Plasma cell - wikipedia Plasma cell Plasma cell Malignant plasma cells ( plasmacytoma ), many displaying characteristic `` clockface nuclei '', also seen in normal plasma cells. H&E stain. Plasma cell with distinct clear perinuclear region of the cytoplasm containing a large number of Golgi bodies. Details Identifiers Latin plasmocytus Code TH H2. 00.03. 0.01006 TH H2. 00.03. 0.01006 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Plasma cells originate in the bone marrow ; B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modelled after the receptors of the precursor B cell. Once released into the blood and lymph, these antibody molecules bind to the target antigen ( foreign substance ) and initiate its neutralization or destruction. Contents 1 Development 2 Immature plasma cells 3 Activity 4 Microscopic anatomy and organelles 5 Surface antigens 6 Role in disease 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development After leaving the bone marrow, the B cell acts as an antigen presenting cell ( APC ) and internalizes offending antigens, which are taken up by the B cell through receptor - mediated endocytosis and processed. Pieces of the antigen ( which are now known as antigenic peptides ) are loaded onto MHC II molecules, and presented on its extracellular surface to CD4+ T cells ( sometimes called T helper cells ). These T cells bind to the MHC II - antigen molecule and cause activation of the B cell. This is a type of safeguard to the system, almost like a two - factor authentication method. First, the B cells have to encounter a foreign antigen, and are then required to be activated by T helper cells before they differentiate to specific cells. Upon stimulation by a T cell, which usually occurs in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs like the spleen and lymph nodes, the activated B cell begins to differentiate into more specialized cells. Germinal center B cells may differentiate into memory B cells or plasma cells. Most of these B cells will become plasmablasts ( or `` immature plasma cells '' ), and eventually plasma cells, and begin producing large volumes of antibodies. Some B cells will undergo a process known as affinity maturation. This process favors, by selection for the ability to bind antigen with higher affinity, the activation and growth of B cell clones able to secrete antibodies of higher affinity for the antigen. Immature plasma cells The most immature blood cell that is considered of plasma cell lineage is the plasmablast. Plasmablasts secrete more antibodies than B cells, but less than plasma cells. They divide rapidly and are still capable of internalizing antigens and presenting them to T cells. A cell may stay in this state for several days, and then either die or irrevocably differentiate into a mature, fully differentiated plasma cell. Differentiation of mature B cells into plasma cells is dependent upon the transcription factors Blimp - 1 / PRDM1 and IRF4. Activity After the process of affinity maturation in germinal centers, plasma cells have an indeterminate lifespan, ranging from days to months. Recently they have been shown to reside for much longer periods in the bone marrow as long - lived plasma cells ( LLPC ). They secrete high levels of antibodies, ranging from hundreds to thousands of antibodies per second per cell. Unlike their precursors, they can not switch antibody classes, can not act as antigen - presenting cells because they no longer display MHC - II, and do not take up antigen because they no longer display significant quantities of immunoglobulin on the cell surface. However, continued exposure to antigen through those low levels of immunoglobulin is important, as it partly determines the cell 's lifespan. The lifespan, class of antibodies produced, and the location that the plasma cell moves to also depends on signals, such as cytokines, received from the T cell during differentiation. Differentiation through a T cell - independent antigen stimulation ( stimulation of a B cell that does not require the involvement of a T cell ) can happen anywhere in the body and results in short - lived cells that secrete IgM antibodies. The T cell - dependent processes are subdivided into primary and secondary responses : a primary response ( meaning that the T cell is present at the time of initial contact by the B cell with the antigen ) produces short - lived cells that remain in the extramedullary regions of lymph nodes ; a secondary response produces longer - lived cells that produce IgG and IgA, and frequently travel to the bone marrow. For example, plasma cells will likely secrete IgG3 antibodies if they matured in the presence of the cytokine interferon - gamma. Since B cell maturation also involves somatic hypermutation ( a process completed before differentiation into a plasma cell ), these antibodies frequently have a very high affinity for their antigen. Plasma cells can only produce a single kind of antibody in a single class of immunoglobulin. In other words, every B cell is specific to a single antigen, but each cell can produce several thousand matching antibodies per second. This prolific production of antibodies is an integral part of the humoral immune response. Plasma cells with Dutcher and Russell bodies ( H&E, 100x, oil ) Microscopic anatomy and organelles Plasma cells are large lymphocytes with a considerable nucleus - to - cytoplasm ratio and a characteristic appearance on light microscopy. They have basophilic cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus with heterochromatin in a characteristic cartwheel or clock face arrangement. Their cytoplasm also contains a pale zone that on electron microscopy contains an extensive Golgi apparatus and centrioles ( EM picture ). Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum combined with a well - developed Golgi apparatus makes plasma cells well - suited for secreting immunoglobulins. Other organelles in a plasma cell include ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plasma membrane. Surface antigens Terminally differentiated plasma cells express relatively few surface antigens, and do not express common pan-B cell markers, such as CD19 and CD20. Instead, plasma cells are identified through flow cytometry by their additional expression of CD138, CD78, and the Interleukin - 6 receptor. In humans, CD27 is a good marker for plasma cells, naive B cells are CD27 -, memory B - cells are CD27+ and plasma cells are CD27++. The surface antigen CD138 ( syndecan - 1 ) is expressed at high levels. Another important surface antigen is CD319 ( SLAMF7 ). This antigen is expressed at high levels on normal human plasma cells. It is also expressed on malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma. Compared with CD138, which disappears rapidly ex vivo, the expression of CD319 is considerably more stable. Role in disease Plasmacytoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia and plasma cell leukemia are malignant neoplasms ( `` cancer '' ) of the plasma cells. Multiple myeloma is frequently identified because malignant plasma cells continue producing an antibody, which can be detected as a paraprotein. Common variable immunodeficiency is thought to be due to a problem in the differentiation from lymphocytes to plasma cells. The result is a low serum antibody level and risk of infections. Primary amyloidosis ( AL ) is caused by the deposition of excess immunoglobulin light chains which are secreted from plasma cells. See also Plasma cell dyscrasia B cell Leukocyte Lymphocyte Organelles White blood cell References Jump up ^ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463540/plasma-cell ^ Jump up to : Neuberger, M.S. ; Honjo, T. ; Alt, Frederick W. ( 2004 ). Molecular biology of B cells. Amsterdam : Elsevier. pp. 189 -- 191. ISBN 0 - 12 - 053641 - 2. Jump up ^ Bertil Glader ; Greer, John G. ; John Foerster ; Rodgers, George G. ; Paraskevas, Frixos ( 2008 ). Wintrobe 's Clinical Hematology, 2 - Vol. Set. Hagerstwon, MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 347. ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6507 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Walport, Mark ; Murphy, Kenneth ; Janeway, Charles ; Travers, Paul J. ( 2008 ). Janeway 's immunobiology. New York : Garland Science. pp. 387 -- 388. ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4123 - 7. Jump up ^ Kuby, Janis ; Kindt, Thomas J. ; Goldsby, Richard A. ; Osborne, Barbara A. ( 2007 ). Kuby immunology. San Francisco : W.H. Freeman. p. 13. ISBN 1 - 4292 - 0211 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Federico Caligaris - Cappio ; Manlio Ferrarini ( 1997 ). Human B Cell Populations ( Chemical Immunology ) ( v. 67 ). S. Karger AG ( Switzerland ). pp. 103 -- 104. ISBN 3 - 8055 - 6460 - 0. Jump up ^ Kierszenbaum, Abraham L. ( 2002 ). Histology and cell biology : an introduction to pathology. St. Louis : Mosby. p. 275. ISBN 0 - 323 - 01639 - 1. Jump up ^ Bona, Constantin ; Francisco A. Bonilla ( 1996 ). `` 5 ''. Textbook of Immunology. Martin Soohoo ( 2 ed. ). CRC Press. p. 102. ISBN 978 - 3 - 7186 - 0596 - 5. Jump up ^ Rawstron AC ( May 2006 ). `` Immunophenotyping of plasma cells ''. Curr Protoc Cytom. Chapter. 6 : Unit6. 23. doi : 10.1002 / 0471142956. cy0623s36. ISBN 0 - 471 - 14295 - 6. PMID 18770841. Jump up ^ Frigyesi I ( Jan 2014 ). `` Robust isolation of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma ''. Blood. 123 ( 9 ) : 1336 -- 40. doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2013 - 09 - 529800. PMID 24385542. Jump up ^ `` Plasma cell '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary External links Educational Resource on the Biology of Immunoglobulins Histology image : 21001loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Histology at wadsworth.org Blood : lymphocytes Lymphoid / HSC : CFU - L B cells Plasma Memory Follicular Marginal zone Naïve Pre-B Thymocyte T cells αβ ( Cytotoxic CD8 Helper CD4 / T / T 3 / T 17 / Regulatory ) γδ Naïve Natural killer T cell NK cells Cytokine - induced killer cell Lymphokine - activated killer cell Null cell Lymphopoiesis Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs. tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Eponymous medical signs for hematology Inclusion bodies Red blood cell Cabot rings Howell -- Jolly body Pappenheimer bodies Heinz body Neutrophil Döhle bodies Plasma cell Russell bodies Myeloblast Auer rod Histiocyte Birbeck granules Tests Apt test Coombs test Other Arneth count Mentzer index Virchow 's triad Anaemia Pagophagia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasma_cell&oldid=828088412 '' Categories : Lymphocytes Connective tissue cells Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Anatomy infobox template using code All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018, at 14 : 11. 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Question: where do plasma cells come from and what is their function
Answer: the bone marrow