Gospel of Luke - wikipedia Gospel of Luke Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to Luke ( Greek : Τὸ κατὰ Λουκᾶν εὐαγγέλιον, to kata Loukan evangelion ), also called the Gospel of Luke, or simply Luke, is the third of the four canonical Gospels. It tells of the origins, birth, ministry, atonement, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ. Luke is the second - longest of the four gospels, and together with Acts of the Apostles, the pair make up a two - volume work from the same pen, called Luke -- Acts. The cornerstone of Luke -- Acts ' theology is `` salvation history '', the author 's understanding that God 's purpose is seen in the way he has acted, and will continue to act, in history. It divides the history of first century Christianity into three stages, with the gospel making up the first two of these -- the arrival among men of Jesus the Messiah, from his birth to the beginning of his earthly mission in the meeting with John the Baptist followed by his earthly ministry, Passion, death and resurrection ( concluding the gospel story per se ). The gospel 's sources are the Gospel of Mark ( for the narrative of Christ 's earthly life ), the sayings collection called the Q source ( for his teachings ), and a collection of material called the L ( for Luke ) source, which is found only in this gospel. Luke -- Acts does not name its author. According to Church tradition this was Luke the Evangelist, the companion of Paul, but while this view is still occasionally put forward the scholarly consensus emphasises the many contradictions between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters. The most probable date for its composition is around 80 -- 110 AD, and there is evidence that it was still being revised well into the 2nd century. Contents 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Textual history 1.2 Luke -- Acts : unity, authorship and date 1.3 Genre, models and sources 1.4 Audience and authorial intent 2 Structure and content 2.1 Structure of Luke 's Gospel 2.2 Parallel structure of Luke -- Acts 3 Theology 3.1 Luke 's `` salvation history '' 3.2 Christology 3.3 The Holy Spirit, the Christian community, and the kingdom of God 3.4 Christians vs. Rome and the Jews 4 Comparison with other writings 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Composition and setting Textual history See also : Acts of the Apostles § Manuscripts A 3rd - century AD Greek papyrus of the Gospel of Luke Autographs ( original copies ) of Luke and the other Gospels have not been preserved, as is typical for ancient documents ; the texts that survive are third - generation copies, with no two completely identical. The earliest witnesses ( the technical term for written manuscripts ) for Luke 's gospel fall into two `` families '' with considerable differences between them, the Western and the Alexandrian, and the dominant view is that the Western text represents a process of deliberate revision, as the variations seem to form specific patterns. The oldest witness is a fragment dating from the late 2nd century, while the oldest complete texts are the 4th century Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, both from the Alexandrian family ; Codex Bezae, a 5th - or 6th - century Western text - type manuscript that contains Luke in Greek and Latin versions on facing pages, appears to have descended from an offshoot of the main manuscript tradition, departing from more familiar readings at many points. Luke -- Acts : unity, authorship and date See also : Authorship of Luke -- Acts The gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up a two - volume work which scholars call Luke -- Acts. Together they account for 27.5 % of the New Testament, the largest contribution by a single author, providing the framework for both the Church 's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus. The author is not named in either volume. According to a Church tradition dating from the 2nd century he was the Luke named as a companion of Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself, but `` a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters ( Theissen and Merz 1998, p. 32 ). '' ( An example can be seen by comparing Acts ' accounts of Paul 's conversion ( Acts 9 : 1 -- 31, 22 : 6 -- 21, and 26 : 9 -- 23 ) with Paul 's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event ( Galatians 1 : 17 -- 24 ). ) He admired Paul, but his theology was significantly different from Paul 's on key points and he does not ( in Acts ) represent Paul 's views accurately. He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself ; this is significant, because more high - brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business - people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke 's audience. The eclipse of the traditional attribution to Luke the companion of Paul has meant that an early date for the gospel is now rarely put forward. Some experts date the composition of the combined work to around 80 -- 90 AD, although some others suggest 90 -- 110, and there is evidence, both textual ( the conflicts between Western and Alexandrian manuscript families ) and from the Marcionite controversy ( Marcion was a 2nd - century heretic who produced his own version of Christian scripture based on Luke 's gospel and Paul 's epistles ) that Luke -- Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century. Genre, models and sources Almost all of Mark 's content is found in Matthew, and most of Mark is also found in Luke. Matthew and Luke share a large amount of additional material that is not found in Mark, and each also has a proportion of unique material. Luke -- Acts is a religio - political history of the Founder of the church and his successors, in both deeds and words. The author describes his book as a `` narrative '' ( diegesis ), rather than as a gospel, and implicitly criticises his predecessors for not giving their readers the speeches of Jesus and the Apostles, as such speeches were the mark of a `` full '' report, the vehicle through which ancient historians conveyed the meaning of their narratives. He seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who wrote a history of Rome, and the Jewish historian Josephus, author of a history of the Jews. All three authors anchor the histories of their respective peoples by dating the births of the founders ( Romulus, Moses and Jesus ) and narrate the stories of the founders ' births from God, so that they are sons of God. Each founder taught authoritatively, appeared to witnesses after death, and ascended to heaven. Crucial aspects of the teaching of all three concerned the relationship between rich and poor and the question of whether `` foreigners '' were to be received into the people. The author used as his sources the gospel of Mark, the sayings collection called the Q source, and a collection of material called the L ( for Luke ) source. Mark, written around 70 AD, provided the narrative outline, but Mark contains comparatively little of Jesus ' teachings. For these Luke turned to Q, which consisted mostly, although not exclusively, of `` sayings ''. ( Most scholars are reasonably sure that Q existed and that it can be reconstructed ). Mark and Q account for about 64 % of Luke. The remaining material, known as the L source, is of unknown origin and date. Most Q and L - source material is grouped in two clusters, Luke 6 : 17 -- 8 : 3 and 9 : 51 -- 18 : 14, and L - source material forms the first two section of the gospel ( the preface and infancy and childhood narratives ). Audience and authorial intent Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus - followers gathered in a house to share the Lord 's supper. The author assumes an educated Greek - speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco - Roman world at large. He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to `` Theophilus '' : the name means `` Lover of God, '' and could be an individual or simply any Christian. Here he informs Theophilus of his intention, which is to lead his reader to certainty through an orderly account `` of the events that have been fulfilled among us. '' He did not, however, intend to provide Theophilus with a historical justification of the Christian faith -- `` did it happen ? '' -- but to encourage faith -- `` what happened, and what does it all mean ? '' Structure and content Detailed content of Luke 1. Formal introduction To Theophilus ( 1 : 1 -- 4 ) 2. Jesus ' birth and boyhood Zacharias ( 1 : 5 -- 25 ) Annunciation ( 1 : 26 -- 45 ) Magnificat ( 1 : 46 -- 56 ) Nativity of St John the Baptist ( 1 : 57 -- 80 ) Benedictus ( 1 : 68 -- 79 ) Census of Quirinius ( 2 : 1 -- 5 ) Nativity of Jesus ( 2 : 6 -- 7 ) Annunciation to the shepherds ( 2 : 8 -- 15 ) Adoration of the Shepherds ( 2 : 16 -- 20 ) Circumcision of Jesus ( 2 : 21 -- 40 ) : Nunc dimittis ( 2 : 29 -- 32 ) Finding in the Temple ( 2 : 41 -- 52 ) 3. Jesus ' baptism and temptation Ministry of John the Baptist ( 3 : 1 -- 20 ) Baptism ( 3 : 21 -- 22 ) Genealogy ( 3 : 23 -- 38 ) Temptation ( 4 : 1 -- 13 ) 4. Jesus ' ministry in Galilee Good News ( 4 : 14 -- 15 ) Rejection in Nazareth ( 4 : 16 -- 30 ) Capernaum ( 4 : 31 -- 44 ) Miraculous catch of fish ( 5 : 1 -- 11 ) Leper and Paralytic ( 5 : 12 -- 26 ) Calling of Matthew ( 5 : 27 -- 32 ) On fasting ( 5 : 33 -- 35 ) New Wine into Old Wineskins ( 5 : 36 -- 39 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 6 : 1 -- 5 ) Man with withered hand ( 6 : 6 -- 11 ) Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles ( 6 : 12 -- 16 ) Sermon on the Plain ( 6 : 17 -- 49 ) Centurion 's servant ( 7 : 1 -- 10 ) Young man from Nain ( 7 : 11 -- 17 ) Messengers from John the Baptist ( 7 : 18 -- 35 ) Anointing ( 7 : 36 -- 50 ) Women companions of Jesus ( 8 : 1 -- 3 ) Parable of the Sower ( 8 : 4 -- 8, 11 -- 15 ) Purpose of parables ( 8 : 9 -- 10 ) Lamp under a bushel ( 8 : 16 -- 18 ; 11 : 33 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 8 : 19 -- 21 ) Calming the storm ( 8 : 22 -- 25 ) Demon named Legion ( 8 : 26 -- 39 ) Raising of Jairus ' daughter ( 8 : 40 -- 56 ) Instructions for the Twelve ( 9 : 1 -- 6 ) Death of John the Baptist ( 9 : 7 -- 9 ) Feeding of the 5000 ( 9 : 10 -- 17 ) Confession of Peter ( 9 : 18 -- 20 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 9 : 21 -- 27, 44 -- 45 ; 18 : 31 -- 34 ) Transfiguration ( 9 : 28 -- 36 ) Possessed boy ( 9 : 37 -- 43 ) The Little Children ( 9 : 46 -- 48 ) Those not against are for ( 9 : 49 -- 50 ) 5. Jesus ' teaching on the journey to Jerusalem On the road to Jerusalem ( 9 : 51 ) Samaritan rejection ( 9 : 52 -- 56 ) Foxes have holes ( 9 : 57 -- 58 ) Let the dead bury the dead ( 9 : 59 -- 60 ) Do n't look back ( 9 : 61 -- 62 ) Commission of the Seventy ( 10 : 1 -- 12, 10 : 16 -- 20 ) Cursing Chorazin, Bethsaida, Capernaum ( 10 : 13 -- 15 ) Praising the Father ( 10 : 21 -- 24 ) Great Commandment ( 10 : 25 -- 28 ) Parable of the Good Samaritan ( 10 : 29 -- 37 ) Visiting Martha and Mary ( 10 : 38 -- 42 ) Lord 's Prayer ( 11 : 1 -- 4 ) Parable of the Friend at Night ( 11 : 5 -- 13 ) Blind - mute man ( 11 : 14 -- 19 ) Exorcising by the Finger of God ( 11 : 20 ) Strong man ( 11 : 21 -- 22 ) Those not with me are against me ( 11 : 23 ) Return of the unclean spirit ( 11 : 24 -- 26 ) Those who hear the word and keep it ( 11 : 27 -- 28 ) Request for a sign ( 11 : 29 -- 32 ) Eye and Light ( 11 : 34 -- 36 ) Woes of the Pharisees ( 11 : 37 -- 54 ) Veiled and Unveiled ( 12 : 1 -- 3 ) Whom to fear ( 12 : 4 -- 7 ) Unforgivable sin ( 12 : 8 -- 12 ) Disputed inheritance ( 12 : 13 -- 15 ) Parable of the Rich Fool and Birds ( 12 : 16 -- 32 ) Sell your possessions ( 12 : 33 -- 34 ) Parable of the Faithful Servant ( 12 : 35 -- 48 ) Not peace, but a sword ( 12 : 49 -- 53 ; 14 : 25 -- 27 ) Knowing the times ( 12 : 54 -- 56 ) Settle with your accuser ( 12 : 57 -- 59 ) Tower of Siloam ( 13 : 1 -- 5 ) Parable of the barren fig tree ( 13 : 6 -- 9 ) Infirm woman ( 13 : 10 -- 17 ) Parable of the Mustard Seed and Parable of the Leaven ( 13 : 18 -- 21 ) The Narrow Gate ( 13 : 22 -- 30 ) Lament over Jerusalem ( 13 : 31 -- 35 ) Man with dropsy ( 14 : 1 -- 6 ) Parable of the Wedding Feast, Parable of the Great Banquet, Counting the cost, Parable of the Lost Sheep, Parable of the Lost Coin, Parable of the Prodigal Son, Parable of the Unjust Steward ( 14 : 7 -- 16 : 13 ) Not one stroke of a letter ( 16 : 14 -- 17 ) On divorce ( 16 : 18 ) Rich man and Lazarus ( 16 : 19 -- 31 ) Curse those who set traps ( 17 : 1 -- 6 ) Parable of the Master and Servant ( 17 : 7 -- 10 ) Cleansing ten lepers ( 17 : 11 -- 19 ) The Coming Kingdom of God ( 17 : 20 -- 37 ) Parables of the Unjust judge, Pharisee and Publican ( 18 : 1 -- 14 ) The Little Children ( 18 : 15 -- 17 ) Rich young man ( 18 : 18 -- 30 ) Blind near Jericho ( 18 : 35 -- 43 ) Zacchaeus ( 19 : 1 -- 9 ) Son of Man came to save ( 19 : 10 ) Parable of the Talents ( 19 : 11 -- 27 ) 6. Jesus ' Jerusalem conflicts, crucifixion, and resurrection Entry into Jerusalem ( 19 : 28 -- 44 ) Cleansing of the Temple ( 19 : 45 -- 48 ) Authority questioned ( 20 : 1 -- 8 ) Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen ( 20 : 9 -- 19 ) Render unto Caesar ( 20 : 20 -- 26 ) Resurrection of the dead ( 20 : 27 -- 40 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 20 : 41 -- 44 ) Denouncing scribes ( 20 : 45 -- 47 ) Lesson of the widow 's mite ( 21 : 1 -- 4 ) Olivet Discourse ( 21 : 5 -- 38 ) Plot to kill Jesus ( 22 : 1 -- 2 ) Bargain of Judas ( 22 : 3 -- 6 ) Last Supper ( 22 : 7 -- 23 ) Dispute about Greatness ( 22 : 24 -- 30 ) Denial of Peter ( 22 : 31 -- 34, 55 -- 62 ) Sell your cloak and buy a sword ( 22 : 35 -- 38 ) Agony in the Garden ( 22 : 39 -- 46 ) Kiss of Judas ( 22 : 47 -- 53 ) Arrest ( 22 : 54 ) Guards mock Jesus ( 22 : 63 -- 65 ) Before the High Priest ( 22 : 66 -- 71 ) Pilate 's court ( 23 : 1 -- 7, 13 -- 25 ) Jesus at Herod 's court ( 23 : 8 -- 12 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 23 : 26 ) Crucifixion ( 23 : 27 -- 49 ) Entombment ( 23 : 50 -- 56 ) Empty tomb ( 24 : 1 -- 12 ) Resurrection appearances ( 24 : 13 -- 43 ) Great Commission ( 24 : 44 -- 49 ) Ascension of Jesus ( 24 : 50 -- 53 ) This box : view talk edit Annunciation ( Murillo ) Structure of Luke 's gospel Following the author 's preface addressed to his patron and the two birth narratives ( John the Baptist and Jesus ), the gospel opens in Galilee and moves gradually to its climax in Jerusalem : A brief preface addressed to Theophilus stating the author 's aims ; Birth and infancy narratives for both Jesus and John the Baptist, interpreted as the dawn of the promised era of Israel 's salvation ; Preparation for Jesus ' messianic mission : John 's prophetic mission, his baptism of Jesus, and the testing of Jesus ' vocation ; The beginning of Jesus ' mission in Galilee, and the hostile reception there ; The central section : the journey to Jerusalem, where Jesus knows he must meet his destiny as God 's prophet and messiah ; His mission in Jerusalem, culminating in confrontation with the leaders of the Jewish Temple ; His last supper with his most intimate followers, followed by his arrest, interrogation, and crucifixion ; God 's validation of Jesus as Christ : events from the first Easter to the Ascension, showing Jesus ' death to be divinely ordained, in keeping with both scriptural promise and the nature of messiahship, and anticipating the story of Acts. Parallel structure of Luke -- Acts The structure of Acts parallels the structure of the gospel, demonstrating the universality of the divine plan and the shift of authority from Jerusalem to Rome : The gospel -- the acts of Jesus : The presentation of the child Jesus at the Temple in Jerusalem Jesus ' forty days in the desert Jesus in Samaria / Judea Jesus in the Decapolis Jesus receives the Holy Spirit Jesus preaches with power ( the power of the spirit ) Jesus heals the sick Death of Jesus The apostles are sent to preach to all nations The acts of the apostles Jerusalem Forty days before the Ascension Samaria Asia Minor Pentecost : Christ 's followers receive the spirit The apostles preach with the power of the spirit The apostles heal the sick Death of Stephen, the first martyr for Christ Paul preaches in Rome Theology Parable of the Sower ( Biserica Ortodoxă din Deal, Cluj - Napoca ), Romania ) Luke 's `` salvation history '' Luke 's theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot, the way scenes, themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview. His `` salvation history '' stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers, in three ages : first, the time of `` the Law and the Prophets '', the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist ( Luke 1 : 5 -- 3 : 1 ) ; second, the epoch of Jesus, in which the Kingdom of God was preached ( Luke 3 : 2 -- 24 : 51 ) ; and finally the period of the Church, which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven, and would end with his second coming. Christology Luke 's understanding of Jesus -- his Christology -- is central to his theology. One approach to this is through the titles Luke gives to Jesus : these include, but are not limited to, Christ ( Messiah ), Lord, Son of God, and Son of Man. Another is by reading Luke in the context of similar Greco - Roman divine saviour figures ( Roman emperors are an example ), references which would have made clear to Luke 's readers that Jesus was the greatest of all saviours. A third is to approach Luke through his use of the Old Testament, those passages from Jewish scripture which he cites to establish that Jesus is the promised Messiah. While much of this is familiar, much also is missing : for example, Luke makes no clear reference to Christ 's pre-existence or to the Christian 's union with Christ, and makes relatively little reference to the concept of atonement : perhaps he felt no need to mention these ideas, or disagreed with them, or possibly he was simply unaware of them. Even what Luke does say about Christ is ambiguous or even contradictory. For example, according to Luke 2 : 11 Jesus was the Christ at his birth, but in Acts 10 : 37 -- 38 he becomes Christ at the resurrection, while in Acts 3 : 20 it seems his messiahship is active only at the parousia, the `` second coming '' ; similarly, in Luke 2 : 11 he is the Saviour from birth, but in Acts 5 : 31 he is made Saviour at the resurrection ; and he is born the Son of God in Luke 1 : 32 -- 35, but becomes the Son of God at the resurrection according to Acts 13 : 33. Many of these differences may be due to scribal error, but others were deliberate alterations to doctrinally unacceptable passages, or the introduction by scribes of `` proofs '' for their favourite theological tenets. An important example of such deliberate alterations is found in Luke 's account of the baptism of Jesus, where virtually all the earliest witnesses have God saying, `` This day I have begotten you. '' ( Luke has taken the words of God from Psalm 2, an ancient royal adoption formula in which the king of Israel was recognised as God 's elect ). This reading is theologically difficult, as it implies that God is now conferring status on Jesus that he did not previously hold. It is unlikely, therefore, that the more common reading of Luke 3 : 22 ( God says to Jesus, `` You are my beloved son, with you I am well pleased '' ) is original. The Holy Spirit, the Christian community, and the kingdom of God The Holy Spirit plays a more important role in Luke -- Acts than in the other gospels. Some scholars have argued that the Spirit 's involvement in the career of Jesus is paradigmatic of the universal Christian experience, others that Luke 's intention was to stress Jesus ' uniqueness as the Prophet of the final age. It is clear, however, that Luke understands the enabling power of the Spirit, expressed through non-discriminatory fellowship ( `` All who believed were together and had all things in common '' ), to be the basis of the Christian community. This community can also be understood as the Kingdom of God, although the kingdom 's final consummation will not be seen till the Son of Man comes `` on a cloud '' at the end - time. Christians vs. Rome and the Jews See also : History of the Jews in the Roman Empire Luke needed to define the position of Christians in relation to two political and social entities, the Roman Empire and Judaism. Regarding the Empire Luke makes clear that, while Christians are not a threat to the established order, the rulers of this world hold their power from Satan, and the essential loyalty of Christ 's followers is to God and this world will be the kingdom of God, ruled by Christ the King. Regarding the Jews, Luke emphasises the fact that Jesus and all his earliest followers were Jews, although by his time the majority of Christ - followers were gentiles ; nevertheless, the Jews had rejected and killed the Messiah, and the Christian mission now lay with the gentiles. Comparison with other Writings Supper at Emmaus ( 1601 ), Caravaggio, National Gallery. The gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke share so much in common that they are called the Synoptics, as they frequently cover the same events in similar and sometimes identical language. The majority opinion among scholars is that Mark was the earliest of the three ( about 70 AD ) and that Matthew and Luke both used this work and the `` sayings gospel '' known as Q as their basic sources. Luke has both expanded Mark and corrected his grammar and syntax -- Mark wrote poor Greek. Some passages from Mark he has eliminated entirely, notably most of chapters 6 and 7, which he apparently felt reflected poorly on the disciples and painted Jesus too much like a magician. Despite this, he follows Mark 's plot more faithfully than does Matthew. Despite being grouped with Matthew and Mark, Luke 's gospel has a number of parallels with the Gospel of John. For example, Luke uses the terms `` Jews '' and `` Israelites '' in a way unlike Mark, but like John ; the figures of Mary of Bethany and Martha as well as a person named Lazarus ( although Lazarus of Bethany and the Lazarus of the parable are generally not considered the same person ) are found only in Luke and John ; and at Jesus ' arrest, only Luke and John state that the servant 's right ear was cut off ( there are several such small details found only in Luke and John ). See also Book : Gospel Authorship of Luke -- Acts List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Marcion Order of St. Luke Synoptic Gospels Synoptic problem Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke Notes Jump up ^ Verses 22 : 19 -- 20 are omitted in Codex Bezae and a handful of Old Latin manuscripts. Nearly all other manuscripts including Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus and Church Fathers contain the `` longer '' reading of Luke 22 : 19 and 20. Verse 22 : 20, which is very similar to 1 Cor 11 : 25, provides the only gospel support for the doctrine of the New Covenant. Verses 22 : 43 -- 44 are found in Western text - type, are omitted by a diverse number of ancient witnesses, and are generally marked as such in modern translations. See Bruce M. Metzger 's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament for details. P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ) is probably the earliest witness, dating from the late 2nd century. It contains Lk 1 : 58 -- 59, 62 -- 2 : 1, 6 -- 7 ; 3 : 8 -- 4 : 2, 29 -- 32, 34 -- 35 ; 5 : 3 -- 8 ; 5 : 30 -- 6 : 16. P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ) dates from the late 2nd century / early 3rd century and contains Lk 3 : 18 -- 4 : 2 + ; 4 : 34 -- 5 : 10 ; 5 : 37 -- 18 : 18 + ; 22 : 4 -- 24 : 53 and John 1 : 1 -- 11 : 45, 48 -- 57 ; 12 : 3 -- 13 : 10 ; 14 : 8 -- 15 : 10. Finally, P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ) ( mid-3rd century ) contains extensive portions of all four Gospels. In addition to these major early papyri there are 6 other papyri ( P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ), P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ), P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ), P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ), P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ) and P ( displaystyle ( mathfrak ( P ) ) ) ) dating from between the 3rd -- 8th century which also have small portions of Luke 's Gospel. ( See List of New Testament papyri ). Jump up ^ For studies of the literary structure of this Gospel, see recent contributions of Bailey, Goulder and Talbert, in particular for their readings of Luke 's Central Section. ( Almost all scholars believe the section begins at 9.51 ; strong case, however, can be put for 9.43 b. ) Then the introductory pieces to the opening and closing parts that frame the teaching of the Central Section would exhibit a significant dualism : compare 9.43 b -- 45 and 18.31 -- 35. The Central Section would then be defined as 9.43 b -- 19.48, ' Jesus Journey to Jerusalem and its Temple '. Between the opening part ( ' His Setting out ', 9.43 b -- 10.24 ) and the closing part ( ' His Arriving ', 18.31 -- 19.48 ) lies a chiasm of parts 1 -- 5, C, 5 ' -- 1 ', ' His Teachings on the Way ' : 1, 10.25 -- 42 Inheriting eternal life : law and love ; 2, 11.1 -- 13 Prayer : right praying, persistence, Holy Spirit is given ; 3, 11.14 -- 12.12 The Kingdom of God : what is internal is important ; 4, 12.13 -- 48 Earthly and Heavenly riches ; the coming of the Son of Man ; 5, 12.49 -- 13.9 Divisions, warning and prudence, repentance ; C, 13.10 -- 14.24 a Sabbath healing, kingdom and entry ( 13.10 -- 30 ), Jesus is to die in Jerusalem, his lament for it ( 13.31 -- 35 ), a Sabbath healing, banqueting in the kingdom ( 14.1 -- 24 ) ; 5 ', 14.25 -- 15.32 Divisions, warning and prudence, repentance ; 4 ', 16.1 -- 31 Earthly and Heavenly riches : the coming judgement ; 3 ', 17.1 -- 37 The kingdom of God is ' within ', not coming with signs ; 2 ', 18.1 -- 17 Prayer : persistence, right praying, receiving the kingdom ; 1 ', 18.18 -- 30 Inheriting eternal life : law and love. ( All the parts 1 -- 5 and 5 ' -- 1 ' are constructed of three parts in the style of ABB '. ) References Jump up ^ Allen 2009, p. 325. Jump up ^ Thompson 2010, p. 319. ^ Jump up to : Allen 2009, p. 326. ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2010, p. 44. ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002, p. 196. ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998, p. 32. Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005, pp. 172, 235. ^ Jump up to : Perkins 2009, pp. 250 -- 53. Jump up ^ Ehrman 1996, p. 27. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 596. Jump up ^ Ellis 2003, p. 19. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 195. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 556. Jump up ^ Perkins 1998, p. 253. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 590. ^ Jump up to : Green 1997, p. 35. Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2008, p. 42. ^ Jump up to : Balch 2003, p. 1104. Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 284. Jump up ^ Ehrman 1999, p. 82. Jump up ^ Ehrman 1999, p. 80. Jump up ^ Powell 1998, pp. 39 -- 40. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 204. Jump up ^ Green 1995, pp. 16 -- 17. Jump up ^ Green 1997, p. 36. Jump up ^ Carroll 2012, pp. 15 -- 16. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 569. Jump up ^ Evans 2011, p. no page numbers. Jump up ^ Powell 1989, p. 60. Jump up ^ Powell 1989, pp. 63 -- 65. Jump up ^ Powell 1989, p. 66. ^ Jump up to : Buckwalter 1996, p. 4. Jump up ^ Ehrman 1996, p. 65. Jump up ^ Miller 2011, p. 63. ^ Jump up to : Ehrman 1996, p. 66. Jump up ^ Powell 1989, pp. 108 -- 11. Jump up ^ Powell 1989, p. 111. Jump up ^ Holladay 2011, p. no page number. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 562. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 563. Jump up ^ Johnson 2010, p. 48. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 576. Bibliography Allen, O. Wesley, Jr. ( 2009 ). `` Luke ''. In Petersen, David L. ; O'Day, Gail R. Theological Bible Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781611640304. Aune, David E. ( 1988 ). The New Testament in its literary environment. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8. Balch, David L. ( 2003 ). `` Luke ''. In Dunn, James D.G. ; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110. Barton, John ; Muddiman, John ( 2007 ). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927718 - 6. Boring, M. Eugene ( 2012 ). An Introduction to the New Testament : History, Literature, Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664255923. Buckwalter, Douglas ( 1996 ). The Character and Purpose of Luke 's Christology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521561808. Burkett, Delbert ( 2002 ). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7. Carroll, John T. ( 2012 ). Luke : A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221065. Charlesworth, James H. ( 2008 ). The Historical Jesus : An Essential Guide. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426724756. Collins, Adela Yarbro ( 2000 ). Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism. Brill. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11927 - 7. Dunn, James D.G. ( 2003 ). Jesus Remembered. Eerdmans. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2. Ehrman, Bart D. ( 1996 ). The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510279 - 6. Ehrman, Bart D. ( 1999 ). Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press. Ehrman, Bart D. ( 2005 ). Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. Ellis, E. Earl ( 2003 ). The Gospel of Luke. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Evans, Craig A. ( 2011 ). Luke. Baker Books. Gamble, Harry Y. ( 1995 ). Books and Readers in the Early Church : A History of Early Christian Texts. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06918 - 1. Green, Joel ( 1995 ). The Theology of the Gospel of Luke. Cambridge University Press. Green, Joel ( 1997 ). The Gospel of Luke. Eerdmans. Holladay, Carl R. ( 2011 ). A Critical Introduction to the New Testament : Interpreting the Message and Meaning of Jesus Christ. Abingdon Press. Hurtado, Larry W. ( 2005 ). Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Eerdmans. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 5. Johnson, Luke Timothy ( 2010 ). The New Testament : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Lössl, Josef ( 2010 ). The Early Church : History and Memory. Continuum. ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9. Miller, Philip M. ( 2011 ). `` The Least Orthodox Reading is to be Preferred ''. In Wallace, Daniel B. Revisiting the Corruption of the New Testament. Kregel Academic. Morris, Leon ( 1990 ). New Testament Theology. Zondervan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4. Perkins, Pheme ( 1998 ). `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story ''. In Barton, John. The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7. Perkins, Pheme ( 2009 ). Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. Eerdmans. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3. Powell, Mark Allan ( 1998 ). Jesus as a Figure in History : How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee. Eerdmans. ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25703 - 3. Powell, Mark Allan ( 1989 ). What Are They Saying About Luke ?. Paulist Press. Strelan, Rick ( 2013 ). Luke the Priest -- the Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel. Ashgate Publishing. Talbert, Charles H. ( 2002 ). Reading Luke : A Literary and Theological Commentary. Smyth & Helwys. Theissen, Gerd ; Merz, Annette ( 1998 ) ( 1996 ). The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide. Translated by Bowden, John. Eerdmans. Thompson, Richard P. ( 2010 ). `` Luke -- Acts : The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles ''. In Aune, David E. The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament. Wiley -- Blackwell. p. 319. Strecker, Georg ( 2000 ). Theology of the New Testament. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6. Twelftree, Graham H. ( 1999 ). Jesus the miracle worker : a historical & theological study. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1596 - 8. VanderKam, James C. ; Flint, Peter W. ( 2005 ). The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls : Their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0 - 567 - 08468 - X. External links Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # The Gospels : The Life and Ministry of Jesus Wikisource has original text related to this article : Luke Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gospel of Luke Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Luke. Online translations of the Gospel of Luke : Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Online Bible at gospelhall.org Early Christian Writings ; Gospel of Luke : introductions and e-texts French ; English translation Bible : Luke public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Secondary literature : Gospel of Luke Reading Room : on - line virtual library ( Tyndale Seminary ) Related articles : A Brief Introduction to Luke -- Acts is available online. B.H. Streeter, The Four Gospels : A study of origins 1924. Willker, W ( 2007 ), A textual commentary on the Gospel of Luke, Pub. on - line A very detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF, 467 pages ) Gospel of Luke Synoptic Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Mark New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Gospel of John Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Gospel of Luke Bible Luke 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Places Abilene Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Decapolis Emmaus Galilee Iturea Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nain Samaria Sea of Galilee Trachonitis People Abijah Andrew Anna Annas Augustus Caiaphas David Elizabeth Gabriel Herod Antipas Herod the Great Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Lazarus Lysanias Mary Mary Magdalene Philip ( apostle ) Philip ( tetrarch ) Pontius Pilate Quirinius Simeon Simon Peter Theophilus Thomas Tiberius Caesar Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Terms Crucifixion of Jesus Feeding the 5000 Genealogy of Jesus Last Supper Nativity of Jesus Nativity of Saint John the Baptist Prodigal Son Sermon on the Mount Sermon on the Plain Walking on water Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Mark ( chapter 16 ) Gospel of John ( chapter 1 ) → Nativity of Jesus People Holy Family Christ Child ( Jesus ) Mary Joseph Magi Melchior Caspar Balthazar Others Shepherds Herod the Great Place Bethlehem Gifts of the Magi Gold Frankincense Myrrh Narratives Gospel of Matthew Matthew 1 Matthew 1 : 18 Matthew 1 : 19 Matthew 1 : 20 Matthew 1 : 21 Matthew 1 : 22 Matthew 1 : 23 Matthew 1 : 24 Matthew 1 : 25 Matthew 2 : 11 Adoration of the Magi ( In art ) Gospel of Luke Luke 2 Annunciation to the shepherds Related Manger Star of Bethlehem Virgin birth of Jesus Saint Joseph 's dreams Flight into Egypt In art Christmas village Kraków szopka Others Remembrances Advent Christmas Nativity displays theft Nativity play Nativity Fast Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament 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Question: when was the book of luke written in the bible
Answer: around 80–110 AD