Respiratory center - wikipedia Respiratory center It has been suggested that Apneustic center be merged into this article. ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2016 ) Respiratory center Respiratory groups in the respiratory center and their influence Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. The respiratory centre is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and also of adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing. Input is stimulated by altered levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH, by hormonal changes relating to stress, and anxiety from the hypothalamus, and also by signals from the cerebral cortex to give a conscious control of respiration. Injury to respiratory groups can cause various breathing disorders that may require mechanical ventilation, and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. Contents 1 Respiratory groups 1.1 Dorsal respiratory group 1.2 Ventral respiratory group 1.3 Pontine respiratory group 1.3. 1 Pneumotaxic center 1.3. 2 Apneustic center 2 Respiratory rhythm 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References Respiratory groups The respiratory centre is divided into three major groups, two in the medulla and one in the pons. The two groups in the medulla are the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group is made up of two areas -- the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. The dorsal and ventral medullary groups control the basic rhythm of respiration. Dorsal respiratory group In the medulla, the dorsal respiratory group makes up the inhalation area of respiratory control. Location : Dorsal portion of medulla Nucleus : Solitary nucleus Ventral respiratory group In the medulla, the ventral respiratory group make up the exhalation area of respiratory control. Location : Antero - lateral part of medulla, about 5 mm anterior and lateral to dorsal respiratory group Nucleus : Nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retro ambiguus. Function : It generally causes expiration but can cause either expiration or inspiration depending upon which neuron in the group is stimulated. It sends inhibitory impulse to the apneustic center. Pontine respiratory group In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers. These have connections between them and from both to the solitary nucleus. Pneumotaxic center Location : Upper part of pons Nuclei : Subparabrachial nucleus and the medial parabrachial nucleus of the parabrachial area. Function : It controls both rate and pattern of breathing. Limit inspiration. Apneustic center Location : Pons ( lower part ) Functions : It discharges stimulatory impulse to the inspiratory center causing inspiration. It receives inhibitory impulse from pneumotaxic center and from stretch receptor of lung. It discharges inhibitory impulse to expiratory center. Respiratory rhythm Further information : Central pattern generator Breathing is the repetitive process of bringing air into the lungs and taking waste products out. The oxygen brought in from the air is a constant, on - going need of an organism to maintain life. This need is still there during sleep so that the functioning of this process has to be automatic and be part of the autonomic nervous system. The in - breath is followed by the out - breath, giving the respiratory cycle of inhalation and exhalation. The number of cycles per minute is the respiratory rate. The respiratory rate is set in the respiratory center by the dorsal respiratory group, in the medulla, and these neurons are mostly concentrated in the solitary nucleus that extends the length of the medulla. The basic rhythm of respiration is that of quiet, restful breathing known as eupnea. Quiet breathing only requires the activity of the dorsal group which activates the diaphragm, and the external intercostal muscles. Exhalation is passive and relies on the elastic recoil of the lungs. When the metabolic need for oxygen increases, inspiration becomes more forceful and the neurons in the ventral group are activated to bring about forceful exhalation. Clinical significance Depression of the respiratory centre can be caused by : brain trauma, brain damage, a brain tumour, or ischemia. A depression can also be caused by drugs including opioids, and sedatives. The respiratory centre can be stimulated by amphetamine, to produce faster and deeper breaths. Normally at therapeutic doses, this effect is not noticeable, but may be evident when respiration is already compromised. See also Control of respiration Cough center Gag reflex Pre-Bötzinger complex References Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard ( 2008 ). Principles of anatomy and physiology ( 12. ed. ). Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley. p. 905. ISBN 978 - 0470 - 23347 - 4. Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian ; Richards, Christopher D. ( 2006 ). Human physiology : the basis of medicine ( 3rd ed. ). Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0. Jump up ^ Song, G ; Poon, CS ( 15 November 2004 ). `` Functional and structural models of pontine modulation of mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes ''. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology. 143 ( 2 - 3 ) : 281 -- 92. doi : 10.1016 / j. resp. 2004.05. 009. PMID 15519561. Jump up ^ Song, Gang ; Yu, Yunguo ; Poon, Chi - Sang ( 2006 ). `` Cytoarchitecture of Pneumotaxic Integration of Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Information in the Rat ''. Journal of Neuroscience. 26 ( 1 ) : 300 -- 10. doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3029 - 05.2006. PMID 16399700. Jump up ^ Hall, John ( 2011 ). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology ( 12th ed. ). Philadelphia, Pa. : Saunders / Elsevier. pp. 505 -- 510. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8. Jump up ^ Derrickson, Bryan ( 2008 ). Principles of anatomy and physiology ( 12th ed. ). Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley. pp. 905 -- 909. ISBN 978 - 0470 - 39234 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Westfall DP, Westfall TC ( 2010 ). `` Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists ''. In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC. Goodman & Gilman 's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics ( 12th ed. ). New York, USA : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 9780071624428. Anatomy of the medulla Grey matter Cranial nuclei afferent : Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior efferent : Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Accessory cuneate nucleus Ventral Ventral respiratory group Arcuate nucleus of medulla Rostral ventromedial medulla Botzinger complex Pre-Bötzinger complex White matter Dorsal Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro - olivary tract Surface Front Pyramid Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus Back Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle Grey Reticular formation Gigantocellular Parvocellular Ventral Lateral Paramedian Raphe nuclei Obscurus Magnus Pallidus Perihypoglossal nuclei Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&oldid=812918661 '' Categories : Brainstem Medulla oblongata Pons Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from November 2017 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017, at 17 : 38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: where is the body’s respiratory center located what is the name of the structure
Answer: in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem