John Hampden - wikipedia John Hampden 17th - century English politician For other men of the same name, see John Hampden ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2015 ) A painting of John Hampden by the circle of Godfrey Kneller John Hampden ( ca. 1594 -- 1643 ) was an English politician who was one of the leading parliamentarians involved in challenging the authority of Charles I of England in the run - up towards the English Civil War. He became a national figure when he stood trial in 1637 for his refusal to be taxed for ship money, and was one of the Five Members whose attempted unconstitutional arrest by King Charles I in the House of Commons of England in 1642 sparked the Civil War. Hampden died of wounds received on Chalgrove Field during the war and was lionized as a great patriot. The wars established the constitutional precedent that the monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent, a concept legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689. A statue of Hampden was selected by the Victorians as a symbol to take its place at the entrance to the Central Lobby in the Palace of Westminster as the noblest type of the parliamentary opposition, sword at his side, ready to defend the rights of Parliament. As one of the Five Members of the House of Commons, Hampden is commemorated at the State Opening of Parliament by the British monarch each year when the doors of the Commons Chamber are slammed in the face of the monarch 's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch. Contents 1 Origins 2 Early life 3 Career 3.1 English Parliament 3.2 Views on Ship Money 3.3 Committee Work 3.4 Short Parliament 3.5 Long Parliament 3.6 Debate on Episcopacy 4 English Civil War 4.1 Death 5 Personal life 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading 9 Footnotes Origins He was the eldest son of William Hampden, of Hampden House, Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire ( b. 1570 ), the son of Griffith Hampden and Anne Cave and descendant of a very ancient family of that county, said to have been established there before the Norman conquest, and of Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir Henry Cromwell, and aunt of Oliver Cromwell. He was probably born in London in 1594. Early Life By his father 's death, when he was still aged about 26, he became the owner of a large estate and a ward of the crown. His childhood was passed in the care of his mother. He was educated at Lord Williams 's School in Thame, as a boarder as is evident from a passage of Anthony Wood 's Memoris in which he alludes to the master of the school as having, ' been always acquainted with and obliged to the families of the Ingoldsbys and Hampdens in Buckinghamshire, and other puritanical and factious families, in the said county, who while young had been mostly bred in the said school of Thame, and had sojourned either with the vicar or the master. ' On 30 March 1610 he matriculated as a commoner of Magdalen College, Oxford. Clarendon in his History of the Rebellion, said he was known to be ' wise... and great parts. ' He also paints a brief picture of what Hampden was like as a youth, ' He indulged to himself all the licence in sports and exercises ad company, which was used by men of the most jolly conversation '. In 1613 he was admitted as a student of the Inner Temple. Career English Parliament Hampden first sat in Parliament for the borough of Grampound, Cornwall in 1621. Later, he represented Wendover in the first three parliaments of Charles I. In April 1640 he was elected MP for Buckinghamshire in the Short Parliament and was re-elected MP for Buckinghamshire for the Long Parliament in November 1640. He sat until his death in 1643. In the early days of his parliamentary career, he was content to be overshadowed by John Eliot, as in its later days he was content to be overshadowed by John Pym and to be commanded by Essex. John Hampden as depicted in the 1851 Illustrated London Reading Book Yet for many ( including Lord Macaulay ) it is Hampden, and not Eliot or Pym, who is seen as the central figure at the start of the English Revolution. It is Hampden whose statue rather than that of Eliot or Pym that was selected by the Victorians as a symbol to take its place at the entrance to the Central Lobby in the Palace of Westminster as the noblest type of the parliamentary opposition, sword at his side, ready to defend Parliament 's rights and privileges by any means necessary. His statue stands opposite Earl of Clarendon in his Lord Chancellor 's robes, a symbol of the respect for the law and royalism. Views on ship money Something of Hampden 's fame no doubt is owing to the position which he took up as the opponent of ship money. But it is hardly possible that even resistance to ship money would have so distinguished him but for the mingled massiveness and modesty of his character, his dislike of all pretences in himself or others, his brave contempt of danger, and his charitable readiness to shield others as far as possible from the evil consequences of their actions. Nor was he wanting in that skill which enabled him to influence men towards the ends at which he aimed, and which was spoken of as subtlety by those who disliked his ends. Committee work During these first parliaments Hampden did not, so far as we know, speak in public debate, but he was increasingly employed in committee work, for which he seems to have had a special aptitude. In 1626 he took an active part in the preparation of the charges against Buckingham. In January 1627 he was bound over to answer at the council board for his refusal to pay the forced loan. Later in the year he was committed to the gatehouse, and then sent into confinement in Hampshire, from which he was liberated just before the meeting of the third parliament of the reign, in which he once more rendered useful but unobtrusive assistance to his leaders. When the breach came in 1629 Hampden was found corresponding with the imprisoned Eliot, discussing with him the prospects of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hampden was one of the persons to whom the Earl of Warwick granted land in Connecticut in what was then referred to as the Saybrook Colony and today as Old Saybrook, Connecticut. While some claim there is no foundation but anecdote that Hampden attempted emigration to the colonies with Cromwell, others assert that Cromwell and other future architects of the English Civil War, including Hampden, may have been close to moving to America in the 1630s. The author Kevin Phillips points out that, `` Even in the 1770s, residents of Old Saybrook still talked about which prominent Parliamentarian was to have had which town lot. '' It was not until 1637, however, that his resistance to the payment of ship money gained him wide fame. Seven out of the twelve judges sided against him, but the connection between the rights of property and the parliamentary system became firmly established in the popular mind. The tax had been justified, says Clarendon, who expresses his admiration at Hampden 's `` rare temper and modesty '' at this crisis, `` upon such grounds and reasons as every standerby was able to swear was not law '' ( Hist. i. 150, vii. 82 ). Short Parliament In the Short Parliament that started on 13 April 1640, Hampden stood forth amongst the leaders. He guided the House in the debate on 4 May in its opposition to the grant of twelve subsidies in return for the surrender of ship money. Parliament was dissolved the next day, and on 6 May an unsuccessful search was made among the papers of Hampden and of other chiefs of the party to discover incriminating correspondence with the Scots. During the eventful months which followed, when Strafford was striving in vain to force England, in spite of its visible reluctance, to support the king in his Scottish war, rumour has much to tell of Hampden 's activity in rousing opposition. It is likely enough that the rumour is in the main true, but we are not possessed of any satisfactory evidence on the subject. Long Parliament In the Long Parliament, though Hampden was by no means a frequent speaker, it is possible to trace his course with sufficient distinctness. His power consisted in his personal influence, and as a debater rather than as an orator. `` He was not a man of many words, '' says Clarendon, `` and rarely began the discourse or made the first entrance upon any business that was assumed, but a very weighty speaker, and after he had heard a full debate and observed how the House was likely to be inclined, took up the argument and shortly and clearly and craftily so stated it that he commonly conducted it to the conclusion he desired ; and if he found he could not do that, he never was without the dexterity to divert the debate to another time, and to prevent the determining anything in the negative which might prove inconvenient in the future '' ( Hist. iii. 31 ). Unwearied in attendance upon committees, he was in all things ready to second Pym, whom he plainly regarded as his leader. Hampden was one of the eight managers of Strafford 's prosecution. Like Pym, he was in favour of the more legal and regular procedure by impeachment rather than by attainder, which at the later stage was supported by the majority of the Commons ; and through his influence a compromise was effected by which, while an attainder was subsequently adopted, Strafford 's counsel were heard as in the case of an impeachment, and thus a serious breach between the two Houses, which threatened to cause the breakdown of the whole proceedings, was averted. Debate on episcopacy Statue of John Hampden in Market Square, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire There was another point on which there was no agreement. A large minority wished to retain episcopacy, and to keep the Book of Common Prayer unaltered, whilst the majority were at least willing to consider the question of abolishing the one and modifying the other. On this subject the parties which ultimately divided the House and the country itself were fully formed as early as 8 February 1641. It is enough to say that Hampden fully shared in the counsels of the opponents of episcopacy. It is not that he was a theoretical Presbyterian, but the bishops had been in his days so fully engaged in the imposition of ceremonies regarded by the Puritans as verging on Papacy that it was difficult, if not impossible, to dissociate them from the cause in which they were embarked. Closely connected with Hampden 's distrust of the bishops was his distrust of monarchy as it then existed. The dispute about the church therefore soon attained the form of an attack upon monarchy, and, when the majority of the House of Lords arrayed itself on the side of episcopacy and the Prayer Book, of an attack upon the House of Lords as well. No serious importance therefore can be attached to the offers of advancement made from time to time to Hampden and his friends. Charles would gladly have given them office if they had been ready to desert their principles. Every day Hampden 's conviction grew stronger that Charles would never surrender a position which he had taken up. In August 1641 Hampden was one of the four commissioners who attended Charles in Scotland, and the king 's conduct there, connected with such events as the `` Incident '', must have proved to a man far less sagacious than Hampden that the time for compromise had gone by. He was therefore a warm supporter of the Grand Remonstrance, and was marked out as one of the five impeached members, known thenceforth in history as the Five Members ( the others being John Pym, Arthur Haselrig, Denzil Holles and William Strode ) whose attempted arrest brought at last the opposing parties into open collision. In the angry scene which arose on the proposal to print the Grand Remonstrance, it was Hampden 's personal intervention which prevented an actual conflict, and it was after the impeachment had been attempted that Hampden laid down the two conditions under which resistance to the king became the duty of a good subject. Those conditions were : an attack upon religion and an attack upon the fundamental laws. There can be no doubt that Hampden fully believed that both those conditions were fulfilled at the opening of 1642. English Civil War When the English Civil War began, Hampden was appointed a member of the committee for safety, levied a regiment of Buckinghamshire men for the parliamentary cause, and in his capacity of deputy - lieutenant carried out the parliamentary Militia Ordinance in the county. In the earlier operations of the war he bore himself gallantly and well. He took no actual part in the Battle of Edgehill ( 23 October 1642 ). His troops in the rear, however, arrested Prince Rupert of the Rhine 's charge at Kineton, and he urged Essex to renew the attack here, and also after the disaster at Brentford. In the spring of 1643, Hampden 's regiment took part in the siege of Reading, which surrendered on 27 April. Although Essex intended to advance on the King 's headquarters at Oxford, he remained at Reading because of widespread sickness in the army, a shortage of cavalry and to await a paymaster with funds to pay his troops. In early June 1643 he moved his army to Thame making his headquarters there on 10th June. But it is not on his skill as a regimental officer that Hampden 's fame rests. In war as in peace his distinction lay in his power of disentangling the essential part from the non-essential. In the previous constitutional struggle he had seen that the one thing necessary was to establish the supremacy of the House of Commons. In the military struggle which followed he saw, as Cromwell saw afterwards, that the one thing necessary was to beat the enemy. He protested at once against Essex 's hesitations and compromises. In the formation of the confederacy of the six associated counties, which was to supply a basis for Cromwell 's operations, he took an active part. His influence was felt alike in parliament and in the field. But he was not in supreme command, and he had none of that impatience which often leads able men to fail in the execution of orders of which they disapprove. Death Hampden 's Monument, Chalgrove. A monument to John Hampden, who was mortally wounded 550 yards north of here in 1643 whilst fighting in the English Civil War on Chalgrove Field. On the night of 17 June 1643, Prince Rupert sortied on a raid out of Oxford to capture the Parliamentarian army 's paymaster, but while that failed, did succeed the next morning in overwhelming two of Essex 's small garrison outposts at Postcombe and Chinnor. Hampden rode as a volunteer with 1,100 cavalry and dragoons commanded by Sir Philip Stapleton in pursuit of Rupert, with the intention of delaying him long enough for a larger force from Essex 's main army to cut off his retreat. Rupert halted his own cavalry at Chalgrove to ambush the pursuit and allow 800 less mobile troops to escape via the ford of the River Thame at Chiselhampton. During the ensuing Battle of Chalgrove Field, Hampden was mortally wounded ( some sources claim in the shoulder by two carbine balls, others by fragments from his own pistol exploding ) which shattered the bone and forced him to leave the field. He reached Thame, and his headquarters at the Greyhound Inn. He survived six days, and died on 24 June. In the latest biography of Hampden written by Prof. John Adair, he concludes that it is most likely that Hampden died from an exploding pistol. Frederick George Lee in his book The History, description and antiquities of the Prebendal Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Thame in the county and diocese of Oxford ( and available to view at the UK 's National Archives or in the Royal Collection ) lays out a version of this story. This account of his death was given by Sir Robert Pye his son - in - law... `` That in the action of Chalgrove Field, his pistol burst and shattered his hand in a terrible manner. He, however, rode off and got to his quarters but finding the wound mortal he sent for Sir Robert Pye then a colonel in the Parliamentary army - and who had married his eldest daughter - and told him that he looked on him in some degree accessory to his death as the pistols were present from him. Sir Robert assured him that he bought them in Paris from an eminent maker and proved them himself. It appeared on examining the other pistol that it was loaded to the muzzle with several supernumerary charges, owning to the carelessness of a servant. He was ordered to see that the pistols were loaded every morning which he did but without drawing the former charge. '' An exhumation of Hampden 's body in 1828 showed that there was no damage to the shoulder but his ' right hand was shattered by the bursting of his pistol, and death probably ensued from lockjaw arising out of extensive injury to the nervous system ' It is also worth noting the following : - in the book John Hampden by Frank Hansford - Miller published in 1976, it noted that his death was the result ' from the exploding of his own pistol in his own hand. ' There has also been a scholarly analysis by the archivists at Hampden 's school, Thame Grammar, who also conclude that he died accidentally from his own hand. Hampden 's death so early in the war was a severe blow to the Parliamentarians. During the preceding winter, Hampden had associated himself with John Pym 's `` Middle Group '' in Parliament, which opposed any peace moves to the King except on favorable terms. At the same time he had worked to moderate the militancy of the parliamentary `` War Party ''. Although Hampden was privately critical of Essex for not aggressively attacking after avoiding defeat at Edgehill and the standoff at Turnham Green, he remained publicly loyal and helped Essex resist the criticisms of the War Party. His death took with it a key link between the factions. Hearing of his death, the Member of Parliament Anthony Nichol pronounced : `` Never Kingdom received a greater loss in one subject, never a man a truer and faithful friend. '' An obelisk was erected in 1843 on the site of the skirmish by Lord Nugent. Personal Life Hampden married : Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Symeon of Pyrton, Oxfordshire, in 1619. The wedding took place at St Mary 's Church, Pyrton. Elizabeth predeceased him in 1634. And secondly in 1640, Lettice ( or Letitia ), daughter of Sir Francis Knollys `` the Young '', widow of Sir Thomas Vachell of Coley Park, Reading. Her father was son of the elder Sir Francis Knollys and his wife, Catherine Carey. By his first wife he had nine children ( three sons and six daughters ) one of whom, Richard ( 1631 -- 1695 ) was chancellor of the exchequer in William III 's reign ; from two of his daughters are descended the families of Trevor Hampden and Hobart - Hampden, the descent in the male line becoming apparently extinct in 1754 in the person of John Hampden. They lived at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire, now a National Trust property. Legacy A bust of John Hampden at Stowe House Hampden is immortalised in St Stephen 's Hall in the Palace of Westminster, where he and other notable Parliamentarians look on at visitors to the UK Parliament. In Britain diverse establishments are named after him, ranging from Hampden Park, the home ground of Queen 's Park F.C. and the Scotland national football team, to an older persons ' mental health unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. Several schools use his name : a primary school in Wendover and another in Thame, a grammar school in High Wycombe and a school in Hertfordshire. There is also a statue of him in Aylesbury town centre ( illustrated above ) pointing to his home in Great Hampden. Aylesbury Vale District Council use an image of the statue as their logo. Outside of Britain, the towns of Hampden, Maryland ; Hamden, Connecticut ; Hampden, Maine ; Hampden, Massachusetts ; and Hampden, Newfoundland and Labrador ; as well as the county of Hampden, Massachusetts are named in his honour. Hampden -- Sydney College in Virginia is also named in honour of John Hampden and of Algernon Sydney, another English patriot ; and Mount Hampden in Zimbabwe. Thomas Gray 's poem `` Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard '' refers to the heroism of Hampden in the stanza : `` Some village - Hampden, that with dauntless breast / The little tyrant of his fields withstood ; / Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest, / Cromwell guiltless of his country 's blood. '' London Underground Metropolitan - Vickers locomotive No. 5 John Hampden, used from 1922 until 1961, in the London Transport Museum As one of the Five Members of the House of Commons, Hampden is commemorated at the State Opening of Parliament by the British monarch each year : the sovereign sits on the throne in the House of Lords and sends their messenger Black Rod to summons the Members of the House of Commons to attend them. At his approach the doors to the Commons Chamber are slammed in his face, symbolising the refusal by the Commons to be entered by force by the monarch or one of the monarch 's servants, and also its right to debate without the presence of the Queen 's Representative. This is done in relation to the events of 1642, when King Charles I stormed into the House of Commons in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest the Five Members. Since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting ( meeting ). Black Rod then bangs with the end of his ceremonial staff three times on the closed doors which are then opened to him. The Handley Page Hampden bomber was named in honour of John Hampden. The London Underground also had an electric locomotive built by Metropolitan - Vickers named after him. Used on the Metropolitan line, No. 5 lasted along with other locomotives, until 1961. Painted a maroon colour, she is now one of only two of the original twenty locomotives to survive, and is kept on display in the London Transport Museum. The other one is No. 12 Sarah Siddons. The Hampden Clubs of the 1810s, which campaigned for parliamentary reform, were named after Hampden. References John Adair, John Hampden, the Patriot, 1594 -- 1643, ISBN 0 - 354 - 04014 - 6 Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Hampden, John ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 900 -- 902. Further Reading Wikisource has the text of the 1885 -- 1900 Dictionary of National Biography 's article about Hampden, John ( 1594 - 1643 ). The John Hampden Society John Hampden Grammar School, High Wycombe, Bucks John Hampden Primary School, Thame, Oxon John Hampden Secondary Modern School, Barnet, Herts Hampden -- Sydney College, Virginia, United States `` Hampden, John ''. The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907. John Hampdens Regiment Footnotes Jump up ^ A Short History of Thame School. John Howard Brown. Published 1927, Hazell, Watson and Viney ^ Jump up to : A Short History of Thame School Jump up ^ Willis, Browne ( 1750 ). Notitia Parliamentaria, Part II : A Series or Lists of the Representatives in the several Parliaments held from the Reformation 1541, to the Restoration 1660... London. pp. onepage&q&f& # 61, false 229 -- 239. Jump up ^ `` A letter from the Speaker of the House of Commons dated 20 October 1992, to Roy Bailey Esq, of the John Hampden Society ''. Jump up ^ Gross, David ( ed. ) We Wo n't Pay ! : A Tax Resistance Reader ISBN 1 - 4348 - 9825 - 3 pp. 9 - 16 Jump up ^ Alfred A. Young, `` English Plebeian Culture an 18th Century American Radicalism '' in Margret Jacob and James Jacob, eds., `` The Origin of Anglo - American Radicalism '' 9New Jersey, Humanitarian Press International, 19910 Page 195, Jump up ^ Britannica 1911 ( article `` HAMPDEN, JOHN '' ) `` two carbine balls ''. John Hampden, c. 1595 -- 1643 on the British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website `` possibly from his own pistol exploding ''. Jump up ^ John Nichols `` The Gentleman 's Magazine, Volume 181 ''. p. 512. E. Cave, 1847 Jump up ^ Adair, John Eric, A life of John Hampden, the patriot ( 1594 - 1643 ), London : Macdonald and Jane 's, 1976 Jump up ^ `` Lee, Frederick George - The History, description and antiquities of the Prebendal Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Thame in the county and diocese of Oxford... / by Frederick George Lee ''. www.royalcollection.org.uk. Jump up ^ Frederick George Lee, The History, description and antiquities of the Prebendal Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Thame in the county and diocese of Oxford. Published 1883 Jump up ^ Lifelines40, John Hampden. An Illustrated Life of John Hampden 1594 - 1643. Frank Hansford - Miller. Shire Publications. ISBN 085623322 Parameter error in ( ( isbn ) ) : Invalid ISBN... Jump up ^ Old Tamensians Jump up ^ `` Selected Readings in English History ''. p. 265. Ginn, 1913 Jump up ^ A Short History of Thame School. John Howard Brown. Pge 96. Hazell, Watson & Vivery. 1927 Jump up ^ http://www.st-marys-pyrton.info/a-brief-history/ Jump up ^ `` Parishes : Great Hampden - British History Online ''. www.british-history.ac.uk. Jump up ^ `` St Stephen 's Hall ''. UK Parliament. Jump up ^ `` The Works of Thomas Gray, Containing His Poems and Correspondence : With Memoirs of His Life and Writings, Volume 1 ''. p. 120. Harding, Triphook, and Lepard, 1825 ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy Live : Black Rod ''. BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2008 Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Black Rod ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ John Joseph Bagley, A.S. Lewis ( 1977 ). `` Lancashire at War : Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642 - 51 : a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn ''. p. 15. Dalesman, Jump up ^ Green, Oliver. `` The London Underground : An Illustrated History ''. p. 44. Ian Allan, 1988. Jump up ^ `` British History Timeline ''. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Parliament of England Preceded by Sir Francis Barnham Thomas St Aubyn Member of Parliament for Grampound 1621 -- 1622 With : Sir Robert Carey Succeeded by John Mohun Sir Richard Edgecombe Preceded by Franchise resumed Member of Parliament for Wendover 1624 -- 1629 With : Alexander Unton 1624 Richard Hampden 1625 Sampson Darrell 1626 Ralph Hawtree 1628 -- 1629 Succeeded by Parliament suspended until 1640 Preceded by Parliament suspended since 1629 Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire 1640 -- 1643 With : Arthur Goodwin Succeeded by George Fleetwood Edmund West WorldCat Identities BNE : XX5449098 GND : 122235894 ISNI : 0000 0000 7245 7959 LCCN : n85010288 SNAC : w6959pwp SUDOC : 119088258 VIAF : 74729431 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hampden&oldid=865067943 '' Categories : 1590s births 1643 deaths English military personnel killed in action English MPs 1621 -- 1622 English MPs 1624 -- 1625 English MPs 1625 English MPs 1626 English MPs 1628 -- 1629 English MPs 1640 ( April ) English MPs 1640 -- 1648 English tax resisters Five Members Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall People educated at Lord Williams 's School People from Great and Little Hampden People killed in the English Civil War Roundheads Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles citing Notitia Parliamentaria that were auto - converted and need a page number check Pages with ISBN errors Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2012 Use British English from March 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018, at 14 : 22 ( UTC ). 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