Reginald Pole - wikipedia Reginald Pole His Eminence Reginald Pole Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury Primate of All England Province Canterbury Diocese Canterbury See Canterbury Installed 1556 Term ended 17 November 1558 Predecessor Thomas Cranmer Successor Matthew Parker Personal details ( 1500 - 03 - 03 ) 3 March 1500 Stourton Castle, Staffordshire Kingdom of England 17 November 1558 ( 1558 - 11 - 17 ) ( aged 58 ) London, Kingdom of England Buried The Corona, Canterbury Cathedral, Kent Nationality English Denomination Roman Catholic Parents Sir Richard Pole Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury Alma mater Magdalen College, Oxford Coat of arms Arms of Reginald Pole Reginald Pole ( 12 March 1500 -- 17 November 1558 ) was an English cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, holding the office from 1556 to 1558, during the Counter Reformation. Contents 1 Early career 1.1 Education 2 Pole and Henry VIII 3 Cardinal Pole 4 Later years 5 Death 6 Author 7 In popular culture 8 Ancestors 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Early career Pole was born at Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, on 12 March 1500. to Sir Richard Pole and Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, and was their third son. His maternal grandparents were George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, and Isabella Neville, Duchess of Clarence ; thus he was a great - nephew of kings Edward IV and Richard III and a great - grandson of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Education His nursery is said to have been at Sheen Priory. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1512, and at Oxford was taught by William Latimer and Thomas Linacre, graduating with a BA on 27 June 1515. In February 1518, King Henry VIII granted him the deanery of Wimborne Minster, Dorset ; after which he was Prebendary of Salisbury and Dean of Exeter in 1527. He was also a canon in York, and had several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest. Assisted by Bishop Edward Foxe, he represented Henry VIII in Paris in 1529, researching general opinions among theologians of the Sorbonne about the annulment of Henry 's marriage with Catherine of Aragon. In 1521, Pole went to the University of Padua, where he met leading Renaissance figures, including Pietro Bembo, Gianmatteo Giberti ( formerly pope Leo X 's datary and chief minister ), Jacopo Sadoleto, Gianpietro Carafa ( the future Pope Paul IV ), Rodolfo Pio, Otto Truchsess, Stanislaus Hosius, Cristoforo Madruzzo, Giovanni Morone, Pier Paolo Vergerio the younger, Peter Martyr ( Vermigli ) and Vettor Soranzo. The last three were eventually condemned as heretics by the Roman Catholic Church, with Vermigli -- as a well - known Protestant theologian -- having a significant share in the Reformation in Pole 's native England. His studies in Padua were partly financed by his election as a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, with more than half of the cost paid by Henry VIII himself on 14 February 1523, which allowed him to study abroad for three years. Pole and Henry VIII Pole returned home in July 1526, when he went to France, escorted by Thomas Lupset. Henry VIII offered him the Archbishopric of York or the Diocese of Winchester if he would support his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Pole withheld his support and went into self - imposed exile in France and Italy in 1532, where he continued his studies in Padua and Paris. After his return he held the benefice of Vicar of Piddletown, Dorset, between 20 December 1532 and about January 1535 / 1536. In May 1536, Reginald Pole finally and decisively broke with the King. In 1531, he had warned of the dangers of the Boleyn marriage ; he had returned to Padua in 1532, and received a last English benefice in December. Eustace Chapuys, the Ambassador to England of Emperor Charles V, had suggested to Emperor Charles V that Pole marry the Lady Mary and combine their dynastic claims ; Chapuys also communicated with Reginald through his brother Geoffrey. The final break between Pole and Henry followed upon Thomas Cromwell, Cuthbert Tunstall, Thomas Starkey and others addressing questions to Pole on behalf of Henry. He answered by sending the king a copy of his published treatise Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, which, besides being a theological reply to the questions, was a strong denunciation of the king 's policies that denied Henry 's position on the marriage of a brother 's wife and denied the Royal Supremacy ; Pole also urged the Princes of Europe to depose Henry immediately. Henry wrote to the Countess of Salisbury, who in turn sent her son a letter reproving him for his `` folly. '' Reginald Pole became a cardinal in 1537 ; he was ordained in 1556. Cardinal Pole In 1537 Pole, already a deacon, was created a cardinal. Pope Paul III put him in charge of organising assistance for the Pilgrimage of Grace ( and related movements ), an effort to organise a march on London to install a Roman Catholic government instead of Henry 's ; neither Francis I of France nor the Emperor supported this effort, and the English government tried to have Pole assassinated. In 1539, Pole was sent to the Emperor to organise an embargo against England -- the sort of countermeasure he had himself warned Henry was possible. The incensed king, with Pole himself out of his reach, took a terrible revenge on Pole 's family for engaging in treason by word against the king. See Exeter Conspiracy. The leading members and even Pole 's mother were executed, and all their properties seized. The action destroyed the Pole family. Sir Geoffrey Pole was arrested in August 1538 ; he had been corresponding with Reginald, and the investigation of Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter ( Henry VIII 's first cousin and the Countess of Salisbury 's second cousin ) had turned up his name ; he had appealed to Thomas Cromwell, who had him arrested and interrogated. Under interrogation, Sir Geoffrey said that Henry Pole, his eldest brother, Lord Montagu, and Exeter had all been parties to his correspondence with Reginald. Montagu, Exeter, and Lady Salisbury were arrested in November 1538, together with Henry Pole and other family members, on charges of treason, although Cromwell had previously written that they had `` little offended save that he ( Reginald Pole ) is of their kin ''. They were committed to the Tower of London, and in January, with the exception of Geoffrey Pole, they were executed. In January 1539, Sir Geoffrey was pardoned, and Montagu and Exeter were tried and executed for treason, while Reginald Pole was attainted in absentia. In May 1539, Montagu, Exeter, Lady Salisbury, and others were also attainted, as her father had been ; this meant that they lost their lands -- mostly in the South of England, conveniently located to assist any invasion -- and titles, and those still alive in the Tower were also sentenced to death, so could be executed at the King 's will. As part of the evidence given in support of the Bill of Attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolising Lady Salisbury 's support of Roman Catholicism and the rule of Reginald and Mary ; the supposed discovery, six months after her house and effects had been searched when she was arrested, is likely to be a fabrication. Margaret Pole, as she was now called, was held in the Tower of London for two and a half years under severe conditions ; she, her grandson ( Montagu 's son ), and Exeter 's son were held together and supported by the King. In 1540, Cromwell himself fell from favour and was himself executed and attainted. Margaret Pole was finally executed in 1541 ( her execution was dreadfully botched and horrifying even for those brutal times ), protesting her innocence until the last -- a highly publicised case which was considered a grave miscarriage of justice both at the time and later. Pole is known to have said that he would ``... never fear to call himself the son of a martyr ''. Some 350 years later, in 1886, Margaret was beatified by Pope Leo XIII. Styles of Reginald Pole Reference style His Eminence Spoken style Your Eminence Informal style Cardinal See Canterbury Aside from the aforementioned oppositional treatise, King Henry 's harshness towards the Pole family might have derived from the fact that Pole 's mother, Margaret, was one of the last surviving members of the House of Plantagenet. Under some circumstances, that descent could have made Reginald -- until he definitely entered the clergy -- a possible contender for the throne itself. Indeed, in 1535 Pole was considered by Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial ambassador to England, as a possible husband for Princess Mary, later Mary I of England. Pole 's cappella ( chapel ) in Rome Pole was made a cardinal by Pope Paul III in 1536, over Pole 's own objections. He also became Papal Legate to England in February 1536 / 1537. In 1542 he was appointed as one of the three Papal Legates to preside over the Council of Trent, in 1549 he was appointed by Pope Paul III Abbot of Gavello or Canalnuovo, and after the death of Pope Paul III in 1549 Pole, at one point, had nearly the two - thirds of the vote he needed to become Pope himself at the papal conclave of 1549 -- 50. His personal belief in justification by faith over works had caused him problems at Trent and accusations of heresy at the conclave. Later years His tomb at Canterbury Cathedral. The death of Edward VI on 6 July 1553 and the accession of Mary I to the throne of England hastened Pole 's return from exile, as Papal Legate to England ( which he served as until 1557 ). In 1554, Cardinal Pole came to England to receive the kingdom back into the Roman fold. However, Mary and the Emperor Charles V delayed him until 20 November 1554, due to apprehension that Pole might oppose the Queen 's forthcoming marriage to Charles 's son, Philip of Spain. As Papal Legate, Pole negotiated a papal dispensation allowing the new owners of confiscated former monastic lands to retain them, and in return Parliament enabled the Revival of the Heresy Acts in January 1555. This revived former measures against heresy : the letters patent of 1382 of Richard II, an Act of 1401 of Henry IV, and an Act of 1414 of Henry V. All of these had been repealed under Henry VIII and Edward VI. On 13 November 1555, Cranmer was officially deprived of the See of Canterbury. Under Mary 's rule, Pole, whose attainder was reversed in 1554, was finally ordained as a Priest on 20 March 1556 and consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury two days later, an office he would hold until his death. He was also Chancellor of both Oxford and Cambridge universities in 1555 and 1555 / 1556 respectively. As well as his religious duties, he was in effect the Queen 's chief minister and adviser. Many former enemies, including Cranmer, signed recantations affirming their religious belief in transubstantiation and papal supremacy. Despite this, which should have absolved them under Mary 's own Revival of the Heresy Acts, the Queen could not forget their responsibility for her mother 's unhappy divorce. In 1555, Queen Mary began permitting the burning of Anglicans for heresy, and some 220 men and 60 women were executed before her death in 1558. These persecutions contributed to the ultimate victory of the English Reformation, though Pole 's involvement in these heretical trials is disputed and he is often depicted as having a more lenient stance toward the heretic. On the other hand, Pole was in failing health during the worst period of persecution, and there is some evidence that he favoured a more lenient approach : `` Three condemned heretics from Bonner 's diocese were pardoned on an appeal to him ; he merely enjoined a penance and gave them absolution. '' As the reign wore on, an increasing number of people turned against Mary and her government, and some people who had been indifferent to the English Reformation began turning against Catholicism. Writings such as John Foxe 's 1568 Book of Martyrs, which emphasised the sufferings of the reformers under Mary, helped shape popular opinion against Catholicism in England for generations. Death Pole died in London, during an influenza epidemic, on 17 November 1558, at about 7 : 00 pm, nearly 12 hours after Queen Mary 's death. He was buried on the north side of the Corona at Canterbury Cathedral. Author Pole was the author of De Concilio and of treatises on the authority of the Roman Pontiff and the Anglican Reformation of England, and of many important letters, full of interest for the history of the time, edited by Angelo Maria Quirini. He is known for his strong condemnation of Machiavelli 's book The Prince, which he read in Italy, and on which he commented : `` I found this type of book to be written by an enemy of the human race. It explains every means whereby religion, justice and any inclination toward virtue could be destroyed ''. In popular culture There are many fictional accounts of the life of Reginald Pole. Cardinal Pole is a major character in the historical novels The Time Before You Die by Lucy Beckett and The Trusted Servant by Alison Macleod. In Season 3 of Showtime 's series The Tudors, Cardinal Pole is portrayed by Canadian actor Mark Hildreth. In the mini-series The Virgin Queen he is played by Michael Feast ; he is last seen leading Mary 's servants out of Greenwich Palace as Elizabeth arrives as Queen. Reginald Pole is a major character in Queen of Martyrs : The Story of Mary I by Samantha Wilcoxson. Reginald Pole, along with his brothers, sister, and mother, are the central family in Phillipa Gregory 's historical fiction novel The King 's Curse Ancestors Ancestors of Reginald Pole `` The template below ( Ahnentafel - compact5 ) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. '' 4. Sir Geoffrey Pole of Worrell and of Wythurn 2. Sir Richard Pole 20. John St John 10. Sir Oliver St John of Bletso 21. Elizabeth Paullet 5. Edith St John 22. John Beauchamp of Bletso 11. Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso 23. Edith Stourton 1. Reginald Pole 24. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge 12. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 25. Anne de Mortimer 6. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence 26. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 13. Cecily Neville, Duchess of York 27. Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland 3. Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury 28. Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 14. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 29. Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury 7. Isabella Neville 30. Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick 15. Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick 31. Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester and Warwick References Jump up ^ White, William ( 1834 ). History, Gazetteer and Directory of Staffordshire. Sheffield. p. 261. Jump up ^ He was named after the now Blessed Reginald of Orleans, O.P. Jump up ^ Thornbury, Walter. Old & New London : A Narrative of its History, its People and its Places. London, undated, post 1872. ( 6 Vols. ) Vol. 2, p. 553. The Holborn Inns of Court, Denys bequest to Sheen. Jump up ^ `` Britannia Biographies ''. Britannia.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Pole, Reginald ''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed. ). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 22456. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/files/Reginald_Pole_0.pdf Jump up ^ Emden, Alfred Brotherston ( 1974 ). A biographical register of the University of Oxford, A.D. 1501 to 1540. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. 453. ISBN 0199510083. Jump up ^ ODNB, `` Reginald Pole '' ; `` Geoffrey Pole ''. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole 's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. These are not consistent ; and if -- as he claimed at one point -- Pole rejected the divorce in 1526 and refused the Oath of Supremacy in 1531, he received benefits from Henry for a course of action for which others were sentenced to death. Jump up ^ `` Reginald Cardinal Pole ( Catholic - Hierarchy ) ''. Catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 13 October 2016. Jump up ^ Ronald Fritze, ed., ' ' Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485 - 1603 ( 1991 ) pp. 191 - 92. ^ Jump up to : Herbermann, Charles, ed. ( 1913 ). `` Reginald Pole ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York : Robert Appleton Company. Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. ( 1913 ). `` Mary Tudor ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York : Robert Appleton Company. Jump up ^ Bucholz, R.O. ; Key, N. ( 2009 ). Early modern England 1485 -- 1714 : a narrative history. Wiley - Blackwell. pp. 110 -- 111. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6275 - 3. Jump up ^ Gee, Henry ; Hardy, William John, eds. ( 1914 ). Documents Illustrative of English Church History. London : Macmillan. Jump up ^ `` Marian Government Policies ''. Retrieved 5 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` Pole, Reginald ( PL556R ) ''. A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Jump up ^ Cross, F.L. ; Livingstone, E.A., eds. ( 1997 ). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press. p. 428. ISBN 019211655X. Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cranmer ''. Stpeter.org. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Jump up ^ Pogson, Rex H. ( 1975 ). `` Reginald Pole and the Priorities of Government in Mary Tudor 's Church ''. The Historical Journal. 18 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 20. doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00008645. Jump up ^ Mann, Stephanie ( 30 November 2016 ). `` The Man Who Was Almost Pope : Reginald Cardinal Pole ''. The National Catholic Register. EWTN. Retrieved 25 October 2017. Pole is usually not blamed for the campaign of heresy trials and burnings of almost three hundred heretics and Protestants that is such a blot on the reign of ' Bloody Mary '. Known for his gentleness and patience with those suspected of heresy, he regarded them as sinners rather than traitors, urging leniency, conversion, and forgiveness. ^ Jump up to : Schama, Simon ( 2003 ) ( 2000 ). `` Burning Convictions ''. A History of Britain 1 : At the Edge of the World ?. London : BBC Worldwide. pp. 272 -- 273. ISBN 0 - 563 - 48714 - 3. Jump up ^ Churchill, Winston ( 1958 ). A History of the English - Speaking Peoples. ^ Jump up to : Churchill, Winston ( 1966 ). The New World. Dodd, Mead. p. 99. Jump up ^ p. 24 May 9 History Today, an excerpted article taken from Eamon Duffy 's `` Fires of Faith : Catholic England under Mary Tudor, '' published by Yale University Press - History Today Vol 59 ( 5 ) May 2009, pp 24 -- 29 Jump up ^ five volumes, Brescia, 1744 -- 57 Jump up ^ Dwyer, p. xxiii Jump up ^ `` Archives Hub ''. Archives Hub. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Sources T. Phillips, History of the Life of Reginald Pole ( two volumes, Oxford, 1764 ), the earliest English. A.M. Stewart, Life of Cardinal Pole ( London, 1882 ) F.G. Lee, Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury : An Historical Sketch ( London, 1888 ) Athanasius Zimmermann, Kardinal Pole : sein Leben und seine Schriften ( Regensberg, 1893 ) James Gairdner, The English Church in the Sixteenth Century ( London, 1903 ) Martin Haile, Life of Reginald Pole ( New York, 1910 ) Dermot Fenlon, Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy : Cardinal Pole and the Counter Reformation, Cambridge University Press, 2008. Fray Bartolome Carranza Y El Cardenal Pole : Un Navarro En La Restauracion Catolica De Inglaterra ( 1554 -- 1558 ) by Jose Ignacio Tellechea Idigoras. ISBN 84 - 235 - 0066 - 7. Hardcover, Diputacion Foral de Navarra, Institucion Principe de Viana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. 1977. Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Gilman, D.C. ; Peck, H.T. ; Colby, F.M., eds. ( 1905 ). `` Pole, Reginald ''. New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed. ). New York : Dodd, Mead. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Thurston, Herbert ( 1911 ). `` Reginald Pole ''. In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York : Robert Appleton. External links `` The role of the Venetian Oligarchy '' by Webster Tarpley ( includes detailed discussion of Pole 's activities in Italy ) `` Queen Mary '' by Alfred Tennyson, `` Enter Cardinal Pole '' Henry Cole, Cardinal Pole 's Vicar General, tries to restore Catholicism at Cambridge University Works by or about Reginald Pole in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) T.F. Mayer, ' Pole, Reginald ( 1500 -- 1558 ) ', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 ; online edn, Jan 2008, Reginald Pole. Religious titles Preceded by Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury 1556 -- 1558 Succeeded by Matthew Parker Academic offices Preceded by John Mason Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1556 -- 1558 Succeeded by The Earl of Arundel Preceded by Stephen Gardiner Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 1556 -- 1558 Succeeded by Lord Burghley Deans of Exeter High Medieval Serlo Roger de Wynkleigh William de Stanwey Roger de Toriz John Noble John Pycot Andrew de Kilkenny Late Medieval Henry de Somerset Thomas de Lechlade Bartholomew de Sancto Laurentio Richard de Coleton Richard de Braylegh Reginald de Bugwell Robert Sumpter Thomas Walkyngton Ralph Tregrision Stephen Payn John Cobethorn John Hals Henry Webber Peter Courtenay Lionel Woodville John Arundel Early modern Edward Willoughby Thomas Hobbes John Vesey Richard Pace Reginald Pole Simon Haynes James Haddon Thomas Reynolds Gregory Dodds George Carew Stephen Townesend Matthew Sutcliffe William Peterson Seth Ward Edward Young George Cary Richard Annesley William Wake Lancelot Blackburne Edward Trelawney John Gilbert Alured Clarke William Holmes Charles Lyttleton Jeremiah Milles William Buller Charles Harward Late modern Charles Talbot George Gordon John Garnett Whittington Landon Thomas Lowe Charles Ellicott The Viscount Midleton Archibald Boyd Benjamin Cowie Alfred Earle Henry Gamble Walter Matthews Spencer Carpenter Alexander Wallace Marcus Knight Clifford Chapman Richard Eyre Keith Jones Jonathan Meyrick Jonathan Draper Archbishops of Canterbury Pre-Conquest Augustine Laurence Mellitus Justus Honorius Deusdedit Wighard Theodore of Tarsus Berhtwald Tatwine Nothhelm Cuthbert Bregowine Jænberht Æthelhard Wulfred Feologild Ceolnoth Æthelred Plegmund Athelm Wulfhelm Oda Ælfsige Byrhthelm Dunstan Æthelgar Sigeric the Serious Ælfric of Abingdon Ælfheah Lyfing Æthelnoth Eadsige Robert of Jumièges Stigand Conquest -- Reformation Lanfranc Anselm Ralph d'Escures William de Corbeil Theobald of Bec Thomas Becket Roger de Bailleul Richard of Dover Baldwin of Forde Reginald Fitz Jocelin Hubert Walter Reginald John de Gray Stephen Langton Walter d'Eynsham Richard le Grant Ralph Neville John of Sittingbourne John Blund Edmund of Abingdon Boniface William Chillenden Robert Kilwardby Robert Burnell John Peckham Robert Winchelsey Thomas Cobham Walter Reynolds Simon Mepeham John de Stratford John de Ufford Thomas Bradwardine Simon Islip William Edington Simon Langham William Whittlesey Simon Sudbury William Courtenay Thomas Arundel Roger Walden Thomas Arundel Henry Chichele John Stafford John Kemp Thomas Bourchier John Morton Thomas Langton Henry Deane William Warham Thomas Cranmer Reginald Pole Post-Reformation Matthew Parker Edmund Grindal John Whitgift Richard Bancroft George Abbot William Laud William Juxon Gilbert Sheldon William Sancroft John Tillotson Thomas Tenison William Wake John Potter Thomas Herring Matthew Hutton Thomas Secker Frederick Cornwallis John Moore Charles Manners - Sutton William Howley John Bird Sumner Charles Longley Archibald Campbell Tait Edward White Benson Frederick Temple Randall Davidson Cosmo Lang William Temple Geoffrey Fisher Michael Ramsey Donald Coggan Robert Runcie George Carey Rowan Williams Justin Welby Italics indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed. VIAF : 37029945 LCCN : n50020449 ISNI : 0000 0001 2278 3884 GND : 11859544X SELIBR : 255407 SUDOC : 034719911 BNF : cb12544461d ( data ) NLA : 35775517 NKC : skuk0004638 BNE : XX1265096 IATH : w69w251v Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Pole&oldid=815614012 '' Categories : 1500 births 1558 deaths Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Archbishops of Canterbury Anti-Protestantism Chancellors of the University of Cambridge Counter-Reformation Deans of Exeter Diplomats of the Holy See English Roman Catholics English cardinals English religious writers Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford History of Catholicism in England Participants in the Council of Trent Spirituali 16th - century English bishops Burials at Canterbury Cathedral Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Use British English from April 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating text via vb from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the New International Encyclopedia Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017, at 22 : 55. 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Question: the last catholic archbishop during the counter reformation
Answer: Reginald Pole