Icelanders - wikipedia Icelanders This article is about Icelanders as an ethnic group. For information about residents or nationals of Iceland, see Demographics of Iceland. Icelanders Íslendingar Total population 383,500 -- 465,000 Regions with significant populations Iceland 295,672 Canada 94,205 United States 42,716 Denmark 8,429 Norway 8,274 Sweden 5,454 United Kingdom 2,225 Germany 1,802 Spain 1,122 Australia 980 Brazil 576 Poland 492 Other countries combined c. 3,000 Languages Icelandic Religion Lutheranism ( mainly the Church of Iceland ) ; Neo-pagan and Roman Catholic minorities among other faiths ; secular. Historically Norse paganism, Celtic Christianity ( c. 1000 ) and Catholic Christianity ( c. 1000 -- 1551 ). See Religion in Iceland Related ethnic groups Other Germanic peoples, especially Norwegians, Danes, Faroese Islanders Icelanders ( Icelandic : Íslendingar ) are an ethnic group and nation, native to Iceland, mostly speaking the Germanic language Icelandic. Icelanders established the country of Iceland in 930 A.D. when Althingi ( Parliament ) met for the first time. Iceland came under the reign of Norwegian, Swedish and Danish kings but regained full sovereignty and independence from the Danish monarchy on 1 December 1918, when Kingdom of Iceland was established. On 17 June 1944, the monarchy was abolished and the Icelandic republic was founded. The language spoken is Icelandic, a North Germanic language, and Lutheranism is the predominant religion. Historical and DNA records indicate that around 60 to 80 percent of the male settlers were of Norse origin ( primarily from Western Norway ) and a similar percentage of the women were of Celtic stock from Ireland and peripheral Scotland. Contents 1 Iceland 2 History 2.1 Initial migration and settlement 2.2 Hardship and conflict 2.3 Independence and prosperity 3 Demographics and society 3.1 Genetics 3.2 Emigration 3.2. 1 Greenland 3.2. 2 North America 4 Culture 4.1 Language and literature 4.2 Religion 4.3 Cuisine 4.4 Performance art 4.5 Sports 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Iceland Main article : Iceland Icelanders have had a tumultuous history. Development of the island was slow due to a lack of interest from the countries controlling it for most of its history : Norway, Denmark -- Norway, and ultimately Denmark. Through this time, Iceland had relatively little contact with the outside world. The island became independent in union with Denmark in 1918. Since 1944, Iceland has been a republic, and Icelandic society has undergone a rapid modernisation process in the post-independence era. History Main article : History of Iceland Iceland is a geologically young land mass, having formed an estimated 20 million years ago due to volcanic eruptions on the Mid-Atlantic ridge. One of the last larger islands to remain uninhabited, the first human settlement date is generally accepted to be 874, although there is some evidence to suggest human activity prior to the Norse arrival. Initial migration and settlement Main article : Settlement of Iceland Map showing Iceland in northern Europe The first Viking to sight Iceland was Gardar Svavarsson, who went off course due to harsh conditions when sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands. His reports led to the first efforts to settle the island. Flóki Vilgerðarson ( b. 9th century ) was the first Norseman to sail to Iceland intentionally. His story is documented in the Landnámabók manuscript, and he is said to have named the island Ísland ( Iceland ). The first permanent settler in Iceland is usually considered to have been a Norwegian chieftain named Ingólfur Arnarson. He settled with his family in around 874, at a place he named `` Bay of Smokes '', or Reykjavík in Icelandic. Following Ingólfur, and also in 874, another group of Norwegians set sail across the North Atlantic Ocean with their families, livestock, slaves and possessions, escaping the domination of the first King of Norway, Harald Fairhair. They traveled 1,000 km ( 600 mi ) in their Viking longships to the island of Iceland. These people were primarily of Norwegian, Irish or Gaelic Scottish origin. The Irish and the Scottish Gaels were either slaves or servants of the Norse chiefs, according to the Icelandic sagas, or descendants of a `` group of Norsemen who had settled in Scotland and Ireland and intermarried with Gaelic - speaking people ''. Genetic evidence suggests that approximately 62 % of the Icelandic maternal gene pool is derived from Ireland and Scotland, which is much higher than other Scandinavian countries, although comparable to the Faroese, while 37 % is of Nordic origin. About 20 - 25 % of the Icelandic paternal gene pool is of Gaelic origin, with the rest being Nordic. The Icelandic Age of Settlement ( Icelandic : Landnámsöld ) is considered to have lasted from 874 to 930, at which point most of the island had been claimed and the Alþingi ( English : Althing ), the assembly of the Icelandic Commonwealth, was founded at Þingvellir. Hardship and conflict Rock of law in Þingvellir was used to make speeches. In 930, on the Þingvellir ( English : Thingvellir ) plain near Reykjavík, the chieftains and their families met and established the Alþingi, Iceland 's first national assembly. However, the Alþingi lacked the power to enforce the laws it made. In 1262, struggles between rival chieftains left Iceland so divided that King Haakon IV of Norway was asked to step in as a final arbitrator for all disputes, as part of the Old Covenant. This is known as the Age of the Sturlungs. Iceland was under Norwegian leadership until 1380, when the Royal House of Norway died out. At this point, both Iceland and Norway came under the control of the Danish Crown. With the introduction of absolute monarchy in Denmark, the Icelanders relinquished their autonomy to the crown, including the right to initiate and consent to legislation. This meant a loss of independence for Iceland, which led to nearly 300 years of decline : perhaps largely because Denmark and its Crown did not consider Iceland to be a colony to be supported and assisted. In particular, the lack of help in defense led to constant raids by marauding pirates along the Icelandic coasts. Unlike Norway, Denmark did not need Iceland 's fish and homespun wool. This created a dramatic deficit in Iceland 's trade, and no new ships were built as a result. In 1602 Iceland was forbidden to trade with other countries by order of the Danish Government, and in the 18th century climatic conditions had reached an all - time low since Settlement. Laki erupted in 1783 -- 84 with catastrophic consequences for Iceland. In 1783 -- 84 Laki, a volcanic fissure in the south of the island, erupted. The eruption produced about 15 km3 ( 3.6 mi3 ) of basalt lava, and the total volume of tephra emitted was 0.91 km3. The aerosols built up caused a cooling effect in the Northern Hemisphere. The consequences for Iceland were catastrophic, with approximately 25 - 33 % of the population dying in the famine of 1783 and 1784. Around 80 % of sheep, 50 % of cattle, and 50 % of horses died of fluorosis from the 8 million tons of fluorine that were released. This disaster is known as the Mist Hardship ( Icelandic : Móðuharðindin ). In 1798 -- 99 the Alþingi was discontinued for several decades, eventually being restored in 1844. It was moved to Reykjavík, the capital, after being held at Þingvellir for over nine centuries. Independence and prosperity Statue of Jón Sigurðsson in Reykjavík The 19th century brought significant improvement in the Icelanders ' situation. A protest movement was led by Jón Sigurðsson, a statesman, historian, and authority on Icelandic literature. Inspired by the romantic and nationalist currents from mainland Europe, Jón protested strongly, through political journals and self - publications, for ' a return to national consciousness ' and for political and social changes to be made to help speed up Iceland 's development. In 1854, the Danish government relaxed the trade ban that had been imposed in 1602, and Iceland gradually began to rejoin Western Europe economically and socially. With this return of contact with other peoples came a reawakening of Iceland 's arts, especially its literature. Twenty years later in 1874, Iceland was granted a constitution. Icelanders today recognize Jón 's efforts as largely responsible for their economic and social resurgence. Iceland gained full sovereignty and independence from Denmark in 1918 after World War I. It became the Kingdom of Iceland. The King of Denmark also served as the King of Iceland but Iceland retained only formal ties with the Danish Crown. On 17 June 1944 the monarchy was abolished and a republic was established on what would have been Jón Sigurðsson 's 133rd birthday. This ended nearly six centuries of ties with Denmark. Demographics and society Main article : Demographics of Iceland Genetics Most mitochondrial DNA lineages found today in contemporary Icelanders can be traced to the native populations in Ireland and Scotland and Scandinavia. Another study shows that a tiny proportion of samples of contemporary Icelanders carry a more distant lineage, which belongs to the haplogroup C 1e, which can possibly be traced to the settlement of the Americas around 14,000 years ago. The same study used preliminary genealogical analyses which revealed that C1e lineage was present in the Icelandic mtDNA pool at least 300 years ago. Due to their small founding population and considerable history of relative isolation, Icelanders have often been considered highly genetically homogeneous as compared to other European populations. For this reason, along with the extensive genealogical records for much of the population that reach back to the settlement of Iceland, Icelanders have been the focus of considerable genomics research by both biotechnology companies and academic and medical researchers. However, one study of mitochondrial DNA, blood groups, and isozymes revealed a more variable population than expected from these genetic standpoints, comparable to the diversity of some other Europeans. Another study shows that quite a big group of Scandinavian males, in particular Norwegians and Icelanders ( up to 31 % of samples ), carry Haplogroup R1a1a ( Y - DNA ). Results of the mitochondrial DNA studies have been consistent with the genealogical records that trace the ancestry of most Icelanders to Scandinavia, Ireland and Scotland, though there may have been a minor contribution from other European groups. Founder effects and the effects of genetic drift are more pronounced for the Icelandic gene pool than other nearby populations, supporting the assumed genetic isolation of the population. Emigration The last written records of the Norse Greenlanders are from a 1408 marriage in Hvalsey Church -- today the most well - preserved of the Norse ruins. Greenland Main article : History of Greenland The first Europeans to emigrate to and settle in Greenland were Icelanders who did so under the leadership of Erik the Red in the late 10th century, CE and numbered around 500 people. Isolated fjords in this harsh land offered sufficient grazing to support cattle and sheep, though the climate was too cold for cereal crops. Royal trade ships from Norway occasionally went to Greenland to trade for walrus tusks and falcons. The population eventually reached a high point of perhaps 3,000 in two communities and developed independent institutions before fading away during the 15th century. A papal legation was sent there as late as 1492, the year Columbus attempted to find a shorter spice route to Asia but instead encountered the Americas. North America See also : Immigration to the United States and History of immigration to Canada Gimli, Manitoba, pop. 5,720 ( Statistics Canada, 2011 ) is home to the largest concentration of Icelanders outside of Iceland. According to the Saga of Eric the Red, Icelandic immigration to North America dates back to Vinland circa 1006. The colony was believed to be short - lived and abandoned by the 1020s. European settlement of the region was not archeologically and historically confirmed as more than legend until the 1960s. The former Norse site, now known as L'Anse aux Meadows, pre-dated the arrival of Colombus in the Americas by almost 500 years. A more recent instance of Icelandic immigration to North America occurred in 1855, when a small group settled in Spanish Fork, Utah. Another Icelandic colony formed in Washington Island, Wisconsin. Immigration to the United States and Canada began in earnest in the 1870s, with most migrants initially settling in the Great Lakes area. These settlers were fleeing famine and overcrowding on Iceland. Today, there are sizable communities of Icelandic descent in both the United States and Canada. Gimli, in Manitoba, Canada, is home to the largest population of Icelanders outside of the main island of Iceland. Culture Main article : Culture of Iceland Language and literature Main article : Icelandic language A poem from the Poetic Edda Kjartan Ólafsson and Bolli Þorleiksson, characters in Laxdæla saga, written in the 13th century. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is the official language of Iceland ( de facto ; the laws are silent about the issue ). Icelandic has inflectional grammar comparable to Latin, Ancient Greek, more closely to Old English and practically identical to Old Norse. Old Icelandic literature can be divided into several categories, of which three are best known to foreigners : Eddic poetry, skaldic poetry, and saga literature, if saga literature is understood broadly. Eddic poetry is made up of heroic and mythological poems. Poetry that praises someone is considered skaldic poetry or court poetry. Finally Saga literature is prose, ranging from pure fiction to fairly factual history. Written Icelandic has changed little since the 13th century. Because of this, modern readers can understand the Icelanders ' sagas. The sagas tell of events in Iceland in the 10th and early 11th centuries. They are considered to be the best - known pieces of Icelandic literature. Wikisource has original text related to this article : the Eddas. The elder or Poetic Edda, the younger or Prose Edda, and the sagas are the major pieces of Icelandic literature. The Poetic Edda is a collection of poems and stories from the late 10th century, whereas the younger or Prose Edda is a manual of poetry that contains many stories of Norse mythology. Religion Main article : Religion in Iceland Church in Húsavík, Iceland Iceland embraced Christianity in c. AD 1000, in what is called the kristnitaka, and the country, while mostly secular in observance, is still predominantly Christian culturally. The Lutheran church claims some 84 % of the total population. While early Icelandic Christianity was more lax in its observances than traditional Catholicism, Pietism, a religious movement imported from Denmark in the 18th century, had a marked effect on the island. By discouraging all but religious leisure activities, it fostered a certain dourness, which was for a long time considered an Icelandic stereotype. At the same time, it also led to a boom in printing, and Iceland today is one of the most literate societies in the world. While Catholicism was supplanted by Protestantism during the Reformation, most other world religions are now represented on the island : there are small Protestant Free Churches and Catholic communities, and even a nascent Muslim community, composed of both immigrants and local converts. Perhaps unique to Iceland is the fast - growing Ásatrúarfélag, a legally recognized revival of the pre-Christian Nordic religion of the original settlers. According to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík, there were only approximately 30 Jews in Iceland as of 2001. The former First Lady of Iceland Dorrit Moussaieff was an Israeli - born Bukharian Jew. Cuisine Main article : Icelandic cuisine Icelandic cuisine consists mainly of fish, lamb, and dairy. Fish was once the main part of an Icelander 's diet but has recently given way to meats such as beef, pork, and poultry. Iceland has many traditional foods called Þorramatur. These foods include smoked and salted lamb, singed sheep heads, dried fish, smoked and pickled salmon, and cured shark. Andrew Zimmern, a chef who has traveled the world on his show Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern, responded to the question `` What 's the most disgusting thing you 've ever eaten ? '' with the response `` That would have to be the fermented shark fin I had in Iceland. '' Fermented shark fin is a form of Þorramatur. Performance art Further information : Music of Iceland Sigur Rós has gained international fame performing mostly in Icelandic. The earliest indigenous Icelandic music was the rímur, epic tales from the Viking era that were often performed a cappella. Christianity played a major role in the development of Icelandic music, with many hymns being written in the local idiom. Hallgrímur Pétursson, a poet and priest, is noted for writing many of these hymns in the 17th century. The island 's relative isolation ensured that the music maintained its regional flavor. It was only in the 19th century that the first pipe organs, prevalent in European religious music, first appeared on the island. Many singers, groups, and forms of music have come from Iceland. Most Icelandic music contains vibrant folk and pop traditions. Some more recent groups and singers are Voces Thules, The Sugarcubes, Björk, Sigur Rós, and Of Monsters and Men. The national anthem is `` Ó Guð vors lands '' ( English : `` Our Country 's God '' ), written by Matthías Jochumsson, with music by Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson. The song was written in 1874, when Iceland celebrated its one thousandth anniversary of settlement on the island. It was originally published with the title A Hymn in Commemoration of Iceland 's Thousand Years. Sports Main article : Sport in Iceland Iceland 's national football team has yet to participate in the FIFA World Cup. However they have qualified for the finals of the 2016 European Championship. Their first Olympic participation was in the 1912 Summer Olympics ; however, they did not participate again until the 1936 Summer Olympics. Their first appearance at the winter games was at the 1948 Winter Olympics. In 1956, Vilhjálmur Einarsson won the Olympic silver medal for the triple jump. The Icelandic national handball team has enjoyed relative success. The team received a silver medal at the 2008 Olympic Games and a 3rd place at the 2010 European Men 's Handball Championship. See also Iceland portal List of Icelanders Icelandic nationalism Notes Jump up ^ `` Icelander ''. Joshua Project. Retrieved 27 February 2017. Jump up ^ Number of Icelandic citizens in Iceland Archived 2010 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` 2011 National Household Survey : Data tables - Ethnic Origin ( 264 ), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses ( 3 ), Generation Status ( 4 ), Age Groups ( 10 ) and Sex ( 3 ) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey ''. Canada 2011 Census. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 ACS Ancestry '' Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : World Migration. International organization for migration. Jump up ^ `` Iceland country brief ''. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 27 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Populations by religious and life stance organizations 1998 - 2016 ''. Reykjavík, Iceland : Statistics Iceland... Jump up ^ Minahan 2000, p. 769 Jump up ^ Icelanders, a diverse bunch ? Jump up ^ Helgason, A ; Sigureth ; Nicholson, J ; et al. ( September 2000 ). `` Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland ''. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 : 697 -- 717. doi : 10.1086 / 303046. PMC 1287529. PMID 10931763. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Fiske et al., 1972, p. 5 Jump up ^ Jónsson et al., 1991, pp. 17 - 23 Jump up ^ Þórðarson, c. 1200 Jump up ^ Fiske et al., 1972, p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Women are of Scots descent ''. Electricscotland. lcom. 2001 - 03 - 04. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08. Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/news/why-people-in-iceland-look-just-like-us-1.1104676 Jump up ^ Þorgilsson, c. 1100 Jump up ^ Byock, 1990 Jump up ^ Global Volcanism Program, 2007 ^ Jump up to : Stone, 2004 ^ Jump up to : Fiske et al., 1972, p. 6 Jump up ^ Sigríður Sunna Ebenesardóttir et al., 2010 ( 10 November 2010 ). `` A new subclade of mtDNA haplogroup C1 found in Icelanders : Evidence of pre-Columbian contact ? ''. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 144 ( 1 ) : 92 -- 9. doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 21419. PMID 21069749. Jump up ^ Árnason et al., 2000 Jump up ^ Helgason et al., 2000 Jump up ^ Tomasson, pp. 405 - 406. Jump up ^ Jackson, May 1925, pp. 680 - 681. Jump up ^ Jackson, May 1925, p. 681. Jump up ^ `` Island History and Culture ''. Washington Island. 1996. Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 11. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16. Jump up ^ Library of Congress, 2004 Jump up ^ Vanderhill, 1963 Jump up ^ Lahelma et al., 1994 -- 96 Jump up ^ Lovgren, 2004, p. 2 Jump up ^ Jochens, 1999, p. 621 Jump up ^ Del Giudice, 2008 Jump up ^ Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík, 2005. Jump up ^ Beale et al., 2004 ^ Jump up to : Fiske et al., 1972, p. 9 Jump up ^ Fiske et al., 1972, p. 7 References Einar Árnasson ; Hlynur Sigurgíslasson ; Eiríkur Benedikz ( 2000 ). `` Genetic homogeneity of Icelanders : fact or fiction ? ''. Nature Genetics. 25 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 374. doi : 10.1038 / 78036. PMID 10932173. Beale, Lewis, Daily, Laura ( 2004 ). `` Food : Confessions of a celebrity chef ''. USA Today. Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 08. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Byock, Jesse L. ( 1990 ). Medieval Iceland. Society, Sagas, and Power. United States : University of California Press. Del Giudice, Marguerite ( March 2008 ). `` Power Struggle ''. National Geographic. Fiske, John ; Rolvaag, Karl ( 1972 ). Lands and Peoples : Iceland. United States : Grolier. Global Volcanism Program ( GVP ), Smithsonian Institution ( 2007 ). `` Grímsvötn ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16. Agnar Helgason ; Sigrún Sigurðardóttir ; Jeffrey R. Gulcher ; Ryk Ward ; Kári Stefánsson ( February 2000 ). `` mtDNA and the Origin of the Icelanders : Deciphering Signals of Recent Population History ''. American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 ( 3 ) : 999 -- 1016. doi : 10.1086 / 302816. PMC 1288180. PMID 10712214. Jackson, Thorstina ( May 1925 ). `` Icelandic Communities in America : Cultural Backgrounds and Early Settlements ''. Journal of Social Forces. Journal of Social Forces, Vol. 3, No. 4. 3 ( 4 ) : 680 -- 686. doi : 10.2307 / 3005071. JSTOR 3005071. Jackson, Thorstina ( December 1925 ). `` The Icelandic Community in North Dakota Economic and Social Development Period 1878 - 1925 ''. Social Forces. Social Forces, Vol. 4, No. 2. 4 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 360. doi : 10.2307 / 3004589. JSTOR 3004589. Minahan, James ( 2000 ). One Europe, many nations : a historical dictionary of European national groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313309841. Retrieved May 25, 2013. Bergsteinn Jónsson ; Björn Þorsteinsson ( 1991 ). Íslandssaga til okkar daga ( in Icelandic ). Reykjavík, Iceland : Sögufélag. ISBN 9979 - 9064 - 4 - 8. Jochens, Jenny ( 1999 ). `` Late and Peaceful : Iceland 's Conversion Through Arbitration in 1000 ''. Speculum. Speculum, Vol. 74, No. 3. 74 ( 3 ) : 621 -- 655. doi : 10.2307 / 2886763. JSTOR 2886763. Library of Congress ( 2004 ). `` Immigration... Scandinavian : The Icelanders ''. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16. Antii Lahelma ; Johan Olafsson ( 1994 -- 96 ). `` Nordic FAQ - 5 of 7 - Iceland ''. Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16. Lovgren, Stefan ( May 7, 2004 ). `` '' Sagas '' Portray Iceland 's Viking History ``. National Geographic. Marcus, G.J. ( 1957 ). `` The Norse Traffic with Iceland ''. The Economic History Review. 9 ( 3 ) : 408 -- 419. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1957. tb00672. x. Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík ( 2005 ). `` Statistical Report for Iceland : 2000 - 2001 ''. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03. Simpson, Bob ( 2000 ). `` Imagined Genetic Communities : Ethnicity and Essentialism in the Twenty - First Century ''. Anthropology Today. 16 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 6. doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8322.00023. Stone, Richard ( 2004 ). `` Iceland 's Doomsday Scenario ? ''. Science. 306 ( 5700 ) : 1278 -- 1281. doi : 10.1126 / science. 306.5700. 1278. PMID 15550636. Stone, George ( 2005 ). `` 48 Hours Reykjavík : The Best of a City in Two Days ''. Archived from the original on 2003 - 12 - 06. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16. Tomasson, Richard F. ( 1977 ). `` A Millennium of Misery : The Demography of the Icelanders ''. Population Studies. Population Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3. 31 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 427. doi : 10.2307 / 2173366. JSTOR 2173366. PMID 11630504. Vanderhill, Burke G. ; David E. Christensen ( 1963 ). `` The Settlement of New Iceland ''. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 53 ( 3 ) : 350 -- 363. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1963. tb00454. x. External links Icelandic Tourist Board official site CIA : The World Factbook entry on Iceland NDL : 00843634 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icelanders&oldid=825271764 '' Categories : Icelandic people Ethnic groups in Europe Ethnic groups in Iceland Germanic peoples Icelandic society Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. 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Question: who is generally recognised as iceland's first permanent male settler
Answer: a Norwegian chieftain named Ingólfur Arnarson