Encephalitis - wikipedia Encephalitis Encephalitis MRI scan image shows high signal in the temporal lobes and right inferior frontal gyrus in someone with HSV encephalitis. Specialty Neurology, Infectious disease Symptoms Headache, fever, confusion, stiff neck, vomiting Complications Seizures, trouble speaking, memory problems, problems hearing Duration Weeks to months for recovery Types Herpes simplex, West Nile, Rabies, Eastern equine encephalitis, others Causes Infection, autoimmune, certain medication, unknown Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, supported by blood tests, medical imaging, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid Treatment Antiviral medication, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, artificial respiration Prognosis Variable Frequency 4.3 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 150,000 ( 2015 ) Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. Severity is variable. Symptoms may include headache, fever, confusion, a stiff neck, and vomiting. Complications may include seizures, hallucinations, trouble speaking, memory problems, and problems with hearing. Causes of encephalitis include viruses such as herpes simplex virus or rabies, bacteria, fungus, or parasites. Other causes include autoimmune diseases and certain medication. In many cases the cause remains unknown. Risk factors include a weak immune system. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by blood tests, medical imaging, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Certain types are preventable with vaccines. Treatment may include, antiviral medication ( such as acyclovir ), anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids. Treatment generally takes place in hospital. Some people require artificial respiration. Once the immediate problem is under control, rehabilitation may be required. In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Viral 2.2 Bacterial and other 2.3 Limbic encephalitis 2.4 Autoimmune encephalitis 2.5 Encephalitis lethargica 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 Terminology 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Signs and symptoms Adult patients with encephalitis present with acute onset of fever, headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures. Younger children or infants may present irritability, poor appetite and fever. Neurological examinations usually reveal a drowsy or confused patient. Stiff neck, due to the irritation of the meninges covering the brain, indicates that the patient has either meningitis or meningoencephalitis. Cause Rabies virus Viral Main articles : Viral encephalitis and Herpesviral encephalitis Viral encephalitis can occur either as a direct effect of an acute infection, or as one of the sequelae of a latent infection. The majority of viral cases of encephalitis have an unknown cause, however the most common identifiable cause of viral encephalitis is from herpes simplex infection. Other causes of acute viral encephalitis are rabies virus, poliovirus, and measles virus. Additional possible viral causes are arbovirus ( St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis virus ), bunyavirus ( La Crosse strain ), arenavirus ( lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ) and reovirus ( Colorado tick virus ). The Powassan virus is a rare cause of encephalitis. Bacterial and other It can be caused by a bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis, or may be a complication of a current infectious disease syphilis ( secondary encephalitis ). Certain parasitic or protozoal infestations, such as toxoplasmosis, malaria, or primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, can also cause encephalitis in people with compromised immune systems. Lyme disease or Bartonella henselae may also cause encephalitis. Other bacterial pathogens, like Mycoplasma and those causing rickettsial disease, cause inflammation of the meninges and consequently encephalitis. A non-infectious cause includes acute disseminated encephalitis which is demyelinated. Limbic encephalitis Limbic encephalitis refers to inflammatory disease confined to the limbic system of the brain. The clinical presentation often includes disorientation, disinhibition, memory loss, seizures, and behavioral anomalies. MRI imaging reveals T2 hyperintensity in the structures of the medial temporal lobes, and in some cases, other limbic structures. Some cases of limbic encephalitis are of autoimmune origin. Autoimmune encephalitis Main article : Autoimmune encephalitis Autoimmune encephalitis signs can include catatonia, psychosis, abnormal movements, and autonomic dysregulation. Antibody - mediated anti-N - methyl - D - aspartate - receptor encephalitis and Rasmussen encephalitis are examples of autoimmune encephalitis. Anti-N - methyl - D - aspartate - receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune form, and is accompanied by ovarian teratoma in 58 percent of affected women 18 - 45 years of age. Encephalitis lethargica Main article : Encephalitis lethargica Encephalitis lethargica is identified by high fever, headache, delayed physical response, and lethargy. Individuals can exhibit upper body weakness, muscular pains, and tremors, though the cause of encephalitis lethargica is not currently known. From 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica occurred worldwide. Diagnosis Spinal tap on a newborn People should only be diagnosed with encephalitis if they have a decreased or altered level of consciousness, lethargy, or personality change for at least twenty - four hours without any other explainable cause. Diagnosing encephalitis is done via a variety of tests : Brain scan, done by MRI, can determine inflammation and differentiate from other possible causes. EEG, in monitoring brain activity, encephalitis will produce abnormal signal. Lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ), this helps determine via a test using the cerebral - spinal fluid, obtained from the lumbar region. Blood test Urine analysis Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) testing of the cerebrospinal fluid, to detect the presence of viral DNA which is a sign of viral encephalitis. Prevention Vaccination is available against tick - borne and Japanese encephalitis and should be considered for at - risk individuals. Post-infectious encephalomyelitis complicating smallpox vaccination is avoidable, for all intents and purposes, as smallpox is nearly eradicated. Contraindication to Pertussis immunization should be observed in patients with encephalitis. Treatment Treatment ( which is based on supportive care ) is as follows : Antiviral medications ( if virus is cause ) Antibiotics, ( if bacteria is cause ) Steroids are used to reduce brain swelling Sedatives for restlessness Acetaminophen for fever Occupational and physical therapy ( if brain is affected post-infection ) Pyrimethamine - based maintenance therapy is often used to treat Toxoplasmic Encephalitis ( TE ), which is caused by Toxoplasma gondii and can be life - threatening for people with weak immune systems. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ), in conjunction with the established pyrimethamine - based maintenance therapy, decreases the chance of relapse in patients with HIV and TE from approximately 18 % to 11 %. This is a significant difference as relapse may impact the severity and prognosis of disease and result in an increase in healthcare expenditure. Prognosis Identification of poor prognostic factors include thrombocytopenia, cerebral edema, status epilepticus, and thrombocytopenia. In contrast, a normal encephalogram at the early stages of diagnosis is associated with high rates of survival. Epidemiology Encephalitis deaths per million persons in 2012 0 - 0 1 - 1 2 - 2 3 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 24 25 - 45 The number of new cases a year of acute encephalitis in Western countries is 7.4 cases per 100,000 population per year. In tropical countries, the incidence is 6.34 per 100,000 per year. The number of cases of encephalitis has not changed much over time, with about 250,000 cases a year from 2005 to 2015 in the US. Approximately seven per 100,000 people were hospitalized for encephalitis in the US during this time. In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide. Herpes simplex encephalitis has an incidence of 2 -- 4 per million population per year. Terminology Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. While encephalitis with involvement of the spinal cord is known as encephalomyelitis. The word is from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος, enképhalos `` brain '', composed of ἐν, en, `` in '' and κεφαλή, kephalé, `` head '', and the medical suffix - itis `` inflammation ''. See also Rasmussen 's encephalitis Bickerstaff 's encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis Wernicke 's encephalopathy Meningitis Cerebritis Encephalomyelitis Zika Virus Naegleriasis ( primary amoebic meningoencephalitis / PAM ) World Encephalitis Day References ^ Jump up to : `` Meningitis and Encephalitis Information Page ''. NINDS. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet ''. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators ( 8 October 2016 ). `` Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990 -- 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 ''. Lancet. 388 ( 10053 ) : 1545 -- 1602. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31678 - 6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators ( 8 October 2016 ). `` Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all - cause mortality, and cause - specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980 -- 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 ''. Lancet. 388 ( 10053 ) : 1459 -- 1544. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31012 - 1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. ^ Jump up to : `` Encephalitis ''. NHS Choices. 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Symptoms of encephalitis ''. NHS. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015. Jump up ^ Shmaefsky, Brian ; Babcock, Hilary ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ). Meningitis. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438132167. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ Roos, Karen L. ; Tyler, Kenneth L. ( 2015 ). `` Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess, and Empyema ''. Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 19 ed. ). New York, NY : McGraw - Hill Education. ISBN 9780071802154. Jump up ^ Fisher, D.L. ; Defres, S. ; Solomon, T. ( 2015 ). `` Measles - induced encephalitis ''. QJM. 108 ( 3 ) : 177 -- 182. doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / hcu113. PMID 24865261. Jump up ^ Kennedy, P.G.E. ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ). `` Viral Encephalitis : Causes, Differential Diagnosis, and Management ''. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 75 ( Suppl 1 ) : i10 -- 5. doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 2003.034280. PMC 1765650. PMID 14978145. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Ashar, Bimal H. ; Miller, Redonda G. ; Sisson, Stephen D. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ). Johns Hopkins Internal Medicine Board Review : Certification and Recertification. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 1455706922. Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 29. Jump up ^ Hama, Kiwa ; Ishiguchi, Hiroshi ; Tuji, Tomikimi ; Miwa, Hideto ; Kondo, Tomoyoshi ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ). `` Neurosyphilis with Mesiotemporal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities ''. Internal Medicine. 47 ( 20 ) : 1813 -- 7. doi : 10.2169 / internalmedicine. 47.0983. PMID 18854635. Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Encephalitis : Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology ''. Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 03. Jump up ^ Larner, A.J. ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ). Neuropsychological Neurology : The Neurocognitive Impairments of Neurological Disorders. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107607606. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ Armangue, Thaís ; Petit - Pedrol, Mar ; Dalmau, Josep ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ). `` Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children ''. Journal of child neurology. 27 ( 11 ) : 1460 -- 9. doi : 10.1177 / 0883073812448838. PMC 3705178. PMID 22935553. Jump up ^ Ropper, Allan H. ; Dalmau, Josep ; Graus, Francesc ( March 2018 ). `` Antibody - Mediated Encephalitis ''. New England Journal of Medicine. 378 ( 9 ) : 840 -- 851. doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1708712. Jump up ^ encephalitis_lethargica at NINDS Jump up ^ Venkatesan, A ; Tunkel, AR ; Bloch, KC ; Lauring, AS ; Sejvar, J ; Bitnun, A ; Stahl, JP ; Mailles, A ; Drebot, M ; Rupprecht, CE ; Yoder, J ; Cope, JR ; Wilson, MR ; Whitley, RJ ; Sullivan, J ; Granerod, J ; Jones, C ; Eastwood, K ; Ward, KN ; Durrheim, DN ; Solbrig, MV ; Guo - Dong, L ; Glaser, CA ; International Encephalitis, Consortium. ( October 2013 ). `` Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis : consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium ''. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57 ( 8 ) : 1114 -- 28. doi : 10.1093 / cid / cit458. PMC 3783060. PMID 23861361. Jump up ^ `` Encephalitis : Diagnosis ''. NHS Choices. Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 16. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, Mehta B, Easton A, Hemingway C, Klapper PE, Vincent A, Lim M, Carrol E, Solomon T ( 2012 ). `` Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines ''. J. Infect. 64 ( 5 ) : 449 -- 77. doi : 10.1016 / j. jinf. 2011.11. 013. PMID 22120594. Jump up ^ `` Tick - borne Encephalitis : Vaccine ''. International travel and health. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Japanese encephalitis ''. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` CDC Media Statement on Newly Discovered Smallpox Specimens ''. www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 20. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Contraindications and Precautions to Commonly Used Vaccines in Adults ''. Vaccines. Center for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 23. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Encephalitis ^ Jump up to : Connolly MP, Goodwin E, Schey C, Zummo J ( 2017 ). `` Toxoplasmic encephalitis relapse rates with pyrimethamine - based therapy : systematic review and meta - analysis ''. Pathogens and global health. 111 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 44. doi : 10.1080 / 20477724.2016. 1273597. PMC 5375610. PMID 28090819. ^ Jump up to : Venkatesan, A ( June 2015 ). `` Epidemiology and outcomes of acute encephalitis ''. Current Opinion in Neurology. 28 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 82. doi : 10.1097 / WCO. 0000000000000199. PMID 25887770. Jump up ^ Jmor F, Emsley HC, et al. ( October 2008 ). `` The incidence of acute encephalitis syndrome in Western industrialised and tropical countries ''. Virology Journal. 5 ( 134 ) : 134. doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 422X - 5 - 134. PMC 2583971. PMID 18973679. Jump up ^ Rozenberg, F ; Deback C ; Agut H ( June 2011 ). `` Herpes simplex encephalitis : from virus to therapy ''. Infectious Disorders Drug Targets. 11 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 250. doi : 10.2174 / 187152611795768088. PMID 21488834. Jump up ^ `` Woodhouse 's English - Greek Dictionary '' ( in German ). The University of Chicago Library. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10. Jump up ^ The word seems to have had a meaning of `` lithic imitation of the human brain '' at first, according to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé ( cf. the article on `` encéphalite '' Archived 2017 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. ). The first use in the medical sense is attested from the early 19th century in French ( J. Capuron, Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine, chirurgie..., 1806 ), and from 1843 in English respectively ( cf. the article `` encephalitis '' in the Online Etymology Dictionary ). Retrieved 11 March 2017. Further reading Steiner, I. ; Budka, H. ; Chaudhuri, A. ; Koskiniemi, M. ; Sainio, K. ; Salonen, O. ; Kennedy, P.G.E. ( 1 May 2005 ). `` Viral encephalitis : a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management ''. European Journal of Neurology. 12 ( 5 ) : 331 -- 343. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 1331.2005. 01126. x. PMID 15804262. Basavaraju, Sridhar V. ; Kuehnert, Matthew J. ; Zaki, Sherif R. ; Sejvar, James J. ( September 2014 ). `` Encephalitis Caused by Pathogens Transmitted through Organ Transplants, United States, 2002 -- 2013 ''. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 ( 9 ) : 1443 -- 51. doi : 10.3201 / eid2009. 131332. PMC 4178385. PMID 25148201. National Center for Biotechnology Information. `` Encephalitis ''. PubMed Health. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05. External links WHO : Viral Encephalitis Classification V T D ICD - 10 : A83 - A86, B94. 1, G05 ICD - 9 - CM : 323 MeSH : D004660 DiseasesDB : 22543 External resources MedlinePlus : 001415 eMedicine : emerg / 163 Inflammation Acute Plasma - derived mediators Bradykinin complement C3 C5a MAC coagulation Factor XII Plasmin Thrombin Cell - derived mediators preformed : Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin synthesized on demand : cytokines IFN - γ IL - 8 TNF - α IL - 1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins Chronic Macrophage Epithelioid cell Giant cell Granuloma Processes Traditional Rubor Calor Tumor Dolor Functio laesa Modern Acute - phase reaction / Fever Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Exudate Leukocyte extravasation Chemotaxis Specific locations Nervous CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis chorioretinitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis externa Otitis media Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestive mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis / Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis accessory Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis : Osteitis / Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis pregnancy / newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47, 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh disease Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis NDL : 00568595 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encephalitis&oldid=828890564 '' Categories : Encephalitis Infectious diseases Inflammations Acute pain Hidden categories : CS1 German - 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Question: which is the most common cause of acute encephalitis in the united states
Answer: herpes simplex infection