Gerund - wikipedia Gerund Not to be confused with the Gerundive. A gerund ( / ˈdʒɛrənd, - ʌnd / abbreviated GER ) is a verb form that functions as a noun. Although similar to a verbal noun, the two are not identical, as a gerund retains properties of a verb, whereas a verbal noun does not ; in English this is most evident in the fact that a gerund can be modified by an adverb and can take a direct object. The term `` - ing form '' is often used in English to refer to the gerund specifically. Traditional grammar made a distinction within - ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern, linguistically informed grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Contents 1 Traditional use of the term 2 Latin gerund 2.1 Form 2.2 Function 3 Gerunds in various languages 4 Gerunds in English 4.1 Formation 4.2 Examples of use 4.3 Distinction from other uses of the - ing form 4.4 Roles of `` gerund '' clauses in a sentence 4.5 `` Gerund '' clauses with a specified subject 4.6 Verb patterns classified as `` gerund '' use 4.6. 1 Verbs followed by `` gerund '' pattern 4.6. 1.1 Pattern 4a : I remember seeing her 4.6. 1.2 Pattern 5a : She kept coming 4.6. 1.3 Pattern 4b : I remember her coming. 4.6. 1.4 Pattern 5b : We kept her coming 4.6. 1.5 Pattern 6a : She ended up coming 4.6. 1.6 Pattern 6b : She wasted time coming 4.6. 2 Verbs followed by either `` gerund '' or to - infinitive pattern 4.6. 2.1 Patterns 4a and 3a : I remember seeing her and She remembered to come 4.6. 2.2 Patterns 4a, 4b, 3a and 3b : I remember coming, She remembered to come, I remember her coming and I reminded her to come 4.6. 2.3 Patterns 4a and 3b : I remember coming and I reminded her to come 4.6. 2.4 Patterns 4b and 3b : I remember her coming and I reminded her to come 4.6. 2.5 Patterns 5a and 3a : She kept coming and She remembered to come 4.6. 3 Verbs followed by either `` gerund '' or bare infinitive pattern 4.6. 3.1 Patterns 4b and 2 : I remember her coming and I saw her come 4.7 Borrowings of English - ing forms in other languages 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Traditional use of the term This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2016 ) The Latin gerund, in a restricted set of syntactic contexts, denotes the sense of the verb in isolation after certain prepositions, and in certain uses of the genitive, dative, and ablative cases. It is very rarely combined with dependent sentence elements such as Object. To express such concepts, the construction with the adjectival gerundive is preferred. By contrast, the term gerund has been used in the grammatical description of other languages to label verbal nouns used in a wide range of syntactic contexts and with a full range of clause elements. Thus, English grammar uses gerund to mean an - ing form used in non-finite clauses such as playing on computers. This is not a normal use of the Latin gerund. Moreover, the clause may function within a sentence as subject or object, which is impossible for a Latin gerund. Playing on computers is fun. ( - ing clause as Subject ) I like playing on computers ( - ing clause as Object ) The contrast with the Latin gerund is also clear when the clause consists of a single word. Computing is fun. ( so - called `` gerund '' as Subject ) I like computing ( so - called `` gerund '' as Object ) Latin never uses the gerund in this way, since the infinitive is available. Traditional English grammar distinguishes non-finite clauses used as above from adverbial use, adjective - like modification of nouns, and use in finite progressive ( continuous ) forms Playing on computers, they whiled the day away. The boys playing on computers are my nephews. They are always playing on computers. In these uses playing is traditionally labelled a participle. Traditional grammar also distinguishes - ing forms with exclusively noun properties as in I work in that building contrast so - called `` gerund '' I like building things That is a good painting contrast so - called `` gerund '' I like painting pictures Her writing is good contrast so - called `` gerund '' I like writing novels The objection to the term gerund in English grammar is that - ing forms are frequently used in ways that do not conform to the clear - cut three - way distinction made by traditional grammar into gerunds, participles and nouns. Latin gerund Further information : Latin syntax § The gerund, and Latin conjugation § Gerund Form The Latin gerund is a form of the verb. It is composed of : the infectum stem ( the stem used to form Present and Imperfect tense forms ) a vowel appropriate to the verb class or conjugation of the verb the suffix - nd - a nominal Inflectional ending For example, laud - - a - - nd - - um, - ī, - ō First conjugation laudandum ' the act of praising ' mon - - e - - nd - - um, - ī, - ō Second conjugation monendum ' the act of warning ' leg - - e - - nd - - um, - ī, - ō Third conjugation legendum ' the act of reading ' capi - - e - - nd - - um, - ī, - ō Third conjugation capiendum ' the act of taking ' audi - - e - - nd - - um, - ī, - ō Fourth conjugation audiendum ' the act of hearing ' Related gerundive forms are composed in a similar way with adjectival inflexional endings. Function The four inflections are used for a limited range of grammatical functions Case Function Example Translation Notes Nominative Subject no example infinitive used Accusative Object no example infinitive used After preposition canes alere ad venandum ' to rear dogs for hunting ' after ad, in, ob and occasionally other prepositions Genitive Modifying abstract noun pugnandi tempus ' time for ( lit. of ) fighting ' nouns include occasio, tempus, causa, gratia Dative Expressing purpose auscultando operam dare ' apply effort to listening ' after verbs e.g. studeo, operam dare and adjectives e.g. natus, optimus Ablative Instrumental pugnando cepimus ' we took by fighting ' became undistinguishable from participle use, thus providing the gerundio forms in Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, which are used instead of forms derived from Latin present participles These functions could be fulfilled by other abstract nouns derived from verbs such as vẽnãtiõ ' hunting '. Gerunds are distinct in two ways. Every Latin verb can regularly form a gerund A gerund may function syntactically in the same way as a finite verb. Typically the gerund of a finite verb may be followed by a direct object e.g. ad discernendum vocis verbis figuras ' for discerning figures of speech ', hominem investigando opera dabo ' I will devote effort to investigating the man '. However, this was a rare construction. Writers generally preferred the gerundive construction e.g. res evertendae reipublicae ' matters concerning the overthrow of the state ' ( literally ' of the state being overthrown ' ). When grammars of languages such as English came to be written based on works of Latin grammar, the term gerund was used to label non-finite verb forms with these two properties. Gerunds in various languages Meanings of the term gerund as used in relation to various languages are listed below. Latin has the non-finite gerundium, formed with in - andum, - endum and noun inflexions. It is the syntactic equivalent to a noun, except in the nominative and accusative cases, which use the infinitive. In particular the ablative case forms ( - ando, - endo ) were used adverbially. Latin grammars written in English use the form gerund. See the section above for further detail. Several Romance languages have inherited the form, but without case inflections. They use it in primarily in an adverbial function, comparably to the Latin ablative use. The same form may be used in an adjectival function and to express progressive aspect meaning. These languages do not use the term present participle. Grammars of these languages written in English may use the form gerund. Italian gerundio : stem form + - ando or - endo Spanish gerundio : stem form + - ando or - iendo Portuguese gerúndio : stem form + - ando, - endo or - indo Romanian gerunziu : stem form + - ând or - ind Catalan and French have inherited not the gerund form but the Latin present participle form in - nt. Catalan gerundi : stem form + - ant or - ent French stem form + - ant. French grammar maintains a distinction between : participe présent when the form is used adjectivally, and may be inflected for gender and number. gérondif when the form is used adverbially, without inflection, generally after the preposition en. In Modern French, the gérondif can not be used to express progressive meaning. Grammars of French written in English may use the forms gerundive and present participle. In the earliest stages of the West Germanic languages, the infinitive was inflected after a preposition. These dative and, more rarely, genitive case forms are sometimes called gerundium or gerund or West Germanic gerund. Old English to berenne ( to bear ) dative of beran Old High German zi beranne dative of beran Old Saxon berannia dative of beran Old Frisian beranne The modern continental successor languages German and Dutch have preserved a few vestiges of these forms, which are sometimes termed gerundium. Frisian preserves the original distinction, e.g. West Frisian freegje ( `` ask '' ) - te freegjen English has no vestige of the West Germanic gerund. Traditional grammar uses the term gerund for the - ing form of a verb when it is used as a noun ( for example, the verb reading in the sentence `` I enjoy reading. '' ). See the sections below for further detail. In Dutch, it translates either the term `` gerundium '' or the description `` zelfstandig gebruikte, verbogen onbepaalde wijs van het werkwoord ''. The infinitive form of the verb is used as gerund, e.g. Zwemmen is gezond. Since Afrikaans has by and large lost explicit morphological marking of the infinitive form of the verb, verb stems are used as gerunds, e.g. Swem is gesond. In Arabic, it refers to the verb 's action noun, known as the masdar form ( Arabic : المصدر ). This form ends in a tanwin and is generally the equivalent of the - ing ending in English. In Persian, it refers to the verb 's action noun, known as the ism - masdar form ( Persian : اسم مصدر ). In Hebrew, it refers either to the verb 's action noun, or to the part of the infinitive following the infinitival prefix ( also called the infinitival construct ). In Hungarian, it practically refers to the verbal noun, formed by appending a suffix. Common suffixes are - ás ( adás, giving ), - és ( kérés, asking ). In Japanese, it designates verb and verbals adjective forms in dictionary form paired with the referral particle no, which turns the verbal into a concept or property noun, or also can refer to the - te form of a verb. In Korean, it refers to the word ' 것 ' ( ' thing ' ) modified by the adjective form of the verb. In Bulgarian, it translates the term деепричастие ( deepriʧastije ). It refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix - йки ( - jki ) to the verb form, like ходи ( hodi, he / she / it walks ) - ходейки ( hodejki, while walking ) In Macedonian, it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix - јќи ( - jki ) to the verb form, like in јаде ( jade, he eats ) -- јадејќи ( jadejki, while eating ). In Turkish, it refers to a large number of verb endings subject to vowel harmony and sometimes used in conjunction with postpositions. Turkish gerunds may act as an adverb or constitute a part of an ( adverbial ) clause. In Polish, it refers to the verbal noun, formed by appending a suffix. Common suffixes are - anie ( pływanie, swimming ), - enie ( jedzenie, eating ). In Russian, it translates the term деепричастие ( deepriʧastije ) an adverbial participle formed with the suffixes - я ( - ja ) Present ; - в ( - v ) or - вши ( - vʃi ) Past. In other languages, it may refer to almost any non-finite verb form ; however, it most often refers to an action noun, by analogy with its use as applied to English or Latin. Gerunds in English In traditional grammars of English, the term gerund labels an important use of the form of the verb ending in - ing ( for details of its formation and spelling, see English verbs ). Other important uses are termed participle ( used adjectivally or adverbially ), and as a pure verbal noun. An - ing form is termed gerund when it behaves as a verb within a clause ( so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object ) ; but the resulting clause as a whole ( sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself ) functions as a noun within the larger sentence. For example, consider the sentence `` Eating this cake is easy. '' Here, the gerund is the verb eating, which takes an object this cake. The entire clause eating this cake is then used as a noun, which in this case serves as the subject of the larger sentence. An item such as eating this cake in the foregoing example is an example of a non-finite verb phrase ; however, because phrases of this type do not require a subject, it is also a complete clause. ( Traditionally, such an item would be referred to as a phrase, but in modern linguistics it has become common to call it a clause. ) A gerund clause such as this is one of the types of non-finite clause. The structure may be represented as follows : Subject Verb Complement STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE Eating this cake is easy ( no subject ) Verb Object STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE eating this cake Formation Non-finite verb forms ending in - ing, whether termed gerund or participle may be marked like finite forms as Continuous or Non-continuous, Perfect or Non-perfect, Active or Passive. Thus, traditional grammars have represented the gerund as having four forms -- two for the active voice and two for the passive : Active Passive Present or Continuous Loving Being loved Perfect Having loved Having been loved The same forms are available when the term participle is used. Examples of use The following sentences illustrate some uses of gerund clauses, showing how such a clause serves as a noun within the larger sentence. In some cases, the clause consists of just the gerund ( although in many such cases the word could equally be analyzed as a pure verbal noun ). Swimming is fun. ( gerund as subject of the sentence ) I like swimming. ( gerund as direct object ) I never gave swimming all that much effort. ( gerund as indirect object ) Eating biscuits in front of the television is one way to relax. ( gerund phrase as subject ) Do you fancy going out ? ( gerund phrase as direct object ) On being elected president, he moved with his family to the capital. ( gerund phrase as complement of a preposition ) Using gerunds of the appropriate auxiliary verbs, one can form gerund clauses that express perfect aspect and passive voice : Being deceived can make someone feel angry. ( passive ) Having read the book once before makes me more prepared. ( perfect ) He is ashamed of having been gambling all night. ( perfect progressive aspect ) For more detail on when it is appropriate to use a gerund, see Verb patterns classified as gerund use below, and also § § Uses of English verb forms ​ and Gerund. Distinction from other uses of the - ing form In traditional grammars, gerunds are distinguished from other uses of a verb 's - ing form : the present participle ( which is a non-finite verb form like the gerund, but is adjectival or adverbial in function ), and the pure verbal noun or deverbal noun. The distinction between gerund and present participles is not recognised in modern reference grammars, since many uses are ambiguous. Roles of `` gerund '' clauses in a sentence Non finite - ing clauses may have the following roles in a sentence : Role Example Subject Eating cakes is pleasant. Extraposed subject It can be pleasant eating cakes. Subject Complement What I 'm looking forward to is eating cakes Direct object I ca n't stop eating cakes. Prepositional object I dreamt of eating cakes. Adverbial He walks the streets eating cakes. Part of noun phrase It 's a picture of a man eating cakes. Part of adjective phrase They are all busy eating cakes. Complement of preposition She takes pleasure in eating cakes. In traditional grammars the term gerund is not used for roles F, G, and H. Thus 1. John suggested asking Bill. Subject Verb Object STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE John suggested asking Bill Role D object -- traditionally asking is a `` gerund '' ( no subject ) Verb Object STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE asking Bill 2. I heard John asking Bill. Subject Verb Object STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE heard John asking Bill Role G adverbial -- traditionally asking is a `` participle '' Subject Verb Object STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE John asking Bill 3. Playing football is enjoyable Subject Verb Complement STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE Playing football is enjoyable Role A subject -- traditionally playing is a `` gerund '' ( no subject ) Verb Object STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE playing football 4. Her playing of the Bach fugues was inspiring. Subject Verb Complement STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE Her playing of the Bach fugues was inspiring Possessive Head Postmodifier STRUCTURE OF NOUN PHRASE Her playing of the Bach fugues Noun phrase, not clause -- playing is a verbal noun ( also termed deverbal noun ) For more details and examples, see - ing : uses. `` Gerund '' clauses with a specified subject In traditional grammars, a grammatical subject has been defined in such a way that it occurs only in finite clauses, where it is liable to ' agree ' with the ' number ' of the finite verb form. Nevertheless, non-finite clauses imply a ' doer ' of the verb, even if that doer is indefinite ' someone or something '. For example, We enjoy singing. ( ambiguous : somebody sings, possibly ourselves ) Licking the cream was a special treat ( somebody licked the cream ) Being awarded the prize is a great honour ( someone is or may be awarded the prize ) Often the ' doer ' is clearly signalled We enjoyed singing yesterday ( we ourselves sang ) The cat responded by licking the cream ( the cat licked the cream ) His heart is set on being awarded the prize ( he hopes that he himself will be awarded the prize ) Meg likes eating apricots ( Meg herself eats apricots ) However, the ' doer ' may not be indefinite or already expressed in the sentence. Rather it must be overtly specified, typically in a position immediately before the non-finite verb We enjoyed them singing. The cat licking the cream was not generally appreciated. We were delighted at Paul being awarded the prize. The ' doer ' expression is not the grammatical subject of a finite clause, so objective them is used rather than subjective they. Traditional grammarians may object to the term subject for these ' doers '. And prescriptive grammarians go further, objecting to the use of forms more appropriate to the subjects ( or objects ) of finite clauses. The argument is that this results in two noun expressions with no grammatical connection. They prefer to express the ' doer ' by a possessive form, such as used with ordinary nouns : We enjoyed their singing. ( cf their voices, their attempt to sing ) The cat 's licking the cream was not generally appreciated. ( cf the cat 's purr, the cat 's escape ) We were delighted at Paul 's being awarded the prize. ( cf Paul 's nomination, Paul 's acceptance ) The possessive construction with - ing clauses is actually very rare in present - day English. Works of fiction show a moderate frequency, but the construction is highly infrequent in other types of text. Prescriptivists do not object when the non-finite clause modifies a noun phrase I saw the cat licking the cream. The sense of the cat as notional subject of licking is disregarded. Rather they see the cat as exclusively the object of I saw The modifying phrase licking the cream is therefore described as a participle use. Henry Fowler claims that the use of a non-possessive noun to precede a gerund arose as a result of confusion with the above usage with a participle, and should thus be called fused participle or geriple. It has been claimed that if the prescriptive rule is followed, the difference between the two forms may be used to make a slight distinction in meaning : The teacher 's shouting startled the student. ( shouting is a gerund, the shouting startled the student ) The teacher shouting startled the student. ( shouting can be interpreted as a participle, qualifying the teacher ; the teacher startled the student by shouting ) I do n't like Jim 's drinking wine. ( I do n't like the drinking ) I do n't like Jim drinking wine. ( I do n't like Jim when he is drinking wine ) However, Quirk et al. show that the range of senses of - ing forms with possessive and non-possessive subjects is far more diverse and nuanced : Sentence Meaning The painting of Brown is as skilful as that of Gainsborough. a. ' Brown 's mode of painting ' b. ' Brown 's action of painting ' Brown 's deft painting of his daughter is a delight to watch. ' It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints his daughter. ' Brown 's deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch. a. ' It is a delight to watch Brown 's deft action of painting. ' b. ' It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints. ' I dislike Brown 's painting his daughter. a. `` I dislike the fact that Brown paints his daughter. ' b. ' I dislike the way that Brown paints his daughter. ' I dislike Brown painting his daughter. ' I dislike the fact that Brown paints his daughter ( when she ought to be at school ). ' I watched Brown painting his daughter. a. ' I watched Brown as he painted his daughter. ' b. ' I watched the process of Brown ( 's ) painting his daughter. ' Brown deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch. a. ' It is a delight to watch Brown 's deft action of painting his daughter ' b. ' It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints his daughter. ' These sentence exemplify a spectrum of senses from more noun - like to more verb -- like. At the extremes of the spectrum they place at the noun end ( where possessive Brown 's unmistakably expresses ownership ) : Noun phrase Meaning some paintings of Brown 's a. ' some paintings that Brown owns ' b. ' some paintings painted by Brown ' Brown 's paintings of his daughters a. paintings depicted his daughter and painted by him ' b. ' paintings depicting his daughter and painted by somebody else but owned by him ' and at the verb end ( where Brown 's would clearly be impossible ) : Sentence Meaning Painting his daughter, Brown noticed that his hand was shaking. ' while he was painting ' Brown painting his daughter that day, I decided to go for a walk. ' since Brown was painting his daughter ' The man painting the girl is Brown. ' who is painting ' The silently painting man is Brown. ' who is silently painting ' Brown is painting his daughter. In some cases, particularly with a non-personal subject, the use of the possessive before a gerund may be considered redundant even in quite a formal register. For example, `` There is no chance of the snow falling '' ( rather than the prescriptively correct `` There is no chance of the snow 's falling '' ). Verb patterns classified as `` gerund '' use The term gerund describes certain uses of - ing clauses as ' complementation ' of individual English verbs, that is to say the choice of class that are allowable after that word. The principal choices of clauses are Clause type Example Subject of clause Possessive Passive equivalent 1. finite I remember that she came. overt grammatical subject she impossible That she came is remembered. -- more frequent : It is remembered that she came. 2. bare infinitive I saw her come. her acts as object of saw and subject of come impossible not possible 3a. to - infinitive without subject She remembered to come. notional subject ' understood ' as identical to she n.a. not possible 3b. to - infinitive with subject I reminded her to come. her acts as object of reminded and subject of to come impossible She was reminded to come. 4a. - ing without subject I remember seeing her come. notional subject ' understood ' as identical to I n.a. rare but possible : Seeing her come is remembered. 4b. - ing with subject I remember her coming. her acts as object of remember and subject of coming possible rare but possible : Her coming is remembered. 5a. - ing without subject She kept coming. notional subject ' understood ' as identical to she n.a. not possible 5b. - ing with subject We kept her coming. her acts as object of kept and subject of coming impossible She was kept coming. 6a. - ing without subject She ended up coming. notional subject ' understood ' as identical to she n.a. not possible 6b. - ing without subject She wasted time coming. notional subject ' understood ' as identical to she n.a. Her time was wasted coming. The term gerund is applied to clauses similar to ( 4a ) and ( 4b ). In ( 6a ) and ( 6b ) coming is related to the so - called participle use as an adverbial. in ( 5a ) and ( 5b ) the verbs kept and coming refer to the same event. Coming is related to the progressive aspect use in She is coming. Verbs such as start and stop, although similar to verbs like keep, are generally classified with verbs like remember. Therefore, She started coming is termed a gerund use. The proposed test of passivisation to distinguish gerund use after remember from participle use after keep fails with sentences like ( 5b ). The proposed test of possible possessive subject successfully distinguishes ( 4b ) ( traditional gerund ) from ( 5b ) ( traditionally participle ). The variant * We kept Jane 's coming is not grammatically acceptable. The variant I remember Jane 's coming is acceptable -- indeed required by prescriptive grammarians Verbs followed by `` gerund '' pattern Historically, the - ing suffix was attached to a limited number of verbs to form abstract nouns, which were used as the object of verbs such as like. The use was extended in various ways : the suffix became attachable to all verbs ; the nouns acquired verb - like characteristics ; the range of verbs allowed to introduce the form spread by analogy first to other verbs expressing emotion, then by analogy to other semantic groups of verbs associated with abstract noun objects ; finally the use spread from verbs taking one - word objects to other semantically related groups verbs. The present - day result of these developments is that the verbs followed by - ing forms tend to fall into semantic classes. The following groups have been derived from analysis of the commonest verbs in the COBUILD data bank : Pattern 4a : I remember seeing her ' LIKE ' AND ' DISLIKE ' GROUP adore, appreciate, ( can not ) bear, ( not ) begrudge, detest, dislike, ( can not ) endure, enjoy, hate, like, loathe, love, ( not ) mind, mind, prefer, relish, resent, ( can not ) stand, ( can not ) stomach, ( not ) tolerate, take to dread, ( not ) face. fancy, favour, fear, look forward to ' CONSIDER ' GROUP anticipate, consider, contemplate, debate, envisage, fantasise, imagine, intend, visualise ' REMEMBER ' GROUP forget, miss, recall, recollect, regret, remember, ( can not ) remember ' RECOMMEND ' GROUP acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, debate, deny, describe, forbid, mention, prohibit, propose, recommend, report, suggest, urge ' INVOLVE ' GROUP allow, entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate, permit, preclude, prevent, save ' POSTPONE ' GROUP defer, delay, postpone, put off ' NEED ' GROUP deserve, need, require, want ' RISK ' GROUP chance, risk OTHERS WITH - ING OBJECT discourage, encourage, endure, mime, practise, get away with, go into. go towards, go without, play at Pattern 5a : She kept coming In addition, the COBUILD team identifies four groups of verbs followed by - ing forms that are hard to class as objects. In the verb + - ing object construction the action or state expressed by the verb can be separated from the action or state expressed by the - ing form. In the following groups, the senses are inseparable, jointly expressing a single complex action or state. Some grammarians do not recognise all these patterns as gerund use. ' START ' AND ' STOP ' GROUP begin, cease, come, commence, continue, finish, get, go, ( not ) go, keep, quit, resume, start, stop, burst out, carry on, fall about, fall to, give over, give up, go about, go around / round, go on, keep on, leave off, take to ' AVOID ' GROUP avoid, ( not ) bother, escape, evade, forbear, omit, ( can not ) resist, shun, hold off ' TRY ' GROUP chance, risk, try ' GO RIDING ' GROUP come, go Pattern 4b : I remember her coming Verbs with this pattern do not normally allow the ' subject ' of the - ing clause to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as * She is remembered coming. The COBUILD Guide analyses her coming as the single object of I remember. Many of the verbs that allow pattern 4a ( without object ) also allow this pattern. ' LIKE ' GROUP ( verbs from the above ' LIKE ' AND ' DISLIKE ', ' DREAD AND LOOK FORWARD TO ', ' CONSIDER ' and ' REMEMBER ' groups ) anticipate, envisage, appreciate, ( can not ) bear, ( not ) begrudge, contemplate, dislike, dread, envisage, fear, forget, hate, ( will not ) have, imagine, like, ( not ) mind, picture, recall, recollect, remember, ( not ) remember, resent, see, stand, tolerate, visualise, want, put up with ' REPORT ' GROUP ( subset of the above ' RECOMMEND ' GROUP ) describe, mention, report ' ENTAIL ' GROUP ( subset of the above ' INVOLVE ' GROUP ) entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate ' STOP ' GROUP ( subset of the above ' START ' AND ' STOP ' GROUP ) avoid, preclude, prevent, prohibit, resist, save, stop ' RISK ' GROUP ( identical with above ) chance, risk Pattern 5b : We kept her coming In contrast to Pattern 4b, these verbs allow the ' subject ' of the - ing clauses to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as She was kept coming. The COBUILD guide analyses her coming as a string of two objects of We kept : -- ( 1 ) her and ( 2 ) coming. ' SEE ' GROUP catch, feel, find, hear, notice, observe, photograph ( usually passive ), picture ( usually passive ), see, show, watch ' BRING ' GROUP bring, have, keep, leave, send, set Pattern 6a : She ended up coming These verbs refer to starting, spending or ending time. The following - ing form is an adverbial, traditionally classed as a participle rather than a gerund. die, end up, finish up, hang around, start off, wind up Pattern 6b : She wasted time coming These verbs also relate to time ( and, by extension, money ). The object generally expresses this concept. However, the object of busy or occupy must be a reflexive pronoun e.g. She busied herself coming. The following - ing form is an adverbial, generally classed as a participle rather than a gerund. begin, busy, end, finish, kill, occupy, pass, spend, start, take, waste Verbs followed by either `` gerund '' or to - infinitive pattern Like the - ing suffix, the to - infinitive spread historically from a narrow original use, a prepositional phrase referring to future time. Like the - ing form it spread to all English verbs and to form non-finite clauses. Like the - ing form, it spread by analogy to use with words of similar meaning. A number of verbs now belong in more than one class in their choice of ' complementation '. Patterns 4a and 3a : I remember seeing her and She remembered to come Verbs in both ' START ' AND ' STOP ' ( - ing ) GROUP and ' BEGIN ' ( ' to + infinitive ) GROUPS begin, cease, come, commence, continue, get, start, Also go on -- with different meanings She went on singing -- ' She continued singing ' She went on to sing -- ' Afterwards, she sang ' She went on at me to sing -- ' She nagged me to sing ' ( i.e. that I should sing ) Superficially, stop appears to be used in the 3a ( to - infinitive ) pattern She stopped to sing -- ' She stopped in order to sing ' However, the phrase to sing is quite separate and separable She stopped for a moment to sing She stopped what she was doing to sing And the phrase may be used in all manner of sentences She travelled to Paris to sing She abandoned her husband and her children to sing Verbs in both ' DREAD ' AND LOOK FORWARD TO ' ( - ing ) GROUP and ' HOPE ' ( ' to + infinitive ) GROUPS dread, fear Verb in both ' CONSIDER ' ( - ing ) GROUP and ' HOPE ' ( ' to + infinitive ) GROUPS intend Verb in both ' REMEMBER ' ( - ing ) GROUP and ' MANAGE ' ( ' to + infinitive ) GROUPS remember -- with different meanings I remembered going -- ' I remembered that I had previously gone ' I remembered to go -- ' I remembered that I had to go, so I did go ' Verbs in both ' NEED ' ( - ing ) GROUP and ' NEED ' ( ' to + infinitive ) GROUPS deserve, need Patterns 4a, 4b, 3a and 3b : I remember coming, She remembered to come, I remember her coming and I reminded her to come Verbs in both ' LIKE AND DISLIKE ' ( - ing ) and WITH OBJECT ( to - infinitive ) GROUPS hate, like, love, prefer Unlike other Pattern 3b verbs, the object is indivisible He hates his wife to stand out in a crowd does not mean He hates his wife With would there is often a difference of meaning I like living in Ambridge -- ' I live in Ambridge, and I like it ' I would like to live in Ambridge -- ' I do n't live in Ambridge, but I have a desire to live there in the future ' I would like living in Ambridge -- ' I do n't live in Ambridge, but if I ever did live there, I would enjoy it ' There is an apparent similarity between I like boxing -- ' I box and I enjoy it ' I like boxing -- ' I watch other people boxing and I enjoy it ' However, only the former meaning is possible with an extended non-finite clause I like boxing with an experienced opponent -- ' I like it when I box with an experienced opponent ' Patterns 4a and 3b : I remember coming and I reminded her to come Verbs in both ' RECOMMEND ' ( - ing ) and ' TELL ' or ' NAG ' AND ' COAX ' ( to - infinitive ) GROUPS advise, forbid, recommend, urge These verbs do not admit - ing Pattern 4b with a word serving as object of the RECOMMEND verb. However they can be used with a possessive ' subject ' of the - ing form. I advised leaving -- ' I advised somebody ( unidentified ) that we ( or the person or people that we have in mind ) should leave ' I advised him to leave -- ' I advised him that he should leave ' but not * I advised him leaving I advised his leaving -- ' I advised somebody ( unidentified ) that he should leave Verbs in both ' CONSIDER ' ( - ing ) and ' BELIEVE ' or ' EXPECT ' ( to - infinitive ) GROUPS consider, intend Patterns 4b and 3b : I remember her coming and I reminded her to come Verbs in both the ' SEE ' ( - ing ) and ' OBSERVE ' ( to - infinitive ) GROUPS hear, see, observe The to - inifnitive pattern occurs in passive clauses e.g. She was seen to come. Corresponding active clauses use the bare infinitive pattern, e.g., We saw her come. Verbs in both the ' SEE ' ( - ing ) and ' BELIEVE ' ( to - infinitive ) GROUPS feel, find, show ( usually passive ) Verb in both the ' ENTAIL ' subgroup ( - ing ) and the ' EXPECT ' ( to - infinitive ) GROUPS mean -- with different meanings That means her going tomorrow -- ' In that case she 'll go tomorrow ' We mean her to go tomorrow -- ' We intend that she 'll go tomorrow ' She 's meant to be here tomorrow -- ' It is intended that she 'll be here tomorrow ' She 's meant to be here now -- ' It was intended that she should be here now, but she is n't ' Patterns 5a and 3a : She kept coming and She remembered to come Verb in both the ' TRY ' ( - ing ) and ' TRY ' ( to - infinitive ) GROUPS try -- with different meanings She tried leaving -- ' She left in order to see what might happen ( or how she might feel ) ' She tried to leave -- ' She attempted to leave ' Verbs followed by either `` gerund '' or bare infinitive pattern Patterns 4b and 2 : I remember her coming and I saw her come Verb in both the ' SEE ' ( - ing ) and ' SEE ' ( bare infinitive ) GROUPS feel. hear, notice, see, watch These patterns are sometimes used to express different meanings I saw him leaving -- ' I saw him as he was leaving ' I saw him leave -- ' I saw him as he left ' Borrowings of English - ing forms in other languages English verb forms ending in - ing are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases, they become pseudo-anglicisms, taking on new meanings or uses not found in English. For instance, camping means `` campsite '' in many languages, while parking often means a car park. Both these words are treated as nouns, with none of the features of the so - called `` gerund '' in English. For more details and examples, see - ing words in other languages. In popular culture In the Molesworth books by Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle, Searle included a series of cartoons on the `` private life of the gerund '', intended to parody the linguistic snobbery of Latin teachers ' striving after strict grammatical correctness and the difficulty experienced by students in comprehending the construction. Owen Johnson 's `` Lawrenceville Stories '' feature a Latin teacher who constantly demands that his students determine whether a given word is a gerund or a gerundive. In an episode of Dan Vs., `` The Ninja '', after Dan 's milk carton exploded from the ninja 's shuriken, a teenager said to Dan `` Drinking problem much ? '' and Dan complained that the sentence had no verb, just a gerund. In Alan Bennett 's play, ' The History Boys ', Dakin, when flirting with Irwin, states that ' your sucking me off ' is a gerund and ' would please Hector '. See also Gerundive Infinitive Non-finite verb Participle Verbal noun References Jump up ^ Wells, John C. ( 2008 ), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed. ), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180 Jump up ^ Palmer, L.R., 1954, The Latin Language, London. Faber and Faber. Jump up ^ Palmer, L.R., 1954, The Latin Language, London. Faber and Faber. Jump up ^ Terence, Andria 57. Jump up ^ Palmer 1954 Jump up ^ Prokosch, E. 1939. A Comparative Germanic Grammar. Philadelphia. Linguistic Society of America for Yale University. Jump up ^ Harbert, Wayne. 2007 The Germanic Language. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052101511 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Websterdefinition ''. WordNet 1.7. 1. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 19. A noun formed from a verb ( such as the ' - ing ' form of an English verb when used as a noun ). Jump up ^ FT Wood, 1961, `` NESFIELD 'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR, COMPOSITION AND USAGE, MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LTD., p 78 '' Jump up ^ Quirk, Raymond, Sidney Greembaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Scartvik, 1985, A Comprehensive Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman, London ISBN 0582517346, pp 1290 - 1293 Jump up ^ Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K Pullum, 2002, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521431468. pp 1220 - 1222 Jump up ^ Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finnegan, 1999, Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Harlowe, Perason Education Limited. pp 201 - 202. Jump up ^ Biber et al p 750 Jump up ^ H.W. Fowler, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 1926 Jump up ^ Penguin guide to plain English, Harry Blamires ( Penguin Books Ltd., 2000 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 051430 - 8 pp. 144 - 146 Jump up ^ Quirk et al pp 1290 - 1291 Jump up ^ Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1 : Verbs. 1996. London. Harper Collins. ISBN 0003750620. p 61 Jump up ^ Los, Bettelou. A Historical Syntax of English. 2015, Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. pp 129 - 138 Jump up ^ COBUILD ( 1996 ) pp 83 - 86 Jump up ^ COBUILD ( 1996 ) pp 81 - 82 Jump up ^ `` The Private Life of the Gerund ''. Molesworth. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. ; ( 1 ) External links Gerund at Wikibooks The dictionary definition of gerund at Wiktionary Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animate / Inanimate Attributive Common / Proper Countable / Mass / Collective Initial - stress - derived Relational Strong / Weak Verbal / Deverbal Verb Forms Finite / Non-finite Attributive Converb Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle ( adjectival adverbial ) Supine Verbal noun Types Accusative Ambitransitive Andative / Venitive Anticausative Autocausative Auxiliary Captative Catenative Compound Copular Defective Denominal Deponent Ditransitive Dynamic ECM Ergative Frequentative Impersonal Inchoative Intransitive Irregular Lexical Light Modal Monotransitive Negative Performative Phrasal Predicative Preterite - present Reflexive Regular Separable Stative Stretched Strong Transitive Unaccusative Unergative Weak Adjective Collateral Demonstrative Nominalized Possessive Postpositive Adverb Genitive Conjunctive Flat Locative Interrogative Prepositional Pronominal Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Disjunctive Distributive Donkey Dummy Formal / Informal Gender - neutral Gender - specific Inclusive / Exclusive Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Objective Personal Possessive Prepositional Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Resumptive Subjective Weak Preposition / postposition Inflected Casally modulated Stranded Conjunction Determiner Article Demonstrative Interrogative Possessive Quantifier Classifier Measure word Particle Discourse Interrogative Modal Noun Possessive Complementizer Other Yes and no Copula Coverb Expletive Interjection ( verbal ) Preverb Pro-form Pro-sentence Pro-verb Procedure word Prop - word Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerund&oldid=840550180 '' Categories : Syntactic entities Verb types Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Estremeñu فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Latina Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 16 : 30. 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Question: what is the meaning of gerunds in english
Answer: a verb form that functions as a noun