Pan ( god ) - Wikipedia Pan ( god ) Pan God of nature, the wild, shepherds, flocks, of mountain wilds, and is often associated with sexuality Pan teaching his eromenos, the shepherd Daphnis, to play the pan flute, Roman copy of Greek original c. 100 BCE, second century CE, found in Pompeii, Abode Arcadia Symbol Pan flute, goat Consort Syrinx, Echo, Pitys Children Silenos, Iynx, Krotos, Xanthus ( out of Twelve ) Parents many variations including : Hermes and Driope, Aphrodite, or Penelope Siblings Satyrs, Laertes, Circe, Maenads Roman equivalent Faunus Mask of the god Pan, detail from a bronze stamnoid situla, 340 - 320 BCE, part of the Vassil Bojkov collection, Sofia, Bulgaria Greek deities series Primordial deities Titans and Olympians Aquatic deities Chthonic deities Mycenaean deities Other deities Anemoi Apate Asclepius Iris Leto Keres Muses Nymphes Pan Psyche In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Pan ( / pæn / ; Ancient Greek : Πάν, Pan ) is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature of mountain wilds, rustic music and impromptus, and companion of the nymphs. He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, in the same manner as a faun or satyr. With his homeland in rustic Arcadia, he is also recognized as the god of fields, groves, wooded glens and often affiliated with sex ; because of this, Pan is connected to fertility and the season of spring. The ancient Greeks also considered Pan to be the god of theatrical criticism. The word panic ultimately derives from the god 's name. In Roman religion and myth, Pan 's counterpart was Faunus, a nature god who was the father of Bona Dea, sometimes identified as Fauna ; he was also closely associated with Sylvanus, due to their similar relationships with woodlands. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Pan became a significant figure in the Romantic movement of western Europe and also in the 20th - century Neopagan movement. Contents 1 Origins 2 Worship 3 Mythology 3.1 Parentage 3.2 Battle with Typhon 3.3 Nymphs 3.4 Panic 3.5 Erotic aspects 3.6 Music 3.7 Capricornus 3.8 Epithets 3.9 All of the Pans 4 `` The Great God Pan is dead '' 5 Influence 5.1 Revivalist imagery 5.2 Identification with Satan 5.3 Neopaganism 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Sources 9 External links Origins Many modern scholars consider Pan to be derived from the reconstructed Proto - Indo - European god * Péh usōn, whom these scholars believe to have been an important pastoral deity ( * Péh usōn shares an origin with the modern English word `` pasture '' ). The Rigvedic god Pushan is believed to be a cognate of Pan. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first identified in 1924 by the German scholar Hermann Collitz. According to Edwin L. Brown, the name Pan is probably a cognate with the Greek word ὀπάων `` companion ''. In his earliest appearance in literature, Pindar 's Pythian Ode iii. 78, Pan is associated with a mother goddess, perhaps Rhea or Cybele ; Pindar refers to maidens worshipping Cybele and Pan near the poet 's house in Boeotia. Worship The worship of Pan began in Arcadia which was always the principal seat of his worship. Arcadia was a district of mountain people, culturally separated from other Greeks. Arcadian hunters used to scourge the statue of the god if they had been disappointed in the chase. Being a rustic god, Pan was not worshipped in temples or other built edifices, but in natural settings, usually caves or grottoes such as the one on the north slope of the Acropolis of Athens. These are often referred to as the Cave of Pan. The only exceptions are the Temple of Pan on the Neda River gorge in the southwestern Peloponnese -- the ruins of which survive to this day -- and the Temple of Pan at Apollonopolis Magna in ancient Egypt. In the 4th century BCE Pan was depicted on the coinage of Pantikapaion. Representations of Pan on 4th - century BCE gold and silver Pantikapaion coins. Mythology Parentage The parentage of Pan is unclear ; generally he is the son of Hermes, although occasionally in some myths he is the son of Zeus, or Dionysus, with whom his mother is said to be a wood nymph, sometimes Dryope or, even in the 5th - century AD source Dionysiaca by Nonnus ( 14.92 ), Penelope of Mantineia in Arcadia. In some early sources such as Pindar, his father is Apollo via Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. Herodotus ( 2.145 ), Cicero ( ND 3.22. 56 ), Apollodorus ( 7.38 ) and Hyginus ( Fabulae 224 ) all make Hermes and Penelope his parents. Pausanias 8.12. 5 records the story that Penelope had in fact been unfaithful to her husband, who banished her to Mantineia upon his return. Other sources ( Duris of Samos ; the Vergilian commentator Servius ) report that Penelope slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus ' absence, and gave birth to Pan as a result. This myth reflects the folk etymology that equates Pan 's name ( Πάν ) with the Greek word for `` all '' ( πᾶν ). In the mystery cults of the highly syncretic Hellenistic era, Pan is made cognate with Phanes / Protogonos, Zeus, Dionysus and Eros. Accounts of Pan 's genealogy are so varied that it must lie buried deep in mythic time. Like other nature spirits, Pan appears to be older than the Olympians, if it is true that he gave Artemis her hunting dogs and taught the secret of prophecy to Apollo. Pan might be multiplied as the Pans ( Burkert 1985, III. 3.2 ; Ruck and Staples, 1994, p. 132 ) or the Paniskoi. Kerenyi ( p. 174 ) notes from scholia that Aeschylus in Rhesus distinguished between two Pans, one the son of Zeus and twin of Arcas, and one a son of Cronus. `` In the retinue of Dionysos, or in depictions of wild landscapes, there appeared not only a great Pan, but also little Pans, Paniskoi, who played the same part as the Satyrs ''. Battle with Typhon The goat - god Aegipan was nurtured by Amalthea with the infant Zeus in Crete. In Zeus ' battle with Typhon, Aegipan and Hermes stole back Zeus ' `` sinews '' that Typhon had hidden away in the Corycian Cave. Pan aided his foster - brother in the battle with the Titans by letting out a horrible screech and scattering them in terror. According to some traditions, Aegipan was the son of Pan, rather than his father. Nymphs One of the famous myths of Pan involves the origin of his pan flute, fashioned from lengths of hollow reed. Syrinx was a lovely wood - nymph of Arcadia, daughter of Landon, the river - god. As she was returning from the hunt one day, Pan met her. To escape from his importunities, the fair nymph ran away and did n't stop to hear his compliments. He pursued from Mount Lycaeum until she came to her sisters who immediately changed her into a reed. When the air blew through the reeds, it produced a plaintive melody. The god, still infatuated, took some of the reeds, because he could not identify which reed she became, and cut seven pieces ( or according to some versions, nine ), joined them side by side in gradually decreasing lengths, and formed the musical instrument bearing the name of his beloved Syrinx. Henceforth Pan was seldom seen without it. Echo was a nymph who was a great singer and dancer and scorned the love of any man. This angered Pan, a lecherous god, and he instructed his followers to kill her. Echo was torn to pieces and spread all over earth. The goddess of the earth, Gaia, received the pieces of Echo, whose voice remains repeating the last words of others. In some versions, Echo and Pan had two children : Iambe and Iynx. In other versions, Pan had fallen in love with Echo, but she scorned the love of any man but was enraptured by Narcissus. As Echo was cursed by Hera to only be able to repeat words that had been said by someone else, she could not speak for herself. She followed Narcissus to a pool, where he fell in love with his own reflection and changed into a narcissus flower. Echo wasted away, but her voice could still be heard in caves and other such similar places. Pan also loved a nymph named Pitys, who was turned into a pine tree to escape him. Panic Disturbed in his secluded afternoon naps, Pan 's angry shout inspired panic ( panikon deima ) in lonely places. Following the Titans ' assault on Olympus, Pan claimed credit for the victory of the gods because he had frightened the attackers. In the Battle of Marathon ( 490 BCE ), it is said that Pan favored the Athenians and so inspired panic in the hearts of their enemies, the Persians. Erotic aspects Pan having sex with a goat, statue from Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum. Pan is famous for his sexual powers, and is often depicted with a phallus. Diogenes of Sinope, speaking in jest, related a myth of Pan learning masturbation from his father, Hermes, and teaching the habit to shepherds. Pan 's greatest conquest was that of the moon goddess Selene. He accomplished this by wrapping himself in a sheepskin to hide his hairy black goat form, and drew her down from the sky into the forest where he seduced her. Music `` Sweet, piercing sweet was the music of Pan 's pipe '' reads the caption on this depiction of Pan ( by Walter Crane ) In two late Roman sources, Hyginus and Ovid, Pan is substituted for the satyr Marsyas in the theme of a musical competition ( agon ), and the punishment by flaying is omitted. Pan once had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the lyre, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain - god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes and gave great satisfaction with his rustic melody to himself and to his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. Midas dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer and turned Midas ' ears into those of a donkey. In another version of the myth, the first round of the contest was a tie, so the competitors were forced to hold a second round. In this round, Apollo demanded that they play their instruments upside - down. Apollo, playing the lyre, was unaffected. However, Pan 's pipe could not be played while upside down, so Apollo won the contest. Capricornus The constellation Capricornus is traditionally depicted as a sea - goat, a goat with a fish 's tail ( see `` Goatlike '' Aigaion called Briareos, one of the Hecatonchires ). A myth reported as `` Egyptian '' in Hyginus ' Poetic Astronomy that would seem to be invented to justify a connection of Pan with Capricorn says that when Aegipan -- that is Pan in his goat - god aspect -- was attacked by the monster Typhon, he dove into the Nile ; the parts above the water remained a goat, but those under the water transformed into a fish. Epithets Aegocerus `` goat - horned '' was an epithet of Pan descriptive of his figure with the horns of a goat. All of the Pans Marble table support adorned by a group including Dionysos, Pan and a Satyr ; Dionysos holds a rhyton ( drinking vessel ) in the shape of a panther ; traces of red and yellow colour are preserved on the hair of the figures and the branches ; from an Asia Minor workshop, 170 - 180 AD, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece Pan could be multiplied into a swarm of Pans, and even be given individual names, as in Nonnus ' Dionysiaca, where the god Pan had twelve sons that helped Dionysus in his war against the Indians. Their names were Kelaineus, Argennon, Aigikoros, Eugeneios, Omester, Daphoenus, Phobos, Philamnos, Xanthos, Glaukos, Argos, and Phorbas. Two other Pans were Agreus and Nomios. Both were the sons of Hermes, Agreus ' mother being the nymph Sose, a prophetess : he inherited his mother 's gift of prophecy, and was also a skilled hunter. Nomios ' mother was Penelope ( not the same as the wife of Odysseus ). He was an excellent shepherd, seducer of nymphs, and musician upon the shepherd 's pipes. Most of the mythological stories about Pan are actually about Nomios, not the god Pan. Although, Agreus and Nomios could have been two different aspects of the prime Pan, reflecting his dual nature as both a wise prophet and a lustful beast. Aegipan, literally `` goat - Pan, '' was a Pan who was fully goatlike, rather than half - goat and half - man. When the Olympians fled from the monstrous giant Typhoeus and hid themselves in animal form, Aegipan assumed the form of a fish - tailed goat. Later he came to the aid of Zeus in his battle with Typhoeus, by stealing back Zeus ' stolen sinews. As a reward the king of the gods placed him amongst the stars as the Constellation Capricorn. The mother of Aegipan, Aix ( the goat ), was perhaps associated with the constellation Capra. Sybarios was an Italian Pan who was worshipped in the Greek colony of Sybaris in Italy. The Sybarite Pan was conceived when a Sybarite shepherd boy named Krathis copulated with a pretty she - goat amongst his herds. `` The great god Pan is dead '' Pan, painted by Mikhail Vrubel in 1900. According to the Greek historian Plutarch ( in De defectu oraculorum, `` The Obsolescence of Oracles '' ), Pan is the only Greek god ( other than Asclepius ) who actually dies. During the reign of Tiberius ( 14 -- 37 CE ), the news of Pan 's death came to one Thamus, a sailor on his way to Italy by way of the island of Paxi. A divine voice hailed him across the salt water, `` Thamus, are you there ? When you reach Palodes, take care to proclaim that the great god Pan is dead. '' Which Thamus did, and the news was greeted from shore with groans and laments. Christian apologists such as G.K. Chesterton have repeated and amplified the significance of the `` death '' of Pan, suggesting that with the `` death '' of Pan came the advent of theology. To this effect, Chesterton once said, `` It is said truly in a sense that Pan died because Christ was born. It is almost as true in another sense that men knew that Christ was born because Pan was already dead. A void was made by the vanishing world of the whole mythology of mankind, which would have asphyxiated like a vacuum if it had not been filled with theology. '' It was interpreted with concurrent meanings in all four modes of medieval exegesis : literally as historical fact, and allegorically as the death of the ancient order at the coming of the new. Eusebius of Caesarea in his Praeparatio Evangelica ( book V ) seems to have been the first Christian apologist to give Plutarch 's anecdote, which he identifies as his source, pseudo-historical standing, which Eusebius buttressed with many invented passing details that lent verisimilitude. In more modern times, some have suggested a possible a naturalistic explanation for the myth. For example, Robert Graves ( The Greek Myths ) reported a suggestion that had been made by Salomon Reinach and expanded by James S. Van Teslaar that the sailors actually heard the excited shouts of the worshipers of Tammuz, Thamus Panmegas tethneke, `` All - great Tammuz is dead ! '', and misinterpreted them as a message directed to an Egyptian sailor named ' Thamus ' : `` Great Pan is Dead ! '' Van Teslaar explains, `` ( i ) n its true form the phrase would have probably carried no meaning to those on board who must have been unfamiliar with the worship of Tammuz which was a transplanted, and for those parts, therefore, an exotic custom. '' Certainly, when Pausanias toured Greece about a century after Plutarch, he found Pan 's shrines, sacred caves and sacred mountains still very much frequented. However, a naturalistic explanation might not be needed. For example, William Hansen has shown that the story is quite similar to a class of widely known tales known as Fairies Send a Message. The cry `` Great Pan is dead '' has appealed to poets, such as John Milton, in his ecstatic celebration of Christian peace, On the Morning of Christ 's Nativity line 89, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. One remarkable commentary of Herodotus on Pan is that he lived 800 years before himself ( c. 1200 BCE ), this being already after the Trojan War. Influence Revivalist imagery Pan depicted on the cover of The Wind in the Willows The Magic of Pan 's Flute, by John Reinhard Weguelin ( 1905 ) In the late 18th century, interest in Pan revived among liberal scholars. Richard Payne Knight discussed Pan in his Discourse on the Worship of Priapus ( 1786 ) as a symbol of creation expressed through sexuality. `` Pan is represented pouring water upon the organ of generation ; that is, invigorating the active creative power by the prolific element. '' In the English town of Painswick in Gloucestershire, a group of 18th - century gentry, led by Benjamin Hyett, organised an annual procession dedicated to Pan, during which a statue of the deity was held aloft, and people shouted ' Highgates ! Highgates ! '' Hyett also erected temples and follies to Pan in the gardens of his house and a `` Pan 's lodge '', located over Painswick Valley. The tradition died out in the 1830s, but was revived in 1885 by the new vicar, W.H. Seddon, who mistakenly believed that the festival had been ancient in origin. One of Seddon 's successors, however, was less appreciative of the pagan festival and put an end to it in 1950, when he had Pan 's statue buried. John Keats 's `` Endymion '' opens with a festival dedicated to Pan where a stanzaic hymn is sung in praise of him. `` Keats 's account of Pan 's activities is largely drawn from the Elizabethan poets. Douglas Bush notes, ' The goat - god, the tutelary divinity of shepherds, had long been allegorized on various levels, from Christ to `` Universall Nature '' ( Sandys ) ; here he becomes the symbol of the romantic imagination, of supra - mortal knowledge. ' '' In the late 19th century Pan became an increasingly common figure in literature and art. Patricia Merivale states that between 1890 and 1926 there was an `` astonishing resurgence of interest in the Pan motif ''. He appears in poetry, in novels and children 's books, and is referenced in the name of the character Peter Pan. In the Peter Pan stories, Peter represents a golden age of pre-civilisation in both the minds of very young children, before enculturation and education, and in the natural world outside the influence of humans. Peter Pan 's character is both charming and selfish emphasizing our cultural confusion about whether human instincts are natural and good, or uncivilised and bad. J.M. Barrie describes Peter as ' a betwixt and between ', part animal and part human, and uses this device to explore many issues of human and animal psychology within the Peter Pan stories. He is the eponymous `` Piper at the Gates of Dawn '' in the seventh chapter of Kenneth Grahame 's The Wind in the Willows ( 1908 ). Grahame 's Pan, unnamed but clearly recognisable, is a powerful but secretive nature - god, protector of animals, who casts a spell of forgetfulness on all those he helps. He makes a brief appearance to help the Rat and Mole recover the Otter 's lost son Portly. Arthur Machen 's 1894 novella The Great God Pan uses the god 's name in a simile about the whole world being revealed as it really is : `` seeing the Great God Pan ''. The novella is considered by many ( including Stephen King ) as being one of the greatest horror stories ever written. Pan entices villagers to listen to his pipes as if in a trance in Lord Dunsany 's novel The Blessing of Pan published in 1927. Although the god does not appear within the story, his energy certainly invokes the younger folk of the village to revel in the summer twilight, and the vicar of the village is the only person worried about the revival of worship for the old pagan god. Pan is also featured as a prominent character in Tom Robbins ' Jitterbug Perfume ( 1984 ). Aeronautical engineer and occultist Jack Parsons invoked Pan before test launches at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The British writer and editor Mark Beech of Egaeus Press published in 2015 the limited - edition anthology Soliloquy for Pan which includes essays and poems such as `` The Rebirthing of Pan '' by Adrian Eckersley, `` Pan 's Pipes '' by Robert Louis Stevenson, `` Pan with Us '' by Robert Frost, and `` The Death of Pan '' by Lord Dunsany. Some of the detailed illustrated depictions of Pan included in the volume are by the artists Giorgio Ghisi, Sir James Thornhill, Bernard Picart, Agostino Veneziano, Vincenzo Cartari, and Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Identification with Satan Francisco Goya, Witches ' Sabbath ( El aquelarre ), of Basque mythology. 1798. Oil on canvas, 44 × 31 cm. Museo Lázaro Galdiano, Madrid. Pan 's goatish image recalls conventional faun - like depictions of Satan. Although Christian use of Plutarch 's story is of long standing, Ronald Hutton has argued that this specific association is modern and derives from Pan 's popularity in Victorian and Edwardian neopaganism. Medieval and early modern images of Satan tend, by contrast, to show generic semi-human monsters with horns, wings, and clawed feet. Neopaganism In 1933, the Egyptologist Margaret Murray published the book, The God of the Witches, in which she theorised that Pan was merely one form of a horned god who was worshipped across Europe by a witch - cult. This theory influenced the Neopagan notion of the Horned God, as an archetype of male virility and sexuality. In Wicca, the archetype of the Horned God is highly important, as represented by such deities as the Celtic Cernunnos, Hindu Pashupati, and Greek Pan. A modern account of several purported meetings with Pan is given by Robert Ogilvie Crombie in The Findhorn Garden ( Harper & Row, 1975 ) and The Magic of Findhorn ( Harper & Row, 1975 ). Crombie claimed to have met Pan many times at various locations in Scotland, including Edinburgh, on the island of Iona and at the Findhorn Foundation. See also Agreus & Nomios Dryad Faun Golden Age Kokopelli Pan in popular culture Pan, sculpture by Roger White Pangu Puck Pūṣan, a Vedic guardian of flocks and herds Satyr Syrinx The Great God Pan Notes Jump up ^ `` Pan '' ( Greek mythology ) entry in Collins English Dictionary. Jump up ^ Edwin L. Brown, `` The Lycidas of Theocritus Idyll 7 '', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 1981 : 59 -- 100. Jump up ^ Alfred Wagner, Das historische Drama der Griechen, Münster 1878, p. 78. Jump up ^ The Triumph of the Moon : A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, Ronald Hutton, chapter 3 Jump up ^ Mallory, J.P. ; Adams, D.Q. ( 2006 ). The Oxford Introduction to Proto - Indo - European and the Proto - Indo - European World. Oxford, England : Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929668 - 2. Jump up ^ `` * pa - ''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Jump up ^ H. Collitz, `` Wodan, Hermes und Pushan, '' Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 1924, pp 574 -- 587. Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 1149. Jump up ^ Edwin L. Brown, `` The Divine Name ' Pan ' '', Transactions of the American Philological Association 107 ( 1977 : 57 -- 61 ), notes ( p. 59 ) that the first inscription mentioning Pan is a 6th - century dedication to ΠΑΟΝΙ, a `` still uncontracted '' form. Jump up ^ The Extant Odes of Pindar at Project Gutenberg. See note 5 to Pythian Ode III, `` For Heiron of Syracuse, Winner in the Horse - race. '' Jump up ^ Theocritus. vii. 107 Jump up ^ Horbury, William ( 1992 ). Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco - Roman Egypt. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41870 - 6. Jump up ^ Sear, David R. ( 1978 ). Greek Coins and Their Values. Volume I : Europe ( pp. 168 - 169 ). Seaby Ltd., London. ISBN 0 900652 46 2 Jump up ^ W.H. Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der Gr. u. Röm. Mythologie ( 1909 : 1379f ) finds eighteen variants for Pan 's genealogy. Jump up ^ Pindar, Fr. 90 ( Bowra ) Jump up ^ Footnote in the Library by Apollodorus ( of Athens ), edited by E. Capps Ph. D, LL. D. ; T.E. Page, Litt. D. ; W.H.D. Rouse, Litt. d. ; Webster Collection of Social Anthropology, p. 305 Jump up ^ The Homeric Hymn to Pan provides the earliest example of this wordplay, suggesting that Pan 's name was born from the fact that he delighted `` all '' the gods. Jump up ^ Eliade, Mircea ( 1982 ) A History of Religious Ideas Vol. 2. University of Chicago Press. § 205. Jump up ^ In the second - century `` Hieronyman Theogony ', which harmonized Orphic themes from the theogony of Protogonos with Stoicism, he is Protogonos, Phanes, Zeus and Pan ; in the Orphic Rhapsodies he is additionally called Metis, Eros, Erikepaios and Bromios. The inclusion of Pan seems to be a Hellenic syncretization ( West, M.L. ( 1983 ) The Orphic Poems. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 205 ). Jump up ^ Pan `` even boasted that he had slept with every maenad that ever was -- to facilitate that extraordinary feat, he could be multiplied into a whole brotherhood of Pans. '' Jump up ^ `` In this story Hermes is clearly out of place. He was one of the youngest sons of Zeus and was brought into the story only because... he was a master / thief. The real participant in the story was Aigipan : the god Pan, that is to say. in his quality of a goat ( aix ). ( Kerenyi, p. 28 ). Kerenyi points out that Python of Delphi had a son Aix ( Plutarch, Moralia 293c ) and detects a note of kinship betrayal. Jump up ^ `` Pan ( mythology ) -- Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is Pan ( mythology ) ? What is Pan ( mythology ) ? Where is Pan ( mythology ) ? Definition of Pan ( mythology ). Meaning of Pan ( mythology ) ''. Knowledgerush.com. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, p. 101 Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Pan ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 662 -- 663. Jump up ^ Dio Chrysostom, Discourses, vi. 20. Jump up ^ Kerenyi, p. 175. Jump up ^ Hyginus, Fabulae, 191 ( on - line source ). Jump up ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 11.146 ff ( on - line source ). Jump up ^ Poetic Astronomy 2.18 : see Theony Condos, Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans 1997 : 72. Jump up ^ Kerenyi, p. 95. Jump up ^ Lucan, ix. 536 ; Lucretius, v. 614. Jump up ^ Moralia, Book 5 : 17. Jump up ^ `` Where or what was Palodes ? ''. Jump up ^ G.K. Chesterton, `` The End of the World '', The Everlasting Man, 1925 Jump up ^ The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton II. San Francisco : Ignatius Press. 1986. p. 292. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89870 - 116 - 6. Jump up ^ Orthodoxy. New York : Dover Publications, Inc. 2004. p. 69. ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43701 - 9. Jump up ^ Reinach, in Bulletin des correspondents helleniques 31 ( 1907 : 5 -- 19 ), noted by Van Teslaar. Jump up ^ Van Teslaar, `` The Death of Pan : a classical instance of verbal misinterpretation '', The Psychoanalytic Review 8 ( 1921 : 180 -- 83 ). Jump up ^ Van Teslaar 1921 : 180. Jump up ^ William Hansen ( 2002 ) `` Ariadne 's thread : A guide to international tales found in classical literature '' Cornell University Press. pp. 133 - 136 Jump up ^ Kathleen M. Swaim, `` ' Mighty Pan ' : Tradition and an Image in Milton 's Nativity ' Hymn ' '', Studies in Philology 68. 4 ( October 1971 : 484 -- 495 )... Jump up ^ See Corinne Davies, `` Two of Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's Pan poems and their after - life in Robert Browning 's ' Pan and Luna ' '', Victorian Poetry 44,. 4, ( Winter 2006 : 561 -- 569 ). Jump up ^ Herodotus, Histories II. 145 Jump up ^ Payne - Knight, R. Discourse on the Worship of Priapus, 1786, p. 73 Jump up ^ Hutton, Ronald. The Triumph of the Moon : A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft pp 161 -- 162 Jump up ^ Barnard, John. John Keats : The Complete Poems, p. 587, ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 042210 - 8 Jump up ^ Merivale, Patricia. Pan the Goat - God : his Myth in Modern Times, Harvard University Press, 1969, p. vii. Jump up ^ Lurie, Alison. Afterword in Peter Pan, Signet, 2003, p198. books.google.com Jump up ^ Ridley, Rosalind ( 2016 ). Peter Pan and the Mind of JM Barrie. UK : Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 9107 - 3. Jump up ^ Pink Floyd used the chapter title `` The Piper at the Gates of Dawn '' as the title of their 1967 debut album. Jump up ^ Beech, Mark ( 2015 ). Soliloquy for Pan ( Illustrated. First ed. limited to 300 copies ed. ). UK : Egaeuspress. pp. 350 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 957160682. Jump up ^ Hutton, The Triumph of the Moon : A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, Oxford University Press, 1999 Jump up ^ The Triumph of the Moon : A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, Ronald Hutton, page 199 Sources Borgeaud, Philippe ( 1979 ). Recherches sur le Dieu Pan. Geneva University. Burkert, Walter ( 1985 ). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. Diotima ( 2007 ), The Goat Foot God, Bibliotheca Alexandrina Kerenyi, Karl ( 1951 ). The Gods of the Greeks. Thames & Hudson. Laurie, Allison, `` Afterword '' in Peter Pan, J.M. Barrie, Signet Classic, 1987. ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 52088 - 3. Malini, Roberto ( 1998 ), Pan dio della selva, Edizioni dell'Ambrosino, Milano Ruck, Carl A.P. ; Danny Staples ( 1994 ). The World of Classical Myth. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 0 - 89089 - 575 - 9. Vinci, Leo ( 1993 ), Pan : Great God Of Nature, Neptune Press, London External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pan ( mythology ). Original resources on Faunus / Phaunos Original resources on Pan Pan Mythology Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Hyperionides Eos Helios Selene Koionides Asteria Leto Lelantos Krionides Astraeus Pallas Perses Iapetionides Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Mousai ( Muses ) Aoide Arche Melete Mneme Olympian deities Dodekatheon Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Styktides Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Aquatic deities Theoi Halioi Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calypso Ceto Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Kymopoleia Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Adrasteia Amalthea Asia Callirrhoe Ceto Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia Metis Nemesis Perse Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Zeuxo Nereides Amphitrite Arethusa Dynamene Galatea Galene Psamathe Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapos Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Kleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deities Theoi Chthonioi Angelos Demeter Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker The Keres The Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys The Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate The Androktasiai Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Machai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Bia Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Peitho Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Other deities Sky deities The Anemoi The Astra Planeti Stilbon Eosphorus Hesperus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Agricultural deities Aphaea Ariadne Carmanor Demeter Despoina Eunostus Philomelus Plutus Health deities Asclepius Aceso Epione Iaso Hygieia Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna The Alseids The Auloniads Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato Eurydice The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce Ma The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Echo Helike Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Acratopotes Adrasteia Agdistis Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Astraea Circe Eiresione Enyalius Harpocrates Ichnaea Palaestra Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Proto - Indo - European religion Hellenistic religion Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mycenaean deities Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Interpretatio graeca Monism Mythology Nympholepsy Paganism Paradoxography Polytheism Theism Texts / epic poems / odes Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Sibylline Books Telegony The golden verses of Pythagoras Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hypsistarians Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Oracle Sanctuaries - Necromanteion Aornum Delphi Didymaion Dodona Oracle of Menestheus Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus - Aydın Cave of Zeus - Crete Cretea Delos Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Machai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Magic Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Pella curse tablet Philia Mythical realms Aethiopia Atlantis Hyperborea Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Scythia Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Symbols / objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals / daemons / spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes - Pygmies war Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of fire Xoanon Symbols Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Storage containers / cups Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Kollops Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Vessels Argo Phaeacian ships Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Greco - Buddhism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture GND : 118789406 LCCN : no2015029260 VIAF : 8183772 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_(god)&oldid=856609524 '' Categories : Pan ( god ) Animal gods Arts gods Horned deities Greek love and lust deities Music in Greek mythology Mythological caprids Nature gods Offspring of Hermes Offspring of Zeus Oracular gods Sexuality in ancient Rome Sexuality in ancient Greece Flautists LGBT themes in Greek mythology Pederastic heroes and deities Satyrs Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from July 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 12 : 31 ( UTC ). 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Question: who is often named the father of pan
Answer: Hermes