Ciliary body - wikipedia Ciliary body Ciliary body Anterior part of the human eye, with ciliary body near bottom. Details Part of Eye System Visual system Artery long posterior ciliary arteries Identifiers Latin corpus ciliare MeSH D002924 TA A15. 2.03. 009 FMA 58295 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor. The vitreous humor is produced in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body. The ciliary body is part of the uvea, the layer of tissue that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the eye tissues. The ciliary body joins the ora serrata of the choroid to the root of the iris. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Nerve supply 2 Function 2.1 Accommodation 2.2 Aqueous humor 2.3 Lens zonules 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure The ciliary body is a ring - shaped thickening of tissue inside the eye that divides the posterior chamber from the vitreous body. It contains the ciliary muscle, vessels, and fibrous connective tissue. Folds on the inner ciliary epithelium are called ciliary processes, and these secrete aqueous humor into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor then flows through the pupil into the anterior chamber. The ciliary body is attached to the lens by connective tissue called the zonular fibers ( fibers of Zinn ). Relaxation of the ciliary muscle puts tension on these fibers and changes the shape of the lens in order to focus light on the retina. The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body, and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina. The outer layer is highly pigmented, continuous with the retinal pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. This double membrane is often considered continuous with the retina and a rudiment of the embryological correspondent to the retina. The inner layer is unpigmented until it reaches the iris, where it takes on pigment. The retina ends at the ora serrata. Nerve supply Ciliary ganglion with parasympathetic fibers of ciliary nerves. The parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary body is the most clearly understood. Presynaptic parasympathetic signals that originate in the Edinger - Westphal nucleus are carried by cranial nerve III ( the oculomotor nerve ) and travel through the ciliary ganglion. Postsynaptic fibers from the ciliary ganglion form the short ciliary nerves. Parasympathetic activation of the M3 muscarinic receptors causes ciliary muscle contraction, the effect of contraction is to decrease the diameter of the ring of ciliary muscle. The parasympathetic tone is dominant when a higher degree of accommodation of the lens is required, such as reading a book. The ciliary body is also known to receive sympathetic innervation via long ciliary nerves. When test subjects are startled, their eyes automatically adjust for distance vision. Function The ciliary body has three functions : accommodation, aqueous humor production and resorption, and maintenance of the lens zonules for the purpose of anchoring the lens in place. Accommodation Accommodation essentially means that when the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens becomes more convex, generally improving the focus for closer objects. When it relaxes, it flattens the lens, generally improving the focus for farther objects. Aqueous humor The ciliary epithelium of the ciliary processes produces aqueous humor, which is responsible for providing oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic waste removal to the lens and the cornea, which do not have their own blood supply. Eighty percent of aqueous humor production is carried out through active secretion mechanisms ( the Na + K + ATPase enzyme creating an osmotic gradient for the passage of water into the posterior chamber ) and twenty percent is produced through the ultrafiltration of plasma. Intraocular pressure affects the rate of ultrafiltration, but not secretion. Lens zonules The zonular fibers collectively make up the suspensory ligament of the lens. These provide strong attachments between the ciliary muscle and the capsule of the lens. Clinical significance Glaucoma is a group of ocular disorders characterized by high intraocular pressure - associated neuropathies. Intraocular pressure depends on the levels of production and resorption of aqueous humor. Because the ciliary body produces aqueous humor, it is the main target of many medications against glaucoma. Its inhibition leads to the lowering of aqueous humor production and causes a subsequent drop in the intraocular pressure. There 3 main types of medication affecting the ciliary body : Beta blockers, the second most common treatment method for glaucoma, reduce the production of aqueous humor. They are relatively inexpensive and are available in generic form. Timolol, Levobunolol, and Betaxolol are common beta blockers prescribed to treat glaucoma. Alpha - adrenergic agonists work by decreasing production of fluid and increasing drainage. Brimonidine and Apraclonidine are two commonly prescribes alpha agonists for glaucoma treatment. Alphagan P uses a purite preservative, which is better tolerated those who have allergic reactions than the older BAK preservative in other eye drops. Furthermore, less selective alpha agonists such as ( epinephrine ) may decrease the production of aqueous humor through vasoconstriction of the ciliary body ( only for open - angle glaucoma ). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors also decrease fluid production. They are available as eye drops ( Trusopt and Azopt ) and pills ( Diamox and Neptazane ). This may be helpful if using more than one type of eye medication. See also Intraocular pressure Iridodialysis Glaucoma References Jump up ^ Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Standring, Susan., Gray, Henry, 1825 - 1861. ( 40th ed., anniversary ed ed. ). ( Edinburgh ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier. 2008. ISBN 9780808923718. OCLC 213447727. CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida : Triad Publishing Company, 1990. Jump up ^ Lang, G. Ophthalmology : A Pocket Textbook Atlas, 2 ed... Pg. 207. Ulm, Germany. 2007. Jump up ^ Moore KL, Dalley AF ( 2006 ). `` Head ( chapter 7 ) ''. Clinically Oriented Anatomy ( 5th ed. ). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 972. ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3639 - 0. Jump up ^ Hibbs, Ryan E. ; Zambon, Alexander C. ( 2011 ). `` Agents Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction and Autonomic Ganglia ''. In Brunton, Laurence L. ; Chabner, Bruce A. ; Knollmann, Björn C. Goodman & Gilman 's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics ( 12th ed. ). McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 162442 - 8. Jump up ^ Ruskell, G.L. ( 1973 ). `` Sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle in monkeys ''. Experimental Eye Research. 16 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 90. PMID 4198985. Jump up ^ Fleming, David G. ; Hall, James L. ( 1959 ). `` Autonomic Innervation of the Ciliary Body : A Modified Theory of Accommodation ''. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 48 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 93. doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9394 ( 59 ) 90269 - 7. PMID 13823443. Jump up ^ Murgatroyd, H. ; Bembridge, J. ( 2008 ). `` Intraocular pressure ''. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain. 8 ( 3 ) : 100 -- 3. doi : 10.1093 / bjaceaccp / mkn015. Jump up ^ Casson, Robert J ; Chidlow, Glyn ; Wood, John PM ; Crowston, Jonathan G ; Goldberg, Ivan ( 2012 ). `` Definition of glaucoma : Clinical and experimental concepts ''. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 40 ( 4 ) : 341 -- 9. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1442 - 9071.2012. 02773. x. PMID 22356435. Jump up ^ `` Glaucoma Medications and Their Side Effects ''. Glaucoma Research Foundation. Jump up ^ `` Medication Guide ''. Glaucoma Research Foundation. Jump up ^ Colo., Malik Y. Kahook, MD, Aurora,. `` The Pros and Cons of Preservatives ''. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13. External links Histology image : 08011loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Atlas image : eye_1 at the University of Michigan Health System - `` Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball '' Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell, Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciliary_body&oldid=838673100 '' Categories : Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Extra text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018, at 15 : 12. 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Question: accommodation and aqueous production are a function of the
Answer: ciliary body