Alcohol ( drug ) - wikipedia Alcohol ( drug ) This article is about ethanol as a psychoactive or recreational substance. For medical uses of ethanol, see Alcohol ( medicine ). For other uses, see Ethanol. Ethanol Clinical data Pronunciation / ˈɛθənɒl / Synonyms Absolute alcohol ; Alcohol ( USP ) ; Cologne spirit ; Drinking alcohol ; Ethanol ( JAN ) ; Ethylic alcohol ; EtOH ; Ethyl alcohol ; Ethyl hydrate ; Ethyl hydroxide ; Ethylol ; Grain alcohol ; Hydroxyethane ; Methylcarbinol Pregnancy category US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) Dependence liability Moderate Addiction liability Moderate ( 10 -- 15 % ) Routes of administration Common : by mouth, topical Uncommon : suppository, inhalation, ocular, insufflation, injection Drug class Central depressants ; Sedatives ; Anxiolytics ; Euphoriants ; GABA receptor positive modulators ATC code V03AZ01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : Unscheduled BR : OTC ( Over the counter ) CA : OTC DE : Unscheduled NZ : Unscheduled UK : General sales list ( GSL, OTC ) US : OTC Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 80 % + Protein binding Weakly or not at all Metabolism Liver ( 90 % ) : Alcohol dehydrogenase MEOS ( CYP2E1 ) Metabolites Acetaldehyde ; Acetate ; Acetyl - CoA ; Carbon dioxide ; Water ; Ethyl glucuronide ; Ethyl sulfate Onset of action Peak concentrations : Range : 30 -- 90 minutes Mean : 45 -- 60 minutes Fasted : 30 minutes Biological half - life Constant rate elimination at typical concentrations : Range : 10 -- 34 mg / dL / hour Mean ( men ) : 15 mg / dL / hour Mean ( women ) : 18 mg / dL / hr At very high concentrations ( t ) : 4.0 -- 4.5 hours Duration of action 6 -- 16 hours ( detectable ) Excretion Major : metabolism ( into carbon dioxide and water ) Minor : urine, breath, sweat ( 5 -- 10 % ) Identifiers IUPAC name ethanol CAS Number 64 - 17 - 5 PubChem CID 702 IUPHAR / BPS 2299 DrugBank DB00898 ChemSpider 682 UNII 3K9958V90M KEGG D00068 ChEBI CHEBI : 16236 ChEMBL CHEMBL545 PDB ligand EOH ( PDBe, RCSB PDB ) Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 46.0684 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Density 0.7893 g / cm ( at 20 ° C ) Melting point − 114.14 ± 0.03 ° C ( − 173.45 ± 0.05 ° F ) Boiling point 78.24 ± 0.09 ° C ( 172.83 ± 0.16 ° F ) Solubility in water 1000mg / mL ( at 25 ° C ) SMILES CCO InChI InChI = 1S / C2H6O / c1 - 2 - 3 / h3H, 2H2, 1H3 Key : LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ - UHFFFAOYSA - N Alcohol, also known by its chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive substance or drug which is present as the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits ( hard liquor ). It is one of the oldest and most common recreational substances, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication or `` drunkenness ''. Among other effects, alcohol produces mood lift and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system function. Ethanol is a type of chemical compound known as an alcohol, and is the only type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages or is commonly used for recreational purposes ; other alcohols such as methanol and isopropyl alcohol are toxic. Alcohol has a variety of short - term and long - term adverse effects. Short - term adverse effects include generalized impairment of neurocognitive function, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and hangover - like symptoms. Alcohol can be addictive to humans, as in alcoholism, and can result in dependence and withdrawal. It can have a variety of long - term adverse effects on health, for instance liver damage, brain damage, and increased risk of cancer. The adverse effects of alcohol on health are most important when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. However, some of them, such as increased risk of certain cancers, may occur even with light or moderate alcohol consumption. In high doses or overdose, alcohol may cause loss of consciousness or, in severe cases, death. Alcohol works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of a neurotransmitter called γ - aminobutyric acid, or GABA. This is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and by facilitating its actions, alcohol suppresses the activity of the central nervous system. The substance also directly affects a number of other neurotransmitter systems including those of glutamate, glycine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. The pleasurable effects of alcohol ingestion are the result of increased levels of dopamine and endogenous opioids in the reward pathways of the brain. Alcohol also has toxic and unpleasant actions in the body, many of which are mediated by its byproduct acetaldehyde. Alcohol has been produced and consumed by humans for its psychoactive effects for almost 10,000 years. Alcohol consumption is generally socially acceptable and is legal in most countries of the world, unlike with most other recreational substances. However, there are often restrictions on alcohol sale and use, for instance a minimum age for drinking and laws against public drinking and drinking and driving. Alcohol has considerable societal and cultural significance and has important social roles in much of the world. Drinking establishments, such as bars and nightclubs, revolve primarily around the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, and parties, festivals, and social gatherings commonly feature alcohol consumption as well. Alcohol use is also related to various societal problems, including driving accidents and fatalities, accidental injuries, sexual assaults, domestic abuse, and violent crime. Contents 1 Use and effects 2 Adverse effects 2.1 Short - term effects 2.1. 1 Central depression 2.1. 2 Gastrointestinal effects 2.1. 3 Allergic - like reactions 2.2 Long - term effects 2.2. 1 Brain damage 2.2. 2 Liver disease 2.2. 3 Birth defects 2.2. 4 Cancer 2.2. 5 Other effects 2.3 Reinforcement disorders 2.3. 1 Addiction 2.3. 2 Dependence and withdrawal 3 Overdose 4 Interactions 4.1 Disulfiram - like drugs 4.1. 1 Disulfiram 4.1. 2 Metronidazole 4.2 Methanol and ethylene glycol 5 Pharmacology 5.1 Pharmacodynamics 5.1. 1 Rewarding and reinforcing actions 5.1. 2 Relationship between concentrations and effects 5.1. 3 List of known actions of ethanol 5.2 Pharmacokinetics 5.2. 1 Absorption 5.2. 2 Distribution 5.2. 3 Metabolism 5.2. 4 Elimination 6 Chemistry 6.1 Production 6.2 Analogues 7 History 8 Society and culture 8.1 Legal status 8.2 Societal problems 8.2. 1 Automobile accidents 8.2. 2 Sexual assault 8.2. 3 Violent crime 8.2. 4 Health consequences 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Use and effects Main articles : Short - term effects of alcohol consumption and Alcohol intoxication See also : Alcoholic drink § Short - term effects, and Alcohol and health § Short - term effects Ethanol is typically consumed as a recreational drug by mouth in the form of alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits. It is commonly used in social settings due to its capacity to enhance sociability. The amount of ethanol in the body is typically quantified by blood alcohol content ( BAC ), which is here taken as weight of ethanol per unit volume of blood. Small doses of ethanol, in general, are stimulant - like and produce euphoria and relaxation ; people experiencing these symptoms tend to become talkative and less inhibited, and may exhibit poor judgment. At higher dosages ( BAC > 1 g / L ), ethanol acts as a central nervous system depressant, producing at progressively higher dosages, impaired sensory and motor function, slowed cognition, stupefaction, unconsciousness, and possible death. Ethanol is commonly consumed as a recreational substance, especially while socializing, due to its psychoactive effects. Ethanol, alcohol increases levels of high - density lipoproteins ( HDLs ), which carry cholesterol through the blood. Alcohol is known to make blood less likely to clot, reducing risk of heart attack and stroke. This could be the reason that alcohol produces health benefits when consumed in moderate amounts. Also, alcohol dilates blood vessels. Consequently, a person will feel warmer, and his / her skin may flush and appear pink. Adverse effects See also : Alcohol and health and Health effects of wine Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Alcohol was ranked 6th in dependence, 11th in physical harm, and 2nd in social harm. Alcohol has a variety of short - term and long - term adverse effects. It also has reinforcement - related adverse effects, including addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. Short - term effects Main articles : Short - term effects of alcohol consumption and Alcohol intoxication Central depression Alcohol causes generalized central nervous system depression and associated cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory impairment. It slows and impairs cognition and reaction time, reduces inhibition and impairs judgement, interferes with motor function resulting in motor incoordination, loss of balance, and slurred speech, impairs memory formation, and causes sensory impairment. At high concentrations, amnesia, stupor, and unconsciousness result. At very high concentrations, markedly decreased heart rate, respiratory depression, and death can result due to profound suppression of central nervous system function and consequent shutdown of vegetative functions. Gastrointestinal effects Diagram of mucosal layer Alcohol can cause nausea and vomiting in sufficiently high amounts. Alcohol stimulates gastric juice production, even when food is not present, and as a result, its consumption will stimulate acidic secretions normally intended to digest protein molecules. Consequently, the excess acidity may harm the inner lining of the stomach. The stomach lining is normally protected by a mucosal layer which prevents the stomach from essentially digesting itself. However, in patients who have a peptic ulcer disease ( PUD ), this mucosal layer is broken down. PUD is commonly associated with the bacteria H. pylori. H. pylori secrete a toxin that weakens the mucosal wall, which as a result lead to acid and protein enzymes penetrating the weakened barrier. Because alcohol stimulates a person 's stomach to secrete acid, a person with PUD should avoid drinking alcohol on an empty stomach. Drinking alcohol would cause more acid release which would further damage the already - weakened stomach wall. Complications of this disease could include a burning pain in the abdomen, bloating and in severe cases, the presence of dark black stools indicate internal bleeding. A person who drinks alcohol regularly is strongly advised to reduce their intake to prevent PUD aggravation. Ingestion of alcohol can initiate systemic pro-inflammatory changes through two intestinal routes : ( 1 ) altering intestinal microbiota composition ( dysbiosis ), which increases lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) release, and ( 2 ) degrading intestinal mucosal barrier integrity -- thus allowing this ( LPS ) to enter the circulatory system. The major portion of the blood supply to the liver is provided by the portal vein. Therefore, while the liver is continuously fed nutrients from the intestine, it is also exposed to any bacteria and / or bacterial derivatives that breach the intestinal mucosal barrier. Consequently, LPS levels increase in the portal vein, liver and systemic circulation after alcohol intake. Immune cells in the liver respond to LPS with the production of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ), leukotrienes, chemokines and cytokines. These factors promote tissue inflammation and contribute to organ pathology. Allergic - like reactions See also : Short - term effects of alcohol consumption § Allergic reaction - like symptoms Main articles : Alcohol - induced respiratory reactions and Alcohol flush reaction Ethanol - containing beverages can cause urticarial skin eruptions, systemic dermatitis, alcohol flush reactions, exacerbations of rhinitis and, more seriously and commonly, bronchoconstriction in patients with a history of asthma. These reactions occur within 1 -- 60 minutes of ethanol ingestion and are due to : 1 ) genetic abnormalities in the metabolism of ethanol which cause the ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde, to accumulate in tissues and trigger the release of histamine, the evoker of these symptoms ; 2 ) true allergy reactions to allergens occurring naturally in, or contaminating, alcoholic beverages, particularly wines and beers, and 3 ) unknown causes. Long - term effects Main article : Long - term effects of alcohol consumption Prolonged heavy consumption of alcohol can cause significant permanent damage to the brain and other organs. Brain damage Main article : Alcohol - related brain damage Alcohol can cause permanent brain damage. An extreme example is Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome. Liver disease Main article : Alcoholic liver disease During the metabolism of alcohol via the respective dehydrogenases, NAD ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ) is converted into reduced NAD. Normally, NAD is used to metabolize fats in the liver, and as such alcohol competes with these fats for the use of NAD. Prolonged exposure to alcohol means that fats accumulate in the liver, leading to the term ' fatty liver '. Continued consumption ( such as in alcoholism ) then leads to cell death in the hepatocytes as the fat stores reduce the function of the cell to the point of death. These cells are then replaced with scar tissue, leading to the condition called cirrhosis. Birth defects Main articles : Fetal alcohol syndrome and Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Ethanol is classified as a teratogen. According to the CDC, alcohol consumption by women of child - bearing age who are not using birth control increases the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. The CDC currently recommends complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages. Cancer IARC list ethanol in alcoholic beverages as Group 1 carcinogens and argues that `` There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde ( the major metabolite of ethanol ) in experimental animals. '' Other effects Frequent drinking of alcoholic beverages has been shown to be a major contributing factor in cases of elevated blood levels of triglycerides. Reinforcement Disorders Addiction Main articles : Alcoholism and Alcohol abuse Alcohol consumption is rewarding and reinforcing and can result in addiction to alcohol, which is termed alcoholism. Dependence and withdrawal Main articles : Alcohol dependence and Alcohol withdrawal syndrome Discontinuation of alcohol after extended heavy use and associated tolerance development ( resulting in dependence ) can result in withdrawal. Alcohol withdrawal can cause confusion, anxiety, insomnia, agitation, tremors, fever, nausea, vomiting, autonomic dysfunction, seizures, and hallucinations. In severe cases, death can result. Delirium tremens is a condition that requires people with a long history of heavy drinking to undertake an alcohol detoxification regimen. Overdose Main article : Alcohol poisoning Death from ethanol consumption is possible when blood alcohol levels reach 0.4 %. A blood level of 0.5 % or more is commonly fatal. Levels of even less than 0.1 % can cause intoxication, with unconsciousness often occurring at 0.3 -- 0.4 %. The oral median lethal dose ( LD ) of ethanol in rats is 5,628 mg / kg. With the meaning that if a human that weighs 70 kg drank a large glass ( 500 mL ) of pure ethanol, they will, theoretically, have a 50 % percentage of dying. Symptoms of ethanol overdose may include nausea, vomiting, central nervous system depression, coma, acute respiratory failure, or death. Interactions Ethanol can intensify the sedation caused by other central nervous system depressant drugs such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioids, nonbenzodiazepines / Z - drugs ( such as zolpidem and zopiclone ), antipsychotics, sedative antihistamines, and certain antidepressants. It interacts with cocaine in vivo to produce cocaethylene, another psychoactive substance. Ethanol enhances the bioavailability of methylphenidate ( elevated plasma dexmethylphenidate ). In combination with cannabis, ethanol increases plasma tetrahydrocannabinol levels, which suggests that ethanol may increase the absorption of tetrahydrocannabinol. Disulfiram - like drugs Main article : Disulfiram - like drug Disulfiram Disulfiram inhibits the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which in turn results in buildup of acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite of ethanol with unpleasant effects. The drug is used to treat alcoholism, and results in immediate hangover - like symptoms upon consumption of alcohol. Metronidazole One of the most important drug / food interactions that should be noted is between alcohol and metronidazole. Metronidazole is an antibacterial agent that kills bacteria by damaging cellular DNA and hence cellular function. Metronidazole is usually given to people who have diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria. C. difficile is one of the most common microorganisms that cause diarrhea and can lead to complications such as colon inflammation and even more severely, death. Patients who are taking metronidazole are strongly advised to avoid alcohol, even after 1 hour following the last dose. The reason is that alcohol and metronidazole can lead to side effects such as flushing, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and sweating. These symptoms are often called the disulfiram - like reaction. The proposed mechanism of action for this interaction is that metronidazole can bind to an enzyme that normally metabolizes alcohol. Binding to this enzyme may impair the liver 's ability to process alcohol for proper excretion. Methanol and ethylene glycol The rate - limiting steps for the elimination of ethanol are in common with certain other substances. As a result, the blood alcohol concentration can be used to modify the rate of metabolism of methanol and ethylene glycol. Methanol itself is not highly toxic, but its metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid are ; therefore, to reduce the rate of production and concentration of these harmful metabolites, ethanol can be ingested. Ethylene glycol poisoning can be treated in the same way. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics See also : Alcohol intoxication § GABAA receptors, and Calcium channel blocker § Ethanol Despite extensive research, the precise mechanism of action of ethanol has proven elusive and remains to be fully understood. Identifying molecular targets for ethanol has proven to be unusually difficult in large part due to its unique biochemical properties. Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high ( millimolar ( mM ) ) concentrations. For these reasons, unlike with most drugs, it has not ( yet ) been possible to employ traditional biochemical techniques to directly assess the binding of ethanol to receptors or ion channels. Instead, researchers have had to rely on functional studies to elucidate the actions of ethanol. Moreover, although it has been established that ethanol modulates ion channels to mediate its effects, ion channels are complex proteins, and their interactions and functions are complicated by diverse subunit compositions. In spite of the preceding however, much progress has been made in understanding the pharmacodynamics of ethanol over the last few decades. While no binding sites have been identified and established unambiguously for the drug at present, it appears that ethanol affects ion channels, in particular ligand - gated ion channels, to mediate its effects in the central nervous system. Ethanol has specifically been found in functional assays to enhance or inhibit the activity of a variety of ion channels including the GABA receptor, the ionotropic glutamate AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors, the glycine receptor, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the serotonin 5 - HT receptor, voltage - gated calcium channels, and BK channels among others. However, many of these actions have been found to occur only at very high concentrations that may not be pharmacologically significant at recreational doses of ethanol, and it is unclear how or to what extent each of the individual actions is involved in the effects of ethanol. In any case, ethanol has long shown a similarity in its effects to positive allosteric modulators of the GABA receptor like benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and various general anesthetics. Indeed, ethanol has been found to enhance GABA receptor - mediated currents in functional assays. In accordance, it is theorized and widely believed that the primary mechanism of action is as a GABA receptor positive allosteric modulator. However, the diverse actions of ethanol on other ion channels may be and indeed likely are involved in its effects as well. Recently, it has been discovered that ethanol directly binds to and potentiates extrasynaptic δ subunit - containing GABA receptors at behaviorally relevant ( as low as 3 mM ) concentrations. This is in contrast to previous functional assays of ethanol on γ subunit - containing GABA receptors, which it enhances only at far higher concentrations ( > 100 mM ) that are in excess of recreational concentrations ( up to 50 mM ). Ro15 - 4513, a close analogue of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil ( Ro15 - 1788 ), has been found to bind to the same site as ethanol and to competitively displace it in a saturable manner. In addition, Ro15 - 4513 blocked the enhancement of δ subunit - containing GABA receptor currents by ethanol in vitro. In accordance, the drug has been found to reverse many of the behavioral effects of low - to - moderate doses of ethanol in rodents, including its effects on anxiety, memory, motor behavior, and self - administration. Taken together, these findings suggest a binding site for ethanol on subpopulations of the GABA receptor with specific subunit compositions via which it interacts with and potentiates the receptor. Rewarding and reinforcing actions The reinforcing effects of alcohol consumption are mediated by acetaldehyde generated by catalase and other oxidizing enzymes such as cytochrome P - 4502E1 in the brain. Although acetaldehyde has been associated with some of the adverse and toxic effects of ethanol, it appears to play a central role in the activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Ethanol 's rewarding and reinforcing ( i.e., addictive ) properties are mediated through its effects on dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic reward pathway, which connects the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens ( NAcc ). One of ethanol 's primary effects is the allosteric inhibition of NMDA receptors and facilitation of GABA receptors ( e.g., enhanced GABA receptor - mediated chloride flux through allosteric regulation of the receptor ). At high doses, ethanol inhibits most ligand gated ion channels and voltage gated ion channels in neurons as well. With acute alcohol consumption, dopamine is released in the synapses of the mesolimbic pathway, in turn heightening activation of postsynaptic D receptors. The activation of these receptors triggers postsynaptic internal signaling events through protein kinase A which ultimately phosphorylate cAMP response element binding protein ( CREB ), inducing CREB - mediated changes in gene expression. With chronic alcohol intake, consumption of ethanol similarly induces CREB phosphorylation through the D receptor pathway, but it also alters NMDA receptor function through phosphorylation mechanisms ; an adaptive downregulation of the D receptor pathway and CREB function occurs as well. Chronic consumption is also associated with an effect on CREB phosphorylation and function via postsynaptic NMDA receptor signaling cascades through a MAPK / ERK pathway and CAMK - mediated pathway. These modifications to CREB function in the mesolimbic pathway induce expression ( i.e., increase gene expression ) of ΔFosB in the NAcc, where ΔFosB is the `` master control protein '' that, when overexpressed in the NAcc, is necessary and sufficient for the development and maintenance of an addictive state ( i.e., its overexpression in the nucleus accumbens produces and then directly modulates compulsive alcohol consumption ). Relationship between concentrations and effects Blood alcohol levels and effects mg / dL mM % v / v Effects 50 11 0.05 % Euphoria, talkativeness, relaxation 100 22 0.1 % Central nervous system depression, nausea, possible vomiting, impaired motor and sensory function, impaired cognition > 140 30 > 0.14 % Decreased blood flow to brain 300 65 0.3 % Stupefaction, possible unconsciousness 400 87 0.4 % Possible death 500 109 > 0.55 % Death Recreational concentrations of ethanol are typically in the range of 1 to 50 mM. Very low concentrations of 1 to 2 mM ethanol produce zero or undetectable effects except in alcohol - naive individuals. Slightly higher levels of 5 to 10 mM, which are associated with light social drinking, produce measurable effects including changes in visual acuity, decreased anxiety, and modest behavioral disinhibition. Further higher levels of 15 to 20 mM result in a degree of sedation and motor incoordination that is contraindicated with the operation of motor vehicles. In jurisdictions in the United States, maximum blood alcohol levels for legal driving are about 17 to 22 mM. In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system depression is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness. Levels of ethanol above 50 mM are not typically experienced by normal individuals and hence are not usually physiologically relevant ; however, such levels -- ranging from 50 to 100 mM -- may be experienced by alcoholics with high tolerance to ethanol. Concentrations above this range, specifically in the range of 100 to 200 mM, would cause death in all people except alcoholics. List of known actions of ethanol Ethanol has been reported to possess the following actions in functional assays at varying concentrations : GABA receptor positive allosteric modulator ( primarily of δ subunit - containing receptors ) NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator Increased levels of dopamine and endogenous opioids in the mesolimbic pathway, secondary to other actions AMPA receptor negative allosteric modulator Kainate receptor negative allosteric modulator Glycine receptor positive allosteric modulator Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator 5 - HT receptor positive allosteric modulator Glycine reuptake inhibitor Adenosine reuptake inhibitor L - type calcium channel blocker GIRK channel opener Some of the actions of ethanol on ligand - gated ion channels, specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the glycine receptor, are dose - dependent, with potentiation or inhibition occurring dependent on ethanol concentration. This seems to be because the effects of ethanol on these channels are a summation of positive and negative allosteric modulatory actions. Pharmacokinetics Absorption Ethanol can be taken orally, by inhalation, rectally, or by injection ( e.g., intravenous ), though it is typically ingested simply via oral administration. The oral bioavailability of ethanol is around 80 % or more. In fasting volunteers, blood levels of ethanol increase proportionally with the dose of ethanol administered. Blood alcohol concentrations may be estimated by dividing the amount of ethanol ingested by the body weight of the individual and correcting for water dilution. Peak circulating levels of ethanol are usually reached within a range of 30 to 90 minutes of ingestion, with an average of 45 to 60 minutes. Food in the gastrointestinal system and hence gastric emptying is the most important factor that influences the absorption of orally ingested ethanol. The absorption of the drug is much more rapid on an empty stomach than with a full one. The delay in ethanol absorption caused by food is similar regardless of whether food is consumed just before, at the same time, or just after ingestion of ethanol. The type of food, whether fat, carbohydrates, or protein, also is of little importance. Not only does food slow the absorption of ethanol, but it also reduces the bioavailability of ethanol, resulting in lower circulating concentrations. People who have fasted overnight have been found to reach peak ethanol concentrations more rapidly at within 30 minutes of ingestion. Distribution Upon ingestion, ethanol is rapidly distributed throughout the body. It is distributed most rapidly to tissues with the greatest blood supply. As such, the drug primarily affects the brain, liver, and kidneys. Other tissues with lower circulation, such as bone, require more time for ethanol to distribute into. The drug crosses biological membranes and the blood -- brain barrier easily, through a simple process of passive diffusion. The volume of distribution of ethanol is around 0.55 L / kg. It is only weakly or not at all plasma protein bound. Metabolism See also : Ethanol metabolism, Alcohol dehydrogenase, and Aldehyde dehydrogenase Approximately 90 % of the metabolism of ethanol occurs in the liver. This occurs predominantly via the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which transforms ethanol into its metabolite acetaldehyde ( ethanal ). Acetaldehyde is subsequently metabolized by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetate ( ethanoate ), which in turn is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Acetate also combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl - CoA, and hence may participate in metabolic pathways. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are present at their highest concentrations in the liver, but are widely expressed throughout the body, and alcohol dehydrogenase may also be present in the stomach and small intestine. Aside from alcohol dehydrogenase, the microsomal ethanol - oxidizing system ( MEOS ), specifically mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1, is the other major route of ethanol metabolism. CYP2E1 is inducible by ethanol, so while alcohol dehydrogenase handles acute or low concentrations of ethanol, MEOS is predominant with higher concentrations or with repeated / chronic use. A small amount of ethanol undergoes conjugation to form ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate. There may also be another metabolic pathway that metabolizes as much as 25 to 35 % of ethanol at typical concentrations. At even low physiological concentrations, ethanol completely saturates alcohol dehydrogenase. This is because ethanol has high affinity for the enzyme and very high concentrations of ethanol occur when the substance is used as a drug. For this reason, the metabolism of ethanol follows zero - order kinetics at typical physiological concentrations. That is, ethanol does not have an elimination half - life ( i.e., is not metabolized at an exponential rate ), and instead, is eliminated from the circulation at a constant rate. The mean elimination rates for ethanol are 15 mg / dL per hour for men and 18 mg / dL per hour for women, with a range of 10 to 34 mg / dL per hour. At very high concentrations, such as in overdose, it has been found that the rate of elimination of ethanol is increased. In addition, ethanol metabolism follows first - order kinetics at very high concentrations, with an elimination half - life of about 4 or 4.5 hours ( which implies a clearance rate of approximately 6 L / hour / 70 kg ). This seems to be because other processes, such as the MEOS / CYP2E1, also become involved in the metabolism of ethanol at higher concentrations. However, the MEOS / CYP2E1 alone appears not to be sufficient to fully explain the increase in ethanol metabolism rate. Some individuals have less effective forms of one or both of the metabolizing enzymes of ethanol, and can experience more marked symptoms from ethanol consumption than others. However, those having acquired alcohol tolerance have a greater quantity of these enzymes, and metabolize ethanol more rapidly. Elimination Ethanol is mainly eliminated from the body via metabolism into carbon dioxide and water. Around 5 to 10 % of ethanol that is ingested is eliminated unchanged in urine, breath, and sweat. Ethanol or its metabolites may be detectable in urine for up to 96 hours after ingestion. Chemistry Main articles : Ethanol and Ethanol ( data page ) See also : Alcohol ( medicine ), Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fermentation, and Yeast in winemaking Ethanol is also known chemically as alcohol, ethyl alcohol, or drinking alcohol. It is a simple alcohol with a molecular formula of C H O and a molecular weight of 46.0684 g / mol. The molecular formula of ethanol may also be written as CH − CH − OH or as C H − OH. The latter can also be thought of as an ethyl group linked to a hydroxyl ( alcohol ) group and can be abbreviated as EtOH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight characteristic odor. Aside from its use as a psychoactive and recreational substance, ethanol is also commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, a chemical and medicinal solvent, and a fuel. Production Ethanol is produced naturally as a byproduct of the metabolic processes of yeast and hence is present in any yeast habitat, including even endogenously in humans. It is manufactured as a petrochemical through hydration of ethylene or by brewing via fermentation of sugars with yeast ( most commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). In the case of the latter, the sugars are commonly obtained from sources like steeped cereal grains ( e.g., barley ), grape juice, and sugarcane products ( e.g., molasses, sugarcane juice ). Petrochemical and yeast manufacturing routes both produce an ethanol -- water mixture which can be further purified via distillation. Analogues Ethanol has a variety of analogues, many of which have similar actions and effects. Methanol ( methyl alcohol ) and isopropyl alcohol are toxic and are not safe for human consumption. Methanol is the most toxic alcohol ; the toxicity of isopropyl alcohol lies between that of ethanol and methanol, and is about twice that of ethanol. In general, higher alcohols are less toxic. n - Butanol is reported to produce similar effects to those of ethanol and relatively low toxicity ( one - sixth of that of ethanol in one rat study ). However, its vapors can produce eye irritation and inhalation can cause pulmonary edema. Acetone ( propanone ) is a ketone rather than an alcohol, and is reported to produce similar toxic effects ; it can be extremely damaging to the cornea. The tertiary alcohol tert - amyl alcohol ( TAA ), also known as 2 - methylbutan - 2 - ol ( 2M2B ), has a history of use as a hypnotic and anesthetic, as do other tertiary alcohols such as methylpentynol, ethchlorvynol, and chloralodol. Unlike primary alcohols like ethanol, these tertiary alcohols can not be oxidized into aldehyde or carboxylic acid metabolites, which are often toxic, and for this reason, these compounds are safer in comparison. Other relatives of ethanol with similar effects include chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, and many volatile and inhalational anesthetics ( e.g., chloroform, diethyl ether, and isoflurane ). History Main articles : Alcoholic drink § History, and History of alcoholic drinks Alcohol was brewed as early as 7,000 to 6,650 BCE in northern China. The earliest evidence of winemaking was dated at 6,000 to 5,800 BCE in Georgia in the South Caucasus. Beer was likely brewed from barley as early as the 6th century BCE ( 600 -- 500 BCE ) in Egypt. Pliny the Elder wrote about the golden age of winemaking in Rome, the 2nd century BCE ( 200 -- 100 BCE ), when vineyards were planted. Society and culture See also : Drinking culture Legal status Main article : Alcohol laws Alcohol is legal in most of the world. However, laws banning alcohol are found in the Middle East and some Indian states as well as some Native American reservations in the United States. In addition, there are strict regulations on alcohol sales and use in many countries throughout the world. For instance, most countries have a minimum legal age for purchase and consumption of alcohol ( e.g., 21 years of age in the United States ). Also, many countries have bans on public drinking. Drinking while driving or intoxicated driving is frequently outlawed and it may be illegal to have an open container of alcohol in an automobile. Societal problems Alcohol causes a plethora of detrimental effects in society, both to the individual and to others. It is highly associated with automobile accidents, sexual assaults, and both violent and non-violent crime. About one - third of arrests in the United States involve alcohol abuse. Many emergency room visits also involve alcohol use. As many as 15 % of employees show problematic alcohol - related behaviors in the workplace, such as drinking before going to work or even drinking on the job. Heavy drinking is associated with vulnerability to injury, marital discord, and domestic violence. Alcohol use is directly related to considerable morbidity and mortality, for instance due to overdose and alcohol - related health problems. Automobile accidents Main article : Drunk drivers A 2002 study found 41 % of people fatally injured in traffic accidents were in alcohol - related crashes. Abuse of alcohol is associated with more than 40 % of deaths that occur in automobile accidents every year. The risk of a fatal car accident increases exponentially with the level of alcohol in the driver 's blood. Most drunk driving laws in the United States governing the acceptable levels in the blood while driving or operating heavy machinery set typical upper limits of legal blood alcohol content ( BAC ) at 0.08 %. Sexual assault See also : Drug facilitated sexual assault and Date rape drug Alcohol is often used to facilitate sexual assault or rape. Over 50 % of all rapes involve alcohol. It is the most commonly used date rape drug. Violent crime Over 40 % of all assaults and 40 to 50 % of all murders involve alcohol. More than 43 % of violent encounters with police involve alcohol. Alcohol is implicated in more than two - thirds of cases of intimate partner violence. In 2002, it was estimated that 1 million violent crimes in the United States were related to alcohol use. Alcohol is more commonly associated with both violent and non-violent crime than are drugs like marijuana. Health consequences Alcohol abuse and dependence are major problems and many health problems as well as death can result from excessive alcohol use. Alcohol dependence is linked to a lifespan that is reduced by about 12 years relative to the average person. In 2004, it was estimated that 4 % of deaths worldwide were attributable to alcohol use. Deaths from alcohol are split about evenly between acute causes ( e.g., overdose, accidents ) and chronic conditions. 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Further reading The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism maintains a database of alcohol - related health effects. ETOH Archival Database ( 1972 -- 2003 ) Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database. External links ChEBI -- biology related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signal transduction pathway : KEGG -- human alcohol addiction Recreational uses Recreational drug use Major recreational drugs Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carbamates Ethanol ( alcohol ) Alcoholic drinks Beer Wine Gabapentinoids GHB Inhalants Medical Nitrous oxide Hazardous solvents contact adhesives Gasoline nail polish remover Paint thinner Other Freon Kava Nonbenzodiazepines Quinazolinones Opioids Buprenorphine Suboxone Subutex Codeine Desomorphine Krokodil Dextropropoxyphene Darvocet Darvon Fentanyl Diamorphine Heroin Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Dilaudid Methadone Mitragyna speciosa Kratom Morphine Opium Oxycodone / paracetamol Tramadol Stimulants Amphetamine Arecoline Areca Betel Caffeine Coffee Energy drinks Tea Cathinone Khat Cocaine Coca Crack Ephedrine Ephedra MDPV Mephedrone Methamphetamine Methylone Methylphenidate Modafinil Nicotine Tobacco Theobromine Cocoa Chocolate Entactogens 2C series 6 - APB Benzofury AMT MDA MDMA Ecstasy Hallucinogens Psychedelics Bufotenin Psychoactive toads Vilca Yopo DMT Ayahuasca LSA LSD - 25 Mescaline Peruvian torch Peyote San Pedro Psilocybin / Psilocin Psilocybin mushrooms Dissociatives DXM Glaucine Inhalants Nitrous oxide alkyl nitrites poppers amyl nitrite Ketamine MXE Muscimol Amanita muscaria PCP Salvinorin A Salvia divinorum Deliriants Atropine and Scopolamine Atropa belladonna Datura Hyoscyamus niger Mandragora officinarum Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Cannabinoids JWH - 018 THC Cannabis Hashish Hash oil Marijuana Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Club drugs Cocaine Quaaludes MDMA ( Ecstasy ) Nitrous oxide Poppers Drug culture Cannabis culture 420 Cannabis cultivation Cannabis smoking Head shop Legal history of cannabis in the United States Legality of cannabis Marijuana Policy Project Medical cannabis NORML Cannabis and religion Stoner film Coffee culture Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Tea house Drinking culture Bartending Beer culture Beer festival Binge drinking Diethyl ether Drinking games Drinking song Happy hour Hip flask Nightclub Pub Pub crawl Sommelier Sports bar Tailgate party Wine bar Wine tasting Psychedelia Psychonautics Art Drug Era Experience Literature Music Microdosing Therapy Smoking culture Cigarette card Fashion cigarettes Cloud - chasing Loosie Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Other Club drug Counterculture of the 1960s Dance party Drug paraphernalia Drug tourism Entheogen Hippie Nootropic Party and play Poly drug use Rave Religion and drugs Self - medication Sex and drugs Whoonga Drug production and trade Drug production Coca production in Colombia Drug precursors Opium production in Afghanistan Rolling meth lab Drug trade Illegal drug trade Colombia Darknet market Drug distribution Beer shop Cannabis shop Liquor store Liquor license Issues with drug use Abuse Date rape drug Impaired driving Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Addiction Dependence Prevention Opioid replacement therapy Rehabilitation Responsible use Drug - related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long - term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances Legality of drug use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs 1971 Psychotropic Substances 1988 Drug Trafficking Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs State level Drug policy Decriminalization Prohibition Supply reduction Policy reform Demand reduction Drug Policy Alliance Harm reduction Law Enforcement Action Partnership Liberalization Latin America Students for Sensible Drug Policy Transform Drug Policy Foundation Drug policy by country Australia Canada Germany India Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland United States Just Say No Office of National Drug Control Policy School district drug policies California Colorado Maryland Virginia Other Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Cognitive liberty Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Narc Politics of drug abuse War on Drugs Mexican Drug War Plan Colombia Philippine Drug War Zero tolerance Lists of countries by... Alcohol legality Alcohol consumption Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Cigarette consumption Cocaine legality Cocaine use Methamphetamine legality Opiates use Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality Euphoriants μ - Opioid receptor agonists ( opioids ) ( e.g., morphine, heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, opium, kratom ) α δ subunit - containing voltage - dependent calcium channels blockers ( gabapentinoids ) ( e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin, phenibut ) AMPA receptor antagonists ( e.g., perampanel ) CB receptor agonists ( cannabinoids ) ( e.g., THC, cannabis ) Dopamine receptor agonists ( e.g., levodopa ) Dopamine releasing agents ( e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, mephedrone ) Dopamine reuptake inhibitors ( e.g., cocaine, methylphenidate ) GABA receptor positive allosteric modulators ( e.g., barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carbamates, ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ), inhalants, nonbenzodiazepines, quinazolinones ) GHB ( sodium oxybate ) and analogues Glucocorticoids ( corticosteroids ) ( e.g., dexamethasone, prednisone ) nACh receptor agonists ( e.g., nicotine, tobacco, arecoline, areca nut ) Nitric oxide prodrugs ( e.g., alkyl nitrites ( poppers ) ) NMDA receptor antagonists ( e.g., DXM, ketamine, methoxetamine, nitrous oxide, phencyclidine, inhalants ) Orexin receptor antagonists ( e.g., suvorexant ) See also : Recreational drug use Anxiolytics ( N05B ) 5 - HT R agonists Buspirone Gepirone Tandospirone GABA R PAMs Benzodiazepines : Adinazolam Alprazolam Bromazepam Camazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Diazepam Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam Fludiazepam Halazepam Ketazolam Lorazepam Medazepam Nordazepam Oxazepam Pinazepam Prazepam ; Others : Alpidem Barbiturates ( e.g., phenobarbital ) Carbamates ( e.g., meprobamate ) Chlormezanone Ethanol ( alcohol ) Etifoxine Imepitoin ; Herbs : Kava Skullcap Valerian Gabapentinoids ( α δ VDCC blockers ) Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Phenibut Pregabalin Antidepressants SSRIs ( e.g., escitalopram ) SNRIs ( e.g., duloxetine ) SARIs ( e.g., trazodone ) TCAs ( e.g., clomipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g., mirtazapine ) MAOIs ( e.g., phenelzine ) ; Others : Agomelatine Bupropion Tianeptine Vilazodone Vortioxetine Sympatholytics ( Antiadrenergics ) Alpha - 1 blockers ( e.g., prazosin ) Alpha - 2 agonists ( e.g., clonidine, dexmedetomidine, guanfacine ) Beta blockers ( e.g., propranolol ) Others Benzoctamine Cannabidiol Cycloserine Fabomotizole Hydroxyzine Kanna Lavender Lorpiprazole Mebicar Mepiprazole Nicotine Opipramol Oxaflozane Phenaglycodol Phenibut Picamilon Selank Tiagabine Tofisopam Validolum WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Hypnotics / sedatives ( N05C ) GABA Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Phenazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABA 1, 4 - Butanediol 4 - Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB ( sodium oxybate ) GBL GVL Phenibut Tolibut Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Perlapine Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. α - Adrenergic Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine 5 - HT Antidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. Others Niaprazine Melatonin Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Orexin Almorexant Filorexant Suvorexant α δ VDCC Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin Others Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Guaifenesin - related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Opioids ( e.g., morphine ) Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide Pharmacodynamics GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g., baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7, 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5, 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7, 8 - Dihydrokavain 5, 6, 7, 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5, 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7, 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 Imepitoin JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g., ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g., 4 - O - methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g., sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ), tetronal, trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g., borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Glycine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) GlyR Agonists : β - Alanine β - ABA ( BABA ) β - AIBA Caesium D - Alanine D - Serine GABA Glycine Hypotaurine Ivermectin L - Alanine L - Proline L - Serine L - Threonine MDL - 27531 Milacemide Picolinic acid Propofol Quisqualamine Sarcosine Taurine Positive modulators : Alcohols ( e.g., brometone, chlorobutanol ( chloretone ), ethanol ( alcohol ), tert - butanol ( 2M2P ), tribromoethanol, trichloroethanol, trifluoroethanol ) Alkylbenzene sulfonate Anandamide Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Chlormethiazole D12 - 116 Dihydropyridines ( e.g., nicardipine ) Etomidate Ginseng constituents ( e.g., ginsenosides ( e.g., ginsenoside - Rf ) ) Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Ivermectin Ketamine Neuroactive steroids ( e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone ( eltanolone ), pregnenolone acetate, minaxolone, ORG - 20599 ) Nitrous oxide Penicillin G Propofol Tamoxifen Tetrahydrocannabinol Triclofos Tropeines ( e.g., atropine, bemesetron, cocaine, LY - 278584, tropisetron, zatosetron ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, desflurane, diethyl ether ( ether ), enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ), trichloroethylene ) Xenon Zinc Antagonists : 2 - Aminostrychnine 2 - Nitrostrychnine 4 - Phenyl - 4 - formyl - N - methylpiperidine αEMBTL Bicuculline Brucine Cacotheline Caffeine Colchicine Colubrine Cyanotriphenylborate Dendrobine Diaboline Endocannabinoids ( e.g., 2 - AG, anandamide ( AEA ) ) Gaboxadol ( THIP ) Gelsemine iso - THAZ Isobutyric acid Isonipecotic acid Isostrychnine Laudanosine N - Methylbicuculline N - Methylstrychnine N, N - Dimethylmuscimol Nipecotic acid Pitrazepin Pseudostrychnine Quinolines ( e.g., 4 - hydroxyquinoline, 4 - hydroxyquinoline - 3 - carboxylic acid, 5, 7 - CIQA, 7 - CIQ, 7 - TFQ, 7 - TFQA ) RU - 5135 Sinomenine Strychnine Thiocolchicoside Tutin Negative modulators : Amiloride Benzodiazepines ( e.g., bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam ) Corymine Cyanotriphenylborate Daidzein Dihydropyridines ( e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine ) Furosemide Genistein Ginkgo constituents ( e.g., bilobalide, ginkgolides ( e.g., ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, ginkgolide M ) ) Imipramine NBQX Neuroactive steroids ( e.g., 3α - androsterone sulfate, 3β - androsterone sulfate, deoxycorticosterone, DHEA sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, progesterone ) Opioids ( e.g., codeine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, levomethadone, levorphanol, morphine, oripavine, pethidine, thebaine ) Picrotoxin ( i.e., picrotin and picrotoxinin ) PMBA Riluzole Tropeines ( e.g., bemesetron, LY - 278584, tropisetron, zatosetron ) Verapamil Zinc NMDAR See here instead. Transporter ( blockers ) GlyT1 ACPPB ALX - 1393 ALX - 5407 ( NFPS ) AMG - 747 ASP2535 Bitopertin ( RG1678 / RO4917838 ) CP - 802079 Ethanol ( alcohol ) Glycyldodecylamide GSK1018921 LY - 2365109 ORG - 24598 ORG - 25935 ( SCH - 900435 ) PF - 02545920 PF - 03463275 PF - 04958242 Sarcosine SSR - 103,800 SSR - 504,734 GlyT2 Amoxapine Ethanol ( alcohol ) NAGly Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) ORG - 25543 VVZ - 368 See also Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA receptor positive modulators Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators Ion channel modulators Calcium VDCCs Blockers L - type - selective : Dihydropyridines : Amlodipine Aranidipine Azelnidipine Barnidipine Clevidipine Cronidipine Darodipine Dexniguldipine Elgodipine Elnadipine Felodipine Flordipine Furnidipine Iganidipine Isradipine Lacidipine Lemildipine Lercanidipine Levamlodipine Levniguldipine Manidipine Mepirodipine Mesudipine Nicardipine Nifedipine Niguldipine Niludipine Nilvadipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine Olradipine Oxodipine Palonidipine Pranidipine Ryodipine ( riodipine ) Sagandipine Sornidipine Teludipine Tiamdipine Trombodipine Vatanidipine ; Diltiazem derivatives : Clentiazem Diltiazem Iprotiazem Nictiazem Siratiazem ; Phenylalkylamines : Anipamil Dagapamil Devapamil Dexverapamil Emopamil Etripamil Falipamil Gallopamil Levemopamil Nexopamil Norverapamil Ronipamil Tiapamil Verapamil ; Others : AH - 1058 Brinazarone Budiodarone Celivarone Cyproheptadine Dronedarone Fantofarone SR - 33805 Tetrahydropalmatine N - type - selective : ω - Conotoxins ω - Conotoxin GVIA Caroverine Huwentoxin XVI Leconotide ( ω - conotoxin CVID ) PD - 173212 Ralfinamide Safinamide Z160 Ziconotide ( ω - conotoxin MVIIA ) P - type - selective : ω - Agatoxin IVA ω - Agatoxin IVB R - type - selective : SNX - 482 T - type - selective : ABT - 639 ML - 218 Niflumic acid NNC 55 - 0396 ProTx I Z944 Zonisamide Non-selective : ω - Agatoxin TK ω - Conotoxin MVIIC Benidipine Bepridil Cilnidipine Cinnarizine Dotarizine Efonidipine Flunarizine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Lomerizine Loperamide Mibefradil NP078585 Ruthenium red TROX - 1 α δ subunit - selective ( gabapentinoids ) : 4 - Methylpregabalin Arbaclofen Arbaclofen placarbil Atagabalin Baclofen Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Imagabalin Mirogabalin PD - 200,347 PD - 217,014 PD - 299,685 Phenibut Pregabalin Others / unsorted : Bencyclane Berbamine Bevantolol Canadine Carboxyamidotriazole Cycleanine Dauricine Dimeditiapramine Diproteverine Enpiperate Eperisone Elpetrigine Ethadione Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethosuximide Fasudil Fendiline Fostedil Imepitoin JTV - 519 Lidoflazine Magnesium Manoalide Mesuximide Monatepil Naftopidil Ochratoxin A Osthol Otilonium bromide Paramethadione Phensuximide Pinaverium bromide Prenylamine Rhynchophylline Sesamodil Silperisone Sipatrigine Terodiline Tetrandrine Tolperisone Trimethadione Valperinol Activators L - type - selective : Bay K8644 Potassium VGKCs Blockers 3, 4 - Diaminopyridine ( amifampridine ) 4 - Aminopyridine ( fampridine / dalfampridine ) Adekalant Almokalant Amiodarone Azimilide Bretylium Bunaftine Charybdotoxin Clamikalant Conotoxins Dalazatide Dendrotoxin Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Hanatoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Ibutilide Inakalant Kaliotoxin Linopirdine Lolitrem B Maurotoxin Nifekalant Notoxin Paxilline Pinokalant Quinidine ShK - 186 Sotalol Tedisamil Terikalant Tetraethylammonium Vernakalant hERG ( KCNH2, K 11.1 ) - specific : Ajmaline Amiodarone AmmTX3 Astemizole Azaspiracid AZD1305 Azimilide Bedaquiline BeKm - 1 BmTx3 BRL - 32872 Chlorpromazine Cisapride Clarithromycin Darifenacin Dextropropoxyphene Diallyl trisulfide Domperidone E-4031 Ergtoxins Erythromycin Gigactonine Haloperidol Ketoconazole Norpropoxyphene Orphenadrine Pimozide PNU - 282,987 Promethazine Quinidine Ranolazine Roxithromycin Sertindole Solifenacin Tamulotoxin Terodiline Terfenadine Thioridazine Tolterodine Vanoxerine Vernakalant KCNQ ( K 7 ) - specific : Linopirdine XE - 991 Spooky toxin ( SsTx ) Activators KCNQ ( K 7 ) - specific : Flupirtine Retigabine IRKs Blockers K - specific : Acetohexamide Carbutamide Chlorpropamide Glibenclamide ( glyburide ) Glibornuride Glicaramide Gliclazide Glimepiride Glipizide Gliquidone Glisoxepide Glyclopyramide Glycyclamide Metahexamide Mitiglinide Nateglinide Repaglinide Tolazamide Tolbutamide GIRK - specific : Barium Caramiphen Cloperastine Clozapine Dextromethorphan Ethosuximide Ifenprodil Tertiapin Tipepidine Activators K - specific : Aprikalim Bimakalim Cromakalim Diazoxide Emakalim Levcromakalim Mazokalim Minoxidil Naminidil Nicorandil Pinacidil Rilmakalim Sarakalim GIRK - specific : ML - 297 ( VU0456810 ) Blockers BK - specific : Ethanol ( alcohol ) GAL - 021 Activators BK - specific : Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Niflumic acid Nimesulide Rottlerin ( mallotoxin ) Tolfenamic acid K2Ps Blockers 12 - O - Tetradecanoylphorbol - 13 - acetate Arachidonic acid Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine Activators Riluzole Sodium VGSCs Blockers Antianginals : Ranolazine Antiarrhythmics ( class I ) : Ajmaline Aprindine Disopyramide Dronedarone Encainide Flecainide Lidocaine Lorajmine Lorcainide Mexiletine Moricizine Pilsicainide Prajmaline Procainamide Propafenone Quinidine Sparteine Tocainide Anticonvulsants : Acetylpheneturide Carbamazepine Cenobamate Chlorphenacemide Elpetrigine Eslicarbazepine acetate Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Lacosamide Licarbazepine Mephenytoin Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Phenacemide Pheneturide Phenytoin Rufinamide Sipatrigine Topiramate Sodium valproate Valnoctamide Valproate pivoxil Valproate semisodium Valproic acid Valpromide Zonisamide Local anesthetics : pFBT Amylocaine Articaine Benzocaine Bupivacaine ( Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine ) Butacaine Butamben Chloroprocaine Cinchocaine Cocaine Cyclomethycaine Dimethocaine Diphenhydramine Etidocaine Hexylcaine Iontocaine Lidocaine Mepivacaine Meprylcaine Metabutoxycaine Orthocaine Piperocaine Prilocaine Procaine Propoxycaine Proxymetacaine Risocaine Tetracaine Trimecaine Analgesics : AZD - 3161 DSP - 2230 Funapide GDC - 0276 NKTR - 171 PF - 04531083 PF - 05089771 Ralfinamide Raxatrigine RG7893 ( GDC - 0287 ) Toxins : Conotoxins Neosaxitoxin Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Others : Buprenorphine Evenamide Menthol ( mint ) Safinamide Tricyclic antidepressants Activators Atracotoxins ( Robustoxin, Versutoxin ) Batrachotoxin Ciguatoxins Poneratoxin ENaC Blockers Amiloride Benzamil Triamterene Activators Solnatide ASICs Blockers A-317567 Amiloride Aspirin Ibuprofen PcTX1 Chloride CaCCs Blockers Crofelemer DIDS Ethacrynic acid Flufenamic acid Fluoxetine Furosemide Glibenclamide Mefloquine Mibefradil Niflumic acid Activators Carbachol CFTR Blockers Glibenclamide Lonidamine Piretanide Activators 1, 7 - Phenanthroline 1, 10 - Phenanthroline 4, 7 - Phenanthroline 7, 8 - Benzoquinoline Ivacaftor Phenanthridine Unsorted Blockers Bumetanide Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Mepacrine Niflumic acid Talniflumate Tolfenamic acid Trifluoperazine Others TRPs See here instead. See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Transient receptor potential channel modulators Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators AMPAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine ; Positive allosteric modulators : Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX - 516 CX - 546 CX - 614 Farampator ( CX - 691, ORG - 24448 ) CX - 717 CX - 1739 CX - 1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide ( HCTZ ) IDRA - 21 LY - 392098 LY - 395153 LY - 404187 LY - 451646 LY - 503430 Mibampator ( LY - 451395 ) Nooglutyl ORG - 26576 Oxiracetam PEPA PF - 04958242 Piracetam Pramiracetam S - 18986 Tulrampator ( S - 47445, CX - 1632 ) Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel ( MPQX ) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue GYKI - 52466 GYKI - 53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : Minocycline KAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Bromowillardiine 5 - Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY - 339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM - 2081 ; Positive allosteric modulators : Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LY - 382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP - 302 ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue NS - 3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDAR Agonists : Main site agonists : AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid ( L - HCA ) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine ; Glycine site agonists : β - Fluoro - D - alanine ACBD ACC ( ACPC ) ACPD AK - 51 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) B6B21 CCG D - Alanine D - Cycloserine D - Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA - 966 L - 687414 L - Alanine L - Serine Milacemide Neboglamine ( nebostinel ) Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) Sarcosine ; Polyamine site agonists : Neomycin Spermidine Spermine ; Other positive allosteric modulators : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol DHEA ( prasterone ) DHEA sulfate ( prasterone sulfate ) Epipregnanolone sulfate Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE - 201 SAGE - 301 SAGE - 718 Antagonists : Competitive antagonists : AP5 ( APV ) AP7 CGP - 37849 CGP - 39551 CGP - 39653 CGP - 40116 CGS - 19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY - 233053 LY - 235959 LY - 274614 MDL - 100453 Midafotel ( d - CPPene ) NPC - 12626 NPC - 17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ - 220581 Selfotel ; Glycine site antagonists : 4 - Cl - KYN ( AV - 101 ) 5, 7 - DCKA 7 - CKA ACC ACEA - 1011 ACEA - 1328 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) AV - 101 Carisoprodol CGP - 39653 CNQX D - Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV - 196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L - 689560 L - 701324 Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LU - 73068 MDL - 105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2 / 576 PNQX Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) ZD - 9379 ; Polyamine site antagonists : Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine ; Uncompetitive pore blockers ( mostly dizocilpine site ) : 2 - MDP 3 - HO - PCP 3 - MeO - PCE 3 - MeO - PCMo 3 - MeO - PCP 4 - MeO - PCP 8A - PDHQ 18 - MC α - Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin - 636 Arketamine ARL - 12495 ARL - 15896 - AR ARL - 16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine ( NPS - 1506 ) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD - 137889 Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol ; Ifenprodil ( NR2B ) site antagonists : Besonprodil Buphenine ( nylidrin ) CO-101244 ( PD - 174494 ) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil ( RGH - 896 ) Rislenemdaz ( CERC - 301, MK - 0657 ) Ro 8 - 4304 Ro 25 - 6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil ( CP - 101606 ) ; NR2A - selective antagonists : MPX - 004 MPX - 007 TCN - 201 TCN - 213 ; Cations : Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc ; Alcohols / volatile anesthetics / related : Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : ARR - 15896 Bumetanide Caroverine D - αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL - 12495 FR - 115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone ( MLV - 6976 ) MDL - 27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin ( saffron ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism / transport modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRs Agonists ( and PAMs ) 5 - HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT - 202 ABT - 418 ABT - 560 ABT - 894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin - a AR - R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP - 4473 EVP - 6124 Galantamine GTS - 21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ - 39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM - 63,908 ( RG - 3487 ) Morantel Nicotine ( tobacco ) NS - 1738 PHA - 543,613 PHA - 709,829 PNU - 120,596 PNU - 282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR - 2429 Sazetidine A SB - 206553 Sebacylcholine SIB - 1508Y SIB - 1553A SSR - 180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium ( succinylcholine ) Suxethonium ( succinyldicholine ) TC - 1698 TC - 1734 TC - 1827 TC - 2216 TC - 5214 TC - 5619 TC - 6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB - 165 Varenicline WAY - 317,538 XY - 4083 Antagonists ( and NAMs ) 18 - MAC 18 - MC α - Neurotoxins ( e.g., α - bungarotoxin, α - cobratoxin, α - conotoxin, many others ) ABT - 126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates ( e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental ) BNC - 210 Bungarotoxins ( e.g., α - bungarotoxin, κ - bungarotoxin ) Bupropion BW - A444 Candocuronium iodide ( chandonium iodide ) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine ( metocurine ) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium ( benzohexonium ) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium ( laudolissin ) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME - 18 - MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan ( racemethorphan ) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol ( racemorphan ) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate ( trimethaphan camsylate ) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Serotonin receptor modulators 5 - HT 5 - HT Agonists : 8 - OH - DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants ( e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine ) Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone ) Azapirones ( e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone ) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY - 14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), methysergide, pergolide ) F - 11461 F - 12826 F - 13714 F - 14679 F - 15063 F - 15599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Lesopitron LY - 293284 LY - 301317 mCPP MKC - 242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU - 24969 S - 14506 S - 14671 S - 15535 Sarizotan Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) SSR - 181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - CT, 5 - MeO - DMT, 5 - MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N - Me - 5 - HT, psilocin, psilocybin ) TGBA01AD U-92016A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists : Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole ) AV965 Beta blockers ( e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol ) BMY - 7378 CSP - 2503 Dotarizine Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline ) Flopropione GR - 46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine ( methiothepin ) MIN - 117 ( WF - 516 ) MPPF NAN - 190 Robalzotan S - 15535 SB - 649915 SDZ 216 - 525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH - 301 WAY - 100135 WAY - 100635 Xylamidine Unknown / unsorted : Acetryptine Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ) ) 5 - HT Agonists : CGS - 12066A CP - 93129 CP - 94253 CP - 122,288 CP - 135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), methysergide, pergolide ) mCPP RU - 24969 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan ) TFMPP Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, 5 - MT, DMT ) Vortioxetine Antagonists : AR - A000002 Beta blockers ( e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol ) Elzasonan Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline ) GR - 127935 Isamoltane LY - 393558 Metitepine ( methiothepin ) SB - 216641 SB - 224289 SB - 236057 Yohimbine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine ( ergonovine ), lisuride ) 5 - HT Agonists : CP - 122,288 CP - 135807 CP - 286601 Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide ) GR - 46611 L - 694247 L - 772405 mCPP PNU - 109291 PNU - 142633 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) TGBA01AD Triptans ( e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, 5 - Et - DMT, 5 - MT, 5 - ( nonyloxy ) tryptamine, DMT ) Antagonists : Alniditan BRL - 15572 Elzasonan Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline ) GR - 127935 Ketanserin LY - 310762 LY - 367642 LY - 393558 LY - 456219 LY - 456220 Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown / unsorted : Acetryptine Ergolines ( e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide ) 5 - HT Agonists : BRL - 54443 Ergolines ( e.g., methysergide ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., eletriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., tryptamine ) Antagonists : Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ), lysergol, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ) 5 - HT Agonists : BRL - 54443 CP - 122,288 Ergolines ( e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ) methysergide ) Lasmiditan LY - 334370 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - MT ) Antagonists : Mianserin Metitepine ( methiothepin ) 5 - HT 5 - HT Agonists : 25H / NB series ( e.g., 25I - NBF, 25I - NBMD, 25I - NBOH, 25I - NBOMe, 25B - NBOMe, 25C - NBOMe, 25TFM - NBOMe, 2CBCB - NBOMe, 25CN - NBOH, 2CBFly - NBOMe ) 2Cs ( e.g., 2C - B, 2C - E, 2C - I, 2C - T - 2, 2C - T - 7, 2C - T - 21 ) 2C - B - FLY 2CB - Ind 5 - Methoxytryptamines ( 5 - MeO - DET, 5 - MeO - DiPT, 5 - MeO - DMT, 5 - MeO - DPT, 5 - MT ) α - Alkyltryptamines ( e.g., 5 - Cl - αMT, 5 - Fl - αMT, 5 - MeO - αET, 5 - MeO - αMT, α - Me - 5 - HT, αET, αMT ) AL - 34662 AL - 37350A Bromo - DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx ( e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM ) Efavirenz Ergolines ( e.g., 1P - LSD, ALD - 52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine ( LSA ), ergometrine ( ergonovine ), ergotamine, lisuride, LA - SS - Az, LSB, LSD, LSD - Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), pergolide ) Flumexadol Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx ( e.g., MDA ( tenamfetamine ), MDMA ( midomafetamine ), MDOH, MMDA ) O - 4310 Oxaflozane PHA - 57378 PNU - 22394 PNU - 181731 RH - 34 Phenethylamines ( e.g., lophophine, mescaline ) Piperazines ( e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) TCB - 2 TFMFly Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine ) Antagonists : 5 - I - R91150 5 - MeO - NBpBrT AC - 90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines ( e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine ) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine ) Cinanserin CSP - 2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines ( e.g., amesergide, LY - 53857, LY - 215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole ) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML - 010 Landipirdine LY - 393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine ( methiothepin ) MIN - 101 MIN - 117 ( WF - 516 ) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin S - 14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors ( e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone ) SR - 46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine ) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline ) 5 - HT Agonists : 4 - Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines ( e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine ) BW - 723C86 DOx ( e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM ) Ergolines ( e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ), methysergide, pergolide ) Lorcaserin MDxx ( e.g., MDA ( tenamfetamine ), MDMA ( midomafetamine ), MDOH, ( MMDA ( drug ) Antagonists : Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N - desalkylquetiapine ( norquetiapine ), N - desmethylclozapine ( norclozapine ), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone ) Cyproheptadine EGIS - 7625 Ergolines ( e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY - 53857, LY - 272015, mesulergine ) Ketanserin LY - 393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX - 08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS - 127445 Sarpogrelate SB - 200646 SB - 204741 SB - 206553 SB - 215505 SB - 221284 SB - 228357 SDZ SER - 082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine ) TIK - 301 Yohimbine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ) ) 5 - HT Agonists : 2Cs ( e.g., 2C - B, 2C - E, 2C - I, 2C - T - 2, 2C - T - 7, 2C - T - 21 ) 5 - Methoxytryptamines ( 5 - MeO - DET, 5 - MeO - DiPT, 5 - MeO - DMT, 5 - MeO - DPT, 5 - MT ) α - Alkyltryptamines ( e.g., 5 - Cl - αMT, 5 - Fl - αMT, 5 - MeO - αET, 5 - MeO - αMT, α - Me - 5 - HT, αET, αMT ) A-372159 AL - 38022A Alstonine CP - 809101 Dimemebfe DOx ( e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM ) Ergolines ( e.g., ALD - 52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine ( LSA ), ergotamine, lisuride, LA - SS - Az, LSB, LSD, LSD - Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide ) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx ( e.g., MDA ( tenamfetamine ), MDMA ( midomafetamine ), MDOH, MMDA ) MK - 212 Org 12962 Org 37684 Oxaflozane PHA - 57378 Phenethylamines ( e.g., lophophine, mescaline ) Piperazines ( e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP ) PNU - 22394 PNU - 181731 Ro60 - 0175 Ro60 - 0213 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - BT, 5 - CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine ) Vabicaserin WAY - 629 WAY - 161503 YM - 348 Antagonists : Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine ) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines ( e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY - 53857, LY - 215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole ) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR - 260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine ( dimebolin ) Medifoxamine Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS - 102221 S - 14671 SB - 200646 SB - 206553 SB - 221284 SB - 228357 SB - 242084 SB - 243213 SDZ SER - 082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine ) TIK - 301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine ) Xylamidine Unknown / unsorted : Efavirenz Ergolines ( e.g., ergometrine ( ergonovine ), methylergometrine ( methylergonovine ) ) 5 - HT 5 - HT Agonists : Alcohols ( e.g., butanol, ethanol ( alcohol ), trichloroethanol ) m - CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines ( e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine ) RS - 56812 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) SR - 57227 SR - 57227A Tryptamines ( e.g., 2 - Me - 5 - HT, 5 - CT, bufotenidine ( 5 - HTQ ) ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane ) YM - 31636 Antagonists : Alosetron AS - 8112 Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine ) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron ( MDL - 72222 ) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP - 2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion ICS - 205930 Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., loxapine ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon ) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown / unsorted : LY - 53857 Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) 5 - HT Agonists : 5 - MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ - 033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX - 03140 Renzapride RS - 67333 RS - 67506 Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tegaserod Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists : GR - 113808 GR - 125487 L - Lysine Piboserod RS - 39604 RS - 67532 SB - 203186 SB - 204070 5 - HT Agonists : Ergolines ( e.g., 2 - Br - LSD ( BOL - 148 ), ergotamine, LSD ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - CT ) Valerenic Acid Antagonists : Asenapine Latrepirdine ( dimebolin ) Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Ritanserin SB - 699551 Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., metergoline, methysergide ) Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) 5 - HT Agonists : Ergolines ( e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 2 - Me - 5 - HT, 5 - BT, 5 - CT, 5 - MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD - 386088, EMDT, LY - 586713, N - Me - 5 - HT, tryptamine ) WAY - 181187 WAY - 208466 Antagonists : ABT - 354 Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone ) AVN - 101 AVN - 211 AVN - 322 AVN - 397 BGC20 - 760 BVT - 5182 BVT - 74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS - 12233 GW - 742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine ( dimebolin ) Metitepine ( methiothepin ) MS - 245 PRX - 07034 Ritanserin Ro 04 - 6790 Ro 63 - 0563 SB - 258585 SB - 271046 SB - 357134 SB - 399885 SB - 742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, mianserin ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine ) Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., 2 - Br - LSD ( BOL - 148 ), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide ) Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) 5 - HT Agonists : 8 - OH - DPAT AS - 19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines ( e.g., LSD ) LP - 12 LP - 44 RU - 24969 Sarizotan Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) Triptans ( e.g., frovatriptan ) Tryptamines ( e.g., 5 - CT, 5 - MT, bufotenin, N - Me - 5 - HT ) Antagonists : Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine ) Butaclamol DR - 4485 EGIS - 12233 Ergolines ( e.g., 2 - Br - LSD ( BOL - 148 ), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY - 53857, LY - 215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole ) JNJ - 18038683 Ketanserin LY - 215840 Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Ritanserin SB - 258719 SB - 258741 SB - 269970 SB - 656104 SB - 656104A SB - 691673 SLV - 313 SLV - 314 Spiperone SSR - 181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine ) Typical antipsychotics ( e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide ) Vortioxetine Unknown / unsorted : Ergolines ( e.g., lisuride, pergolide ) Piperazines ( e.g., naphthylpiperazine ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins Alcohol and health Specific interactions Note : see Template : Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses Aging Alcohol - 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Question: what is the classification of alcohol as a drug
Answer: Central depressants