Pellagra - wikipedia Pellagra Pellagra The skin features of pellagra including peeling, redness, scaling, and thickening of sun - exposed areas. Specialty Dermatology Symptoms Inflammation of the skin, diarrhea, dementia, sores in the mouth Types Primary, secondary Causes Not enough niacin Diagnostic method Based on symptoms Similar conditions Kwashiorkor, pemphigus, photodermatitis, porphyria Prevention Addressing poverty Treatment Niacin or nicotinamide supplementation. Prognosis Good ( with treatment ), death in ~ 5 years ( without treatment ) Frequency Rare ( developed world ), relatively common ( developing world ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin ( vitamin B ). Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. Areas of the skin exposed to either sunlight or friction are typically affected first. Over time affected skin may become darker, stiff, begin to peel, or bleed. There are two main types of pellagra, primary and secondary. Primary pellagra is due to a diet that does not contain enough niacin and tryptophan. Secondary pellagra is due to a poor ability to use the niacin within the diet. This can occur as a result of alcoholism, long term diarrhea, carcinoid syndrome, Hartnup disease, and a number of medications such as isoniazid. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and may be assisted by urine testing. Treatment is with either niacin or nicotinamide supplementation. Improvements typically begin within a couple of days. General improvements in diet are also frequently recommended. Decreasing sun exposure via sunscreen and proper clothing is important while the skin heals. Without treatment death may occur. It occurs most commonly in the developing world, specifically sub-Saharan Africa. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Pathophysiology 3 Treatment 4 Epidemiology 5 History 5.1 United States 6 Popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Signs and symptoms This child has the skin rash associated with pellagra Person with pellagra with typical skin lesions The classic symptoms of pellagra are diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death ( `` the four Ds '' ). A more comprehensive list of symptoms includes : High sensitivity to sunlight Aggression Dermatitis, alopecia ( hair loss ), edema ( swelling ) Smooth, beefy red glossitis ( tongue inflammation ) Red skin lesions Insomnia Weakness Mental confusion Ataxia ( lack of coordination ), paralysis of extremities, peripheral neuritis ( nerve damage ) Diarrhea Dilated cardiomyopathy ( enlarged, weakened heart ) Eventually dementia J. Frostig and Tom Spies ( acc. to Cleary and Cleary ) described more specific psychological symptoms of pellagra as : Psychosensory disturbances ( impressions as being painful, annoying bright lights, odors intolerance causing nausea and vomiting, dizziness after sudden movements ) Psychomotor disturbances ( restlessness, tense and a desire to quarrel, increased preparedness for motor action ) Emotional disturbances Despite clinical symptoms, blood level of tryptophan or urinary metabolites such as 2 - pyridone / N - methylniacinamide ratio < 2 or NAD / NADP ratio in red blood cells could be used to diagnose pellagra. Diagnosis could be confirmed after rapid improvements in the symptoms in patients using high doses of niacin ( 250 -- 500 mg / day ) or niacin enriched food. Pathophysiology Pellagra can develop according to several mechanisms, classically as a result of niacin ( vitamin B3 ) deficiency, which results in decreased NAD production leading to most of the pathology ( since NAD and its phosphorylated NADP form are cofactors required in many body processes, the pathological impact of pellagra is broad and results in death if not treated ). The first mechanism is simple dietary lack of niacin. Second, it may result from deficiency of tryptophan, an essential amino acid found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and peanuts that the body converts into niacin. Third, it may be caused by excess leucine, as it inhibits quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase ( QPRT ) and inhibits the formation of Niacin or Nicotinic acid to Nicotinamide mononucleotide ( NMN ) causing pellegra like symptoms to occur. Some conditions can prevent the absorption of dietary niacin or tryptophan and lead to pellagra. Inflammation of the jejunum or ileum can prevent nutrient absorption, leading to pellagra, and this can in turn be caused by Crohn 's disease. Gastroenterostomy can also cause pellagra. Chronic alcoholism can also cause poor absorption which combines with a diet already low in niacin and tryptophan to produce pellagra. Hartnup disease is a genetic disorder that reduces tryptophan absorption, leading to pellagra. Alterations in protein metabolism may also produce pellagra - like symptoms. An example is carcinoid syndrome, a disease in which neuroendocrine tumors along the GI tract use tryptophan as the source for serotonin production, which limits the available tryptophan for niacin synthesis. In normal patients, only one percent of dietary tryptophan is converted to serotonin ; however, in patients with carcinoid syndrome, this value may increase to 70 %. Carcinoid syndrome thus may produce niacin deficiency and clinical manifestations of pellagra. Anti-tuberculosis medication tends to bind to vitamin B and reduce niacin synthesis, since B ( aka pyridoxine ) is a required cofactor in the tryptophan - to - niacin reaction. Several therapeutic drugs can provoke pellagra. These include the antibiotics isoniazid, which decreases available B by binding to it and making it inactive, so it can not be used in niacin synthesis, and chloramphenicol ; the anti-cancer agent fluorouracil ; and the immunosuppressant mercaptopurine. Treatment If untreated, pellagra can kill within four or five years. Treatment is with nicotinamide, which has the same vitamin function as niacin and a similar chemical structure, but has lower toxicity. The frequency and amount of nicotinamide administered depends on the degree to which the condition has progressed. Epidemiology Pellagra can be common in people who obtain most of their food energy from maize, notably rural South America, where maize is a staple food. If maize is not nixtamalized, it is a poor source of tryptophan, as well as niacin. Nixtamalization corrects the niacin deficiency, and is a common practice in Native American cultures that grow corn. Following the corn cycle, the symptoms usually appear during spring, increase in the summer due to greater sun exposure, and return the following spring. Indeed, pellagra was once endemic in the poorer states of the U.S. South, such as Mississippi and Alabama, where its cyclical appearance in the spring after meat - heavy winter diets led to it being known as `` spring sickness '' ( particularly when it appeared among more vulnerable children ), as well as among the residents of jails and orphanages as studied by Dr. Joseph Goldberger. Pellagra is common in Africa, Indonesia, and China. In affluent societies, a majority of patients with clinical pellagra are poor, homeless, alcohol - dependent, or psychiatric patients who refuse food. Pellagra was common among prisoners of Soviet labor camps ( the Gulag ). In addition, pellagra, as a micronutrient deficiency disease, frequently affects populations of refugees and other displaced people due to their unique, long - term residential circumstances and dependence on food aid. Refugees typically rely on limited sources of niacin provided to them, such as groundnuts ; the instability in the nutritional content and distribution of food aid can be the cause of pellagra in displaced populations. In the 2000s, there were outbreaks in countries such as Angola, Zimbabwe and Nepal. In Angola specifically, recent reports show a similar incidence of pellagra since 2002 with clinical pellagra in 0.3 % of women and 0.2 % of children and niacin deficiency in 29.4 % of women and 6 % of children related to high untreated corn consumption. In other countries such as the Netherlands and Denmark, even with sufficient intake of niacin, cases have been reported. In this case deficiency might happen not just because of poverty or malnutrition but secondary to alcoholism, drug interaction ( psychotropic, cytostatic, tuberclostatic or analgesics ), HIV, vitamin B and B deficiency, or malabsorption syndromes such as Hartnup and carcinoid. History The traditional food preparation method of maize ( `` corn '' ), nixtamalization, by native New World cultivators who had domesticated corn, required treatment of the grain with lime, an alkali. The lime treatment has been shown to make niacin nutritionally available and reduce the chance of developing pellagra. When maize cultivation was adopted worldwide, this preparation method was not accepted because the benefit was not understood. The original cultivators, often heavily dependent on maize, did not suffer from pellagra ; it became common only when maize became a staple that was eaten without the traditional treatment. Pellagra was first described for its dermatological effect in Spain in 1735 by Gaspar Casal. He explained that the disease causes dermatitis in exposed skin areas such as hands, feet and neck and that the origin of the disease is poor diet and atmospheric influences. His work published in 1762 by his friend Juan Sevillano was titled ' Historia Natural y Medicina del Principado de Asturias ' or Natural and Medical History of the Principality of Asturias ( 1762 ). This led to the disease being known as `` Asturian leprosy '', and it is recognized as the first modern pathological description of a syndrome. It was an endemic disease in northern Italy, where it was named ( in lombard ) pell agra ( agra = holly - like or serum - like ; pell = skin ) by Francesco Frapolli of Milan. With pellagra affecting over 100,000 people in Italy by the 1880s, debates raged as to how to classify the disease ( as a form of scurvy, elephantiasis or as something new ), and over its causation. In the 19th century Roussel started a campaign in France to restrict consumption of maize and eradicated the disease in France, but it remained endemic in many rural areas of Europe. Because pellagra outbreaks occurred in regions where maize was a dominant food crop, the most convincing hypothesis during the late nineteenth century, as espoused by Cesare Lombroso, was that the maize either carried a toxic substance or was a carrier of disease. Louis Sambon, an Anglo - Italian doctor working at the London School of Tropical Medicine, was convinced that pellagra was carried by an insect, along the lines of malaria. Later, the lack of pellagra outbreaks in Mesoamerica, where maize is a major food crop, led researchers to investigate processing techniques in that region. Dr. Joseph Goldberger Pellagra was studied mostly in Europe until the late 19th century when it became an epidemic especially in the southern United States. In the early 1900s, pellagra reached epidemic proportions in the American South. Between 1906 and 1940 more than 3 million Americans were affected by pellagra with more than 100,000 deaths, yet the epidemic resolved itself right after dietary niacin fortification. Pellagra deaths in South Carolina numbered 1,306 during the first ten months of 1915 ; 100,000 Southerners were affected in 1916. At this time, the scientific community held that pellagra was probably caused by a germ or some unknown toxin in corn. The Spartanburg Pellagra Hospital in Spartanburg, South Carolina, was the nation 's first facility dedicated to discovering the cause of pellagra. It was established in 1914 with a special congressional appropriation to the U.S. Public Health Service ( PHS ) and set up primarily for research. In 1915, Joseph Goldberger, assigned to study pellagra by the Surgeon General of the United States, showed it was linked to diet by observing the outbreaks of pellagra in orphanages and mental hospitals. Goldberger noted that children between the ages of six and 12 ( but not older or younger children at the orphanages ) and patients at the mental hospitals ( but not doctors or nurses ) were the ones who seemed most susceptible to pellagra. Goldberger theorized that a lack of meat, milk, eggs, and legumes made those particular populations susceptible to pellagra. By modifying the diet served in these institutions with `` a marked increase in the fresh animal and the leguminous protein foods, '' Goldberger was able to show that pellagra could be prevented. By 1926, Goldberger established that a diet that included these foods, or a small amount of brewer 's yeast, prevented pellagra. Goldberger experimented on 11 prisoners ( one was dismissed because of prostatitis ). Before the experiment, the prisoners were eating the prison fare fed to all inmates at Rankin Prison Farm in Mississippi. Goldberger started feeding them a restricted diet of grits, syrup, mush, biscuits, cabbage, sweet potatoes, rice, collards, and coffee with sugar ( no milk ). Healthy white male volunteers were selected as the typical skin lesions were easier to see in Caucasians and this population was felt to be those least susceptible to the disease, and thus provide the strongest evidence that the disease was caused by a nutritional deficiency. Subjects experienced mild, but typical cognitive and gastrointestinal symptoms, and within five months of this cereal - based diet, six of the 11 subjects broke out in the skin lesions that are necessary for a definitive diagnosis of pellagra. The lesions appeared first on the scrotum. Goldberger was not given the opportunity to experimentally reverse the effects of diet - induced pellagra as the prisoners were released shortly after the diagnoses of pellagra were confirmed. In the 1920s he connected pellagra to the diet of rural areas with corn - based diets rather than infection, contrary to the common medical ideas of that time. Despite all his efforts, few physicians took up his ideas due to necessity of social reform, especially in the land system of that time, which led to many avoidable deaths and stereotypes. Goldberger is remembered as the `` unsung hero of American clinical epidemiology ''. However, he failed to identify a specific element whose absence caused pellagra. In 1937, Conrad Elvehjem, a biochemistry professor at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, showed that the vitamin niacin cured pellagra ( manifested as black tongue ) in dogs. Later studies by Dr. Tom Spies, Marion Blankenhorn, and Clark Cooper established that niacin also cured pellagra in humans, for which Time Magazine dubbed them its 1938 Men of the Year in comprehensive science. Research conducted between 1900 and 1950 found the number of cases of women with pellagra was consistently double the number of cases of afflicted men. This is thought to be due to the inhibitory effect of estrogen on the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to niacin. Some researchers of the time gave a few explanations regarding the difference. Gillman and Gillman related skeletal tissue and pellagra in their research in South African Blacks. They provide some of the best evidence for skeletal manifestations of pellagra and the reaction of bone in malnutrition. They claimed radiological studies of adult pellagrins demonstrated marked osteoporosis. A negative mineral balance in pellagrins was noted, which indicated active mobilization and excretion of endogenous mineral substances, and undoubtedly impacted the turnover of bone. Extensive dental caries were present in over half of pellagra patients. In most cases, caries were associated with `` severe gingival retraction, sepsis, exposure of cementum, and loosening of teeth ''. United States Corn grits, yellow unenriched, dry Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Protein 8.8 g Tryptophan 0.062 g Vitamins Niacin ( B3 ) ( 8 % ) 1.2 mg Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Peanut, valencia, raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Protein 25 g Tryptophan 0.2445 g Vitamins Niacin ( B3 ) ( 86 % ) 12.9 mg Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Pellagra was first reported in 1902 in the United States, and has `` caused more deaths than any other nutrition - related disease in American history '', reaching epidemic proportions in the American South during the early 1900s. Poverty and consumption of corn were the most frequently observed risk factors, but the exact cause was not known, until groundbreaking work by Joseph Goldberger. A 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper explored the role of cotton production in the emergence of disease ; one prominent theory is that `` widespread cotton production displaced local production of niacin - rich foods and driven poor Southern farmers and mill workers to consume milled Midwestern corn, which was relatively cheap but also devoid of the niacin necessary to prevent pellagra. '' The study provided evidence in favor of the theory : there were lower pellagra rates in areas where farmers had been forced to abandon cotton production ( a highly profitable crop ) in favor of food crops ( less profitable crops ) due to boll weevil infestation of cotton crops ( which occurred randomly ). The whole dried corn kernel contains a nutritious germ and a thin seed coat that provides some fiber. There are two important considerations for using ground whole - grain corn. The germ contains oil that is exposed by grinding, thus whole - grain cornmeal and grits turn rancid quickly at room temperature and should be refrigerated. Whole - grain cornmeal and grits require extended cooking times as seen in the following cooking directions for whole - grain grits ; `` Place the grits in a pan and cover them with water. Allow the grits to settle a full minute, tilt the pan, and skim off and discard the chaff and hulls with a fine tea strainer. Cook the grits for 50 minutes if the grits were soaked overnight or else 90 minutes if not. '' Most of the niacin in mature cereal grains is present as niacytin, which is niacin bound up in a complex with hemicellulose which is nutritionally unavailable. In mature corn this may be up to 90 % of the total niacin content. The preparation method of nixtamalization using the whole dried corn kernel made this niacin nutritionally available and reduced the chance of developing pellagra. Niacytin is concentrated in the aleurone and germ layers which are removed by milling. The milling and degerming of corn in the preparation of cornmeal became feasible with the development of the Beall degerminator which was originally patented in 1901 and was used to separate the grit from the germ in corn processing. However this process of degermination reduces the niacin content of the cornmeal. Casimir Funk, who helped elucidate the role of thiamin in the etiology of beriberi, was an early investigator of the problem of pellagra. Funk suggested that a change in the method of milling corn was responsible for the outbreak of pellagra, but no attention was paid to his article on this subject. Pellagra developed especially among the vulnerable populations in institutions such as orphanages and prisons, because of the monotonous and restricted diet. Soon pellagra began to occur in epidemic proportions in states south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers. The pellagra epidemic lasted for nearly four decades beginning in 1906. It was estimated that there were 3 million cases and 100,000 deaths due to pellagra during the epidemic. Popular culture George Sessions Perry 's 1941 novel Hold Autumn in Your Hand -- and Jean Renoir 's 1945 film adaptation of it, The Southerner -- incorporates pellagra ( `` spring sickness '' ) as a major plot element in the story of an impoverished Texas farm family. See also Central chromatolysis Hartnup disease Harriette Chick Zeism References ^ Jump up to : Ngan, Vanessa ( 2003 ). `` Pellagra ''. DermNet New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Orphanet : Pellagra ''. www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : Pitche P ( 2005 ). `` Pellagra ''. Sante. 15 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 8. PMID 16207585. Jump up ^ Hegyi, J. ; Schwartz, R.A. ; Hegyi, V. ( 2004 ). `` Pellagra : Dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea ''. International Journal of Dermatology. 43 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 4632.2004. 01959. x. PMID 14693013. 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PMID 12435525. Jump up ^ Elmore, JG ; Feinstein, AR ( 1994 ). `` Joseph Goldberger : An unsung hero of American clinical epidemiology ''. Annals of Internal Medicine. 121 ( 5 ) : 372 -- 5. doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 121 - 5 - 199409010 - 00010. PMID 8042827. Jump up ^ Ruth Hanna Sachs, White Rose History. Archived 2017 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. Volume I. 2003. Appendix D, p. 2 ISBN 0 - 9710541 - 9 - 3 `` Men of the Year, outstanding in comprehensive science were three medical researchers who discovered that nicotinic acid was a cure for human pellagra : Drs. Tom Douglas Spies of Cincinnati General Hospital, Marion Arthur Blankenhorn of the University of Cincinnati, Clark Niel Cooper of Waterloo, Iowa. '' Jump up ^ Miller DF ( 1978 ). `` Pellagra deaths in the United States ''. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31 ( 4 ) : 558 -- 9. PMID 637029. Jump up ^ Brenton, B.P. ( 2000 ). `` Pellagra, Sex and Gender : Biocultural Perspectives on Differential Diets and Health ''. Nutritional Anthropology. 23 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 4. doi : 10.1525 / nua. 2000.23. 1.20. Jump up ^ Carpenter, K. ( 1981 ). Pellagra. Stroudsburg, PA : Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co. ISBN 0 - 87933 - 364 - 2. Jump up ^ Gillman, J. ; Gillman, T. ( 1951 ). Perspectives in Human Malnutrition : A Contribution to the Biology of Disease from a Clinical and Pathological Study of Chronic Malnutrition and Pellagra in the African. New York, NY : Grune and Stratton. ^ Jump up to : KUMARAVEL, RAJAKUMAR. `` Pellagra in the United States : A Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ). Solving Practical Problems with Mathematics. John F. McGowan, Ph. D. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2014. Jump up ^ Fletcher, Janet. `` WAVES OF GRAIN / Grain glossary ''. SFGate. Hearst. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Simple Buttered Antebellum Coarse Grits ''. Anson Mills. Anson Mills. Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ Ball, George F.M. ( 2005 ). Vitamins In Foods : Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability ; Food Science and Technology. CRC Press. p. 183. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 2697 - 9. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Beall Degerminators General Information ''. Beall Degerminators. Beall Degerminator Company. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014. Jump up ^ Funk C ( 1913 ). `` Studies on pellagra. The influence of the milling of maize on the chemical composition and nutritive value of the meal ''. J Physiol. 47 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 389 -- 392. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1913. sp001631. ^ Jump up to : Alfred JAY Bollet ( 1992 ). `` Politics and Pellagra : The Epidemic of Pellagra in the U.S. in the Early Twentieth Century. ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ). The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 65 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 221. PMC 2589605. PMID 1285449. Jump up ^ Graham, Don ( May 1999 ), `` Cotton Tale '', Texas Monthly. Further reading Hampl JS, Hampl WS ( 1 November 1997 ). `` Pellagra and the origin of a myth : evidence from European literature and folklore ''. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 90 ( 11 ) : 636 -- 9. PMC 1296679. PMID 9496281. `` Reports and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Regular Session Commencing January 11, 1916 ''. Annual Report of the State Board of Health ( 1915 -- 1916 ). Columbia, S.C. : Gonzales and Bryan, state printers. 4. 1916. Beardsley E ( 2006 ). The Spartanburg Pellagra Hospital. In : The South Carolina Encyclopedia. Columbia, S.C : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1 - 57003 - 598 - 9. Swain CP, Tavill AS, Neale G ( September 1976 ). `` Studies of tryptophan and albumin metabolism in a patient with carcinoid syndrome, pellagra, and hypoproteinemia ''. Gastroenterology. 71 ( 3 ) : 484 -- 9. PMID 133045. Hendrick, Burton J. ( April 1916 ). `` The Mastery Of Pellagra : The Mysterious Disease, Almost Unknown In This Country Fifteen Years Ago, That Now Claims 7,500 Victims A Year And Is Spreading Rapidly ''. The World 's Work : A History of Our Time. XXXI : 633 -- 639. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04. Kraut, Alan. `` Dr. Joseph Goldberger and the War on Pellagra, By Alan Kraut, Ph. D. '' Office of History, National Institutes of Health. Web. 03 Sept. 2010. External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : E52 ICD - 9 - CM : 265.2 DiseasesDB : 9730 External resources MedlinePlus : 000342 eMedicine : ped / 1755 Patient UK : Pellagra Pellagra Malnutrition or nutrition disorders ( E40 -- E68, 260 -- 269 ) Malnutrition Protein - energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B : Beriberi / Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome ( Wernicke 's encephalopathy Korsakoff 's syndrome ) B : Riboflavin deficiency B : Pellagra ( Niacin deficiency ) B : Pyridoxine deficiency B : Biotin deficiency B : Folate deficiency B : Vitamin B deficiency Other vitamins A : Vitamin A deficiency / Bitot 's spots C : Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency / Rickets / Osteomalacia E : Vitamin E deficiency K : Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium ( Keshan disease ) Overnutrition Overweight Obesity Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E Mineral overload see inborn errors of metal metabolism, toxicity LCCN : sh85099272 GND : 4607543 - 4 BNF : cb12460505g ( data ) NDL : 00569090 BNE : XX539552 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pellagra&oldid=823287033 '' Categories : Vitamin deficiencies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers RTT RTTID Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Vèneto 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018, at 09 : 51. 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Question: the signs and symptoms of include dermatitis dementia diarrhea
Answer: pellagra