Ajax ( programming ) - wikipedia Ajax ( programming ) `` AJAX '' redirects here. For other uses, see Ajax. Asynchronous Javascript and XML Logo of AJAX First appeared 2005 Filename extensions. js File formats Javascript Influenced by Javascript and XML Ajax ( also AJAX / ˈeɪdʒæks / ; short for `` Asynchronous JavaScript And XML '' ) is a set of Web development techniques using many Web technologies on the client side to create asynchronous Web applications. With Ajax, Web applications can send and retrieve data from a server asynchronously ( in the background ) without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. By decoupling the data interchange layer from the presentation layer, Ajax allows Web pages, and by extension Web applications, to change content dynamically without the need to reload the entire page. In practice, modern implementations commonly utilize JSON instead of XML due to the advantages of JSON being native to JavaScript. Ajax is not a single technology, but rather a group of technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information. The webpage can then be modified by JavaScript to dynamically display -- and allow the user to interact with -- the new information. The built - in XMLHttpRequest object within JavaScript is commonly used to execute Ajax on webpages allowing websites to load content onto the screen without refreshing the page. Ajax is not a new technology, or different language, just existing technologies used in new ways. Contents 1 History 2 Technologies 3 Drawbacks 4 Examples 4.1 JavaScript example 4.2 jQuery example 4.3 Fetch example 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History In the early - to - mid 1990s, most Web sites were based on complete HTML pages. Each user action required that a complete new page be loaded from the server. This process was inefficient, as reflected by the user experience : all page content disappeared, then the new page appeared. Each time the browser reloaded a page because of a partial change, all of the content had to be re-sent, even though only some of the information had changed. This placed additional load on the server and made bandwidth a limiting factor on performance. In 1996, the iframe tag was introduced by Internet Explorer ; like the object element, it can load or fetch content asynchronously. In 1998, the Microsoft Outlook Web App team developed the concept behind the XMLHttpRequest scripting object. It appeared as XMLHTTP in the second version of the MSXML library, which shipped with Internet Explorer 5.0 in March 1999. The functionality of the XMLHTTP ActiveX control in IE 5 was later implemented by Mozilla, Safari, Opera and other browsers as the XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object. Microsoft adopted the native XMLHttpRequest model as of Internet Explorer 7. The ActiveX version is still supported in Internet Explorer, but not in Microsoft Edge. The utility of these background HTTP requests and asynchronous Web technologies remained fairly obscure until it started appearing in large scale online applications such as Outlook Web App ( 2000 ) and Oddpost ( 2002 ). Google made a wide deployment of standards - compliant, cross browser Ajax with Gmail ( 2004 ) and Google Maps ( 2005 ). In October 2004 Kayak.com 's public beta release was among the first large - scale e-commerce uses of what their developers at that time called `` the xml http thing ''. This increased interest in AJAX among web program developers. The term Ajax was publicly used on 18 February 2005 by Jesse James Garrett in an article titled Ajax : A New Approach to Web Applications, based on techniques used on Google pages. On 5 April 2006, the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) released the first draft specification for the XMLHttpRequest object in an attempt to create an official Web standard. The latest draft of the XMLHttpRequest object was published on 30 January 2014. Technologies The conventional model for a Web Application versus an application using Ajax The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of Web technologies that can be used to implement a Web application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page. In the article that coined the term Ajax, Jesse James Garrett explained that the following technologies are incorporated : HTML ( or XHTML ) and CSS for presentation The Document Object Model ( DOM ) for dynamic display of and interaction with data JSON or XML for the interchange of data, and XSLT for its manipulation The XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication JavaScript to bring these technologies together Since then, however, there have been a number of developments in the technologies used in an Ajax application, and in the definition of the term Ajax itself. XML is no longer required for data interchange and, therefore, XSLT is no longer required for the manipulation of data. JavaScript Object Notation ( JSON ) is often used as an alternative format for data interchange, although other formats such as preformatted HTML or plain text can also be used. A variety of popular JavaScript libraries, including JQuery, include abstractions to assist in executing Ajax requests. Asynchronous HTML and HTTP ( AHAH ) involves using XMLHTTPRequest to retrieve ( X ) HTML fragments, which are then inserted directly into the Web page. Drawbacks Any user whose browser does not support JavaScript or XMLHttpRequest, or has this functionality disabled, will not be able to properly use pages that depend on Ajax. Simple devices ( such as smartphones and PDAs ) may not support the required technologies. The only way to let the user carry out functionality is to fall back to non-JavaScript methods. This can be achieved by making sure links and forms can be resolved properly and not relying solely on Ajax. Similarly, some Web applications that use Ajax are built in a way that can not be read by screen - reading technologies, such as JAWS. The WAI - ARIA standards provide a way to provide hints in such a case. Screen readers that are able to use Ajax may still not be able to properly read the dynamically generated content. The same - origin policy prevents some Ajax techniques from being used across domains, although the W3C has a draft of the XMLHttpRequest object that would enable this functionality. Methods exist to sidestep this security feature by using a special Cross Domain Communications channel embedded as an iframe within a page, or by the use of JSONP. The asynchronous callback - style of programming required can lead to complex code that is hard to maintain, to debug and to test. Because of the asynchronous nature of Ajax, each chunk of data that is sent or received by the client occurs in a connection established specifically for that event. This creates a requirement that for every action, the client must poll the server, instead of listening, which incurs significant overhead. This overhead leads to several times higher latency with Ajax than what can be achieved with a technology such as websockets. In pre-HTML5 browsers, pages dynamically created using successive Ajax requests did not automatically register themselves with the browser 's history engine, so clicking the browser 's `` back '' button may not have returned the browser to an earlier state of the Ajax - enabled page, but may have instead returned to the last full page visited before it. Such behavior -- navigating between pages instead of navigating between page states -- may be desirable, but if fine - grained tracking of page state is required, then a pre-HTML5 workaround was to use invisible iframes to trigger changes in the browser 's history. A workaround implemented by Ajax techniques is to change the URL fragment identifier ( the part of a URL after the `` # '' ) when an Ajax - enabled page is accessed and monitor it for changes. HTML5 provides an extensive API standard for working with the browser 's history engine. Dynamic Web page updates also make it difficult to bookmark and return to a particular state of the application. Solutions to this problem exist, many of which again use the URL fragment identifier. On the other hand, as AJAX - intensive pages tend to function as applications rather than content, bookmarking interim states rarely makes sense. Nevertheless, the solution provided by HTML5 for the above problem also applies for this. Depending on the nature of the Ajax application, dynamic page updates may disrupt user interactions, particularly if the Internet connection is slow or unreliable. For example, editing a search field may trigger a query to the server for search completions, but the user may not know that a search completion popup is forthcoming, and if the Internet connection is slow, the popup list may show up at an inconvenient time, when the user has already proceeded to do something else. Excluding Google, most major Web crawlers do not execute JavaScript code, so in order to be indexed by Web search engines, a Web application must provide an alternative means of accessing the content that would normally be retrieved with Ajax. It has been suggested that a headless browser may be used to index content provided by Ajax - enabled websites, although Google is no longer recommending the Ajax crawling proposal they made in 2009. Examples JavaScript example An example of a simple Ajax request using the GET method, written in JavaScript. get - ajax - data. js : / / This is the client - side script. / / Initialize the HTTP request. var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest ( ) ; xhr. open ( ' GET ', ' send - ajax - data. php ' ) ; / / Track the state changes of the request. xhr. onreadystatechange = function ( ) ( var DONE = 4 ; / / readyState 4 means the request is done. var OK = 200 ; / / status 200 is a successful return. if ( xhr. readyState = = = DONE ) ( if ( xhr. status = = = OK ) ( console. log ( xhr. responseText ) ; / / ' This is the output. ' ) else ( console. log ( ' Error : ' + xhr. status ) ; / / An error occurred during the request. ) ) ) ; / / Send the request to send - ajax - data. php xhr. send ( null ) ; send - ajax - data. php : < ? php / / This is the server - side script. / / Set the content type. header ( ' Content - Type : text / plain ' ) ; / / Send the data back. echo `` This is the output. '' ; ? > Many developers dislike the syntax used in the XMLHttpRequest object, so some of the following workarounds have been created. JQuery example The popular JavaScript library jQuery has implemented abstractions which enable developers to use Ajax more conveniently. Although it still uses XMLHttpRequest behind the scenes, the following is the same example as above using the ' ajax ' method. $. ajax ( ( type : ' GET ', url : ' send - ajax - data. php ', dataType : `` JSON '', / / data type expected from server success : function ( data ) ( console. log ( data ) ; ), error : function ( ) ( console. log ( ' Error : ' + data ) ; ) ) ) ; jQuery also implements a ' get ' method which allows the same code to be written more concisely. $. get ( ' send - ajax - data. php ' ). done ( function ( data ) ( console. log ( data ) ; ) ). fail ( function ( data ) ( console. log ( ' Error : ' + data ) ; ) ) ; Fetch example Fetch is a new native JavaScript API. Although not yet supported by all browsers, it is gaining momentum as a more popular way to execute Ajax. According to Google Developers Documentation, `` Fetch makes it easier to make web requests and handle responses than with the older XMLHttpRequest. '' fetch ( ' send - ajax - data. php ' ). then ( function ( response ) ( return response. text ( ) ; ) ). then ( function ( data ) ( console. log ( data ) ; ) ). catch ( function ( error ) ( console. log ( ' Error : ' + error ) ; ) ) ; As seen above, fetch relies on JavaScript promises. See also ActionScript Comet ( programming ) ( also known as Reverse Ajax ) Google Instant HTTP / 2 List of Ajax frameworks Node. js Rich Internet application WebSocket HTML5 Javascript References ^ Jump up to : Jesse James Garrett ( 18 February 2005 ). `` Ajax : A New Approach to Web Applications ''. AdaptivePath.com. Retrieved 19 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Ajax - Web developer guides ''. MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Ullman, Chris ( March 2007 ). Beginning Ajax. wrox. ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 10675 - 4. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` JSON : The Fat - Free Alternative to XML ''. www.json.org. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` Article on the history of XMLHTTP by an original developer ''. Alexhopmann.com. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Specification of the IXMLHTTPRequest interface from the Microsoft Developer Network ''. Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14. Jump up ^ Dutta, Sunava ( 2006 - 01 - 23 ). `` Native XMLHTTPRequest object ''. IEBlog. Microsoft. Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Dynamic HTML and XML : The XMLHttpRequest Object ''. Apple Inc. Retrieved 25 June 2008. Jump up ^ Hopmann, Alex. `` Story of XMLHTTP ''. Alex Hopmann 's Blog. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Ajax ''. Aaron Swartz. 22 December 2005. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Jump up ^ English, Paul. `` Kayak User Interface ''. OFFICIAL KAYAK.COM TECHNOBLOG. Retrieved 22 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The XMLHttpRequest Object ''. World Wide Web Consortium. 5 April 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2008. Jump up ^ van Kesteren, Anne ; Jackson, Dean. `` The XMLHttpRequest Object ''. W3.org. W3C. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ Kesteren, Anne ; Aubourg, Julian ; Song, Jungkee ; Steen, Hallvord R.M. `` XMLHttpRequest Level 1 ''. W3.org. W3C. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` JavaScript Object Notation ''. Apache.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008. Jump up ^ `` Speed Up Your Ajax - based Apps with JSON ''. DevX.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008. Jump up ^ Quinsey, Peter. `` User - proofing Ajax ''. Jump up ^ `` WAI - ARIA Overview ''. W3C. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010. Jump up ^ Edwards, James ( 5 May 2006 ). `` Ajax and Screenreaders : When Can it Work ? ''. sitepoint.com. Retrieved 27 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Access Control for Cross-Site Requests ''. World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Secure Cross-Domain Communication in the Browser ''. The Architecture Journal ( MSDN ). Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Jump up ^ Cuthbertson, Tim. `` What is asynchronous programming, and why is it so damn awkward ? ''. GFX Monk. Retrieved 19 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Selenium documentation : Fetching a Page ''. Selenium. Retrieved 6 October 2011. It is worth noting that if your page uses a lot of Ajax on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded. If you need to ensure such pages are fully loaded, then you can use Explicit and Implicit Waits. Jump up ^ Pimentel, Victoria ; Nickerson, Bradford G. ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ). `` Communicating and Displaying Real - Time Data with WebSocket ''. Internet Computing, IEEE. 16 ( 4 ) : 45 -- 53. doi : 10.1109 / MIC. 2012.64. ^ Jump up to : `` Why use Ajax ? ''. InterAKT. 10 November 2005. Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Deep Linking for AJAX ''. ^ Jump up to : `` HTML5 specification ''. Retrieved 21 October 2011. Jump up ^ Hendriks, Erik ( 23 May 2014 ). `` Official news on crawling and indexing sites for the Google index ''. Google. Retrieved 24 May 2015. Jump up ^ Prokoph, Andreas ( 8 May 2007 ). `` Help Web crawlers efficiently crawl your portal sites and Web sites ''. IBM. Retrieved 22 April 2009. Jump up ^ http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/deprecating-our-ajax-crawling-scheme.html External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to AJAX ( programming ). Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : AJAX Ajax : A New Approach to Web Applications -- Article that coined the Ajax term and Q&A Ajax ( programming ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Ajax Tutorial with GET, POST, text and XML examples. Web interfaces Server - side Protocols HTTP CGI SCGI FCGI AJP WSRP WebSocket Server APIs C NSAPI C ASAPI C ISAPI COM ASP Java servlet container CLI OWIN ASP.NET Handler Python WSGI Ruby Rack JavaScript JSGI Perl PSGI Lua WSAPI Portlet container Apache modules mod_jk mod_lisp mod_mono mod_parrot mod_perl mod_php mod_proxy mod_python mod_wsgi mod_ruby Phusion Passenger Topics Web resource vs. Web service Open API Webhook Application server comparison Scripting Client - side Browser APIs C NPAPI LiveConnect XPConnect C NPRuntime C PPAPI NaCl ActiveX BHO XBAP Web APIs W3C Audio Canvas CORS DOM DOM events EME File Geolocation IndexedDB MSE SSE SVG Video WebRTC WebSocket Web messaging Web storage Web worker XMLHttpRequest WebAssembly Khronos WebCL WebGL Others Gears Web SQL Database ( formerly W3C ) Topics Ajax vs. DHTML Mashup Web IDL Scripting Topics Dynamic web page Open Web Platform Rich Internet application Web application JavaScript Code analysis JSHint JSLint Transcompilers Babel. js CoffeeScript Dart Emscripten Google Closure Compiler Google Web Toolkit Morfik TypeScript AtScript Opa Haxe ClojureScript WebSharper Concepts Ajax Client - side Dynamic HTML JavaScript library JavaScript syntax Unobtrusive JavaScript Debuggers Firebug Komodo IDE Microsoft Script Debugger Microsoft Script Editor Opera Dragonfly Venkman Web Inspector Doc generators JSDoc Editors ( comparison ) Ace Cloud9 IDE Atom CodeMirror Light Table Brackets Koding Orion Visual Studio Visual Studio Express Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Team Services Engines Comparison of engines DOM support List of ECMAScript engines List of JavaScript engines Frameworks Comparison of JavaScript frameworks List of JavaScript libraries Related technologies Cascading Style Sheets Document Object Model HTML JSON WebAssembly Package managers npm NuGet Server - side Active Server Pages CommonJS JSGI Node. js Wakanda Unit testing Jasmine Mocha QUnit List of JavaScript unit testing frameworks People Douglas Crockford Brendan Eich John Resig GND : 7515401 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajax_(programming)&oldid=853158321 '' Categories : Ajax ( programming ) Cloud standards Inter-process communication Web 2.0 neologisms Web development Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with example JavaScript code Articles with example PHP code Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018, at 20 : 20 ( UTC ). 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Question: which type of script would be useful in processing data sent to a server by an ajaxian webpage
Answer: Javascript