Fair debt collection Practices Act - wikipedia Fair debt collection Practices Act The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ( FDCPA ), Pub. L. 95 - 109 ; 91 Stat. 874, codified as 15 U.S.C. § 1692 -- 1692p, approved on September 20, 1977 ( and as subsequently amended ) is a consumer protection amendment, establishing legal protection from abusive debt collection practices, to the Consumer Credit Protection Act, as Title VIII of that Act. The statute 's stated purposes are : to eliminate abusive practices in the collection of consumer debts, to promote fair debt collection, and to provide consumers with an avenue for disputing and obtaining validation of debt information in order to ensure the information 's accuracy. The Act creates guidelines under which debt collectors may conduct business, defines rights of consumers involved with debt collectors, and prescribes penalties and remedies for violations of the Act. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Contents 1 People and entities covered by the FDCPA 2 Prohibited conduct 3 Required conduct 4 Enforcement of the FDCPA 5 Criticisms of the FDCPA 5.1 By consumer groups 5.2 By the credit industry 6 Regulatory Agencies & the FDCPA 7 See also 8 References 9 External links People and entities covered by the FDCPA The FDCPA broadly defines a debt collector as `` any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another. '' While the FDCPA generally applies only to third party debt collectors -- not internal collectors for an `` original creditor '' -- some states, such as California, have similar state consumer protection laws which mirror the FDCPA, and regulate original creditors. In addition, some federal courts have ruled that a collector of debt is not a `` creditor '' but is rather a `` debt collector '' under the FDCPA where the collector of debt buys defaulted debt from an original creditor for the purpose of debt collection. The definitions and coverage have changed over time. The FDCPA itself contains numerous exceptions to the definition of a `` debt collector, '' particularly after the October 13, 2006, passage of the Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2006. Attorneys, originally explicitly exempted from the definition of a debt collector, have been included ( to the extent that they otherwise meet the definition ) since 1986. The FDCPA 's definitions of `` consumers '' and `` debt '' specifically restricts the coverage of the act to personal, family or household transactions. Thus, debts owed by businesses ( or by individuals for business purposes ) are not subject to the FDCPA. In the federal tax case of Smith v. United States, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated that the taxpayer 's : ``... invocation of the Fair Debt Collection Act is entirely without merit, as the statute expressly excludes ' any officer or employee of the United States... to the extent that collecting or attempting to collect any debt is in the performance of his official duties ' from the definition of ' debt collector. ' 15 U.S.C. section 1692a ( 6 ) ( C ). '' In 1998, however, Congress amended the Internal Revenue Code by adding a new section 6304, `` Fair Tax Collection Practices, '' which refers to and includes certain rules that are similar to some provisions of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. In Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc. the Supreme Court excluded collection companies that purchase consumer debt from the FDCPA when it unanimously held that a company may collect debts that it purchased for its own account without triggering the statutory definition of a `` debt collector '' under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Prohibited conduct The Act prohibits certain types of `` abusive and deceptive '' conduct when attempting to collect debts, including the following : Hours for phone contact : contacting consumers by telephone outside of the hours of 8 : 00 a.m. to 9 : 00 p.m. local time. Additionally, if certain hours are inconvenient for consumers during the allowable time ( those who work at night and sleep during the day ) they may not be contacted during those times. Failure to cease communication upon request : communicating with consumers in any way ( other than litigation ) after receiving written notice that said consumer wishes no further communication or refuses to pay the alleged debt, with certain exceptions, including advising that collection efforts are being terminated or that the collector intends to file a lawsuit or pursue other remedies where permitted Causing a telephone to ring or engaging any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously : with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number. Communicating with consumers at their place of employment after having been advised that this is unacceptable or prohibited by the employer Contacting consumer known to be represented by an attorney Communicating with consumer after request for validation has been made : communicating with the consumer or the pursuing collection efforts by the debt collector after receipt of a consumer 's written request for verification of a debt made within the 30 - day validation period ( or for the name and address of the original creditor on a debt ) and before the debt collector mails the consumer the requested verification or original creditor 's name and address Misrepresentation or deceit : misrepresenting the debt or using deception to collect the debt, including a debt collector 's misrepresentation that he or she is an attorney or law enforcement officer Publishing the consumer 's name or address on a `` bad debt '' list Seeking unjustified amounts, which would include demanding any amounts not permitted under an applicable contract or as provided under applicable law Threatening arrest or legal action that is either not permitted or not actually contemplated Abusive or profane language used in the course of communication related to the debt Communication with third parties : revealing or discussing the nature of debts with third parties ( other than the consumer 's spouse or attorney ) ( Collection agencies are allowed to contact neighbors or co-workers but only to obtain location information ; disreputable agencies often harass debtors with a `` block party '' or `` office party '' where they contact multiple neighbors or co-workers telling them they need to reach the debtor on an urgent matter. ) Contact by embarrassing media, such as communicating with a consumer regarding a debt by post card, or using any language or symbol, other than the debt collector 's address, on any envelope when communicating with a consumer by use of mail or by telegram, except that a debt collector may use his business name if such name does not indicate that he is in the debt collection business Reporting false information on a consumer 's credit report or threatening to do so in the process of collection Required conduct The Act requires debt collectors to do the following ( among other requirements ) : Identify themselves and notify the consumer, in every communication, that the communication is from a debt collector, and in the initial communication that any information obtained will be used to effect collection of the debt Give the name and address of the original creditor ( company to which the debt was originally payable ) upon the consumer 's written request made within 30 days of receipt of the § 1692g notice ; Notify the consumer of their right to dispute the debt ( Section 809 ), in part or in full, with the debt collector. The 30 - day `` § 1692g '' notice is required to be sent by debt collectors within five days of the initial communication with the consumer, though in 2006 the definition of `` initial communication '' was amended to exclude `` a formal pleading in a civil action '' for purposes of triggering the § 1692g notice, complicating the matter where the debt collector is an attorney or law firm. The consumer 's receipt of this notice starts the clock running on the 30 - day right to demand verification of the debt from the debt collector. Provide verification of the debt If a consumer sends a written dispute or request for verification within 30 days of receiving the § 1692g notice, then the debt collector must either mail the consumer the requested verification information or cease collection efforts altogether. Such asserted disputes must also be reported by the creditor to any credit bureau that reports the debt. Verification should include at a minimum the amount owed and the name and address of the original creditor. File a lawsuit in a proper venue If a debt collector chooses to file a lawsuit, it may only be in a place where the consumer lives or signed the contract Note, however, that this does not prevent the debt collector from being sued in other venues for violating the Act, such as when the consumer moves outside the venue and a letter demanding payment is forwarded to the new address, even if the debt collector is unaware of such a change in residence. Enforcement of the FDCPA The Federal Trade Commission originally had the authority to administratively enforce the FDCPA using its powers under the Federal Trade Commission Act. However, under the sweeping reforms of the 2010 Dodd - Frank Act, the FDCPA is enforced primarily by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Aggrieved consumers may also file a private lawsuit in a state or federal court to collect damages ( actual, statutory, attorney 's fees, and court costs ) from third - party debt collectors. The FDCPA is a strict liability law, which means that a consumer need not prove actual damages in order to claim statutory damages of up to $1,000 plus reasonable attorney fees if a debt collector is proven to have violated the FDCPA. The collector may, however, escape penalty if it shows that the violation ( or violations ) was unintentional and the result of a `` bona fide error '' that occurred despite procedures designed to avoid the error at issue. Alternatively, if the consumer loses the lawsuit and the court determines that the consumer filed the case in bad faith and for the purposes of harassment, the court may then award attorney 's fees to the debt collector. Criticisms of the FDCPA By consumer groups Some consumer groups argue that the FDCPA does not go far enough, and does not provide sufficient deterrence against unscrupulous collection agencies. Consumer groups have complained that the maximum statutory damages contained in the original 1977 version of the law has not kept up with inflation ; $1,000 in 1977 dollars is worth $4038 today. By the credit industry Conversely, many in the credit industry and some courts have taken the stance that the FDCPA has often been used to file frivolous lawsuits and seek damages for minor technical violations and has, at times, seriously impeded their ability to collect valid debts. Given the strict liability nature of the FDCPA, the collections industry and the insurance companies who provide liability coverage for them have repeatedly lobbied Congress to relax provisions of the law to reduce their civil exposure for these `` hyper - technical '' violations. The accounts receivable management industry has also raised concerns that the FDCPA contains contradictions that often lead to liability on the part of collection agencies in civil cases, especially when dealing with technology that did not exist when the law was written. For example, the FDCPA requires a collection agency to identify itself as such in any communication with a consumer. At the same time, a collection agency can not disclose the debt of a consumer to anyone else. These two requirements are at odds when a collector leaves a message on an answering machine or voicemail system. If the collector identifies himself and his company, a third party could hear the message, thus resulting in a third party disclosure violation. Case law has tackled this issue but has not yet resolved it. Regulatory agencies & the FDCPA For its part, the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) produces an annual report to Congress of its findings with respect to its FDCPA enforcement activities. This report details consumer complaints to the FTC about alleged debt collector violations of the FDCPA. The 2013 report indicated that the FTC received 125,136 consumer complaints about third party debt collectors in 2012, which is an decrease from the 144,451 received in 2011. The FTC receives more complaints about debt collectors than about any other specific industry, though the number of complaints represents a small percentage of the overall number of contacts by debt collectors with consumers. The FTC has authority to issue formal opinions regarding debt collectors ' conduct under the FDCPA, but the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act transfers authority for rule making to the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) effective between January 21, 2011 and July 21, 2011. The FTC will retain FDCPA enforcement authority, but the CFPB will take over the FTC 's advisory opinion function. Good faith conformity with a formal opinion of the FTC constitutes a second statutory defense under the FDCPA. The FTC has only rarely exercised its authority to issue advisory opinions, however. Prior to 2000, the FTC had not issued any advisory opinions regarding the FDCPA, it has issued only four such opinions through 2009. See also Consumer protection Fair Credit Reporting Act Consumer Credit Protection Act Debt buyer References Jump up ^ Dlabay, Les R. ; Burrow, James L. ; Brad, Brad ( 2009 ). Intro to Business. Mason, Ohio : South - Western Cengage Learning. p. 472. ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 44561 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Harms, Steven ; Larson, Aaron ( 8 September 2009 ). Credit & Collection Kit for Dummies. Wiley. pp. 112 -- 117. ISBN 978 - 0470465950. ; `` Your Rights Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ( FDCPA ) ''. ExpertLaw. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ''. Wex. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ''. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692a Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under California 's Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ''. State of California Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ Holmes v. Telecredit Service Corp., 736 F. Supp. 1289, 1293 ( D. Del. 1990 ) Jump up ^ Kimber v. Federal Financial Corp., 668 F. Supp. 1480, 1485 ( M.D. Ala. 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Trade Commission Staff Opinion Letter Dated Dec. 22, 1993 ( ''. Federal Trade Commission. 22 December 1993. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code § 1692a - Definitions ''. Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ Smith v. United States, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, case no. 08 - 10288, Dec. 2, 2008 ( per curiam ). Jump up ^ See generally 26 U.S.C. § 6304, as enacted by section 3466 ( a ) of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105 - 206 ( July 22, 1998 ). Jump up ^ `` Henson vs. Satander Consumer USA, 582 U.S. ___ ( 2017 ) '' ( PDF ). Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692c ( a ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692c ( c ) ^ Jump up to : 15 U.S.C. § 1692d Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692c ( a ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692c ( a ) ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : 15 U.S.C. § 1692g ( b ) ^ Jump up to : 15 U.S.C. § 1692e Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692 ( d ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692f ( 1 ) ; Hodges v. Sasil Corp., 915 A. 2d 1 ( N.J. 2007 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692c Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692b Jump up ^ The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs and Coinage. U.S. Government Printing Office. 10 September 1992. p. 12. ISBN 0 - 16 - 040760 - 5. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692f ( 8 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692f ( 7 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692e ( 8 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692e ( 11 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692g ( d ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692g ( a ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692i Jump up ^ `` Bates v. C & S Adjusters, Inc., 980 F. 2d 865 ( 1992 ) ''. Google Scholar. Google. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ( reasoning that bill collectors can mark envelopes, `` do not forward. '' ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692l Jump up ^ `` Debt collection ''. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692k ( a ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1692k ( c ) Jump up ^ Johnson v. Riddle, 443 F. 3d 723 ( 10th Cir. 2006 ). Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- ''. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Courts, Congress send mixed messages to debt collectors ''. New Hampshire Business Review. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Jump up ^ `` O'Connor v. Check Rite, Ltd., 973 F. Supp. 1010 ( D. Colo. 1997 ) ''. Google Scholar. Google. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ( awarding plaintiff statutory damages of only $0.01, and then finding plaintiff liable for a defendant 's attorneys ' fees and costs because of the plaintiff 's lack of discretion in filing the action ) Jump up ^ Bailey v. Security Nat. Servicing Corp., 154 F. 3d 384 ( C.A. 7 ( Ill. ), 1998 ) ; Carroll v. Wolpoff & Abramson, 53 F. 3d 626 ( C.A. 4 ( Md. ), 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Legal Ruling Further Muddies Waters on Third - Party Disclosure vs. Mini-Miranda ''. insideARM.com. Dec 12, 2008. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ `` FTC Letter to Hon. Richard Cordray '' ( PDF ). Federal Trade Commission. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Federal Trade Commission Annual Report 2013 ; Fair Debt Collection Practices Act '' ( PDF ). Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06. Jump up ^ See 16 CFR Ch. 1, Subpart A Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. 1692k ( e ) ^ Jump up to : See `` The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ''. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 2 January 2018. External links Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Federal Trade Commission Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ( FDCPA ) Congressional Research Service National Association of Consumer Advocates FTC 's FDCPA Web Page CFPB 2015 FDCPA Report Bank regulation in the United States Federal authorities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Reserve Board of Governors Financial Stability Oversight Council National Credit Union Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Major federal legislation Independent Treasury Act National Bank Act Federal Reserve Act McFadden Act 1933 Banking Act Glass -- Steagall Act Federal Credit Union Act Bank Holding Company Act Interest Rate Control Act of 1966 Truth in Lending Act Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Community Reinvestment Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978 Monetary Control Act Depository Institutions Act Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 FIRREA FDICIA Truth in Savings Act Riegle - Neal IBBEA Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Credit CARD Act Dodd - Frank Federal Reserve Board regulations Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks ( Reg A ) Equal Credit Opportunity ( Reg B) Home Mortgage Disclosure ( Reg C ) Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions ( Reg D ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( Reg E ) Limitations on Interbank Liabilities ( Reg F ) International Banking Operations ( Reg K ) Consumer Leasing ( Reg M ) Loans to Insiders ( Reg O ) Privacy of Consumer Financial Information ( Reg P ) Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits ( Reg Q ) Credit by Brokers and Dealers ( Reg T ) Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock ( Reg U ) Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates ( Reg W ) Borrowers of Securities Credit ( Reg X ) Truth in Lending ( Reg Z ) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices ( Reg AA ) Community Reinvestment ( Reg BB ) Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks ( Reg CC ) Truth in Savings ( Reg DD ) Types of bank charter Credit union Federal savings association Federal savings bank National bank State bank State authorities California Colorado Florida Illinois Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Terms Call report CAEL Rating CAMELS rating system Thrift Financial Report Other topics Banking in the United States Fair debt collection History of central banking in the United States Wildcat banking Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act&oldid=831233336 '' Categories : 1978 in law United States federal banking legislation Debt collection Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018, at 14 : 32 ( UTC ). 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Question: who is covered by the fair debt collection practices act
Answer: consumers