Tempel 1 - wikipedia Tempel 1 9P / Tempel Composite of images of nucleus obtained by the Deep Impact impactor Discovery Discovered by Wilhelm Tempel Discovery date April 3, 1867 Orbital characteristics Epoch July 31, 2016 Aphelion 4.748 AU Perihelion 1.542 AU Semi-major axis 3.145 AU Eccentricity 0.5096 Orbital period 5.58 years ( 2,038 days ) Inclination 10.474 ° 7.6 km × 4.9 km ( 4.7 mi × 3.0 mi ) Last perihelion August 2, 2016 Next perihelion March 4, 2022 Tempel 1 ( official designation : 9P / Tempel ) is a periodic Jupiter - family comet discovered by Wilhelm Tempel in 1867. It completes an orbit of the Sun every 5.5 years. Tempel 1 was the target of the Deep Impact space mission, which photographed a deliberate high - speed impact upon the comet in 2005. It was re-visited by the Stardust spacecraft on February 14, 2011 and came back to perihelion in August 2016. Contents 1 Discovery and orbital history 2 Physical characteristics 3 Exploration 3.1 Deep Impact space mission 3.2 NEXT mission 4 Close approaches 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Discovery and orbital history This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2011 ) Tempel 1 was discovered on April 3, 1867, by Wilhelm Tempel, an astronomer working in Marseille. At the time of discovery, it approached perihelion once every 5.68 years ( designations 9P / 1867 G1 and 1867 II ). It was subsequently observed in 1873 ( 9P / 1873 G1, 1873 I, 1873a ) and in 1879 ( 1879 III, 1879b ). Photographic attempts during 1898 and 1905 failed to recover the comet, and astronomers surmised that it had disintegrated. In fact, its orbit had changed. Tempel 1 's orbit occasionally brings it sufficiently close to Jupiter to be altered, with a consequent change in the comet 's orbital period. This occurred in 1881 ( closest approach to Jupiter of 0.55 AU ), lengthening the orbital period to 6.5 years. Perihelion also changed, increasing by 50 million kilometres, rendering the comet far less visible from Earth. Detail of crater - like features on Comet Tempel 1 in image taken by Deep Impact 's impactor Tempel 1 was rediscovered 13 orbits later in 1967 ( as 9P / 1967 L1, 1966 VII ), after British astronomer Brian G. Marsden performed precise calculations of the comet 's orbit that took into account Jupiter 's perturbations. Marsden found that further close approaches to Jupiter in 1941 ( 0.41 AU ) and 1953 ( 0.77 AU ) had decreased both the perihelion distance and the orbital period to values smaller than when the comet was initially discovered ( 5.84 and 5.55 years, respectively ). These approaches moved Tempel 1 into its present libration around the 1 : 2 resonance with Jupiter. Despite an unfavorable 1967 return, Elizabeth Roemer of the Catalina Observatory took several photographs. Initial inspection revealed nothing, but in late 1968 she found a June 8, 1967 exposure ( Tempel 1 had passed perihelion in January ) that held the image of an 18th magnitude diffuse object very close to where Marsden had predicted the comet to be. A single image does not allow an orbit computation, so the next return had to be awaited. Roemer and L.M. Vaughn recovered the comet on January 11, 1972, from Steward Observatory ( 9P / 1972 A1, 1972 V, 1972a ). The comet became widely observed, reached a maximum brightness of magnitude 11 during May, and was last seen on July 10. Since that time the comet has been seen at every apparition, in 1978 ( 1978 II, 1977i ), 1983 ( 1983 XI, 1982j ), 1989 ( 1989 I, 1987e1 ), 1994 ( 1994 XIUX, 1993c ), 2000 and 2005. Its orbital period is 5.515 years. Physical characteristics Tempel 1 in X-ray light by Chandra Tempel 1 is not a bright comet ; its brightest apparent magnitude since discovery has been 11, far below naked - eye visibility. Its nucleus measures 7.6 km × 4.9 km ( 4.7 mi × 3.0 mi ). Measurements taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in visible light and the Spitzer Space Telescope in infrared light suggest a low albedo of only 4 %. A two - day rotation rate was also determined. Exploration This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2011 ) Deep Impact space mission The head - on collision of comet 9P / Tempel and the Deep Impact impactor On 4 July 2005 at 05 : 52 UTC ( 01 : 52 EDT ), Tempel 1 was deliberately struck by one component of the NASA Deep Impact probe, one day before perihelion. The impact was photographed by the other component of the probe, which recorded a bright spray from the impact site. The impact was also observed by earthbound and space telescopes, which recorded a brightening of several magnitudes. The crater that formed was not visible to Deep Impact due to the cloud of dust raised by the impact, but was estimated to be between 100 and 250 meters in diameter and 30 meters deep. The probe 's spectrometer instrument detected dust particles finer than human hair, and discovered the presence of silicates, carbonates, smectite, metal sulfides ( such as fool 's gold ), amorphous carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Water ice was detected in the ejecta. The water ice came from 1 meter below the surface crust ( the devolatized layer around the nucleus ). Next mission ' Before and after ' comparison images from Deep Impact and Stardust, showing the crater formed by Deep Impact on the right hand image. In part because the crater formed during the Deep Impact collision could not be imaged during the initial flyby, on 3 July 2007, NASA approved the New Exploration of Tempel 1 ( or NExT ) mission. The low - cost mission utilized the already existing Stardust spacecraft, which had studied Comet Wild 2 in 2004. Stardust was placed into a new orbit so that it approached Tempel 1. It passed at a distance of approximately 181 km ( 112 mi ) on February 15, 2011, 04 : 42 UTC. This was the first time that a comet was visited twice. On February 15, NASA scientists identified the crater formed by Deep Impact in images from Stardust. The crater is estimated to be 150 m ( 490 ft ) in diameter, and has a bright mound in the center likely created when material from the impact fell back into the crater. Energy of impactor According to NASA `` The impactor delivers 19 Gigajoules ( that 's 4.8 tons of TNT ) of kinetic energy to excavate the crater. This kinetic energy is generated by the combination of the mass of the impactor ( 370 kg ; 816 lbs ) and its velocity when it impacts ( ~ 10.2 km / s ) ''. Also according to NASA, Expected crater dimensions `` The energy from the impact will excavate a crater approximately 100m wide and 28m deep ''. The geometry of the flyby allowed investigators to obtain considerably more three - dimensional information about the nucleus from stereo pairs of images than during Deep Impact 's encounter. Scientists were able to quickly spot locations where an elevated flow - like formation of icy material on the comet 's surface receded due to sublimation between encounters. Close approaches Comets are in unstable orbits that evolve over time due to perturbations and outgassing. Tempel 1 passed within 0.04 AU - or 5.9 million km ( 3.7 million mi ) - of the dwarf planet Ceres on November 11, 2011. Then, as a Jupiter - family comet, it will spend years interacting with the giant planet Jupiter, finally passing within 0.02 AU - or 3.0 million km ( 1.9 million mi ) - of Mars on October 17, 2183. Gallery Tempel 1 from the Stardust spacecraft in 2011 Comparison of Deep Impact and Stardust photos of a smooth elevated feature on the surface of the nucleus showing recession of icy cliffs at the margins. See also Deep Impact Stardust spacecraft References ^ Jump up to : MPC ^ Jump up to : `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser : 9P / Tempel 1 '' ( 2009 - 09 - 23 last obs ). Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16. ^ Jump up to : `` Comet 9P / Tempel 1 ''. The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Deep Impact -- Exploring the Interior of a Comet '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Space Telescopes Sharpen View of Comet for UM - Led Deep Impact ''. www.newswise.com. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10. ^ Jump up to : Lakdawalla, Emily ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ). `` Stardust prepares for first second look at a comet : Tempel 1 on February 14 ''. Planetary Society blog. The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Sunshine, Jessica M. ; Groussin, O. ; Schultz, P.H. ; A'Hearn, M.F. ; Feaga, L.M. ; Farnham, T.L. ; Klaasen, K.P. ( 2007 ). `` The distribution of water ice in the interior of Comet Tempel 1 '' ( PDF ). Icarus. 190 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 294. Bibcode : 2007Icar... 190... 284S. doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2007.04. 024. Jump up ^ Able, D.C. ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ). `` NASA 's Stardust Spacecraft Completes Comet Flyby ''. Stardust - Next Mission. JPL. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ Tony Greicius ( 15 February 2011 ). `` Tempel 1 Impact Site ''. NASA. Retrieved 16 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Lakdawalla, Emily ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ). `` Some early scientific impressions of Stardust 's Tempel 1 flyby ''. The Planetary Society Blog. The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16. ^ Jump up to : `` JPL Close - Approach Data : 9P / Tempel 1 '' ( 2008 - 10 - 25 last obs ). Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06. Further reading A'Hearn, M. F ; et al. ( 2005 ). `` Deep Impact : Excavating comet Tempel 1 ''. Science. 310 : 258 -- 264. Bibcode : 2005Sci... 310... 258A. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1118923. PMID 16150978. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deep Impact ( space mission ). Space.com - Deep Impact NASA - Deep Impact NASA - Stardust - NExT * Tempel 1 natural / contrast - enhanced Four views of Tempel 1 hide Comets Features Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley - type Jupiter - family Encke - type Main - belt Non-periodic Near - parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown - orbit Great Comet Sungrazing ( Kreutz ) Extinct Rock Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Space missions Planned and proposed DESTINY CAESAR Comet Hopper CONDOR CORSAIR CRAF Hayabusa Mk2 Marco Polo Vesta Past and current CONTOUR Deep Impact / EPOXI Deep Space 1 Giotto ICE Rosetta Philae Timeline Sakigake Stardust / NeXT Suisei Ulysses Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Latest C / 2016 U1 ( NEOWISE ) C / 2015 G2 ( MASTER ) C / 2015 F5 ( SWAN - XingMing ) C / 2015 F3 C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) Culture and speculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Fictional comets Comet vintages hide Lists of comets ( more ) Periodic comets Until 1985 ( all ) 1P / Halley 2P / Encke 3D / Biela 4P / Faye 5D / Brorsen 6P / d'Arrest 7P / Pons -- Winnecke 8P / Tuttle 9P / Tempel 10P / Tempel 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 12P / Pons -- Brooks 13P / Olbers 14P / Wolf 15P / Finlay 16P / Brooks 17P / Holmes 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 19P / Borrelly 20D / Westphal 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner 22P / Kopff 23P / Brorsen -- Metcalf 24P / Schaumasse 25D / Neujmin 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup 27P / Crommelin 28P / Neujmin 29P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 30P / Reinmuth 31P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 32P / Comas Solà 33P / Daniel 34D / Gale 35P / Herschel -- Rigollet 36P / Whipple 37P / Forbes 38P / Stephan -- Oterma 39P / Oterma 40P / Väisälä 41P / Tuttle -- Giacobini -- Kresák 42P / Neujmin 43P / Wolf -- Harrington 44P / Reinmuth 45P / Honda -- Mrkos -- Pajdušáková 46P / Wirtanen 47P / Ashbrook -- Jackson 48P / Johnson 49P / Arend -- Rigaux 50P / Arend 51P / Harrington 52P / Harrington -- Abell 53P / Van Biesbroeck 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 56P / Slaughter -- Burnham 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 58P / Jackson -- Neujmin 59P / Kearns -- Kwee 60P / Tsuchinshan 61P / Shajn -- Schaldach 62P / Tsuchinshan 63P / Wild 64P / Swift -- Gehrels 65P / Gunn 66P / du Toit 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko 68P / Klemola 69P / Taylor 70P / Kojima 71P / Clark 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 74P / Smirnova -- Chernykh 75D / Kohoutek 76P / West -- Kohoutek -- Ikemura 77P / Longmore 78P / Gehrels 79P / du Toit -- Hartley 80P / Peters -- Hartley 81P / Wild 82P / Gehrels 83D / Russell 84P / Giclas 85P / Boethin 86P / Wild 87P / Bus 88P / Howell 89P / Russell 90P / Gehrels 91P / Russell 92P / Sanguin 93P / Lovas 94P / Russell 95P / Chiron 96P / Machholz 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 98P / Takamizawa 99P / Kowal 100P / Hartley 101P / Chernykh 102P / Shoemaker After 1985 ( notable ) 103P / Hartley 105P / Singer Brewster 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 111P / Helin -- Roman -- Crockett 114P / Wiseman -- Skiff 128P / Shoemaker -- Holt 139P / Väisälä -- Oterma 144P / Kushida 147P / Kushida -- Muramatsu 153P / Ikeya -- Zhang 163P / NEAT 168P / Hergenrother 169P / NEAT 177P / Barnard 178P / Hug -- Bell 205P / Giacobini 209P / LINEAR 238P / Read 246P / NEAT 252P / LINEAR 255P / Levy 273P / Pons -- Gambart 276P / Vorobjov 289P / Blanpain 311P / PANSTARRS 322P / SOHO 332P / Ikeya - Murakami 354P / LINEAR P / 1997 B1 ( Kobayashi ) P / 2010 B2 ( WISE ) P / 2011 NO1 ( Elenin ) Comet - like asteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron ( 95P ) 4015 Wilson -- Harrington ( 107P ) 7968 Elst -- Pizarro ( 133P ) 165P / LINEAR 166P / NEAT 167P / CINEOS 60558 Echeclus ( 174P ) 118401 LINEAR ( 176P ) 238P / Read 259P / Garradd 311P / PANSTARRS 324P / La Sagra P / 2010 A2 ( LINEAR ) P / 2012 F5 ( Gibbs ) P / 2012 T1 ( PANSTARRS ) P / 2013 R3 ( Catalina - PANSTARRS ) ( 300163 ) 2006 VW139 Lost Recovered 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 15P / Finlay 17P / Holmes 27P / Crommelin 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 69P / Taylor 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 80P / Peters -- Hartley 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 113P / Spitaler 122P / de Vico 157P / Tritton 177P / Barnard 205P / Giacobini 206P / Barnard -- Boattini 271P / van Houten -- Lemmon 273P / Pons -- Gambart 289P / Blanpain Destroyed 3D / Biela 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann D / 1993 F2 ( Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ) Not found D / 1770 L1 ( Lexell ) 5D / Brorsen 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 20D / Westphal 25D / Neujmin 34D / Gale 75D / Kohoutek 83D / Russell Visited by spacecraft 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner ( 1985 ) 1P / Halley ( 1986 ) 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup ( 1992 ) 19P / Borrelly ( 2001 ) 81P / Wild ( 2004 ) 9P / Tempel ( 2005, 2011 ) C / 2006 P1 ( 2007 ) 103P / Hartley ( 2010 ) 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko ( 2014 ) Non-Periodic comets ( notable ) Until 1910 C / - 43 K1 ( Caesar 's Comet ) X / 1106 C1 ( Great Comet of 1106 ) C / 1577 V1 ( Great Comet of 1577 ) C / 1652 Y1 C / 1680 V1 ( Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch 's Comet, Newton 's Comet ) ) C / 1702 H1 ( Comet of 1702 ) C / 1729 P1 ( Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat ) C / 1743 X1 ( Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg - Chéseaux ) C / 1760 A1 ( Great Comet of 1760 ) C / 1769 P1 ( Great Comet of 1769 ) C / 1807 R1 ( Great Comet of 1807 ) C / 1811 F1 ( Great Comet of 1811 ) C / 1819 N1 ( Great Comet of 1819 ) C / 1823 Y1 ( Great Comet of 1823 ) C / 1843 D1 ( Great March Comet of 1843 ) C / 1847 T1 ( Miss Mitchell 's Comet ) C / 1858 L1 ( Comet Donati ) C / 1861 G1 ( Comet Thatcher ) C / 1861 J1 ( Great Comet of 1861 ) C / 1865 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1865 ) X / 1872 X1 ( Pogson 's Comet ) C / 1874 H1 ( Comet Coggia ) C / 1881 K1 ( Comet Tebbutt ) C / 1882 R1 ( Great Comet of 1882 ) C / 1887 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1887 ) C / 1890 V1 ( Comet Zona ) C / 1901 G1 ( Great Comet of 1901 ) C / 1910 A1 ( Great January Comet of 1910 ) After 1910 C / 1911 O1 ( Brooks ) C / 1911 S3 ( Beljawsky ) C / 1927 X1 ( Skjellerup -- Maristany ) C / 1931 P1 ( Ryves ) C / 1941 B2 ( de Kock - Paraskevopoulos ) ( de ) C / 1947 X1 ( Southern Comet ) ( de ) C / 1948 V1 ( Eclipse ) C / 1956 R1 ( Arend -- Roland ) C / 1957 P1 ( Mrkos ) ( de ) C / 1961 O1 ( Wilson - Hubbard ) ( de ) C / 1961 R1 ( Humason ) C / 1962 C1 ( Seki - Lines ) ( de ) C / 1963 R1 ( Pereyra ) C / 1965 S1 ( Ikeya - Seki ) C / 1969 Y1 ( Bennett ) C / 1970 K1 ( White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli ) C / 1973 E1 ( Kohoutek ) C / 1975 V1 ( West ) C / 1980 E1 ( Bowell ) C / 1983 H1 ( IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ) C / 1989 X1 ( Austin ) C / 1989 Y1 ( Skorichenko -- George ) C / 1992 J1 ( Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz ) C / 1993 Y1 ( McNaught -- Russell ) C / 1995 O1 ( Hale -- Bopp ) C / 1996 B2 ( Hyakutake ) C / 1997 L1 ( Zhu -- Balam ) C / 1998 H1 ( Stonehouse ) C / 1998 J1 ( SOHO ) C / 1999 F1 ( Catalina ) C / 1999 S4 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 U5 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 W1 ( Utsunomiya - Jones ) C / 2001 OG108 ( LONEOS ) C / 2001 Q4 ( NEAT ) C / 2002 T7 ( LINEAR ) C / 2004 F4 ( Bradfield ) ( de ) C / 2004 Q2 ( Machholz ) C / 2006 A1 ( Pojmański ) C / 2006 M4 ( SWAN ) C / 2006 P1 ( McNaught ) C / 2007 E2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 F1 ( LONEOS ) C / 2007 K5 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 N3 ( Lulin ) C / 2007 Q3 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2007 W1 ( Boattini ) C / 2008 Q1 ( Matičič ) C / 2009 F6 ( Yi -- SWAN ) C / 2009 R1 ( McNaught ) C / 2010 X1 ( Elenin ) C / 2011 L4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2011 W3 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2012 E2 ( SWAN ) C / 2012 F6 ( Lemmon ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2013 R1 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 V5 ( Oukaimeden ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2015 V2 ( Johnson ) After 1910 ( by name ) Arend -- Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Bowell Bradfield ( de ) Brooks Catalina C / 1999 F1 C / 2013 US10 de Kock -- Paraskevopoulos ( de ) Eclipse Elenin Hale - Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya - Seki IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ISON Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon LINEAR C / 1999 S4 C / 2000 U5 C / 2002 T7 LONEOS C / 2001 OG108 C / 2007 F1 Lovejoy C / 2007 E2 C / 2007 K5 C / 2011 W3 C / 2013 R1 C / 2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz Matičič McNaught C / 2006 P1 C / 2009 R1 McNaught -- Russell Mrkos ( de ) NEAT Oukaimeden Pan-STARRS C / 2011 L4 C / 2012 K1 C / 2012 S4 311P Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki -- Lines ( de ) Siding Spring C / 2007 Q3 C / 2013 A1 Skjellerup -- Maristany Skorichenko -- George SOHO Southern ( de ) Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C / 2006 M4 C / 2012 E2 Utsunomiya -- Jones West White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli Wilson -- Hubbard ( de ) Yi -- SWAN Zhu -- Balam Commons Wikinews Numbered comets Previous 8P / Tuttle Tempel 1 Next 10P / Tempel GND : 7632716 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tempel_1&oldid=839332309 '' Categories : Astronomical objects discovered in 1867 Comets Periodic comets Comets visited by spacecraft Comets in 2011 Comets in 2016 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018, at 19 : 08 ( UTC ). 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Question: comet tempel 1 distance from sun at perihelion
Answer: 1.542 AU