Protoplasm - wikipedia Protoplasm Protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. In some definitions, it is a general term for the cytoplasm ( e.g., Mohl, 1846 ), but for others, it also includes the nucleoplasm ( e.g., Strasburger, 1882 ). For Sharp ( 1921 ), `` According to the older usage the extra-nuclear portion of the protoplast ( the entire cell, excluding the cell wall ) was called `` protoplasm, '' but the nucleus also is composed of protoplasm, or living substance in its broader sense. The current consensus is to avoid this ambiguity by employing Strasburger 's ( ( 1882 ) ) terms cytoplasm ( coined by Kölliker ( 1863 ), originally as synonym for protoplasm ) and nucleoplasm ( ( term coined by van Beneden ( 1875 ), or ) karyoplasm, ( used by ) Flemming ( ( 1878 ) ) ) ``. The cytoplasm definition of Strasburger excluded the plastids ( Chromatoplasm ). As for the nucleus, the inclusion or not of the vacuole in the protoplasm concept is also controversial. Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Description 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Terminology Besides `` protoplasm '', many other related terms and distinctions were used for the cell contents over time : Urschleim ( Oken, 1802, 1809 ), Protoplasma ( Purkinje, 1840, von Mohl, 1846 ), Primordialschlauch ( primordial utricle, von Mohl, 1846 ), sarcode ( Dujardin, 1835, 1841 ), Cytoplasma ( Kölliker, 1863 ), Hautschicht / Körnerschicht ( ectoplasm / endoplasm, Pringsheim, 1854 ; Hofmeister, 1867 ), Grundsubstanz ( ground substance, Cienkowski, 1863 ), metaplasm / protoplasm ( Hanstein, 1868 ), deutoplasm / protoplasm ( van Beneden, 1870 ), bioplasm ( Beale, 1872 ), paraplasm / protoplasm ( Kupffer, 1875 ), inter-filar substance theory ( Velten, 1876 ) Hyaloplasma ( Pfeffer, 1877 ), Protoplast ( Hanstein, 1880 ), Enchylema / Hyaloplasma ( Hanstein, 1880 ), Kleinkörperchen or Mikrosomen ( small bodies or microsomes, Hanstein, 1882 ), paramitome ( Flemming, 1882 ), Idioplasma ( Nageli, 1884 ), Zwischensubstanz ( inter-alveolar substance, Bütschli, 1892 ), Grundplasma ( ground plasma, Schütt, 1895 ), ergastoplasme ( Garnier, 1897 ), phaneroplasm / cryptoplasm ( Seifriz, 1931 ), cytoplasmic matrix ( Munson, 1899 ; zytoplasmatische Matrix, Bergmann, 1956 ), Protoplasma - oder Zelleinschlüsse ( protoplasmic or cellular inclusions, Szymonowicz, 1901 ), kinoplasm / trophoplasm ( Strasburger et at., 1912 ), cytosol ( Lardy, 1965 ). History The word `` protoplasm '' comes from the Greek protos for first, and plasma for thing formed, and was originally used in religious contexts. It was used in 1839 by J.E. Purkinje for the material of the animal embryo. Later, in 1846 Hugo von Mohl redefined the term ( also named as Primordialschlauch, `` primordial utricle '' ) to refer to the `` tough, slimy, granular, semi-fluid '' substance within plant cells, to distinguish this from the cell wall and the cell sap ( Zellsaft ) within the vacuole. Thomas Huxley ( 1869 ) later referred to it as the `` physical basis of life '' and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance. The protoplasm became an `` epistemic thing ''. Its composition, however, was mysterious and there was much controversy over what sort of substance it was. In 1872, Beale created the vitalist term `` bioplasm '', to contrast with the materialism of Huxley. In 1880, term protoplast was proposed by Hanstein ( 1880 ) for the entire cell, excluding the cell wall, and some authors like Julius von Sachs ( 1882 ) preferred that name instead of cell. In 1965, lardy introduced the term `` cytosol '', later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cell. By the time Huxley wrote, a long - standing debate was largely settled over the fundamental unit of life : was it the cell or was it protoplasm ? By the late 1860s, the debate was largely settled in favor of protoplasm. The cell was a container for protoplasm, the fundamental and universal material substance of life. Huxley 's principal contribution was to establish protoplasm as incompatible with a vitalistic theory of life. Attempts to investigate the origin of life through the creation of synthetic `` protoplasm '' in the laboratory were not successful. The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is simply divisible into a ground substance called `` cytoplasm '' and a structural body called the cell nucleus reflects the more primitive knowledge of cell structure that preceded the development of electron microscopy, when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments, or how cells maintain their shape, was unknown. Today, it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple organelles. Description This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2016 ) Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the nucleus as the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in Gram - negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm. Protoplasm was said to exist in two forms : a liquid - like sol state or a jelly - like gel state. See also Chemical evolution Membrane Symplast References Jump up ^ Cammack, Richard ; Teresa Atwood ; Attwood, Teresa K. ; Campbell, Peter Scott ; Parish, Howard I. ; Smith, Tony ; Vella, Frank ; Stirling, John ( 2006 ), Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 - 19 - 852917 - 1 Jump up ^ Sharp, L.W. ( 1921 ). Introduction To Cytology. New York : McGraw Hill, p. 25. Jump up ^ Strasburger, E. ( 1882 ). Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung. Arch Mikr Anat, 21 : 476 - 590, BHL. Jump up ^ Beneden, E. van ( 1875 ). La maturation de l'oeuf, la fécondation et les premières de développement embryonnaire des Mammiferes d'après les recherches faites chez le lapin. Bull. Acad. Bel. Cl. Sci. 40, 2 sèr. : 686 - 736, BHL. Jump up ^ Flemming, W. ( 1878 ). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., 16 : 302 - 436, p. 360, BHL. Jump up ^ Battaglia, E. ( 2009 ). Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature. Caryologia, 62 ( 4 ), 1. Jump up ^ Parker, J. 1972. Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits, p. 125 - 176. In : Kozlowski, T.T. ( ed. ), Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York, p. 144, ( 1 ). Jump up ^ Sharp ( 1921 ), p. 11, 32 - 34. ^ Jump up to : Battaglia, E. ( 1985 ). Meiosis and mitosis : a terminological criticism. Annali di Botanica ( Rome ) 43 : 101 -- 140. ( Table 3, `` - plasma derivatives '', p. 118 ). Jump up ^ Grundriss der Naturphilosophie. Jump up ^ Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie. ^ Jump up to : Purkinje J.E. 1840. Über die Analogien in den Strukturelementen des thierischen und pflanzichen Organismus. In : Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur, Jahre 1839 : 81. ^ Jump up to : von Mohl, H. 1846. Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen. Bot. Ztg. 4 : 73 - 78, 89 - 94. Jump up ^ Dujardin, F. 1835. Recherches sur les organisms inférieurs. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 4 : 343 -- 377, ( 2 ). Jump up ^ Dujardin, F. ( 1841 ). Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes Infusoires. Paris : Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret. p. 26. Jump up ^ Kölliker, R.A. v. ( 1863 ). Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 4. Auflage. Leipzig : Wilhelm Engelmann. Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ), p. 134. Jump up ^ Vines, S.H. ( 1877 ). An account of Prof. Strasburger 's observation on protoplasm. Quart. J. Micr. Sc., Lond., 1877, n.s., 17, pp. 124 - 132. link. Jump up ^ Cienkowski, L. 1863. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 3 : 325 - 337, ( 3 ). Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ), p. 134. Jump up ^ Van Beneden, E. Recherches sur la composition et la signification de l'œuf. F. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1870 ( Extrait du tome XXXIV des Mém. cour. des savants étrangers, publiés par l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux - arts de Belgique ). link. ^ Jump up to : Beale, L.S. ( 1872 ). Bioplasm. London : J. & A. Churchill. Jump up ^ Kupffer, K.W. 1875. Ueber Differenzierung des Protoplasmas an den Zellen tierischer Gewebe. Schriften des Naturwissenschaft, Vereins für Schleswig - Holstein, 1 ( 3 ), 229 - 242, link. Jump up ^ Velten, W. 1876. Die physikalische Beschaffenhoit des pflanzlichon Protoplasmas. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. - Nat. Kl., 73 : I 131 - 151, ( 4 ). Jump up ^ Pfeffer, W. Osmotische Untersuchungen. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. link. Jump up ^ Hanstein ( 1880 ), p. 45. Jump up ^ Hanstein ( 1880 ), pp. 24, 39. Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ), p. 134. Jump up ^ Flemming, W. ( 1882 ). Zellsubstanz, Kern, und Zelltheilung. Vogel, Leipzig, ( 5 ). Jump up ^ Bütschli, O. 1892. Untersuchungen über mikroskopische Schäume und das Protoplasma. Leipzig, ( 6 ). Jump up ^ Schütt, F. ( 1895 ). Die Peridineen der Plankton Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton - Expedition des Humbold - Stiftung, Bd IV, p. 1 -- 27, Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel. link. Jump up ^ Seifriz, W. ( 1931 ). The structure of protoplasm. Science 73, 648 - 649. link. Jump up ^ Munson, J.P., 1899 The Ovarian Egg of Limulus. Athenaeum Press, Boston, Massachusetts Jump up ^ Bargmann, W. ( 1956 ). Über einige Probleme und Ergebnisse des elektronen - mikroskopischen Studiums der Zelle. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 81 ( 28 ) : 1109 - 1125. Jump up ^ Szymonowicz, L. ( 1901 ). Lehrbuch der Histologie und der mikroskopischen Anatomie. Stuber, Würzburg. link. Jump up ^ Szymonowicz, L. ( 1902 ). Textbook of histology and microscopic anatomy of the human body, including microscopic technique. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. link. Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ), p. 134. ^ Jump up to : Lardy, H.A. 1965. On the direction of pyridine nucleotide oxidation - reduction reactions in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. In : Control of energy metabolism, edited by B. Chance, R. Estabrook, and J.R. Williamson. New York : Academic, 1965, p. 245, ( 7 ). Jump up ^ Wayne, R. 2009. Plant Cell Biology : From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press, p. 133. Jump up ^ Bynum, W.F., Browne, E.J. & Porter, R. ( 1981 ). Dictionary of the history of science. Princeton University Press. Jump up ^ Larson, P.R. ( 1994 ). The Vascular Cambium : Development and Structure. Springer - Verlag : New York and Berlin, p. 30 - 31, ( 8 ). Jump up ^ Evert, R.F. 2006. Esau 's Plant Anatomy : Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body : Their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd. ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc : Hoboken, New. Jersey, p. 16, ( 9 ). Jump up ^ Huxley, T.H. 1869. The Physical Basis of Life. New Haven, Conn., The College Courant. Jump up ^ Brain, R.M. `` Protoplasmania : Huxley, Haeckel, and the Vibratory Organism in Fin de Siècle Visual Cultures '', in The Art of Evolution : Darwin, Darwinisms, and Visual Cultures, F. Brauer and Larson, B. University Presses of New England, 2009, pp. 92 - 123, ( 10 ). Jump up ^ Harvey, E.N. ( 1938 ), `` Some Physical Properties of Protoplasm '', Journal of Applied Physics, 9 ( 2 ) : 68, doi : 10.1063 / 1.1710397, archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 12 Jump up ^ Bynum et al. ( 1981 ), p. 344. Jump up ^ Hanstein, J. ( 1880 ). Das Protoplasma. Heidelberg. Jump up ^ Sharp ( 1921 ), p. 24. Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ), p. 15. Jump up ^ Geison, Gerald ( 1969 ), `` The Protoplasmic Theory of Life and the Vitalist - Mechanist Debate '', Isis, 60 : 272 -- 292, doi : 10.1086 / 350498 Jump up ^ Lazcano, A. ; Capone, S. ; Walde, P. ; Seebach, D. ; Ishikawa, T. ; Caputo, R. ( 2008 ), `` What Is Life ? A Brief Historical Overview '', Chemistry & Biodiversity, 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15, doi : 10.1002 / cbdv. 200890001, PMID 18205130 Jump up ^ Satir, P. ( 2005 ), `` Tour of organelles through the electron microscope : A reprinting of Keith R. Porter 's classic Harvey Lecture with a new introduction '', The Anatomical Record Part A : Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 287A ( 2 ) : 1184 -- 1204, doi : 10.1002 / ar. a. 20222, PMID 16265625 Jump up ^ Arthur C. Guyton ; John E. Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition, Saunders, Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic substances : water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. External links `` Protoplasm ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). 1911. NDL : 00562358 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protoplasm&oldid=855260486 '' Categories : Cell biology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018, at 01 : 29 ( UTC ). 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Question: what is the fluid substance of cell known as
Answer: cytoplasm