Modulor - wikipedia Modulor Commemorative Swiss coin showing the modulor. The Modulor is an anthropometric scale of proportions devised by the Swiss - born French architect Le Corbusier ( 1887 -- 1965 ). It was developed as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales, the imperial and the metric system. It is based on the height of a man with his arm raised. It was used as a system to set out a number of Le Corbusier 's buildings and was later codified into two books. Contents 1 History 2 Promotion 3 Graphic representation 4 Practical application 4.1 Unité d'Habitation à Marseille 4.2 Church of Sainte Marie de La Tourette 4.3 Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts 5 Publication 6 Commemorative Usage 7 See also 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links History Le Corbusier developed the Modulor in the long tradition of Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci 's Vitruvian Man, the work of Leon Battista Alberti, and other attempts to discover mathematical proportions in the human body and then to use that knowledge to improve both the appearance and function of architecture. The system is based on human measurements, the double unit, the Fibonacci numbers, and the golden ratio. Le Corbusier described it as a `` range of harmonious measurements to suit the human scale, universally applicable to architecture and to mechanical things ''. With the Modulor, Le Corbusier sought to introduce a scale of visual measures that would unite two virtually incompatible systems : the Anglo Saxon foot and inch and the French metric system. Whilst he was intrigued by ancient civilisations who used measuring systems linked to the human body : elbow ( cubit ), finger ( digit ), thumb ( inch ) etc., he was troubled by the metre as a measure that was a forty - millionth part of the meridian of the earth. In 1943, in response to the French National Organisation for Standardisation 's ( AFNOR ) requirement for standardising all the objects involved in the construction process, Le Corbusier asked an apprentice to consider a scale based upon a man with his arm raised to 2.20 m in height. The result, in August 1943 was the first graphical representation of the derivation of the scale. This was refined after a visit to the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences in Sorbonne on 7 February 1945 which resulted in the inclusion of a golden section into the representation. Whilst initially the Modulor Man 's height was based on a French man 's height of 1.75 metres ( 5 ft 9 in ) it was changed to 1.83 m in 1946 because `` in English detective novels, the good - looking men, such as policemen, are always six feet tall ! '' The dimensions were refined to give round numbers and the overall height of the raised arm was set at 2.262 m. Of the works leading to the creation of the Modulor, Robin Evans notes that the female body `` was only belatedly considered and rejected as a source of proportional harmony ''. Promotion On the 10 January 1946, Le Corbusier on a visit to New York met with Henry J. Kaiser, an American industrialist whose Kaiser Shipyard had built Liberty Ships during World War II. Kaiser 's project was to build ten thousand new houses a day, but he had changed his mind and decided to build cars instead. During the interview, Le Corbusier sympathised with Kaiser 's problems of coordinating the adoption of equipment between the American and British armies because of the differences in units of length and promoted his own harmonious scale. On the same trip he met with David E. Lilienthal of the Tennessee Valley Authority to promote the use of his harmonious scale on further civil engineering projects. He also applied the principle of the Modulor to the efficient design of distribution crates in post war France. Graphic representation The graphic representation of the Modulor, a stylised human figure with one arm raised, stands next to two vertical measurements, a red series based on the figure 's navel height ( 1.08 m in the original version, 1.13 m in the revised version ) then segmented according to Phi, and a blue series based on the figure 's entire height, double the navel height ( 2.16 m in the original version, 2.26 m in the revised ), segmented similarly. A spiral, graphically developed between the red and blue segments, seems to mimic the volume of the human figure. The Modulor 2 was drawn by André Maissonier and Justino Serralta. Practical application Le Corbusier used his Modulor scale in the design of many buildings, including : Unité d'Habitation à Marseille In his first book on the subject The Modulor, Le Corbusier has a chapter on the use of the modular in the Unité d'Habitation. The modular governs : the plan, section and elevations ; the brise - soleil ; the roof ; the supporting columns and the plan and section of the apartments. It was also used for the dimensions of the commemorative stone laid on 14 October 1947. A version of the Modulor Man was cast in concrete near the entrance. Church of Sainte Marie de La Tourette In the Church of Sainte Marie de La Tourette Le Corbusier floors the majority of the church in pale concrete panels set to Modulor dimensions. Also, the engineer Iannis Xenakis applied the Modulor system to the design of the exterior vertical ventilators or `` ondulatoires ''. Carpenter Center for the visual Arts In the Carpenter Center the Modulor system was used for the brise - soleil distances, the floor to floor heights, the bay distances and the column thicknesses. Le Corbusier conceived that the dimensioning of the entrance ramp would be `` visible essay on the mathematics of the human body ''. Publication Le Corbusier published Le Modulor in 1948, followed by Modulor 2 in 1955. These works were first published in English as The Modulor in 1954 and Modulor 2 ( Let the User Speak Next ) in 1958. The 2004 reprinted box set including both books was printed in a square format using the Modulor with the series twenty seven to one hundred and forty reduced in size to one tenth. Commemorative usage Back side of the Swiss 10 CHF banknote, showing the Modulor A picture of the Modulor appears on the eighth banknote series on the 10 CHF Swiss banknote dedicated to Le Corbusier. See also Body proportions Ergonomics List of strange units of measurement Preferred number, especially the section about Renard series, which covers a mathematical approach on evenly distributed numbers using geometric sequences, for use in constructing houses or devices. Rudolf Wittkower Rule of thumb Citations ^ Jump up to : Ostwald ( 2001 ), p. 146. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 17. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 20. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 36. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 43. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 56. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 52. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 115. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 53. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 122. Jump up ^ Jorge Nudelman, `` En recuerdo : Justino Serralta, ' arquitecto de comunidades ', 1919 -- 2011 '', Boletín Facultad de Arquitectura UDELAR ( 30 October 2011 ). Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. 131. Jump up ^ Samuel ( 2007 ), p. 62. Jump up ^ Samuel ( 2007 ), p. 83. Jump up ^ Sekler & Curtis ( 1978 ), p. 158. Jump up ^ Sekler & Curtis ( 1978 ), p. 182. Jump up ^ Le Corbusier ( 2004 ), p. back cover. References Sekler, Eduard F. ; Curtis, William ( 1978 ). Le Corbusier at Work : The Genesis of the Carpenter Center for Visual Arts. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. Evans, Robin ( 1995 ). The Projective Cast : Architecture and Its Three Geometries. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. ISBN 0262050498. Le Corbusier ( 2004 ) ( First published in two volumes in 1954 and 1958. ). The Modulor : A Harmonious Measure to the Human Scale, Universally Applicable to Architecture and Mechanics. Basel & Boston : Birkhäuser. ISBN 3764361883. Ostwald, Michael J. ( 2001 ). `` The Modulor and Modulor 2 by Le Corbusier ( Charles Edouard Jeanneret ), 2 volumes. Basel : Birkhäuser, 2000 '' ( PDF ). Nexus Network Journal. 3 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 48. doi : 10.1007 / s00004 - 000 - 0015 - 0. Samuel, Flora ( 2007 ). Corbusier in Detail. Architectural Press. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modulor. 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Mesures usuelles ) German Greek Hungary Icelandic Irish Scottish Italian Latvia Luxembourgian Maltese Norwegian Ottoman Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swedish Switzerland Welsh Winchester measure Asia Afghan Cambodian Chinese Hindu Hong Kong India Indonesian Japanese Korean Mongolian Omani Philippine Pegu Singaporean Sri Lankan Syrian Taiwanese Tatar Thai Vietnamese Africa Algerian Ethiopian Egyptian Eritrean Guinean Libyan Malagasy Mauritian Moroccan Seychellois Somalian South African Tunisian Tanzanian North America Costa Rican Cuban Haitian Honduran Mexico Nicaraguan Puerto Rican South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Ancient Arabic Biblical and Talmudic Egyptian Greek Hindu Indian Mesopotamian Persian Roman List articles Humorous ( FFF system ) Obsolete Unusual Other N - body Modulor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modulor&oldid=812845388 '' Categories : 1948 books 1955 books French non-fiction books Architecture books Architectural design Architectural theory Le Corbusier Units of length Birkhäuser books 1943 introductions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017, at 05 : 44. 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Question: the le modular system of proportion was developed by
Answer: Swiss-born French architect Le Corbusier