Intelligence - wikipedia Intelligence For other uses, see Intelligence ( disambiguation ). Intelligence has been defined in many different ways including as one 's capacity for logic, understanding, self - awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, planning, creativity, and problem solving. It can be more generally described as the ability or inclination to perceive or deduce information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. Intelligence is most widely studied in humans, but has also been observed in non-human animals and in plants. Artificial intelligence is intelligence in machines. It is commonly implemented in computer systems using program software. Within the discipline of psychology, various approaches to human intelligence have been adopted. The psychometric approach is especially familiar to the general public, as well as being the most researched and by far the most widely used in practical settings. Contents 1 History of the term 2 Definitions 3 Human intelligence 3.1 Cultural influences on the interpretation of human intelligence 4 In animals 4.1 g factor in non-humans 5 In plants 6 Artificial intelligence 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of the term Main article : Nous The English word intelligence is a translation for the Latin nouns intelligentia or intellēctus, which in turn derive from the verb intelligere, to comprehend or perceive. In the Middle Ages intellectus became the scholarly technical term for understanding, and a translation for the Greek philosophical term nous. This term was however strongly linked to the metaphysical and cosmological theories of teleological scholasticism, including theories of the immortality of the soul, and the concept of the Active Intellect ( also known as the Active Intelligence ). This entire approach to the study of nature was strongly rejected by the early modern philosophers such as Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and David Hume, all of whom preferred the word `` understanding '' ( instead of `` intellectus '' or `` intelligence '' ) in their English philosophical works. Hobbes for example, in his Latin De Corpore, used `` intellectus intelligit '' ( translated in the English version as `` the understanding understandeth '' ) as a typical example of a logical absurdity. The term `` intelligence '' has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but it has later been taken up ( with the scholastic theories which it now implies ) in more contemporary psychology. Definitions The definition of intelligence is controversial. Some groups of psychologists have suggested the following definitions : From `` Mainstream Science on Intelligence '' ( 1994 ), an op - ed statement in the Wall Street Journal signed by fifty - two researchers ( out of 131 total invited to sign ) : A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test - taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings -- `` catching on, '' `` making sense '' of things, or `` figuring out '' what to do. From `` Intelligence : Knowns and Unknowns '' ( 1995 ), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association : Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent : a given person 's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of `` intelligence '' are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions. Besides those definitions, psychology and learning researchers also have suggested definitions of intelligence such as : Researcher Quotation Alfred Binet Judgment, otherwise called `` good sense '', `` practical sense '', `` initiative '', the faculty of adapting one 's self to circumstances... auto - critique. David Wechsler The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. Lloyd Humphreys ``... the resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills ''. Howard Gardner To my mind, a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills of problem solving -- enabling the individual to resolve genuine problems or difficulties that he or she encounters and, when appropriate, to create an effective product -- and must also entail the potential for finding or creating problems -- and thereby laying the groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge. Linda Gottfredson The ability to deal with cognitive complexity. Sternberg & Salter Goal - directed adaptive behavior. Reuven Feuerstein The theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as `` the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life situation ''. Legg & Hutter A synthesis of 70 + definitions from psychology, philosophy, and AI researchers : `` Intelligence measures an agent 's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments '', which has been mathematically formalized. Alexander Wissner - Gross F = T ∇ S τ ( displaystyle _ ( \tau ) ) `` Intelligence is a force, F, that acts so as to maximize future freedom of action. It acts to maximize future freedom of action, or keep options open, with some strength T, with the diversity of possible accessible futures, S, up to some future time horizon, τ. In short, intelligence does n't like to get trapped ''. Human intelligence Main article : Human intelligence Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self - awareness. Intelligence enables humans to remember descriptions of things and use those descriptions in future behaviors. It is a cognitive process. It gives humans the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, solve problems, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables humans to experience and think. Note that much of the above definition applies also to the intelligence of non-human animals. Cultural influences on the interpretation of human intelligence Main article : Human intelligence § Intelligence across cultures In animals Main article : Animal cognition The common chimpanzee can use tools. This chimpanzee is using a stick to get food. Although humans have been the primary focus of intelligence researchers, scientists have also attempted to investigate animal intelligence, or more broadly, animal cognition. These researchers are interested in studying both mental ability in a particular species, and comparing abilities between species. They study various measures of problem solving, as well as numerical and verbal reasoning abilities. Some challenges in this area are defining intelligence so that it has the same meaning across species ( e.g. comparing intelligence between literate humans and illiterate animals ), and also operationalizing a measure that accurately compares mental ability across different species and contexts. Wolfgang Köhler 's research on the intelligence of apes is an example of research in this area. Stanley Coren 's book, The Intelligence of Dogs is a notable book on the topic of dog intelligence. ( See also : Dog intelligence. ) Non-human animals particularly noted and studied for their intelligence include chimpanzees, bonobos ( notably the language - using Kanzi ) and other great apes, dolphins, elephants and to some extent parrots, rats and ravens. Cephalopod intelligence also provides important comparative study. Cephalopods appear to exhibit characteristics of significant intelligence, yet their nervous systems differ radically from those of backboned animals. Vertebrates such as mammals, birds, reptiles and fish have shown a fairly high degree of intellect that varies according to each species. The same is true with arthropods. G factor in non-humans Main article : g Factor in Non-Humans Evidence of a general factor of intelligence has been observed in non-human animals. The general factor of intelligence, or g factor, is a psychometric construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual 's scores on a wide range of cognitive abilities. First described in humans, the g factor has since been identified in a number of non-human species. Cognitive ability and intelligence can not be measured using the same, largely verbally dependent, scales developed for humans. Instead, intelligence is measured using a variety of interactive and observational tools focusing on innovation, habit reversal, social learning, and responses to novelty. Studies have shown that g is responsible for 47 % of the individual variance in cognitive ability measures in primates and between 55 % and 60 % of the variance in mice ( Locurto, Locurto ). These values are similar to the accepted variance in IQ explained by g in humans ( 40 - 50 % ). In plants Main article : Plant intelligence It has been argued that plants should also be classified as intelligent based on their ability to sense and model external and internal environments and adjust their morphology, physiology and phenotype accordingly to ensure self - preservation and reproduction. A counter argument is that intelligence is commonly understood to involve the creation and use of persistent memories as opposed to computation that does not involve learning. If this is accepted as definitive of intelligence, then it includes the artificial intelligence of robots capable of `` machine learning '', but excludes those purely autonomic sense - reaction responses that can be observed in many plants. Plants are not limited to automated sensory - motor responses, however, they are capable of discriminating positive and negative experiences and of ' learning ' ( registering memories ) from their past experiences. They are also capable of communication, accurately computing their circumstances, using sophisticated cost -- benefit analysis and taking tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control the diverse environmental stressors. Artificial intelligence Main article : Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( or AI ) is both the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it, through `` the study and design of intelligent agents '' or `` rational agents '', where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. Achievements in artificial intelligence include constrained and well - defined problems such as games, crossword - solving and optical character recognition and a few more general problems such as autonomous cars. General intelligence or strong AI has not yet been achieved and is a long - term goal of AI research. Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, and the ability to move and to manipulate objects. In the field of artificial intelligence there is no consensus on how closely the brain should be simulated. See also Thinking portal Logic portal Psychology portal Active intellect Intellect Intelligence ( journal ) Intelligence Quotient Knowledge Neuroscience and intelligence Noogenesis Outline of human intelligence Passive intellect Self - test of Intelligence Theory of multiple intelligences References Jump up ^ Neisser, U. ; Boodoo, G. ; Bouchard, T.J., J. ; Boykin, A.W. ; Brody, N. ; Ceci, S.J. ; Halpern, D.F. ; Loehlin, J.C. ; Perloff, R. ; Sternberg, R.J. ; Urbina, S. ( 1996 ). `` Intelligence : Knowns and unknowns ''. American Psychologist. 51 ( 2 ) : 77. doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 51.2. 77. Article in Wikipedia : Intelligence : Knowns and Unknowns Jump up ^ Maich, Aloysius ( 1995 ). `` A Hobbes Dictionary ''. Blackwell : 305 Jump up ^ Nidditch, Peter. `` Foreword ''. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford University Press. p. xxii Jump up ^ English Archived 11 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine., and Latin version Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ This paragraph almost verbatim from Goldstein, Sam ; Princiotta, Dana ; Naglieri, Jack A., Eds. ( 2015 ). Handbook of Intelligence : Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts. New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London : Springer. p. 3. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 1561 - 3. ^ Jump up to : S. Legg ; M. Hutter. `` A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence ''. 157 : 17 -- 24. Jump up ^ Gottfredson & 1997777, pp. 17 -- 20 Jump up ^ Gottfredson, Linda S. ( 1997 ). `` Mainstream Science on Intelligence ( editorial ) '' ( PDF ). Intelligence. 24 : 13 -- 23. doi : 10.1016 / s0160 - 2896 ( 97 ) 90011 - 8. ISSN 0160 - 2896. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 December 2014. Jump up ^ Neisser, Ulrich ; Boodoo, Gwyneth ; Bouchard, Thomas J. ; Boykin, A. Wade ; Brody, Nathan ; Ceci, Stephen J. ; Halpern, Diane F. ; Loehlin, John C. ; Perloff, Robert ; Sternberg, Robert J. ; Urbina, Susana ( 1996 ). `` Intelligence : Knowns and unknowns '' ( PDF ). American Psychologist. 51 : 77 -- 101. doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 51.2. 77. ISSN 0003 - 066X. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2014. Jump up ^ Binet, Alfred ( 1916 ) ( 1905 ). `` New methods for the diagnosis of the intellectual level of subnormals ''. The development of intelligence in children : The Binet - Simon Scale. E.S. Kite ( Trans. ). Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. pp. 37 -- 90. Retrieved 10 July 2010. originally published as Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. L'Année Psychologique, 11, 191 - 244 Jump up ^ Wechsler, D ( 1944 ). The measurement of adult intelligence. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0 - 19 - 502296 - 3. OCLC 219871557. ASIN = B000UG9J7E Jump up ^ Humphreys, L.G. ( 1979 ). `` The construct of general intelligence ''. Intelligence. 3 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 120. doi : 10.1016 / 0160 - 2896 ( 79 ) 90009 - 6. Jump up ^ Frames of mind : The theory of multiple intelligences. New York : Basic Books. 1993. ISBN 0 - 465 - 02510 - 2. OCLC 221932479. Jump up ^ Gottfredson, L. ( 1998 ). `` The General Intelligence Factor '' ( pdf ). Scientific American Presents. 9 ( 4 ) : 24 -- 29. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008. Jump up ^ Sternberg RJ ; Salter W ( 1982 ). Handbook of human intelligence. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 29687 - 0. OCLC 11226466. Jump up ^ Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, S., Falik, L & Rand, Y. ( 1979 ; 2002 ). Dynamic assessments of cognitive modifiability. ICELP Press, Jerusalem : Israel ; Feuerstein, R. ( 1990 ). The theory of structural modifiability. In B. Presseisen ( Ed. ), Learning and thinking styles : Classroom interaction. Washington, DC : National Education Associations Jump up ^ S. Legg ; M. Hutter ( 2007 ). `` Universal Intelligence : A Definition of Machine Intelligence ''. Minds & Machines. 17 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 444. doi : 10.1007 / s11023 - 007 - 9079 - x. Jump up ^ `` TED Speaker : Alex Wissner - Gross : A new equation for intelligence ''. TED.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016. Jump up ^ Tirri, Nokelainen. Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Springer. ISBN 978 - 94 - 6091 - 758 - 5. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Jump up ^ Coren, Stanley ( 1995 ). The Intelligence of Dogs. Bantam Books. ISBN 0 - 553 - 37452 - 4. OCLC 30700778. ^ Jump up to : Reader, S.M., Hager, Y., & Laland, K.N. ( 2011 ). The evolution of primate general and cultural intelligence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, 366 ( 1567 ), 1017 - 1027. Jump up ^ Kamphaus, R.W. ( 2005 ). Clinical assessment of child and adolescent intelligence. Springer Science & Business Media. Jump up ^ Trewavas, Anthony ( September 2005 ). `` Green plants as intelligent organisms ''. Trends in Plant Science. 10 ( 9 ) : 413 -- 419. doi : 10.1016 / j. tplants. 2005.07. 005. PMID 16054860. Jump up ^ Trewavas, A. ( 2002 ). `` Mindless mastery ''. Nature. 415 ( 6874 ) : 841. doi : 10.1038 / 415841a. PMID 11859344. Jump up ^ Goh, C.H. ; Nam, H.G. ; Park, Y.S. ( 2003 ). `` Stress memory in plants : A negative regulation of stomatal response and transient induction of rd22 gene to light in abscisic acid - entrained Arabidopsis plants ''. The Plant Journal. 36 ( 2 ) : 240 -- 255. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 313X. 2003.01872. x. PMID 14535888. Jump up ^ Volkov, A.G. ; Carrell, H. ; Baldwin, A. ; Markin, V.S. ( 2009 ). `` Electrical memory in Venus flytrap ''. Bioelectrochemistry. 75 ( 2 ) : 142 -- 147. doi : 10.1016 / j. bioelechem. 2009.03. 005. PMID 19356999. Jump up ^ Rensing, L. ; Koch, M. ; Becker, A. ( 2009 ). `` A comparative approach to the principal mechanisms of different memory systems ''. Naturwissenschaften. 96 ( 12 ) : 1373 -- 1384. Bibcode : 2009NW... 96.1373 R. doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 009 - 0591 - 0. PMID 19680619. ^ Jump up to : Goebel, Randy ; Poole, David L. ; Mackworth, Alan K. ( 1997 ). Computational intelligence : A logical approach ( pdf ). Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0 - 19 - 510270 - 3. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 March 2008. ^ Jump up to : Russell, Stuart J. ; Norvig, Peter ( 2003 ). Artificial intelligence : A modern approach. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 790395 - 2. OCLC 51325314. Jump up ^ http://www.technologyreview.com/news/520746/data-shows-googles-robot-cars-are-smoother-safer-drivers-than-you-or-i/ Further reading Books are listed in ascending chronological order of publication Binet, Alfred ; Simon, Th. ( 1916 ). The development of intelligence in children : The Binet - Simon Scale. Publications of the Training School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research No. 11. E.S. Kite ( Trans. ). Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved 18 July 2010. Terman, Lewis Madison ; Merrill, Maude A. ( 1937 ). Measuring intelligence : A guide to the administration of the new revised Stanford - Binet tests of intelligence. Riverside textbooks in education. Boston ( MA ) : Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 964301. Wolman, Benjamin B., ed. ( 1985 ). Handbook of Intelligence. consulting editors : Douglas K. Detterman, Alan S. Kaufman, Joseph D. Matarazzo. New York ( NY ) : Wiley. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 89738 - 5. This handbook includes chapters by Paul B. Baltes, Ann E. Boehm, Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., Nathan Brody, Valerie J. Cook, Roger A. Dixon, Gerald E. Gruen, J.P. Guilford, David O. Herman, John L. Horn, Lloyd G. Humphreys, George W. Hynd, Randy W. Kamphaus, Robert M. Kaplan, Alan S. Kaufman, Nadeen L. Kaufman, Deirdre A. Kramer, Roger T. Lennon, Michael Lewis, Joseph D. Matarazzo, Damian McShane, Mary N. Meeker, Kazuo Nihira, Thomas Oakland, Ronald Parmelee, Cecil R. Reynolds, Nancy L. Segal, Robert J. Sternberg, Margaret Wolan Sullivan, Steven G. Vandenberg, George P. Vogler, W. Grant Willis, Benjamin B. Wolman, James W. Soo - Sam, and Irla Lee Zimmerman. Bock, Gregory ; Goode, Jamie ; Webb, Kate, eds. ( 2000 ). The Nature of Intelligence. Novartis Foundation Symposium 233. Chichester : Wiley. doi : 10.1002 / 0470870850. ISBN 978 - 0471494348. Retrieved 16 July 2010. Lay summary ( 16 May 2013 ). Blakeslee, Sandra ; Hawkins, Jeff ( 2004 ). On intelligence. New York : Times Books. ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7456 - 2. OCLC 55510125. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Stanovich, Keith ( 2009 ). What Intelligence Tests Miss : The Psychology of Rational Thought. New Haven ( CT ) : Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12385 - 2. Lay summary ( 6 November 2013 ). Flynn, James R. ( 2009 ). What Is Intelligence : Beyond the Flynn Effect ( expanded paperback ed. ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 74147 - 7. Lay summary ( 18 July 2010 ). Mackintosh, N.J. ( 2011 ). IQ and Human Intelligence ( second ed. ). Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958559 - 5. Lay summary ( 9 February 2012 ). Sternberg, Robert J. ; Kaufman, Scott Barry, eds. ( 2011 ). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521739115. Lay summary ( 22 July 2013 ). The Cambridge Handbook includes chapters by N.J. Mackintosh, Susana Urbina, John O. Willis, Ron Dumont, Alan S. Kaufman, Janet E. Davidson, Iris A. Kemp, Samuel D. Mandelman, Elena L. Grigorenko, Raymond S. Nickerson, Joseph F. Fagan, L. Todd Rose, Kurt Fischer, Christopher Hertzog, Robert M. Hodapp, Megan M. Griffin, Meghan M. Burke, Marisa H. Fisher, David Henry Feldman, Martha J. Morelock, Sally M. Reis, Joseph S. Renzulli, Diane F. Halpern, Anna S. Beninger, Carli A. Straight, Lisa A. Suzuki, Ellen L. Short, Christina S. Lee, Christine E. Daley, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Thomas R. Zentall, Liane Gabora, Anne Russon, Richard J. Haier, Ted Nettelbeck, Andrew R.A. Conway, Sarah Getz, Brooke Macnamara, Pascale M.J. Engel de Abreu, David F. Lohman, Joni M. Lakin, Keith E. Stanovich, Richard F. West, Maggie E. Toplak, Scott Barry Kaufman, Ashok K. Goel, Jim Davies, Katie Davis, Joanna Christodoulou, Scott Seider, Howard Gardner, Robert J. Sternberg, John D. Mayer, Peter Salovey, David Caruso, Lillia Cherkasskiy, Richard K. Wagner, John F. Kihlstrom, Nancy Cantor, Soon Ang, Linn Van Dyne, Mei Ling Tan, Glenn Geher, Weihua Niu, Jillian Brass, James R. Flynn, Susan M. Barnett, Heiner Rindermann, Wendy M. Williams, Stephen J. Ceci, Ian J. Deary, G. David Batty, Colin DeYoung, Richard E. Mayer, Priyanka B. Carr, Carol S. Dweck, James C. Kaufman, Jonathan A. Plucker, Ursula M. Staudinger, Judith Glück, Phillip L. Ackerman, and Earl Hunt. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intelligence. Look up intelligence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Intelligence Intelligence on In Our Time at the BBC. History of Influences in the Development of Intelligence Theory and Testing - Developed by Jonathan Plucker at Indiana University The Limits of Intelligence : The laws of physics may well prevent the human brain from evolving into an ever more powerful thinking machine by Douglas Fox in Scientific American, June 14, 2011. A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence Scholarly journals and societies Intelligence ( journal homepage ) International Society for Intelligence Research ( homepage ) Philosophy of mind Theories Behaviorism ( Radical ) Biological naturalism Cognitive psychology Mind -- body dualism Eliminative materialism Emergent materialism Emergentism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Idealism Interactionism Materialism Monism Naïve realism Neurophenomenology Neutral monism Occasionalism Psychoanalysis Parallelism Phenomenalism Phenomenology Physicalism identity theory Property dualism Representational Solipsism Substance dualism Concepts Abstract object Artificial intelligence Chinese room Cognition Cognitive closure Concept Concept and object Consciousness Hard problem of consciousness Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Ingenuity Intelligence Intentionality Introspection Intuition Language of thought Materialism Mental event Mental image Mental process Mental property Mental representation Mind Mind -- body problem Non-physical entity New mysterianism Pain Problem of other minds Propositional attitude Qualia Tabula rasa Understanding Zombie more... Related topics Metaphysics Philosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / self Portal Philosophers category Project Task Force Human intelligence topics Types Collective Emotional Intellectual Linguistic Multiple Social Spatial ( visuospatial ) Abilities Traits Constructs Cognition Communication Creativity Fluid and crystallized intelligence g factor Intelligence quotient Knowledge Learning Memory Problem solving Reasoning Thought ( abstraction ) Understanding Visual processing Models and theories Cattell -- Horn -- Carroll theory Fluid and crystallized intelligence Multiple - intelligences theory Three - stratum theory Triarchic theory PASS theory Areas of research Evolution of human intelligence Heritability of IQ Psychometrics Intelligence and environment / health / longevity / neuroscience / race Outline of human intelligence / thought GND : 4027251 - 5 NDL : 00573055 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intelligence&oldid=816231837 '' Categories : Intelligence Educational psychology Developmental psychology Psychological testing Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017, at 02 : 51. 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Question: who said that intelligence is the ability to adapt to one surroundings
Answer: Reuven Feuerstein