431462n ( data ) IATH : w61z49qf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thurgood_Marshall&oldid=815130305 '' Categories : 1908 births 1993 deaths 20th - century American judges African - American Episcopalians American Episcopalians African - American judges American judges African - American lawyers American lawyers Activists for African - American civil rights American civil rights lawyers American people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent Burials at Arlington National Cemetery People associated with the history of African - American civil rights Howard University School of Law alumni Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Lincoln University ( Pennsylvania ) alumni Maryland Democrats National Association for the Advancement of Colored People activists Lawyers from Baltimore Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Spingarn Medal winners United States court of appeals judges appointed by John F. Kennedy Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States United States federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. 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Question: who was the first african american to serve on the supreme court
Answer: Thurgood Marshall