Ingroups and outgroups - wikipedia Ingroups and outgroups `` Us and them '' redirects here. For other uses, see Us and Them. In sociology and social psychology, an ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify. For example, people may find it psychologically meaningful to view themselves according to their race, culture, gender, age, or religion. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena. The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues during his work in formulating social identity theory. The significance of ingroup and outgroup categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. Tajfel and colleagues found that people can form self - preferencing ingroups within a matter of minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of seemingly trivial characteristics, such as preferences for certain paintings. Contents 1 Associated phenomena 1.1 In - group favoritism 1.2 Outgroup derogation 1.3 Social influence 1.4 Group polarization 1.5 Group homogeneity 2 Postulated role in human evolution 3 See also 4 References Associated phenomena The psychological categorization of people into ingroup and outgroup members is associated with a variety of phenomena. The following examples have all received a great deal of academic attention. In - group favoritism Main article : In - group favoritism This refers to the fact that under certain conditions, people will prefer and have affinity for one 's ingroup over the outgroup, or anyone viewed as outside the ingroup. This can be expressed in one 's evaluation of others, linking, allocation of resources and many other ways. Outgroup derogation Discrimination between ingroups and outgroups is a matter of favoritism towards an ingroup and the absence of equivalent favoritism towards an outgroup. Outgroup derogation is the phenomenon in which an outgroup is perceived as being threatening to the members of an ingroup. This phenomenon often accompanies ingroup favoritism, as it requires one to have an affinity towards their ingroup. Some research suggests that outgroup derogation occurs when an outgroup is perceived as blocking or hindering the goals of an ingroup. It has also been argued that outgroup derogation is a natural consequence of the categorization process. Social influence Main article : Social influence People have been shown to be differentially influenced by ingroup members. That is, under conditions where group categorization is psychologically salient, people will shift their beliefs in line with ingroup social norms. Group polarization Main article : Group polarization This generally refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members, although polarization toward the most central beliefs has also been observed. It has been shown that this effect is related to a psychologically salient ingroup and outgroup categorization. Group homogeneity Main article : Outgroup homogeneity Categorization of people into social groups increases the perception that group members are similar to one another. An outcome of this is the outgroup homogeneity effect. This refers to the perception of members of an outgroup as being homogenous, while members of one 's ingroup are perceived as being diverse, e.g. `` they are alike ; we are diverse ''. This is especially likely to occur in regard to negative characteristics. Under certain conditions, ingroup members can be perceived as being similar to one another in regard to positive characteristics. This effect is called ingroup homogeneity. Postulated role in Human evolution In evolutionary psychology, ingroup favoritism is seen as an evolved mechanism selected for the advantages of coalition affiliation. It has been argued that characteristics such as gender and ethnicity are inflexible or even essential features of such systems. However, there is evidence that elements of favoritism are flexible in that they can be erased by changes in social categorization. One study in the field of behavioural genetics suggests that biological mechanisms may exist which favor a coexistence of both flexible and essentialist systems. See also Allosemitism Amity - Enmity Complex Antilocution Ambivalent prejudice Autarky Bandwagon effect Benevolent prejudice Cultural identity Cronyism Collective narcissism Common ingroup identity Endogamy Elitism False consensus effect Groupthink Hostile prejudice Insider Microculture Nepotism Prejudice Scapegoating Sexism Shibboleth Social class Social dominance orientation Subculture Uchi - soto References Jump up ^ See `` Kandinsky versus Klee experiment '', Tajfel et al. ( 1971 ) in Tajfel, H. ( 1970 ). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination. Jump up ^ Tajfel, H. ( 1970 ). `` Experiments in intergroup discrimination ( abstract ) ''. Scientific American. Springer Nature. 223 : 96 -- 102. Jump up ^ Tajfel, H. ( 1970 ). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination = Tajfel, H. ( 1970 ). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination. Jump up ^ Tajfel, H. ; Billig, M.G. ; Bundy, R.P. ; Flament, C. ( April -- June 1971 ). `` Social categorization and intergroup behaviour ''. European Journal of Social Psychology. 1 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 178. doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 2420010202. Jump up ^ Tajfel, H. ( 1974 ). Social Identity and Intergroup Behavior. Jump up ^ Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., Akert, R.D. & Sommers, S.R. ( 2015 ). Social psychology ( 9th, illustrated, revised ed. ). London : Pearson Education. ISBN 0 - 13393654 - 6. ISBN 978 - 0 - 133 - 93654 - 4. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brewer, Marilynn B. ( Fall 1999 ). `` The Psychology of Prejudice : Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate ? ''. Journal of Social Issues. 55 ( 3 ) : 429 -- 444. doi : 10.1111 / 0022 - 4537.00126. Jump up ^ Hewstone, Miles ; Rubin, Mark ; Willis, Hazel ( February 2002 ). `` Intergroup Bias ''. Annual Review of Psychology. 53 : 575 -- 604. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 53.100901. 135109. PMID 11752497. Jump up ^ Zhong, Chen - Bo ; Phillips, Katherine W. ; Leonardelli, Geoffrey J. ; Galinsky, Adam D. ( 2008 ). `` Negational categorization and intergroup behavior ''. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 34 ( 6 ) : 793 -- 806. doi : 10.1177 / 0146167208315457. PMID 18391025. Jump up ^ Leyens, Jacques - Philippe ; Yzerbyt, Vincent ; Schadron, Georges ( 1994 ). Stereotypes and Social Cognition. Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE Publications. pp. 104 -- 107. ISBN 0 - 80398583 - 5. ISBN 978 - 0 - 803 - 98583 - 4. Jump up ^ Quattrone, George A. ; Jones, Edward E. ( 1980 ). `` The perception of variability within in - groups and out - groups : Implications for the law of small numbers ''. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 152. doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.38. 1.141. ISSN 0022 - 3514. Jump up ^ Jackson, Lynne M. ( 2011 ). The Psychology of Prejudice : From Attitudes to Social Action. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association. pp. 110 -- 112. ISBN 1 - 43380920 - 6. ISBN 978 - 1 - 433 - 80920 - 0. Jump up ^ L. Cosmides ; J. Tooby ; R. Kurzban ( April 1, 2003 ). `` Perceptions of race ''. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 ( 4 ) : 173 -- 179. doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 03 ) 00057 - 3. PMID 12691766. Retrieved 16 July 2012. Jump up ^ L.A. Hirschfeld ( 1996 ). Race in the Making : Cognition, Culture, and the Child 's Construction of Human Kinds. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Mit Press. ISBN 0 - 26208247 - 0. ISBN 978 - 0 - 26208247 - 1. Jump up ^ F.J. Gil - White ( August -- October 2001 ). `` Are Ethnic Groups Biological `` Species '' to the Human Brain ? Essentialism in Our Cognition of Some Social Categories ``. Current Anthropology. University of Chicago Press. 42 ( 4 ) : 515 -- 553. doi : 10.1086 / 321802. JSTOR 10.1086 / 321802. Jump up ^ R. Kurzban ; J. Tooby ; L. Cosmides ( December 18, 2001 ). `` Can race be erased ? Coalitional computation and social categorization ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 ( 26 ) : 15387 -- 15392. Bibcode : 2001PNAS... 9815387K. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 251541498. PMC 65039. PMID 11742078. Jump up ^ G.J. Lewis ; T.C. Bates ( November 2010 ). `` Genetic Evidence for Multiple Biological Mechanisms Underlying In - Group Favoritism ''. Psychological Science. 21 ( 11 ) : 1623 -- 1628. doi : 10.1177 / 0956797610387439. PMID 20974715. Retrieved 16 July 2012. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingroups_and_outgroups&oldid=836939456 '' Categories : Sociological terminology Group processes Dichotomies Discrimination Prejudices Authoritarianism Identity Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands Русский Svenska ไทย 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 19 : 20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: who has given the concepts of ingroup and outgroup
Answer: Henri Tajfel