Poultry farming in the United States - wikipedia Poultry farming in the United States Battery chickens Poultry farming is a part of the United States 's agricultural economy. Contents 1 History 2 Current status 3 Production statistics 3.1 Eggs 3.1. 1 Individual states 3.2 Meat 4 Recommended culling practices 5 Safety issues 6 Environmental issues 7 See also 8 References History In the United States, chickens were raised primarily on family farms or in some cases, in poultry colonies, such as Judge Emery 's Poultry Colony until about 1960. Originally, the primary value in poultry keeping was eggs, and meat was considered a byproduct of egg production. Its supply was less than the demand, and poultry was expensive. Except in hot weather, eggs can be shipped and stored without refrigeration for some time before going bad ; this was important in the days before widespread refrigeration. Farm flocks tended to be small because the hens largely fed themselves through foraging, with some supplementation of grain, scraps, and waste products from other farm ventures. Such feedstuffs were in limited supply, especially in the winter, and this tended to regulate the size of the farm flocks. Soon after poultry keeping gained the attention of agricultural researchers ( around 1896 ), improvements in nutrition and management made poultry keeping more profitable and businesslike. Prior to about 1910, chicken was served primarily on special occasions or Sunday dinner. Poultry was shipped live or killed, plucked, and packed on ice ( but not eviscerated ). The `` whole, ready - to - cook broiler '' was n't popular until the 1950s, when end - to - end refrigeration and sanitary practices gave consumers more confidence. Before this, poultry were often cleaned by the neighborhood butcher, though cleaning poultry at home was a commonplace kitchen skill. Two kinds of poultry were generally offered : broilers or `` spring chickens, '' young male chickens, a byproduct of the egg industry, which were sold when still young and tender ( generally under 3 pounds live weight ) ; and `` fowls '' or `` stewing hens, '' also a byproduct of the egg industry, which were old hens past their prime for laying. This is no longer practiced ; modern meat chickens are a different breed. Egg - type chicken carcasses no longer appear in stores. The major milestone in 20th century poultry production was the discovery of Vitamin - D ( named in 1922 ), which made it possible to keep chickens in confinement year - round. Before this, chickens did not thrive during the winter ( due to lack of sunlight ), and egg production, incubation, and meat production in the off - season were all very difficult, making poultry a seasonal and expensive proposition. Year - round production lowered costs, especially for broilers. Artificial daylight supplementation also started being used. At the same time, egg production was increased by scientific breeding. After a few false starts, such as the Maine Experiment Station 's failure at improving egg production, success was shown by Professor Dryden at the Oregon Experiment Station. Improvements in production and quality were accompanied by lower labor requirements. In the 1930s through the early 1950s, 1,500 hens was considered to be a full - time job for a farm family. In the late 1950s, egg prices had fallen so dramatically that farmers typically tripled the number of hens they kept, putting three hens into what had been a single - bird cage or converting their floor - confinement houses from a single deck of roosts to triple - decker roosts. Not long after this, prices fell still further and large numbers of egg farmers left the business. This marked the beginning of the transition from family farms to larger, vertically integrated operations. Robert Plamondon reports that the last family chicken farm in his part of Oregon, Rex Farms, had 30,000 layers and survived into the 1990s. But the standard laying house of the surviving operations is around 125,000 hens. This fall in profitability was accompanied by a general fall in prices to the consumer, allowing poultry and eggs to lose their status as luxury foods. The vertical integration of the egg and poultry industries was a late development, occurring after all the major technological changes had been in place for years ( including the development of modern broiler rearing techniques, the adoption of the Cornish Cross broiler, the use of laying cages, etc. ). By the late 1950s, poultry production had changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants could grow birds by the tens of thousands, radically impacting labor practices alongside farming techniques. Chickens could be sent to slaughterhouses for butchering and processing into prepackaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Meat - type chickens currently grow to market weight in six to seven weeks whereas only fifty years ago it took three times as long. This is due to genetic selection and nutritional modifications ( and not the use of growth hormones, which are illegal for use in poultry in the US and many other countries ). Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability and lower cost has made chicken a common meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over the cholesterol content of red meat in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption of chicken. Current status Today, eggs are produced on large egg ranches on which environmental parameters are controlled. Chickens are exposed to artificial light cycles to stimulate egg production year - round. In addition, it is a common practice to induce molting through manipulation of light and the amount of food they receive in order to further increase egg size and production. On average, a chicken lays one egg a day for a number of days ( a `` clutch '' ), then does not lay for one or more days, then lays another clutch. Originally, the hen presumably laid one clutch, became broody, and incubated the eggs. Selective breeding over the centuries has produced hens that lay more eggs than they can hatch. Some of this progress was ancient, but most occurred after 1900. In 1900, average egg production was 83 eggs per hen per year. In 2000, it was well over 300. In the United States, laying hens are butchered after their second egg laying season. In Europe, they are generally butchered after a single season. The laying period begins when the hen is about 18 -- 20 weeks old ( depending on breed and season ). Males of the egg - type breeds have little commercial value at any age, and all those not used for breeding ( roughly fifty percent of all egg - type chickens ) are killed soon after hatching. Such `` day - old chicks '' are sometimes sold as food for captive and falconers birds of prey. The old hens also have little commercial value. Thus, the main sources of poultry meat a hundred years ago ( spring chickens and stewing hens ) have both been entirely supplanted by meat - type broiler chickens. Traditionally, chicken production was distributed across the entire agricultural sector. In the 20th century, it gradually moved closer to major cities to take advantage of lower shipping costs. This had the undesirable side effect of turning the chicken manure from a valuable fertilizer that could be used profitably on local farms to an unwanted byproduct. This trend may be reversing itself due to higher disposal costs on the one hand and higher fertilizer prices on the other, making farm regions attractive once more. From the farmer 's point of view, eggs used to be practically the same as currency, with general stores buying eggs for a stated price per dozen. Egg production peaks in the early spring, when farm expenses are high and income is low. On many farms, the flock was the most important source of income, though this was often not appreciated by the farmers, since the money arrived in many small payments. Eggs were a farm operation where even small children could make a valuable contribution. In 2015, the national flock suffered due to the spread of bird flu, affecting birds in fourteen states, leading to layoffs. In a May 2015 report by the Associated Press, it reported that 10 % of egg laying chickens were dead or dying due to bird flu. Beginning in June 2015, rationing of eggs has begun, leading to increased egg prices. Production Statistics Eggs Between 2007 and 2010 a total of about 90 billion eggs were produced per year. Individual states Production of individual states Egg production by state, 2010 State Eggs produced ( millions ) AL 2,182 AR 2,894 CA 5,390 CO 1,066 CT 695 FL 2,592 GA 4,419 HI 69.5 IL 1,272 IN 6,493 IA 14,614 KY 1,119 LA 462 ME 1,034 MD 616 MA 36 MI 2,912 MN 2,869 MS 1,467 MO 1,949 MT 119 NE 2,751 NY 1,161 NC 3,251 OH 7,535 State Eggs produced ( millions ) OK 769 OR 715 PA 6,976 SC 1,102 SD 672 TN 308 TX 4,811 UT 929 VT 59 VA 729 WA 1,739 WV 267 WI 1,312 WY 2.4 AK, AZ, DE, ID, KS, ND, NH, NJ, NM, NV, RI 2,042 Meat In 2008, 9.08 billion chickens were slaughtered in the United States according to United States Department of Agriculture data. Recommended culling practices See also : Chick culling The American Veterinary Medical Association recommends cervical dislocation and asphyxiation by carbon dioxide as the best options, but has recently amended their guidelines to include maceration, putting non-anesthetized chicks through a grinder. The 2005 -- 2006 American Veterinary Medical Association Executive Board held its final meeting July 13 in Honolulu, prior to the 2006 session of the House of Delegates and the AVMA Annual Convention. It proposed a policy change, which was recommended by the Animal Welfare Committee on disposal of unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs. The new policy states, in part, `` Unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs should be killed by an acceptable humane method, such as use of a commercially designed macerator that results in instantaneous death. Smothering unwanted chicks or poults in bags or containers is not acceptable. Pips, unwanted chicks, or poults should be killed prior to disposal. A pipped egg, or pip, is one where the chick or poult has not been successful in escaping the egg shell during the hatching process. '' Safety issues Poultry production is regulated by the FDA, UL and OSHA. Due to the potential safety hazards of broken glass and chemicals like mercury and phosphors in consumable products, all lights within poultry production facilities must be safety coated. The USDA 's Food Safety and Inspection Service performs frequent checks on production facilities to ensure poultry is safe, wholesome and correctly labelled. Environmental issues The Illinois River, which flows between Arkansas and Oklahoma, has had a high level of pollution due to water runoff contaminated with chicken manure. The incineration of poultry wastes has been show to have dangerous levels of a number of airborne pollutants, including heavy metals, aresenic, and halogens such as chlorine. See also California Proposition 2 ( 2008 ) which enacted the Prevention of Farm Animal Cruelty Act Poultry Science Association -- a non-profit professional organization for the advancement of poultry science Harold V. Biellier -- a noted poultry scientist Agriculture in the United States ISE America - 17th largest egg producer in U.S. References Jump up ^ David Leighton, `` Street Smarts : Tucson neighborhood originally was chicken colony, '' Arizona Daily Star, Dec. 7, 2015 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture -- National Agricultural Statistics Service : Trends in U.S. Agriculture -- Broiler Industry Jump up ^ `` The Dollar Hen '', Milo Hastings, Arcadia Press, 1909 ; reprint Norton Creek Press, 2003, Robert Plamondon, Ed., pp. 145 -- 150. Jump up ^ `` Poultry Nutrition '', Ray Ewing, Ray Ewing Press, Third Edition, 1947, page 754. Jump up ^ `` The Dollar Hen '', Milo Hastings, Arcadia Press, 1909 ; reprint Norton Creek Press, 2003, Robert Plamondon, Ed., pp. 225 -- 229. Jump up ^ Dryden, James. Poultry Breeding and Management. Orange Judd Press, 1916. Jump up ^ Plamondon.com : the home of Robert Plamondon and all his works ! Jump up ^ Stuesse, Angela and Laura Helton. `` Low - Wage Legacies, Race, and the Golden Chicken in Mississippi : Where Contemporary Immigration Meets African American Labor History '', December 31, 2013, Southern Spaces. Jump up ^ Havenstein, G.B., P.R. Ferket, and M.A. Qureshi, 2003a. Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 82 : 1500 -- 1508 Jump up ^ Raptor food Vet Ark, retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 02 Jump up ^ `` Poultry Litter for Fertilizer. '' Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. Jump up ^ Milo Hastings, The Dollar Hen, Arcadia Press, 1909 ( reissued by Norton Creek Press, 2003 ), chapter 12. ISBN 0972177019. Jump up ^ Huffstutter, P.J. ; Polansek ( 5 May 2015 ). `` Exclusive : U.S. boosts bird flu emergency funds as Hormel cuts jobs ''. Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Egg prices jump as impact of bird flu begins pinching supply ''. My Way News. Associated Press. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Jump up ^ Ferdman, Roberto A. ( 15 June 2015 ). `` Bad News for Breakfast ''. Washington Post. Retrieved 7 June 2015. Jump up ^ National Agricultural Statistics Service. `` Chickens and Eggs Annual Summary '' ( PDF ). National Agricultural Statistics Service. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 6. Retrieved August 24, 2011. ^ Jump up to : National Agricultural Statistics Service. `` Chickens and Eggs Annual Summary '' ( PDF ). National Agricultural Statistics Service. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 6. Retrieved August 24, 2011. Jump up ^ Poultry Slaughter Annual Summary -- USDA Jump up ^ https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf Jump up ^ Executive Board meets pressing needs -- September 15, 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.encapsulite.com/compliance.html Jump up ^ http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/production-and-inspection/poultry-processing-questions-and-answers Jump up ^ Eilperin, Juliet ( 2006 - 08 - 28 ). `` Pollution in the Water, Lawsuits in the Air ''. The Washington Post. ISSN 0190 - 8286. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Air Pollution and Toxic Hazards Associated with Poultry Litter Incineration Energy Justice Network ''. www.energyjustice.net. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22. Poultry Species Chicken Duck Goose Guineafowl Grey partridge Pheasant Domestic pigeon Common quail Japanese quail Turkey Breeds Chicken breeds Duck breeds Turkey breeds Goose breeds Pigeon breeds Poultry farming Chicken coop Chicken harvester Free range Free - range eggs Pastured poultry Organic egg production Yarding Hatchery Battery cage Furnished cages Forced molting Debeaking Chick culling Chick sexing Hock burns Blinders ( poultry ), aka Chicken eyeglasses Poultry litter Poultry farming in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States&oldid=806135356 '' Categories : Poultry farming in the United States Commercial farming Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017, at 22 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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Question: where does most of the chicken in the us come from
Answer: closer to major cities