Joint - wikipedia Joint For other uses, see Joint ( disambiguation ). Joint Diagram of a typical synovial joint Depiction of an intervertebral disc, a cartilaginous joint Details System Musculoskeletal system Articular system Identifiers Latin Articulus Junctura Articulatio MeSH D007596 TA A03. 0.00. 000 FMA 7490 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A joint or articulation ( or articular surface ) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulder, are self - lubricating, almost frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads while still executing smooth and precise movements. Other joints such as sutures between the bones of the skull permit very little movement ( only during birth ) in order to protect the brain and the sense organs. The connection between a tooth and the jawbone is also called a joint, and is described as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis. Joints are classified both structurally and functionally. Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Clinical, numerical classification 1.2 Structural classification ( binding tissue ) 1.3 Functional classification ( movement ) 1.4 Biomechanical classification 1.5 Anatomical 2 Clinical significance 3 History 3.1 Etymology 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Classification Joints are mainly classified structurally and functionally. Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. In practice, there is significant overlap between the two types of classifications. Clinical, numerical classification monoarticular -- concerning one joint oligoarticular or pauciarticular -- concerning 2 -- 4 joints polyarticular -- concerning 5 or more joints Structural classification ( binding tissue ) Structural classification names and divides joints according to the type of binding tissue that connects the bones to each other. There are three structural classifications of joints : fibrous joint -- joined by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers cartilaginous joint -- joined by cartilage. There are two types : primary cartilaginous joints composed of hyaline cartilage, and secondary cartilaginous joints composed of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the involved bones with fibrocartilage connecting them. synovial joint -- not directly joined -- the bones have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments. facet joint -- joint between two articular processes between two vertebrae. Functional classification ( movement ) Joints can also be classified functionally according to the type and degree of movement they allow : Joint movements are described with reference to the basic anatomical planes. synarthrosis -- permits little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints ( e.g., skull sutures ). amphiarthrosis -- permits slight mobility. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous joints ( e.g., intervertebral discs ). synovial joint ( also known as a diarthrosis ) -- freely movable. Synovial joints can in turn be classified into six groups according to the type of movement they allow : plane joint, ball and socket joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint and saddle joint. Joints can also be classified, according to the number of axes of movement they allow, into nonaxial ( gliding, as between the proximal ends of the ulna and radius ), monoaxial ( uniaxial ), biaxial and multiaxial. Another classification is according to the degrees of freedom allowed, and distinguished between joints with one, two or three degrees of freedom. A further classification is according to the number and shapes of the articular surfaces : flat, concave and convex surfaces. Types of articular surfaces include trochlear surfaces. Biomechanical classification Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their biomechanical properties. According to the anatomic classification, joints are subdivided into simple and compound, depending on the number of bones involved, and into complex and combination joints : Simple joint : two articulation surfaces ( e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint ) Compound joint : three or more articulation surfaces ( e.g. radiocarpal joint ) Complex joint : two or more articulation surfaces and an articular disc or meniscus ( e.g. knee joint ) Anatomical The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups : Joints of hand Elbow joints Wrist joints Axillary articulations Sternoclavicular joints Vertebral articulations Temporomandibular joints Sacroiliac joints Hip joints Knee joints Articulations of foot Clinical significance Further information : Arthropathy and Arthritis Damaging the cartilage of joints ( articular cartilage ) or the bones and muscles that stabilize the joints can lead to joint dislocations and osteoarthritis. Swimming is a great way to exercise the joints with minimal damage. A joint disorder is termed arthropathy, and when involving inflammation of one or more joints the disorder is called arthritis. Most joint disorders involve arthritis, but joint damage by external physical trauma is typically not termed arthritis. Arthropathies are called polyarticular ( multiarticular ) when involving many joints and monoarticular when involving only a single joint. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in people over the age of 55. There are many different forms of arthritis, each of which has a different cause. The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis ( also known as degenerative joint disease ), occurs following trauma to the joint, following an infection of the joint or simply as a result of aging and the deterioration of articular cartilage. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence that abnormal anatomy may contribute to early development of osteoarthritis. Other forms of arthritis are rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, which are autoimmune diseases in which the body is attacking itself. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint that results in subsequent inflammation. Additionally, there is a less common form of gout that is caused by the formation of rhomboidal - shaped crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. This form of gout is known as pseudogout. Temporomandibular joint syndrome ( TMJ ) involves the jaw joints and can cause facial pain, clicking sounds in the jaw, or limitation of jaw movement, to name a few symptoms. It is caused by psychological tension and misalignment of the jaw ( malocclusion ), and may be affecting as many as 75 million Americans. History Etymology The English word joint is a past participle of the verb join, and can be read as joined. Joint is derived from Latin iunctus, past participle of the Latin verb iungere, join together, unite, connect, attach. The English term articulation is derived from Latin articulatio. Humans have also developed lighter, more fragile joint bones over time due to the decrease in physical activity compared to thousands of years ago. See also Arthrology Cracking joints Kinesiology Ligament Replacement joint References ^ Jump up to : Whiting, William Charles and RuggDynatomy, Stuart ( 2006 ) Dynamic Human Anatomy, Volume 10 p. 40 Jump up ^ `` Articulation definition ''. eMedicine Dictionary. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : Saladin, Ken. Anatomy & Physiology. 7th ed. McGraw - Hill Connect. Web. p. 274 Jump up ^ Standring, ed. - in - chief Susan ( 2006 ). Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 39th ed. ). Edinburgh : Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. p. 38. ISBN 0 - 443 - 07168 - 3. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Joints ( 3 ) -- Joints -- Classification by Tissue Joining Bones ''. anatomy.med.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 08. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29. ^ Jump up to : Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition, Tortora & Derrickson, Pub : Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ `` Articular Facet ''. Medilexicon -- Medical Dictionary. Retrieved December 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Foundational Model of Anatomy ''. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Joints ( 2 ) -- Joints -- Classification by Movement ''. anatomy.med.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ Samuel George Morton ( 1849 ) An Illustrated System of Human Anatomy p. 119 Jump up ^ Henry Gray ( 1859 ) Anatomy, descriptive and surgical p. 136 Jump up ^ Henry Gray ( 1887 ) Anatomy, descriptive and surgical p. 220 ^ Jump up to : Platzer, Werner ( 2008 ) Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 1, p. 28 Jump up ^ Armen S Kelikian, Shahan Sarrafian Sarrafian 's Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle : Descriptive, Topographic, Functional p. 94 Jump up ^ `` Introductory Anatomy : Joints ''. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29. ^ Jump up to : Klein, E. ( 1971 ). A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language. Dealing with the origin of words and their sense development thus illustration the history of civilization and culture. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. Jump up ^ Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. ( 1879 ). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews ' edition of Freund 's Latin dictionary. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Jump up ^ Thompson, Helen. `` Switching to Farming Made Human Joint Bones Lighter ''. Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian, 22 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to joints. Synovial joints Illustrations and Classification Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Joints Types Fibrous Gomphosis Suture Syndesmosis Interosseous membrane Cartilaginous Synchondrosis Symphysis synovial : Plane joint 1 ° Hinge joint Pivot joint 2 ° Condyloid joint Saddle joint 3 ° Ball and socket joint synostosis by range of motion : Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Terminology Kinesiology Anatomical terms of motion Agonist / Antagonist Motions general : Flexion / Extension Adduction / Abduction Internal rotation / External rotation Elevation / Depression specialized / upper limbs : Protraction / Retraction Supination / Pronation specialized / lower limbs : Plantarflexion / Dorsiflexion Eversion / Inversion Components capsular : Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Synovial fluid Synovial bursa Articular disk / Meniscus extracapsular : Ligament Enthesis Fibrous joints of the human skull Syndesmosis Pterygospinous ligament Stylohyoid ligament Sutures Involving the frontal bone frontoethmoidal suture frontal suture coronal suture occipitomastoid lambdoid sagittal Involving the sphenoid bone sphenoethmoidal with frontal bone with parietal bone sphenosquamosal Involving the Petrous part of the temporal bone sphenopetrosal petrosquamous squamosal Facial : palatomaxillary suture Involving the zygomatic process with sphenoid bone with temporal bone with frontal bone Mouth Gomphosis Periodontal fiber Periodontium Dental alveolus Gingiva Cementum Joints and ligaments of the head and neck Temporomandibular Capsule Articular disk Lateral Temporomandibular ligament Medial Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament Atlanto - occipital capsule membranes ( anterior atlantoöccipital membrane posterior atlantoöccipital membrane ) Joints and ligaments of torso Vertebral Syndesmosis Of vertebral bodies anterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament Of vertebral arches ligamenta flava supraspinous ligament nuchal ligament interspinous ligament intertransverse ligament Symphysis intervertebral disc ( anulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus ) Synovial joint Atlanto - axial Medial : Cruciate ligament of atlas ( Transverse ligament of atlas ) Alar ligament Apical ligament of dens Tectorial membrane of atlanto - axial joint Lateral : no ligaments anterior atlantoaxial ligament posterior atlantoaxial ligament Zygapophysial no ligaments Lumbosacral iliolumbar ligament Sacrococcygeal anterior sacrococcygeal ligament posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Thorax Costovertebral Head of rib Radiate ligament Intra-articular ligament Costotransverse Costotransverse ligament Lumbocostal ligament Sternocostal interarticular sternocostal ligament radiate sternocostal ligaments costoxiphoid ligaments Interchondral no ligaments Costochondral no ligaments Pelvis Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle Obturator membrane Obturator canal Pubic symphysis superior pubic ligament inferior pubic ligament Sacroiliac anterior sacroiliac ligament posterior sacroiliac ligament interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium : sacrotuberous ligament sacrospinous ligament Joints and ligaments of the arm Shoulder Sternoclavicular Anterior sternoclavicular Posterior sternoclavicular Interclavicular Costoclavicular Acromioclavicular Syndesmoses : Coracoacromial Superior transverse scapular Inferior transverse of scapula Synovial : Acromioclavicular Coracoclavicular ( trapezoid conoid ) Glenohumeral Capsule Coracohumeral Glenohumeral ( superior, middle, and inferior ) Transverse humeral Glenoid labrum Elbow Humeroradial Radial collateral Humeroulnar Ulnar collateral Proximal radioulnar Anular Oblique cord Quadrate Forearm Distal radioulnar Palmar radioulnar Dorsal radioulnar Interosseous membrane of forearm Hand Wrist / radiocarpal Dorsal radiocarpal / Palmar radiocarpal Dorsal ulnocarpal / Palmar ulnocarpal Ulnar collateral / Radial collateral Intercarpal Midcarpal Radiate carpal Dorsal intercarpal Palmar intercarpal Interosseous intercarpal Scapholunate Pisiform joint ( Pisohamate Pisometacarpal ) Carpometacarpal Dorsal carpometacarpal Palmar carpometacarpal thumb : Radial collateral Ulnar collateral Intermetacarpal Deep transverse metacarpal Superficial transverse metacarpal Metacarpophalangeal Collateral Palmar Interphalangeal Collateral Palmar Other Carpal tunnel Ulnar canal Joints and ligaments of the human leg Hip femoral ( iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral ) head of femur transverse acetabular acetabular labrum capsule zona orbicularis Knee Tibiofemoral Capsule Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular : popliteal oblique arcuate collateral medial / tibial fibular / lateral intracapsular : cruciate anterior posterior menisci medial lateral transverse anterolateral Patellofemoral Patellar ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Tibiofibular Superior tibiofibular anterior of the head of the fibula posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Interosseous membrane of leg Foot Talocrural and ankle medial : medial of talocrural joint / deltoid anterior tibiotalar posterior tibiotalar tibiocalcaneal tibionavicular lateral : lateral collateral of ankle joint anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular Subtalar / talocalcaneal anterior / posterior lateral / medial interosseous Transverse tarsal Talocalcaneonavicular dorsal talonavicular plantar calcaneonavicular / spring bifurcated ( calcaneonavicular ) Calcaneocuboid dorsal calcaneocuboid long plantar plantar calcaneocuboid bifurcated ( calcaneocuboid ) Distal intertarsal Cuneonavicular plantar dorsal Cuboideonavicular plantar dorsal Intercuneiform plantar dorsal interosseous Other Tarsometatarsal / Lisfranc plantar dorsal Intermetatarsal / metatarsal plantar dorsal interosseous superficial transverse deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal plantar collateral Interphalangeal plantar collateral Arches Longitudinal Transverse GND : 4019919 - 8 NDL : 00564939 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint&oldid=835139944 '' Categories : Joints Skeletal system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 20 : 14. 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Question: what are the three major types of joints in the human body
Answer: fibrous joint