Central America - Wikipedia Central America Not to be confused with Central United States. Central America Land area 507,966 km ( 196,127 sq mi ) Population 46,761,485 ( 2015 -- 2016 estimate ) Density 92 / km ( 240 / sq mi ) Countries Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Demonym Central American GDP $203.73 billion ( exchange rate ) ( 2013 ) $370.52 billion ( purchasing power parity ) ( 2013 ). GDP per capita $4,783 ( exchange rate ) ( 2013 ) $8,698 ( purchasing power parity ) ( 2013 ). Languages Spanish, English, Mayan languages, Garifuna, Kriol, and other languages of Mesoamerica Time Zones UTC -- 6 : 00, UTC -- 5 : 00 Largest cities ( 2010 ) Guatemala City San Salvador Managua Tegucigalpa Panama City San Pedro Sula San José San Miguelito Santa Ana Quetzaltenango San Miguel Part of a series on Central America Countries Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Culture Central American Spanish Cuisine Mesoamerica Music Ethnic groups Ethnic groups List of indigenous peoples Visual arts by indigenous peoples Religion Anglican Church Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Roman Catholicism Sport Central American Games Central American and Caribbean Games Football Union By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Demographics By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Economy By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Education By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Environment Bioregion Deforestation List of mammals Montane forests Mountain peaks Pine - oak forests History Central American crisis Federal Republic Federal Republic heads of state Greater Republic Maya civilization Trade By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Geography Central Highlands Cities Geology Islands Mountains ( Extreme summits Ultra-prominent summits ) Rivers Volcanoes Middle America Middle America Trench By country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Politics and government Integration System Parliament Elections by country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Foreign relations by country Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Transportation List of busiest airports List of largest airlines Rail transport Related topics Index of articles Americas ( terminology ) Central Time Zone Latin America Central America ( Spanish : América Central, Centroamérica ) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries : Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 ( 2009 estimate ) and 42,688,190 ( 2012 estimate ). Central America is a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala through to central Panama. Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, there is a great deal of seismic activity in the region. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur frequently ; these natural disasters have resulted in the loss of many lives and much property. In the Pre-Columbian era, Central America was inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and west and the Isthmo - Colombian peoples to the south and east. Soon after Christopher Columbus 's voyages to the Americas, the Spanish began to colonize the Americas. From 1609 until 1821, most of the territory within Central America -- except for the lands that would become Belize and Panama -- was governed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico City as the Captaincy General of Guatemala. After New Spain achieved independence from Spain in 1821, some of its provinces were annexed to the First Mexican Empire, but soon seceded from Mexico to form the Federal Republic of Central America, which lasted from 1823 to 1838. The seven states finally became independent autonomous states : beginning with Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala ( 1838 ) ; followed by El Salvador ( 1841 ) ; then Panama ( 1903 ) ; and finally Belize ( 1981 ). Even today, people in Central America sometimes refer to their nations as if they were provinces of a Central American state. For example, it is not unusual to write `` C.A. '' after the country names in formal and informal contexts and the automobile licence plates of many of the countries in the region show the legend `` Centroamerica '' in addition to the country name. Contents 1 Different definitions 2 History 3 Geography 4 Biodiversity 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 Geology 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Religious groups 7 Culture 7.1 Sport 8 Politics 8.1 Central American Integration 8.2 Foreign relations 8.3 Central American Parliament 9 Economy 9.1 Tourism 10 Transport 10.1 Roads 10.2 Waterways 10.3 Ports and harbors 10.4 Airports 10.5 Railways 11 Education 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Different definitions `` Central America '' may mean different things to various people, based upon different contexts : The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas defines the region as all states of mainland North America south of the United States and specifically includes all of Mexico. Middle America is usually thought to comprise Mexico to the north of the 7 states of Central America as well as Colombia and Venezuela to the south. Usually, the whole of the Caribbean to the northeast, and sometimes the Guyanas, are also included. According to one source, the term `` Central America '' was used as a synonym for `` Middle America '' at least as recently as 1962. In Ibero - America ( Latin America and Iberia ), the Americas is considered a single continent, and Central America is considered a subcontinent separate from North America comprising the seven countries south of Mexico and north of Colombia. Mexico, in whole or in part, is sometimes included by British people. For the people living in the five countries formerly part of the Federal Republic of Central America there is a distinction between the Spanish language terms `` América Central '' and `` Centroamérica ''. While both can be translated into English as `` Central America '', `` América Central '' is generally used to refer to the geographical area of the seven countries between Mexico and Colombia, while `` Centroamérica '' is used when referring to the former members of the Federation emphasizing the shared culture and history of the region. In Portuguese as a rule and occasionally in Spanish and other languages, the entirety of the Antilles is often included in the definition of Central America ( the Portuguese Wikipedia article for the Antilles offers, in fact, América Central Insular as an alternative name ), which is its own region to be distinguished from North America and South America alike. Indeed, the Dominican Republic is a full member of the Central American Integration System. History Main article : History of Central America Central America, 1798 Tikal, Guatemala. In the Pre-Columbian era, the northern areas of Central America were inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. Most notable among these were the Mayans, who had built numerous cities throughout the region, and the Aztecs, who had created a vast empire. The pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador, eastern Honduras, Caribbean Nicaragua, most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact and are considered by some culturally different and grouped in the Isthmo - Colombian Area. Following Christopher Columbus 's voyages to the Americas, the Spanish sent many expeditions to the region, and they began their conquest of Maya territory in 1523. Soon after the conquest of the Aztec Empire, Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado commenced the conquest of northern Central America for the Spanish Empire. Beginning with his arrival in Soconusco in 1523, Alvarado 's forces systematically conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms, including the K'iche ', Tz'utujil, Pipil, and the Kaqchikel. By 1528, the conquest of Guatemala was nearly complete, with only the Petén Basin remaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence. The last independent Maya kingdoms -- the Kowoj and the Itza people -- were finally defeated in 1697, as part of the Spanish conquest of Petén. In 1538, Spain established the Real Audiencia of Panama, which had jurisdiction over all land from the Strait of Magellan to the Gulf of Fonseca. This entity was dissolved in 1543, and most of the territory within Central America then fell under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia Real de Guatemala. This area included the current territories of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Mexican state of Chiapas, but excluded the lands that would become Belize and Panama. The president of the Audiencia, which had its seat in Antigua Guatemala, was the governor of the entire area. In 1609 the area became a captaincy general and the governor was also granted the title of captain general. The Captaincy General of Guatemala encompassed most of Central America, with the exception of present - day Belize and Panama. The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries, but began to fray after a rebellion in 1811 which began in the intendancy of San Salvador. The Captaincy General formally ended on 15 September 1821, with the signing of the Act of Independence of Central America. Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire, and the entire region was finally independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821. From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823, the former Captaincy General remained intact as part of the short - lived First Mexican Empire. When the Emperor of Mexico abdicated on 19 March 1823, Central America again became independent. On 1 July 1823, the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from Mexico and declared absolute independence from all foreign nations, and the region formed the Federal Republic of Central America. The Federal Republic of Central America was a representative democracy with its capital at Guatemala City. This union consisted of the provinces of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Los Altos, Mosquito Coast, and Nicaragua. The lowlands of southwest Chiapas, including Soconusco, initially belonged to the Republic until 1824, when Mexico annexed most of Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco. The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838, when it disintegrated as a result of civil wars. Historic Coat of Arms of Central American Unions The United Provinces of Central America United Provinces of Central America Federal Republic of Central America Greater Republic of Central America Coat of Arms of modern Central America Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Belize The territory that now makes up Belize was heavily contested in a dispute that continued for decades after Guatemala achieved independence ( see History of Belize ( 1506 -- 1862 ). Spain, and later Guatemala, considered this land a Guatemalan department. In 1862, Britain formally declared it a British colony and named it British Honduras. It became independent as Belize in 1981. Panama, situated in the southernmost part of Central America on the Isthmus of Panama, has for most of its history been culturally linked to South America. Panama was part of the Province of Tierra Firme from 1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed Audiencia Real de Panama. Beginning in 1543, Panama was administered as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739, when it was transferred to the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the capital of which was located at Santa Fé de Bogotá. Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819. A series of military and political struggles took place from that time until 1822, the result of which produced the republic of Gran Colombia. After the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830, Panama became part of a successor state, the Republic of New Granada. From 1855 until 1886, Panama existed as Panama State, first within the Republic of New Granada, then within the Granadine Confederation, and finally within the United States of Colombia. The United States of Colombia was replaced by the Republic of Colombia in 1886. As part of the Republic of Colombia, Panama State was abolished and it became the Isthmus Department. Despite the many political reorganizations, Colombia was still deeply plagued by conflict, which eventually led to the secession of Panama on 3 November 1903. Only after that time did some begin to regard Panama as a North or Central American entity. By the 1930s the United Fruit Company owned 3.5 million acres of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries. That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase Banana Republic. After more than two hundred years of social unrest, violent conflict and revolution, Central America today remains in a period of political transformation. Poverty, social injustice and violence are still widespread. Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the western hemisphere ( only Haiti is poorer ). Geography See also : Geography of Belize, Geography of Costa Rica, Geography of El Salvador, Geography of Guatemala, Geography of Honduras, Geography of Nicaragua, Geography of Panama, List of islands of Central America, and List of mountain peaks of Central America The seven countries of Central America and their capitals Central America is the tapering isthmus of southern North America, with unique and varied geographic features. The Pacific Ocean lies to the southwest, the Caribbean Sea lies to the northeast, and the Gulf of Mexico lies to the north. Some physiographists define the Isthmus of Tehuantepec as the northern geographic border of Central America, while others use the northwestern borders of Belize and Guatemala. From there, the Central American land mass extends southeastward to the Isthmus of Panama, where it connects to the Pacific Lowlands in northwestern South America. Of the many mountain ranges within Central America, the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Cordillera Isabelia and the Cordillera de Talamanca. At 4,220 meters ( 13,850 ft ), Volcán Tajumulco is the highest peak in Central America. Other high points of Central America are as listed in the table below : High points in Central America Country Name Elevation ( meters ) Range Belize Doyle 's Delight 1124 Cockscomb Range Costa Rica Cerro Chirripó 3820 Cordillera de Talamanca El Salvador Cerro El Pital 2730 Sierra Madre de Chiapas Guatemala Volcán Tajumulco 4220 Sierra Madre de Chiapas Honduras Cerro Las Minas 2780 Cordillera de Celaque Nicaragua Mogotón 2107 Cordillera Isabelia Panama Volcán Barú 3474 Cordillera de Talamanca Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the raising of livestock and for the production of coffee, tobacco, beans and other crops. Most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica and Guatemala lives in valleys. Trade winds have a significant effect upon the climate of Central America. Temperatures in Central America are highest just prior to the summer wet season, and are lowest during the winter dry season, when trade winds contribute to a cooler climate. The highest temperatures occur in April, due to higher levels of sunlight, lower cloud cover and a decrease in trade winds. Biodiversity See also : Central America bioregion El Chorreron in El Salvador Central America is part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, boasting 7 % of the world 's biodiversity. The Pacific Flyway is a major north - south flyway for migratory birds in the Americas, extending from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. Due to the funnel - like shape of its land mass, migratory birds can be seen in very high concentrations in Central America, especially in the spring and autumn. As a bridge between North America and South America, Central America has many species from the Nearctic and the Neotropic ecozones. However the southern countries ( Costa Rica and Panama ) of the region have more biodiversity than the northern countries ( Guatemala and Belize ), meanwhile the central countries ( Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador ) have the least biodiversity. The table below shows recent statistics : Biodiversity in Central America ( number of different species of terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants ) Country Amphibian species Bird species Mammal species Reptile species Total terrestrial vertebrate species Vascular plants species Biodiversity Belize 46 544 147 140 877 2894 3771 Costa Rica 183 838 232 258 1511 12119 13630 El Salvador 30 434 137 106 707 2911 3618 Guatemala 133 684 193 236 1246 8681 9927 Honduras 101 699 201 213 1214 5680 6894 Nicaragua 61 632 181 178 1052 7590 8642 Panama 182 904 241 242 1569 9915 11484 Over 300 species of the region 's flora and fauna are threatened, 107 of which are classified as critically endangered. The underlying problems are deforestation, which is estimated by FAO at 1.2 % per year in Central America and Mexico combined, fragmentation of rainforests and the fact that 80 % of the vegetation in Central America has already been converted to agriculture. Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creating ecoregions and nature reserves. 36 % of Belize 's land territory falls under some form of official protected status, giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas. In addition, 13 % of Belize 's marine territory are also protected. A large coral reef extends from Mexico to Honduras : the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. The Belize Barrier Reef is part of this. The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals, and is one of the most diverse ecosystems of the world. It is home to 70 hard coral species, 36 soft coral species, 500 species of fish and hundreds of invertebrate species. So far only about 10 % of the species in the Belize barrier reef have been discovered. Flora One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve in Monteverde, Costa Rica disappearing into the clouds From 2001 to 2010, 5,376 square kilometers ( 2,076 sq mi ) of forest were lost in the region. In 2010 Belize had 63 % of remaining forest cover, Costa Rica 46 %, Panama 45 %, Honduras 41 %, Guatemala 37 %, Nicaragua 29 %, and El Salvador 21 %. Most of the loss occurred in the moist forest biome, with 12,201 square kilometers ( 4,711 sq mi ). Woody vegetation loss was partially set off by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with 4,730 square kilometers ( 1,830 sq mi ), and a gain in the dry forest biome at 2,054 square kilometers ( 793 sq mi ). Mangroves and deserts contributed only 1 % to the loss in forest vegetation. The bulk of the deforestation was located at the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua with a loss of 8,574 square kilometers ( 3,310 sq mi ) of forest in the period from 2001 to 2010. The most significant regrowth of 3,050 square kilometers ( 1,180 sq mi ) of forest was seen in the coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras. The Central American pine - oak forests ecoregion, in the tropical and subtropical coniferous forests biome, is found in Central America and southern Mexico. The Central American pine - oak forests occupy an area of 111,400 square kilometers ( 43,000 sq mi ), extending along the mountainous spine of Central America, extending from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in Mexico 's Chiapas state through the highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras to central Nicaragua. The pine - oak forests lie between 600 -- 1,800 metres ( 2,000 -- 5,900 ft ) elevation, and are surrounded at lower elevations by tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests. Higher elevations above 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) are usually covered with Central American montane forests. The Central American pine - oak forests are composed of many species characteristic of temperate North America including oak, pine, fir, and cypress. Laurel forest is the most common type of Central American temperate evergreen cloud forest, found in almost all Central American countries, normally more than 1,000 meters ( 3,300 ft ) above sea level. Tree species include evergreen oaks, members of the laurel family, and species of Weinmannia, Drimys, and Magnolia. The cloud forest of Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala, is the largest in Central America. In some areas of southeastern Honduras there are cloud forests, the largest located near the border with Nicaragua. In Nicaragua, cloud forests are situated near the border with Honduras, but many were cleared to grow coffee. There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the north. The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America is on the Mombacho volcano in Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, there are laurel forests in the Cordillera de Tilarán and Volcán Arenal, called Monteverde, also in the Cordillera de Talamanca. The Central American montane forests are an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. These forests are of the moist deciduous and the semi-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer wet season and a cooler winter dry season. Central American montane forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from 1,800 -- 4,000 metres ( 5,900 -- 13,100 ft ), on the summits and slopes of the highest mountains in Central America ranging from Southern Mexico, through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, to northern Nicaragua. The entire ecoregion covers an area of 13,200 square kilometers ( 5,100 sq mi ) and has a temperate climate with relatively high precipitation levels. Fauna See also : List of Central American mammals and List of Central American monkey species Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often endemic fauna. Almost half of the bird population of the Talamancan montane forests in Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region. Several birds are listed as threatened, most notably the resplendent quetzal ( Pharomacrus mocinno ), three - wattled bellbird ( Procnias tricarunculata ), bare - necked umbrellabird ( Cephalopterus glabricollis ), and black guan ( Chamaepetes unicolor ). Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest. The golden toad that once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve, which is part of the Talamancan montane forests, has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN. The exact causes for its extincition are unknown. Global warming may have played a role, because the development of fog that is typical for this area may have been compromised. Seven small mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica - Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region. Jaguars, cougars, spider monkeys, as well as tapirs, and anteaters live in the woods of Central America. The Central American red brocket is a brocket deer found in Central America 's tropical forest. Geology Central America and the Caribbean Plate See also : Central America Volcanic Arc, List of earthquakes in Costa Rica, List of earthquakes in El Salvador, List of earthquakes in Guatemala, and List of earthquakes in Nicaragua Central America is geologically very active, with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring frequently, and tsunamis occurring occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters. Most of Central America rests atop the Caribbean Plate. This tectonic plate converges with the Cocos, Nazca, and North American plates to form the Middle America Trench, a major subduction zone. The Middle America Trench is situated some 60 -- 160 kilometers ( 37 -- 99 mi ) off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench. For example, subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the 1985 Mexico City earthquake that killed as many as 40,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in 1902, 1942, 1956, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2007, 2012, 2014, and many other earthquakes throughout Central America. The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America. The Motagua Fault is an onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. This transform fault cuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico, near Acapulco. Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in 1717, 1773, 1902, 1976, 1980, and 2009. Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the Chixoy - Polochic Fault, which runs parallel to, and roughly 80 kilometers ( 50 mi ) to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though less active than the Motagua Fault, seismic activity at the Chixoy - Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes, such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala. Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972. Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America. In 1968 the Arenal Volcano, in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas. Demographics See also : Ethnic groups in Central America and Latin Americans The population of Central America is estimated at 47,448,333 as of 2016. With an area of 523,780 square kilometers ( 202,230 sq mi ), it has a population density of 81 per square kilometer ( 210 / sq mi ). Countries of Central America Name of territory, with flag Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2016 est. ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Official language Human Development Index Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Belmopan English 0,715 High Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 San José Spanish 0,766 High El Salvador 7004210400000000000 ♠ 21,040 6,344,722 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 San Salvador Spanish 0,666 Medium Guatemala 7005108890000000000 ♠ 108,890 16,582,469 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 Guatemala City Spanish 0,627 Medium Honduras 7005112090000000000 ♠ 112,090 9,112,867 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Tegucigalpa Spanish 0,606 Medium Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Managua Spanish 0,631 Medium Panama 7004782000000000000 ♠ 78,200 4,034,119 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Panama City Spanish 0,780 High Total 7005523780000000000 ♠ 523,780 7007474483330000000 ♠ 47,448,333 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 - - - Largest metropolitan areas in Central America City Country Population Census Year % of National population ( 1 ) Guatemala City Guatemala 5,700,000 26 % ( 2 ) San Salvador El Salvador 2,415,217 2009 39 % ( 3 ) Managua Nicaragua 1,918,000 2012 34 % ( 4 ) Tegucigalpa Honduras 1,819,000 24 % ( 5 ) San Pedro Sula Honduras 1,600,000 21 % + 4 ( 6 ) Panama City Panama 1,400,000 37 % ( 7 ) San José Costa Rica 1,275,000 2013 30 % Languages Linguistic variations of classic Central American Spanish. See also : Central American Spanish The official language majority in all Central American countries is Spanish, except in Belize, where the official language is English. Mayan languages constitute a language family consisting of about 26 related languages. Guatemala formally recognized 21 of these in 1996. Xinca and Garifuna are also present in Central America. Languages in Central America ( 2010 ) Pos. Countries Population % Spanish % Mayan languages % English % Xinca % Garifuna Guatemala 17,284,000 64.7 % 34.3 % 0.0 % 0.7 % 0.3 % Honduras 8,447,000 97.1 % 2.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.9 % El Salvador 6,108,000 99.0 % 1.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Nicaragua 6,028,000 87.4 % 7.1 % 5.5 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 5 Costa Rica 4,726,000 97.2 % 1.8 % 1.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 6 Panamá 3,652,000 86.8 % 9.2 % 4.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 7 Belize 334,000 52.1 % 8.9 % 37.0 % 0.0 % 2.0 % Ethnic groups Central America map of indigenous people before European contact This region of the continent is very rich in terms of ethnic groups. The majority of the population is mestizo, with sizable Mayan and White populations present, including Xinca and Garifuna minorities. The immigration of Arabs, Jews, Chinese, Europeans and others brought additional groups to the area. Ethnic groups in Central America ( 2010 ) Country Population % Amerindian % White % Mestizo / Mixed % Black % Other Belize 324,528 6.3 % 5.0 % 49.6 % 32.0 % 4.1 % Costa Rica 4,301,712 4.0 % 65.8 % 13.8 % 7.2 % 9.0 % El Salvador 6,340,889 1.0 % 12.0 % 86.0 % 0.0 % 1.0 % Guatemala 15,700,000 38.5 % 18.5 % 40.0 % 1.0 % 2.0 % Honduras 8,143,564 6.0 % 5.5 % 82.0 % 6.0 % 0.5 % Nicaragua 5,815,500 5.0 % 17.0 % 69.0 % 9.0 % 0.0 % Panama 3,474,562 6.0 % 10.0 % 65.0 % 14.0 % 5.0 % Total 42,682,190 16.24 % 20.18 % 58.05 % 4.43 % 1.17 % Religious groups Further information : Anglican Church in Central America, Bahá'í Faith in Central America, Buddhism in Central America, and Roman Catholicism in North America The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 95.6 % ). Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century, Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century. Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in other Christian groups, particularly Protestantism, as well as other religious organizations, and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion. Countries % Roman Catholicism ( 2010 ) % Protestantism ( 2010 ) % Non-affiliated ( 2010 ) % Other ( 2010 ) Belize 40 % 31 % 15 % 14 % Costa Rica 69 % 17 % 11 % 3 % El Salvador 46 % 29 % 24 % 1 % Guatemala 47 % 39 % 12 % 2 % Honduras 52 % 35 % 10 % 3 % Nicaragua 58 % 23 % 13 % 4 % Panama 77 % 14 % 6 % 3 % Culture Central American music Central American cuisine List of cuisines of the Americas -- Central American cuisine Sport Central American Games Central American and Caribbean Games 1926 Central American and Caribbean Games -- the first time this event occurred Central American Football Union Surfing Politics Central American Integration Place Central American Integration System Sistema de Integración Centroamericana Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : `` Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy '' Anthem : La Granadera Countries Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Dominican Republic Area Total 560,988 km ( 216,599 sq mi ) Population Total 50,807,778 Density 91 / km ( 230 / sq mi ) Main article : Central American Integration System Central America is currently undergoing a process of political, economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the Central American Court of Justice. In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of Central American States. However, the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states. In 1991, the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of the Central American Integration System ( Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana, or SICA ). SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states. SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the Dominican Republic, a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean. Central American flags Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Belize On 6 December 2008 SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations. No timeline for implementation was discussed. Central America already has several supranational institutions such as the Central American Parliament, the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the Central American Common Market. On 22 July 2011 President Mauricio Funes of El Salvador became the first president pro tempore to SICA. El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building. Foreign relations See also : China -- Latin America relations Until recently, all Central American countries have maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of China. President Óscar Arias of Costa Rica, however, established diplomatic relations with China in 2007, severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan. After breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017, Panama established diplomatic relations with the People 's Republic of China. Central American Parliament Flag of the Central American Parliament Main article : Central American Parliament The Central American Parliament ( also known as PARLACEN ) is a political and parliamentary body of SICA. The parliament started around 1980, and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Although the group was disbanded in 1986, ideas of unity of Central Americans still remained, so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American Parliament and other political bodies. Its original members were Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras. The parliament is the political organ of Central America, and is part of SICA. New members have since then joined including Panama and the Dominican Republic. Costa Rica is not a member State of the Central American Parliament and its adhesion remains as a very unpopular topic at all levels of the Costa Rican society due to existing strong political criticism towards the regional parliament, since it is regarded by Costa Rican as a menace to democratic accountability and effectiveness of integration efforts. Excessively high salaries for its members, legal immunity of jurisdiction from any member State, corruption, lack of a binding nature and effectiveness of the regional parliament 's decisions, high operative costs and immediate membership of Central American Presidents once they leave their office and presidential terms, are the most common reasons invoked by Costa Ricans against the Central American Parliament. Economy See also : Economy of Belize, Economy of Costa Rica, Economy of El Salvador, Economy of Guatemala, Economy of Honduras, Economy of Nicaragua, and Economy of Panama Signed in 2004, the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) is an agreement between the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. The treaty is aimed at promoting free trade among its members. Guatemala has the largest economy in the region. Its main exports are coffee, sugar, bananas, petroleum, clothing, and cardamom. Of its 10.29 billion dollar annual exports, 40.2 % go to the United States, 11.1 % to neighboring El Salvador, 8 % to Honduras, 5.5 % to Mexico, 4.7 % to Nicaragua, and 4.3 % to Costa Rica. Economic growth in Central America is projected to slow slightly in 2014 -- 15, as country - specific domestic factors offset the positive effects from stronger economic activity in the United States. Economy size for Latin American countries per Gross domestic product Country GDP ( nominal ) GDP ( nominal ) per capita GDP ( PPP ) Belize 1,552 $4,602 2,914 Costa Rica 44,313 $10,432 57,955 El Salvador 24,421 $3,875 46,050 Guatemala 50,303 $3,512 78,012 Honduras 18,320 $2,323 37,408 Nicaragua 7,695 $1,839 19,827 Panama 34,517 $10,838 55,124 Tourism See also : Tourism in Guatemala, Tourism in Belize, Tourism in Costa Rica, Ecotourism in Costa Rica, and Tourism in Panama The Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize is a prime ecotourism destination. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Semuc Champey, Guatemala. Tourism in Belize has grown considerably in more recent times, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Belizean Prime Minister Dean Barrow has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country. The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Belize 's tourism - driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming almost one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2012. Belize is also the only country in Central America with English as its official language, making this country a comfortable destination for English - speaking tourists. Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Central America. Tourism in Costa Rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country, having become the largest source of foreign revenue by 1995. Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined. The tourism boom began in 1987, with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1.03 million in 1999, to a historical record of 2.43 million foreign visitors and $1.92 - billion in revenue in 2013. In 2012 tourism contributed with 12.5 % of the country 's GDP and it was responsible for 11.7 % of direct and indirect employment. Tourism in Nicaragua has grown considerably recently, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country. The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Nicaragua 's tourism - driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010. Transport See also : Transport in Belize, Transport in Costa Rica, Transport in El Salvador, Transport in Guatemala, Transport in Honduras, Transport in Nicaragua, and Transport in Panama Roads See also : Roads in Belize The Inter-American Highway is the Central American section of the Pan-American Highway, and spans 5,470 kilometers ( 3,400 mi ) between Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, and Panama City, Panama. Because of the 87 kilometers ( 54 mi ) break in the highway known as the Darién Gap, it is not possible to cross between Central America and South America in an automobile. Waterways See also : Category : Water transport in Belize, Category : Water transport in Costa Rica, Category : Water transport in Guatemala, Category : Water transport in Honduras, Category : Water transport in Nicaragua, Category : Water transport in Panama, List of rivers of Belize, List of rivers of Costa Rica, List of rivers of El Salvador, List of rivers of Guatemala, List of rivers of Honduras, List of rivers of Nicaragua, List of rivers of Panama, Ecocanal, Nicaragua Canal, and Panama Canal Ports and harbors See also : Ports of Belize, Category : Ports and harbours of Guatemala, and Category : Ports and harbours of Panama Airports See also : List of airports in Belize, List of airports in Costa Rica, List of airports in El Salvador, List of airports in Guatemala, List of airports in Honduras, List of airports in Nicaragua, and List of airports in Panama Railways Main article : Rail transport in Central America See also : Rail transport in Belize, Rail transport in Costa Rica, Rail transport in El Salvador, Rail transport in Guatemala, Rail transport in Honduras, Rail transport in Nicaragua, and Rail transport in Panama City rail in La Ceiba, Honduras is one of the few remaining passenger train services in Central America Education List of Architecture schools in Central America List of universities in Belize List of universities in Costa Rica List of universities in El Salvador List of universities in Guatemala List of universities in Honduras List of universities in Nicaragua List of universities in Panama See also North America portal Latin America portal Geography portal Americas ( terminology ) Central American Seaway List of largest cities in Central America List of cities in Belize List of cities in Costa Rica List of cities in El Salvador List of places in Guatemala List of cities in Honduras List of cities in Nicaragua List of cities in Panama Index of Central America - related articles Index of Belize - related articles Index of Costa Rica - related articles Index of El Salvador - related articles Index of Guatemala - related articles Index of Honduras - related articles Index of Nicaragua - related articles Index of Panama - related articles Notes ^ Jump up to : Values listed in millions USD. References Jump up ^ Hubbard, K ( 2015 ). `` The biggest cities in Central America ''. Central America statistics, facts & figures for every country. New York City : About.com. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01. ^ Jump up to : IBP, Inc ( 2009 ). Central America Economic Integration and Cooperation Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information, Organizations and Programs. p. 8. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4387 - 4280 - 9. Jump up ^ Index Mundi ( 2012 ). `` Population -- Central America & the Caribbean ''. Index Mundi. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division ( 2013 ). `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings ''. New York City : United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ Augelli, JP ( 1962 ). `` The Rimland - Mainland concept of culture areas in Middle America ''. 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World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19. ^ Jump up to : `` Central American montane forests ''. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Astiz, L ; Kanamori, H ; Eissler, H ( 1987 ). `` Source characteristics of earthquakes in the Michoacan seismic gap in Mexico '' ( PDF ). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 77 ( 4 ) : 1326 -- 46. Jump up ^ White, RA ( 1985 ). `` The Guatemala earthquake of 1816 on the Chixoy - Polochic fault ''. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 75 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 73. ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision ''. ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017. Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ). `` The world factbook ''. Washington, D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency. Jump up ^ Christianity in its Global Context Archived 29 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Holland, CL ( November 2005 ). Ethnic and religious diversity in Central America : a historical perspective ( PDF ). 2005 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. pp. 1 -- 34. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Central American leaders agree on common currency ''. France 24. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05. Jump up ^ British Embassy San Salvador ( 10 June 2013 ). `` Extra-Regional Observer of Central American Integration System ''. Strengthening UK relationships with El Salvador. London : Government Digital Service. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Taiwan cuts ties with Costa Rica over recognition for China ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2014. Jump up ^ https://america.cgtn.com/2017/06/12/panama-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-china In historic move, Panama and China establish diplomatic relations ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2012 ). `` Report for selected countries and subjects ''. World economic outlook database, April 2012. Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01. ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2012 ). `` Gross domestic product based on purchasing - power - parity ( PPP ) valuation of country GDP ''. World economic outlook database, April 2012. Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ). `` World exports by country ''. The world factbook. Washington, D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency. Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ). `` Export partners of Guatemala ''. The world factbook. Washington, D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency. Jump up ^ Data mostly refers to IMF staff estimates for the year 2013, made in April 2014. World Economic Outlook Database - April 2014, International Monetary Fund. Accessed on 9 April 2014. Jump up ^ Data refers mostly to the year 2012. World Development Indicators database, World Bank. Database updated on 18 December 2013. Accessed on 18 December 2013. Jump up ^ Cuellar, M ( 1 March 2013 ). `` Foreign direct investments and tourism up ''. Channel 5 Belize. Belize : Great Belize Productions Ltd. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` 2012 : a remarkable year for Belize 's tourism industry ''. The San Pedro Sun. San Pedro, Belize. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Belize Tours & Activities -- Project Expedition ''. Project Expedition. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30. ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez, A ( 16 January 2014 ). `` Costa Rica registró la llegada de más de 2, 4 millones de turistas en 2013 '' ( Costa Rica registered the arrival of more than 2.4 million tourists in 2013 ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José, Costa Rica. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ Rojas, JE ( 29 December 2004 ). `` Turismo, principal motor de la economía durante el 2004 '' ( Tourism, the principal engine of the economy in 2004 ). La Nación ( in Spanish ). San José, Costa Rica. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Inman, C ( 1997 ). `` Impacts on developing countries of changing production and consumption patterns in developed countries : the case of ecotourism in Costa Rica '' ( PDF ). Alajuela, Costa Rica : INCAE Business School. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ Departamento de Estadísticas ICT ( 2006 ). `` Anuário estadísticas de demanda 2006 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ). Intituto Costarricense de Turismo. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, Editors ( 2013 ). `` Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013 '' ( PDF ). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Carroll, R ( 6 January 2007 ). `` Ortega banks on tourism to beat poverty ''. The Guardian. London : theguardian.com. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03. Jump up ^ http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html Nicaragua exceeds one mn foreign tourists for first time Further reading Central America. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2001 -- 6. New York : Columbia University Press. American Heritage Dictionaries, Central America. WordNet Princeton University : Central America. Central America. Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online. 2006. New York : Columbia University Press. Hernández, Consuelo ( 2009 ). Reconstruyendo a Centroamérica a través de la poesía. Voces y perspectivas en la poesia latinoamericana del siglo XX. Madrid : Visor. External links Find more aboutCentral Americaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Central America Video Links from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Central America country pages Teaching Central America Central America Sovereign states Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Music of Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Garifuna Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Central American volcanoes Guatemala Acatenango Agua Almolonga Atitlán Chicabal Cuilapa - Barbarena Fuego Jumay Moyuta Pacaya Santa María / Santiaguito San Pedro Santo Tomás Siete Orejas Tacaná Tajumulco Tecuamburro Tolimán El Salvador Santa Ana Izalco San Salvador San Vicente Usulután San Miguel Conchagua Chingo Chinameca Nicaragua Cosigüina San Cristóbal Telica Cerro Negro Momotombo Apoyeque Masaya Mombacho Concepción Maderas Costa Rica Rincón de la Vieja Miravalles Arenal Platanar Poás Irazú Laguna Poco Sol Turrialba Panama Barú La Yeguada El Valle Note : volcanoes are ordered from north - west to south - east. Central American and Caribbean Games Mexico City 1926 Havana 1930 San Salvador 1935 Panama City 1938 Barranquilla 1946 Guatemala City 1950 Mexico City 1954 Caracas 1959 Kingston 1962 San Juan 1966 Panama City 1970 Santo Domingo 1974 Medellín 1978 Havana 1982 Santiago de los Caballeros 1986 Mexico City 1990 Ponce 1993 Maracaibo 1998 San Salvador 2002 Cartagena 2006 Mayagüez 2010 Veracruz 2014 Baranquilla 2018 Panama City 2022 Latin American cuisine Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago North America Mexico Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies not included. Defined as a semi-autonomous territory. Latin American culture Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago North America Mexico Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies not included. Defined as a semi-autonomous territory. Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book GND : 4079486 - 6 NARA : 10046200 NDL : 00573917 VIAF : 315128178 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_America&oldid=841952701 '' Categories : Central America Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template 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Question: middle america's largest country today in terms of area and population
Answer: Nicaragua