Surrealism - wikipedia Surrealism Surrealism Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921, Tate London Years active 1920s -- 1930s Country France, Belgium Major figures Breton, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte Influences Dada Influenced Abstract expressionism, Post-modernism Part of a series on Surrealism Surrealist Manifesto Surrealist cinema Surrealist music Surrealist techniques Birmingham Surrealists Women Surrealists Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects, and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Its aim was to `` resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality ''. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur ; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory. Contents 1 Founding of the movement 1.1 Surrealist Manifestos 1.2 Bureau of Surrealist Research 2 Expansion 2.1 Surrealist literature 2.2 Surrealist films 2.3 Surrealist theatre 2.4 Surrealist music 3 Surrealism and international politics 3.1 Internal politics 4 Golden age 4.1 World War II and the Post War period 5 Post-Breton Surrealism 6 Impact of Surrealism 6.1 Other sources used by Surrealism epigons 6.2 1960s riots 6.3 Postmodernism and popular culture 6.4 Surrealist groups 6.5 Surrealism and the theatre 6.6 Surrealism and comedy 7 Criticism of Surrealism 7.1 Feminist 7.2 Freudian 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 André Breton writings 11.2 Overview websites 11.3 Surrealism and politics 11.4 Surrealist poetry Founding of the movement The word ' surrealism ' was coined in March 1917 by Guillaume Apollinaire three years before Surrealism emerged as an art movement in Paris. He wrote in a letter to Paul Dermée : `` All things considered, I think in fact it is better to adopt surrealism than supernaturalism, which I first used '' ( Tout bien examiné, je crois en effet qu'il vaut mieux adopter surréalisme que surnaturalisme que j'avais d'abord employé ). Apollinaire used the term in his program notes for Serge Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes, Parade, which premiered 18 May 1917. Parade had a one - act scenario by Jean Cocteau and was performed with music by Erik Satie. Cocteau described the ballet as `` realistic ''. Apollinaire went further, describing Parade as `` surrealistic '' : This new alliance -- I say new, because until now scenery and costumes were linked only by factitious bonds -- has given rise, in Parade, to a kind of surrealism, which I consider to be the point of departure for a whole series of manifestations of the New Spirit that is making itself felt today and that will certainly appeal to our best minds. We may expect it to bring about profound changes in our arts and manners through universal joyfulness, for it is only natural, after all, that they keep pace with scientific and industrial progress. ( Apollinaire, 1917 ) The term was taken up again by Apollinaire, in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. World War I scattered the writers and artists who had been based in Paris, and in the interim many became involved with Dada, believing that excessive rational thought and bourgeois values had brought the conflict of the war upon the world. The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings, performances, writings and art works. After the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. During the war, André Breton, who had trained in medicine and psychiatry, served in a neurological hospital where he used Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic methods with soldiers suffering from shell - shock. Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché, Breton felt that Vaché was the spiritual son of writer and pataphysics founder Alfred Jarry. He admired the young writer 's anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition. Later Breton wrote, `` In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. '' Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and Philippe Soupault. They began experimenting with automatic writing -- spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts -- and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields ( 1920 ). Continuing to write, they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values. The group attracted additional members and grew to include writers and artists from various media such as Paul Éluard, Benjamin Péret, René Crevel, Robert Desnos, Jacques Baron, Max Morise, Pierre Naville, Roger Vitrac, Gala Éluard, Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel, Man Ray, Hans Arp, Georges Malkine, Michel Leiris, Georges Limbour, Antonin Artaud, Raymond Queneau, André Masson, Joan Miró, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Prévert, and Yves Tanguy. Cover of the first issue of La Révolution surréaliste, December 1924. As they developed their philosophy, they believed that Surrealism would advocate the idea that ordinary and depictive expressions are vital and important, but that the sense of their arrangement must be open to the full range of imagination according to the Hegelian Dialectic. They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse. Freud 's work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness. As Salvador Dalí later proclaimed, `` There is only one difference between a madman and me. I am not mad. '' Beside the use of dream analysis, they emphasized that `` one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical and startling effects. '' Breton included the idea of the startling juxtapositions in his 1924 manifesto, taking it in turn from a 1918 essay by poet Pierre Reverdy, which said : `` a juxtaposition of two more or less distant realities. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be − the greater its emotional power and poetic reality. '' The group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to free people from false rationality, and restrictive customs and structures. Breton proclaimed that the true aim of Surrealism was `` long live the social revolution, and it alone ! '' To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism. In 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established, and began publishing the journal La Révolution surréaliste. Surrealist Manifestos Yvan Goll, Surréalisme, Manifeste du surréalisme, Volume 1, Number 1, October 1, 1924, cover by Robert Delaunay Leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire. One group, led by Yvan Goll, consisted of Pierre Albert - Birot, Paul Dermée, Céline Arnauld, Francis Picabia, Tristan Tzara, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Pierre Reverdy, Marcel Arland, Joseph Delteil, Jean Painlevé and Robert Delaunay, among others. The other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques - André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine, among others. Yvan Goll published the Manifeste du surréalisme, 1 October 1924, in his first and only issue of Surréalisme two weeks prior to the release of Breton 's Manifeste du surréalisme, published by Éditions du Sagittaire, 15 October 1924. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs - Élysées, over the rights to the term Surrealism. In the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority. Though the quarrel over the anteriority of Surrealism concluded with the victory of Breton, the history of surrealism from that moment would remain marked by fractures, resignations, and resounding excommunications, with each surrealist having their own view of the issue and goals, and accepting more or less the definitions laid out by André Breton. Breton 's 1924 Surrealist Manifesto defines the purposes of Surrealism. He included citations of the influences on Surrealism, examples of Surrealist works, and discussion of Surrealist automatism. He provided the following definitions : Dictionary : Surrealism, n. Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation. Encyclopedia : Surrealism. Philosophy. Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected associations, in the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. It tends to ruin once and for all other psychic mechanisms and to substitute itself for them in solving all the principal problems of life. Bureau of Surrealist Research The Bureau of Surrealist Research ( Centrale Surréaliste ) was the center for Surrealist writers and artists to meet, hold discussions, and conduct interviews. They investigated speech under trance. Expansion André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924. Ink on paper, 23.5 x 20.6 cm. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Giacometti 's Woman with Her Throat Cut, 1932 ( cast 1949 ), Museum of Modern Art, New York City The movement in the mid-1920s was characterized by meetings in cafes where the Surrealists played collaborative drawing games, discussed the theories of Surrealism, and developed a variety of techniques such as automatic drawing. Breton initially doubted that visual arts could even be useful in the Surrealist movement since they appeared to be less malleable and open to chance and automatism. This caution was overcome by the discovery of such techniques as frottage and decalcomania. Soon more visual artists became involved, including Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Francis Picabia, Yves Tanguy, Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel, Alberto Giacometti, Valentine Hugo, Méret Oppenheim, Toyen, Kansuke Yamamoto and later after the second war : Enrico Donati. Though Breton admired Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp and courted them to join the movement, they remained peripheral. More writers also joined, including former Dadaist Tristan Tzara, René Char, and Georges Sadoul. In 1925 an autonomous Surrealist group formed in Brussels. The group included the musician, poet, and artist E.L.T. Mesens, painter and writer René Magritte, Paul Nougé, Marcel Lecomte, and André Souris. In 1927 they were joined by the writer Louis Scutenaire. They corresponded regularly with the Paris group, and in 1927 both Goemans and Magritte moved to Paris and frequented Breton 's circle. The artists, with their roots in Dada and Cubism, the abstraction of Wassily Kandinsky, Expressionism, and Post-Impressionism, also reached to older `` bloodlines '' such as Hieronymus Bosch, and the so - called primitive and naive arts. André Masson 's automatic drawings of 1923 are often used as the point of the acceptance of visual arts and the break from Dada, since they reflect the influence of the idea of the unconscious mind. Another example is Giacometti 's 1925 Torso, which marked his movement to simplified forms and inspiration from preclassical sculpture. However, a striking example of the line used to divide Dada and Surrealism among art experts is the pairing of 1925 's Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person ( Von minimax dadamax selbst konstruiertes maschinchen ) with The Kiss ( Le Baiser ) from 1927 by Max Ernst. The first is generally held to have a distance, and erotic subtext, whereas the second presents an erotic act openly and directly. In the second the influence of Miró and the drawing style of Picasso is visible with the use of fluid curving and intersecting lines and colour, whereas the first takes a directness that would later be influential in movements such as Pop art. Giorgio de Chirico, The Red Tower ( La Tour Rouge ), 1913, Guggenheim Museum Giorgio de Chirico, and his previous development of metaphysical art, was one of the important joining figures between the philosophical and visual aspects of Surrealism. Between 1911 and 1917, he adopted an unornamented depictional style whose surface would be adopted by others later. The Red Tower ( La tour rouge ) from 1913 shows the stark colour contrasts and illustrative style later adopted by Surrealist painters. His 1914 The Nostalgia of the Poet ( La Nostalgie du poète ) has the figure turned away from the viewer, and the juxtaposition of a bust with glasses and a fish as a relief defies conventional explanation. He was also a writer whose novel Hebdomeros presents a series of dreamscapes with an unusual use of punctuation, syntax, and grammar designed to create an atmosphere and frame its images. His images, including set designs for the Ballets Russes, would create a decorative form of Surrealism, and he would be an influence on the two artists who would be even more closely associated with Surrealism in the public mind : Dalí and Magritte. He would, however, leave the Surrealist group in 1928. In 1924, Miró and Masson applied Surrealism to painting. The first Surrealist exhibition, La Peinture Surrealiste, was held at Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. It displayed works by Masson, Man Ray, Paul Klee, Miró, and others. The show confirmed that Surrealism had a component in the visual arts ( though it had been initially debated whether this was possible ), and techniques from Dada, such as photomontage, were used. The following year, on March 26, 1926 Galerie Surréaliste opened with an exhibition by Man Ray. Breton published Surrealism and Painting in 1928 which summarized the movement to that point, though he continued to update the work until the 1960s. Surrealist literature René Magritte 's `` This is not a pipe. '' The Treachery of Images 1928 -- 29, Los Angeles County Museum of Art The first Surrealist work, according to leader Breton, was Les Champs Magnétiques ( May -- June 1919 ). Littérature contained automatist works and accounts of dreams. The magazine and the portfolio both showed their disdain for literal meanings given to objects and focused rather on the undertones, the poetic undercurrents present. Not only did they give emphasis to the poetic undercurrents, but also to the connotations and the overtones which `` exist in ambiguous relationships to the visual images ''. Because Surrealist writers seldom, if ever, appear to organize their thoughts and the images they present, some people find much of their work difficult to parse. This notion however is a superficial comprehension, prompted no doubt by Breton 's initial emphasis on automatic writing as the main route toward a higher reality. But -- as in Breton 's case -- much of what is presented as purely automatic is actually edited and very `` thought out ''. Breton himself later admitted that automatic writing 's centrality had been overstated, and other elements were introduced, especially as the growing involvement of visual artists in the movement forced the issue, since automatic painting required a rather more strenuous set of approaches. Thus such elements as collage were introduced, arising partly from an ideal of startling juxtapositions as revealed in Pierre Reverdy 's poetry. And -- as in Magritte 's case ( where there is no obvious recourse to either automatic techniques or collage ) -- the very notion of convulsive joining became a tool for revelation in and of itself. Surrealism was meant to be always in flux -- to be more modern than modern -- and so it was natural there should be a rapid shuffling of the philosophy as new challenges arose. Surrealists revived interest in Isidore Ducasse, known by his pseudonym Comte de Lautréamont, and for the line `` beautiful as the chance meeting on a dissecting table of a sewing machine and an umbrella '', and Arthur Rimbaud, two late 19th - century writers believed to be the precursors of Surrealism. Examples of Surrealist literature are Artaud 's Le Pèse - Nerfs ( 1926 ), Aragon 's Irene 's Cunt ( 1927 ), Péret 's Death to the Pigs ( 1929 ), Crevel 's Mr. Knife Miss Fork ( 1931 ), Sadegh Hedayat 's the Blind Owl ( 1937 ), and Breton 's Sur la route de San Romano ( 1948 ). La Révolution surréaliste continued publication into 1929 with most pages densely packed with columns of text, but also included reproductions of art, among them works by de Chirico, Ernst, Masson, and Man Ray. Other works included books, poems, pamphlets, automatic texts and theoretical tracts. Surrealist films Main article : Surrealist cinema Early films by Surrealists include : Entr'acte by René Clair ( 1924 ) La Coquille et le clergyman by Germaine Dulac, screenplay by Antonin Artaud ( 1928 ) L'Étoile de mer by Man Ray ( 1928 ) Un Chien Andalou by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí ( 1929 ) L'Âge d'Or by Buñuel and Dalí ( 1930 ) Le sang d'un poète by Jean Cocteau ( 1930 ) Surrealist Theatre The word surrealist was first used by Guillaume Apollinaire to describe his 1917 play Les Mamelles de Tirésias ( `` The Breasts of Tiresias '' ), which was later adapted into an opera by Francis Poulenc. Antonin Artaud, an early Surrealist, rejected the majority of Western theatre as a perversion of its original intent, which he felt should be a mystical, metaphysical experience. He thought that rational discourse comprised `` falsehood and illusion ''. Theorising a new theatrical form that would be immediate and direct, that would link the unconscious minds of performers and spectators in a sort of ritual event, Artaud created the Theatre of Cruelty, in which emotions, feelings, and the metaphysical were expressed not through language but physically, creating a mythological, archetypal, allegorical vision, closely related to the world of dreams. The other major theatre practitioner to have experimented with surrealism in the theatre is the Spanish playwright and director Federico García Lorca, particularly in his plays The Public ( 1930 ), When Five Years Pass ( 1931 ), and Play Without a Title ( 1935 ). Other surrealist plays include Aragon 's Backs to the Wall ( 1925 ) and Roger Vitrac 's The Mysteries of Love ( 1927 ) and Victor, or The Children Take Over ( 1928 ). Gertrude Stein 's opera Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) has also been described as `` American Surrealism '', though it is also related to a theatrical form of cubism. Surrealist music Main article : Surrealist music In the 1920s several composers were influenced by Surrealism, or by individuals in the Surrealist movement. Among them were Bohuslav Martinů, André Souris, Erik Satie, and Edgard Varèse, who stated that his work Arcana was drawn from a dream sequence. Souris in particular was associated with the movement : he had a long relationship with Magritte, and worked on Paul Nougé 's publication Adieu Marie. Germaine Tailleferre of the French group Les Six wrote several works which could be considered to be inspired by Surrealism, including the 1948 Ballet Paris - Magie ( scenario by Lise Deharme ), the Operas La Petite Sirène ( book by Philippe Soupault ) and Le Maître ( book by Eugène Ionesco ). Tailleferre also wrote popular songs to texts by Claude Marci, the wife of Henri Jeanson, whose portrait had been painted by Magritte in the 1930s. Even though Breton by 1946 responded rather negatively to the subject of music with his essay Silence is Golden, later Surrealists, such as Paul Garon, have been interested in -- and found parallels to -- Surrealism in the improvisation of jazz and the blues. Jazz and blues musicians have occasionally reciprocated this interest. For example, the 1976 World Surrealist Exhibition included performances by David Honeyboy Edwards. Surrealism and International politics Surrealism as a political force developed unevenly around the world : in some places more emphasis was on artistic practices, in other places on political practices, and in other places still, Surrealist praxis looked to supersede both the arts and politics. During the 1930s, the Surrealist idea spread from Europe to North America, South America ( founding of the Mandrágora group in Chile in 1938 ), Central America, the Caribbean, and throughout Asia, as both an artistic idea and as an ideology of political change. Politically, Surrealism was Trotskyist, communist, or anarchist. The split from Dada has been characterised as a split between anarchists and communists, with the Surrealists as communist. Breton and his comrades supported Leon Trotsky and his International Left Opposition for a while, though there was an openness to anarchism that manifested more fully after World War II. Some Surrealists, such as Benjamin Péret, Mary Low, and Juan Breá, aligned with forms of left communism. Others fought for complete liberty from political ideologies, like Wolfgang Paalen, who, after Trotzky  ́ s assassination in Mexico, prepared a schism between art and politics through his counter-surrealist art - magazine DYN and so prepared the ground for the abstract expressionists. Dalí supported capitalism and the fascist dictatorship of Francisco Franco but can not be said to represent a trend in Surrealism in this respect ; in fact he was considered, by Breton and his associates, to have betrayed and left Surrealism. Benjamin Péret, Mary Low and Juan Breá joined the POUM during the Spanish Civil War. Breton 's followers, along with the Communist Party, were working for the `` liberation of man ''. However, Breton 's group refused to prioritize the proletarian struggle over radical creation such that their struggles with the Party made the late 1920s a turbulent time for both. Many individuals closely associated with Breton, notably Louis Aragon, left his group to work more closely with the Communists. Surrealists have often sought to link their efforts with political ideals and activities. In the Declaration of January 27, 1925, for example, members of the Paris - based Bureau of Surrealist Research ( including André Breton, Louis Aragon, and, Antonin Artaud, as well as some two dozen others ) declared their affinity for revolutionary politics. While this was initially a somewhat vague formulation, by the 1930s many Surrealists had strongly identified themselves with communism. The foremost document of this tendency within Surrealism is the Manifesto for a Free Revolutionary Art, published under the names of Breton and Diego Rivera, but actually co-authored by Breton and Leon Trotsky. However, in 1933 the Surrealists ' assertion that a ' proletarian literature ' within a capitalist society was impossible led to their break with the Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires, and the expulsion of Breton, Éluard and Crevel from the Communist Party. In 1925, the Paris Surrealist group and the extreme left of the French Communist Party came together to support Abd - el - Krim, leader of the Rif uprising against French colonialism in Morocco. In an open letter to writer and French ambassador to Japan, Paul Claudel, the Paris group announced : `` We Surrealists pronounced ourselves in favour of changing the imperialist war, in its chronic and colonial form, into a civil war. Thus we placed our energies at the disposal of the revolution, of the proletariat and its struggles, and defined our attitude towards the colonial problem, and hence towards the colour question. '' The anticolonial revolutionary and proletarian politics of `` Murderous Humanitarianism '' ( 1932 ) which was drafted mainly by René Crevel, signed by André Breton, Paul Éluard, Benjamin Péret, Yves Tanguy, and the Martiniquan Surrealists Pierre Yoyotte and J.M. Monnerot perhaps makes it the original document of what is later called ' black Surrealism ', although it is the contact between Aimé Césaire and Breton in the 1940s in Martinique that really lead to the communication of what is known as ' black Surrealism '. Anticolonial revolutionary writers in the Négritude movement of Martinique, a French colony at the time, took up Surrealism as a revolutionary method - a critique of European culture and a radical subjective. This linked with other Surrealists and was very important for the subsequent development of Surrealism as a revolutionary praxis. The journal Tropiques, featuring the work of Césaire along with Suzanne Césaire, René Ménil, Lucie Thésée, Aristide Maugée and others, was first published in 1941. In 1938 André Breton traveled with his wife, the painter Jacqueline Lamba, to Mexico to meet Trotsky ( staying as the guest of Diego Rivera 's former wife Guadalupe Marin ), and there he met Frida Kahlo and saw her paintings for the first time. Breton declared Kahlo to be an `` innate '' Surrealist painter. Internal politics In 1929 the satellite group associated with the journal Le Grand Jeu, including Roger Gilbert - Lecomte, Maurice Henry and the Czech painter Josef Sima, was ostracized. Also in February, Breton asked Surrealists to assess their `` degree of moral competence '', and theoretical refinements included in the second manifeste du surréalisme excluded anyone reluctant to commit to collective action, a list which included Leiris, Georges Limbour, Max Morise, Baron, Queneau, Prévert, Desnos, Masson and Boiffard. Excluded members launched a counterattack, sharply criticizing Breton in the pamphlet Un Cadavre, which featured a picture of Breton wearing a crown of thorns. The pamphlet drew upon an earlier act of subversion by likening Breton to Anatole France, whose unquestioned value Breton had challenged in 1924. The disunion of 1929 - 30 and the effects of Un Cadavre had very little negative impact upon Surrealism as Breton saw it, since core figures such as Aragon, Crevel, Dalí and Buñuel remained true the idea of group action, at least for the time being. The success ( or the controversy ) of Dalí and Buñuel 's film L'Age d'Or in December 1930 had a regenerative effect, drawing a number of new recruits, and encouraging countless new artistic works the following year and throughout the 1930s. Disgruntled surrealists moved to the periodical Documents, edited by Georges Bataille, whose anti-idealist materialism formed a hybrid Surrealism intending to expose the base instincts of humans. To the dismay of many, Documents fizzled out in 1931, just as Surrealism seemed to be gathering more steam. There were a number of reconciliations after this period of disunion, such as between Breton and Bataille, while Aragon left the group after committing himself to the French Communist Party in 1932. More members were ousted over the years for a variety of infractions, both political and personal, while others left of to pursue creativity of their own style. By the end of World War II the surrealist group led by André Breton decided to explicitly embrace anarchism. In 1952 Breton wrote `` It was in the black mirror of anarchism that surrealism first recognised itself. '' `` Breton was consistent in his support for the francophone Anarchist Federation and he continued to offer his solidarity after the Platformists supporting Fontenis transformed the FA into the Fédération Communiste Libertaire. He was one of the few intellectuals who continued to offer his support to the FCL during the Algerian war when the FCL suffered severe repression and was forced underground. He sheltered Fontenis whilst he was in hiding. He refused to take sides on the splits in the French anarchist movement and both he and Peret expressed solidarity as well with the new Fédération anarchiste set up by the synthesist anarchists and worked in the Antifascist Committees of the 60s alongside the FA. '' Golden age Throughout the 1930s, Surrealism continued to become more visible to the public at large. A Surrealist group developed in London and, according to Breton, their 1936 London International Surrealist Exhibition was a high - water mark of the period and became the model for international exhibitions. Another English Surrealist group developed in Birmingham, meanwhile, and was distinguished by its opposition to the London surrealists and preferences for surrealism 's French heartland. The two groups would reconcile later in the decade. Dalí and Magritte created the most widely recognized images of the movement. Dalí joined the group in 1929, and participated in the rapid establishment of the visual style between 1930 and 1935. Surrealism as a visual movement had found a method : to expose psychological truth ; stripping ordinary objects of their normal significance, to create a compelling image that was beyond ordinary formal organization, in order to evoke empathy from the viewer. 1931 was a year when several Surrealist painters produced works which marked turning points in their stylistic evolution : Magritte 's Voice of Space ( La Voix des airs ) is an example of this process, where three large spheres representing bells hang above a landscape. Another Surrealist landscape from this same year is Yves Tanguy 's Promontory Palace ( Palais promontoire ), with its molten forms and liquid shapes. Liquid shapes became the trademark of Dalí, particularly in his The Persistence of Memory, which features the image of watches that sag as if they were melting. The characteristics of this style -- a combination of the depictive, the abstract, and the psychological -- came to stand for the alienation which many people felt in the modern period, combined with the sense of reaching more deeply into the psyche, to be `` made whole with one 's individuality ''. Between 1930 and 1933, the Surrealist Group in Paris issued the periodical Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution as the successor of La Révolution surréaliste. From 1936 through 1938 Wolfgang Paalen, Gordon Onslow Ford, and Roberto Matta joined the group. Paalen contributed Fumage and Onslow Ford Coulage as new pictorial automatic techniques. Long after personal, political and professional tensions fragmented the Surrealist group, Magritte and Dalí continued to define a visual program in the arts. This program reached beyond painting, to encompass photography as well, as can be seen from a Man Ray self - portrait, whose use of assemblage influenced Robert Rauschenberg 's collage boxes. Max Ernst, L'Ange du Foyer ou le Triomphe du Surréalisme ( 1937 ), private collection. During the 1930s Peggy Guggenheim, an important American art collector, married Max Ernst and began promoting work by other Surrealists such as Yves Tanguy and the British artist John Tunnard. Major exhibitions in the 1930s 1936 - London International Surrealist Exhibition is organised in London by the art historian Herbert Read, with an introduction by André Breton. 1936 - Museum of Modern Art in New York shows the exhibition Fantastic Art, Dada and Surrealism. 1938 - A new Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme was held at the Beaux - arts Gallery, Paris, with more than 60 artists from different countries, and showed around 300 paintings, objects, collages, photographs and installations. The Surrealists wanted to create an exhibition which in itself would be a creative act and called on Marcel Duchamp, Wolfgang Paalen, Man Ray and others to do so. At the exhibition 's entrance Salvador Dalí placed his Rainy Taxi ( an old taxi rigged to produce a steady drizzle of water down the inside of the windows, and a shark - headed creature in the driver 's seat and a blond mannequin crawling with live snails in the back ) greeted the patrons who were in full evening dress. Surrealist Street filled one side of the lobby with mannequins dressed by various Surrealists. Paalen and Duchamp designed the main hall to seem like subterranean cave with 1,200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling over a coal brazier with a single light bulb which provided the only lighting, as well as the floor covered with humid leaves and mud. The patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art. On the floor Wolfgang Paalen created a small lake with grasses and the aroma of roasting coffee filled the air. Much to the Surrealists ' satisfaction the exhibition scandalized the viewers. World War II and the post War period Yves Tanguy Indefinite Divisibility 1942, Albright Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York World War II created havoc not only for the general population of Europe but especially for the European artists and writers that opposed Fascism and Nazism. Many important artists fled to North America and relative safety in the United States. The art community in New York City in particular was already grappling with Surrealist ideas and several artists like Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, and Robert Motherwell converged closely with the surrealist artists themselves, albeit with some suspicion and reservations. Ideas concerning the unconscious and dream imagery were quickly embraced. By the Second World War, the taste of the American avant - garde in New York City swung decisively towards Abstract Expressionism with the support of key taste makers, including Peggy Guggenheim, Leo Steinberg and Clement Greenberg. However, it should not be easily forgotten that Abstract Expressionism itself grew directly out of the meeting of American ( particularly New York ) artists with European Surrealists self - exiled during World War II. In particular, Gorky and Paalen influenced the development of this American art form, which, as Surrealism did, celebrated the instantaneous human act as the well - spring of creativity. The early work of many Abstract Expressionists reveals a tight bond between the more superficial aspects of both movements, and the emergence ( at a later date ) of aspects of Dadaistic humor in such artists as Rauschenberg sheds an even starker light upon the connection. Up until the emergence of Pop Art, Surrealism can be seen to have been the single most important influence on the sudden growth in American arts, and even in Pop, some of the humor manifested in Surrealism can be found, often turned to a cultural criticism. The Second World War overshadowed, for a time, almost all intellectual and artistic production. In 1939 Wolfgang Paalen was the first to leave Paris for the New World as exile. After a long trip through the forests of British - Columbia, he settled in Mexico and founded his influential art - magazine Dyn. In 1940 Yves Tanguy married American Surrealist painter Kay Sage. In 1941, Breton went to the United States, where he co-founded the short - lived magazine VVV with Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, and the American artist David Hare. However, it was the American poet, Charles Henri Ford, and his magazine View which offered Breton a channel for promoting Surrealism in the United States. The View special issue on Duchamp was crucial for the public understanding of Surrealism in America. It stressed his connections to Surrealist methods, offered interpretations of his work by Breton, as well as Breton 's view that Duchamp represented the bridge between early modern movements, such as Futurism and Cubism, to Surrealism. Wolfgang Paalen left the group in 1942 due to political / philosophical differences with Breton. Though the war proved disruptive for Surrealism, the works continued. Many Surrealist artists continued to explore their vocabularies, including Magritte. Many members of the Surrealist movement continued to correspond and meet. While Dalí may have been excommunicated by Breton, he neither abandoned his themes from the 1930s, including references to the `` persistence of time '' in a later painting, nor did he become a depictive pompier. His classic period did not represent so sharp a break with the past as some descriptions of his work might portray, and some, such as André Thirion, argued that there were works of his after this period that continued to have some relevance for the movement. During the 1940s Surrealism 's influence was also felt in England and America. Mark Rothko took an interest in biomorphic figures, and in England Henry Moore, Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon and Paul Nash used or experimented with Surrealist techniques. However, Conroy Maddox, one of the first British Surrealists whose work in this genre dated from 1935, remained within the movement, and organized an exhibition of current Surrealist work in 1978 in response to an earlier show which infuriated him because it did not properly represent Surrealism. Maddox 's exhibition, titled Surrealism Unlimited, was held in Paris and attracted international attention. He held his last one - man show in 2002, and died three years later. Magritte 's work became more realistic in its depiction of actual objects, while maintaining the element of juxtaposition, such as in 1951 's Personal Values ( Les Valeurs Personnelles ) and 1954 's Empire of Light ( L'Empire des lumières ). Magritte continued to produce works which have entered artistic vocabulary, such as Castle in the Pyrenees ( Le Château des Pyrénées ), which refers back to Voix from 1931, in its suspension over a landscape. Other figures from the Surrealist movement were expelled. Several of these artists, like Roberto Matta ( by his own description ) `` remained close to Surrealism ''. After the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Endre Rozsda returned to Paris to continue creating his own word that had been transcended the surrealism. The preface to his first exhibition in the Furstenberg Gallery ( 1957 ) was written by Breton yet. Many new artists explicitly took up the Surrealist banner. Dorothea Tanning and Louise Bourgeois continued to work, for example, with Tanning 's Rainy Day Canape from 1970. Duchamp continued to produce sculpture in secret including an installation with the realistic depiction of a woman viewable only through a peephole. Breton continued to write and espouse the importance of liberating the human mind, as with the publication The Tower of Light in 1952. Breton 's return to France after the War, began a new phase of Surrealist activity in Paris, and his critiques of rationalism and dualism found a new audience. Breton insisted that Surrealism was an ongoing revolt against the reduction of humanity to market relationships, religious gestures and misery and to espouse the importance of liberating the human mind. Major exhibitions of the 1940s, ' 50s and ' 60s 1942 - First Papers of Surrealism - New York - The Surrealists again called on Duchamp to design an exhibition. This time he wove a 3 - dimensional web of string throughout the rooms of the space, in some cases making it almost impossible to see the works. He made a secret arrangement with an associate 's son to bring his friends to the opening of the show, so that when the finely dressed patrons arrived they found a dozen children in athletic clothes kicking and passing balls, and skipping rope. His design for the show 's catalog included `` found '', rather than posed, photographs of the artists. 1947 - International Surrealist Exhibition - Galerie Maeght, Paris 1959 - International Surrealist Exhibition - Paris 1960 - Surrealist Intrusion in the Enchanters ' Domain - New York Post-breton Surrealism Roberto Matta. Elle Loge La Folie, oil on canvas, 1970. There is no clear consensus about the end, or if there was an end, to the Surrealist movement. Some art historians suggest that World War II effectively disbanded the movement. However, art historian Sarane Alexandrian ( 1970 ) states, `` the death of André Breton in 1966 marked the end of Surrealism as an organized movement. '' There have also been attempts to tie the obituary of the movement to the 1989 death of Salvador Dalí. In the 1960s, the artists and writers associated with the Situationist International were closely associated with Surrealism. While Guy Debord was critical of and distanced himself from Surrealism, others, such as Asger Jorn, were explicitly using Surrealist techniques and methods. The events of May 1968 in France included a number of Surrealist ideas, and among the slogans the students spray - painted on the walls of the Sorbonne were familiar Surrealist ones. Joan Miró would commemorate this in a painting titled May 1968. There were also groups who associated with both currents and were more attached to Surrealism, such as the Revolutionary Surrealist Group. In Europe and all over the world since the 1960s, artists have combined Surrealism with what is believed to be a classical 16th century technique called mischtechnik, a kind of mix of egg tempera and oil paint rediscovered by Ernst Fuchs, a contemporary of Dalí, and now practiced and taught by many followers, including Robert Venosa and Chris Mars. The former curator of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Michael Bell, has called this style `` veristic Surrealism '', which depicts with meticulous clarity and great detail a world analogous to the dream world. Other tempera artists, such as Robert Vickrey, regularly depict Surreal imagery. Other artists, such as the Italians Fabrizio Clerici and William Girometti, were influenced both by surrealist and by metaphysical suggestions. During the 1980s, behind the Iron Curtain, Surrealism again entered into politics with an underground artistic opposition movement known as the Orange Alternative. The Orange Alternative was created in 1981 by Waldemar Fydrych ( alias ' Major ' ), a graduate of history and art history at the University of Wrocław. They used Surrealist symbolism and terminology in their large scale happenings organized in the major Polish cities during the Jaruzelski regime, and painted Surrealist graffiti on spots covering up anti-regime slogans. Major himself was the author of a `` Manifesto of Socialist Surrealism ''. In this manifesto, he stated that the socialist ( communist ) system had become so Surrealistic that it could be seen as an expression of art itself. Surrealistic art also remains popular with museum patrons. The Guggenheim Museum in New York City held an exhibit, Two Private Eyes, in 1999, and in 2001 Tate Modern held an exhibition of Surrealist art that attracted over 170,000 visitors. In 2002 the Met in New York City held a show, Desire Unbound, and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris a show called La Révolution surréaliste. Surrealists groups and literary publications have continued to be active up to the present day, with groups such as the Czech Surrealist Group, Stockholm Surrealist Group, and the Chicago Surrealist Group. Jan Švankmajer of the Czech group continues to make films and experiment with objects. Impact of Surrealism While Surrealism is typically associated with the arts, it has been said to transcend them ; Surrealism has had an impact in many other fields. In this sense, Surrealism does not specifically refer only to self - identified `` Surrealists '', or those sanctioned by Breton, rather, it refers to a range of creative acts of revolt and efforts to liberate imagination. In addition to Surrealist ideas that are grounded in the ideas of Hegel, Marx and Freud, Surrealism is seen by its advocates as being inherently dynamic and as dialectical in its thought. Other sources used by Surrealism epigons Surrealists have also drawn on sources as seemingly diverse as Clark Ashton Smith, Montague Summers, Horace Walpole, Fantômas, The Residents, Bugs Bunny, comic strips, the obscure poet Samuel Greenberg and the hobo writer and humourist T - Bone Slim. One might say that Surrealist strands may be found in movements such as Free Jazz ( Don Cherry, Sun Ra, Cecil Taylor etc. ) and even in the daily lives of people in confrontation with limiting social conditions. Thought of as the effort of humanity to liberate imagination as an act of insurrection against society, Surrealism finds precedents in the alchemists, possibly Dante, Hieronymus Bosch, Marquis de Sade, Charles Fourier, Comte de Lautreamont and Arthur Rimbaud. 1960s riots Surrealists believe that non-Western cultures also provide a continued source of inspiration for Surrealist activity because some may strike up a better balance between instrumental reason and imagination in flight than Western culture. Surrealism has had an identifiable impact on radical and revolutionary politics, both directly -- as in some Surrealists joining or allying themselves with radical political groups, movements and parties -- and indirectly -- through the way in which Surrealists emphasize the intimate link between freeing imagination and the mind, and liberation from repressive and archaic social structures. This was especially visible in the New Left of the 1960s and 1970s and the French revolt of May 1968, whose slogan `` All power to the imagination '' rose directly from French Surrealist thought and practice. Postmodernism and popular culture Many significant literary movements in the later half of the 20th century were directly or indirectly influenced by Surrealism. This period is known as the Postmodern era ; though there 's no widely agreed upon central definition of Postmodernism, many themes and techniques commonly identified as Postmodern are nearly identical to Surrealism. Many writers from and associated with the Beat Generation were influenced greatly by Surrealists. Philip Lamantia and Ted Joans are often categorized as both Beat and Surrealist writers. Many other Beat writers show significant evidence of Surrealist influence. A few examples include Bob Kaufman, Gregory Corso, Allen Ginsberg, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Artaud in particular was very influential to many of the Beats, but especially Ginsberg and Carl Solomon. Ginsberg cites Artaud 's `` Van Gogh -- The Man Suicided by Society '' as a direct influence on `` Howl '', along with Apollinaire 's `` Zone '', García Lorca 's `` Ode to Walt Whitman '', and Schwitters ' `` Priimiititiii ''. The structure of Breton 's `` Free Union '' had a significant influence on Ginsberg 's `` Kaddish ''. In Paris, Ginsberg and Corso met their heroes Tristan Tzara, Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Benjamin Péret, and to show their admiration Ginsberg kissed Duchamp 's feet and Corso cut off Duchamp 's tie. William S. Burroughs, a core member of the Beat Generation and a postmodern novelist, developed the cut - up technique with former surrealist Brion Gysin -- in which chance is used to dictate the composition of a text from words cut out of other sources -- referring to it as the `` Surrealist Lark '' and recognizing its debt to the techniques of Tristan Tzara. Postmodern novelist Thomas Pynchon, who was also influenced by Beat fiction, experimented since the 1960s with the surrealist idea of startling juxtapositions ; commenting on the `` necessity of managing this procedure with some degree of care and skill '', he added that `` any old combination of details will not do. Spike Jones, Jr., whose father 's orchestral recordings had a deep and indelible effect on me as a child, said once in an interview, ' One of the things that people do n't realize about Dad 's kind of music is, when you replace a C - sharp with a gunshot, it has to be a C - sharp gunshot or it sounds awful. ' '' Many other postmodern fiction writers have been directly influenced by Surrealism. Paul Auster, for example, has translated Surrealist poetry and said the Surrealists were `` a real discovery '' for him. Salman Rushdie, when called a Magical Realist, said he saw his work instead `` allied to surrealism ''. For the work of other postmodernists, such as Donald Barthelme and Robert Coover, a broad comparison to Surrealism is common. Magic realism, a popular technique among novelists of the latter half of the 20th century especially among Latin American writers, has some obvious similarities to Surrealism with its juxtaposition of the normal and the dream - like, as in the work of Gabriel García Márquez. Carlos Fuentes was inspired by the revolutionary voice in Surrealist poetry and points to inspiration Breton and Artaud found in Fuentes ' homeland, Mexico. Though Surrealism was a direct influence on Magic Realism in its early stages, many Magic Realist writers and critics, such as Amaryll Chanady and S.P. Ganguly, while acknowledging the similarities, cite the many differences obscured by the direct comparison of Magic Realism and Surrealism such as an interest in psychology and the artefacts of European culture they claim is not present in Magic Realism. A prominent example of a Magic Realist writer who points to Surrealism as an early influence is Alejo Carpentier who also later criticized Surrealism 's delineation between real and unreal as not representing the true South American experience. Surrealist groups See also : Category : Surrealist groups Surrealist individuals and groups have attempted to carry on with Surrealism after the death of André Breton in 1966. The original Paris Surrealist Group was disbanded by member Jean Schuster in 1969. Surrealism and the Theatre Surrealist theatre and Artaud 's `` Theatre of Cruelty '' were inspirational to many within the group of playwrights that the critic Martin Esslin called the `` Theatre of the Absurd '' ( in his 1963 book of the same name ). Though not an organized movement, Esslin grouped these playwrights together based on some similarities of theme and technique ; Esslin argues that these similarities may be traced to an influence from the Surrealists. Eugène Ionesco in particular was fond of Surrealism, claiming at one point that Breton was one of the most important thinkers in history. Samuel Beckett was also fond of Surrealists, even translating much of the poetry into English. Other notable playwrights whom Esslin groups under the term, for example Arthur Adamov and Fernando Arrabal, were at some point members of the Surrealist group. Surrealism and comedy Main article : Surreal humour Criticism of Surrealism Feminist See also : Women Surrealists Dorothea Tanning ( 1910 - 2012 ), Etched Murmurs, etching, 1984. Having celebrated her 100th birthday in August 2010, Tanning was the oldest living original Surrealist painter. Feminists have in the past critiqued Surrealism, claiming that it is fundamentally a male movement and a male fellowship. Feminist critics believe that it adopts archaic attitudes toward women, such as worshiping them symbolically through stereotypes and sexist norms. Women are often made to represent higher values and transformed into objects of desire and of mystery. A pioneer in the feminist critique of Surrealism was Xavière Gauthier, whose book, Surréalisme et sexualité ( 1971 ), inspired further scholarship on the marginalization of women in relation to `` the avant - garde ''. This perspective was anticipated and critiqued as misunderstanding Surrealism 's point in being a social critique and a reflection on the individual 's presuppositions so that they may be critically questioned. Wolfgang Paalen eventually was the only Surrealist to defend feminism, although in a very archaic sense. However it was Leonora Carrington, who called Paalen `` the only feminist of the whole group ''. Art historian Whitney Chadwick has countered the critique of Surrealism : `` Surrealism also battled the social institutions - church, state, and family - that regulate the place of women within patriarchy. In offering some women their first locus for artistic and social resistance, it became the first modernist movement in which a group of women could explore female subjectivity and give form ( however tentatively ) to a feminine imaginary. '' Freudian Freud initiated the psychoanalytic critique of Surrealism with his remark that what interested him most about the Surrealists was not their unconscious but their conscious. His meaning was that the manifestations of and experiments with psychic automatism highlighted by Surrealists as the liberation of the unconscious were highly structured by ego activity, similar to the activities of the dream censorship in dreams, and that therefore it was in principle a mistake to regard Surrealist poems and other art works as direct manifestations of the unconscious, when they were indeed highly shaped and processed by the ego. In this view, the Surrealists may have been producing great works, but they were products of the conscious, not the unconscious mind, and they deceived themselves with regard to what they were doing with the unconscious. In psychoanalysis proper, the unconscious does not just express itself automatically but can only be uncovered through the analysis of resistance and transference in the psychoanalytic process. See also Philosophy portal Bizarre object Chicago Surrealist Group Fantastic art Neo-Fauvism Outsider art Psychedelic art Salón de Mayo ( Cuba ) Surrealist cinema Surrealist music References Jump up ^..., contributors Rachel Barnes ( 2001 ). The 20th - Century art book ( Reprinted. ed. ). London : Phaidon Press. ISBN 0714835420. Jump up ^ André Breton, Manifeste du surréalisme, various editions, BnF, Bibliothèque nationale de France Jump up ^ Ian Chilvers, The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 611, ISBN 019953294X ^ Jump up to : `` André Breton ( 1924 ), Manifesto of Surrealism ''. Tcf.ua.edu. 1924 - 06 - 08. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ Hargrove, Nancy ( 1998 ). `` The Great Parade : Cocteau, Picasso, Satie, Massine, Diaghilev -- and T.S. Eliot ''. Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 31 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jean - Paul Clébert, Dictionnaire du surréalisme, A.T.P. & Le Seuil, Chamalières, p. 17, 1996. Jump up ^ Tracy A. Doyle, Erik Satie 's ballet Parade : an arrangement for woodwind quintet and percussion with Historical Summary, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1998, Louisiana State University, August 2005. pp 51 - 66 Jump up ^ Vassiliki Kolocotroni, Jane Goldman, and Olga Taxidou, Modernism : An Anthology of Sources and Documents, University of Chicago Press, 1998, 211. Jump up ^ Sams, p. 282 Jump up ^ Breton, `` Vaché is surrealist in me '', in Surrealist Manifesto. ^ Jump up to : Dalí, Salvador, Diary of a Genius quoted in The Columbia World of Quotations ( 1996 ) Archived April 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Dawn Ades, with Matthew Gale : `` Surrealism '', The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2007. Accessed March 15, 2007, GroveArt.com Jump up ^ Sadoul, Georges ( 12 -- 18 December 1951 ). `` Mon ami Buñuel ''. L'écran française. no. 335 : 12. ^ Jump up to : Thomas Pynchon ( 1984 ) Slow Learner, p. 20 Jump up ^ Breton ( 1924 ) Manifesto of Surrealism. Pierre Reverdy 's comment was published in his journal Nord - Sud, March 1918 ^ Jump up to : Surréalisme, Manifeste du surréalisme, Volume 1, Number 1, 1 October 1924, Blue Mountain Project ^ Jump up to : Gérard Durozoi, An excerpt from History of the Surrealist Movement, Chapter Two, 1924 - 1929, Salvation for Us Is Nowhere, translated by Alison Anderson, University of Chicago Press, pp. 63 - 74, 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 17411 - 2 Jump up ^ André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism, transl. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane ( Ann Arbor, 1971 ), p. 26. Jump up ^ Matthew S. Witkovsky, Surrealism in the Plural : Guillaume Apollinaire, Ivan Goll and Devětsil in the 1920s, 2004 Jump up ^ Eric Robertson, Robert Vilain, Yvan Goll - Claire Goll : Texts and Contexts, Rodopi, 1997 ISBN 0854571833 Jump up ^ Man Ray / Paul Eluard - Les Mains libres ( 1937 ) - Qu'est - ce que le surréalisme ? Jump up ^ Denis Vigneron, La création artistique espagnole à l'épreuve de la modernité esthétique européenne, 1898 - 1931, Editions Publibook, 2009 ISBN 2748348346 ^ Jump up to : Tomkins, Calvin, Duchamp : A Biography. Henry Holt and Company, Inc, 1996. ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5789 - 7 Jump up ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information. Jump up ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information. Jump up ^ Link to Guggenheim collection with reproduction of the painting and further information. Jump up ^ `` The Theatre Of The Absurd ''. Arts.gla.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 23. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Artaud and Semiotics ''. Holycross.edu. Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 06. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ Louis Aragon, Backs to the Wall, in The Drama Review 18.4 ( Dec. 1974 ) : 88 - 107 ; Roger Vitrac, The Mysteries of Love, in Theater of the Avant - Garde 1890 - 1950 : A Critical Anthology. Ed. Bert Cardullo and Robert Knoff. New Haven and London : Yale UP, 2001. 327 - 363 ; Philip Auslander, `` Surrealism in the Theatre : The Plays of Roger Vitrac '', Theatre Journal 32 ( Oct. 1980 ) : 357 - 369. Jump up ^ Bert Cardullo and Robert Knoff, eds. Theater of the Avant - Garde 1890 - 1950 : A Critical Anthology. New Haven and London : Yale UP, 2001. 421 - 495. Jump up ^ Bernard, Jonathan W. `` Edgard Varése 's `` Arcana ''. '' American Symphony Orchestra. Leon Botstein. Web. http://americansymphony.org/arcana/ Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : A Surrealist Manifesto, 1925 ''. Fordham.edu. 1925 - 01 - 27. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ Generation-online.org Jump up ^ Lewis, Helena. Dada Turns Red. 1990. University of Edinburgh Press. A history of the uneasy relations between Surrealists and Communists from the 1920s through the 1950s. Jump up ^ Kelley, Robin D.G. A Poetics of Anticolonialism. November 1999. Jump up ^ Kelley, Robin D.G. `` Poetry and the Political Imagination : Aimé Césaire, Negritude, & the Applications of Surrealism ''. July 2001 Jump up ^ `` Frida Kahlo, Paintings, Chronology, Biography, Bio ''. Fridakahlofans.com. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ Surrealist Art Archived 2012 - 09 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. from Centre Pompidou. Retrieved March 20, 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` 1919 - 1950 : The politics of Surrealism by Nick Heath ''. Libcom.org. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Surrealism - Magritte - Voice of Space ''. Guggenheim Collection. Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 19. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Marcel Duchamp ''. Toutfait.com. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ SFmoma.org Archived October 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Artist - Magritte - Empire of Light - Large ''. Guggenheim Collection. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ Bertc.com Archived February 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Breton, André. Surrealism and Painting, Icon, 1973 Jump up ^ `` Marcel Duchamp ''. Toutfait.com. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ International Surrealist Exhibition - Galerie Maeght, Paris `` L'espace d'exposition comme matrice signifiante : l'exemple de l'exposition internationale du surréalisme à la galerie Maeght à Paris en 1947 '', Ligiea, n ° 73 - 74 - 75 - 76 : Art et espace. Perception et représentation. Le lieu, le visible et l'espace - temps. le geste, le corps et le regard, sous la direction de Giovanni Lista, Paris, juin 2007, p. 230 - 242. ^ Jump up to : Surrealism : Two Private Eyes. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ Anthony Christian, Hieronymus Bosch, The First Surrealist. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ Jacqueline Chénieux - Gendron, Vivian Folkenflik - Surrealism. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ JSTOR.org Rimbaud - Father of Surrealism. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ Dana Gioia. California poetry : from the Gold Rush to the present. Heyday Books, 2004. ISBN 1890771724, ISBN 978 - 1 - 890771 - 72 - 0. pg. 154. Jump up ^ Franklin Rosemont, Robin D.G. Kelley. Black, Brown, & Beige : Surrealist Writings from Africa and the Diaspora. University of Texas Press, 2009. ISBN 0 - 292 - 71997 - 3, ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71997 - 2. og. 219 - 222. Jump up ^ Rosemont, pg. 222 - 226 Jump up ^ Bob Kaufman. Cranial Guitar. Coffee House Press, 1996. ISBN 1 - 56689 - 038 - 1, ISBN 978 - 1 - 56689 - 038 - 0. pg. 28. Jump up ^ Kirby Olson. Gregory Corso : doubting Thomist. SIU Press, 2002. ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2447 - 4, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2447 - 7. pg. 75 - 79. Jump up ^ Allen Ginsberg, Lewis Hyde. On the poetry of Allen Ginsberg. University of Michigan Press, 1984. ISBN 0 - 472 - 06353 - 7, ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06353 - 6. pg. 277 - 278. Jump up ^ Dave Meltzer. San Francisco beat : talking with the poets. City Lights Books, 2001. ISBN 0 - 87286 - 379 - 4, ISBN 978 - 0 - 87286 - 379 - 8. pg. 82 - 83. Jump up ^ Miles, Barry. Ginsberg : A Biography. London : Virgin Publishing Ltd. ( 2001 ), paperback, 628 pages, ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0486 - 3. pg. 12, 239 Jump up ^ Allen Ginsberg. `` Howl : Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography. '' Ed. Barry Miles. Harper Perennial, 1995. ISBN 0 - 06 - 092611 - 2. pg. 184. Jump up ^ Ginsberg, pg. 180 Jump up ^ pg. 185. Jump up ^ Ginsberg, pg. 182. Jump up ^ Miles, pg. 233. Jump up ^ Miles, pg. 242. Jump up ^ William S. Burroughs, James Grauerholz, Ira Silverberg. Word Virus : The William S. Burroughs Reader. Grove Press, 2000. 080213694X, 9780802136947. pg. 119, 254. Jump up ^ Paul Auster. Collected prose : autobiographical writings, true stories, critical essays, prefaces and collaborations with artists. Macmillan, 2005 ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X, 9780312424688. pg. 457. Jump up ^ Catherine Cundy. Salman Rushdie. Manchester University Press ND, 1996. ISBN 071904409X, 9780719044090. pg. 98. Jump up ^ Salman Rushdie, Michael Reder. Conversations with Salman Rushdie. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2000. ISBN 1 - 57806 - 185 - 7, ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 185 - 3. pg. 111, 150 Jump up ^ Philip Nel. The Avant - Garde and American Postmodernity : Small Incisive Shocks. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2009. 1604732520, 9781604732528. pg. 73 - 74. Jump up ^ Brian Evenson. Understanding Robert Coover. Univ of South Carolina Press, 2003. ISBN 1 - 57003 - 482 - 6, ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 482 - 4. pg. 4 Jump up ^ McMurray, George R. `` Gabriel García Márquez. '' Gabriel García Márquez. Ungar, 1977. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine and Bridget Broderick. Vol. 27. Detroit : Gale Research, 1984. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 2 September 2010. Jump up ^ Maarten van Delden. Carlos Fuentes, Mexico, and Modernity. Vanderbilt University Press, 1999. ISBN 082651345X, 9780826513458. pg. 55, 90. Jump up ^ Maggie Ann Bowers. Magic ( al ) realism. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0 - 415 - 26853 - 2, ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26853 - 0. pg. 23 - 25. Jump up ^ Shannin Schroeder. Rediscovering magical realism in the Americas. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. ISBN 0 - 275 - 98049 - 9, ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98049 - 8. pg. 7. Jump up ^ Navarro, Gabriel. Musica y escrita en Alejo Carpentier Alicante : Universidad de Alicante. 1999. ISBN 84 - 7908 - 476 - 6. pg. 62 Jump up ^ Emory Elliott, Cathy N. Davidson. The Columbia history of the American novel. Columbia University Press, 1991. ISBN 0 - 231 - 07360 - 7, ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07360 - 8. pg. 524. Jump up ^ Eugène Ionesco. Present past, past present : a personal memoir. Da Capo Press, 1998. ISBN 0 - 306 - 80835 - 8. pg. 148. Jump up ^ Rosette C. Lamont. Ionesco 's imperatives : the politics of culture. University of Michigan Press, 1993. ISBN 0 - 472 - 10310 - 5. pg. 41 - 42 Jump up ^ James Knowlson. Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett. London. Bloomsbury Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3169 - 2., pg. 65 Jump up ^ Daniel Albright. Beckett and aesthetics. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0 - 521 - 82908 - 9. pg. 10 Jump up ^ Esslin, pg. 89 Jump up ^ Justin Wintle. Makers of modern culture. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0 - 415 - 26583 - 5. pg. 3 Jump up ^ C.D. Innes. Avant garde theatre, 1892 - 1992. Routledge, 1993. ISBN 0 - 415 - 06518 - 6. pg. 118. Jump up ^ Greer, Germaine ( 4 March 2007 ). `` Double vision : Surrealism 's women thought they were celebrating sexual emancipation. But were they just fulfilling men 's erotic fantasies ? ''. The Guardian. London : Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2 December 2011. Jump up ^ Gallimard, collection idées, 1971 Jump up ^ Rosemont, Penelope ( 1998 ). `` All My Names Know Yopur Leap : Surrealist Women & Their Challenge ''. In Penelope Rosemont. Surrealist Women : An International Anthology. The surrealist revolution series ( Illustrated ed. ). Austin : University of Texas Press. pp. xxix -- liv. ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77088 - 1. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02. Jump up ^ Leonora Carrington interviewed by Wendi Norris, cit. in Amy Winter : Wolfgang Paalen. Philosopher of the Possible, Catalogue of the exhibition at Wendi Norris Gallery, San Francisco 2013, p. 5. Jump up ^ `` Surrealism ''. The Art Story. Art Story Foundation. Retrieved 25 December 2014. Bibliography André Breton Manifestoes of Surrealism containing the first, second and introduction to a possible third manifesto, the novel The Soluble Fish, and political aspects of the Surrealist movement. ISBN 0 - 472 - 17900 - 4. What is Surrealism ? : Selected Writings of André Breton. ISBN 0 - 87348 - 822 - 9. Conversations : The Autobiography of Surrealism ( Gallimard 1952 ) ( Paragon House English rev. ed. 1993 ). ISBN 1 - 56924 - 970 - 9. The Abridged Dictionary of Surrealism, reprinted in : Bonnet, Marguerite, ed. ( 1988 ). Oeuvres complètes, 1 : 328. Paris : Éditions Gallimard. Other sources Ades, Dawn. Surrealism in Latin America : Vivisimo Muerto, Los Angeles : Getty Publications, 2012. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 117 - 6 Alexandrian, Sarane. Surrealist Art London : Thames & Hudson, 1970. Apollinaire, Guillaume 1917, 1991. Program note for Parade, printed in Oeuvres en prose complètes, 2 : 865 - 866, Pierre Caizergues and Michel Décaudin, eds. Paris : Éditions Gallimard. Allmer, Patricia ( ed. ) Intersections -- Women Artists / Surrealism / Modernism, Rethinking Art 's Histories series, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2016. Allmer, Patricia and Donna Roberts ( eds ) ' `` Wonderful Things '' -- Surrealism and Egypt ', Dada / Surrealism, University of Iowa, 20 : 1, 2013. Allmer, Patricia ( ed. ) Angels of Anarchy : Women Artists and Surrealism, London and Manchester : Prestel and Manchester Art Gallery, 2009. Allmer, Patricia and Hilde van Gelder ( eds. ) Collective Inventions : Surrealism in Belgium, Leuven : Leuven University Press, 2007. Allmer, Patricia and Hilde Van Gelder ( eds. ) ' The Forgotten Surrealists : Belgian Surrealism Since 1924 ', Image ( & ) Narrative, no. 13, 2005. Brotchie, Alastair and Gooding, Mel, eds. A Book of Surrealist Games Berkeley, California : Shambhala, 1995. ISBN 1 - 57062 - 084 - 9. Caws, Mary Ann Surrealist Painters and Poets : An Anthology 2001, MIT Press. Chadwick, Whitney. Mirror Images : Women, Surrealism, and Self - Representation. The MIT Press, 1998. ISBN 978 - 0262531573 Chadwick, Whitney. Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement. 1985, Bulfinch Press. ISBN 978 - 0821215999 Durozoi, Gerard, History of the Surrealist Movement Translated by Alison Anderson University of Chicago Press. 2004. ISBN 0 - 226 - 17411 - 5. Flahutez, Fabrice, Nouveau Monde et Nouveau Mythe. Mutations du surréalisme de l'exil américain à l'écart absolu ( 1941 -- 1965 ), Les presses du réel, Dijon, 2007. Fort, Ilene Susan and Tere Arcq, editors. In Wonderland : The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States, Munich : Prestel Verlag, 2012. Galtsova, Elena. Surrealism and Theatre. On the Theatrical Aesthetics of the French Surrealism, Moscow, Russian State University for the Humanities, 2012, ISBN 9785728111467 David Hopkins ( 2004 ). Dada and Surrealism : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280254 - 5. Leddy, Annette and Conwell, Donna. Farewell to Surrealism : The Dyn Circle in Mexico, Los Angeles : Getty Publications. 2012. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 118 - 3 Lewis, Helena. Dada Turns Red. Edinburgh, Scotland : University of Ednburgh Press, 1990. Low Mary, Breá Juan, Red Spanish Notebook, City Light Books, Sans Francisco, 1979, ISBN 0 - 87286 - 132 - 5 Melly, George Paris and the Surrealists Thames & Hudson. 1991. Moebius, Stephan. Die Zauberlehrlinge. Soziologiegeschichte des Collège de Sociologie. Konstanz : UVK 2006. About the College of Sociology, its members and sociological impacts. Nadeau, Maurice. History of Surrealism Cambridge, Massachusetts : Belknap Press, 1989. ISBN 0 - 674 - 40345 - 2. Richard Jean - Tristan. Les structures inconscientes du signe pictural / Psychanalyse et surréalisme ( Unconscious structures of pictural sign ), L'Harmattan ed., Paris ( France ), 1999 Review `` Mélusine '' in French by Center of surrealism studies directed by Henri Behar since 1979, edited by Editions l'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, Suisse. Download platform www.artelittera.com 14.00 Sams, Jeremy ( 1997 ) ( 1993 ). `` Poulenc, Francis ''. In Amanda Holden ( ed ). The Penguin Opera Guide. London : Penguin Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 051385 - 1. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links Look up surrealism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Surrealism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surrealism. André Breton writings Manifesto of Surrealism by André Breton. 1924. What is Surrealism ? Lecture by Breton, Brussels 1934 Overview websites Dutch Surrealism, Timeline of Surrealism from Centre Pompidou. Le Surréalisme ( in French ) Surrealist.com, A general history of the art movement with artist biographies and art. Surrealism Reviewed audiobook ( archive recordings ) The New International Surrealist Manifesto ( pdf ) Surrealism and politics Heath, Nick. `` 1919 - 1950 : The politics of Surrealism ''. Libcom.org. Rosemont, Franklin ( 1989 ). `` Herbert Marcuse and Surrealism ''. Arsenal vol. 4. Kennedy, Maev ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ). `` How the surrealists sold out ''. The Guardian. Surrealist poetry Gullette, Alan. `` The Theory and Techniques of Surrealist Poetry ''. Surrealism in Poetry Holcombe, C.J. A sample of French Surrealist poetry Jackaman, Rob ( 1989 ). The course of English surrealist poetry since the 1930s. Lewiston : Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0 - 88946 - 932 - 6. Aimé Césaire and Surrealism ( in French ) Surrealism Artists Eileen Agar Jean Arp Antonin Artaud Louis Aragon Eugène Atget Jacques Baron Hans Bellmer Jacques - André Boiffard Bill Brandt Victor Brauner Fanny Brennan André Breton Emmy Bridgwater Luis Buñuel Claude Cahun Nicolas Calas Leonora Carrington Jean Cocteau Ithell Colquhoun Arthur Cravan René Crevel Gala Dalí Salvador Dalí Jean Dallaire Paul Delvaux Robert Desnos Óscar Domínguez Marcel Duchamp Marcel Duhamel Curt Echtermeyer Paul Éluard Max Ernst Leonor Fini Gordon Onslow Ford Esteban Francés Alberto Giacometti Julio González Jacques Hérold Valentine Hugo André Kertész Wifredo Lam Philip Lamantia Jacqueline Lamba Michel Leiris Georges Limbour Dora Maar Conroy Maddox René Magritte Georges Malkine Joyce Mansour André Masson Roberto Matta Victor Mayer Oscar Mellor John Melville Robert Melville E.L.T. Mesens Lee Miller Henry Moore Max Morise Desmond Morris Joan Miró Pierre Naville Vítězslav Nezval Paul Nougé Méret Oppenheim Wolfgang Paalen Benjamín Palencia Roland Penrose Benjamin Péret Francis Ponge Jacques Prévert Raymond Queneau Man Ray Toni del Renzio Georges Sadoul Kay Sage Kurt Seligmann Philippe Soupault Jindřich Štyrský Maurice Tabard Yves Tanguy Dorothea Tanning Kristians Tonny Toyen Tristan Tzara Albert Valentin Remedios Varo Roger Vitrac James F. Walker Unica Zürn Groups Acéphale Les Automatistes Birmingham Surrealists British Surrealist Group Bureau of Surrealist Research Chicago Imagists Chicago Surrealist Group Dau al Set Fighting Cock Society Grup d'Elx La Mandrágora Refus Global The Surrealist Group in Stockholm Related Surrealist Manifesto Surrealist automatism Surrealist cinema Surrealist music Surrealist techniques Surreal humour Women Surrealists Dada Abstract expressionism Paranoiac - critical method Avant - garde movements Visual art Abstract expressionism Art Nouveau Conceptual art Constructivism Cubism Proto - Cubism Cubo - Futurism De Stijl Devětsil Divisionism Fauvism Impressionism Neo-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Color Field Incoherents Lyrical Abstraction Mail art Minimalism Mir iskusstva Neue Slowenische Kunst Nonconformism Pop art Rayonism Suprematism Vorticism Nouveau réalisme Literature and poetry Acmeism Angry Penguins Asemic writing Cyberpunk Ego - Futurism Experimental literature Flarf poetry Hungry generation Imaginism Language poets Neoteric Nouveau roman Oberiu Oulipo Ultraísmo Visual poetry Zaum Music By style Jazz Metal Pop Rock Prog Punk Others Aleatoric music Ars subtilior Atonal music Drone music Electroacoustic music Electronic music Experimental pop Free jazz Futurism ( music ) Industrial music Microtonal music Minimal music Musique concrète New Complexity No wave Noise music Post-rock Rock in Opposition Second Viennese School Serialism Spectral music Stochastic music Textural music Totalism Twelve - tone technique Cinema and theatre Cinéma pur Dogme 95 Drop Art Epic theatre Remodernist film Structural film Theatre of the Absurd Theatre of Cruelty General Bauhaus Constructivism Dada Expressionism Fluxus Futurism Lettrism Modernism Minimalism Postminimalism Neo-minimalism Neo-Dada Neoism Postmodernism Late modernism Primitivism Russian Futurism Russian symbolism Situationist International Social realism Socialist realism Surrealism Symbolism Book Modernism Milestones Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe ( 1862 - 63 ) Olympia ( 1863 ) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte ( 1886 ) Mont Sainte - Victoir ( 1887 ) The Starry Night ( 1889 ) Ubu Roi ( 1896 ) Verklärte Nacht ( 1899 ) Le bonheur de vivre ( 1905 - 1906 ) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon ( 1907 ) The Firebird ( 1910 ) Afternoon of a Faun ( 1912 ) Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 ( 1912 ) In Search of Lost Time ( 1913 -- 1927 ) The Metamorphosis ( 1915 ) Black Square ( 1915 ) Fountain ( 1917 ) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1920 ) Six Characters in Search of an Author ( 1921 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Waste Land ( 1922 ) The Magic Mountain ( 1924 ) Battleship Potemkin ( 1925 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) The Threepenny Opera ( 1928 ) The Sound and the Fury ( 1929 ) Un Chien Andalou ( 1929 ) Villa Savoye ( 1931 ) The Blue Lotus ( 1936 ) Fallingwater ( 1936 ) Waiting for Godot ( 1953 ) Literature Guillaume Apollinaire Djuna Barnes Tadeusz Borowski André Breton Mikhail Bulgakov Anton Chekhov Joseph Conrad Alfred Döblin E.M. Forster William Faulkner Gustave Flaubert Ford Madox Ford André Gide Knut Hamsun Jaroslav Hašek Ernest Hemingway Hermann Hesse James Joyce Franz Kafka Arthur Koestler D.H. Lawrence Wyndham Lewis Thomas Mann Katherine Mansfield Filippo Tommaso Marinetti Guy de Maupassant Robert Musil Katherine Anne Porter Marcel Proust Gertrude Stein Italo Svevo Virginia Woolf Poetry Anna Akhmatova Richard Aldington W.H. Auden Charles Baudelaire Luca Caragiale Constantine P. Cavafy Blaise Cendrars Hart Crane H.D. Robert Desnos T.S. Eliot Paul Éluard Odysseas Elytis F.S. Flint Stefan George Max Jacob Federico García Lorca Amy Lowell Robert Lowell Mina Loy Stéphane Mallarmé Marianne Moore Wilfred Owen Octavio Paz Fernando Pessoa Ezra Pound Lionel Richard Rainer Maria Rilke Arthur Rimbaud Giorgos Seferis Wallace Stevens Dylan Thomas Tristan Tzara Paul Valéry William Carlos Williams W.B. Yeats Visual art Josef Albers Jean Arp Balthus George Bellows Umberto Boccioni Pierre Bonnard Georges Braque Constantin Brâncuși Alexander Calder Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Marc Chagall Giorgio de Chirico Camille Claudel Joseph Cornell Joseph Csaky Salvador Dalí Edgar Degas Raoul Dufy Willem de Kooning Robert Delaunay Charles Demuth Otto Dix Theo van Doesburg Marcel Duchamp James Ensor Max Ernst Jacob Epstein Paul Gauguin Alberto Giacometti Vincent van Gogh Natalia Goncharova Julio González Juan Gris George Grosz Raoul Hausmann Jacques Hérold Hannah Höch Edward Hopper Frida Kahlo Wassily Kandinsky Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Paul Klee Oskar Kokoschka Pyotr Konchalovsky André Lhote Fernand Léger Franz Marc Albert Marque Jean Marchand René Magritte Kazimir Malevich Édouard Manet Henri Matisse Colin McCahon Jean Metzinger Joan Miró Amedeo Modigliani Piet Mondrian Claude Monet Henry Moore Edvard Munch Emil Nolde Georgia O'Keeffe Méret Oppenheim Francis Picabia Pablo Picasso Camille Pissarro Man Ray Odilon Redon Pierre - Auguste Renoir Auguste Rodin Henri Rousseau Egon Schiele Georges Seurat Paul Signac Alfred Sisley Edward Steichen Alfred Stieglitz Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Édouard Vuillard Grant Wood Music George Antheil Milton Babbitt Jean Barraqué Alban Berg Luciano Berio Nadia Boulanger Pierre Boulez John Cage Elliott Carter Aaron Copland Henry Cowell Henri Dutilleux Morton Feldman Henryk Górecki Josef Matthias Hauer Paul Hindemith Arthur Honegger Charles Ives Leoš Janáček György Ligeti Witold Lutosławski Olivier Messiaen Luigi Nono Harry Partch Krzysztof Penderecki Sergei Prokofiev Luigi Russolo Erik Satie Pierre Schaeffer Arnold Schoenberg Dmitri Shostakovich Richard Strauss Igor Stravinsky Edgard Varèse Anton Webern Kurt Weill Iannis Xenakis Theatre Edward Albee Maxwell Anderson Jean Anouilh Antonin Artaud Samuel Beckett Bertolt Brecht Anton Chekhov Friedrich Dürrenmatt Jean Genet Maxim Gorky Walter Hasenclever Henrik Ibsen William Inge Eugène Ionesco Alfred Jarry Georg Kaiser Maurice Maeterlinck Vladimir Mayakovsky Arthur Miller Seán O'Casey Eugene O'Neill John Osborne Luigi Pirandello Erwin Piscator George Bernard Shaw August Strindberg John Millington Synge Ernst Toller Frank Wedekind Thornton Wilder Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz Film Ingmar Bergman Anton Giulio Bragaglia Luis Buñuel Marcel Carné Charlie Chaplin René Clair Jean Cocteau Maya Deren Alexander Dovzhenko Carl Theodor Dreyer Viking Eggeling Sergei Eisenstein Jean Epstein Robert J. Flaherty Abel Gance Isidore Isou Buster Keaton Lev Kuleshov Fritz Lang Marcel L'Herbier Georges Méliès F.W. Murnau Georg Wilhelm Pabst Vsevolod Pudovkin Jean Renoir Walter Ruttmann Victor Sjöström Josef von Sternberg Dziga Vertov Jean Vigo Robert Wiene Dance George Balanchine Merce Cunningham Clotilde von Derp Sergei Diaghilev Isadora Duncan Michel Fokine Loie Fuller Martha Graham Hanya Holm Doris Humphrey Léonide Massine Vaslav Nijinsky Alwin Nikolais Alexander Sakharoff Ted Shawn Anna Sokolow Ruth St. Denis Helen Tamiris Charles Weidman Mary Wigman Architecture Alvar Aalto Marcel Breuer Gordon Bunshaft Antoni Gaudí Walter Gropius Hector Guimard Raymond Hood Victor Horta Friedensreich Hundertwasser Philip Johnson Louis Kahn Le Corbusier Adolf Loos Konstantin Melnikov Erich Mendelsohn Pier Luigi Nervi Richard Neutra Oscar Niemeyer Hans Poelzig Antonin Raymond Gerrit Rietveld Eero Saarinen Rudolf Steiner Edward Durell Stone Louis Sullivan Vladimir Tatlin Paul Troost Jørn Utzon Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Frank Lloyd Wright Related articles American modernism Armory Show Art Deco Art Nouveau Ashcan School Avant - garde Ballets Russes Bauhaus Buddhist modernism Constructivism Cubism Dada Degenerate art De Stijl Der Blaue Reiter Die Brücke Ecomodernism Expressionism Expressionist music Fauvism Fourth dimension in art Fourth dimension in literature Futurism Hanshinkan Modernism High modernism Imagism Impressionism International Style Late modernism Late modernity Lettrism List of art movements List of avant - garde artists List of modernist poets Lyrical abstraction Minimalism Modern art Modernity Neo-Dada Neo-primitivism New Objectivity Orphism Post-Impressionism Postminimalism Postmodernism Reactionary modernism Metamodernism Remodernism Romanticism Second Viennese School Structural film Surrealism Symbolism Synchromism Tonalism Warsaw Autumn Art movements Medieval Early Christian Migration Period Anglo - Saxon Visigothic Pre-Romanesque Insular Viking Byzantine Merovingian Carolingian Ottonian Romanesque Norman - Sicilian Gothic ( International Gothic ) Renaissance Italian Renaissance Early Netherlandish German Renaissance Antwerp Mannerists Danube school High Renaissance Romanism Mannerism Fontainebleau Northern Mannerism Flemish Baroque 17th century Baroque Caravaggisti Classicism Dutch Golden Age 18th century Rococo Neoclassicism Romanticism 19th century Naïve Nazarene Realism / Realism Historicism Biedermeier Gründerzeit Barbizon school Pre-Raphaelites Academic Aestheticism Decadent Macchiaioli Art Nouveau Peredvizhniki Impressionism Post-Impressionism Neo-impressionism Divisionism Pointillism Cloisonnism Les Nabis Synthetism Kalighat painting Symbolism Hudson River School 20th century Arts and Crafts Fauvism Die Brücke Cubism Expressionism Neue Künstlervereinigung München Futurism Metaphysical art Rayonism Der Blaue Reiter Orphism Synchromism Vorticism Suprematism Ashcan Dada De Stijl Purism Bauhaus Kinetic art New Objectivity Neues Sehen Surrealism Neo-Fauvism Precisionism Scuola Romana Art Deco International Typographic Style Social realism Abstract expressionism Vienna School of Fantastic Realism Color Field Lyrical abstraction Tachisme COBRA Action painting New media art Letterist International Pop art Situationist International Lettrism Neo-Dada Op art Nouveau réalisme Conceptual art Land art Systems art Video art Minimalism Fluxus Photorealism Performance art Installation art Endurance art Outsider art Neo-expressionism Lowbrow Young British Artists Amazonian pop art 21st century Art intervention Hyperrealism Neo-futurism Stuckism Sound art Superstroke Superflat Relational art Related articles List of art movements Feminist art movement ( in the US ) Modern art Modernism Late modernism Postmodern art Avant - garde Schools of poetry Akhmatova 's Orphans Angry Penguins Auden Group The Beats Black Arts Movement Black Mountain poets British Poetry Revival Cairo poets Castalian Band Cavalier poets Chhayavaad Churchyard poets Confessionalists Créolité Cyclic Poets Dada Deep image Della Cruscans Dolce Stil Novo Dymock poets Ecopoetry The poets of Elan Flarf Fugitives Garip Gay Saber Generation of ' 27 Generation of the ' 30s Generation of ' 98 Georgian poets Goliard The Group Harlem Renaissance Harvard Aesthetes Hungry generation Imagism Informationist poetry Jindyworobaks Lake Poets Language poets Martian poetry Metaphysical poets Misty Poets Modernist poetry The Movement Négritude Neotericism New American Poetry New Apocalyptics New Formalism New York School Objectivists Others Parnassian poets La Pléiade Quantum Sheep Rhymers ' Club San Francisco Renaissance Scottish Renaissance Sicilian School Sons of Ben Southern Agrarians Spasmodic poets Sung poetry Surrealism Symbolism Uranian poetry GND : 4058665 - 0 NDL : 00572441 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&oldid=813767678 '' Categories : Surrealism Art movements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017, at 04 : 01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: which artistic movements were impacted by theories of the unconscious
Answer: Surrealism