Island of stability - wikipedia Island of stability For the speech by Jimmy Carter, see Island of Stability ( speech ). Measured ( boxed ) and predicted ( shaded ) half - lives of nuclides, sorted by number of protons and neutrons. The expected location of the island of stability is circled. Nuclear physics Nucleus Nucleons ( p, n ) Nuclear matter Nuclear force Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides ' classification Isotopes -- equal Z Isobars -- equal A Isotones -- equal N Isodiaphers -- equal N − Z Isomers -- equal all the above Mirror nuclei -- Z ↔ N Stable Magic Even / odd Halo Nuclear stability Binding energy p -- n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Radioactive decay Alpha α Beta β ( 2β, β ) K / L capture Isomeric ( Gamma γ Internal conversion ) Spontaneous fission Cluster decay Neutron emission Proton emission Decay energy Decay chain Decay product Radiogenic nuclide Nuclear fission Spontaneous Products ( pair breaking ) Photofission Capturing processes electron neutron ( s r ) proton ( p rp ) High energy processes Spallation ( by cosmic ray ) Photodisintegration Nucleosynthesis and nuclear astrophysics Nuclear fusion Processes : Stellar Big Bang Supernova Nuclides : Primordial Cosmogenic Artificial High energy nuclear physics Quark -- gluon plasma RHIC LHC Scientists Alvarez Becquerel Bethe A. Bohr N. Bohr Chadwick Cockcroft Ir. Curie Fr. Curie Pi. Curie Skłodowska - Curie Davisson Fermi Hahn Jensen Lawrence Mayer Meitner Oliphant Oppenheimer Proca Purcell Rabi Rutherford Soddy Strassmann Szilárd Teller Thomson Walton Wigner In nuclear physics, the island of stability is the prediction that a set of heavy nuclides with a near magic number of protons and neutrons will temporarily reverse the trend of decreasing stability in elements heavier than uranium. Although predictions of the exact location differ somewhat, Klaus Blaum expects the island of stability to occur in the atomic mass region near the nuclide 300 120 Ubn. Estimates about the amount of stability on the island are usually around a half - life of minutes or days, with some predictions expecting half - lives of millions of years. Although the nuclear shell model has existed since the 1960s, the existence of such superheavy, relatively stable nuclides has not been demonstrated. Like the rest of the superheavy elements, the nuclides on the island of stability have never been found in nature, and so must be created artificially in a nuclear reaction to be studied. However, scientists have not found a way to carry out such a reaction. With a nuclide graph of protons and neutrons with the third dimension of height being the binding energy, the stability region can be visualized as a valley instead of an island. Contents 1 Theory and origin 1.1 Magic numbers 1.2 Deformed nuclei 1.3 Experiments 2 Half - lives of the highest - numbered elements 3 Islands of relative stability 4 Synthesis problems 5 Hypothetical second island 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Theory and origin The possibility of an `` island of stability '' was first proposed by Glenn T. Seaborg in the late 1960s. The hypothesis is based upon the nuclear shell model, which implies that the atomic nucleus is built up in `` shells '' in a manner similar to the structure of the much larger electron shells in atoms. In both cases, shells are just groups of quantum energy levels that are relatively close to each other. Energy levels from quantum states in two different shells will be separated by a relatively large energy gap, so when the number of neutrons and protons completely fills the energy levels of a given shell in the nucleus, the binding energy per nucleon will reach a local maximum and thus that particular configuration will have a longer lifetime than nearby nuclides that do not possess filled shells. Magic numbers A filled shell would have `` magic numbers '' of neutrons and protons. This idea of a magic number derives from the counterpart of electron shells. The magic number for electron shells is 8. This completes the shell and makes it stable. Similarly, it is believed that there are complete shells in the nucleus that stabilize the nucleus. One possible magic number of neutrons for spherical nuclei is 184, and some possible matching proton numbers are 114, 120 and 126 -- which would mean that the most stable spherical nuclides would be flerovium - 298, unbinilium - 304 and unbihexium - 310. Of particular note is Fl, which would be `` doubly magic '' ( both its proton number of 114 and neutron number of 184 are thought to be magic ) and thus the most likely to have a very long half - life. ( The next lighter doubly magic spherical nucleus is lead - 208, the heaviest known stable nucleus and most stable heavy metal. ) Deformed nuclei Studies from the early 1990s, and previous to that time, have shown that superheavy elements do not have perfectly spherical nuclei. A shell is considered stable when it is in a spherical form. A change in the shape of the nucleus changes the position of neutrons and protons in the shell, thus skewing the numbers. Recent research indicates that large nuclei are deformed, causing magic numbers to shift. A nucleus can have a magic number of neutrons or a magic number of protons. When the nucleus has magic numbers of both protons and neutrons, it can be said to be doubly magic. Hassium - 270 is now believed to be a doubly magic deformed nucleus, with deformed magic numbers 108 and 162. It has a half - life of 3.6 seconds. Experiments Whilst elements with atomic numbers expected for the island of stability have been produced, the total nucleon count of these nuclides has been too low. These synthesised nuclides have contained too few neutrons to reach the supposed stable region. It is possible that these elements possess unusual chemical properties and, if they have isotopes with adequate lifespans, would be available for various practical applications ( such as particle accelerator targets and as neutron sources as well ). In particular, the very small critical masses of transplutonic elements ( possibly as small as grams ) implies that if stable elements could be found, they would enable small and compact nuclear bombs either directly or by serving as primaries to help ignite fission / fusion secondaries ; this possibility motivated much of the early research in the 1960s and multiple nuclear tests by the United States ( including Operation Plowshare ) and the Soviet Union aimed at producing such elements. Half - lives of the highest - numbered elements All elements with an atomic number above 82 ( lead ) are unstable, and the `` stability '' ( half - life of the longest - lived known isotope ) of elements generally decreases with rising atomic numbers from the relatively stable uranium ( 92 ) upwards to the heaviest known element, oganesson ( 118 ). The longest - lived observed isotopes of each of the heaviest elements are shown in the following table. Known isotopes of elements 83 through 118 Number Name Longest - lived isotope Half - life Article 83 Bismuth Bi 2 × 10 years Isotopes of bismuth 84 Polonium Po 130 years Isotopes of polonium 85 Astatine At 8 hours Isotopes of astatine 86 Radon Rn 3.824 days Isotopes of radon 87 Francium Fr 22.0 min Isotopes of francium 88 Radium Ra 1600 years Isotopes of radium 89 Actinium Ac 21.77 years Isotopes of actinium 90 Thorium Th 1.41 × 10 years Isotopes of thorium 91 Protactinium Pa 32800 years Isotopes of protactinium 92 Uranium U 4.47 × 10 years Isotopes of uranium 93 Neptunium Np 2.14 × 10 years Isotopes of neptunium 94 Plutonium Pu 8.0 × 10 years Isotopes of plutonium 95 Americium Am 7400 years Isotopes of americium 96 Curium Cm 1.6 × 10 years Isotopes of curium 97 Berkelium Bk 1380 years Isotopes of berkelium 98 Californium Cf 900 years Isotopes of californium 99 Einsteinium Es 470 days Isotopes of einsteinium 100 Fermium Fm 100.5 days Isotopes of fermium 101 Mendelevium Md 51.5 days Isotopes of mendelevium 102 Nobelium No 58 minutes Isotopes of nobelium 103 Lawrencium Lr 10 hours Isotopes of lawrencium 104 Rutherfordium Rf 1.3 hours Isotopes of rutherfordium 105 Dubnium Db 30 hours Isotopes of dubnium 106 Seaborgium Sg 3 minutes Isotopes of seaborgium 107 Bohrium Bh 60 seconds Isotopes of bohrium 108 Hassium Hs 30 seconds Isotopes of hassium 109 Meitnerium Mt 4 seconds Isotopes of meitnerium 110 Darmstadtium Ds 14 seconds Isotopes of darmstadtium 111 Roentgenium Rg 2 minutes Isotopes of roentgenium 112 Copernicium Cn 30 seconds Isotopes of copernicium 113 Nihonium Nh 8 seconds Isotopes of nihonium 114 Flerovium Fl 2 seconds Isotopes of flerovium 115 Moscovium Mc 0.8 seconds Isotopes of moscovium 116 Livermorium Lv 60 milliseconds Isotopes of livermorium 117 Tennessine Ts 50 milliseconds Isotopes of tennessine 118 Oganesson Og 0.7 milliseconds Isotopes of oganesson ( Note that for elements 108 -- 118, the longest - lived known isotope is always the heaviest discovered thus far. This makes it seem likely that there are longer - lived undiscovered isotopes among the even heavier ones. ) For comparison, the shortest - lived element with atomic number below 100 is francium ( element 87 ) with a half - life of 22 minutes. The half - lives of nuclei in the island of stability itself are unknown since none of the nuclides that would be `` on the island '' have been observed. Many physicists think they are relatively short, on the order of minutes or days. Some theoretical calculations indicate that their half - lives may be long, on the order of 10 years. The alpha - decay half - lives of 1700 nuclei with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 have been calculated in a quantum tunneling model with both experimental and theoretical alpha - decay Q - values. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the available experimental data. A possible stronger decay mode for the heaviest superheavies was shown to be cluster decay by Dorin N. Poenaru, R.A. Gherghescu, and Walter Greiner. Periodic table with elements colored according to the half - life of their most stable isotope. Stable elements. Radioactive elements with half - lives of over four million years. Half - lives between 800 and 34,000 years. Half - lives between 1 day and 103 years. Half - lives ranging between several minutes and 1 day. Half - lives less than several minutes. Islands of relative stability Actinides and fission products by half - life Actinides by decay chain Half - life range ( y ) Fission products of U by yield 4n 4n + 1 4n + 2 4n + 3 4.5 -- 7 % 0.04 -- 1.25 % < 0.001 % Ra 4 -- 6 † Eu Cm Pu Cf Ac 10 -- 29 Sr Kr Cd U Pu Cm 29 -- 97 Cs Sm Sn Bk Cf Am 141 -- 351 No fission products have a half - life in the range of 100 -- 210 k years... Am Cf 430 -- 900 Ra Bk 1.3 k -- 1.6 k Pu Th Cm Am 4.7 k -- 7.4 k Cm Cm 8.3 k -- 8.5 k Pu 24.1 k Th Pa 32 k -- 76 k Np U U 150 k -- 250 k ‡ Tc Sn Cm Pu 327 k -- 375 k Se 1.53 M Zr Np 2.1 M -- 6.5 M Cs Pd U Cm 15 M -- 24 M Pu 80 M... nor beyond 15.7 M years Th U U 0.7 G -- 14.1 G Legend for superscript symbols ₡ has thermal neutron capture cross section in the range of 8 -- 50 barns ƒ fissile m metastable isomer No naturally occurring radioactive material ( NORM ) þ neutron poison ( thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns ) † range 4 -- 97 y : Medium - lived fission product ‡ over 200,000 y : Long - lived fission product Region of relative stability : radium - 226 to einsteinium - 252 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 154 Half - life Key 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G ( a ) Cm Cf 154 153 Cf Es 153 152 Cm Cf 152 151 Cm Bk Cf 151 150 Pu Cm Bk 150 149 Cm 149 148 Pu Am Cm 148 147 Pu ⁂ Cm 147 146 U Pu Am 146 145 Pu 145 144 U Np Pu 144 143 U Np 143 142 Th U Np Pu 142 141 U 141 140 Ra Th Pa U Table Axes Neutrons ( N ) Protons ( Z ) 140 139 Th 139 138 Ra Ac Th 138 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Only nuclides with a half - life of at least one year are listed. 232 Th ( thorium ), 235 U and 238 U ( uranium ) are the only naturally occurring nuclides beyond bismuth that are relatively stable over the current lifespan of the universe. Even bismuth was found to be slightly unstable in 2003, with an α - emission half - life of 7019190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 × 10 years for 209 Bi. All elements beyond bismuth have relatively or very unstable isotopes : astatine, radon, and francium are extremely short - lived ( and only have half - lives longer than isotopes of the heaviest elements found so far ). Even thorium, with the largest known half - life in this region ( 7010140000000000000 ♠ 1.4 × 10 years for 232 Th ), is still about a billion times shorter than 209 Bi, so the main periodic table ends there. By geographical analogy, bismuth is the shore edge of a continent. A continental shelf continues though, with shallows beginning at radium ( see ' map ' at right ) that rapidly drop off again after californium. Significant islands appear at thorium and uranium, and with minor ones ( i.e. neptunium, plutonium and curium ) form an archipelago. All of this is surrounded by a `` sea of instability ''. As can be seen from the table, there is a significantly large gap between the half - lives of the longest - lived actinide nuclides ( the primordial Th, U, and U, separated sharply from the long - lived Pu, U, Cm, and Np ) and those of the others. 3 - dimensional rendering of the theoretical island of stability around N = 178 and Z = 112 Current theoretical investigation indicates that in the region Z = 106 -- 108 and N ≈ 160 -- 164, a small ' island / peninsula ' might be stable with respect to fission and beta decay, such superheavy nuclei undergoing only alpha decay. Also, 298 Fl is not the center of the magic island as predicted earlier. On the contrary, the nucleus with Z = 110, N = 183 ( Ds ) appears to be near the center of a possible ' magic island ' ( Z = 104 -- 116, N ≈ 176 -- 186 ). In the N ≈ 162 region the beta - stable, fission survived 268 Sg is predicted to have alpha - decay half - life ≈ 3.2 hours that is greater than that ( ≈ 28 s ) of the deformed doubly magic 270 Hs. The superheavy nucleus 268 Sg has not been produced in the laboratory as yet ( 2009 ). For superheavy nuclei with Z > 116 and N ≈ 184 the alpha - decay half - lives are predicted to be less than one second. The nuclei with Z = 120, 124, 126 and N = 184 ( Ubn, Ubq, and Ubh ) are predicted to form spherical doubly magic nuclei and be stable with respect to fission. Calculations in a quantum tunneling model show that such superheavy nuclei would undergo alpha decay within microseconds or less. Synthesis problems The manufacture of nuclei on the island of stability proves to be very difficult because the nuclei available as starting materials do not deliver the necessary sum of neutrons. For the synthesis of isotope 298 of flerovium, one could use an isotope of plutonium and one of calcium that together have a sum of at least 298 nucleons ; for example, calcium - 50 and plutonium - 248. These and heavier nuclides are not available in measurable quantities, making production virtually impossible with current methods. The same problem exists for the other possible combinations of nuclides needed to generate elements on the island using target - projectile methods. It may be possible to generate the isotope 298 of flerovium, if the multi-nucleon transfer reactions would work in low - energy collisions of actinide nuclei. One of these reactions may be : 248 Cm + 238 U → 298 Fl + 186 + 2 1 0n Hypothetical second island At the 235th national meeting of the American Chemical Society in 2008, the idea of a second island of stability was presented by Yuri Oganessian. This new island would be centered on element 164 ( Unhexquadium ), especially the isotope Uhq, with a stability similar to that of flerovium. It is thought that to be able to synthesize these elements, a new, stronger particle accelerator would be needed. See also Nuclear technology portal physics portal Island of inversion Table of nuclides References Jump up ^ `` Superheavy, and yet stable ''. Max Planck Society. August 23, 2012. We expect ( the island of stability ) at around element 120, '' says Blaum, `` and to be more precise, in a nucleus with around 180 neutrons. ^ Jump up to : `` Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed : A Stepping Stone to the Island of Stability ''. Berkeley Lab. September 24, 2009. Jump up ^ CEA Sciences. The Valley of Stability. YouTube. Event occurs at 3 : 12. Jump up ^ `` The Island of Stability ? ''. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24. Jump up ^ Nave, R. `` Shell Model of Nucleus ''. HyperPhysics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Retrieved 22 January 2007. Jump up ^ Chowdhury, P.R. ; Samanta, C. ; Basu, D.N. ( 2008 ). `` Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability ''. Physical Review C. 77 ( 4 ) : 044603. arXiv : 0802.3837. Bibcode : 2008PhRvC... 77d4603C. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 77.044603. Jump up ^ Roy Chowdhury, P. ; Samanta, C. ; Basu, D.N. ( 2008 ). `` Nuclear half - lives for α - radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 ''. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. 94 ( 6 ) : 781 -- 806. arXiv : 0802.4161. Bibcode : 2008ADNDT... 94... 781C. doi : 10.1016 / j. adt. 2008.01. 003. Jump up ^ `` Structure of Odd - N Superheavy Elements ''. 1999. Jump up ^ Dvořák, J. ( 2007 ). Decay properties of nuclei close to Z = 108 and N = 162 ( PhD thesis ). Technische Universität München. Jump up ^ Dvorak, J. ; et al. ( 2006 ). `` Doubly Magic Nucleus 270 108 Hs 162 ``. Physical Review Letters. 97 ( 24 ) : 242501. Bibcode : 2006PhRvL... 97x2501D. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 97.242501. PMID 17280272. Jump up ^ Gsponer, A. ; Hurni, J. - P. ( 2009 ). Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons : The physical principles of thermonuclear explosives, inertial confinement fusion, and the quest for fourth generation nuclear weapons ( 3rd printing of the 7th ed. ). pp. 129 -- 133. Jump up ^ Emsley, J. ( 2001 ). Nature 's Building Blocks. Oxford University Press. pp. 143 − 144, 458. ISBN 0 - 19 - 850340 - 7. Jump up ^ Khuyagbaatar, J. ( 2014 ). `` Ca+ Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z = 117 : Long - Lived α - Decaying Db and Discovery of Lr ''. Physical Review Letters. 112 : 172501. Bibcode : 2014PhRvL. 112q2501K. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 112.172501. Jump up ^ Witze, A. ( 6 April 2010 ). `` Superheavy element 117 makes debut ''. ScienceNews. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ Oganessian, Y. ( 2012 ). `` Nuclei in the `` Island of Stability '' of Superheavy Elements ``. Journal of Physics : Conference Series. 337 ( 1 ) : 012005. Bibcode : 2012JPhCS. 337a2005O. doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 6596 / 337 / 1 / 012005. Jump up ^ Chowdhury, P.R. ; Samanta, C. ; Basu, D.N. ( 2006 ). `` α decay half - lives of new superheavy elements ''. Physical Review C. 73 : 014612. arXiv : nucl - th / 0507054. Bibcode : 2006PhRvC... 73a4612C. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 73.014612. ^ Jump up to : Samanta, C. ; Chowdhury, P.R. ; Basu, D.N. ( 2007 ). `` Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements ''. Nuclear Physics A. 789 : 142 -- 154. arXiv : nucl - th / 0703086. Bibcode : 2007NuPhA. 789... 142S. doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2007.04. 001. ^ Jump up to : Chowdhury, P.R. ; Samanta, C. ; Basu, D.N. ( 2008 ). `` Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability ''. Physical Review C. 77 ( 4 ) : 044603. arXiv : 0802.3837. Bibcode : 2008PhRvC... 77d4603C. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 77.044603. ^ Jump up to : Chowdhury, P.R. ; Samanta, C. ; Basu, D.N. ( 2008 ). `` Nuclear half - lives for α - radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 ''. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. 94 ( 6 ) : 781 -- 806. arXiv : 0802.4161. Bibcode : 2008ADNDT... 94... 781C. doi : 10.1016 / j. adt. 2008.01. 003. Jump up ^ Chowdhury, P.R. ; Basu, D.N. ; Samanta, C. ( 2007 ). `` α decay chains from element 113 ''. Physical Review C. 75 ( 4 ) : 047306. arXiv : 0704.3927. Bibcode : 2007PhRvC... 75d7306C. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 75.047306. Jump up ^ Samanta, C. ; Basu, D.N. ; Chowdhury, P.R. ( 2007 ). `` Quantum tunneling in 112 and its alpha - decay chain ''. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 76 ( 12 ) : 124201. arXiv : 0708.4355. Bibcode : 2007JPSJ... 76l4201S. doi : 10.1143 / JPSJ. 76.124201. Jump up ^ Poenaru, D.N. ; Gherghescu, R.A. ; Greiner, W. ( 2011 ). `` Heavy - Particle Radioactivity of Superheavy Nuclei ''. Physical Review Letters. 107 ( 6 ) : 062503. arXiv : 1106.3271. Bibcode : 2011PhRvL. 107f2503P. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 107.062503. PMID 21902317. Jump up ^ Plus radium ( element 88 ). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium ( 89 ) and follows a three - element gap of instability after polonium ( 84 ) where no nuclides have half - lives of at least four years ( the longest - lived nuclide in the gap is radon - 222 with a half life of less than four days ). Radium 's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element 's inclusion here. Jump up ^ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of U-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor. Jump up ^ Milsted, J. ; Friedman, A.M. ; Stevens, C.M. ( 1965 ). `` The alpha half - life of berkelium - 247 ; a new long - lived isomer of berkelium - 248 ''. Nuclear Physics. 71 ( 2 ) : 299. Bibcode : 1965NucPh... 71... 299M. doi : 10.1016 / 0029 - 5582 ( 65 ) 90719 - 4. `` The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk with a half - life greater than 9 y. No growth of Cf was detected, and a lower limit for the β half - life can be set at about 10 y. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected ; the alpha half - life is probably greater than 300 y. '' Jump up ^ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half - life of at least four years before the `` Sea of Instability ''. Jump up ^ Excluding those `` classically stable '' nuclides with half - lives significantly in excess of Th ; e.g., while Cd has a half - life of only fourteen years, that of Cd is nearly eight quadrillion years. Jump up ^ Note graphic : Known and predicted regions of nuclear stability, surrounded by a `` sea '' of instability. cf. the Chart of Nuclides by half - life. Jump up ^ Nilsson, S.G. ; et al. ( 1969 ). `` On the nuclear structure and stability of heavy and superheavy elements ''. Nuclear Physics A. 131 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 66. Bibcode : 1969NuPhA. 131... 1N. doi : 10.1016 / 0375 - 9474 ( 69 ) 90809 - 4. Jump up ^ Dvorak, J. ; et al. ( 2006 ). `` Doubly Magic Nucleus 270 108 Hs 162 ``. Physical Review Letters. 97 ( 24 ). Bibcode : 2006PhRvL... 97x2501D. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 97.242501. PMID 17280272. Jump up ^ Ćwiok, S. ; Heenen, P. - H. ; Nazarewicz, W. ( 2005 ). `` Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei '' ( PDF ). Nature. 433 ( 7027 ) : 705 -- 709. Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433... 705C. doi : 10.1038 / nature03336. PMID 15716943. Jump up ^ Zagrebaev, V. ; Greiner, W. ( 2008 ). `` Synthesis of superheavy nuclei : A search for new production reactions ''. Physical Review C. 78 ( 3 ). arXiv : 0807.2537. Bibcode : 2008PhRvC... 78c4610Z. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 78.034610. Jump up ^ Grumann, J. ; Mosel, U. ; Fink, B. ; Greiner, W. ( 1969 ). `` Investigation of the stability of superheavy nuclei around Z = 114 and Z = 164 ''. Zeitschrift für Physik. 228 : 371 -- 386. Bibcode : 1969ZPhy... 228... 371G. doi : 10.1007 / BF01406719. Jump up ^ `` Nuclear scientists eye future landfall on a second ' island of stability ' ''. Eurekalert.org. 2008 - 04 - 06. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02. External links Six new isotopes of the superheavy elements discovered ( Oct 26 2010, Physorg news. Inc chart of heavy nuclides ) Exploring the island of superheavy elements ( April 2010, re decay of 117 ; with chart ) Hunting the biggest atoms in the universe ( July 23, 2008 ; claimed finding natural atoms of 122 protons and 170 neutrons ) The hunt for superheavy elements ( April 7, 2008 ; prediction of seaborgium - 290 half - life of 10 years. ) Here be stability ( Nature Aug 2006 with JINR diagram of heavy nuclides and predicted IoS ) Superheavy elements ( Jul 2004 Yuri Oganessian of JINR ) Uut and Uup Add Their Atomic Mass to Periodic Table ( Feb 2004 ) Can superheavy elements ( such as Z = 116 or 118 ) be formed in a supernova ? Can we observe them ? 2004 -- `` maybe '' Second postcard from the island of stability ( Oct 2001 ) nuclides with 116 protons and mass 292 The synthesis of spherical superheavy nuclei in Ca induced reactions Reports the 1999 synthesis of Z = 114, N + Z = 287. New elements discovered and the island of stability sighted ( Aug 1999 ; includes report on article later retracted ) First postcard from the island of nuclear stability ( 1999 ; first few Z = 114 atoms ) NOVA : Island of Stability ( 2006. 13m TV segment, with transcript ) New York Times editorial by Oliver Sacks regarding the Island of Stability theory ( Feb 2004 re 113 and 115 ) Tendency equation and curve of stable nuclides Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Island_of_stability&oldid=809371933 '' Categories : Isotopes Periodic table Radioactivity Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2012 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 18 : 09. 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Question: what is one way the concept of stability is seen in chemistry
Answer: However, scientists have not found a way to carry out such a reaction.