Guillotine - wikipedia Guillotine This article is about the device used to carry out executions by beheading. For the paper slicing tool, see Paper cutter. For other uses, see Guillotine ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2017 ) Marie Antoinette 's execution on 16 October 1793 A guillotine ( / ˈɡɪlətiːn / ; French : ( ɡijɔtin ) ) is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame in which a weighted and angled blade is raised to the top and suspended. The condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, to fall swiftly and forcefully decapitate the victim with a single pass so that the head falls into a basket below. The device is best known for its use in France, in particular during the French Revolution, where it was celebrated as the people 's avenger by supporters of the revolution and vilified as the pre-eminent symbol of the Reign of Terror by opponents. The name dates from this period, but similar devices had been used elsewhere in Europe over several centuries. The guillotine remained France 's standard method of judicial execution until as recently as the abolition of capital punishment in 1981. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, who was guillotined on 10 September 1977. Contents 1 Precursors 2 France 2.1 Invention 2.2 Introduction in France 2.3 Reign of Terror 2.4 Retirement 3 Elsewhere 4 Controversy 4.1 Living Heads 5 Names for the guillotine 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Precursors A replica of the Halifax Gibbet on its original site, 2008, with St Mary 's Catholic church, Gibbet Street, in the background The original Maiden of 1564, now on display at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh The use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use during the French revolution in 1792. An early example of the principle is found in the High History of the Holy Grail, dated to about 1210. Although the device is imaginary, its function is clear. The text says : Within these three openings are the hallows set for them. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein... She setteth her hand toward the openings and draweth forth a pin that was fastened into the wall, and a cutting blade of steel droppeth down, of steel sharper than any razor, and closeth up the three openings. `` Even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond. '' The Halifax Gibbet was a wooden structure consisting of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ). The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ), attached to the bottom of a massive wooden block that slid up and down in grooves in the uprights. This device was mounted on a large square platform 1.25 metres ( 4 ft ) high. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was first used ; the first recorded execution in Halifax dates from 1280, but that execution may have been by sword, axe, or gibbet. The machine remained in use until Oliver Cromwell forbade capital punishment for petty theft. It was used for the last time, for the execution of two criminals on a single day, on 30 April 1650. Holinshed 's Chronicles of 1577 included a picture of `` The execution of Murcod Ballagh near Merton in Ireland in 1307 '' showing a similar execution machine, suggesting its early use in Ireland. The Maiden was constructed in 1564 for the Provost and Magistrates of Edinburgh, and it was in use from April 1565 to 1710. One of those executed was James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, in 1581, and a 1644 publication began circulating the legend that Morton himself had commissioned the Maiden after he had seen the Halifax Gibbet. The Maiden was readily dismantled for storage and transport, and it is now on display in the National Museum of Scotland France Invention Antoine Louis, together with German engineer Tobias Schmidt, built a prototype for the guillotine. Schmidt recommended using an angled blade as opposed to a round one. Introduction in France Portrait of Guillotin On 10 October 1789, physician Joseph - Ignace Guillotin proposed to the National Assembly that capital punishment should always take the form of decapitation `` by means of a simple mechanism. '' Sensing the growing discontent, Louis XVI banned the use of the breaking wheel. In 1791, as the French Revolution progressed, the National Assembly researched a new method to be used on all condemned people regardless of class, consistent with the idea that the purpose of capital punishment was simply to end life rather than to inflict pain. A committee was formed under Antoine Louis, physician to the King and Secretary to the Academy of Surgery. Guillotin was also on the committee. The group was influenced by the Italian Mannaia ( or Mannaja : which had been used ever since Roman times ), the Scottish Maiden and the Halifax Gibbet, which was fitted with an axe head weighing 7 pounds 12 ounces ( 3.5 kg ). While these prior instruments usually crushed the neck or used blunt force to take off a head, devices also usually used a crescent blade and a lunette ( a hinged two part yoke to immobilize the victim 's neck ). Laquiante, an officer of the Strasbourg criminal court, designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and harpsichord maker, to construct a prototype. Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. The memoirs of the official executioner claim that King Louis XVI ( an amateur locksmith ) recommended that an oblique blade be used instead of a crescent blade. The first execution by guillotine was performed on highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier on 25 April 1792. He was executed in front of what is now the city hall of Paris ( Place de l'hôtel de ville ). All citizens deemed guilty of a crime punishable by death were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the Place du Carrousel. The machine was successful because it was considered a humane form of execution, contrasting with the methods used in pre-revolutionary Ancien Régime. In France, before the invention of the guillotine, members of the nobility were beheaded with a sword or an axe, which often took two or more blows to kill the condemned. ( The condemned or their families would sometimes pay the executioner to ensure that the blade was sharp, to achieve a quick and relatively painless death. ) Commoners were usually hanged, which could take many minutes. In the early phase of the French Revolution, the slogan À la lanterne ( in English : To the Lamp Post !, String Them Up ! or Hang Them ! ) had become a symbol of popular justice in revolutionary France. The revolutionary radicals hanged officials and aristocrats from street lanterns. Other more gruesome methods of execution were also used, such as the wheel or burning at the stake. The guillotine was thus perceived to deliver an immediate death without risk of suffocation. Furthermore, having only one method of civil execution was seen as an expression of equality among citizens. The guillotine was then the only civil legal execution method in France until the abolition of the death penalty in 1981, apart from certain crimes against the security of the state, or for the death sentences passed by military courts, which entailed execution by firing squad. For a period of time after its invention, the guillotine was called a louisette. However, it was later named after Guillotin who had proposed that a less painful method of execution should be found in place of the breaking wheel, though he opposed the death penalty. Reign of Terror The execution of Louis XVI The execution of Robespierre From June 1793 to July 1794 ( the Reign of Terror ) thousands were guillotined, beginning with Collenot d'Angremont of the National Guard in 1792. Former King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. At this time, executions in Paris were carried out in the Place de la Revolution ( former Place Louis XV and current Place de la Concorde ) ; the guillotine stood in the corner near the Hôtel Crillon where the statue of Brest can be found today. For a time, executions by guillotine were a popular form of entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators, with vendors selling programs listing the names of the condemned. But more than popular entertainment alone, during the Reign of Terror, the guillotine symbolized revolutionary ideals : equality in death equivalent to equality before the law, open and demonstrable revolutionary justice, and the destruction of privilege under the Ancien Régime which included separate forms of execution for the nobility. As such, the guillotine was considered a positive force for progress by the Parisian sans - culottes, the popular public face of lower - class patriotic radicalism in the French Revolution. Retirement Public guillotining in Lons - le - Saunier, 1897 After the French Revolution, executions began again in the city center. On 4 February 1832, the guillotine was moved behind the church of Saint Jacques, just before being moved again, to the Grande Roquette prison, on 29 November 1851. On 6 August 1909, the guillotine was used on the junction of the Boulevard Arago and the Rue de la Santé, behind the La Santé Prison. The last public guillotining in France was of Eugen Weidmann, who was convicted of six murders. He was beheaded on 17 June 1939 outside the prison Saint - Pierre, rue Georges Clemenceau 5 at Versailles, which is now the Palais de Justice. A number of problems with that execution ( inappropriate behavior by spectators, incorrect assembly of the apparatus, and the fact that it was secretly filmed ) caused the French government to order that future executions be conducted in private in the prison courtyard. The guillotine remained the official method of execution in France until the death penalty was abolished in 1981. The final three guillotinings in France before its abolition were those of child - murderers Christian Ranucci on 28 July 1976 in Marseille and Jérôme Carrein on 23 June 1977 in Douai, and torturer - murderer Hamida Djandoubi on 10 September 1977 in Marseille. In the late 1840s the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for Madame Tussauds wax museum, visited the aged Henry - Clément Sanson, grandson of the executioner Charles Henri Sanson, from whom they obtained parts, the knife and lunette, of one of the original guillotines used during the Reign of Terror. The executioner had `` pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property ''. Elsewhere A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries. In Antwerp ( Belgium ), the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of robbery and murder, he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798, until 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp. In Germany, where the guillotine is known as the Fallbeil ( `` falling axe '' ), it was used in various German states from the 17th century onwards, becoming the preferred method of execution in Napoleonic times in many parts of Germany. The guillotine and the firing squad were the legal methods of execution during the era of the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) and the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ). The original German guillotines resembled the French Berger 1872 model, but they eventually evolved into more specialized machines largely built of metal with a much heavier blade enabling shorter uprights to be used. Accompanied by a more efficient blade recovery system and the eventual removal of the tilting board ( or bascule ) this allowed a quicker turn - around time between executions, those deemed likely to struggle were backed up from behind a curtain in order to shield their view of the device. Additionally, the blade was covered by a metal screen in order to hide it from sight. The guillotine was used in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 to execute 16,500 prisoners, including 10,000 executions between 1944 -- 1945 alone. One of these Nazi executions was that of Sophie Scholl, who was convicted of high treason after distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets at the University of Munich with her brother Hans, and other members of the German student resistance group, the White Rose. The guillotine was used for the last time in West Germany in 1949 ( in the execution of Richard Schuh ) and it was last used in East Germany in 1966 ( in the execution of Horst Fischer ). The guillotine was used in East Germany by the Stasi between 1950 and 1966 for secret executions. In Switzerland it was used for the last time by the canton of Obwalden in the execution of murderer Hans Vollenweider in 1940. The guillotine was also introduced into Greece in 1834, along with the firing squad, as a method of execution. It was last used in Greece in 1913. In Sweden, where beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866, the guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903 and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer Alfred Ander in 1910 at Långholmen Prison, Stockholm. He was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished in that country in 1921. Swedish child killer Hilda Nilsson was scheduled to be executed by guillotine in 1917. She evaded that fate when her death sentence was commuted to life in prison. She hanged herself in prison rather than spend the rest of her life behind bars. In South Vietnam, after the Diệm regime enacted the 10 / 59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population and they used guillotines which had belonged to the former French colonial power in order to carry out death sentences on the spot. One such guillotine is still on show at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City. The only recorded use of the guillotine in North America took place on the French island of St. Pierre in 1889 with a guillotine brought in from Guadeloupe. In 1996 in the US, Georgia State Representative Doug Teper unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state 's electric chair with the guillotine. In recent years, a number of individuals have committed suicide by means of a guillotine which they had constructed themselves. Controversy Execution of Languille in 1905 From its first use, there has been debate as to whether the guillotine always provided a swift death as Guillotin had hoped. With previous methods of execution intended to be painful, there was little concern about the level of suffering that they inflicted. Because the guillotine was invented specifically to be humane, the issue of pain and suffering was seriously considered. Properly built and maintained, the guillotine and its blade cut quickly enough for there to be relatively little impact on the brain case, and perhaps there is less likelihood of immediate unconsciousness than there is with a more violent form of decapitation, or a long - drop hanging. Despite claims of the guillotine being a superior method of execution, sometimes the machine may not have worked as intended - perhaps due to poor blade maintenance, inferior equipment, or other unforseen errors by the builder or operator. A likely apocryphal story was the execution of the 3rd Marquess of Becelaere, that did not go as intended. Members of the public testified that they needed to try three times before the Marquess lost his head, but these reports are unreliable. Living heads The question of consciousness following decapitation remained a topic of discussion during the guillotine 's use, both from an academic or medical viewpoint, as well as from a more vulgar and emotional public viewpoint driven by a fascination with the horror of a living, bodiless head. Audiences to guillotinings told numerous stories of blinking eyelids, speaking, moving eyes, movement of the mouth, even an expression of `` unequivocal indignation '' on the face of the decapitated Charlotte Corday when her cheek was slapped. The following report was written by Dr. Beaurieux, who experimented with the head of a condemned prisoner by the name of Henri Languille, on 28 June 1905 : Here, then, is what I was able to note immediately after the decapitation : the eyelids and lips of the guillotined man worked in irregularly rhythmic contractions for about five or six seconds. This phenomenon has been remarked by all those finding themselves in the same conditions as myself for observing what happens after the severing of the neck... I waited for several seconds. The spasmodic movements ceased. (... ) It was then that I called in a strong, sharp voice : `` Languille ! '' I saw the eyelids slowly lift up, without any spasmodic contractions -- I insist advisedly on this peculiarity -- but with an even movement, quite distinct and normal, such as happens in everyday life, with people awakened or torn from their thoughts. Next Languille 's eyes very definitely fixed themselves on mine and the pupils focused themselves. I was not, then, dealing with the sort of vague dull look without any expression, that can be observed any day in dying people to whom one speaks : I was dealing with undeniably living eyes which were looking at me. After several seconds, the eyelids closed again (... ). It was at that point that I called out again and, once more, without any spasm, slowly, the eyelids lifted and undeniably living eyes fixed themselves on mine with perhaps even more penetration than the first time. Then there was a further closing of the eyelids, but now less complete. I attempted the effect of a third call ; there was no further movement -- and the eyes took on the glazed look which they have in the dead. These widespread anecdotal claims, which vary in credibility, can be reevaluated in the light of recent neurological research on animals. In one study, attempting to address whether decapitation of research rats is a humane practice, the cognitive band ( 13 - 100 Hz ) in the EEG patterns of decapitated rats reached levels hypothesized to be consistent with unconsciousness after 3.7 seconds on average. More research in this area is needed, however, as EEG patterns and power levels are not a direct measure of consciousness ( a poorly understood phenomenon ), nor can results with rat biology be taken as conclusive for human biology. Names for the guillotine During the span of its usage, the French guillotine has gone by many names, some of which include these : La Monte - à - regret ( The Regretful Climb ) Le Rasoir National ( The National Razor ) Le Vasistas or La Lucarne ( The Fanlight ) La Veuve ( The Widow ) Le Moulin à Silence ( The Silence Mill ) Louisette or Louison ( from the name of prototype designer Antoine Louis ) Madame La Guillotine Mirabelle ( from the name of Mirabeau ) La Bécane ( The Machine ) Le Massicot ( The Cutter ) La Cravate à Capet ( Capet 's Necktie, Capet being Louis XVI ) La Raccourcisseuse Patriotique ( The Patriotic Shortener ) La demi - lune ( The Half - Moon ) Les Bois de Justice ( Woods of Justice ) La Bascule à Charlot ( Charlot 's Rocking - chair ) Le Prix Goncourt des Assassins ( The Goncourt Prize for Murderers ) See also Criminal justice portal Capital punishment in France Henri Désiré Landru Rozalia Lubomirska Eugen Weidmann Marcel Petiot Jozef Raskin Bals des victimes Flying guillotine ( weapon ) Plötzensee Prison Use of capital punishment by nation References Jump up ^ R. Po - chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith, The Making of the West, Peoples and Culture, A Concise History, Volume II : Since 1340, Second Edition ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's, 2007 ), 664. ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Loi n ° 81 - 908 du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort. Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 25. ^ Jump up to : High History of the Grail, translated by Sebastian Evans ISBN 9781 - 4209 - 44075 Jump up ^ History of the guillotine, The Guillotine Headquarters 2014. Jump up ^ Maxwell, H Edinburgh, A Historical Study, Williams and Norgate ( 1916 ), pp. 137, 299 -- 303. Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary. `` The History of the Guillotine ''. about.com. Retrieved 13 February 2014. Jump up ^ R.F. Opie ( 2003 ) Guillotine, Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing Ltd, p. 22, ISBN 0750930349. ^ Jump up to : Executive Producer Don Cambou ( 2001 ). Modern Marvels : Death Devices. A&E Television Networks. Jump up ^ Parker, John William ( 26 July 1834 ). `` The Halifax Gibbet - Law ''. The Saturday Magazine ( 132 ) : 32. Jump up ^ Croker, John Wilson ( 1857 ). Essays on the early period of the French Revolution. J. Murray. p. 549. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ Edmond - Jean Guérin, `` 1738 -- 1814 -- Joseph - Ignace Guillotin : biographie historique d'une figure saintaise '', Histoire P@ssion website, accessed 2009 - 06 - 27, citing M. Georges de Labruyère in le Matin, 22 Aug. 1907 Jump up ^ Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688 - 1847 / edited by Henry Sanson. pp 260 - 261. https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofsansons00sansuoft/memoirsofsansons00sansuoft_djvu.txt accessed 28 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Crime Library ''. National Museum of Crime & Punishment. Retrieved 13 June 2009. ( I ) n 1792, Nicholas - Jacques Pelletier became the first person to be put to death with a guillotine. Jump up ^ Chase 's Calendar of Events 2007. New York : McGraw - Hill. 2007. p. 291. ISBN 0 - 07 - 146818 - 8. Jump up ^ Scurr, Ruth ( 2007 ). Fatal Purity. New York : H. Holt. pp. 222 -- 223. ISBN 0 - 8050 - 8261 - 1. Jump up ^ Abbott, Jeffery ( 2007 ). What a Way to Go. New York : St. Martin 's Griffin. p. 144. ISBN 0 - 312 - 36656 - 6. Jump up ^ Pre-1981 penal code, article 12 : `` Any person sentenced to death shall be beheaded. '' Jump up ^ Pre-1971 Code de Justice Militaire, article 336 : `` Les justiciables des juridictions des forces armées condamnés à la peine capitale sont fusillés dans un lieu désigné par l'autorité militaire. '' Jump up ^ Pre-1981 penal code, article 13 : `` By exception to article 12, when the death penalty is handed for crimes against the safety of the State, execution shall take place by firing squad. ''. Jump up ^ Arasse, Daniel ( 1989 ). `` The Guilloine and the Terror ''. London : Penguin. pp. 75 -- 76. Jump up ^ Higonnet, Patrice ( 2000 ). `` Goodness Beyond Virtue : Jacobins During the French Revolution ``. Cambridge, MA : Harvard. p. 283. Jump up ^ Leonard Cottrell ( 1952 ) Madame Tussaud, Evans Brothers Limited, pp. 142 -- 43. Jump up ^ Gazet van Mechelen, 8 May 1956 Jump up ^ Robert Frederick Opie ( 2013 ). Guillotine : The Timbers of Justice. History Press. p. 131. Jump up ^ Scholl, Inge ( 1983 ). The White Rose : Munich, 1942 -- 1943. Schultz, Arthur R. ( Trans. ). Middletown, CT : Wesleyan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6086 - 5. Jump up ^ Rolf Lamprecht ( 5 September 2011 ). Ich gehe bis nach Karlsruhe : Eine Geschichte des Bundesverfassungsgerichts - Ein SPIEGEL - Buch. Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt. p. 55. ISBN 978 - 3 - 641 - 06094 - 7. Jump up ^ Jörg Osterloh ; Clemens Vollnhals ( 18 January 2012 ). NS - Prozesse und deutsche Öffentlichkeit : Besatzungszeit, frühe Bundesrepublik und DDR. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 368. ISBN 978 - 3 - 647 - 36921 - 1. Jump up ^ John O. Koehler ( 5 August 2008 ). Stasi : The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police. Basic Books. p. 18. Jump up ^ Bolmstedt, Åsa. `` Änglamakerskan '' ( The angel maker ). Populär Historia ( in Swedish ). LRF Media. Retrieved 1 December 2015. Jump up ^ Rystad, Johan G. ( 1 April 2015 ). `` Änglamakerskan i Helsingborg dränkte åtta fosterbarn '' ( The angel maker in Helsingborg drowned eight foster care children ). Hemmets Journal ( in Swedish ). Egmont Group. Retrieved 1 December 2015. Jump up ^ Nguyen Thi Dinh ; Mai V. Elliott ( 1976 ). No Other Road to Take : Memoir of Mrs Nguyen Thi Dinh. Cornell University Southeast Asia Program. p. 27. ISBN 0 - 87727 - 102 - X. Jump up ^ Farrara, Andrew J. ( 2004 ). Around the World in 220 Days : The Odyssey of an American Traveler Abroad. Buy Books. p. 415. ISBN 0 - 7414 - 1838 - X. Jump up ^ Wren, Christopher S. A BIT OF FRANCE OFF THE COAST OF CANADA. The New York Times July 27, 1986. ( 1 ) Accessed July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Representative Doug Teper ( D - 61 ) ''. Georgia House of Representatives. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Georgia House of Representatives - 1995 / 1996 Sessions HB 1274 - Death penalty ; guillotine provisions ''. The General Assembly of Georgia. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Guillotine death was suicide ''. BBC News. 24 April 2003. Retrieved 26 September 2008. Jump up ^ Sulivan, Anne ( 16 September 2007 ). `` Man kills himself with guillotine ''. The News Herald. Tennessee. Retrieved 11 September 2016. Jump up ^ Staglin, Douglas. `` Russian engineer commits suicide with homemade guillotine ''. USA Today. Retrieved 11 September 2016. Jump up ^ Buncomber, Andrew ( 3 December 1999 ). `` Guillotine used for suicide ''. The Independent. Retrieved 11 September 2016. Jump up ^ Dr. Beaurieux. `` Report From 1905 ''. The History of the Guillotine. Retrieved 13 February 2009. Jump up ^ Clinical Journal. Medical Publishing Company. 1898. p. 436. Jump up ^ Rijn, Clementina M. van. ; Krijnen, Hans ; Menting - Hermeling, Saskia ; Coenen, Anton M.L. ; Chapouthier, Georges ( 27 January 2011 ). `` Decapitation in Rats : Latency to Unconsciousness and the ' Wave of Death ' ''. PLoS ONE. 6 ( 1 ) : e16514. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016514. Jump up ^ abbaye de monte - à - regret : définition avec Bob, dictionnaire d'argot, l'autre trésor de la langue. Languefrancaise.net. Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 25. ^ Jump up to : Joseph - Ignace GUILLOTIN ( 1738 -- 1814 ). Medarus.org. Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 25. ^ Jump up to : guillotine du XIVeme arrondissement. Ktakafka.free.fr. Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ Guillotine. Whonamedit. Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 25. Further reading Carlyle, Thomas. The French Revolution In Three Volumes, Volume 3 : The Guillotine. Charles C. Little and James Brown ( Little Brown ). New York, NY, 1839. No ISBN. ( First Edition. Many reprintings of this important history have been done during the last two centuries. ) Croker, John Wilson ( 1853 ). History of the Guillotine. London : John Murray. Gerould, Daniel ( 1992 ). Guillotine ; Its Legend and Lore. Blast Books. ISBN 0 - 922233 - 02 - 0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guillotine. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guillotine The Guillotine Headquarters with a gallery, history, name list, and quiz. Bois de justice History of the guillotine, construction details, with rare photos ( English ) Fabricius, Jørn. `` The Guillotine Headquarters ''. Does the head remain briefly conscious after decapitation ( revisited ) ? 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Question: who created the guillotine in the french revolution
Answer: Antoine Louis