Civil Rights Act of 1875 - wikipedia Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Long title An act to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights. Acronyms ( colloquial ) CRA 1875 Nicknames Enforcement Act, Force Act, and Sumner Civil Rights Bill Enacted by the 43rd United States Congress Citations Statutes at Large 18 Stat. 335 - 337 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 1 by Sen. Charles Sumner ( R - MA ) on May 13, 1870 Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 4, 1875 ( 162 -- 99 ) Passed the Senate on February 27, 1875 ( 38 -- 26 ) Signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875 United States Supreme Court cases Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) The Civil Rights Act of 1875 ( 18 Stat. 335 -- 337 ), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, `` to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights '', giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. The bill was passed by the 43rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875. The law was generally opposed by public opinion, but blacks did favor it. It was not effectively enforced and historian William Gillette says the passage of the law was an `` insignificant victory. '' Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled in Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) that the public accommodation sections of the act were unconstitutional, saying Congress was not afforded control over private persons or corporations. Contents 1 Legislative history 2 Enforcement 3 Constitutional challenge 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Books 7.1. 1 Encyclopedias 7.1. 2 Monographs 7.1. 3 Dissertations and theses 7.2 Journals 8 External links 8.1 Congressional Records 8.2 Other Legislative History The drafting of the bill was performed early in 1870 by Senator Charles Sumner, a dominant Radical Republican in the Senate, with the assistance of John Mercer Langston, a prominent African American who established the law department at Howard University. The bill was proposed by Senator Sumner and co-sponsored by Representative Benjamin F. Butler, both Republicans from Massachusetts, in the 41st Congress of the United States in 1870. Congress removed the coverage of public schools that Sumner had included. The act was passed by the 43rd Congress in February 1875 as a memorial to honor Sumner, who had just died. It was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875. Enforcement President Grant had wanted an entirely different law to help him suppress election - related violence against blacks and Republicans in the South. Congress did not give him that, but instead wrote a law for equal rights to public accommodations that was passed as a memorial to Grant 's bitterest enemy, the late Senator Charles Sumner. Grant never commented on the 1875 law, and did nothing to enforce it says historian John Hope Franklin. Grant 's Justice Department ignored it and did not send copies to US attorneys, says Franklin, while many federal judges called it unconstitutional before the Supreme Court shut it down. Franklin concludes regarding Grant and Hayes administrations, `` The Civil Rights Act was never effectively enforced. '' Public opinion was opposed, with the black community in support. Historian Rayford Logan looking at newspaper editorials finds the press was overwhelmingly opposed. Constitutional challenge Main article : Civil Rights Cases The Supreme Court, in an 8 -- 1 decision, declared sections of the act unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases on October 15, 1883. Justice John Marshall Harlan provided the lone dissent. The Court held the Equal Protection Clause within the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits discrimination by the state and local government, but it does not give the federal government the power to prohibit discrimination by private individuals and organizations. The Court also held that the Thirteenth Amendment was meant to eliminate `` the badge of slavery, '' but not to prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last civil rights bill to be signed into law by the federal government until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement. Legacy The Civil Rights Act of 1875 is notable as the last major piece of legislation related to Reconstruction that were passed by Congress during the Reconstruction Era. These include the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the four Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and 1868, the three Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, and the three Constitutional Amendments adopted between 1865 and 1870. Provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were later readopted by Congress during the Civil Rights Movement as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The 1964 and 1968 acts relied upon the Commerce Clause contained in Article One of the Constitution of the United States rather than the Equal Protection Clause within the Fourteenth Amendment. See also United States labor law References Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Bill of 1875, Legislative Interests, The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood, Black Americans in Congress series ''. Retrieved November 12, 2012. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Statutes at Large, 43rd Congress, Session II, chapter 114, pp. 335 -- 37 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved November 13, 2012. Jump up ^ William Gillette ( 1982 ). Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869 -- 1879. LSU Press. p. 259. Jump up ^ `` John Mercer Langston, Representative, 1890 -- 1891, Republican from Virginia, Black Americans in Congress series ''. Retrieved November 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Williamjames Hull Hoffer ( 2010 ). The Caning of Charles Sumner : Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War. JHU Press. p. 121. Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Bill of 1875, Legislative Interests, The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood, Black Americans in Congress series ''. Retrieved May 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith, Grant ( 2002 ) pp 566 - 68. Jump up ^ John Hope Franklin, `` The Enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 '' Prologue ( 1974 ) 6 : 225 - 35. Jump up ^ Franklin, `` The Enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 '' p 235. Jump up ^ William Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869 -- 1879 ( 1982 ). p 201 Jump up ^ Rayford W. Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro : From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson ( 2nd ed. 1965 ) p 178. Jump up ^ Gerber, Richard ; Friedlander, Alan ( 2008 ). `` The Civil Rights Act of 1875 : A Reexamination ''. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Summary of Constitutional Amendments and Major Civil Rights Acts passed by Congress ''. Retrieved November 20, 2012. Further reading Books Encyclopedias Atwell, Mary Welek ( 2012 ). `` Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. In Wilbur R. Miller. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America : An Encyclopedia. SAGE. pp. 262 -- 263. ISBN 9781412988780. Bitzer, J. Michael ( 2013 ). `` Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. In Paul Finkelman. The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. Routledge. p. 300. ISBN 9781135947057. Rivera, Alicia ( 2006 ). `` Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. In Paul Finkelman. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619 - 1895 : From The Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass, vol. 1, A-E. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 285 -- 287. ISBN 9780195167771. Monographs Gillette, William ( 1982 ). `` Insignificant Victory : The Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869 -- 1879. LSU Press. pp. 259 -- 279. ISBN 9780807110065. Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr. ( 1998 ). `` The Supreme Court 's Sanction of Racial Hatred : The 1883 Civil Rights Cases ''. Shades of Freedom : Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process. Oxford University Press. pp. 94 -- 107. ISBN 9780198028673. Howard, John R. ( 1999 ). The Shifting Wind : The Supreme Court and Civil Rights from Reconstruction to Brown. New York : State University of New York Press. pp. 66 -- 68. ISBN 9780791440896. Sandoval - Strausz, A.K. ( 2007 ). `` Accommodating Jim Crow : The Law of Hospitality and the Struggle for Civil Rights ''. Hotel : An American History. Yale University Press. pp. 284 -- 311. ISBN 9780300106169. Tsesis, Alexander ( 2010 ). `` '' Badges and Incidents of Slavery '' In the Supreme Court ``. The Promises of Liberty : The History and Contemporary Relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment. Columbia University Press. pp. 172 -- 181. ISBN 9780231141444. Wilson, Kirt H. ( 2002 ). The Reconstruction Desegregation Debate : The Politics of Equality and the Rhetoric of Place, 1870 - 1875. East Lansing : Michigan State University Press. ISBN 9780870136177. Wynn, Linda T. ( 2009 ). `` Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. In Jessie Carney Smith, Linda T. Wynn. Freedom Facts and Firsts : 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience. Visible Ink Press. pp. 165 -- 167. ISBN 9781578592609. Dissertations and theses Lionel Rowe, Robert Lionel ( 1974 ). State Response to the Civil Right Issue, 1883 - 1885 ( M.A. thesis ). Portland State University. OCLC 40319075. Luckett, Barbara N. ( 1972 ). The Civil Rights Act of 1875 : A Failure Reconsidered. ( M.A. thesis ) University of Nebraska at Omaha. OCLC 14633686. Weaver, Valerie Whittemore ( 1966 ). The Civil Rights Act of 1875 : Reactions and Enforcement ( M.A. thesis ). University of California. OCLC 920414960. White, Carolyn Iona ( 1971 ). Georgia 's Reaction to the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 ( M.A. thesis ). Atlanta University. OCLC 889990672. Journals Avins, Alfred ( May 1966 ). `` The Civil Rights Act of 1875 : Some Reflected Light on the Fourteenth Amendment and Public Accommodations ''. Columbia Law Review. 66 : 873 -- 915. doi : 10.2307 / 1121057. Franklin, John Hope ( Winter 1974 ). `` The Enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. Prologue Magazine. 6 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 235. Gudridge, Patrick O. ( April 1989 ). `` Privileges and Permissions : The Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. Law and Philosophy. 8 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 130. doi : 10.2307 / 3504632. Jager, Ronald B. ( September 1969 ). `` Charles Sumner, the Constitution, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. The New England Quarterly. 42 ( 3 ) : 350 -- 372. doi : 10.2307 / 363614. Kaczorowski, Robert J. ( February 1987 ). `` To Begin the Nation Anew : Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War ''. The American Historical Review. 92 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 68. doi : 10.2307 / 1862782. McPherson, James M. ( December 1965 ). `` Abolitionists and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. Journal of American History. 52 ( 3 ) : 493 -- 510. doi : 10.2307 / 1890844. Murphy, L.E. ( April 1927 ). `` The Civil Rights Law of 1875 ''. Journal of Negro History. 12 ( 2 ) : 110 -- 127. doi : 10.2307 / 2714050. Spackman, S.G.F. ( December 1976 ). `` American Federalism and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. Journal of American Studies. 10 ( 3 ) : 313 -- 328. doi : 10.1017 / s0021875800003182. Weaver, Valeria W. ( October 1969 ). `` The Failure of Civil Rights 1875 -- 1883 and its Repercussions ''. Journal of Negro History. 54 ( 4 ) : 368 -- 382. doi : 10.2307 / 2716730. Wyatt - Brown, Bertram ( December 1965 ). `` The Civil Rights Act of 1875 ''. Western Political Quarterly. 18 ( 4 ) : 763 -- 765. doi : 10.1177 / 106591296501800403. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Civil Rights Act of 1875 Congressional Records Congressional Record : Congressional Globe ( 1833 - 1873 ) Provides an index to the `` History of Senate Bills and Joint Resolutions '' for Senate bill S. 1 during 1873. Retrieved November 18, 2012 Congressional Record : House Proceedings, 1874 Provides an index to the `` History of Senate Bills and Joint Resolutions '' for House bill H.R. 796 during 1874. Retrieved November 18, 2012 Other Benjamin F. Butler, `` Civil Rights : Speech of Hon. Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, in the House of Representatives, January 7, 1874, '' From the Digital Archive Collections of the Mount St. Mary 's University. Retrieved October 15, 2014 `` Civil Rights Bill of 1875 '', The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood : Legislative Interests Provides a detailed description of the history of the bill from 1870 until its passage by Congress in 1875. Retrieved November 18, 2012 History Crush : Charles Sumner, Prologue : Pieces of History, The National Archives.gov Provides a short biographical account of Sen. Charles Sumner including details surrounding his efforts to pass the Civil Rights bill in Congress. Includes images of Sumner, personal documents, and bill S. 1 that would later lead to the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Retrieved November 18, 2012 Summary of Constitutional Amendments and Major Civil Rights Acts passed by Congress Part of the Black Americans in Congress, 1870 -- 2007 series. Provided by the Office of History and Preservation under the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved November 18, 2012 `` The Trouble has Commenced - A Tale of Anxiety '' by Thomas Nast in Harper 's Weekly. From the New York Times `` On This Day '' series. Recounts the events on the floor of the House in the United States Congress involving the Civil Rights Bill on February 27, 1875. Retrieved March 16, 2013 `` How Some People Regard the Passage of the Civil Rights Bill '' Published in the Daily Graphic on March 3, 1875. From the Old Fulton website. Presents a detractors view on the outcome of the Civil Right Bill. Retrieved July 5, 2014 Digitized image of Charles Sumners ' senate bill S. 1 as introduced during the 43rd United States Congress. From the Records of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved May 18, 2015 `` Some Memories of A Long Life '' An excerpt from the memoir of Malvina Shanklin Harlan, the wife of Justice John Marshall Harlan. The excerpt chronicles the effort that Justice Harlan placed into writing an opinion for the Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ). From the Library of Congress. Retrieved May 18, 2015 Ulysses S. Grant 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant, Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention, 1868 1872 United States presidential election, 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. Grant Legacy Bibliography Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant Grant 's Tomb Grant Park Grant Memorial Presidential library Grantism General Grant ship General Grant tree grove Grant Cottage State Historic Site Lee and Grant at Appomattox The Peacemakers Cultural depictions U.S. Postage stamps Currency $50 Bill Grant High School U.S. Grant Hotel Family Julia Grant ( wife ) Jesse Root Grant ( father ) Frederick Dent Grant ( son ) Ulysses S. Grant Jr. ( son ) Jesse R. Grant ( son ) Nellie Grant ( daughter ) Ulysses S. Grant III ( grandson ) Chapman Grant ( grandson ) Ulysses S. Grant IV ( grandson ) Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky - Grant ( granddaughter ) Cincinnati ( horse ) ← Andrew Johnson Rutherford B. Hayes → Category Reconstruction Era Participants Federal government Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. 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Tilden Republican Party Stalwart Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Freedman 's Savings Bank Timeline Prelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women ( 1838 ) Woman in the Nineteenth Century ( 1839 ) Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) National Women 's Rights Convention ( 1850 ) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act ( 1862 ) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction Ten Percent Plan National Bank Act Women 's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1864 Wade -- Davis Bill 1864 National Union National Convention 1864 Democratic National Convention United States presidential election, 1864 1865 13th Amendment Abraham Lincoln 's second inaugural address Black Codes Sherman 's Special Field Orders, No. 15 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedmen 's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis riots of 1866 New Orleans riot Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union United States House of Representatives elections, 1866 United States Senate elections, 1866 Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1867 Command of the Army Act Tenure of Office Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 1868 14th Amendment Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union 1868 Democratic National Convention 1868 Republican National Convention United States presidential election, 1868 Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton St. Landry riot of 1868 1869 National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Ex parte McCardle First Transcontinental Railroad 1870 15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk - Holden War Shoffner Act 1871 Ku Klux Klan hearings First Enforcement Act of 1871 Second Enforcement Act of 1871 Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1872 General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier Scandal 1872 Democratic National Convention 1872 Republican National Convention United States presidential election, 1872 Modoc War Star route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1873 Panic of 1873 Colfax Massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter - House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1874 Brooks -- Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta Massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Riot of 1874 Vicksburg Riot of 1874 Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1875 United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1876 Hamburg Massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 1876 Republican National Convention 1876 Democratic National Convention Disputed presidential election of 1876 Ellenton Riot of 1876 Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1877 Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Aftermath Posse Comitatus Act ( 1878 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) United States v. Harris ( 1883 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) Disenfranchisement Aspects Historiography Bibliography of the Reconstruction Era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State ( 1874 ) James Bryce The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) Claude Bowers The Tragic Era ( 1929 ) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W.E.B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock American Crisis ( 1963 ) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom ( 1947 ) After Slavery ( 1965 ) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long ( 1979 ) Eric Foner Reconstruction ( 1988 ) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation under Our Feet ( 2003 ) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress ( 1876 ) Thomas Dixon, Jr. The Leopard 's Spots ( 1902 ) The Clansman ( 1905 ) D.W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) David W. Blight Race and Reunion ( 2001 ) Legacy Women 's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow era Civil rights movement American frontier Other topics History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Industrialization Suffrage Habeas corpus Race ( human categorization ) White supremacy Paramilitary Forty acres and a mule Reconstruction Treaties Whitecapping Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875&oldid=831452334 '' Categories : 1875 in law 1875 in the United States Anti-discrimination law in the United States Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant Reconstruction Era legislation United States federal civil rights legislation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018, at 17 : 43. About Wikipedia

Question: who passed the civil rights act of 1875
Answer: the 43rd United States Congress