António Egas Moniz - wikipedia António Egas Moniz `` Egas Moniz '' redirects here. For the medieval nobleman, see Egas Moniz o Aio. António Egas Moniz António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz ( 1874 - 11 - 29 ) 29 November 1874 Avanca, Estarreja, Kingdom of Portugal 13 December 1955 ( 1955 - 12 - 13 ) ( aged 81 ) Lisbon, Portugal Nationality Portuguese Alma mater University of Coimbra Known for Prefrontal leucotomy, cerebral angiography Spouse ( s ) Stacey Moniz ( 1874 - 1884 ), Elvira de Macedo Dias ( 1884 - 1955 ) Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1949 Scientific career Fields Neurologist Institutions University of Coimbra ( 1902 ) ; University of Lisbon ( 1921 -- 1944 ) António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz ( 29 November 1874 -- 13 December 1955 ), known as Egas Moniz ( Portuguese : ( ˈɛɣɐʒ muˈniʃ ) ), was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern psychosurgery, having developed the surgical procedure leucotomy -- ​ known better today as lobotomy -- ​ for which he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949 ( shared with Walter Rudolf Hess ). He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911 he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944. Contents 1 Early life and training 2 Politics 3 Research 3.1 Cerebral angiography 3.2 Prefrontal leucotomy 4 Writing 5 Death 6 Legacy 7 Important publications 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early life and training Moniz was born in Avanca, Estarreja, Portugal, as António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz. He attended Escola do Padre José Ramos and Colégio de S. Fiel dos Jesuítas and studied medicine at the University of Coimbra, graduating in 1899. For the next 12 years, he served as a lecturer for basic medical courses at Coimbra. In 1911, he became a neurology professor at the University of Lisbon, where he worked until his retirement in 1944. Politics Politics was an early passion for Moniz. He supported a republican government, diverging from his family 's support for the monarchy. As a student activist, he was jailed on two separate occasions for participating in demonstrations. While serving as Dean of the Medical School at the University of Lisbon, he was arrested a third time for preventing police from settling a student - run protest. Moniz 's formal political career began when he was elected to parliament in 1900. During World War I, he was appointed the Ambassador to Spain, and afterward, he served as Minister for External Affairs, representing Portugal at the 1918 Versailles Peace Conference. Research Cerebral angiography In 1926, at age 51, Moniz retired from politics and returned to medicine full - time. He hypothesized that visualizing blood vessels in the brain with radiographic means would allow for more precise localization of brain tumors. During his experiments, Moniz injected radiopaque dyes into brain arteries and took X-rays to visualize abnormalities. In his initial tests, Moniz used strontium and lithium bromide in three patients with a suspected tumor, epilepsy, and Parkinsonism, but the experiment failed and one patient died. In the next set of trials, he achieved success using 25 % sodium iodide solution on three patients, developing the first cerebral angiogram. Moniz presented his findings at the Neurological Society in Paris and the French Academy of Medicine in 1927. He was the first person to successfully visualize the brain using radiopaque substances, as previous scientists had only visualized peripheral structures. He also contributed to the development of Thorotrast for use in the procedure and delivered many lectures and papers on the subject. His work led to the use of angiography to detect internal carotid occlusion, as well as two Nobel Prize nominations in this area. Prefrontal leucotomy Moniz thought that mental illness originated from abnormal neural connections in the frontal lobe. He described a `` fixation of synapses, '' which in mental illness, was expressed as `` predominant, obsessive ideas. '' Moniz also referenced the experiments of Yale physiologists John Fulton and C.F. Jacobsen, who found that removing the frontal lobes of a chimpanzee made it calmer and more cooperative. In addition, Moniz observed `` changes in character and personality '' among soldiers who had suffered from injuries to their frontal lobes. Moniz hypothesized that surgically removing white matter fibers from the frontal lobe would improve a patient 's mental illness. He enlisted his long - time staff member and neurosurgeon Almeida Lima to test the procedure on a group of 20 patients, mainly with schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. The surgeries took place under general anesthesia. The first psychosurgery was performed in 1935 on a 63 - year - old woman with depression, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and insomnia. The patient experienced a rapid physical recovery, and two months later, a psychiatrist noted that she was calmer, less paranoid, and well oriented. In the first set of surgeries, Moniz reported a total of seven cures, seven improvements, and six unchanged cases. Moniz never performed a surgery himself, partially because of his lack of neurosurgical training but also because he suffered from severe gout that left his hands crippled. Instructed by Moniz, Lima performed ten of the first twenty surgeries by injecting absolute alcohol to destroy the frontal lobe. Later on, Moniz and Lima developed a new technique using a leucotome, a needle - like instrument with a retractable wire loop. By rotating the wire loop, they were able to surgically separate white matter fibers. Moniz judged the results acceptable in the first 40 or so patients he treated, claiming, `` Prefrontal leukotomy is a simple operation, always safe, which may prove to be an effective surgical treatment in certain cases of mental disorder. '' He also claimed that any behavioral and personality deterioration that may occur was outweighed by reduction in the debilitating effects of the illness. He conceded that patients who had already deteriorated from the mental illness did not benefit much. The procedure enjoyed a brief vogue, and in 1949 he received the Nobel Prize `` for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses. '' Moniz came under fire from critics who accused him of understating complications, providing inadequate documentation, and not following up with patients. After Moniz 's initial procedures, other physicians, such as Walter Freeman and James Winston Watts, adopted a modified technique in the United States and renamed it `` lobotomy. '' Writing Moniz was a prolific writer, publishing work in Portuguese literature, sexology, and two autobiographies. Upon graduating from medical school, he gained notoriety for publishing a series of controversial books, called A Vida Sexual. His other writings included biographies of Portuguese physician Pedro Hispano Portucalense and Padre Faria, a monk and hypnotist. In the field of medicine, Moniz published 112 articles and 2 books on angiography alone. He also wrote on neurological war injuries, Parkinson 's disease, and clinical neurology. Death In 1939, Moniz was shot multiple times by a schizophrenic patient and subsequently confined to a wheelchair. He continued in private practice until 1955. Moniz died from an internal hemorrhage on December 13, 1955. Legacy Since falling almost completely from use in the 1960s, leucotomy has been deplored by many as brutally arrogant, and collateral derision has been directed at Moniz as its inventor. Others suggest judging the inventor separately from the invention, characterizing Moniz ' work as a `` great and desperate '' attempt to find effective treatment for severe forms of mental illness for which there was at the time no effective treatment at all. Some claim it was aggressive promotion of lobotomy by other doctors ( such as Walter Freeman ) which led to its being performed in large numbers of cases now considered inappropriate. In 1957 Moniz 's study centre, now known as the Egas Moniz Museum, was transferred to Santa Maria Hospital, and integrated into the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, where there is also a statue of him. His art collection is on display at his country house in Avanca. The anatomical feature Egas Moniz 's Siphon, the passage of the internal carotid artery through the interior of the temporal bone, is named for him. Important publications According to the Nobel Prize, his more important publications are : Alterações anátomo - patológicas na difteria ( Anatomo - pathologic changes in diphtheria ), Coimbra, 1900. A vida sexual ( fisiologia e patologia ) ( Physiological and pathological aspects of sex life ), 19 editions, Coimbra, 1901. A neurologia na guerra ( Neurology in war ), Lisbon, 1917. Um ano de política ( A year of politics ), Lisbon, 1920. Júlio Diniz ea sua obra ( Julio Denis and his works ), 6 editions, Lisbon, 1924. O Padre Faria na história do hipnotismo ( Abbé Faria in the history of hypnotism ), Lisbon, 1925. Diagnostic des tumeurs cérébrales et épreuve de l'encéphalographie artérielle ( Diagnostics of cerebral tumours and application of arterial encephalography ), Paris, 1931. L'angiographie cérébrale, ses applications et résultats en anatomic, physiologie et clinique ( Cerebral angiography, its applications and results in anatomy, physiology, and clinic ), Paris, 1934. Tentatives opératoires dans le traitement de certaines psychoses ( Tentative methods in the treatment of certain psychoses ), Paris, 1936. La leucotomie préfrontale. Traitement chirurgical de certaines psychoses ( Prefrontal leucotomy. Surgical treatment of certain psychoses ), Turin, 1937. Clinica dell'angiografia cerebrale ( Clinical cerebral angiography ), Turin, 1938. Die cerebrale Arteriographie und Phlebographie ( Cerebral arteriography and phlebography ), Berlin, 1940. Ao lado da medicina ( On the side of medicine ), Lisbon, 1940. Trombosis y otras obstrucciones de las carótidas ( Thrombosis and other obstructions of the carotids ), Barcelona, 1941. História das cartas de jogar ( History of playing - cards ), Lisbon, 1942. Como cheguei a realizar a leucotomia pré - frontal ( How I came to perform leucotomy ), Lisbon, 1948. Die präfrontale Leukotomie ( Prefrontal leucotomy ), Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1949. Notes Jump up ^ It is often said that this was one of Moniz 's lobotomy patients, but there seems to be no evidence for this. References Jump up ^ `` neurosurgery ''. Berrios, German E. ( 1997 ). `` The origins of psychosurgery : Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz ''. History of Psychiatry. 8 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 81. doi : 10.1177 / 0957154X9700802905. ISSN 0957 - 154X. PMID 11619209. Jump up ^ `` Comments by Carl Skottsberg, President of the Royal Academy of Sciences ( Sweden ), Nobel Medicine Prize Banquet 1949 ''. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Tierney, Ann Jane ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ). `` Egas Moniz and the Origins of Psychosurgery : A Review Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Moniz 's Nobel Prize ''. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 36. doi : 10.1076 / 0964 - 704X ( 200004 ) 9 : 1 ; 1 - 2 ; FT022. ISSN 0964 - 704X. PMID 11232345. ^ Jump up to : Tan, Siang Yong ; Yip, Angela ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ). `` António Egas Moniz ( 1874 -- 1955 ) : Lobotomy pioneer and Nobel laureate ''. Singapore Medical Journal. 55 ( 4 ) : 175 -- 176. doi : 10.11622 / smedj. 2014048. ISSN 0037 - 5675. PMC 4291941. PMID 24763831. Jump up ^ Tondreau, R L. `` The retrospectoscope. Egas Moniz 1874 - 1955 ''. RadioGraphics. 5 ( 6 ) : 994 -- 997. doi : 10.1148 / radiographics. 5.6. 3916824. ^ Jump up to : Gross, Dominik ; Schäfer, Gereon ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ). `` Egas Moniz ( 1874 -- 1955 ) and the `` invention '' of modern psychosurgery : a historical and ethical reanalysis under special consideration of Portuguese original sources ``. Neurosurgical Focus. 30 ( 2 ) : E8. doi : 10.3171 / 2010.10. FOCUS10214. ^ Jump up to : Jansson, Bengt. `` Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize ''. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 July 2010. Jump up ^ Diefenbach, Gretchen J ; Donald Diefenbach ; Alan Baumeister ; Mark West. `` Portrayal of Lobotomy in the Popular Press : 1935 - 1960 ''. unca. ed. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 ''. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13. Jump up ^ Shutts, David ( 1982 ). Lobotomy : resort to the knife. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 109. ^ Jump up to : Abimbola, S. ( Jan. 2006 ) Student BMJ Archive. `` The white cut : Egas Moniz, lobotomy, and the Nobel prize ''. Retrieved 04 - 14 - 2010 Jump up ^ Lerner, Barron H. ( July 14, 2005 ). `` Last - Ditch Medical Therapy -- Revisiting Lobotomy ''. New England Journal of Medicine... nejm.org. 353 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 121. doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp048349. PMID 16014881. Jump up ^ `` Biography ''. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 July 2010. External links Egas Moniz Museum ( in Portuguese ) World of Scientific Discovery on Antonio Egas Moniz Neurosurgery for mental disorder : past and present By LF Haas Neurological stamp Egas Moniz ( 1874 -- 1955 ) www.jnnp.com Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 -- 1925 1901 Emil Behring 1902 Ronald Ross 1903 Niels Finsen 1904 Ivan Pavlov 1905 Robert Koch 1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907 Alphonse Laveran 1908 Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909 Emil Kocher 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1911 Allvar Gullstrand 1912 Alexis Carrel 1913 Charles Richet 1914 Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Jules Bordet 1920 August Krogh 1921 1922 Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923 Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924 Willem Einthoven 1925 1926 -- 1950 1926 Johannes Fibiger 1927 Julius Wagner - Jauregg 1928 Charles Nicolle 1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930 Karl Landsteiner 1931 Otto Warburg 1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933 Thomas Morgan 1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935 Hans Spemann 1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937 Albert Szent - Györgyi 1938 Corneille Heymans 1939 Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945 Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946 Hermann Muller 1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948 Paul Müller 1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench 1951 -- 1975 1951 Max Theiler 1952 Selman Waksman 1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955 Hugo Theorell 1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957 Daniel Bovet 1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961 Georg von Békésy 1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr. 1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin 1976 -- 2000 1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979 Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983 Barbara McClintock 1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi - Montalcini 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995 Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1998 Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999 Günter Blobel 2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel 2001 -- present 2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré - Sinoussi 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010 Robert G. Edwards 2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman ( posthumously ) 2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014 John O'Keefe / May - Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015 William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young BNE : XX1369701 BNF : cb12399904v ( data ) GND : 118784560 ISNI : 0000 0000 7248 7795 LCCN : n84135483 NDL : 001107879 SNAC : w6v98j27 SUDOC : 033098069 VIAF : 74247692 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= António_Egas_Moniz&oldid = 837877916 '' Categories : 1874 births 1955 deaths Government ministers of Portugal Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine Portuguese neurologists Portuguese Nobel laureates Portuguese people with disabilities University of Coimbra alumni Foreign ministers of Portugal Ambassadors of Portugal to Spain Members of the Assembly of the Republic ( Portugal ) People from Aveiro District Lobotomy 20th - century Portuguese physicians 19th - century Portuguese physicians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Yorùbá 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 15 : 50. 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Question: who developed the surgical procedure known as the lobotomy
Answer: António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz