Carter Doctrine - wikipedia Carter Doctrine A document related to the Carter Doctrine The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23, 1980, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf. It was a response to the Soviet Union 's intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, and was intended to deter the Soviet Union -- the United States ' Cold War adversary -- from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf region. The following key sentence, which was written by Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter 's National Security Adviser, concludes the section : Let our position be absolutely clear : An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force. Brzezinski modeled the wording on the Truman Doctrine, and insisted that the sentence be included in the speech `` to make it very clear that the Soviets should stay away from the Persian Gulf ''. In The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, author Daniel Yergin notes that the Carter Doctrine `` bore striking similarities '' to a 1903 British declaration, in which British Foreign Secretary Lord Landsdowne warned Russia and Germany that the British would `` regard the establishment of a naval base or of a fortified port in the Persian Gulf by any other power as a very grave menace to British interests, and we should certainly resist it with all the means at our disposal ''. Contents 1 Background 2 The doctrine 3 Implementation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background Oil and gas resources in the Persian Gulf region The Persian Gulf region was first proclaimed to be of national interest to the United States during World War II. Petroleum is of central importance to modern armies, and the United States -- as the world 's leading oil producer at that time -- supplied most of the oil for the Allied armies. Many American strategists were concerned that the war would dangerously reduce the U.S. oil supply, and so they sought to establish good relations with Saudi Arabia, a kingdom with large oil reserves. On February 16, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said, `` the defense of Saudi Arabia is vital to the defense of the United States ''. On February 14, 1945, while returning from the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt met with Saudi Arabia 's King Ibn Saud on the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal, the first time a U.S. president had visited the Persian Gulf region. ( During Operation Desert Shield in 1990, U.S. Defense Secretary Dick Cheney cited this landmark meeting between Roosevelt and King Ibn Saud as one of the justifications for sending troops to protect Saudi Arabia 's border. ) The Persian Gulf region continued to be regarded as an area of vital importance to the United States during the Cold War. Three Cold War United States presidential doctrines -- the Truman, Eisenhower, and Nixon doctrines -- played roles in the Carter Doctrine 's formulation. The Truman Doctrine, which stated that the United States would send military aid to countries which were threatened by Soviet communism, was used to strengthen the security of Iran and Saudi Arabia. In October 1950, President Harry Truman wrote to King Ibn Saud that `` the United States is interested in the preservation of the independence and territorial integrity of Saudi Arabia. No threat to your Kingdom could occur which would not be a matter of immediate concern to the United States ''. The Eisenhower Doctrine in turn called for U.S. troops to be sent to the Middle East to defend U.S. allies against their Soviet - backed adversaries. Finally, the Nixon Doctrine 's application provided military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia so that these U.S. allies could ensure peace and stability in the region. In 1979, the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet intervention of Afghanistan prompted the restatement of U.S. interests in the region in the form of the Carter Doctrine. In July 1979, in response to a national energy crisis, President Carter delivered his `` Crisis of Confidence '' speech urging Americans to reduce their energy use to help lessen American dependence on foreign oil supplies. Recently, some scholars have questioned whether Carter 's energy plan, if it had been fully enacted, would have prevented some of the current economic difficulties caused by American dependency on foreign oil. The Doctrine U.S. President Jimmy Carter President Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23, 1980, after stating that Soviet troops in Afghanistan posed `` a grave threat to the free movement of Middle East oil '', proclaimed : The region which is now threatened by Soviet troops in Afghanistan is of great strategic importance : It contains more than two - thirds of the world 's exportable oil. The Soviet effort to dominate Afghanistan has brought Soviet military forces to within 300 miles of the Indian Ocean and close to the Straits of Hormuz, a waterway through which most of the world 's oil must flow. The Soviet Union is now attempting to consolidate a strategic position, therefore, that poses a grave threat to the free movement of Middle East oil. This situation demands careful thought, steady nerves, and resolute action, not only for this year but for many years to come. It demands collective efforts to meet this new threat to security in the Persian Gulf and in Southwest Asia. It demands the participation of all those who rely on oil from the Middle East and who are concerned with global peace and stability. And it demands consultation and close cooperation with countries in the area which might be threatened. Meeting this challenge will take national will, diplomatic and political wisdom, economic sacrifice, and, of course, military capability. We must call on the best that is in us to preserve the security of this crucial region. Let our position be absolutely clear : An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force. Implementation The Carter administration began to build up the Rapid Deployment Force ( which would eventually become CENTCOM ). In the interim, the administration asked Congress to restart Selective Service registration, proposed an increase in military spending, and expanded the U.S. naval presence in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Carter 's successor, Ronald Reagan, extended the policy in October 1981 with what is sometimes called the `` Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine '', which proclaimed that the United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia, whose security was threatened after the Iran -- Iraq War 's outbreak. Thus, while the Carter Doctrine warned away outside forces from the region, the Reagan Corollary pledged to secure internal stability. According to diplomat Howard Teicher, `` with the enunciation of the Reagan Corollary, the policy ground work was laid for Operation Desert Storm ''. See also US - Iran relations Notes Jump up ^ Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle : Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977 - 1981. New York : Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983. ISBN 0 - 374 - 23663 - 1. pg. 444. Jump up ^ A Cold War Legacy of Persian Gulf Conflict, Artsandmedia.net, March 19, 2003, archived from the original on August 19, 2008, retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ ( Yergin 1991, pp. 140, 702 ) Jump up ^ ( Klare 2004, p. 33 ) Jump up ^ ( Klare 2004, p. 36 ) Jump up ^ ( Yergin 1991, p. 428 ) Jump up ^ ( Klare 2004, pp. 33 -- 45 ) Jump up ^ Carter, Jimmy, Crisis of Confidence, The Carter Center, retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 Jump up ^ Wheelan, Joseph ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ), `` Second Hearing for Carter '', Atlanta Journal - Constitution, archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 30, retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 Reprinted at History News Network Jump up ^ Herring, George C. ( 2008 ). From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195078220. Jump up ^ Patterson, James T. ( 2005 ). Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore. New York : Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ Teicher, Howard and Gayle Radley Teicher. Twin Pillars to Desert Storm : America 's Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush. New York : Morrow, 1993. pp. 145 - 6 References Wikisource has original text related to this article : Jimmy Carter 's Third State of the Union Address Klare, Michael ( 2004 ), Blood and Oil : The Dangers and Consequences of America 's Growing Petroleum Dependency, New York : Henry Holt Yergin, Daniel ( 1991 ), The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, New York : Simon & Schuster Further reading Meiertöns, Heiko ( 2010 ) : The Doctrines of US Security Policy - An Evaluation under International Law, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76648 - 7. External links This section may contain lists of external links, quotations or related pages discouraged by Wikipedia 's Manual of Style. Please help integrate this content into the body of the article using in - text citations. ( August 2012 ) National Security Directive - 63 ( PDF ), a policy outline written by Brzezinski and signed by Carter, giving an overview of the goals of the Carter Doctrine. Carter Doctrine and the Gulf War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 1980 State of the Union Address, from the American Presidency Project. Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center Straits, Passages and Chokepoints, A Maritime Geostrategy byJean - Paul Rodriguez Carter Doctrine in Perspective, US Air Force 's College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education ( CADRE ) at Maxwell Air Force Base Nuclear Strategy and the Modern Middle East Interview with Michael Klare, in which he cites the Carter Doctrine as one of the causes of the 2003 Iraq War. `` President Roosevelt and King Abdulaziz - The Meeting at Great Bitter Lake '' `` Crisis of Confidence '' Speech, the speech delivered by then - President Jimmy Carter urging Americans to reduce their use of energy. `` Ancient History '' : U.S. Conduct in the Middle East Since World War II and the Folly of Intervention. CATO Institute Policy Analysis no. 159 Jimmy Carter 39th President of the United States ( 1977 -- 81 ) 76th Governor of Georgia ( 1971 -- 75 ) Presidency Presidency Inauguration Camp David Accords Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty Torrijos -- Carter Treaties National Energy Policy Iran hostage crisis Operation Eagle Claw Island of Stability speech Moral Equivalent of War speech 1979 energy crisis Carter Doctrine Diplomatic Relations with China 1980 Summer Olympics boycott SALT Department of Energy Department of Education Department of Health and Human Services State of the Union Addresses ( 1978 1979 1980 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments controversies Executive Order 12148 Executive Order 12170 Rabbit incident Goldwater v. 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Question: what doctrine called persian gulf oil a vital us interest to be defended by any means necessary
Answer: The Carter Doctrine