Second Fleet ( Australia ) - Wikipedia Second Fleet ( Australia ) The Second Fleet is the name of the second fleet of ships sent with settlers, convicts and supplies to the colony at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson, Australia. The fleet comprised six ships : one Royal Navy escort, four convict ships, and a supply ship. The ships were intended to sail to Australia together, arriving at Sydney Cove in 1789. However the escort was disabled en route and failed to make the destination, and one convict ship which was delayed arrived two months after the other ships. Unlike the preceding First Fleet, where great efforts were taken to ensure the health of the convicts, the Second Fleet was contracted to private businesses who kept the convicts in horrific conditions. Upon arrival the sickly convicts were a drain on the already struggling colony. Contents 1 Fleet summary 2 Origins and history 3 Arrival at Port Jackson 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading Fleet summary Ship Image Type Master Crew Dep. England Arr. Sydney Duration Male convicts arrived ( boarded ) Female convicts arrived ( boarded ) Lady Juliana convict transport Thomas Edgar 35 29 July 1789 3 June 1790 309 days n / a 222 ( 226 ) Guardian converted gun ship to convict transport Edward Riou 12 September 1789 disabled en route n / a 20 ( 25 ) -- see below n / a Justinian storeship 28 June 1789 15 April 1790 291 days Surprize converted merchant ship to convict transport Nicholas Anstis 19 January 1790 26 June 1790 158 days 218 ( 254 ) n / a Neptune convict transport Donald Traill 19 January 1790 27 June 1790 159 days ? ( 421 ) + 12 from Guardian ? ( 78 ) Scarborough converted transport to convict ship John Marshall 19 January 1790 28 June 1790 160 days 180 ( 253 ) + 8 from Guardian n / a TOTAL 859 ( 114 ) ( 973 ) 300 ( 4 ) ( 304 ) Origins and history Lady Juliana sailed before the other convict ships and is not always counted as a member of the Second Fleet. The storeship Justinian did not sail with the convict ships and arrived before them. HMS Guardian set out before the convict ships but struck ice after leaving the Cape of Good Hope, returned to southern Africa, and was wrecked on the coast. Surprize, Neptune, and Scarborough were contracted from the firm Camden, Calvert & King, which undertook to transport, clothe and feed the convicts for a flat fee of £ 17 7s. 6d per head, whether they landed alive or not. This firm had previously been involved in transporting slaves to North America. The only agents of the Crown in the crew were the naval agent, Lieutenant John Shapcote, and the Captain of the Guard ; Camden and Calvert supplied all other crew.. The three vessels left England on 19 January 1790, with 1,006 convicts ( 928 male and 78 female ) on board. They made only one stop on the way, at the Cape of Good Hope. Here 20 male convicts, survivors from HMS Guardian, were taken on board. The three vessels made a faster trip than the First Fleet, arriving at Port Jackson in the last week of June 1790, three weeks after Lady Juliana, and one week after the storeship Justinian. The passage was relatively fast, but the mortality rate was the highest in the history of transportation to Australia. Of the 1,038 convicts embarked, 273 died during the voyage ( 26 % ) and 486 landed sick. This sits in stark contrast to the mortality rates reported on the First Fleet where `` with nearly an equal number of persons, only 24 had died and not thirty landed sick. The difference can be accounted for only by the comparing the manner in which each fleet was fitted out and conducted. '' On Neptune the convicts were deliberately starved, kept chained, and frequently refused access to the deck. Scurvy could not be checked. On Scarborough, rations were not deliberately withheld, but a reported mutiny attempt led to the convicts being closely confined below decks. Captain William Hill, commander of the guard, afterwards wrote a strong criticism of the ships ' masters stating that `` the more they can withhold from the unhappy wretches the more provisions they have to dispose of at a foreign market, and the earlier in the voyage they die, the longer they can draw the deceased 's allowance to themselves ''. Arrival at Port Jackson On arrival at Port Jackson, half - naked convicts were lying without bedding, too ill to move. Those unable to walk were slung over the side. All were covered with lice. At least 486 sick were landed ( 47 % of those embarked ). Of these, 124 died shortly after they had landed. Of the rest the Rev. Johnson, who went among them as soon as the ships reached port, wrote : The misery I saw amongst them is indescribable... their heads, bodies, clothes, blankets, were all full of lice. They were wretched, naked, filthy, dirty, lousy, and many of them utterly unable to stand, to creep, or even to stir hand or foot. Governor Phillip noted I will not, sir, dwell on the scene of misery which the hospitals and sick tents exhibited when these people were landed, but it would be want of duty not to say that it was occasioned by the contractors having crowded too many on board these ships, and from their being too much confined during the passage. Among the arrivals on the Second Fleet were D'Arcy Wentworth and his convict mistress Catherine Crowley, on Neptune, and John Macarthur, then a young lieutenant in the New South Wales Corps, and his wife Elizabeth, on Scarborough. Macarthur 's eldest son, Edward Macarthur, who accompanied his parents on the Neptune and Scarborough, is believed to be the only person who sailed in the Second Fleet of whom we have a photograph as well as being the last survivor of the voyage ( see reference below ). When news of the horrors of the Second Fleet reached England, public and official response was shock. An enquiry was held but no attempt was made to arrest Donald Traill, master of Neptune and described as a demented sadist, or bring a public prosecution against him, the other masters, or the firm of contractors. They had already been contracted by the government to prepare the Third Fleet for sailing to Port Jackson in 1791. Traill and his Chief Mate William Ellerington were privately prosecuted for the murder of an unnamed convict, seaman Andrew Anderson and John Joseph, cook. But, after a trial lasting three hours before Sir James Marriott in the Admiralty Court, the jury acquitted both men on all charges `` without troubling the Judge to sum up the evidence ''. See also Third Fleet History of Australia References Jump up ^ Keneally, Thomas ( 2006 ), A Commonwealth of Thieves, Sydney : Random House, ISBN 9781741661217 Jump up ^ Tench, Watkin ; Flannery, introduced by Tim ( 1996 ). 1788 : comprising a narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay and an account of the settlement at Port Jackson ( Repr. with index. ed. ). Melbourne : Text Publishing. pp. 127 -- 130. ISBN 1875847278. Jump up ^ Tench, Watkin ; Flannery, introduced by Tim ( 1996 ). 1788 : comprising a narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay and an account of the settlement at Port Jackson ( Repr. with index. ed. ). Melbourne : Text Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 1875847278. Jump up ^ Tench, Watkin ; Flannery, Tim ( introduction ) ( 1996 ). 1788 : comprising a narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay and an account of the settlement at Port Jackson ( Repr. with index. ed. ). Melbourne : Text Publishing. pp. 131 -- 132. ISBN 1875847278. Jump up ^ Collins 1975, p. 100 Jump up ^ Historical records of New South Wales. Volume 1, Part 2 -- Phillip. Sydney : Charles Potter, Government Printer. 1892. p. 367. Jump up ^ `` Our Austral ''. The Argus. Melbourne. 27 January 1940. p. 8 Supplement : The Argus Weekend magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2012 -- via National Library of Australia. Jump up ^ `` MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIAN HISTORY ''. The Central Queensland Herald. Rockhampton, Qld. 4 April 1935. p. 58. Retrieved 27 January 2012 -- via National Library of Australia. Bibliography Collins, David ( 1975 ). Fletcher, Brian H., ed. An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales. A.H. & A.W. Reed. ISBN 0589071688. Further reading Bateson, Charles, The Convict Ships, 1787 -- 1868, Sydney, 1974. ISBN 0 - 85174 - 195 - 9 Flynn, Michael, The Second Fleet : Britain 's grim convict armada of 1790, ( Sydney : Library of Australian History, 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 908120 - 83 - 4 French, Jenny, Australia 's Second Fleet - 1790, IFHAA, 2007 Hughes, Robert, The Fatal Shore, London, Pan, 1988 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75366 - 6 Rees, Siân, The Floating Brothel, Hodder, Sydney, 2001. ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8674 - 9 A.J. Hill, ' Macarthur, Sir Edward ( 1789 - 1872 ) ', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5, Melbourne University Press, 1974, pp 122 -- 123. Admiralty Proceedings on the Sessions held 7 and 8 June 1792 before Sir James Marriott and others, Trials of Kimber, Traill, Ellerington and Hindmarch for murder and Berry and Slack for piracy, London 1792 Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, Marcus Buford Rediker, Marcus Rediker ( eds. ), Many Middle Passages : Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World, Berkeley : University of California Press, 2007, chapter 6 by Emma Christopher, `` Slave Traders, Convict Transportation, and the Abolitionists ''. Convicts in Australia Australia Day Emancipation Female factories Freedom History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) New Holland Women Penal colonies Cockatoo Island Rosehill Sydney Cove Moreton Bay Redcliffe Maria Island Port Arthur Richmond Risdon Cove Macquarie Harbour ( History ) Norfolk Island ( History ) Saltwater River Sullivans Cove Events First Fleet ( List ) Second Fleet Third Fleet Castle Hill Rebellion Cyprus mutiny Bathurst rebellion Catalpa rescue Rum Rebellion Norfolk Island mutinies ( Cooking Pot Uprising ) Frederick escape Anti-Transportation League Governors and commandants Arthur Bligh Bourke Brisbane Collins Darling Davey Denison Eardley - Wilmot Franklin Gipps Hunter Johnston King Logan Macquarie Paterson Phillip Sorell Notable convicts and personnel Surgeons William Bland Arthur Bowes Smyth William Redfern D'Arcy Wentworth Entrepreneurs Enoch Barratt Daniel Connor Daniel Cooper John Davies William Field William Hutchinson Mary Hyde Henry Kable Solomon Levey Simeon Lord Mary Reibey Robert Sidaway James Squire John Tawell Samuel Terry Architects James Blackburn Francis Greenway Bushrangers and escapees Charlotte Badger Matthew Brady Mary Bryant William Bryant William Buckley Moondyne Joe John Caesar Martin Cash William Chopin Michael Howe Lawrence Kavenagh John Mitchel Thomas Muir John Boyle O'Reilly Alexander Pearce William Westwood Artists Joseph Backler Thomas Bock Richard Browne Knud Bull John Eyre William Buelow Gould Joseph Lycett Charles Rodius Thomas Griffiths Wainewright Thomas Watling James Walsh Politicians William Cuffay William Henry Groom Kevin Izod O'Doherty Chroniclers Denis Cashman Margaret Catchpole Frank the Poet Henry Savery James Hardy Vaux John Acton Wroth Explorers John Baxter James Meehan Joseph Wild Other convicts Esther Abrahams John Baughan James Bloodsworth Billy Blue John Cadman Elizabeth Callaghan Margaret Dawson Laurence Hynes Halloran Mark Jeffrey Jørgen Jørgensen William Smith O'Brien Robert Palin Isaac Nichols Joseph Potaski James Ruse Elizabeth Thackery Mary Wade Popular culture Music `` Botany Bay '' `` Moreton Bay '' `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' Film For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1908 ) The Assigned Servant ( 1911 ) It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) The Lady Outlaw ( 1911 ) The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) The Mark of the Lash ( 1911 ) One Hundred Years Ago ( 1911 ) The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole ( 1911 ) Sentenced for Life ( 1911 ) Moondyne ( 1913 ) Transported ( 1913 ) The Tenth Straw ( 1926 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) To New Shores ( 1937 ) Red Sky at Morning ( 1944 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Botany Bay ( 1953 ) Adam 's Woman ( 1970 ) Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant ( 2005 ) The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) The Nightingale ( 2017 ) Television Against the Wind ( 1978 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1983 ) Banished ( 2015 ) The Secret River ( 2015 ) Literature Journals of the First Fleet It 's Never Too Late to Mend ( 1856 ) Great Expectations ( 1861 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1872 ) Moondyne ( 1879 ) Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) A Fringe of Leaves ( 1973 ) The Playmaker ( 1987 ) Remembering Babylon ( 1993 ) The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) Jack Maggs ( 1997 ) Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) The Secret River ( 2005 ) The Lieutenant ( 2008 ) Parrot and Olivier in America ( 2010 ) Stage The Transports ( 1977 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Art Charlotte Medal Port Jackson Painter Sydney punchbowls Twenty Dollar Note Australian Convict Sites Brickendon Estate Cadmans Cottage Cascades Female Factory Coal Mines Darlington Probation Station Elizabeth Farm Experiment Farm Cottage Great North Road Hyde Park Barracks Kingston and Arthurs Vale Lennox Bridge Old Government House Parramatta Female Factory Port Arthur Richmond Bridge Richmond Gaol Ross Female Factory Vaucluse House Woolmers Estate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Fleet_(Australia)&oldid=845673415 '' Categories : Convictism in Australia History of New South Wales History of immigration to Australia Maritime history of Australia Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018, at 11 : 08 ( UTC ). 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Question: when did the 2nd fleet arrived in australia
Answer: 1790