Canadarm - wikipedia Canadarm This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Randy Kryn ( talk contribs ) at 02 : 58, 11 August 2017 ( removed italics from unitalicized link ). The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version. Revision as of 02 : 58, 11 August 2017 by Randy Kryn ( talk contribs ) ( removed italics from unitalicized link ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) This article is about the robotic arm on the Space Shuttle. For the robotic arm on the International Space Station, see Canadarm2. Canadarm ( right ) during Space Shuttle mission STS - 72. The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System ( SRMS ), also known as Canadarm ( Canadarm 1 ), is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, maneuver and capture payloads. After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the Canadarm was always paired with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System ( OBSS ), which was used to inspect the exterior of the Shuttle for damage to the thermal protection system. Contents 1 Development 2 Design and capabilities 3 Service History 3.1 Retirement 4 Derivative 5 Future Use 6 In popular media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development In 1969, Canada was invited by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) to participate in the Space Shuttle program. At the time what that participation would entail had not yet been decided but a manipulator system was identified as an important component. Canadian company, DSMA ATCON, had developed a robot to load fuel into CANDU nuclear reactors ; this robot attracted NASA 's attention. In 1975, NASA and the Canadian National Research Council ( NRC ) signed a memorandum of understanding that Canada would develop and construct the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System. NRC awarded the manipulator contract to Spar Aerospace. Three systems were constructed within this design, development, test and evaluation contract : an engineering model to assist in the design and testing of the Canadarm, a qualification model that was subjected to environmental testing to qualify the design for use in space, and a flight unit. Anthony `` Tony '' Zubrzycki, a design engineer at DSMA ATCON, while seconded to SPAR, originated the concept for the Canadarm End Effector, inspired by an elastic band around his fingers. Tony formally presented this concept to NASA officials. Frank Mee, head of the SPAR mechanical development laboratory, built the end effector prototype based on Tony 's concept and is credited by SPAR as the inventor of the Canadarm End Effector. The three - wire crossover design won over the claw - like mechanisms and others, such as the camera iris model, that were being considered. The main controls algorithms were developed by SPAR and by subcontractor Dynacon Inc. of Toronto. CAE Electronics Ltd. in Montreal provided the display and control panel and the hand controllers located in the Shuttle aft flight deck. Other electronic interfaces, servoamplifiers and power conditioners located on the Canadarm were designed and built by SPAR at its Montreal factory. The graphite composite boom that provides the structural connection between the shoulder and the elbow joint and the similar boom that connects the elbow to the wrist were produced by General Dynamics in the United States. Dilworth, Secord, Meagher and Associates, Ltd. in Toronto was contracted to produce the engineering model end effector then SPAR evolved the design and produced the qualification and flight units. The shuttle flight software that monitors and controls the Canadarm was developed in Houston, Texas, by the Federal Systems Division of IBM. Rockwell International 's Space Transportation Systems Division designed, developed, tested and built the systems used to attach the Canadarm to the payload bay of the orbiter. An acceptance ceremony for NASA was held at Spar 's RMS Division in Toronto on the 11th of February 1981. Here Larkin Kerwin, then the head of the NRC, gave the SRMS the informal name, Canadarm. The first remote manipulator system was delivered to NASA in April 1981. In all, five arms ( arm 201, 202, 301, 302, and 303 ) were built and delivered to NASA. Arm 302 was lost in the Challenger accident. Design and capabilities F. Story Musgrave, anchored on the end of the Canadarm, prepares to be elevated to the top of the Hubble Space Telescope during STS - 61. The original Canadarm was capable of deploying and retrieving payloads weighing up to 332.5 kg ( 733 lb ) in space. In the mid-1990s the arm control system was redesigned to increase the payload capability to 3,293 kg ( 7,260 lb ) in order to support space station assembly operations. While able to maneuver payloads with the mass of a loaded bus in space, the arm motors can not lift the arm 's own weight when on the ground. NASA therefore developed a model of the arm for use at its training facility within the Johnson Space Center located in Houston, Texas. The Canadarm can also retrieve, repair and deploy satellites, provide a mobile extension ladder for extravehicular activity crew members for work stations or foot restraints, and be used as an inspection aid to allow the flight crew members to view the orbiter 's or payload 's surfaces through a television camera on the Canadarm. The basic Canadarm configuration consists of a manipulator arm, a Canadarm display and control panel, including rotational and translational hand controllers at the orbiter aft flight deck flight crew station, and a manipulator controller interface unit that interfaces with the orbiter computer. Most of the time, the arm operators see what they are doing by looking at the Advanced Space Vision System screen next to the controllers. The Canadarm 1 End Effector. One crew member operates the Canadarm from the aft flight deck control station, and a second crew member usually assists with television camera operations. This allows the Canadarm operator to view Canadarm operations through the aft flight deck payload and overhead windows and through the closed - circuit television monitors at the aft flight deck station. The Canadarm is outfitted with an explosive - based mechanism to allow the arm to be jettisoned. This safety system allows the Orbiter 's payload bay doors to be closed in the event that the arm fails in an extended position and is not able to be retracted. The Canadarm is 15.2 m ( 50 ft ) long and 38 cm ( 15 in ) diameter with six degrees of freedom. It weighs 410 kg ( 900 lb ) by itself, and 450 kg ( 990 lb ) as part of the total system. The Canadarm has six joints that correspond roughly to the joints of the human arm, with shoulder yaw and pitch joints, an elbow pitch joint, and wrist pitch, yaw, and roll joints. The end effector is the unit at the end of the wrist that grapples the payload 's grapple fixture. The two lightweight boom segments are called the upper and lower arms. The upper boom connects the shoulder and elbow joints, and the lower boom connects the elbow and wrist joints. Service History Astronaut on the end of the arm, 1993. The Canadarm2 moves toward a P5 truss section, being held by Discovery 's Canadarm, in preparation for a hand - off during STS - 116. A simulated Canadarm installed on the Space Shuttle Enterprise was seen when the prototype orbiter 's payload bay doors were open to test hangar facilities early in the shuttle program. The Canadarm was first tested in orbit in 1981, on Space Shuttle Columbia 's STS - 2 mission. Its first operational use was on STS - 3 to deploy and maneuver the Plasma Diagnostics Package. Canadarm has since flown on more than 90 missions with all five orbiters. Since the installation of the Canadarm2 on the International Space Station, the two arms have been used to hand over segments of the station for assembly from the Canadarm to the Canadarm2 ; the use of both elements in tandem has earned the nickname of ' Canadian Handshake ' in the media. Retirement The Canadarm 's 90th and final shuttle mission was in July 2011 on STS - 135, delivering the Raffaello MPLM to the ISS and back. Discovery 's Canadarm is displayed next to her in the National Air and Space Museum. Endeavour left its OBSS at the International Space Station as part of its final mission, while its Canadarm was originally going to be displayed in the headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency. However, Endeavour 's Canadarm is now on permanent display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa. The last of the Canadarms to fly in space, the SRMS flown aboard Atlantis on the final space shuttle mission, STS - 135 in July 2011, was shipped to NASA 's Johnson Space Center in Houston for engineering study and possible reuse on a future mission. Derivative Based on the Canadarm1, the larger Canadarm2 is use for berthing the trusses, the commercial vehicles and inspecting the whole ISS, and the smaller Canadarm3 will be use for berthing the commercial vehicles and inspecting the whole Deep Space Gateway. Future use This Canadarm1 will be use for berthing the modules and inspecting the whole Exploration Gateway Platform. In popular media On November 13, 2012, Google Canada displayed a doodle on its home search page to celebrate the 31st anniversary of the Canadarm 's first use in space. See also Robotics portal Mobile Servicing System ( MSS ), also known by its primary component the Canadarm2, used on the ISS European Robotic Arm, a fourth robotic arm to be installed on the ISS built in the Netherlands by EADS The Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System ( JEMRMS ), used on the ISS module Kibo is a Japanese built robotic arm system Dextre, also known as the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator ( SPDM ), used on the ISS and built by MDA Strela, a Russian built crane used on the ISS to perform similar tasks as the Mobile Servicing System References ^ Jump up to : Dotto, Lydia ( 1992 ). A Heritage of Excellence : 25 years at Spar Aerospace Limited. David Steel. Canada : Spar Aerospace Limited. pp. 41 -- 42. ISBN 0 - 9696618 - 0 - 0. ( Frank ) Mee is the inventor of the Canadarm hand, technically known as the `` end effector ''. Jump up ^ Wilks, Brian ( 2004 ). `` Browsing Science Research at the Federal Level in Canada : History, Research Activities and Publications ''. University of Toronto Press. p. 117. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : Garry Lindberg. `` Canadarm and its U of A Connections ''. U of A Engineer Magazine. University of Alberta. Retrieved 7 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : Melbourne, James V. ( 2001 ). Make The Wind Blow. Heirloom Publishing Inc. pp. 62 -- 77. ISBN 0 - 9694247 - 8 - 7. Jump up ^ `` The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System -- The Canadarm ''. IEEE Canada. Retrieved 22 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Flight History of Canadarm ''. Canada Space Agency. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Jump up ^ Justin Ray ( 5 January 2011 ). `` Vandenberg 's space shuttle hangar ''. Space Flight Now. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/canadarm/flight.asp ^ Jump up to : Chris Gebhardt ( 17 November 2010 ). `` Discovery 's retirement plans provide insight into the fate of the robotic arm ''. NASA. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Jump up ^ Roland Kiehne ( 27 July 2012 ). `` Letter : Canadarm should be easy to visit ''. The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Jump up ^ Andy Johnson ( 2 May 2013 ). `` Unveiling exhibit, Hadfield sends first Canadarm ' last command ' from space ''. CTV News. Retrieved 2 May 2013. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Howell ( 2 May 2013 ). `` Space Shuttle 's Robotic Arm Goes on Display at Canadian Museum ''. Space.com. Retrieved 2 May 2013. Jump up ^ Canadian Space Agency ( 2 May 2013 ). `` Minister Moore Unveils Exhibit for Canada 's National Space Icon : the Canadarm ''. Canadian Space Agency. Retrieved 1 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Canadarm on display : Space shuttle robot arm unveiled at Canadian museum ''. 2 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Google doodle honours Canadarm at 31 ''. CBC News. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadarm. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-caws.html#sts-deploy http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/canadarm/default.asp CBC Digital Archives - Canadarm - A Technology Star Canadian Space Agency Canadian astronauts Active Jeremy Hansen David Saint - Jacques Jennifer Sidey Joshua Kutryk Retired Marc Garneau Roberta Bondar Steven MacLean Chris Hadfield Robert Thirsk Bjarni Tryggvason Dafydd Williams Julie Payette Michael McKay Ken Money Other Guy Laliberté ( space tourist ) Satellites Alouette 1 Alouette 2 Anik series BRITE CASSIOPE Hermes ISIS - 1 ISIS - 2 M3MSat MOST MSAT - 1 NEOSSat Nimiq series RADARSAT - 1 RADARSAT - 2 RADARSAT Constellation ( planned ) SCISAT - 1 Sapphire Other space technology Black Brant rocket Canadarm Canadarm2 Dextre Facilities John H. Chapman Space Centre David Florida Laboratory Saskatoon CSA Building Contractors COM DEV MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates ( MDA Space Missions / Spar Aerospace ) Magellan Aerospace ( Bristol Aerospace ) Telesat UTIAS - SFL Related Institutions Canadian Geospace Monitoring Communications Research Centre Canada Defence Research and Development Canada National Research Council International Partners ESA NASA ISRO JAXA SNSB Other Bell TV Churchill Rocket Research Range International Space Station Shaw Direct NASA Space Shuttle ( STS ) Space Shuttle Programs Missions Crews Parts Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) External Tank ( ET ) Main Engine ( SSME ) Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) Reaction control system ( RCS ) Thermal protection system Booster separation motor Orbiters Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour Add - ons Spacelab ( ESA ) RMS ( CSA ) Extended Duration Orbiter Remote Controlled Orbiter Spacehab MPLM Sites Kennedy Space Center LC - 39 Vandenberg SLC - 6 Landing sites ( Abort Landing Sites ) Operations Missions ( canceled ) Crews Mission timeline Rollbacks Abort modes Rendezvous pitch maneuver Testing Pathfinder ( simulator ) MPTA MPTA - ET Approach and Landing Tests Disasters Challenger disaster ( report ) Columbia disaster ( report ) Support Crawler - transporter Mate - Demate Device Mobile Launcher Platform NASA recovery ship Orbiter Processing Facility Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory ( SAIL ) Shuttle Carrier Aircraft Shuttle Training Aircraft Special Deutschland - 1 Getaway Special Teacher in Space Project Shuttle - Mir Hitchhiker Derivatives Saturn - Shuttle ( canceled ) Shuttle - Derived Launch Vehicle ( SDLV ) Shuttle - Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle ( HLLV ) Jupiter Shuttle - C Ares Space Launch System ( SLS ) Replicas Inspiration Independence Space Shuttle America Related Space Shuttle design process Inertial Upper Stage Payload Assist Module ISS Space Shuttle retirement Conroy Virtus Criticism of the Space Shuttle program Rendezvous : A Space Shuttle Simulation Space Shuttle Project Shuttle Space Shuttle : A Journey into Space Space Shuttle Mission 2007 Orbiter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadarm&oldid=794958573 '' Categories : Spacecraft components Space program of Canada Science and technology in Canada Space Shuttle program Canadian inventions Space robots Robotic manipulators 1981 robots Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017, at 02 : 58. 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Question: on which space shuttle was the canadarm first tested in space
Answer: Columbia