Australian federal election, 1901 - wikipedia Australian federal election, 1901 Australian federation election, 1901 29 March 1901 1903 → All 75 seats of the Australian House of Representatives 38 seats were needed for a majority in the House All 36 seats of the Australian Senate First party Second party Leader Edmund Barton George Reid Party Protectionist Free Trade Leader since 1901 1901 Leader 's seat Hunter East Sydney Seats won 31 seats 28 seats Popular vote 185,943 151,960 Percentage 36.75 % 30.03 % Resulting Prime Minister Edmund Barton Protectionist Federal elections for the inaugural Parliament of Australia were held in Australia on Friday 29 March and Saturday 30 March 1901 following Federation and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia. All 75 seats in the Australian House of Representatives, six of which were uncontested, as well as all 36 seats in the Australian Senate, were up for election. After the initial confusion of the Hopetoun Blunder, the first Prime Minister of Australia, Edmund Barton, went into the inaugural 1901 federal election as the appointed head of a Protectionist Party caretaker government. While the Protectionists came first on votes and seats, they fell short of a majority. The incumbent minority government remained in office with the parliamentary support of the Labour Party who held the balance of power, with the Free Trade Party forming the opposition. A few months prior to the 1903 election, Alfred Deakin replaced Barton who resigned to become a founding justice of the High Court of Australia. Contents 1 Results 2 Background 3 Voting and enrolment 4 Electorates 5 Parties contesting the election 6 Campaign 7 Election day 8 Results 8.1 Pendulum 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Results See also : Results of the Australian federal election, 1901 ( House of Representatives ) House of Reps 1901 - 03 ( FPTP ) -- Turnout 56.68 % ( Non-CV ) -- Informal 1.65 % Party Votes % Swing Seats Change Note Protectionist Party 185,943 36.75 * 31 * Free Trade Party 151,960 30.03 * 28 * Labour Party ( state - based ) 79,736 15.76 * 14 * Independents 8,384 1.66 * * Other 79,949 15.80 * 0 * Total 505,972 75 Protectionist / Labour WIN 45 Free Trade Party 28 Independents : Alexander Paterson ( Capricornia, Qld ), James Wilkinson ( Moreton, Qld ) Popular Vote Protectionist 36.75 % Free Trade 30.03 % Labour 15.76 % Independents 1.66 % Others 15.80 % Parliament Seats Protectionist 41.33 % Free Trade 37.33 % Labour 18.67 % Independents 2.67 % Senate 1901 - 03 ( FPTP BV ) -- Turnout N / A -- Informal N / A Party Votes % Swing Seats won Seats held Protectionist Party 1,197,723 44.86 * 11 11 Free Trade Party 1,053,012 39.44 * 17 17 Labour Party ( state - based ) 360,494 13.50 * 8 8 Independents 58,679 2.20 * 0 0 Total 2,669,908 36 36 Background The federation of the colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia came into effect on 1 January 1901 to form the Commonwealth of Australia. An election was held on Friday 29 March in Western Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania, and on Saturday 30 March 1901 in South Australia and Queensland, to elect the inaugural members of federal parliament. Floods in Queensland delayed polling in parts of the state until April. The 1901 election was the only one of two occasions in Australia 's history that the entire country did not go to the polls on the same day in a general election, the second occasion being the 1993 `` supplementary election '' in the Division of Dickson. This election was also the only time that an election or any part thereof was held on a day other than a Saturday. In what would later be known as the Hopetoun Blunder, in December 1900 the Governor - General, the 7th Earl of Hopetoun commissioned William Lyne, the Premier of the senior state, New South Wales, to form the first Commonwealth Government from 1 January 1901. The government was to conduct itself on a caretaker basis in the absence of a parliament. Lyne was unpopular and was unable to gain support, so he returned his commission. Edmund Barton was then called upon to form the interim government. Barton was sworn in as the inaugural Prime Minister, and his cabinet contested the poll as the incumbent government. Some candidates were still sitting members of a state parliament. William Lyne was a minister in Barton 's interim government and was a candidate for the Division of Hume while still Premier of New South Wales, and used his official Premier 's car during the campaign, resigning on 27 March. Voting and enrolment Voting franchise was according to each state 's specific electoral laws. South Australian and Western Australian women were enfranchised, but in the other states they could not vote. Tasmania retained a small property qualification for voting, but in the other states all males over 21 were eligible to vote. Only in South Australia and Tasmania, however, were indigenous Australians even theoretically entitled to vote. A few may have done so in South Australia. Voting was voluntary throughout Australia and candidates were elected by a `` first past the post '' voting system. In South Australia, voters were required to mark the box opposite their preferred candidates, while in other states voters were required to cross out the names of non-preferred candidates. Electorates All seats were to be filled − 75 in the House of Representatives and 36 in the Senate. Six House seats were uncontested. There were 75 House of Representative seats to be filled. The initial number of seats for each state were set out in the Australian Constitution. New South Wales was allocated 26, Victoria 23, Queensland 9, South Australia 7, Western Australia 5 and Tasmania 5. The South Australian and Tasmanian colonial parliaments had not legislated for single member electorates, so their House of Representative members were elected from a single statewide electorate. In South Australia, each elector cast seven votes, while in Tasmania, each elector cast one vote. Each state elected six Senators, in accordance with the Constitution. Senators in each state were elected on a statewide electorate basis by bloc voting rather than the current proportional representation or single transferable vote system. Parties contesting the election Chris Watson, first federal Labour Party leader as of two months after the election, and would later be Prime Minister in 1904. The parties contesting the election were the Protectionist Party, led by Prime Minister of Australia Edmund Barton, and the Free Trade Party, unofficially led by former New South Wales Premier George Reid. There would not be a federal Labour Party until two months after the election, but in five of the six states local Labour parties contested the elections - in Tasmania, where there was no Labour party, King O'Malley was elected as an independent labour candidate. There were also a number of independents of various political leanings and a New South Wales Senate ticket called the `` Socialist Six '', comprising Labour members in conflict with the official party. The Protectionists advocated the protection of local industries through the imposition of tariffs on imported goods, the construction of a transcontinental railway, a uniform railway gauge, uniform suffrage, aged pensions and defending the Australian constitution from radicals. The party used the colour red throughout the campaign. In addition to Barton, Protectionist candidates included many of the leading political figures from colonial Australia, including Charles Kingston, Sir John Forrest, and future Prime Minister Alfred Deakin. The Free Traders ( their official title was `` Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association '' ) advocated the dismantling of the tariff system, a transcontinental railway, and believed that aged pensions should be left to the states. As many of the policies of the Protectionists and Free Traders were similar, the Free Traders campaigned heavily on tariffs, with Reid stating that he wanted the election to be a plebiscite on tariffs. The party used the colour blue throughout the campaign. In addition to Reid, who believed he should have been appointed Prime Minister instead of Barton as he considered himself the bigger political figure, Free Trade candidates included Reid 's unofficial deputy Paddy Glynn, William Irvine, and former state Labour leader and future Commonwealth Liberal Party Prime Minister Joseph Cook. Labour advocated old age pensions, electoral reform, a national army, compulsory arbitration of industrial disputes and a national referendum to decide issues that would otherwise lead to a double dissolution of parliament. Senior Labour candidates included future Prime Ministers Chris Watson, Andrew Fisher and Billy Hughes. Labour candidates were elected as individual state - based candidates - they met before the first sitting of Parliament on 8 May 1901 and agreed to form a federal Labour Party. Chris Watson, a Sydney printer and former member of the New South Wales Parliament, was elected the first leader of the Party. All parties were in support of a White Australia as was the norm at the time, with only a single parliamentarian, Free Trader Bruce Smith, fully opposing the legislation. Campaign The campaign period officially commenced on 17 January 1901, although some candidates, particularly Reid, had been unofficially campaigning since December the previous year. The campaign was delayed due to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January, but soon got into full swing again as candidates travelled widely to address lively public meetings. Reid drew the biggest crowds, including 8,000 to a rally in Newcastle and he campaigned widely, travelling to Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania, while Paddy Glynn organised the Free Trade campaign in South Australia. The Protectionists were forced to modify their immigration policy following an outcry from Queensland Protectionist candidates who feared that a White Australia policy would impinge on the importation of Kanakas to work on Queensland sugar plantations. Their policy was revised to read that Kanakas would be only be sent back to their country of origin when they were no longer of any use to the sugar industry. On the whole, however, a white Australia was extremely popular with the electorate and most candidates outdid themselves to prove how much they supported it. It was left to Free Trade candidate for Parkes, Bruce Smith ( a leading representative of the employers ), to oppose anti-immigration measures. Andrew Fisher argued that any Kanaka who had converted to Christianity and married should be allowed to remain in Australia. Both were elected comfortably. The Free Traders also had to modify part of their election platform when they realised that to advocate for the removal of all tariffs protecting Australian industries would be political suicide. Many employees in these industries considered the removal of tariffs as likely to mean the end of their jobs. The Protectionists enjoyed the support of the powerful Australian Natives ' Association ( ANA ) throughout the campaign as well as the endorsements of The Age and The Sydney Bulletin, while Free Trade received support from business interests and the endorsements of The Sydney Morning Herald, The Daily Telegraph, The Brisbane Courier, Melbourne 's The Argus and The Adelaide Register. Labour could only rely on union - owned newspapers, although some of these enjoyed a great level of influence in some electorates ( the Gympie Truth for example is considered to have played an important role in the election of its part - owner, Andrew Fisher, in Wide Bay ). There were only two cars used in the 1901 election campaign ; William Lyne, who was a candidate for the Division of Hume while still Premier of New South Wales, used his official Premier 's car to great advantage ; the shipping magnate and candidate for Melbourne Sir Malcolm McEacharn, enjoyed the use of his car while travelling around his electorate. Election day Complaints were received by polling officials about the earlier than advertised closing of polling booths in some electorates, the poor quality pencils supplied to fill in ballot papers ( they apparently blunted easily, leaving many votes incomprehensible to officials ) and the Senate ballot paper in New South Wales which listed 50 candidates, confusing many voters and leading to a significant number of informal votes. These complaints aside, the administering of the first federal election was seen as a great success and a credit to the polling officials who, in some cases, were responsible for electorates larger than some European countries. Results For members, see Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1901 -- 1903 and Members of the Australian Senate, 1901 -- 1903. Group photograph of all Federal Labour Party MPs elected at the inaugural 1901 election, including Chris Watson, Andrew Fisher, Billy Hughes, and Frank Tudor. Edmund Barton is seated second from the left, surrounded by the Federal Executive Council, comprising his Cabinet ministers and the Governor - General, Lord Tennyson. Standing at the rear, left to right are James Drake, Senator Richard O'Connor, Sir Philip Fysh, Charles Kingston, and Sir John Forrest. Seated at the front, left to right are Sir William Lyne, Edmund Barton, Lord Tennyson, Alfred Deakin, and Sir George Turner. Australian House of Representatives, 1901 The Free Traders won most of the seats in New South Wales, apart from the border areas where the Protectionists were strong. The Protectionists won most of the seats in their stronghold, Victoria. Labour won some inner urban seats but most of their members represented pastoral and mining areas. In the smaller states many members had no fixed party loyalty and saw themselves as representing the interests of their states. Seven Prime Ministers of Australia ( Barton, Deakin, Watson, Reid, Fisher, Joseph Cook and Hughes ) were elected at this election, as were a number of influential former state Premiers ( Sir John Forrest, Lyne, George Turner, Anderson Dawson, Philip Fysh and Charles Kingston among them ). With no past to live down, Barton 's Protectionist ministry had all the advantages of incumbency with none of the problems, which meant that a Protectionist victory was almost a certainty, and Barton had been confident of obtaining a comfortable majority in parliament. However, while Barton and his ministry were returned, they had to rely on Labour support to pass legislation. Although the Protectionists remained in government, however, many observers saw the result as a moral victory for Free Trade ( who won more seats than the Protectionists in the three smallest states of South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia ). Labour also performed better than expected, particularly after the post-election recruitment of O'Malley. Labour was the smallest of the three parties in the House but held the balance of power. Chris Watson pursued the same policy as Labour had done in the colonial parliaments. He kept the Protectionist governments of Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin in office, in exchange for legislative concessions including the immensely popular White Australia policy. Such was the overwhelming support for a White Australia by the electorate and the three political parties that the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was the seventeenth piece of legislation passed by the nascent parliament. The average national voting turnout was 60 % of enrolled voters, with the Division of Newcastle gaining the highest turnout on 97 %, while the Division of Fremantle recorded the lowest turnout on 30 %. Of the two elected independents, both were from Queensland. James Wilkinson, elected to the seat of Moreton, was a former member of the Labour Party, and rejoined the party in 1903. Alexander Paterson, representing Capricornia, had no political affiliation, and retired in 1903. Pendulum South Australia and Tasmania went to the election as single multi-member constituencies. South Australia elected seven members, each elector casting seven votes : four Free Traders ( Paddy Glynn, 59.5 % ; Frederick Holder, 59.5 % ; Alexander Poynton, 41.1 % ; and Vaiben Louis Solomon, 43.0 % ), two Protectionists ( Charles Kingston, 65.9 % ; Langdon Bonython, 62.7 % ) and one Labour member ( Lee Batchelor, 50.3 % ). Tasmania elected five members, each elector casting one vote : three Free Traders ( Edward Braddon, 26.2 % ; Norman Cameron, 11.6 % ; Frederick Piesse, 10.1 % ), one Protectionist ( Philip Fysh, 9.9 % ) and one Labour member ( King O'Malley, 21.9 % ). COALITION SEATS Protectionist / Labour Coalition Marginal New England ( NSW ) William Sawers PROT 00.6 vs FT Herbert ( Qld ) Fred Bamford LAB 01.6 vs PROT Laanecoorie ( Vic ) Carty Salmon PROT 02.1 vs IND Yarra ( Vic ) Frank Tudor LAB 02.3 vs PROT Cowper ( NSW ) Francis Clarke PROT 02.4 vs FT Coolgardie ( WA ) Hugh Mahon LAB 02.8 vs FT Oxley ( Qld ) Richard Edwards PROT 03.2 vs LAB Maranoa ( Qld ) Jim Page LAB 03.3 vs FT Riverina ( NSW ) John Chanter PROT 03.5 vs FT Mernda ( Vic ) Robert Harper PROT 03.8 vs IND Bourke ( Vic ) James Hume Cook PROT 03.9 vs FT Echuca ( Vic ) James McColl PROT 04.0 vs FT Hume ( NSW ) William Lyne PROT 04.1 vs FT Richmond ( NSW ) Thomas Ewing PROT 05.3 vs IND Wide Bay ( Qld ) Andrew Fisher LAB 05.4 vs PROT Canobolas ( NSW ) Thomas Brown LAB 05.6 vs PROT Wimmera ( Vic ) Pharez Phillips PROT 05.6 vs FT Fairly safe Southern Melbourne ( Vic ) James Ronald LAB 06.1 vs PROT Moira ( Vic ) Thomas Kennedy PROT 06.2 vs FT Darling ( NSW ) William Spence LAB 06.7 vs FT Brisbane ( Qld ) Thomas Macdonald - Paterson PROT 07.6 vs LAB Corinella ( Vic ) James McCay PROT 08.5 vs FT Corio ( Vic ) Richard Crouch PROT 08.7 vs IND Perth ( WA ) James Fowler LAB 09.1 vs PROT Safe Melbourne ( Vic ) Malcolm McEacharn PROT 10.8 vs LAB Bland ( NSW ) Chris Watson LAB 12.9 vs IND Gwydir ( NSW ) George Cruickshank PROT 12.9 vs LAB Kennedy ( Qld ) Charles McDonald LAB 12.9 vs FT Eden - Monaro Austin Chapman PROT 14.2 vs IND Newcastle ( NSW ) David Watkins LAB 14.7 vs FT Indi ( Vic ) Isaac Isaacs PROT 15.1 vs FT Very safe Corangamite ( Vic ) Chester Manifold PROT 22.2 vs IND Ballaarat ( Vic ) Alfred Deakin PROT 24.5 vs IND West Sydney ( NSW ) Billy Hughes LAB 25.4 vs PROT Darling Downs ( Qld ) William Henry Groom PROT 28.5 vs IND Barrier ( NSW ) Josiah Thomas LAB 37.4 vs IND Balaclava ( Vic ) George Turner PROT unopposed Bendigo ( Vic ) John Quick PROT unopposed Gippsland ( Vic ) Allan McLean PROT unopposed Hunter ( NSW ) Edmund Barton PROT unopposed Melbourne Ports ( Vic ) Samuel Mauger PROT unopposed Swan ( WA ) John Forrest PROT unopposed NON-COALITION SEATS Free Trade Party Marginal South Sydney ( NSW ) George Edwards FT 01.7 vs LAB Werriwa ( NSW ) Alfred Conroy FT 01.9 vs PROT Flinders ( Vic ) Arthur Groom FT 03.0 vs PROT Robertson ( NSW ) Henry Willis FT 03.0 vs PROT Macquarie ( NSW ) Sydney Smith FT 03.9 vs PROT Fairly safe Grampians ( Vic ) Thomas Skene FT 06.1 vs PROT Wannon ( Vic ) Samuel Cooke FT 08.5 vs PROT Safe Illawarra ( NSW ) George Fuller FT 10.3 vs PROT North Sydney ( NSW ) Dugald Thomson FT 10.4 vs IND Dalley ( NSW ) William Wilks FT 11.2 vs PROT Parramatta ( NSW ) Joseph Cook FT 11.3 vs PROT Kooyong ( Vic ) William Knox FT 12.0 vs PROT Kalgoorlie ( WA ) John Kirwan FT 14.1 vs IND Wentworth ( NSW ) William McMillan FT 18.4 vs PROT Very safe East Sydney ( NSW ) George Reid FT 22.3 vs IND Parkes ( NSW ) Bruce Smith FT 25.2 vs PROT Lang ( NSW ) Francis McLean FT 28.3 vs PROT Independents Capricornia ( Qld ) Alexander Paterson IND FT 01.0 vs LAB Moreton ( Qld ) James Wilkinson IND 03.5 vs PROT Northern Melbourne ( Vic ) H.B. Higgins IND PROT 19.0 vs PROT See also Candidates of the Australian federal election, 1901 Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1901 -- 1903 Australian 1901 election upper house results Members of the Australian Senate, 1901 -- 1903 Notes ^ Jump up to : McGinn, W.G. ( 1989 ). George Reid. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. ISBN 0 - 522 - 84373 - 5. Jump up ^ Rutledge, M. ( 1988 ) Smith, Arthur Bruce ( 1851 - 1937 ), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11, Melbourne University Press, Carlton. Jump up ^ Simms ( ed. ), M. ( 2001 ). 1901 : The forgotten election. University of Queensland Press, Brisbane. ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3302 - 1. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bastian, p. 82. Jump up ^ `` Immigration Restriction Act No. 17 of 1901 ( Cth ) ''. Federal Register of Legislation. Jump up ^ `` Immigration Restriction Act 1901 ( Cth ) ''. Documenting a Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 7 November 2016. References Bastian, P. ( 2009 ). Andrew Fisher : An underestimated man. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. State and federal election results in Australia since 1890 McMullin, R. ( 1991 ). The Light on the Hill ; the Australian Labor Party 1891 - 1991. Oxford University Press, South Melbourne. ISBN 0 - 19 - 554966 - X. Reynolds, J. ( 1999 ). Edmund Barton. Bookman Press, Sydney. ISBN 1 - 86395 - 377 - 9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian federal election, 1901. 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Question: where was australia's first federal government formed
Answer: 29 March and Saturday 30 March 1901