Cone - wikipedia Cone Not to be confused with Conical surface. For other uses, see Cone ( disambiguation ). A right circular cone and an oblique circular cone A double cone ( not shown infinitely extended ) A cone is a three - dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base ( frequently, though not necessarily, circular ) to a point called the apex or vertex. A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half - lines, or lines connecting a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex. Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one - dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one - dimensional figure, or any of the above plus all the enclosed points. If the enclosed points are included in the base, the cone is a solid object ; otherwise it is a two - dimensional object in three - dimensional space. In the case of a solid object, the boundary formed by these lines or partial lines is called the lateral surface ; if the lateral surface is unbounded, it is a conical surface. In the case of line segments, the cone does not extend beyond the base, while in the case of half - lines, it extends infinitely far. In the case of lines, the cone extends infinitely far in both directions from the apex, in which case it is sometimes called a double cone. Either half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a nappe. The axis of a cone is the straight line ( if any ), passing through the apex, about which the base ( and the whole cone ) has a circular symmetry. In common usage in elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be right circular, where circular means that the base is a circle and right means that the axis passes through the centre of the base at right angles to its plane. If the cone is right circular the intersection of a plane with the lateral surface is a conic section. In general, however, the base may be any shape and the apex may lie anywhere ( though it is usually assumed that the base is bounded and therefore has finite area, and that the apex lies outside the plane of the base ). Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in which the axis passes through the centre of the base non-perpendicularly. A cone with a polygonal base is called a pyramid. Depending on the context, `` cone '' may also mean specifically a convex cone or a projective cone. Cones can also be generalized to higher dimensions. Contents 1 Further terminology 2 Measurements and equations 2.1 Volume 2.2 Center of mass 2.3 Right circular cone 2.3. 1 Volume 2.3. 2 Slant height 2.3. 3 Surface area 2.3. 4 Equation form 2.4 Elliptic cone 3 Projective geometry 4 Higher dimensions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Further terminology The perimeter of the base of a cone is called the `` directrix '', and each of the line segments between the directrix and apex is a `` generatrix '' or `` generating line '' of the lateral surface. ( For the connection between this sense of the term `` directrix '' and the directrix of a conic section, see Dandelin spheres. ) The `` base radius '' of a circular cone is the radius of its base ; often this is simply called the radius of the cone. The aperture of a right circular cone is the maximum angle between two generatrix lines ; if the generatrix makes an angle θ to the axis, the aperture is 2θ. A cone with a region including its apex cut off by a plane is called a `` truncated cone '' ; if the truncation plane is parallel to the cone 's base, it is called a frustum. An `` elliptical cone '' is a cone with an elliptical base. A `` generalized cone '' is the surface created by the set of lines passing through a vertex and every point on a boundary ( also see visual hull ). Measurements and equations Volume The volume V ( displaystyle V ) of any conic solid is one third of the product of the area of the base A B ( displaystyle A_ ( B ) ) and the height h ( displaystyle h ) V = 1 3 A B h. ( displaystyle V = ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) A_ ( B ) h. ) In modern mathematics, this formula can easily be computed using calculus -- it is, up to scaling, the integral ∫ x 2 d x = 1 3 x 3. ( displaystyle int x ^ ( 2 ) dx = ( \tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) x ^ ( 3 ). ) Without using calculus, the formula can be proven by comparing the cone to a pyramid and applying Cavalieri 's principle -- specifically, comparing the cone to a ( vertically scaled ) right square pyramid, which forms one third of a cube. This formula can not be proven without using such infinitesimal arguments -- unlike the 2 - dimensional formulae for polyhedral area, though similar to the area of the circle -- and hence admitted less rigorous proofs before the advent of calculus, with the ancient Greeks using the method of exhaustion. This is essentially the content of Hilbert 's third problem -- more precisely, not all polyhedral pyramids are scissors congruent ( can be cut apart into finite pieces and rearranged into the other ), and thus volume can not be computed purely by using a decomposition argument. Center of mass The center of mass of a conic solid of uniform density lies one - quarter of the way from the center of the base to the vertex, on the straight line joining the two. Right circular cone Volume For a circular cone with radius r and height h, the base is a circle of area π r 2 ( displaystyle pi r ^ ( 2 ) ) and so the formula for volume becomes V = 1 3 π r 2 h. ( displaystyle V = ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) pi r ^ ( 2 ) h. ) Slant height The slant height ( or lateral height ) of a right circular cone is the distance from any point on the circle to the apex of the cone via a straight line along the surface of the cone. It is given by r 2 + h 2 ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ), where r ( displaystyle r ) is the radius of the base the cone and h is the height. This can be proved by the Pythagorean theorem. Surface area The lateral surface area of a right circular cone is L S A = π r l ( displaystyle LSA = pi rl ) where r ( displaystyle r ) is the radius of the circle at the bottom of the cone and l ( displaystyle l ) is the slant height of the cone. The surface area of the bottom circle of a cone is the same as for any circle, π r 2 ( displaystyle pi r ^ ( 2 ) ). Thus, the total surface area of a right circular cone can be expressed as each of the following : Radius and height π r 2 + π r r 2 + h 2 ( displaystyle pi r ^ ( 2 ) + pi r ( sqrt ( r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( the area of the base plus the area of the lateral surface ; the term r 2 + h 2 ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) is the slant height ) π r ( r + r 2 + h 2 ) ( displaystyle pi r left ( r+ ( sqrt ( r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \right ) ) where r ( displaystyle r ) is the radius and h ( displaystyle h ) is the height. Radius and lateral height π r 2 + π r l ( displaystyle pi r ^ ( 2 ) + pi rl ) π r ( r + l ) ( displaystyle pi r ( r + l ) ) where r ( displaystyle r ) is the radius and l ( displaystyle l ) is the lateral height. Circumference and lateral height c 2 4 π + c l 2 ( displaystyle ( \frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 pi ) ) + ( \frac ( cl ) ( 2 ) ) ) ( c 2 ) ( c 2 π + l ) ( displaystyle left ( ( \frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) \right ) left ( ( \frac ( c ) ( 2 pi ) ) + l \right ) ) where c ( displaystyle c ) is the circumference and l ( displaystyle l ) is the lateral height. Apex angle and height π h 2 tan ⁡ Θ 2 ( tan ⁡ Θ 2 + sec ⁡ Θ 2 ) ( displaystyle pi h ^ ( 2 ) \tan ( \frac ( Theta ) ( 2 ) ) left ( \tan ( \frac ( Theta ) ( 2 ) ) + sec ( \frac ( Theta ) ( 2 ) ) \right ) ) where Θ ( displaystyle Theta ) is the apex angle and h ( displaystyle h ) is the height. Equation form A right solid circular cone with height h ( displaystyle h ) and aperture 2 θ ( displaystyle 2 \theta ), whose axis is the z ( displaystyle z ) coordinate axis and whose apex is the origin, is described parametrically as F ( s, t, u ) = ( u tan ⁡ s cos ⁡ t, u tan ⁡ s sin ⁡ t, u ) ( displaystyle F ( s, t, u ) = left ( u \tan s cos t, u \tan s sin t, u \right ) ) where s, t, u ( displaystyle s, t, u ) range over ( 0, θ ) ( displaystyle ( 0, \theta ) ), ( 0, 2 π ) ( displaystyle ( 0, 2 pi ) ), and ( 0, h ) ( displaystyle ( 0, h ) ), respectively. In implicit form, the same solid is defined by the inequalities ( F ( x, y, z ) ≤ 0, z ≥ 0, z ≤ h ), ( displaystyle ( F ( x, y, z ) leq 0, z geq 0, z leq h ), ) where F ( x, y, z ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( cos ⁡ θ ) 2 − z 2 ( sin ⁡ θ ) 2. ( displaystyle F ( x, y, z ) = ( x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) ) ( cos \theta ) ^ ( 2 ) - z ^ ( 2 ) ( sin \theta ) ^ ( 2 ). , ) More generally, a right circular cone with vertex at the origin, axis parallel to the vector d ( displaystyle d ), and aperture 2 θ ( displaystyle 2 \theta ), is given by the implicit vector equation F ( u ) = 0 ( displaystyle F ( u ) = 0 ) where F ( u ) = ( u ⋅ d ) 2 − ( d ⋅ d ) ( u ⋅ u ) ( cos ⁡ θ ) 2 ( displaystyle F ( u ) = ( u cdot d ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( d cdot d ) ( u cdot u ) ( cos \theta ) ^ ( 2 ) ) or F ( u ) = u ⋅ d − d u cos ⁡ θ ( displaystyle F ( u ) = u cdot d - d u cos \theta ) where u = ( x, y, z ) ( displaystyle u = ( x, y, z ) ), and u ⋅ d ( displaystyle u cdot d ) denotes the dot product. Elliptic cone In the Cartesian coordinate system, an elliptic cone is the locus of an equation of the form x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 = z 2. ( displaystyle ( \frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \frac ( y ^ ( 2 ) ) ( b ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = z ^ ( 2 ). ) It is an affine image of the right - circular unit cone with equation x 2 + y 2 = z 2. ( displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) = z ^ ( 2 ) . ) From the fact, that the affine image of a conic section is a conic section of the same type ( ellipse, parabola,... ) one gets : Any plane section of an elliptic cone is a conic section. Obviously, any right circular cone contains circles. This is also true, but less obvious, in the general case ( see circular section ). Projective geometry In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity, which corresponds visually to a cylinder in perspective appearing to be a cone towards the sky. In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity. Intuitively, if one keeps the base fixed and takes the limit as the apex goes to infinity, one obtains a cylinder, the angle of the side increasing as arctan, in the limit forming a right angle. This is useful in the definition of degenerate conics, which require considering the cylindrical conics. Higher dimensions The definition of a cone may be extended to higher dimensions ( see convex cones ). In this case, one says that a convex set C in the real vector space R is a cone ( with apex at the origin ) if for every vector x in C and every nonnegative real number a, the vector ax is in C. In this context, the analogues of circular cones are not usually special ; in fact one is often interested in polyhedral cones. See also Bicone Cone ( linear algebra ) Cone ( topology ) Cylinder ( geometry ) Democritus Generalized conic Hyperboloid Pyrometric cone Quadric Rotation of axes Ruled surface Translation of axes Notes ^ Jump up to : James, R.C. ; James, Glenn ( 1992 - 07 - 31 ). The Mathematics Dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 74 -- 75. ISBN 9780412990410. ^ Jump up to : Grünbaum, Convex polytopes, second edition, p. 23. Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. `` Cone ''. MathWorld. ^ Jump up to : Alexander, Daniel C. ; Koeberlein, Geralyn M. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ). Elementary Geometry for College Students. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781285965901. Jump up ^ Hartshorne, Robin ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ). Geometry : Euclid and Beyond. Springer Science & Business Media. Chapter 27. ISBN 9780387226767. Jump up ^ Blank, Brian E. ; Krantz, Steven George ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ). Calculus : Single Variable. Springer Science & Business Media. Chapter 8. ISBN 9781931914598. Jump up ^ Protter & Morrey ( 1970, p. 583 ) Jump up ^ Dowling, Linnaeus Wayland ( 1917 - 01 - 01 ). Projective Geometry. McGraw - Hill book Company, Incorporated. References Protter, Murray H. ; Morrey, Jr., Charles B. ( 1970 ), College Calculus with Analytic Geometry ( 2nd ed. ), Reading : Addison - Wesley, LCCN 76087042 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cone ( geometry ). Weisstein, Eric W. `` Cone ''. MathWorld. Weisstein, Eric W. `` Double Cone ''. MathWorld. Weisstein, Eric W. `` Generalized Cone ''. MathWorld. Spinning Cone from Math Is Fun Paper model cone Lateral surface area of an oblique cone Cut a Cone An interactive demonstration of the intersection of a cone with a plane Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cone&oldid=813978061 '' Categories : Elementary shapes Surfaces Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017, at 06 : 47. 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Question: where does the centre of mass of a cone lie
Answer: one-quarter of the way from the center of the base to the vertex, on the straight line joining the two