Staphylococcus epidermidis - wikipedia Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus epidermidis Scanning electron image of S. epidermidis. Scientific classification Domain : Bacteria Phylum : Firmicutes Class : Bacilli Order : Bacillales Family : Staphylococcaceae Genus : Staphylococcus Species : S. epidermidis Binomial name Staphylococcus epidermidis ( Winslow & Winslow 1908 ) Evans 1916 Synonyms Staphylococcus albus Rosenbach 1884 Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram - positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is part of the normal human flora, typically the skin flora, and less commonly the mucosal flora. Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital - acquired. S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. Being part of the normal skin flora, S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Discovery 3 Cellular morphology and biochemistry 4 Virulence and antibiotic resistance 5 Disease 6 Identification 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Etymology ' Staphylococcus ' - bunch of grape - like berries, ' epidermidis ' - of the epidermis Discovery Friedrich Julius Rosenbach distinguished S. epidermidis from S. aureus in 1884, initially naming S. epidermidis as S. albus. He chose aureus and albus since the bacteria formed yellow and white colonies, respectively. Cellular morphology and biochemistry Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1000 magnification under bright field microscopy S. epidermidis is a very hardy microorganism, consisting of nonmotile, Gram - positive cocci, arranged in grape - like clusters. It forms white, raised, cohesive colonies about 1 -- 2 mm in diameter after overnight incubation, and is not hemolytic on blood agar. It is a catalase - positive, coagulase - negative, facultative anaerobe that can grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation. Some strains may not ferment. Biochemical tests indicate this microorganism also carries out a weakly positive reaction to the nitrate reductase test. It is positive for urease production, is oxidase negative, and can use glucose, sucrose, and lactose to form acid products. In the presence of lactose, it will also produce gas. S. epidermidis does not possess the gelatinase enzyme, so it can not hydrolyze gelatin. It is sensitive to novobiocin, providing an important test to distinguish it from Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which is coagulase - negative, as well, but novobiocin - resistant. Similar to those of S. aureus, the cell walls of S. epidermidis have a transferrin - binding protein that helps the organism obtain iron from transferrin. The tetramers of a surface exposed protein, glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase, are believed to bind to transferrin and remove its iron. Subsequent steps include iron being transferred to surface lipoproteins, then to transport proteins which carry the iron into the cell. Virulence and antibiotic resistance The ability to form biofilms on plastic devices is a major virulence factor for S. epidermidis. One probable cause is surface proteins that bind blood and extracellular matrix proteins. It produces an extracellular material known as polysaccharide intercellular adhesin ( PIA ), which is made up of sulfated polysaccharides. It allows other bacteria to bind to the already existing biofilm, creating a multilayer biofilm. Such biofilms decrease the metabolic activity of bacteria within them. This decreased metabolism, in combination with impaired diffusion of antibiotics, makes it difficult for antibiotics to effectively clear this type of infection. S. epidermidis strains are often resistant to antibiotics, including penicillin, amoxicillin, and methicillin. Resistant organisms are most commonly found in the intestine, but organisms living freely on the skin can also become resistant due to routine exposure to antibiotics secreted in sweat. Disease Staphylococcus epidermidis stained by safranin. ( x1000 ) As mentioned above, S. epidermidis causes biofilms to grow on plastic devices placed within the body. This occurs most commonly on intravenous catheters and on medical prostheses. Infection can also occur in dialysis patients or anyone with an implanted plastic device that may have been contaminated. It also causes endocarditis, most often in patients with defective heart valves. In some other cases, sepsis can occur in hospital patients. Antibiotics are largely ineffective in clearing biofilms. The most common treatment for these infections is to remove or replace the infected implant, though in all cases, prevention is ideal. The drug of choice is often vancomycin, to which rifampin or aminoglycoside can be added. Hand washing has been shown to reduce the spread of infection. Preliminary research also indicates S. epidermidis is universally found inside affected acne vulgaris pores, where Propionibacterium acnes is normally the sole resident. Identification The normal practice of detecting S. epidermidis is by using appearance of colonies on selective media, bacterial morphology by light microscopy, catalase and slide coagulase testing. On the Baird - Parker agar with egg yolk supplement, colonies appear small and black. Increasingly, techniques such as quantitative PCR are being employed for the rapid detection and identification of Staphylococcus strains. Normally, sensitivity to desferrioxamine can also be used to distinguish it from most other staphylococci, except in the case of Staphylococcus hominis, which is also sensitive. In this case, the production of acid from trehalose by S. hominis can be used to tell the two species apart. See also Biofilms Microbiology Staphylococcus Notes and references Jump up ^ Schleifer, K.H. ; Kloos, W.E. ( 1975 ). `` Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin I. Amended Descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Descriptions of Three New Species Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus ''. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 25 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61. ISSN 0020 - 7713. doi : 10.1099 / 00207713 - 25 - 1 - 50. Jump up ^ Fey, P.D. ; Olson, M.E. ( 2010 ). `` Current concepts in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis ''. Future Microbiology. 5 ( 6 ) : 917 -- 933. doi : 10.2217 / fmb. 10.56. ^ Jump up to : Levinson, W. ( 2010 ). Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology ( 11th ed. ). pp. 94 -- 99. ^ Jump up to : Salyers, Abigail A. & Whitt, Dixie D. ( 2002 ). Bacterial Pathogenesis : A Molecular Approach, 2nd ed. Washington, D.C. : ASM Press. ISBN 1 - 55581 - 171 - X. Jump up ^ Queck SY & Otto M ( 2008 ). `` Staphylococcus epidermidis and other Coagulase - Negative Staphylococci ''. Staphylococcus : Molecular Genetics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 29 - 5. Jump up ^ http://www.vetbact.org/vetbact/?artid=205 Jump up ^ Friedrich Julius Rosenbach at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ `` Todar 's Online Textbook of Bacteriology : Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Disease ''. Kenneth Todar, PhD. Retrieved Dec 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Bacteria Genomes - STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS ''. Karyn 's Genomes. EMBL - EBI. Retrieved December 23, 2011. Jump up ^ Otto M ( 2009 ), `` Staphylococcus epidermidis -- the ' accidental ' pathogen '', Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7 ( 8 ) : 555 -- 567, PMC 2807625, PMID 19609257, doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2182 Jump up ^ Hedin G ( 1993 ), `` Staphylococcus epidermidis -- hospital epidemiology and the detection of methicillin resistance '', Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases Supplementum, Oslo Norway : Scandinavian University Press, 90 : 1 -- 59, PMID 8303217 Jump up ^ Bek - Thomson, M. ; et al. ( 2008 ). `` Acne is Not Associated with Yet - Uncultured Bacteria ''. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 ( 10 ) : 3355 -- 3360. PMC 2566126. PMID 18716234. doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 00799 - 08. Jump up ^ Francois P & Schrenzel J ( 2008 ). `` Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus ''. Staphylococcus : Molecular Genetics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 29 - 5. Jump up ^ Mackay IM ( editor ). ( 2007 ). Real - Time PCR in Microbiology : From Diagnosis to Characterization. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 18 - 9. Jump up ^ Antunes, Ana Lúcia Souza ; Secchi, Carina ; Reiter, Keli Cristine ; Perez, Leandro Reus Rodrigues ; Freitas, Ana Lúcia Peixoto De ; D'azevedo, Pedro Alves ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ). `` Feasible identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis using desferrioxamine and fosfomycin disks ''. APMIS. 116 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 20. ISSN 1600 - 0463. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0463.2008. 00796. x. External links Type strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Firmicutes ( low - G + C ) Infectious diseases Bacterial diseases : G+ primarily A00 -- A79, 001 -- 041, 080 -- 109 Bacilli Lactobacillales ( Cat - ) Streptococcus α optochin susceptible S. pneumoniae Pneumococcal infection optochin resistant Viridans streptococci : S. mitis S. mutans S. oralis S. sanguinis S. sobrinus milleri group β bacitracin susceptible : S. pyogenes Group A streptococcal infection Streptococcal pharyngitis Scarlet fever Erysipelas Rheumatic fever bacitracin resistant, CAMP test + : S. agalactiae Group B streptococcal infection ungrouped Streptococcus iniae Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection γ BEA + : Streptococcus bovis Enterococcus BEA + : Enterococcus faecalis Urinary tract infection Enterococcus faecium Bacillales ( Cat+ ) Staphylococcus Cg+ S. aureus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Toxic shock syndrome MRSA Cg - novobiocin susceptible S. epidermidis novobiocin resistant S. saprophyticus Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Bacillus cereus Food poisoning Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis Clostridia Clostridium ( spore - forming ) motile : Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium botulinum Botulism Clostridium tetani Tetanus nonmotile : Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene Clostridial necrotizing enteritis Peptostreptococcus ( non-spore forming ) Peptostreptococcus magnus Mollicutes Mycoplasmataceae Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma infection Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumonia Anaeroplasmatales Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erysipeloid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&oldid=796150782 '' Categories : Staphylococcus Gram - positive bacteria Bacteria described in 1908 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017, at 20 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: where is staphylococcus epidermidis found in the body
Answer: skin flora