Cave of Altamira - Wikipedia Cave of Altamira This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. ( May 2014 ) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine - translated version of the Spanish article. Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. 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Cave of Altamira UNESCO World Heritage Site Location Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Spain Part of Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Criteria Cultural : ( iii ), ( i ) Reference 310 - 001 Inscription 1985 ( 9th Session ) Extensions 2008 Buffer zone 16 ha ( 0.062 sq mi ) Coordinates 43 ° 22 ′ 57 '' N 4 ° 7 ′ 13 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.38250 ° N 4.12028 ° W ﻿ / 43.38250 ; - 4.12028 Coordinates : 43 ° 22 ′ 57 '' N 4 ° 7 ′ 13 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.38250 ° N 4.12028 ° W ﻿ / 43.38250 ; - 4.12028 Location in Cantabria, Spain Cave of Altamira ( Spain ) Show map of Cantabria Show map of Spain Show all The Cave of Altamira ( Spanish : Cueva de Altamira ; pronounced ( ˈku̯e. βa ðe al. ta. ˈmi. ɾa ) ) located near the historic town Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, is renowned for its numerous parietal cave paintings featuring charcoal drawings and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands, created during the Upper Paleolithic. The earliest paintings in the cave were executed around 15,500 years ago. Altamira was the first European cave for which prehistoric origin of the paintings was suggested and promoted by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola. He published his research with the support of Juan Vilanova y Piera in 1880 to public acclaim. Nonetheless a bitter public controversy among experts ensued and continued until 1902, as reports of similar findings of prehistoric paintings in the region had accumulated and evidence could no longer be rejected. Altamira is located in the Franco - Cantabrian region and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as the central element of the Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain. Contents 1 Description 2 Discovery, excavation, skepticism 3 Dating and periodization 4 Visitors and replicas 5 Cultural impact 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Description Bison on the roof of the pit. The cave is approximately 1000 meters long and consists of a series of twisting passages and chambers. The main passage varies from two to six meters in height. The cave was formed through collapses following early Karst phenomena in the calcareous rock of Mount Vispieres. Archaeological excavations in the cave floor found rich deposits of artifacts from the Upper Solutrean ( c. 18,500 years ago ) and Lower Magdalenian ( between c. 16,590 and 14,000 years ago ). Both periods belong to the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. In the millennia between these two occupations, the cave was evidently inhabited only by wild animals. Human occupants of the site were well - positioned to take advantage of the rich wildlife that grazed in the valleys of the surrounding mountains as well as the marine life available in nearby coastal areas. Around 13,000 years ago a rockfall sealed the cave 's entrance, preserving its contents until its eventual discovery, which occurred after a nearby tree fell and disturbed the fallen rocks. Human occupation was limited to the cave mouth, although paintings were created throughout the length of the cave. The artists used charcoal and ochre or haematite to create the images, often diluting these pigments to produce variations in intensity and creating an impression of chiaroscuro. They also exploited the natural contours of the cave walls to give their subjects a three - dimensional effect. The Polychrome Ceiling is the most impressive feature of the cave, depicting a herd of extinct steppe bison ( Bison priscus ) in different poses, two horses, a large doe, and possibly a wild boar. Great hall of polychromes of Altamira, published by M. Sanz de Sautuola in 1880. Dated to the Magdalenian occupation, these paintings include abstract shapes in addition to animal subjects. Solutrean paintings include images of horses and goats, as well as handprints that were created when artists placed their hands on the cave wall and blew pigment over them to leave a negative image. Numerous other caves in northern Spain contain Paleolithic art, but none is as complex or well - populated as Altamira. Discovery, excavation, skepticism Bison ( reproduction ) in the great hall of polychromes In 1879, amateur archaeologist Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola was led by his eight - year - old daughter María to discover the cave 's drawings. The cave was excavated by Sautuola and archaeologist Juan Vilanova y Piera from the University of Madrid, resulting in a much acclaimed publication in 1880 which interpreted the paintings as Paleolithic in origin. The French specialists, led by Gabriel de Mortillet and Emile Cartailhac, were particularly adamant in rejecting the hypothesis of Sautuola and Piera, and their findings were loudly ridiculed at the 1889 Prehistorical Congress in Lisbon. Due to the supreme artistic quality, and the exceptional state of conservation of the paintings, Sautuola was even accused of forgery, as he was unable to answer why there were no soot ( smoke ) marks on the walls and ceilings of the cave. A fellow countryman maintained that the paintings had been produced by a contemporary artist, on Sautuola 's orders. Later Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola found out the artist could have used marrow fat as oil for the lamp, producing much less soot than any other combustibles. Alcohol was not available at the time as far as we know. Still, it remains unexplained how the paintings in Altamira cave remained unaltered being wet. It was not until 1902, when several other findings of prehistoric paintings had served to render the hypothesis of the extreme antiquity of the Altamira paintings less offensive, that the scientific society retracted their opposition to the Spaniards. That year, Emile Cartailhac emphatically admitted his mistake in the famous article, `` Mea culpa d'un sceptique '', published in the journal L'Anthropologie. Sautuola, having died 14 years earlier, did not live to witness his rehabilitation. Further excavation work on the cave was done by Hermilio Alcalde del Río between 1902 -- 04, the German Hugo Obermaier between 1924 -- 25 and finally by Joaquín González Echegaray in 1968. Dating and periodization Association of the animals in the cave of Altamira, by Leroi - Gourhan. There is no scientific agreement on the dating of the archeological artifacts found in the cave, nor the drawings and paintings, and scientists continue to evaluate the age of the cave art at Altamira. In 2008, researchers using uranium - thorium dating found that the paintings were completed over a period of up to 20,000 years rather than during a comparatively brief period. A later study published in 2012 based on data obtained from further uranium - thorium dating research, dated some paintings in several caves in North Spain, including some of the claviform signs in the `` Gran sala '' of Altamira, and concluded that the first works in Altamira belonged to the Aurignacian culture, 35,600 years old, right at the beginning of human occupation of North Spain by modern humans. This means that these drawings could have been made by Neanderthal authors instead of homo sapiens, as assumed until now. Visitors and replicas Reproduction of cave of Altamira in `` Deutsches Museum '', Munich. During the 1970s and 2000s, the paintings were being damaged by the carbon dioxide in the breath of the large number of visitors. Altamira was completely closed to the public in 1977, and reopened to limited access in 1982. Very few visitors were allowed in per day, resulting in a three - year waiting list. After green mold began to appear on some paintings in 2002, the caves were closed to public access. A replica cave and museum were built nearby and completed in 2001 by Manuel Franquelo and Sven Nebel, reproducing the cave and its art. The replica allows a more comfortable view of the polychrome paintings of the main hall of the cave, as well as a selection of minor works. It also includes some sculptures of human faces that are not visitable in the real cave. As well as the adjacent National Museum and Research Center of Altamira there are reproductions in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain ( Madrid ), in the Deutsches Museum in Munich ( completed 1964 ) and in Japan ( completed 1993 ). During 2010 there were plans to reopen access to the cave towards the end of that year. In December 2010, however, the Spanish Ministry of Culture decided that the cave would remain closed to the public. This decision was based on advice from a group of experts who had found that the conservation conditions inside the cave had become much more stable since the closure. Cultural impact A modern interpretation of a bison from the Altamira cave ceiling, one of the cave 's most famous paintings. Some of the polychrome paintings at Altamira Cave are well known in Spanish popular culture. The logo used by the autonomous government of Cantabria to promote tourism to the region is based on one of the bisons in this cave. Bisonte ( Spanish for `` bison '' ), a Spanish cigarette brand of the 20th century, also used a Paleolithic style bison figure along with its logo. The Spanish comic series Altamiro de la Cueva, created in 1965, are a consequence of the fame of Altamira Cave. The comic series depicts the adventures of a group of prehistoric cavemen, shown as modern people, but dressed in pieces of fur, a bit like the Flintstones. The song `` The Caves of Altamira '' appears on the 1976 album The Royal Scam by jazz - rock band Steely Dan, later covered by soul group Perri. The mid-20th - century modern dinnerware line Primitive, designed by Viktor Schreckengost for the American pottery company Salem China, was based on the bison, deer, and stick figure hunters depicted in the Altamira cave paintings. The song `` Cuevas de Altamira '' ( Caves of Altamira ) appears on the 1978 album Cuevas de Altamira by the symphonic progressive rock - folk group Ibio from Cantabria. The iconic bison image has been used for the cover of the poetry collection Songs for the Devil and Death by Scottish author Hal Duncan. The protagonist in Satyajit Ray 's film Agantuk was inspired by the charging Bison painting to leave his home and study tribals. In 2016, British Director Hugh Hudson released the film Altamira ( called Finding Altamira outside Spain ) about the discovery of the caves, starring Antonio Banderas and with music by Mark Knopfler. See also 12 Treasures of Spain 7742 Altamira, asteroid named after the cave Art of the Upper Paleolithic Caves in Cantabria List of Stone Age art Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain References ^ Jump up to : de Bruxelles, Simon ( June 15, 2012 ). `` Prehistoric cave art began 80,000 years earlier ''. The Times. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Jump up ^ Busch, Simon ( February 28, 2014 ). `` Prehistoric paintings in Spain 's Altamira cave revealed to a lucky few ''. Cable News Network. Retrieved December 19, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain ''. unesco. Retrieved December 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Ian Chilvers, ed. ( 2004 ). `` Altamira ''. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art ( 3rd ed. ). ( Oxford ) : Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0 - 19 - 860476 - 9. Jump up ^ Verkaar, E.L.C. ( 19 March 2004 ). `` Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin ? ''. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 ( 7 ) : 1165 -- 1170. doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msh064. PMID 14739241. Retrieved 31 December 2012. ^ Jump up to : Travel Advisory ; A Modern Copy Of Ancient Masters, The New York Times, 4 November 2001 Jump up ^ Gray, Richard ( 5 October 2008 ). `` Prehistoric cave paintings took up to 20,000 years to complete ''. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Jump up ^ http://science.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.full?rss=1 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Spain to reopen access to prehistoric cave paintings < Spanish news Expatica Spain Jump up ^ Visita la Cueva de Altamira Jump up ^ Songs for the Devil and Death Circle Six Archived 2012 - 08 - 02 at Archive.is Bibliography Curtis, Gregory. The Cave Painters : Probing the Mysteries of the World 's First Artists. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2006 ( hardcover, ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4348 - 4 ) ). Guthrie, R. Dale. The Nature of Prehistoric Art. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2006 ( hardcover, ISBN 0 - 226 - 31126 - 0 ). McNeill, William H. `` Secrets of the Cave Paintings '', The New York Review of Books, Vol. 53, No. 16, October 19, 2006. Pike, A.W.G. ; Hoffmann, D.L. ; Garcia - Diez, M. ; Pettitt, P.B. ; Alcolea, J. ; De Balbin, R. ; Gonzalez - Sainz, C. ; de las Heras, C. ; Lasheras, J.A. ; Montes, R. ; Zilhao, J. ( 14 June 2012 ). `` U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain ''. Science. 336 ( 6087 ) : 1409 -- 1413. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1219957. PMID 22700921. The Altamira controversy : Assessing the economic impact of a world heritage site for planning and tourism management `` The Altamira controversy '' External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Altamira ( cave ). Altamira Cave National Museum In Spanish and English The Spanish Cave of Altamira opens -- with politics Bradshaw Foundation Article `` Les peintures préhistoriques de la grotte d'Altamira '', Cartailhac and Breuil founding article ( 1903 ), online and analyzed on BibNum ( click ' à télécharger ' for English version ) Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ). Human evolution Taxonomy ( Hominins ) Orrorin Sahelanthropus Last common ancestors Chimpanzee -- human Gorilla -- human Orangutan -- human Gibbon -- human Australopithecines Ardipithecus Kenyanthropus Australopithecus A. afarensis A. africanus A. anamensis A. bahrelghazali A. deyiremeda A. garhi A. sediba Paranthropus P. aethiopicus P. boisei P. robustus Humans and proto - humans ( Homo ) Proto - humans H. ergaster H. floresiensis H. gautengensis H. habilis H. rudolfensis H. tsaichangensis Homo erectus H. e. erectus H. e. georgicus H. e. lantianensis H. e. nankinensis H. e. palaeojavanicus H. e. pekinensis H. e. soloensis H. e. tautavelensis H. e. yuanmouensis Archaic humans Callao Man ? Denisovan H. antecessor H. cepranensis H. heidelbergensis H. helmei H. naledi H. neanderthalensis H. rhodesiensis Modern humans Homo sapiens Cro - Magnon H. s. idaltu H. s. sapiens ( anatomically modern human ) Manot people Red Deer Cave people ? Models General models Hunting Gathering Endurance running Aquatic ape Sexual selection Self - domestication Specific models Diet Cooking Expensive tissue Shore - based Drunken monkey Behavior Killer ape Cooperative eye Life history Grandmother Patriarch Topics Bipedalism Skeleton Muscles Skin color Hair Thermoregulation Color vision Speech Language Intelligence Gender roles Origin of modern humans Recent African origin Multiregional origin Archaic admixture Behavioral modernity Early migrations Timelines Human evolution Human prehistory Others Theorists Books Fossils Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary biology portal World Heritage Sites in Spain For official site names, see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Spain. North West Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias Roman walls of Lugo Route of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Tower of Hercules North East Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon Pirineos - Monte Perdido Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Route of Santiago de Compostela San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries Vizcaya Bridge Community of Madrid Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests Aranjuez Cultural Landscape El Escorial University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares Centre Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida Archaeological Site of Atapuerca Ávila with its Extra-mural Churches Burgos Cathedral Cáceres Cuenca Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija Las Médulas Monastery of Santa María of Guadalupe Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Route of Santiago de Compostela Salamanca Segovia and its Aqueduct Prehistoric Rock - Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde Toledo East Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco, Tarragona Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí Ibiza ( Biodiversity and Culture ) Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona Palmeral of Elche Poblet Monastery Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Serra de Tramuntana Silk Exchange in Valencia Works of Antoni Gaudí South Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada Cathedral, Alcázar and General Archive of the Indies, Seville Dolmens Site of Antequera Doñana Historic Centre of Córdoba Renaissance Monuments of Úbeda and Baeza Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Canary Islands Garajonay San Cristóbal de La Laguna Teide National Park Shared with other region / s Shared with France Shared with Slovenia Shared with Portugal Shared with other regions in Spain and other countries in Europe Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and cave paintings Paleoanthropological sites Cave paintings Caves containing pictograms Europe Armenia Areni - 1 Austria Drachenhöhle Gudenus Lurgrotte Salzofen Tischofer Belgium Awirs Belle - Roche Claminforge Goyet Naulette Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes Ramioul Scladina Spy Trou de l'Abîme Bosnia Badanj Ledenjača Bulgaria Bacho Kiro Devetashka Magura Kozarnika Croatia Grapčeva Krapina Vela Spila Vindija Cyprus Aetokremnos Czech Republic Amatérská Býčí skála Koněprusy Kůlna Mladeč Šipka Finland Wolf France Vézère Valley World Heritage Site Bara Bahau Bernifal Cap Blanc Castel Merle Abri Castanet Les Eyzies - de-Tayac - Sireuil Abri Audi Abri Chadourne Les Combarelles Cro - Magnon Font - de-Gaume Laugerie - Basse Laugerie - Haute La Micoque La Mouthe Pataud Abri du Poisson Lascaux La Madeleine Rouffignac Other World Heritage Sites Chauvet Other caves with decoration Arcy - sur - Cure Gargas Cosquer Cussac Fontéchevade La Chaire a Calvin La Marche Lombrives Marsoulas Le Mas - d'Azil Mayrières supérieure Niaux Pair - non-Pair Pech Merle Roc - aux - Sorciers Renne Trois Frères Villars Other caves Arago Aurignac Azé Balauzière Bonne - Femme Bouillon Bruniquel Calès Cauna La Chapelle - aux - Saints Combe Grenal La Ferrassie Fées Fontbrégoua Lazaret Le Moustier Noisetier La Quina Raymonden Le Regourdou Rochereil Vallonnet Germany Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site Geisenklösterle Hohle Fels Hohlenstein - Stadel Sirgenstein Vogelherd Other caves Baumann 's Brillenhöhle Kleine Feldhofer Lichtenstein Ofnet Gibraltar Devil 's Tower Gorham 's Vanguard Greece Alepotrypa Eileithyia Franchthi Kleidi Megalakkos Petralona Stravomyti Theopetra Hungary Baradla Szelim Italy Addaura Arene Candide Cavallo Corbeddu Deer Felci Paglicci Romito Villabruna Jersey St Brelade Luxembourg Loschbur Malta Għar Dalam Macedonia Cocev Kamen Norway Svarthola Poland Paradise Portugal Aroeira Escoural Furninha Lagar Velho Pala Pinta Romania Coliboaia Cuciulat Muierilor Oase Russia Akhshtyrskaya Chertovy Vorota Denisova Ignatievka Kapova Mezmaiskaya Okladnikov Serbia Hadži - Prodan 's Pešturina Risovača Mala Balanica Slovakia Čertova pec Domica Jasovská Slovenia Betal Divje Babe Pekel Potok Spain Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site Altamira Caves in Cantabria Chufín Covalanas La Garma Hornos de la Peña Monte Castillo El Castillo Las Chimeneas Las Monedas La Pasiega El Pendo Tito Bustillo Altxerri Santimamiñe Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site ( Valencia ) Araña Roca dels Moros Other World Heritage Sites Atapuerca Siega Verde Other caves with decoration Bacinete Barranc del Migdia Las Caldas Los Casares Iberian Southern Tip los Murciélagos Nerja Niño Ojo Guareña Peñas de Cabrera la Pileta Praileaitz Sidrón Other caves Ángel Antón Armintxe Axlor Bedmar dels Bous Don Gaspar Guanches El Mirón del Valle Switzerland Wildkirchli United Kingdom Aveline 's Hole Bontnewydd Cathole Coygan Creswell Crags Gough 's Heathery Burn High Pasture Kendrick 's Kents Long Hole Oldbury Portbraddon Red Lady of Paviland Sand Thor 's Asia Afghanistan Darra - 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Question: who created the cave paintings of altamira spain
Answer: Human occupants of the site