Alphabetical order - wikipedia Alphabetical order `` Alphabetization '' redirects here. For the creation of an alphabetic writing system, which in instances of Latin script is called romanization, see Romanization. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) Alphabetical order is a system whereby strings of characters are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. To determine which of two strings comes first in alphabetical order, their first letters are compared. If they differ, then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the other string. If the first letters are the same, then the second letters are compared, and so on. If a position is reached where one string has no more letters to compare while the other does, then the first ( shorter ) string is deemed to come first in alphabetical order. Capital letters ( upper case ) are generally considered to be identical to their corresponding lower case letters for the purposes of alphabetical ordering, though conventions may be adopted to handle situations where two strings differ only in capitalization. Various conventions also exist for the handling of strings containing spaces, modified letters ( such as those with diacritics ), and non-letter characters such as marks of punctuation. The result of placing a set of words or strings in alphabetical order is that all the strings beginning with the same letter are grouped together ; and within that grouping all words beginning with the same two - letter sequence are grouped together ; and so on. The system thus tends to maximize the number of common initial letters between adjacent words. Contents 1 History 2 Ordering in the Latin script 2.1 Basic order and example 2.2 Treatment of multiword strings 2.3 Special cases 2.3. 1 Modified letters 2.3. 2 Ordering by surname 2.3. 3 The and other common words 2.3. 4 Mac prefixes 2.3. 5 Ligatures 2.4 Treatment of numerals 2.5 Language - specific conventions 3 Automation 4 Similar orderings 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Alphabetical order was first used in the 1st millennium BCE by Northwest Semitic scribes using the Abjad system. The first effective use of alphabetical order as a cataloging device among scholars may have been in ancient Alexandria. In the 1st century BCE, Roman writer Varro compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles. In the 2nd century CE, Sextus Pompeius Festus wrote an encyclopedic epitome of the works of Verrius Flaccus, De verborum significatu, with entries in alphabetic order. In the 3rd century CE, Harpocration wrote a Homeric lexicon alphabetized by all letters. In the 10th century, the author of the Suda used alphabetic order with phonetic variations. In the 14th century, the author of the Fons memorabilium universi used a classification, but used alphabetical order within some of the books. In 1604 Robert Cawdrey had to explain in Table Alphabeticall, the first monolingual English dictionary, `` Nowe if the word, which thou art desirous to finde, begin with ( a ) then looke in the beginning of this Table, but if with ( v ) looke towards the end. '' Although as late as 1803 Samuel Taylor Coleridge condemned encyclopedias with `` an arrangement determined by the accident of initial letters '', many lists are today based on this principle. Ordering in the Latin script Basic order and example The standard order of the modern ISO basic Latin alphabet is : A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U - V-W-X-Y-Z An example of straightforward alphabetical ordering follows : As ; Aster ; Astrolabe ; Astronomy ; Astrophysics ; At ; Ataman ; Attack ; Baa Another example : Barnacle ; Be ; Been ; Benefit ; Bent The above words are ordered alphabetically. As comes before Aster because they begin with the same two letters and As has no more letters after that whereas Aster does. The next three words come after Aster because their fourth letter ( the first one that differs ) is r, which comes after e ( the fourth letter of Aster ) in the alphabet. Those words themselves are ordered based on their sixth letters ( l, n and p respectively ). Then comes At, which differs from the preceding words in the second letter ( t comes after s ). Ataman comes after At for the same reason that Aster came after As. Attack follows Ataman based on comparison of their third letters, and Baa comes after all of the others because it has a different first letter. Treatment of multiword strings When some of the strings being ordered consist of more than one word, i.e. they contain spaces or other separators such as hyphens, then two basic approaches may be taken. In the first approach, all strings are ordered initially according to their first word, as in the sequence : San ; San Cristobal ; San Tomás ; Santa Barbara ; Santa Cruz where all strings beginning with the separate word San precede all those beginning Santa, because San precedes Santa in alphabetical order. In the second approach, strings are alphabetized as if they had no spaces, giving the sequence : San ; San Cristobal ; Santa Barbara ; Santa Cruz ; San Tomás where San Tomás now comes after the Santa strings, as it would if it were written `` Santomás ''. Special cases This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) Modified letters In French, modified letters ( such as those with diacritics ) are treated the same as the base letter for alphabetical ordering purposes. For example, rôle comes between rock and rose, as if it were written role. However languages that use such letters systematically generally have their own ordering rules. See Language - specific conventions below. Ordering by surname In most cultures where family names are written after given names, it is still desired to sort lists of names ( as in telephone directories ) by family name first. In this case, names need to be reordered to be sorted properly. For example, Juan Hernandes and Brian O'Leary should be sorted as `` Hernandes, Juan '' and `` O'Leary, Brian '' even if they are not written this way. Capturing this rule in a computer collation algorithm is difficult, and simple attempts will necessarily fail. For example, unless the algorithm has at its disposal an extensive list of family names, there is no way to decide if `` Gillian Lucille van der Waal '' is `` van der Waal, Gillian Lucille '', `` Waal, Gillian Lucille van der '', or even `` Lucille van der Waal, Gillian ''. The and other common words Sometimes if a phrase begins with a very common word ( such as `` the '' or `` a '' ), that word is ignored or moved to the end of the phrase, but this is not always the case. The book title `` The Shining '' might be treated as `` Shining '', or `` Shining, The '' and therefore would be ordered before the book title `` Summer of Sam '', although it may also be treated as simply `` The Shining '' and therefore would be ordered after `` Summer of Sam ''. Similarly, the book title `` A Wrinkle in Time '' might be treated as `` Wrinkle in Time '', `` Wrinkle in Time, A '', or simply `` A Wrinkle in Time '', depending on whom you ask. All three alphabetization methods are fairly easy to create by algorithm, but many programs rely instead on simple lexicographic ordering. Mac prefixes Main article : Mac and Mc together The prefixes M ' and Mc in Irish and Scottish surnames are abbreviations for Mac, and are sometimes alphabetized as if the spelling is Mac in full. Thus McKinley might be listed before Mackintosh ( as it would be if it had been spelled out as `` MacKinley '' ). Since the advent of computer - sorted lists, this type of alphabetization is less frequently encountered, though it is still used in British telephone directories. Ligatures Ligatures ( two or more letters merged into one symbol ) which are not considered distinct letters, such as Æ and Œ in English, are typically collated as if the letters were separate - `` æther '' and `` aether '' would be ordered the same relative to all other words. This is true even when the ligature is not purely stylistic, such as in loanwords and brand names. Special rules may need to be adopted to sort strings which vary only by whether two letters are ligaturized. Treatment of numerals This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) Main article : Lexicographical order When some of the strings contain numerals ( or other non-letter characters ), various approaches are possible. Sometimes such characters are treated as if they came before or after all the letters of the alphabet. Another method is for numbers to be sorted alphabetically as they would be spelled : for example 1776 would be sorted as if spelled out `` seventeen seventy - six '', and 24 heures du Mans as if spelled `` vingt - quatre... '' ( French for `` twenty - four '' ). When numerals or other symbols are used as special graphical forms of letters, as 1337 for leet or the movie Seven ( which was stylised as Se7en ), they may be sorted as if they were those letters. Natural sort order orders strings alphabetically, except that multi-digit numbers are treated as a single character and ordered by the value of the number encoded by the digits. Language - specific conventions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) Languages which use an extended Latin alphabet generally have their own conventions for treatment of the extra letters. Also in some languages certain digraphs are treated as single letters for collation purposes. For example, the 29 - letter alphabet of Spanish treats ñ as a basic letter following n, and formerly treated the digraphs ch and ll as basic letters following c and l, respectively. Ch and ll are still considered letters, but are now alphabetized as two - letter combinations. ( The new alphabetization rule was issued by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1994. ) On the other hand, the digraph rr follows rqu as expected, and did so even before the 1994 alphabetization rule. In a few cases, such as Kiowa, the alphabet has been completely reordered. Alphabetization rules applied in various languages are listed below. In Azerbaijani, there are eight additional letters to the standard Latin alphabet. Five of them are vowels : i, ı, ö, ü, ə and three are consonants : ç, ş, ğ. The alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, with the same sounds written with the same letters, except for three additional letters : q, x and ə for sounds that do not exist in Turkish. Although all the `` Turkish letters '' are collated in their `` normal '' alphabetical order like in Turkish, the three extra letters are collated arbitrarily after letters whose sounds approach theirs. So, q is collated just after k, x ( pronounced like a German ch ) is collated just after h and ə ( pronounced roughly like an English short a ) is collated just after e. In Breton, there is no `` c '' but there are the digraphs `` ch '' and `` c'h '', which are collated between `` b '' and `` d ''. For example : `` buzhugenn, chug, c'hoar, daeraouenn '' ( earthworm, juice, sister, teardrop ). In Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian and other related South Slavic languages, the five accented characters and three conjoined characters are sorted after the originals :..., C, Č, Ć, D, DŽ, Đ, E,..., L, LJ, M, N, NJ, O,..., S, Š, T,..., Z, Ž. In Czech and Slovak, accented vowels have secondary collating weight -- compared to other letters, they are treated as their unaccented forms ( A-Á, E-É - Ě, I - Í, O - Ó - Ô, U-Ú - Ů, Y - Ý ), but then they are sorted after the unaccented letters ( for example, the correct lexicographic order is baa, baá, báa, bab, báb, bac, bác, bač, báč ). Accented consonants ( the ones with caron ) have primary collating weight and are collocated immediately after their unaccented counterparts, with exception of Ď, Ň and Ť, which have again secondary weight. CH is considered to be a separate letter and goes between H and I. In Slovak, DZ and DŽ are also considered separate letters and are positioned between Ď and E ( A-Á - Ä - B-C - Č - D - Ď - DZ - DŽ - E-É... ). In the Danish and Norwegian alphabets, the same extra vowels as in Swedish ( see below ) are also present but in a different order and with different glyphs (..., X, Y, Z, Æ, Ø, Å ). Also, `` Aa '' collates as an equivalent to `` Å ''. The Danish alphabet has traditionally seen `` W '' as a variant of `` V '', but today `` W '' is considered a separate letter. In Dutch the combination IJ ( representing IJ ) was formerly to be collated as Y ( or sometimes, as a separate letter Y < IJ < Z ), but is currently mostly collated as 2 letters ( II < IJ < IK ). Exceptions are phone directories ; IJ is always collated as Y here because in many Dutch family names Y is used where modern spelling would require IJ. Note that a word starting with ij that is written with a capital I is also written with a capital J, for example, the town IJmuiden, the river IJssel and the country IJsland ( Iceland ). In Esperanto, consonants with circumflex accents ( ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ ), as well as ŭ ( u with breve ), are counted as separate letters and collated separately ( c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, ĵ... s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z ). In Estonian õ, ä, ö and ü are considered separate letters and collate after w. Letters š, z and ž appear in loanwords and foreign proper names only and follow the letter s in the Estonian alphabet, which otherwise does not differ from the basic Latin alphabet. The Faroese alphabet also has some of the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish extra letters, namely Æ and Ø. Furthermore, the Faroese alphabet uses the Icelandic eth, which follows the D. Five of the six vowels A, I, O, U and Y can get accents and are after that considered separate letters. The consonants C, Q, X, W and Z are not found. Therefore, the first five letters are A, Á, B, D and Ð, and the last five are V, Y, Ý, Æ, Ø In Filipino ( Tagalog ) and other Philippine languages, the letter Ng is treated as a separate letter. It is pronounced as in sing, ping - pong, etc. By itself, it is pronounced nang, but in general Filipino orthography, it is spelled as if it were two separate letters ( n and g ). Also, letter derivatives ( such as Ñ ) immediately follow the base letter. Filipino also is written with diacritics, but their use is very rare ( except the tilde ). ( Philippine orthography also includes spelling. ) The Finnish alphabet and collating rules are the same as those of Swedish. For French, the last accent in a given word determines the order. For example, in French, the following four words would be sorted this way : cote < côte < coté < côté. In German letters with umlaut ( Ä, Ö, Ü ) are treated generally just like their non-umlauted versions ; ß is always sorted as ss. This makes the alphabetic order Arg, Ärgerlich, Arm, Assistent, Aßlar, Assoziation. For phone directories and similar lists of names, the umlauts are to be collated like the letter combinations `` ae '', `` oe '', `` ue '' because a number of German surnames appear both with umlaut and in the non-umlauted form with `` e '' ( Müller / Mueller ). This makes the alphabetic order Udet, Übelacker, Uell, Ülle, Ueve, Üxküll, Uffenbach. The Hungarian vowels have accents, umlauts, and double accents, while consonants are written with single, double ( digraphs ) or triple ( trigraph ) characters. In collating, accented vowels are equivalent with their non-accented counterparts and double and triple characters follow their single originals. Hungarian alphabetic order is : A = Á, B, C, Cs, D, Dz, Dzs, E = É, F, G, Gy, H, I = Í, J, K, L, Ly, M, N, Ny, O = Ó, Ö = Ő, P, Q, R, S, Sz, T, Ty, U = Ú, Ü = Ű, V, W, X, Y, Z, Zs. ( Before 1984, dz and dzs were not considered single letters for collation, but two letters each, d + z and d + zs instead. ) It means that e.g. nádcukor should precede nádcsomó ( even though s normally precedes u ), since c precedes cs in the collation. Difference in vowel length should only be taken into consideration if the two words are otherwise identical ( e.g. egér, éger ). Spaces and hyphens within phrases are ignored in collation. Ch also occurs as a digraph in certain words but it is not considered as a grapheme on its own right in terms of collation. A particular feature of Hungarian collation is that contracted forms of double di - and trigraphs ( such as ggy from gy + gy or ddzs from dzs + dzs ) should be collated as if they were written in full ( independently of the fact of the contraction and the elements of the di - or trigraphs ). For example, kaszinó should precede kassza ( even though the 4th character z would normally come after s in the alphabet ), because the fourth `` character '' ( grapheme ) of the word kassza is considered a second sz ( decomposing ssz into sz + sz ), which does follow i ( in kaszinó ). In Icelandic, Þ is added, and D is followed by Ð. Each vowel ( A, E, I, O, U, Y ) is followed by its correspondent with acute : Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú, Ý. There is no Z, so the alphabet ends :... X, Y, Ý, Þ, Æ, Ö. Both letters were also used by Anglo - Saxon scribes who also used the Runic letter Wynn to represent / w /. Þ ( called thorn ; lowercase þ ) is also a Runic letter. Ð ( called eth ; lowercase ð ) is the letter D with an added stroke. Kiowa is ordered on phonetic principles, like the Brahmic scripts, rather than on the historical Latin order. Vowels come first, then stop consonants ordered from the front to the back of the mouth, and from negative to positive voice - onset time, then the affricates, fricatives, liquids, and nasals : A, AU, E, I, O, U, B, F, P, V, D, J, T, TH, G, C, K, Q, CH, X, S, Z, L, Y, W, H, M, N In Lithuanian, specifically Lithuanian letters go after their Latin originals. Another change is that Y comes just before J :... G, H, I, Į, Y, J, K... In Polish, specifically Polish letters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals : A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę,..., L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P,..., S, Ś, T,..., Z, Ź, Ż. The digraphs for collation purposes are treated as if they were two separate letters. In Portuguese, the collating order is just like in English : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z. Digraphs and letters with diacritics are not included in the alphabet. In Romanian, special characters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals : A, Ă, Â,..., I, Î,..., S, Ș, T, Ț,..., Z. Spanish treated ( until 1994 ) `` CH '' and `` LL '' as single letters, giving an ordering of cinco, credo, chispa and lomo, luz, llama. This is not true anymore since in 1994 the RAE adopted the more conventional usage, and now LL is collated between LK and LM, and CH between CG and CI. The six characters with diacritics Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú, Ü are treated as the original letters A, E, I, O, U, for example : radio, ráfaga, rana, rápido, rastrillo. The only Spanish - specific collating question is Ñ ( eñe ) as a different letter collated after N. In the Swedish alphabet, there are three extra vowels placed at its end (..., X, Y, Z, Å, Ä, Ö ), similar to the Danish and Norwegian alphabet, but with different glyphs and a different collating order. The letter `` W '' has been treated as a variant of `` V '', but in the 13th edition of Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( 2006 ) `` W '' was considered a separate letter. In the Turkish alphabet there are 6 additional letters : ç, ğ, ı, ö, ş, and ü ( but no q, w, and x ). They are collated with ç after c, ğ after g, ı before i, ö after o, ş after s, and ü after u. Originally, when the alphabet was introduced in 1928, ı was collated after i, but the order was changed later so that letters having shapes containing dots, cedilles or other adorning marks always follow the letters with corresponding bare shapes. Note that in Turkish orthography the letter I is the majuscule of dotless ı, whereas İ is the majuscule of dotted i. In many Turkic languages ( such as Azeri or the Jaꞑalif orthography for Tatar ), there used to be the letter Gha ( Ƣƣ ), which came between G and H. It is now in disuse. In Vietnamese, there are 7 additional letters : ă, â, đ, ê, ô, ơ, ư while f, j, w, z are absent, even though they are still in some use ( like Internet address, foreign loan language ). `` f '' is replaced by the combination `` ph ''. The same as for `` w '' is `` qu ''. In Volapük ä, ö and ü are counted as separate letters and collated separately ( a, ä, b... o, ö, p... u, ü, v ) while q and w are absent. In Welsh the digraphs CH, DD, FF, NG, LL, PH, RH, and TH are treated as single letters, and each is listed after the first character of the pair ( except for NG which is listed after G ), producing the order A, B, C, CH, D, DD, E, F, FF, G, NG, H, and so on. It can sometimes happen, however, that word compounding results in the juxtaposition of two letters which do not form a digraph. An example is the word LLONGYFARCH ( composed from LLON + GYFARCH ). This results in such an ordering as, for example, LAWR, LWCUS, LLONG, LLOM, LLONGYFARCH ( NG is a digraph in LLONG, but not in LLONGYFARCH ). The letter combination R + H ( as distinct from the digraph RH ) may similarly arise by juxtaposition in compounds, although this tends not to produce any pairs in which misidentification could affect the ordering. For the other potentially confusing letter combinations that may occur -- namely, D + D and L + L -- a hyphen is used in the spelling ( e.g. AD - DAL, CHWIL - LYS ). Automation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) Collation algorithms ( in combination with sorting algorithms ) are used in computer programming to place strings in alphabetical order. A standard example is the Unicode Collation Algorithm, which can be used to put strings containing any Unicode symbols into ( an extension of ) alphabetical order. It can be made to take conform to most of the language - specific conventions described above, by tailoring its default collation table. Several such tailorings are collected in Common Locale Data Repository. For more details see Collation § Automated collation. Similar orderings This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) The principle behind alphabetical ordering can still be applied in languages that do not strictly speaking use an alphabet -- for example, they may be written using a syllabary or abugida -- provided the symbols used have an established ordering. For logographic writing systems, such as Chinese hanzi or Japanese kanji, the method of radical - and - stroke sorting is frequently used as a way of defining an ordering on the symbols. Japanese sometimes uses pronunciation order, most commonly with the Gojūon order but sometimes with the older Iroha ordering. In mathematics, lexicographical order is a means of ordering sequences in a manner analogous to that used to produce alphabetical order. Some computer applications use a version of alphabetical order that can be achieved using a very simple algorithm, based purely on the ASCII or Unicode codes for characters. This may have non-standard effects such as placing all capital letters before lower - case ones. See ASCIIbetical order. A rhyming dictionary is based on sorting words in alphabetical order starting from the last to the first letter of the word. See also Collation Sorting References Jump up ^ Reinhard G. Lehmann : `` 27 - 30 - 22 - 26. How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet ? The Case of Semitic '', in : The idea of writing : Writing across borders / edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack, Leiden : Brill 2012, p. 11 - 52 Jump up ^ Daly, Lloyd. Contributions to the History of Alphabetization in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Brussels, 1967. p. 25 Jump up ^ O'Hara, James ( 1989 ). `` Messapus, Cycnus, and the Alphabetical Order of Vergil 's Catalogue of Italian Heroes ''. 43 : 35 -- 38. JSTOR 1088539. Jump up ^ LIVRE XI -- texte latin -- traduction + commentaires. Jump up ^ Gibson, Craig ( 2002 ). Interpreting a classic : Demosthenes and his ancient commentators. Jump up ^ Yeo, Richard ( 2001 ). Encyclopaedic visions : scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521651913. Jump up ^ Robert Cawdrey 's -- A Table Alphabetical OBERT ( 1604 ). Jump up ^ Coleridge 's Letters, No. 507. Jump up ^ `` Unicode Technical Standard # 10 ''. Unicode, Inc. ( unicode.org ). 20 March 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008. Jump up ^ Midgley, Ralph. `` Volapük to English dictionary '' ( PDF ). Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 September 2012. Further reading Chauvin, Yvonne. Pratique du classement alphabétique. 4e éd. Paris : Bordas, 1977. ISBN 2 - 04 - 010155 - 1 External links Online Sort Lists in Alphabetical Order with The Alphabetizer Sort Lists in Alphabetical Order with The Alphabetizer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphabetical_order&oldid=816057858 '' Categories : Alphabets Collation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latgaļu മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 23 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: who decided on the order of the alphabet
Answer: Northwest Semitic scribes