Purusha sukta - wikipedia Purusha sukta Part of a series on Hinduism Hindu History Concepts God / Highest Reality Brahman Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Life Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Ethics Niti shastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Ārjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Schools Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Other schools Pasupata Saiva Pratyabhijña Raseśvara Īśvara Pāṇini Darśana Charvaka Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Other major Devis / Devas Vedic Indra Agni Prajapati Rudra Devi Saraswati Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Lakshmi Parvati Radha Rama Shakti Sita Texts Scriptures Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Rigveda : Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda : Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda : Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda : Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agama ( Hinduism ) Other texts Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Nāradeya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmānda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Mārkandeya Purana Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras and Sutras Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Stotra Sutras Text classification Śruti Smriti Timeline of Hindu texts Practices Worship Puja Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Yajna Homa Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Tirthadana Matha Nritta - Nritya Meditation and Charity Tapa Dhyana Dāna Yoga Sadhu Yogi Asana Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Raja yoga Kundalini Yoga Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Ashrama Dharma Ashrama : Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami - Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbha Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Gurus, saints, philosophers Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jamadagni Jaimini Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Pāṇini Patanjali Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Nayanars Alvars Adi Shankara Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddheshwar Jñāneśvar Chaitanya Gangesha Upadhyaya Gaudapada Gorakshanath Jayanta Bhatta Kabir Kumarila Bhatta Matsyendranath Mahavatar Babaji Madhusudana Madhva Haridasa Thakur Namdeva Nimbarka Prabhakara Raghunatha Siromani Ramanuja Sankardev Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Ramprasad Sen Jagannatha Dasa Vyasaraya Sripadaraya Raghavendra Swami Gopala Dasa Śyāma Śastri Vedanta Desika Tyagaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vachaspati Mishra Vallabha Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Mahesh Yogi Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Narayana Guru Prabhupada Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Radhakrishnan Sarasvati Sivananda U.G. Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Criticism Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal The first two verses of the Purusha sukta, with Sayana 's commentary. Page of Max Müller 's Rig - Veda - sanhita, the Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans ( reprint, London 1974 ). Purusha sukta ( puruṣasūkta ) is hymn 10. 90 of the Rigveda, dedicated to the Purusha, the `` Cosmic Being ''. One version of the suktam has 16 verses, 15 in the anuṣṭubh meter, and the final one in the triṣṭubh meter. Another version of the suktam consists of 24 verses with the first 18 mantras designated as the Purva - narayana and the later portion termed as the Uttara - narayana probably in honour of Rishi Narayana. Some scholars state that certain verses of Purusha sukta are later interpolations to the Rigveda. Contents 1 Content 1.1 Purusha 1.2 Creation 1.3 Yajna 2 Context 3 Authenticity 3.1 Modern scholarship 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links Content The Purusha sukta gives a description of the spiritual unity of the universe. It presents the nature of Purusha or the cosmic being as both immanent in the manifested world and yet transcendent to it. From this being, the sukta holds, the original creative will ( ldentified with Viswakarma, Hiranyagarbha or Prajapati ) proceeds which causes the projection of the universe in space and time. The Purusha sukta, in the seventh verse, hints at the organic connectedness of the various classes of society. Purusha The Purusha is defined in verses 2 to 5 of the sukta. He is described as a being who pervades everything conscious and unconscious universally. He is poetically depicted as a being with thousand heads, eyes and legs, enveloping not just the earth, but the entire universe from all sides and transcending it by ten fingers length - or transcending in all 10 directions. All manifestation, in past present and future, is held to be the Purusha alone. It is also proclaimed that he transcends his creation. The immanence of the Purusha in manifestation and yet his transcendence of it is similar to the viewpoint held by panentheists. Finally, his glory is held to be even greater than the portrayal in this sukta. Creation Verses 5 - 15 hold the creation of the Rig Veda. Creation is described to have started with the origination of Virat or the cosmic body from the Purusha. In Virat, omnipresent intelligence manifests itself which causes the appearance of diversity. In the verses following, it is held that Purusha through a sacrifice of himself, brings forth the avian, forest - dwelling and domestic animals, the three Vedas, the metres ( of the mantras ). Then follows a verse which states that from his mouth, arms, thighs, feet the four Varnas ( classes ) are born. This four varna - related verse is controversial and is believed by many scholars, such as Max Müller, to be a corruption and a medieval or modern era insertion into the text. After the verse, the sukta states that the moon takes birth from the Purusha 's mind and the sun from his eyes. Indra and Agni descend from his mouth and from his vital breath, air is born. The firmament comes from his navel, the heavens from his head, the earth from his feet and quarters of space from his ears. Through this creation, underlying unity of human, cosmic and divine realities is espoused, for all are seen arising out of same original reality, the Purusha. Yajna The Purusha sukta holds that the world is created by and out of a Yajna or sacrifice of the Purusha. All forms of existence are held to be grounded in this primordial Yajna. In the seventeenth verse, the concept of Yajna itself is held to have arisen out of this original sacrifice. In the final verses, Yajna is extolled as the primordial energy ground for all existence. Context The sukta gives an expression to immanence of radical unity in diversity and is therefore, seen as the foundation of the Vaishnava thought, Bhedabheda school of philosophy and Bhagavata theology. The concept of the Purusha is from the Samkhya Philosophy which is traced to the Indus Valley period. It seems to be an interpolation into the Rig veda since it is out of character with the other hymns dedicated to nature gods. The Purusha sukta is repeated with some variations in the Atharva Veda ( 19.6 ). Sections of it also occur in the Panchavimsha Brahmana, Vajasaneyi Samhita and the Taittiriya Aranyaka. Among Puranic texts, the sukta has been elaborated in the Bhagavata Purana ( 2.5. 35 to 2.6. 1 - 29 ) and in the Mahabharata ( Mokshadharma Parva 351 and 352 ). Authenticity Many 19th and early 20th century western scholars questioned as to when parts or all of Purusha Sukta were composed, and whether some of these verses were present in the ancient version of Rigveda. They suggest it was interpolated in post-Vedic era, and is a relatively modern origin of Purusha Sukta. As compared with by far the largest part of the hymns of the Rigveda, the Purusha Sukta has every character of modernness both in its diction and ideas. I have already observed that the hymns which we find in this collection ( Purusha Sukta ) are of very different periods. -- John Muir, That the Purusha Sukta, considered as a hymn of the Rigveda, is among the latest portions of that collection, is clearly perceptible from its contents. -- Albrecht Weber, That remarkable hymn ( the Purusha Sukta ) is in language, metre, and style, very different from the rest of the prayers with which it is associated. It has a decidedly more modern tone, and must have been composed after the Sanskrit language had been refined. -- Henry Thomas Colebrooke, There can be little doubt, for instance, that the 90th hymn of the 10th book ( Purusha Sukta ) is modern both in its character and in its diction. (... ) It mentions the three seasons in the order of the Vasanta, spring ; Grishma, summer ; and Sarad, autumn ; it contains the only passage in the Rigveda where the four castes are enumerated. The evidence of language for the modern date of this composition is equally strong. Grishma, for instance, the name for the hot season, does not occur in any other hymn of the Rigveda ; and Vasanta also does not belong to the earliest vocabulary of the Vedic poets. -- Max Müller, B.V. Kamesvara Aiyar, another 19th - century scholar, on the other hand, disputed this idea : The language of this hymn is particularly sweet, rhythmical and polished and this has led to its being regarded as the product of a later age when the capabilities of the language had been developed. But the polish may be due to the artistic skill of the particular author, to the nature of the subject and to several other causes than mere posteriority in time. We might as well say that Chaucer must have lived centuries after Gower, because the language of the former is so refined and that of the latter, so rugged. We must at the same time confess that we are unable to discover any distinct linguistic peculiarity in the hymn which will stamp it as of a later origin. Modern scholarship The Purusha Sukta varna verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text, possibly as a charter myth. Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, `` there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much - subdivided and overarching caste system '', and `` the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality ''. See also Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Rig Veda / Mandala 10 / Hymn 90 Historical Vedic religion List of suktas and stutis Nasadiya Sukta ( Hymn of Creation ) Agganna Sutta -- a Buddhist critique Varna ( Hinduism ) and Caste system in India Notes ^ Jump up to : David Keane ( 2007 ), Caste - based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law, ISBN 978 - 0754671725, pp 26 - 27 ^ Jump up to : Raghwan ( 2009 ), Discovering the Rigveda A Bracing text for our Times, ISBN 978 - 8178357782, pp 77 - 88 ^ Jump up to : The Purusha sukta in Daily Invocations by Swami Krishnananda Jump up ^ Krishnananda, Swami. A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India. Divine Life Society, p. 19 Jump up ^ Koller, The Indian Way 2006, p. 44. Jump up ^ Koller, The Indian Way 2006, pp. 45 - 47. Jump up ^ Haberman, David L. River of Love in an Age of Pollution : The Yamuna River of Northern India. University of California Press ; 1 edition ( September 10, 2006 ). P. 34. ISBN 0520247906. Jump up ^ S. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, Vol. 1. Jump up ^ Visvanathan, Cosmology and Critique 2011, p. 148. Jump up ^ Nagarajan, V ( 1994 ). Origins of Hindu social system. South Asia Books. pp. 16, 121. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7192 - 017 - 4. Jump up ^ J. Muir ( 1868 ), Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India - their religion and institutions at Google Books, 2nd Edition, pp 12 Jump up ^ Albert Friedrich Weber, Indische Studien, herausg. von at Google Books, Volume 10, pp 1 - 9 with footnotes ( in German ) ; For a translation, see page 14 of Original Sanskrit Texts at Google Books Jump up ^ Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays Volume 1, WH Allen & Co, London, see footnote at page 309 Jump up ^ Müller ( 1859 ), A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, Williams & Norgate, London, pp 570 - 571 Jump up ^ Aiyar, B.V. Kamesvara ( 1898 ), The Purusha Sukta, G.A. Natesan, Madras, introduction, p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Jamison, Stephanie ; et al. ( 2014 ). The Rigveda : The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 57 -- 58. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937018 - 4. Sources Koller, John M. ( 2006 ), The Indian Way : An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India ( 2nd ed. ), Pearson Education, ISBN 0131455788 Visvanathan, Meera ( 2011 ), `` Cosmology and Critique : Charting a History of the Purusha Sukta '', in Roy, Kumkum, Insights and Interventions : Essays in Honour of Uma Chakravarti, Delhi : Primus Books, pp. 143 -- 168, ISBN 978 - 93 - 80607 - 22 - 1 Further reading Coomaraswamy, Ananda, Rigveda 10.90. 1 : aty atiṣṭhad daśāṅgulám, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 66, no. 2 ( 1946 ), 145 - 161. Deo, Shankarrao ( Member of India 's Constituent Assembly and co-author of the Constitution of India ), Upanishadateel daha goshti OR Ten stories from the Upanishads, Continental Publication, Pune, India, ( 1988 ), 41 - 46. Swami Amritananda 's translation of Sri Rudram and Purushasuktam,, Ramakrishna Mission, Chennai. Patrice Lajoye, `` Puruṣa '', Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée / New Comparative Mythologie, 1, 2013 : http://nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/02/03/patrice-lajoye-purusha.html Purusha Sookta commentary by Dr. Bannanje Govindacharya. External links Purusha Suktam Hindi and English Translation Translation by Ralph Griffith at Internet Sacred Text Archive Ramanuja school interpretation. Rigveda Mandalas 5 6 7 8 9 10 Deities Devas Agni Indra Soma Ushas Visvedevas Maruts Ashvins Tvastar Rbhus Pushan Rudra Asuras Mitra Varuna Aryaman Apam Napat Demons Vritra Dasas Danu Danavas Rivers Sapta Sindhu Nadistuti Sarasvati Sindhu Sarayu Rasā Rishis Saptarishi Gritsamada Vishvamitra Vamadeva Atri Angiras Bharadvaja Vasishta Dirghatamas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purusha_Sukta&oldid=818047117 '' Categories : Hindu texts Rigveda Sanskrit texts Vedic hymns Creation myths Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Español हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių मराठी नेपाली Русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018, at 05 : 47. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: according to the purusha sukta what was made from the mouth of the cosmic man
Answer: Varnas