Treaty ports - wikipedia Treaty ports This article is about the ports in East Asia. For the Anglo - Irish Treaty ports, see Treaty Ports ( Ireland ). This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( September 2015 ) The treaty ports refers to the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade by the `` unequal treaties '' with the Western powers. Contents 1 Chinese treaty ports 1.1 Chinese capitulation treaties 1.2 Major treaty ports 1.3 Leased territories 2 Japanese treaty ports 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Chinese treaty ports Main article : List of Chinese treaty ports The British established the first treaty ports in China at the conclusion of the First Opium War by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. As well as ceding the island of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom in perpetuity, the treaty also established five treaty ports at Shanghai, Canton ( Guangzhou ), Ningpo ( Ningbo ), Fuchow ( Fuzhou ), and Amoy ( Xiamen ). The following year the Chinese and British signed the Treaty of the Bogue, which added provisions for extraterritoriality and most favoured nation status for the latter country. Subsequent negotiations with the Americans ( 1843 Treaty of Wanghia ) and the French ( 1844 Treaty of Whampoa ) led to further concessions for these nations on the same terms as the British. The second group of treaty ports was set up following the end of the Arrow War in 1860 and eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, involving many foreign powers. Foreigners, who were centered in sections newly built for them on the edges of existing port cities, enjoyed legal extraterritoriality as stipulated in Unequal Treaties. Foreign clubs, racecourses, and churches were established in major treaty ports. Some of these port areas were directly leased by foreign powers such as in the concessions in China, effectively removing them from the control of local governments. Chinese capitulation treaties The treaty port system in China lasted approximately one hundred years. It began with the 1841 Opium War and ended with the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. The major powers involved were the British, the French, and the Americans, although by the end of the 19th century all the major powers were involved, including Latin American countries and the Congo Free State. It is not possible to put an exact date on the end of the treaty port era. The Russians relinquished their treaty rights in the wake of the Russian revolution in 1917, and the Germans were forced to concede their treaty rights following their defeat in World War I. Norway voluntarily relinquished its treaty rights in a capitulation treaty of 1931. However the three main treaty powers, the British, the Americans, and the French, continued to hold their concessions and extraterritorial jurisdictions until the Second World War. As regards the British and the Americans, it ended in practice when the Japanese stormed into their concessions in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor at the end of 1941. They then formally relinquished their treaty rights in a new `` equal treaties '' agreement with Chiang Kai - shek 's Nationalist Government in exile in Chungking in 1943. Meanwhile, the pro-Japanese puppet government in Nanking signed a capitulation treaty with the Vichy French government in 1943. This was not recognized by Free French leader Charles de Gaulle. In 1946, in order to induce the Chinese to vacate the northern half of French Indochina, de Gaulle signed a capitulation treaty with Chiang Kai - shek 's nationalist ( Kuomintang ) government. Whatever residues of the treaty port era were left in the late 1940s were ended when the communists took over China in 1949. Major treaty ports Current Province or Municipality Cities Date Foreign concession holders Shanghai Shanghai 1842 -- 1946 Greater Shanghai had three sections : These comprised the Shanghai International Settlement of the United Kingdom and the United States, the French Concession and the Old City of Shanghai. Jiangsu Province Nanjing ( Nanking ) 1858 Zhenjiang Jiangxi Province Jiujiang Hubei Province Hankou, now part of Wuhan ( Hankow ) 1858 -- 1945 United Kingdom ; later France, Germany and Empire of Japan Shashi Japan Yichang Hunan Province Changsha 1937 -- 1945 Japan Yuezhou Sichuan Province Chongqing ( Chungking ) Zhejiang Province Ningbo ( Ningpo ) 1841 -- 1842 United Kingdom Wenzhou United Kingdom Fujian Province Fuzhou ( Foochow ) 1842 -- 1945 United Kingdom, then Japan Xiamen ( Amoy ) 1842 -- 1912 United Kingdom Guangdong Province Guangzhou ( Canton ) 1842 -- WWII United Kingdom ; then Japan Shantou ( Swatow ) 1858 United Kingdom Sanshui Haikou ( Qiongshan ) 1858 Guangxi Province Beihai 1876 -- 1940s ? United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Austria - Hungary, France, Italy, Portugal, Belgium Nanning Yunnan Province Mengzi Simao Dengyue Shandong Province Yantai Hebei Province Tianjin ( Tientsin ) 1860 -- 1902 United Kingdom, United States, Russia, Germany, Austria - Hungary, France, Italy, Portugal, Belgium Liaoning Province Niuzhuang 1858 Yingkou Shenyang Jilin Province Changchun Hunchun Heilongjiang Province Harbin 1898 -- 1946 Russia, United States, Germany ; later Japan and the Soviet Union Aihun Russia, Soviet Union Manzhouli Russia, Soviet Union New Taipei City Tamsui 1862 Tainan Tainan 1858 France Leased territories In these territories the foreign powers obtained, under a lease treaty, not only the right to trade and exemptions for their subjects, but a truly colonial control over each concession territory, de facto annexation : Territory Modern Province Date Lease holder Notes Kwantung Liaoning 1894 -- 1898 Imperial Japan Now Dalian 1898 -- 1905 Imperial Russia 1905 -- 1945 Imperial Japan Weihai Shandong Province 1898 -- 1930 United Kingdom Qingdao Shandong Province 1897 -- 1922 German Empire New Territories Hong Kong SAR 1842 ; 1860 ; 1898 -- 1997 United Kingdom These are the territories adjoining the original perpetual Hong Kong concession and its 1860 Kowloon extension Guangzhouwan Guangdong Province 1911 -- 1946 France Now Zhanjiang Japanese treaty ports Japan opened two ports to foreign trade, Shimoda and Hakodate, in 1854 ( Convention of Kanagawa ), to the United States. In 1858, with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce designated four more ports, Kanagawa, Hyogo, Nagasaki, and Niigata. The treaty with the United States was followed by similar ones with Britain, the Netherlands, Russia and France. The ports permitted legal extraterritoriality for citizens of the treaty nations. The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the years 1899 as a consequence of Japan 's rapid transition to a modern nation. Japan had sought treaty revision earnestly, and in 1894, signed a new treaty with Britain which revised or abrogated the previous `` unequal '' treaty. Other countries signed similar treaties. The new treaties came into force in July 1899. References Japan 's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements : The Uninvited Guests, 1858 -- 1899 by J.E. Hoare ( RoutledgeCurzon, 1995 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 873410 - 26 - 4. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. ( 1913 ). `` China ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York : Robert Appleton. Further reading Nield, Robert. The China Coast : Trade and the First Treaty Ports. Hong Kong : Joint Publishing Co., 2010. External links Treaty ports and extraterritoriality in China, 1921 -- 22 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 12 April 2016 ) WorldStatesmen : China Omniatlas : Map of treaty port system in China in 1907 ( earlier dates also available ) Treaty ports in China, 1557 - 1999 hide Qing dynasty topics History Seven Grievances First Manchu invasion of Korea Second Manchu invasion of Korea Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Revolt of the Three Feudatories High Qing era Sino - Russian border conflicts Dzungar -- Qing War Chinese expedition to Tibet ( 1720 ) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion ( 1735 -- 36 ) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino - Burmese War ( 1765 -- 69 ) Battle of Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa Sino - Nepalese War Miao Rebellion ( 1795 -- 1806 ) White Lotus Rebellion First Opium War Sino - Sikh War Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion ( 1854 -- 1856 ) Miao Rebellion ( 1854 -- 73 ) Nepalese -- Tibetan War Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Amur Acquisition Self - Strengthening Movement Tongzhi Restoration Dungan Revolt ( 1862 -- 77 ) Mudan Incident ( 1871 ) Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino - French War Sikkim Expedition Jindandao Incident First Sino - Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt ( 1895 -- 96 ) Hundred Days ' Reform Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight - Nation Alliance New Policies British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion 1909 Provincial Assembly elections Chinese expedition to Tibet ( 1910 ) Railway Protection Movement Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang Manchu Restoration Government Emperor List Family tree Amban Cup of Solid Gold Deliberative Council Flag of the Qing dynasty Grand Council Great Qing Legal Code Imperial Clan Court Imperial Commissioner Imperial Household Department Lifan Yuan Ministry of Posts and Communications Nine Gates Infantry Commander Provincial governor Provincial military commander Qinding Xianfa Dagang Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Viceroys Zhili Shaan - Gan Liangjiang Huguang Sichuan Min - Zhe Liangguang Yun - Gui Three Northeast Provinces Zongli Yamen Military Military of the Qing dynasty Beiyang Army Chu Army Eight Banners Ever Victorious Army Green Standard Army Huai Army Hushenying Imperial Guards Brigade New Army Peking Field Force Shuishiying Wuwei Corps Xiang Army Special regions Qing dynasty in Inner Asia Manchuria under Qing rule Mongolia under Qing rule Administrative divisions Tibet under Qing rule Golden Urn List of imperial residents Xinjiang under Qing rule General of Ili Taiwan under Qing rule Provincial Administration Hall Palaces & mausoleums Chengde Mountain Resort Forbidden City Mukden Palace Old Summer Palace Summer Palace Eastern Qing tombs Fuling Mausoleum Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Western Qing tombs Society & culture Booi Aha Changzhou School of Thought Dibao Four Wangs Gujin Tushu Jicheng History of Ming Islam during the Qing dynasty Kangxi Dictionary Kaozheng Literary Inquisition Manchu Han Imperial Feast Peiwen Yunfu Pentaglot Dictionary Qing official headwear Qing poetry Quan Tangshi Queue Researches on Manchu Origins Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor Shamanism in the Qing dynasty Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao Treaties Treaty of Kyakhta ( 1727 ) Treaty of Nerchinsk Unequal treaty Boxer Protocol Burlingame Treaty Chefoo Convention Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Convention of Peking Convention of Tientsin Li -- Lobanov Treaty Sino - Portuguese Treaty of Peking Treaty of Aigun Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Canton Treaty of Kulja Treaty of Nanking Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1881 ) Treaty of Shimonoseki Treaty of Tarbagatai Treaty of Tientsin Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Whampoa Other topics Aisin Gioro Anti-Qing sentiment Canton System Chuang Guandong Draft History of Qing Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty Manchu people Names of the Qing dynasty New Qing History Qing dynasty coinage Qing conquest theory Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions Treaty ports Willow Palisade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_ports&oldid=850439020 '' Categories : History of European colonialism Concessions in China Free trade imperialism History of Japan Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018, at 21 : 45 ( UTC ). 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Question: the original treaty ports negotiated in 1842-44 were within which part of china
Answer: Shanghai