Samma dynasty - wikipedia Samma dynasty For other uses, see Samma. Coordinates : 24 ° 44 ′ 46.02 '' N 67 ° 55 ′ 27.61 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 24.7461167 ° N 67.9243361 ° E ﻿ / 24.7461167 ; 67.9243361 The Samma dynasty سما راڄ 1351 -- 1524 Flag Samma Kingdom at its greatest extent Capital Thatta Common languages Sindhi Kutchi Gujarati in Halar Arabic ( liturgical language ) Religion Islam Hinduism Government Monarchy Jam Samma dynasty begins 1351 Samma dynasty ends 1524 Area 1500 500,000 km ( 190,000 sq mi ) Population 1500 4000000 Preceded by Succeeded by Soomra dynasty Arghun dynasty Today part of Pakistan Afghanistan India The Samma dynasty ( Sindhi : سمن جو راڄ ‎, Urdu : سلسله سماں ‎ ) was a Muslim Rajput power on the Indian Subcontinent, that ruled in Sindh, Kutch, Saurastra and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from c. 1351 to c. 1524 CE, with their capital at Thatta in modern Pakistan ; before being replaced by the Arghun dynasty. The Samma dynasty has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the necropolis of and royalties in Thatta. Contents 1 Background 2 Beginnings 3 History 3.1 Jam Unar 3.2 Jam Salahuddin 3.3 Jam Ali Sher 3.4 Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar 3.5 Jam Taghlak 3.6 Jam Sikandar 3.7 Jam Nizamuddin I 3.8 Jam Sanjar 3.9 Jam Nizamuddin II 3.10 Jam Feruzudin 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources Background Tomb at Uch Sharif Before the Samma dynasty took control, the Sindh was ruled by the Soomra, first as nominal vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo, later as vassals of the Delhi Sultanate, which reached its greatest extent under Muhammad bin Tughluq ( c. 1300 -- 1351 ). The Sammas, a Rajput tribe, gained control of Thatta in the southern Sindh from the Sumras around 1335, and expanded their territory northward to Bhakkar and beyond. In 1361 - 62, Firuz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi Sultanate, invaded Sindh and again brought Sammas under his suzerainty. Throughout the period of the Samma dynasty, Turkic groups were pushing down from the northwest, including those led by Timur ( Tamerlane ) who sacked Delhi in 1398. Sindh remained under control of Khizr Khan, founder of Sayyid dynasty, who was an who was an appointed governor of Sindh and Multan provinces by Timur on his behalf. Sammas remained under Sayyid dynasty till 1451. Later Sammas were finally defeated by the Arghun dynasty, who had been displaced from Kandahar in Afghanistan by Babur, in 1519 -- 1520. Beginnings Information about the early years of the Samma dynasty is very sketchy. We know from Ibn Battuta that in 1333 the Sammas were in rebellion, led by the Rajput founder of the dynasty, Jam Tamachi Unar. The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat, under the protection of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the sultan of Delhi. Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo 's surrender. The Samma dynasty overtook the Sumra dynasty and ruled Sindh during 1365 -- 1521. Around that time, the Sindhi Swarankar community returned from Kutch to their home towns in Sindh, and some settled empty land on the banks of Sindhu River near Dadu, Sindh. By the end of year 1500, nearly the entire Sindhi Swarankar community had returned to Sindh. This period marks the beginning of Sufistic thought and teachings in Sindh. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent. During most of period of Samma rule, the Sindh was politically and economically tied to the Gujarat Sultanate, with occasional periods of friction. Coins struck by the Samma dynasty show the titles `` Sultan '' and `` Shah '' as well as `` Jam '', the Jadeja rulers of western Gujarat also part of Samma tribe and directly descended from Jam Unar, the first Samma sultan of Sindh. Even the Chudasama Rajputs of Gujarat are also part of Samma tribe, who are still Hindu, and distributed in Junagadh District and Bhal Region of Gujarat. History Sultans of Sindh Samma Dynasty `` History of Delhi Sultanate '' by M.H. Syed Jam Unar ( 1336 - 1339 ) Jam Junan ( 1339 - 1352 ) Jam Banhabina ( 1352 - 1367 ) Jam Tamachi ( 1367 - 1379 ) Jam Salahuddin ( 1379 - 1389 ) Jam Nizamuddin I ( 1389 - 1391 ) Jam Ali Sher ( 1391 - 1398 ) Jam Karn ( 1398 ) Jam Fath Khan ( 1398 - 1414 ) Jam Tughluq ( 1414 - 1442 ) Jam Mubarak ( 1442 ) Jam Sikandar ( 1442 - 1444 ) Jam Raidhan ( 1444 - 1453 ) Jam Sanjar ( 1453 - 1461 ) Jam Nizamuddin II ( 1461 - 1508 ) Jam Feruzudin ( 1508 - 1527 ) The Samma dynasty took the title `` Jam '', the equivalent of `` King '' or `` Sultan '', because they claimed to be descended from Jamshid. This is almost certainly fictitious. The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud - din, Abu - ' l - Fazl, Firishta and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology is given in the History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed, at right. Jám Unar Main article : Jam Unar Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by Ibn Battuta, the famous traveller from North Africa ( Ibn Battuta visited Sindh in 1333, and saw Samma 's rebellion against Delhi government ). Jam Unar, the Samma chief, taking advantage of the strained relation between the Soomra and the Sultanate of Delhi, defeated the last Soomra ruler, son of Dodo, and established Samma rule. Jám Saláhuddín Jám Saláhuddìn bin Jám Tamáchí was the successor of his father Jám Tamáchí. He put down revolts in some parts of the country, by sending forces in those directions and punished the ringleaders. Some of these unruly bands fled to Kachh, to which place Jám Saláhuddín pursued them, and in every engagement that took place he defeated them and ultimately subjugated them. He died after a reign of 11 years. Jám Alí Sher Jám Alí Sher bin Jám Tamáchí ruled the country very discreetly. Tamáchí 's other sons Sikandar and Karn, and Fateh Khán son of Sikandar, who had brought ruin on the last Jám, were now conspiring against Jám Alísher. They were therefore looking for an opportunity to fall upon him while he was out enjoying the moonlight as usual. They spent their time in the forests in the vicinity of the town. One Friday night, on the 13th of the lunar month, they took a band of cut - throats with them, and with naked swords attacked Jám Alísher who had come out in a boat to enjoy the moonlight on the quiet surface of the river and was returning home. They killed him, and red - handed they ran to the city, where the people had no help for it but to place one of them, Karan, on the vacant throne. The reign of Jám Alí Sher lasted for seven years. Jám Fateh Khán bin Jám Sikandar Jám Karan was succeeded by his nephew Jám Fateh Khán bin Sikandar. He ruled quietly for some time and gave satisfaction to the people in general. About this time, Mirza Pir Muhammad one of Amir Timur 's grandsons came to Multan and conquered that town and Uch. As he made a long stay there, most of the horses with him died of a disease and his horsemen were obliged to move about as foot - soldiers. When Amir Timur heard of this, he sent 30,000 horses from his own stables to his grandson to enable him to extend his conquests. Pir Muhammad, being thus equipped, attacked those of the zamindars who had threatened to do him harm and destroyed their household property. He then sent a messenger to Bakhar calling the chief men of the place to come and pay respects to him. But these men fearing his vengeance left the place in a body and went to Jesalmer. Only one solitary person, Sayyed Abulghais, one of the pious Sayyeds of the place, went to visit the Mirzá. He interceded for his town - people in the name of his great grandfather, the Prophet, and the Mirzá accepted his intercession. Mirzá Pír Muhammad soon went to Delhi, which place he took and where he was crowned as king. Multan remained in the hands of Langáhs, and Sind in those of the Sammah rulers as before. Jám Taghlak Jám Taghlak was fond of hunting and left his brothers to administer the affairs of state at Sehwán and Bakhar. In his reign some Balóch raised the standard of revolt in the outskirts of Bakhar, but Jám Taghlak marched in the direction and punished their ring - leaders and appointed an outpost in each parganah to prevent any future rebellion of the kind. He died after a reign of 28 years. Jám Sikandar Jám Sikandar bin Jám Taghlak was a minor when he succeeded his father to the throne. The governors of Sehwán and Bakhar shook off their yoke, and prepared to take offensive steps. Jám Sikandar was obliged to march out from Tattá to Bakhar. When he came as far as Nasarpúr, a man by name Mubárak, who during the last Jám 's reign had made himself celebrated for acts of bravery, proclaimed himself king under the name of Jám Mubárak. But as the people were not in league with him, he was driven away within 3 days and information sent to Jám Sikandar, who made peace with his opponents and hastened to Tattá. After a year and a half, he died. Jám Nizámuddín I After Jam Salahuddin 's death, the nobles of the state put his son Jám Nizámuddín I bin Jám Saláhuddín on the throne. Jam Nizamuddin ruled for only a few months. His first act of kindness was the release of his cousins Sikandar, Karn and Baháuddín and Ámar, who had been placed in captivity by the advice of the ministers. He appointed every one of them as an officer to discharge administrative duties in different places, while he himself remained in the capital, superintending the work done by them and other officials in different quarters of the country. Before long, however, his cousins, very ungratefully made a conspiracy among themselves and stealthily coming to the capital attempted to seize him. But Jám Saláhuddín learning their intention in time, left the place at the dead of night with a handful of men and made his escape to Gujrat. In the morning, men were sent after him, but before any information could be brought about him, the people summoned Alísher, son of Jám Tamáchí, who was living in obscurity, and raised him to the throne. Meanwhile, Jám Nizámuddín also died in his flight and his cousins too being disappointed in every thing, lived roving lives. Jám Sanjar Main article : Jam Sanjar On Ráinah 's death, Sanjar ( Radhan ) Sadr al - Din became the Jám of Sind. He is said to have been a very handsome person, and on that account was constantly attended by a large number of persons, who took pleasure in remaining in his company. It is believed that before his coming to the throne, a pious fakír had been very fond of him ; that one day Sanjar informed him that he had a very strong desire to become the king of Tattá though it should be for not more than 8 days ; and that the fakír had given him his blessings, telling him that he would be the king of the place for 8 years. Jám Sanjar ruled the country very wisely. Under no ruler before this had the people of Sind enjoyed such ease of mind. He was very fond of the company of the learned and the pious. Every Friday he used to distribute charities and had fixed periodical allowances for those who deserved the same. He increased the pay of responsible officers. One Kází Maarúf, who had been appointed by the late rulers to be the Kází of Bakhar, was in the habit of receiving bribes from the plaintiffs as well as from the defendants. When this fact came to the notice of Jám Sanjar, he sent for the Kází and asked him about it. The Kází admitted the whole thing. `` Yes '' said he `` I do demand something from the plaintiffs as well as the defendants, and I am anxious to get something from the witnesses too, but before the case closes, they go away and I am disappointed in that. '' Jám Sanjar could not help laughing at this. The Kází continued `` I work in the court for the whole day and my wife and children die of hunger at home, because I get very little pay. '' Jám Sanjar increased his pay and issued general orders for the increase of every government post of importance. Jám Nizámuddín II Main article : Jam Nizamuddin II Jám Nizámuddín II ( 866 -- 914AH, 1461 -- 1508AD ) was the most famous Sultan of the Samma or Jamot dynasty, which ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan ( region ) from 1351 - 1551 CE. He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó. His capital was at Thatta in modern Pakistan. The Samma Sultanate reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age. Shortly after his accession, he went with a large force to Bhakkar, where he spent about a year, during which time he extirpated the freebooters and robbers who annoyed the people in that part of the country. After that, for a period of forty - eight years he reigned at Tatta with absolute power. In the last part of Jám Nindó 's reign, after 1490 CE, a Mughul army under Shah Beg Arghun came from Kandahar and fell upon many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the town of Ágrí, Ohándukah, Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier Darya Khan ( 1 ), which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh - i - Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi, defeated the Mughuls in a pitched battle. Sháh Beg Arghun 's brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in the battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín ( 2 ). Jam Nizamuddin 's death was followed by a war of succession between the cousins Jam Feroz and Jam Salahuddin. Jám feruzudin Main article : Jám Feróz Coin during the rule of Jam Feraz Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam was the last ruler of the Samma dynasty of Sindh. Jám Feróz succeeded his father Jám Nizámuddín at a minor age. Jám Feróz was a young man, and as from the commencement the management of the state affairs was in the hands of his guardian he spent his time in his harem and seldom went out. But he was fearful of his ministers. As a precautionary measure he enlisted in his service Kíbak Arghún and a large number of men belonging to the tribes of Mughuls, who had during his reign, left Sháhbeg Arghún and came to Tattá. Jám Feróz gave them the quarter of the town, called Mughal - Wárah to live in. He secretly flattered himself for his policy in securing the services of intrepid men to check Daryá Khán, but he never for a minute imagined what ruin these very men were destined to bring on him. For, it was through some of these men that Sháhbeg Arghún was induced to invade and conquer Sind in 926 AH ( 1519 AD ) at the Battle of Fatehpur ( 1519 ), which resulted in the displacement of the Sammah dynasty of rulers by that of Arghún. Legacy Tombs at Makli The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural centre was directly related to Jam Ninda 's patronage and policies. At the time the Portuguese took control of the trading centre of Hormuz in 1514 CE, trade from the Sindh accounted for nearly 10 % of their customs revenue, and they described Thatta as one of the richest cities in the world. Thatta 's prosperity was based partly on its own high - quality cotton and silk textile industry, partly on export of goods from further inland in the Punjab and northern India. However, the trade declined when the Mughals took over. Later, due to silting of the main Indus channel, Thatta no longer functioned as a port. The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the Indo - Islamic architectural style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the Makli Hill. It assumed its quasi-sacred character during Jam Ninda 's rule. Every year thousands perform pilgrimage to this site to commemorate the saints buried here. The graves testify to a long period when Thatta was a thriving center of trade, religion and scholarly pursuits. See also List of Sunni Muslim dynasties References Jump up ^ Muslim India before the Mughals, I.H. Qureshi, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2A, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, ( Cambridge University Press, 1980 ), 26. Jump up ^ Census Organization ( Pakistan ) ; Abdul Latif ( 1976 ). Population Census of Pakistan, 1972 : Larkana. Manager of Publications. Jump up ^ Population Census of Pakistan, 1972 : Jacobabad ^ Jump up to : Directions in the History and Archaeology of Sindh by M.H. Panhwar ^ Jump up to : ( History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed ( p240 ), 2005 ISBN 978 - 8 - 12611 - 830 - 4 ) Jump up ^ The Hindu - The world 's largest necropolis Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Hormuz ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. p. 694. Jump up ^ ( The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750 - 1947 : Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama by Claude Markovits, 2000 ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62285 - 1 ) Jump up ^ Archnet.org : Thattah Archived 2012 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. Sources This article incorporates text from the work A History of Sind by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, a publication now in the public domain. Islamic culture - Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board The History and Culture of the Indian People - Page 224, by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri The Delhi Sultanate, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar, A.D. Pusalker Babar, by Radhey Shyam Indo - Arab relations : an English rendering of Arab oʾ Hind ke taʾllugat, by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Sayyid Sulaimān Nadvī, M. Salahuddin Muslim Kingship in India, by Nagendra Kumar Singh The Indus Delta country : a memoir, chiefly on its ancient geography and history, by Malcolm Robert Haig The Samma kingdom of Sindh : historical studies, by G̲h̲ulāmu Muḥammadu Lākho, University of Sind. Institute of Sindology History of Sindh Periods Indus Valley Civilization Sindhu Kingdom Ror dynasty Rai dynasty Brahman dynasty Caliphate Habbari dynasty Soomra dynasty Samma dynasty Arghun dynasty Tarkhan dynasty Mughal Empire Kalhora dynasty Talpur dynasty Bombay Presidency British period Capitals Mohenjo - daro Debal Aror Banbhore Mansura ( Brahmanabad ) Umer Kot Agham Kot Thatta Khudabad Hyderabad Karachi People Hoshu Sheedi Dollah Darya Khan Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Wars & battles Battle of Rasil Battle of Halani Battle of Miani Battle of Hyderabad Battle of Fatehpur Battle of Khari Khabarlo Battle of Kachhi Battle of Jhok Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samma_dynasty&oldid=856222092 '' Categories : History of Sindh Sindhi tribes Samma tribes Lunar dynasty Samma dynasty Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Former country articles categorised by government type Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català فارسی हिन्दी پنجابی Simple English سنڌي اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018, at 18 : 27 ( UTC ). 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Question: the longest serving samma ruler in sindh was
Answer: Jam Nizamuddin II