Football helmet - Wikipedia Football helmet The helmet used by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1997 -- 2013. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2009 ) The football helmet is a piece of protective equipment used mainly in American football and Canadian football. It consists of a hard plastic shell with thick padding on the inside, a face mask made of one or more plastic - coated metal bars, and a chinstrap. Each position has a different type of face mask to balance protection and visibility, and some players add polycarbonate visors to their helmets, which are used to protect their eyes from glare and impacts. Helmets are a requirement at all levels of organized football, except for non-tackle variations such as flag football. Although they are protective, players can and do still suffer head injuries such as concussions. Contents 1 History 1.1 Invention 1.2 Early years 1.3 Introduction of advanced materials 2 Modern helmet components 2.1 Inflatable padding 2.2 Visors 2.3 Sensors 2.4 Headsets 2.5 One - bar face masks 3 Recent designs 4 Safety research and testing 4.1 NOCSAE certification 4.2 Current research 4.3 Other research 5 Logo display 5.1 National Football League 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Main article : History of the football helmet Football team, turn of the 20th century Invention One of the first instances of football headgear dates to 1896 when Lafayette College halfback George `` Rose '' Barclay began to use straps and earpieces to protect his ears. It is not certain who invented the football helmet. Many sources give credit for the creation of the helmet to James Naismith, while other sources credit U.S. Naval Academy Midshipman Joseph M. Reeves ( later to become the `` Father of Carrier Aviation '' ), who had a protective device for his head made out of mole skin to allow him to play in the 1893 Army - Navy game. Reeves had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in `` instant insanity '' or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather. Later, helmets were made of padded leather and resembled aviators ' helmets or modern day scrum caps. At least in professional football, they were optional. Some National Football League players, notably Hall - of - Famer Bill Hewitt, played all or most of their careers without a helmet. Early years One innovation from the early 1900s period was hardened leather. 1917 marked the first time helmets were raised above the head in an attempt to direct blows away from the top of the head. Ear flaps also had their downfall during this period as they had little ventilation and made it difficult for players to hear. The 1920s marked the first time that helmets were widely used in the sport of football. These helmets were made of leather and had some padding on the inside, but the padding was insufficient and provided little protection. In addition, they lacked face masks. As a result, injuries were very common. Early helmets also absorbed a lot of heat, making them very uncomfortable to wear. A leather football helmet believed to have been worn by Gerald Ford while playing for the University of Michigan between 1932 and 1934. In 1939, the Riddell Company of Chicago, Illinois started manufacturing plastic helmets because it felt that plastic helmets would be safer than those made of leather. Plastic was found to be more effective because it held its shape when full collision contact occurred on a play. These helmets were also much more comfortable and had more padding to cushion the head in an impact. Included with the plastic helmet came plastic face mask, which allowed the helmet to protect the entire head. By the mid-1940s, helmets were required in the NFL. They were still made of leather, but with improved manufacturing techniques had assumed their more familiar spherical shape. The NFL initially allowed either plastic or leather helmets, but in 1948 the league outlawed the plastic helmet, considering the hard - plastic material to be an injury risk. The NFL repealed this rule in 1949, and by 1950, the plastic helmet had become universal in that league. Introduction of advanced materials By the 1950s, the introduction of polymers ended the leather helmet era. The last leather helmet manufacturer, MacGregor, ceased production of leather helmets in the mid-1960s. The NFL also recommended face masks for players in 1955, reducing the number of broken noses and teeth, but also necessitating new rules prohibiting opposing players from grabbing the face mask. By varying accounts, either Pat Studstill or Garo Yepremian was the last to forgo the facemask ; among non-kickers, Tommy McDonald was the last to do so. Modern helmet components 2015 Cleveland Browns helmet Inflatable padding According to Andrew Tucker, football helmets adequately protected players from catastrophic brain injuries, but helmet manufacturers were motivated to design helmets that decrease the risk of concussions. Vin Ferrara, a former Harvard quarterback, accidentally discovered a new way to cushion football helmets. One night, Ferrara was looking for an aspirin when he saw a squirt bottle in his medicine cabinet. As he pumped it and then punched it, he realized that the bottle withstood the blows of different forces. Ferrara immediately came up with the idea to encase football helmets with a number of inflatable pockets in order to cushion the blows a football player receives and reduce concussions. More recently, in 2003 Schutt sports introduced their football helmets which contained TPU, or thermoplastic urethane. They would argue that this helps cushion the head more than any other helmet in the market. Schutt also believes that TPU makes the helmet less prone to mold and easier overall to clean and keep sanitary. Visors A more recent addition to the football helmet is the visor or eye shield, which is affixed to the face mask to protect players from glare or eye injuries, such as pokes. It is believed that the first player to use a protective visor Mark Mullaney of the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings in 1984, in order to protect a healing eye injury. Top manufacturers of visors are Nike, Oakley, and Under Armour, with Leader being the first to come out with a visor / shield for former Chicago Bears quarterback Jim McMahon ( who needed the visor because of a childhood eye injury ). While Mullaney and McMahon 's visors were tinted, most of the earlier visors were clear or smoked, but they are now offered in a variety of styles ranging from blue, gold, black, rainbow, silver, or amber. High - school and pee - wee leagues prohibit all but clear visors. This rule was enacted so that training staff and coaches can easily view a player 's face and eyes in the case of a serious injury, to discern if the player is conscious. The NCAA banned the use of tinted visors for the same reason, and the NFL has followed suit as well. However, players with eye problems may still obtain special permission to wear tinted visors, some notable examples being LaDainian Tomlinson and Chris Canty. Players from the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs wearing football helmets during a drill in 2004 Sensors Helmet shock data loggers and shock detectors monitor impacts a player receives, such as the force and direction of the impact. If the force recorded by the sensors is over 100 Gs, it signals a possible concussion. ( ) Some players will experience up to 2,000 of these potential concussion blows each season. This data is then analyzed by doctors. New rules have been implemented which instruct that any player who has a particularly high reading of force needs to be taken off the field and examined before they can play another down. Headsets Two Ohio inventors devised a headset for Cleveland Browns coach Paul Brown so he could radio plays to his quarterback. It was banned shortly after its first use in 1956. The NFL approved use of headsets for all NFL teams in 1994. NFL rules state that all helmets equipped with headsets must have a visible green dot on the back. A few times in 2006, the holder on the field goal attempt was told to pull up and throw or run at the last second because of a change the coaches saw on the field. According to the NFL, this gave teams an `` unfair advantage. '' The new rules let each team know who is wearing a headset and hearing the plays being called. Kevin Grady wearing the winged football helmet. One - bar face masks The one - bar face mask was once common but its use has been supplanted in professional and amateur sport. For example, it has been illegal in the National Football League since 2004, but a grandfather clause allowed players who wore the mask prior to 2004 to continue to do so for the remainder of their careers. No current professional player currently wears such a face mask ; the last player to do so was Scott Player, who last played professionally in 2009. Typically, by the mid-1980s only placekickers and punters in professional football in Canada and the United States wore the one - bar face mask, a notable exception being quarterback Joe Theismann. The one - bar had two different variations. The standard one - bar was made from nylon or other hard plastic and was bolted to both side of the helmet just in front of the earholes. There was a `` snub '' version that did not extend as far out in front of the helmet as the standard. Face masks for football helmets today are multibar. The multibar facemasks are typically constructed out of metal, such as titanium, stainless steel, or most commonly carbon steel. Each facemask is coated with Polyarmor G17, a powder coating that is resistant to impact and corrosion. The Polyarmor is a thermoplastic coating used on a number of surfaces. While some organizations purchase new face masks every season, others have their equipment reconditioned. Recent designs In 2002, American football equipment manufacturer Riddell released a new design of helmet called the Revolution. The newer design was released in response to a study on concussions. In addition, Riddell has recently come out with a new design of helmets, the Riddell Speed Flex. This helmet came out in 2014. This new helmet uses elements of Riddell 's older helmets, the 360 and the Revolution, such as Side Impact Protection and All Points Quick Release face mask attachment system. Iowa St Riddell Speed Helmet In 2007, Schutt Sports announced the arrival of a next generation helmet, the Schutt ION 4D. This next generation design was in response to the demand for a safer football helmet. The design includes an integrated face guard. This new face guard design features shock absorbing `` Energy Wedges '' that reduce the force of impacts to the face guard. College teams wearing the helmet include Air Force, Penn State and Virginia. Schutt has also distinguished between their varsity helmets and youth helmets. The varsity helmets from Schutt are made with polycarbonate, which is a very strong polymer designed to take bigger hits. The Schutt youth helmets however ; are made from ABS, which is a lighter material, meant for kids who do not take as powerful of hits. Recently, a brand new type of helmet has come into play. Vicis is a new company that is producing helmets that have a softer outer layer. The softer layer absorbs more energy from impacts. In addition, the inside of the helmet also has a foam like substance which absorbs energy and improves comfort. Safety research and testing NOCSAE certification Main article : National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment Rules in place for NFL, NCAA, and high school football require that all helmets be certified by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment. Reliance on NOCSAE certification has been criticized on numerous grounds, including that organization 's control by equipment manufacturers causes a conflict of interest, testing data that focuses on skull fractures instead of concussions, and failure to take into account new research. The most common NOCSAE test is the drop test. This test uses a 13 - pound dummy head full of sensors and a gelatin material. The head and helmet is dropped from a height of 60 at one of the six NOCSAE specified locations on the helmet. These locations include the front, rear, left side, right side, right boss, and left boss. The sensors in the dummy head measure the amount of force that the head experiences. The NOCSAE has certain regulations such as the peak severity index can never more than1200 SI. If a helmet fails to meet these requirements, they do not pass the NOCSAE drop test. Current research There has been significant study / research regarding head injuries in football, as well as football helmet design in recent years. Kevin Guskiewicz, a professor at The University of North Carolina and a MacArthur Fellow, has for many years been researching concussions in football of all age groups. He has been equipping UNC football helmets with accelerometers to measure impacts and concussions. Also, the NFL has awarded over $1.6 million in sports medical research, almost $1 million of which has been toward concussion prevention. All this concussion prevention research has led football helmet manufacturers to develop safer products. A joint effort between Virginia Tech and Wake Forest has been testing current football helmets and giving them yearly ratings since 2011. On a scale out of 5 stars, only one helmet was awarded a 5 in 2011. In 2012, two additional helmet designs were awarded 5 stars. Controversies revolving around football helmets always regard their ability to decrease head / brain injury rates, including concussions. However, recent research has begun to assess the tests specifically employed to create the safest football equipment. In 2015, David Camarillo at Stanford conducted a study that suggested football helmet tests did not account for the delay between injury - causing brain movement and stress impact. Other research Neuroscientists at Ohio State University launched baseballs from air cannons at football helmets in order to simulate a kick or blow to the head such as a tackle. It was found that the helmets could withstand 2,500 Newtons or about 562 pounds of force. Vijay Gupta, a professor at UCLA, has done research and produced a special polymer that if added as a layer on the inside of football helmets can produce up to a 25 % decrease in the g - forces a player would experience. This reduction of forces would produce a similar amount of reduction of the probability of a player suffering a concussion from the same hits. Logo display National football league In 1948, the Los Angeles Rams were the first NFL team to put logos on their helmets ; the basic `` ram 's horn '' logo on the helmet has remained mostly the same, except for color, ever since. As of 2018 the Cleveland Browns are the last remaining NFL teams not using any form of primary logo on its helmets. The Pittsburgh Steelers are the only NFL team that puts its logo on only one side of the helmet ( the right side ), while the Cincinnati Bengals, after using a wordmark for a helmet logo into the 1980s, use a striping pattern instead of a logo. See also The Helmet Project History of the football helmet References Notes Jump up ^ `` History of the Football Helmet ''. Past Time Sports. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Letters ''. www.helmethut.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018. Jump up ^ Factory Made television program, segment entitled `` Football helmets '', Science Channel. Jump up ^ Shwartz, Alan. ' Helmet Design Absorbs Shock in a New Way ' The New York Times. 2007 https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/27/sports/football/27helmets.html ^ Jump up to : `` The Science of Domination Schutt Sports ''. www.schuttsports.com. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ Keep On Tickin ' Posted 2006 - 08 - 25 : The NCAA hopes its new rules shorten games this season. Jump up ^ University of Denver. `` Most concussions deliver 95 g 's, neuropsychologist says. '' ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 June 2010. < www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100624092526.htm >. Jump up ^ `` In the NFL, Balancing Technology with Tradition - NFL Football Operations ''. operations.nfl.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018. Jump up ^ Riddell : Product Detail Jump up ^ `` Riddell gaining attention with new Speedflex, updated technology ''. NFL.com. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ `` About Riddell Speedflex Helmet - Buy New Football Impact Helmets ''. www.riddell.com. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The Science of Domination - Schutt Sports ''. www.schuttsports.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` This Football Helmet Crumples -- and That 's Good ''. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Borden, Sam ( September 20, 2012 ). `` Despite Risks, N.F.L. Leaves Helmet Choices in Players ' Hands ''. New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Jump up ^ Hillman, Kay ( 2005 ). Introduction To Athletic Training. Human Kinetics. ISBN 9780736052924. Jump up ^ Nelson, David M. ( 1994 ). The Anatomy of a Game : Football, the Rules, and the Men Who Made the Game. University of Delaware. p. 510. ISBN 9780874134551. Jump up ^ Nowinski, Chris ( 2006 ). Head Games : Football 's Concussion Crisis from the NFL to Youth Leagues. pp. 110, 116. ISBN 9781597630139. Jump up ^ Culverhouse, Gay ( 2011 ). Throwaway Players : Concussion Crisis From Pee Wee Football to the NFL. Behler Publications. p. 79. ISBN 9781933016702. Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/rutgersfootball/index.ssf/2017/04/behind_the_scenes_look_at_how_a_rutgers_nfl_or_hig.html Jump up ^ http://nocsae.org/wp-content/files_mf/1436291444ND00213m15MfrdFBHelmetsStandardPerformance.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.unc.edu/spotlight/Guskiewicz-wins-MacArthur Jump up ^ `` NFL Charities awards grants for sports medical research - NFL.com ''. www.nfl.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 01. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24. CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Html5TemplatesDreamweaver.com. `` Virginia Tech Helmet Ratings ''. www.sbes.vt.edu. Retrieved 2 April 2018. Jump up ^ University, Stanford ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ). `` Stanford research : football helmet tests may not account for concussion - prone actions ''. Stanford News. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15. Jump up ^ Fricano, Mike. `` Making football helmets safer to prevent concussions ''. UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved 2 April 2018. Sources Albergotti, Reed and Wang, Shirley S. `` Is it time to retire the football helmet ? '' The Wall Street Journal ( November 11, 2009 ) Bhattacharji, Alex. `` Helmet History '' Sports Illustrated for Kids ( October 1996 ) Copeland, Michael V. `` Crash Pad '' Fortune International ( February 8, 2010 ) p. 8 Schwartz, Alan. `` Concussion - New Football Helmet Design '' The New York Times ( October 27, 2007 ) Tucker, Andrew M. `` Football players head injuries '' House Judiciary FDCH Congressional Testimony ( October 28, 2009 ) Zarda, Brett. `` Butting Heads '' Popular Science ( September 2007 ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to American football helmets. The Official History of the Winged Helmet Gridiron football equipment Ball Goal posts Helmet History Face mask Winged Eyeshield Revolution Uniform Alternate Cleats Number Throwback Pads Shoulder Helmets Individual historical helmets Agighiol Agris Benty Grange Canterbury Ciumeşti Coppergate Coțofenești Coventry Sallet Crosby Garrett Emesa Gevninge Gjermundbu Guilden Morden Guisborough Hallaton Horncastle Iron Gates Lokrume Meyrick Newstead Nijmegen Peretu Pioneer Ribchester Shorwell Staffordshire Sutton Hoo Tjele Venetian Waterloo Witcham Gravel Combat Ancient Attic Boar 's tusk Boeotian Chalcidian Coolus Corinthian Galea Illyrian Imperial Kegelhelm Konos Late Roman ridge Montefortino Negau Phrygian Shmarjet Medieval and Early Modern Armet Aventail Barbute Bascinet Burgonet Cervelliere Close Enclosed Falling buffe Frog - mouth Great Hounskull Kabuto Kettle Kulah khud Lamellenhelm Lobster - tailed pot Mempo Morion Nasal Pickelhaube Sallet Secrete Spangenhelm Turban Viking 1914 -- 1945 Adrian Brodie Bulgarian M36 Danish M1923 German Stahlhelm Greek M1934 / 39 HSAT Italian M33 M42 Duperite M1 M1C Mk III Portuguese M1940 Polish wz. 31 RAC Soviet of WWII SSK 90 Type 92 Tetsubo Swiss L'Eplattenier 1945 -- 1980 CABAL II CCB CG634 GK80 JK 96 Mo 44 E.T.A. M59 / 85 M63 M76 Para Mk IV Mk 6 Mk 7 Modèle 1951 Modèle 1978 MPC - 1 OR - 201 Paratrooper SSh - 60 SSh - 68 Type 66 1980 -- present 6B27 Advanced Combat Enhanced Combat ( Aust ) Enhanced Combat ( US ) GOLFO Head Gear System M92 Iraqi M80 M59 / 85 Iraqi M90 Lightweight Modular Integrated Communications M87 QGF03 Sfera SPECTRA PASGT Athletic Batting Coolflo Bicycle Stackhat Cricket Diving Equestrian Gridiron football Eyeshield Revolution Hockey Lacrosse Motorcycle Racing Scrum cap Ski Work Custodian Firefighter 's Hard hat Riot protection Welding Other Heraldic use Horned Mahiole Tarnhelm Pith American fiber Winged Zuckerman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_helmet&oldid=863503292 '' Categories : American football equipment Canadian football Helmets Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español हिन्दी Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018, at 05 : 37 ( UTC ). 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Question: when did the nfl switch from leather helmets
Answer: by 1950