Brain - to - body mass ratio - wikipedia Brain - to - body mass ratio Brain -- body mass ratio relationship Brain - to - body mass ratio, also known as the brain - to - body weight ratio, is the ratio of brain mass to body mass, which is hypothesized to be a rough estimate of the intelligence of an animal, although fairly inaccurate in many cases. A more complex measurement, encephalization quotient, takes into account allometric effects of widely divergent body sizes across several taxa. The raw brain - to - body mass ratio is however simpler to come by, and is still a useful tool for comparing encephalization within species or between fairly closely related species. Contents 1 Brain - body size relationship 2 Relation to metabolism 3 Comparisons between groups 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Brain - body size relationship Shrews have among the highest brain - to - body mass ratio of all mammals The bony - eared assfish has the smallest known brain - to - body mass ratio of all vertebrates Brain size usually increases with body size in animals ( i.e. large animals usually have larger brains than smaller animals ) ; the relationship is not, however, linear. Small mammals such as mice may have a brain / body ratio similar to humans, while elephants have a comparatively lower brain / body ratio. In animals, it is thought that the larger the brain, the more brain weight will be available for more complex cognitive tasks. However, large animals need more neurons to represent their own bodies and control specific muscles ; thus, relative rather than absolute brain size makes for a ranking of animals that better coincides with the observed complexity of animal behaviour. The relationship between brain - to - body mass ratio and complexity of behaviour is not perfect as other factors also influence intelligence, like the evolution of the recent cerebral cortex and different degrees of brain folding, which increase the surface of the cortex, which is positively correlated in humans to intelligence. The noted exception to this, of course, are those suffering from swelling of the brain which, while resulting in greater surface area, does not alter intelligence. Relation to metabolism Unlike the graph shown above which includes only mammals which are warm - blooded vertebrates, a graph of the relation between brain weight and body weight of living vertebrates including those that are cold - blooded ( fish, amphibia, reptiles ) shows that they have two completely separate linear functions. Cold - blooded vertebrates have much smaller brains than warm - blooded vertebrates of the same size. However, if physiology / metabolism is taken into account, the brain - to - body relationship of both warm and cold - blooded vertebrates fall on the same line with most of them using between 2 and 8 percent of their basal metabolism for the brain and spinal cord. Comparisons between groups Species Brain : body mass ratio ( E : S ) small ants 1 : 7 tree shrew 1 : 10 small birds 1 : 14 mouse 1 : 40 human 1 : 50 cat 1 : 110 dog 1 : 125 squirrel 1 : 150 frog 1 : 172 lion 1 : 550 elephant 1 : 560 horse 1 : 600 shark 1 : 2496 hippopotamus 1 : 2789 See also : Cetacean intelligence § Brain size Dolphins have the highest brain - to - body weight ratio of all cetaceans. Monitor lizards, tegus and anoles and some tortoise species have the largest among reptiles. Among birds, the highest brain - to - body ratios are found among parrots, crows, magpies, jays and ravens. Among amphibians, the studies are still limited. Either octopuses or jumping spiders have some of the highest for an invertebrate, although some ant species have 14 % - 15 % of their mass in their brains, the highest value known for any animal. Sharks have one of the highest for fish alongside manta rays ( although the electrogenic elephantfish has a ratio nearly 80 times higher - about 1 / 32, which is slightly higher than that for humans ). The tiny shrew, which holds about 10 % of its body mass in its brain, has one of the highest brain - to - body mass ratios of any vertebrate. It is a trend that the larger the animal gets, the smaller the brain - to - body mass ratio is. Large whales have very small brains compared to their weight, and small rodents like mice have a relatively large brain, giving the same brain - to - body mass ratio as a human. One explanation could be that as an animal 's brain gets larger, the size of the neural cells remains the same, and more nerve cells will cause the brain to increase in size to a lesser degree than the rest of the body. This phenomenon can be described by an equation of the form E = CS, where E and S are brain and body weights, r a constant that depends on animal family ( but close to 2 / 3 in many vertebrates ), and C is the cephalization factor. It has been argued that the animal 's ecological niche, rather than its evolutionary family, is the main determinant of its encephalization factor C. In the essay `` Bligh 's Bounty '', Stephen Jay Gould noted that if one looks at vertebrates with very low encephalization quotient, their brains are slightly less massive than their spinal cords. Theoretically, intelligence might correlate with the absolute amount of brain an animal has after subtracting the weight of the spinal cord from the brain. This formula is useless for invertebrates because they do not have spinal cords, or in some cases, central nervous systems. Criticism Recent research indicates that, in non-human primates, whole brain size is a better measure of cognitive abilities than brain - to - body mass ratio. The total weight of the species is greater than the predicted sample only if the frontal lobe is adjusted for spatial relation. The brain - to - body mass ratio was however found to be an excellent predictor of variation in problem solving abilities among carnivoran mammals. In humans, the brain to body weight ratio can vary greatly from person to person ; it would be much higher in an underweight person than an overweight person, and higher in infants than adults. The same problem is encountered when dealing with marine mammals, which may have considerable body fat masses. Some researchers therefore prefer lean body weight to brain mass as a better predictor. See also Cranial capacity Encephalization List of animals by number of neurons References Jump up ^ `` Development of Intelligence ''. Ircamera.as.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ Cairό, O. `` External measures of cognition ''. Front Hum Neurosci. 5 : 108. doi : 10.3389 / fnhum. 2011.00108. PMC 3207484. PMID 22065955. Jump up ^ Fine, M.L. ; Horn, M.H. ; Cox, B. ( 1987 - 03 - 23 ). `` Acanthonus armatus, a Deep - Sea Teleost Fish with a Minute Brain and Large Ears ''. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences. 230 ( 1259 ) : 257 -- 265. Bibcode : 1987RSPSB. 230... 257F. doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1987.0018. ISSN 0962 - 8452. PMID 2884671. ^ Jump up to : `` Brain and Body Size... and Intelligence ''. Serendip.brynmawr.edu. 2003 - 03 - 07. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ Hart, B.L. ; Hart, L.A. ; McCoy, M. ; Sarath, C.R. ( November 2001 ). `` Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants : use and modification of branches for fly switching ''. Animal Behaviour. Academic Press. 62 ( 5 ) : 839 -- 847. doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 2001.1815. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Cortical Folding and Intelligence ''. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15. Jump up ^ Haier, R.J. ; Jung, R.E. ; Yeo, R.C. ; Head, K. ; Alkired, M.T. ( 2004 ). `` Structural brain variation and general intelligence ''. NeuroImage. 23 ( 1 ) : 425 -- 433. doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2004.04. 025. PMID 15325390. Jump up ^ A graph of the relation between brain weight and body weight of living vertebrates ( 1 ) Retrieved 10 February 2018. Jump up ^ A graph of the relation of CNS to body metabolism in vertebrates ( 2 ) Retrieved 10 February 2018. Jump up ^ Seid, M.A. ; Castillo, A. ; Wcislo, W.T. ( 2011 ). `` The Allometry of Brain Miniaturization in Ants ''. Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 13. doi : 10.1159 / 000322530. PMID 21252471. Jump up ^ Marino, L. ; Sol, D. ; Toren, K. & Lefebvre, L. ( 2006 ). `` Does diving limit brain size in cetaceans ? '' ( PDF ). Marine Mammal Science. 22 ( 2 ) : 413 -- 425. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 7692.2006. 00042. x. ^ Jump up to : Gould ( 1977 ) Ever since Darwin, c7s1 Jump up ^ `` Jumping Spider Vision ''. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28. Jump up ^ Nilsson, Göran E. ( 1996 ). `` Brain And Body Oxygen Requirements Of Gnathonemus Petersii, A Fish With An Exceptionally Large Brain '' ( PDF ). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 607. ^ Jump up to : Pagel M.D., Harvey P.H. ( 1989 ). `` Taxonomic differences in the scaling of brain on body weight among mammals ''. Science. 244 : 1589 -- 93. Bibcode : 1989Sci... 244.1589 P. doi : 10.1126 / science. 2740904. Jump up ^ `` Bligh 's Bounty ''. Archived from the original on 2001 - 07 - 09. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization Quotient, Best Predicts Cognitive Ability across Non-Human Primates ''. Brain Behav Evol. 70 : 115 -- 124. 2007. doi : 10.1159 / 000102973. Jump up ^ Benson - Amram, S. ; Dantzer, B. ; Stricker, G. ; Swanson, E.M. ; Holekamp, K.E. ( 25 January 2016 ). `` Brain size predicts problem - solving ability in mammalian carnivores '' ( PDF ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 : 201505913. Bibcode : 2016PNAS... 113.2532 B. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1505913113. PMC 4780594. PMID 26811470. Retrieved 29 January 2016. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20041112174759/http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/cosmic_evolution/docs/text/text_cult_3.html ( DEAD LINK ) http://www.wsu.edu/~taflinge/mindwork/mawint1.html A graph of body mass vs. brain mass `` Bligh 's Bounty '' -- Stephen Jay Gould Suzana Herculano Houzel : What is so special about the human brain TED talk, June 2013. Animal cognition Cognition Animal communication Animal consciousness Animal language Cognitive bias in animals Cognitive ethology Comparative cognition Elephant cognition Emotion in animals Mirror test Neuroethology Observational learning Primate cognition Tool use by animals Vocal learning Intelligence Bird talking Cat Cephalopod Cetacean Dinosaur Dog Fish Hominid Swarm Pain Pain in amphibians Pain in animals Pain in cephalopods Pain in crustaceans Pain in fish Pain in invertebrates Relation to brain Brain size Brain - to - body mass ratio Encephalization quotient Neuroscience and intelligence Number of neurons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain-to-body_mass_ratio&oldid=825523843 '' Categories : Animal cognition Mass Animal intelligence Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018, at 21 : 58. 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Question: who has the largest brain in comparison to its size
Answer: small ants