White - collar crime - wikipedia White - collar crime hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( September 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2016 ) Criminology and penology Theory Anomie Biosocial criminology Broken windows Collective efficacy Crime analysis Criminalization Differential association Deviance Labeling theory Psychopathy Rational choice Social control Social disorganization Social learning Strain Subculture Symbolic interactionism Victimology Types of crime Against humanity Blue - collar Corporate Juvenile Organized Political Public - order State State - corporate Victimless White - collar War Penology Deterrence Incapacitation Prison reform abolition Prisoner prisoner abuse prisoners ' rights Rehabilitation Recidivism Justice in penology Participatory Restorative Retributive Solitary confinement Schools Chicago School Classical School Conflict Criminology Environmental Criminology Feminist School Frankfurt School Integrative Criminology Italian School Left Realism Marxist Criminology Neo-classical school Positivist School Postmodernist School Right Realism White - collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent crime committed by business and government professionals. Within criminology, it was first defined by sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as `` a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation ''. Typical white - collar crimes could include fraud, bribery, Ponzi schemes, insider trading, labor racketeering, embezzlement, cybercrime, copyright infringement, money laundering, identity theft, and forgery. Lawyers can be specialized in white - collar crime. Contents 1 Definitional issues 2 Relationship to other types of crime 2.1 Blue - collar crime 2.2 Corporate crime 2.3 State - corporate crime 2.4 Organized transnational crime 2.5 Occupational crime 2.6 Crimes related to national interests 3 Punishment 3.1 Longest White Collar Sentence ( USA ) 4 See also 5 Further reading and references 6 References 7 External links Definitional issues Modern criminology generally rejects a limitation of the term by reference, rather classifies the type of crime and the topic : By the type of offense, e.g., property crime, economic crime, and other corporate crimes like environmental and health and safety law violations. Some crime is only possible because of the identity of the offender, e.g., transnational money laundering requires the participation of senior officers employed in banks. But the FBI has adopted the narrow approach, defining white - collar crime as `` those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence '' ( 1989, 3 ). While the true extent and cost of white - collar crime are unknown, the FBI and the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimate the annual cost to the United States to fall between $300 and $660 billion. By the type of offender, e.g., by social class or high socioeconomic status, the occupation of positions of trust or profession, or academic qualification, researching the motivations for criminal behavior, e.g., greed or fear of loss of face if economic difficulties become obvious. Shover and Wright ( 2000 ) point to the essential neutrality of a crime as enacted in a statute. It almost inevitably describes conduct in the abstract, not by reference to the character of the persons performing it. Thus, the only way that one crime differs from another is in the backgrounds and characteristics of its perpetrators. By organizational culture rather than the offender or offense which overlaps with organized crime. Appelbaum and Chambliss offer a twofold definition : Occupational crime which occurs when crimes are committed to promote personal interests, say, by altering records and overcharging, or by the cheating of clients by professionals. Organizational or corporate crime which occurs when corporate executives commit criminal acts to benefit their company by overcharging or price fixing, false advertising, etc. Relationship to other types of crime Blue - collar crime Main article : Blue - collar crime The types of crime committed are a function of what is available to the potential offender. Thus, those employed in relatively unskilled environments and living in inner - city areas have fewer opportunities to exploit than those who work in situations where large financial transactions occur and live in areas where there is relative prosperity. Blue - collar crime tends to be more obvious and thus attracts more active police attention such as vandalism or shoplifting. In contrast, white - collar employees can incorporate legitimate and criminal behavior, thus making themselves less obvious when committing the crime. Therefore, blue - collar crime will more often use physical force, whereas in the corporate world, the identification of a victim is less obvious and the issue of reporting is complicated by a culture of commercial confidentiality to protect shareholder value. It is estimated that a great deal of white - collar crime is undetected or, if detected, it is not reported. Corporate crime Main article : Corporate crime Corporate crime deals with the company as a whole. The crime benefits the investors or the individuals who are in high positions in the company or corporation. The relationship white - collar crime has with corporate crime is that they are similar because they both are involved within the business world. Their difference is that white - collar crime benefits the individual involved, and corporate crime benefits the company or the corporation. One well - known insider trading case in the United States is the ImClone stock trading case. In December 2001, top - level executives sold their shares in ImClone Systems, a pharmaceutical company that manufactured an anti-cancer drug. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigated numerous top - level executives, as well as Martha Stewart, a friend of ImClone 's former chief executive who had also sold her shares at the same time. The SEC reached a settlement in 2005. State - corporate crime The negotiation of agreements between a state and a corporation will be at a relatively senior level on both sides, this is almost exclusively a white - collar `` situation '' which offers the opportunity for crime. Although law enforcement claims to have prioritized white - collar crime, evidence shows that it continues to be a low priority. When senior levels of a corporation engage in criminal activity using the company this is sometimes called control fraud. Organized transnational crime Organized transnational crime is organized criminal activity that takes place across national jurisdictions, and with advances in transportation and information technology, law enforcement officials and policymakers have needed to respond to this form of crime on a global scale. Some examples include human trafficking, money laundering, drug smuggling, illegal arms dealing, terrorism, and cybercrime. Although it is impossible to precisely gauge transnational crime, the Millennium Project, an international think tank, assembled statistics on several aspects of transnational crime in 2009 : World illicit trade of almost $780 billion Counterfeiting and piracy of $300 billion to $1 trillion Global drug trade of $321 billion Occupational crime Individuals may commit crime during employment or unemployment. The two most common forms are theft and fraud. Theft can be of varying degrees, from a pencil to furnishings to a car. Insider trading, the trading of stock by someone with access to publicly unavailable information, is a type of fraud. Crimes Related to national interests Main article : Treason In the modern world, there are a lot of nations which divide the crimes into some laws. `` Crimes Related to Inducement of Foreign Aggression '' is the crime of communicating with aliens secretly to cause foreign aggression or menace. `` Crimes Related to Foreign Aggression '' is the treason of cooperating with foreign aggression positively regardless of the national inside and outside. `` Crimes Related to Insurrection '' is the internal treason. Depending on a country, conspiracy is added to these. Punishment In the United States, sentences for white - collar crimes may include a combination of imprisonment, fines, restitution, community service, disgorgement, probation, or other alternative punishment. These punishments grew harsher after the Jeffrey Skilling and Enron scandal, when the Sarbanes -- Oxley Act of 2002 was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush, defining new crimes and increasing the penalties for crimes such as mail and wire fraud. In other countries, such as China, white - collar criminals can be given the death penalty, yet some countries have a maximum of 10 - 25 years imprisonment, Certain countries like Canada consider the relationship between the parties to be a significant feature on sentence when there is a breach of trust component involved. Questions about sentencing disparity in white - collar crime continue to be debated. Although, white - collar crime poses a serious threat in today 's society, it becomes extremely difficult to identify. The FBI, concerned with identifying this type of offense, collects annual statistical information on only three categories : fraud, counterfeiting / forgery, and embezzlement. All other types of white - collar crime are listed in an, `` miscellaneous '' category. Longest white collar sentence ( usa ) Name Company Occupation Crime Counts Losses caused by the defendant Company Loss Year Co defendants Sentence ( Yr ) Sholam Weiss National Heritage Life Insurance Investor, Consultant Racketeering, Wire fraud, Money Laundering 77 $0 $0 ( company realized a profit after all assets were sold off ) 2000 13 845 Keith Pound National Heritage Life Insurance Mortgage Specialist Racketeering, Wire fraud, Money Laundering 74 $0 $0 ( company realized a profit after all assets were sold off ) 2000 13 740 Norman Schmidt Capital Holdings Investment adviser, Financier Ponzi scheme, Money Laundering, Mail Fraud, Wire Fraud, securities fraud 36 $38,414,988 $38,414,988 2008 5 330 Bernard Madoff Madoff Securities International Ltd Stock broker, Investment adviser, Financier Ponzi scheme, Money Laundering, Mail Fraud, Wire Fraud, securities fraud, Theft or embezzlement, 11 $2,000,000,000 $13,000,000,000 2009 5 150 Robert Allen Stanford, Stanford Financial Group Businessman in the financial services sector Ponzi scheme, Money Laundering, Mail Fraud, Wire Fraud, securities fraud. 21 $5,900,000,000 $5,900,000,000 2009 110 Frederick Brandau Frederick Brandau 's South Florida life insurance company Businessman in the financial services sector Conspiracy to commit mail fraud ; conspiracy to commit wire fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering. 117,000,000 55 Bernard Ebbers WorldCom Businessman in the financial services sector and telecommunication Accounting Fraud 15 $11,000,000,000 ( $0 after $5.6 billion settlement with victims ) $11,000,000,000 2005 25 Walter Forbes CUC International. Accounting Fraud 12 $3,275,000,000 $14,000,000,000 2007 12 Jeffrey Skilling Enron Former CEO of Enron False statement, Insider trading, securities fraud, conspiracy 51 $41,950,874 $7,200,000,000 2006 10 Richard Marin Scrushy HealthSouth Corporation, Businessman Founder and former chairman and chief executive officer of HealthSouth Corporation, former chairman and chief executive officer of MedPartners, Inc. 30 $2,800,000,000 $2,800,000,000 2006 7 See also Accounting scandals Con man Corporate crime FBI Franchise fraud Fraud Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Industrial espionage INTERPOL IRS Criminal Investigation Division ( IRS - CID ) Money laundering Mortgage fraud Office of Criminal Investigations ( OCI ) Organi - cultural deviance Organized crime Penny stock scam Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) Securities fraud Terrorist financing United States Marshals Service United States Postal Inspection Service United States Secret Service Further reading and references Appelbaum, Richard P. & Chambliss, William J. ( 1997 ). Sociology : A Brief Introduction. New York : Longman. ISBN 0 - 673 - 98279 - 3 Barnett, Cynthia. ( Undated ). The Measurement of White - Collar Crime Using Uniform Crime Reporting ( UCR ) Data. Clarke, Ronald V. ( 1997 ). Situational Crime Prevention : Successful Case Studies ( 2nd edition ). New York : Criminal Justice Press. ISBN 0 - 911577 - 38 - 6 Cox, Steven P. ( 2017 ) `` White - Collar Crime in Museums '', Curator : The Museums Journal 60 ( 2 ) : 235 - 248. Dillon, Eamon Dilloninvestigates.com, The Fraudsters -- How Con Artists Steal Your Money Chapter 5, Pillars of Society, published September 2008 by Merlin Publishing, Ireland ISBN 978 - 1 - 903582 - 82 - 4 Friedrichs, David O. ( 2003 ) Trusted Criminals : White Collar Crime in Contemporary Society, Wadsworth. ISBN 0 - 495 - 00604 - 1 Geis, G., Meier, R. & Salinger, L. ( eds. ) ( 1995 ). White - collar Crime : Classic & Contemporary Views. NY : Free Press. Green, Stuart P. ( 2006 ). Lying, Cheating, and Stealing : A Moral Theory of White Collar Crime. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Koller, Cynthia A. ( 2012 ). `` White Collar Crime in Housing : Mortgage Fraud in the United States. '' El Paso, TX : LFB Scholarly. ISBN 1593325347. ISBN 978 - 1593325343 Koller, Cynthia A., Laura A. Patterson & Elizabeth B. Scalf ( 2014 ). When Moral Reasoning and Ethics Training Fail : Reducing White Collar Crime through the Control of Opportunities for Deviance, 28 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y 549 ( 2014 ). Available at : http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol28/iss2/5 Lea, John. ( 2001 ). Crime as Governance : Reorienting Criminology. Leap, Terry L. ( 2007 ) Dishonest Dollars : The Dynamics of White - Collar Crime. Ithaca : Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4520 - 0 Newman, Graeme R. & Clarke, Ronald V. ( 2003 ). Superhighway Robbery : Preventing E-commerce Crime. Portland, Or : Willan Publishing. ISBN 1 - 84392 - 018 - 2 Rolón, Darío N. Control, vigilancia, y respuesta penal en el ciberespacio, Latinamerica  ́ s new security Thinking, Clacso 2014. Reiman, J. ( 1998 ). The Rich get Richer and the Poor get Prison. Boston : Allyn & Bacon. Pontell, H. & Tillman, R. ( 1998 ). Profit Without Honor : White - collar Crime and the Looting of America. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall. Shapiro, Susan P. ( 1990 ). `` Collaring the Crime, not the Criminal : Reconsidering the Concept of White - collar Crime '', American Sociological Review 55 : 346 -- 65. Simon, D. & Eitzen, D. ( 1993 ). Elite Deviance. Boston : Allyn & Bacon. Simon, D. & Hagan, F. ( 1999 ). White - collar Deviance. Boston : Allyn & Bacon Shover, Neal & Wright, John Paul ( eds. ) ( 2000 ). Crimes of Privilege : Readings in White - Collar Crime. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 513621 - 7 Sutherland, Edwin Hardin ( 1949 ). White Collar Crime. New York : Dryden Press. Thiollet, J.P. ( 2002 ). Beau linge et argent sale -- Fraude fiscale internationale et blanchiment des capitaux, Paris, Anagramme ed. ISBN 2 - 914571 - 17 - 8 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation ( 1989 ). White Collar Crime : A Report to the Public. Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office. References Jump up ^ `` FBI -- White - Collar Crime ''. FBI. Jump up ^ `` White Collar Criminal Defense Guide ''. Law Offices of Randy Collins. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23. Jump up ^ Andrew Restuccia and Emily Holden ( May 16, 2018 ). `` Pruitt taps outside attorney for help amid investigations ''. Politico.com. Retrieved May 17, 2018. Jump up ^ Friedrichs, David O. ( 2009 ). Trusted Criminals : White Collar Crime In Contemporary Society ( 4 ed. ). Wadsworth Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 978 - 0495600824. citing Kane and Wall, 2006, p. 5 Jump up ^ Appelbaum, Richard & Chambliss, William J. ( 1997 ). Sociology : A Brief Introduction. New York : Longman Pub Group. p. 117. ISBN 9780673982797. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Clarke, R.V.G. ( 1997 ). Situational Crime Prevention : Successful Case Studies ( 2 ed. ). Harrow and Heston. ISBN 9780911577389. ^ Jump up to : O'Grady, William ( 2011 ). Crime in Canadian Context : Debates and Controversies ( 2 ed. ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195433784. Retrieved 1 June 2012. Jump up ^ Anderson, Jenny ( 20 January 2005 ). `` S.E.C. Settles ImClone Insider Trading Case ''. New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2012. Jump up ^ Anzalone, Charles ( 28 April 1991 ). `` White - Collar Crime Has Become Priority of Law Enforcement ''. Buffalo News. Jump up ^ `` State 's white collar convicts get lighter sentences ''. California Watch. Jump up ^ Rubino, Esq. PA, Frank. `` White Collar Crime - An Overview ''. Retrieved 30 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Penalties for White Collar Crime ''. Blumberg & Associates. Jump up ^ `` Is China 's White - Collar Death Penalty Fair ? ''. The American Lawyer. Retrieved 30 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` What is Breach of Trust in Canada ? ''. Alexander Ejsmont. Retrieved 30 November 2013. Jump up ^ Podger, Prof. Ellen S. ( 21 February 2007 ). `` Throwing Away the Key ''. Yale Law Journal. Retrieved 30 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` White - Collar Crime - Further Readings ''. law.jrank.org. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Sholam Weiss ''. 1 Jan 2016. Jump up ^ `` Satisfaction of Restitution '' ( PDF ). 28 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Longest White - Collar Prison Sentences ''. Forbes. 24 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL DOCKET FOR CASE # : 1 : 04 - cr - 00103 - REB - 1 ''. pacer.gov. 1 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` Norman Schmidt Sentenced To 330 Years ''. justice.gov. 29 April 2008. Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New White - Collar ''. Fortune. 25 May 2006. Jump up ^ `` Ebbers Gets 25 - Year Sentence For Role in WorldCom Fraud ''. Washingtonpost. July 14, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Ex-Cendant chairman fails to overturn fraud conviction ''. Reuters. 23 June 2015. Jump up ^ FBI.com Jump up ^ Blueyonder.do.uk Archived 2015 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to White collar criminals. Attempted Extortion - Aspiring Actor 's New Role : Inmate Psychological manipulation Rewarding : pleasant ( positive reinforcement ) Attention Bribery Child grooming Flattery Gifts Ingratiation Love bombing Nudging Praise Seduction Smiling Superficial charm Superficial sympathy Aversive : unpleasant ( positive punishment ) Anger Character assassination Crying Emotional blackmail Fearmongering Frowning Glaring Guilt trip Inattention Intimidation Nagging Nit - picking criticism Passive aggression Relational aggression Sadism Shaming Silent treatment Social rejection Swearing Threats Victim blaming Victim playing Yelling Intermittent or partial negative reinforcement Climate of fear Traumatic bonding Other techniques Bait - and - switch Deception Denial Deprogramming Disinformation Distortion Diversion Divide and rule Double bind Entrapment Evasion Exaggeration Gaslighting Good cop / bad cop Indoctrination Low - balling Lying Minimisation Moving the goalposts Pride - and - ego down Rationalization Reid technique Setting up to fail Trojan horse You 're either with us, or against us Contexts Abuse Abusive power and control Advertising Bullying Catholic guilt Confidence trick Guilt culture Interrogation Jewish guilt Jewish mother stereotype Moral panic Media manipulation Mind control Mind games Mobbing Propaganda Salesmanship Scapegoating Shame culture Smear campaign Social engineering ( blagging ) Spin Suggestibility Whispering campaign Related topics Antisocial personality disorder Assertiveness Blame Borderline personality disorder Carrot and stick Dumbing down Enabling Fallacy Femme fatale Gaming the system Gullibility Histrionic personality disorder Impression management Machiavellianism Narcissism Narcissistic personality disorder Personal boundaries Persuasion Popularity Projection Psychopathy Types of fraud Business - related Billing Cramming Disability Drug / Pharmaceutical Email Employment Fixing Impersonation Intellectual property Internet Job Long firm Odometer Phone Quackery / Health care Racketeering Return Tech support Slamming Telemarketing Family - related Marriage Paternity Financial - related Advance - fee ( Lottery scam ) Bank Bankruptcy Chargeback Cheque Credit card Forex Insurance Mortgage Securities Shill bidding Tax Government - related Benefit Electoral Medicare Visa Welfare Other types Affinity fraud Charity Confidence trick Counterfeiting Faked death Forgery Hoax Impersonation Mail and wire ( honest services ) Romance Bride scam Scientific Spyware White - collar crime Scams and confidence tricks Terminology Confidence trick Error account Shill Shyster Sucker list Notable scams and confidence tricks Advance - fee scam Art student scam Badger game Bait - and - switch Black money scam Blessing scam Bogus escrow Boiler room Bride scam Bullet - planting scheme Charity fraud Clip joint Coin - matching game Coin rolling scams Drop swindle Embarrassing cheque Employment scams Extraterrestrial real estate Fiddle game Fine print Foreclosure rescue scheme Foreign exchange fraud Fortune telling fraud Gas leak phone call scam Gem scam Get - rich - quick scheme Green goods scam Hustling Initial coin offering Intellectual property scams Kansas City Shuffle Long firm Miracle cars scam Mock auction Moving scam Patent safe Pig in a poke Pigeon drop Priority Development Assistance Fund scam Pump and dump Reloading scam Rent - a-car scam Salting Shell game Sick baby hoax SIM swap scam Slavery reparations scam Spanish Prisoner Strip search phone call scam Swampland in Florida Technical support scam Telemarketing fraud Thai tailor scam Thai zig zag scam Three - card Monte Trojan horse White van speaker scam Work - at - home scheme Internet scams and countermeasures Avalanche Carding Catfishing Click fraud Clickjacking Cramming Cybercrime CyberThrill DarkMarket Domain name scams Email authentication Email fraud Internet vigilantism Lottery scam PayPai Phishing Referer spoofing Ripoff Report Rock Phish Romance scam Russian Business Network SaferNet Scam baiting ShadowCrew Spoofed URL Spoofing attack Stock Generation Voice phishing Website reputation ratings Whitemail Pyramid and Ponzi schemes Aman Futures Group Bernard Cornfeld Caritas Dona Branca Ezubao Foundation for New Era Philanthropy Franchise fraud High - yield investment program ( HYIP ) Investors Overseas Service Earl Jones ( investment advisor ) Kubus scheme Madoff investment scandal Make Money Fast Matrix scheme MMM Petters Group Worldwide Pyramid schemes in Albania Reed Slatkin Saradha financial scandal Scott W. Rothstein Stanford Financial Group Welsh Thrasher faith scam Lists Con artists Confidence tricks Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates Email scams Impostors In the media Film and television Literature Ponzi schemes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-collar_crime&oldid=841838965 '' Categories : White - collar criminals Corporate crime Crime Words coined in the 1930s Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from September 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 12 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what is an example of a white collar crime
Answer: fraud