Black - box testing - wikipedia Black - box testing This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) Black box systems Concepts Black box Oracle machine Methods and techniques Black - box testing Blackboxing Related techniques Feed forward Obfuscation Pattern recognition White box System identification Fundamentals A priori information Control systems Open systems Operations research Thermodynamic systems Black - box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing : unit, integration, system and acceptance. It is sometimes referred to as specification - based testing. Contents 1 Test procedures 1.1 Test cases 1.2 Test design techniques 2 Hacking 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Test procedures Specific knowledge of the application 's code, internal structure and programming knowledge in general is not required. The tester is aware of what the software is supposed to do but is not aware of how it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular input returns a certain, invariable output but is not aware of how the software produces the output in the first place. Test cases Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to do. Test cases are generally derived from external descriptions of the software, including specifications, requirements and design parameters. Although the tests used are primarily functional in nature, non-functional tests may also be used. The test designer selects both valid and invalid inputs and determines the correct output, often with the help of a test oracle or a previous result that is known to be good, without any knowledge of the test object 's internal structure. Test design techniques Typical black - box test design techniques include : Decision table testing All - pairs testing Equivalence partitioning Boundary value analysis Cause -- effect graph Error guessing State transition testing Use case testing User story testing Domain analysis Syntax testing Combining technique Hacking In penetration testing, black - box testing refers to a methodology where an ethical hacker has no knowledge of the system being attacked. The goal of a black - box penetration test is to simulate an external hacking or cyber warfare attack. See also Software Testing portal ABX test Acceptance testing Blind experiment Boundary testing Fuzz testing Gray box testing Metasploit Project Sanity testing Smoke testing Software performance testing Software testing Stress testing Test automation Unit testing Web application security scanner White hat hacker White - box testing References Jump up ^ Jerry Gao ; H. - S.J. Tsao ; Ye Wu ( 2003 ). Testing and Quality Assurance for Component - based Software. Artech House. pp. 170 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58053 - 735 - 3. Jump up ^ Milind G. Limaye ( 2009 ). Software Testing. Tata McGraw - Hill Education. p. 216. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 013990 - 9. Jump up ^ Patton, Ron ( 2005 ). Software Testing ( 2nd ed. ). Indianapolis : Sams Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0672327988. External links BCS SIGIST ( British Computer Society Specialist Interest Group in Software Testing ) : Standard for Software Component Testing, Working Draft 3.4, 27. April 2001. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-box_testing&oldid=850125401 '' Categories : Software testing Hardware testing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018, at 19 : 34 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: black box testing is applicable to which level of testing
Answer: to every level of software testing