Henry H. Goddard - wikipedia Henry H. Goddard For the judge, see Henry W. Goddard. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2008 ) Henry H. Goddard Henry Herbert Goddard ( August 14, 1866 -- June 18, 1957 ) was a prominent American psychologist and eugenicist during the early 20th century. He is known especially for his 1912 work The Kallikak Family : A Study in the Heredity of Feeble - Mindedness, which he himself came to regard as flawed, and for being the first to translate the Binet intelligence test into English in 1908 and distributing an estimated 22,000 copies of the translated test across the United States. He also introduced the term `` moron '' for clinical use. He was the main advocate for the use of intelligence testing in societal institutions including hospitals, schools, the legal system and the military. He helped develop the new topic of clinical psychology, in 1911 helped to write the first U.S. law requiring that blind, deaf and intellectually disabled children be provided special education within public school systems, and in 1914 became the first American psychologist to testify in court that subnormal intelligence should limit the criminal responsibility of defendants. Contents 1 Early life 2 Vineland 3 Later career 4 Publications 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links Early life Goddard was born in East Vassalboro, Maine, the fifth and youngest child and only son of farmer Henry Clay Goddard and his wife, Sarah Winslow Goddard, who were devout Quakers. ( Two of his sisters died in infancy. ) His father was gored by a bull when the younger Goddard was a small child, and he eventually lost his farm and had to work as a farmhand ; he died of his lingering injuries when the boy was nine years old. The younger Goddard went to live with his married sister for a brief time but in 1877 was enrolled at the Oak Grove Seminary, a boarding school in Vassalboro. During this period, Sarah Goddard began a new career as a traveling Quaker preacher ; she married missionary Jehu Newlin in 1884, and the couple regularly traveled throughout the United States and Europe. In 1878, Henry Goddard became a student at the Friends School in Providence, Rhode Island. During his youth he began an enduring friendship with Rufus Jones, who would later co-found ( in 1917 ) the American Friends Service Committee, which received the 1947 Nobel Peace Prize. In 1883 Goddard entered Haverford College, where he played on the football team, graduating in 1887. He adjourned his studies for a year to teach in Winthrop, Maine, from 1885 to 1886. After graduating, he traveled to California to visit one of his sisters, stopping en route in Los Angeles to present some letters of introduction at the University of Southern California, which had been established just seven years earlier. After seeking jobs in the Oakland area for several weeks, he was surprised to receive an offer of a temporary position at USC, and there he taught Latin, history and botany. He also served as co-coach ( with Frank Suffel ) of the first USC football team in 1888, with the team winning both of its games against a local athletic club. But he departed immediately thereafter, returning to Haverford to earn his master 's degree in mathematics in 1889. From 1889 to 1891, he became principal of the Damascus Academy, a Quaker school in Damascus, Ohio, where he also taught several subjects and conducted chapel services and prayer meetings. On August 7, 1889, he married Emma Florence Robbins, who became one of the two other teachers at the Academy. In 1891 he returned to teach at the Oak Grove Seminary in Vassalboro, becoming principal in 1893. He enrolled in 1896 at Clark University, intending to study only briefly, but he remained three years and received his doctorate in psychology in 1899. He then taught at the State Normal School in West Chester, Pennsylvania until 1906. Vineland From 1906 to 1918, Goddard was the Director of Research at the Vineland Training School for Feeble - Minded Girls and Boys in Vineland, New Jersey, which was the first known laboratory established to study intellectual disability. While there, he is quoted as stating : `` Democracy, then, means that the people rule by selecting the wisest, most intelligent and most human to tell them what to do to be happy. '' ( Italics are Goddard 's. ) At the May 18, 1910, annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of the Feeble - Minded, Goddard proposed definitions for a system for classifying individuals with intellectual disability based on intelligence quotient ( IQ ). Goddard used the terms moron for those with an IQ of 51 - 70, imbecile for those with an IQ of 26 - 50, and idiot for those with an IQ of 0 - 25 for categories of increasing impairment. This nomenclature was standard for decades. A moron, by his definition, was any person with mental age between eight and twelve. Morons, according to Goddard, were unfit for society and should be removed from society either through institutionalization, sterilization, or both. Goddard 's best - known work, The Kallikak Family, was published in 1912. He had studied the background of several local groups of people that were somewhat distantly related and concluded that they were all descended from a single Revolutionary War soldier. Martin Kallikak first married a Quaker woman. All of the children who came from this relationship were `` wholesome '' and had no signs of intellectual disability. Later, it was discovered that Kallikak had an affair with a `` nameless feeble - minded woman ''. The result of this union resulted in generations of criminals. Goddard termed this generation `` a race of defective degenerates ''. While the book rapidly became a success and was considered for making into a Broadway play, his research methods were soon questioned ; within ten years he came to agree with the critics and no longer endorsed his conclusions. Goddard was a strong advocate of eugenics. Although he believed that `` feeble - minded '' people bearing children was inadvisable, he hesitated to promote compulsory sterilization -- even though he was convinced that it would eliminate intellectual disability ; because he did not think such a plan could gain widespread acceptance. Instead, he suggested that colonies should be established where the `` feeble - minded '' could be segregated. Goddard established an intelligence testing program on Ellis Island in 1913. The purpose of the program was to identify `` feeble - minded '' persons whose nature was not obvious to the subjective judgement of immigration officers, who had previously made these judgments without the aid of tests. When he published the results in 1917, Goddard stated that his results only applied to immigrants traveling steerage and did not apply to people traveling in first or second class. He also noted that the population he studied had been preselected, omitting those who were either `` obviously normal '' or `` obviously feeble - minded '', and stated that he made `` no attempt to determine the percentage of feeble - minded among immigrants in general or even of the special groups named -- the Jews, Hungarians, Italians, and Russians '' ; a qualifier omitted in works by opponents of the study of intelligence such as Stephen Jay Gould and Leon Kamin. The program found an estimated 80 % of the population of immigrants studied were `` feeble - minded ''. Goddard and his associates tested a group of 35 Jewish, 22 Hungarian, 50 Italian, and 45 Russian immigrants who had been identified as `` representative of their respective groups ''. The results found that 83 % of Jews, 80 % of Hungarians, 79 % of Italians, and 80 % of Russians of the study population were `` feeble - minded. '' The untrue claim that this referred to findings made by Goddard in respect to the greater population of Jewish, Hungarian, Italian and Russian immigrants has been widely publicized. Claims are often made that the Immigration Act of 1924 was strongly influenced by intelligence testing. However, the act made no mention of the practice, and it was seldom mentioned in the discussion prior to its enactment. Goddard also publicized alleged race - group differences revealed by Army IQ tests ( Army Alpha and Beta ) during World War I ( the results were, even in their day, challenged as scientifically inaccurate, and later resulted in a retraction from the director of the project, Carl Brigham ) and claimed that the results showed that Americans were unfit for democracy. Later career In 1918 he became director of the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research, and in 1922 he became a professor in the Department of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology at the Ohio State University, a job he possessed until his retirement in 1938. His wife, Emma, died in October 1936 ; they did not have any children. He received an honorary law degree from Ohio State in 1943 and an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. Also in 1946, he was among the endorsers of Albert Einstein 's Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists. By the 1920s, Goddard had come to believe that he had made numerous errors in his early research and regarded The Kallikak Family as obsolete. It was also noted that Goddard was more concerned about making eugenics popular rather than conducting actual scientific studies. He devoted the later part of his career to seeking improvements in education, reforming environmental influences in childhood, and publicizing better child - rearing practices. But others continued to use his early work to support various arguments with which Goddard did not agree. He was constantly perplexed by the fact that later polemicists claimed that his studies were dangerous to society despite presenting immigrant groups as immoral and less intelligent by falsely claiming the sample was `` representative of their respective groups '' whilst advocating removal of such people from society. Henry Garrett of Columbia University was one of the few scientists to continue to use The Kallikak Family as a reference. Goddard relocated to Santa Barbara, California, in 1947. He died at his home there at age 90, and his cremated remains were interred with those of his wife at the Siloam Cemetery, Vineland, New Jersey. Publications The Kallikak Family : A Study in the Heredity of Feeble - Mindedness ( 1912 ) Standard method for giving the Binet test ( 1913 ) Feeble - Mindedness : Its Causes and Consequences ( 1914 ) School Training of Defective Children ( 1914 ) The Criminal Imbecile : An Analysis of Three Remarkable Murder Cases ( 1915 ) Psychology of the Normal and Subnormal ( 1919 ) Human Efficiency and Levels of Intelligence ( 1920 ) Juvenile Delinquency ( 1921 ) Two Souls in One Body ? ( 1927 ) School Training of Gifted Children ( 1928 ) How to Rear Children in the Atomic Age ( 1948 ) See also Eugenics in the United States Mainstreaming in education Notes and references Jump up ^ In The Trojans : Southern California Football ( 1974 ; ISBN 0 - 8092 - 8364 - 6 ), author Don Pierson suggests that Goddard and Suffel each coached one game. The fact that the games were played two months apart on November 14 and January 19, along with the fact that Goddard was no longer teaching at USC during 1889, lends credibility to the suggestion. Jump up ^ Goddard, Psychology of the Normal and Subnormal, page 237 Jump up ^ Goddard, H.H. ( 1912 ). The Kallikak Family : A Study in the Heredity of Feeble Mindedness. New York : MacMillan. ^ Jump up to : Mark Snyderman, R.J. Herrnstein ( September 1983 ). `` Intelligence tests and the Immigration Act of 1924 ''. American Psychologist. 38 ( 9 ) : 986 -- 995. doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 38.9. 986. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Goddard, H.H. ( 1917 ). `` Mental tests and the immigrant '' ( PDF ). Journal of Delinquency. 2 : 243 -- 277. Zenderland, Leila ( 1998 ). Measuring Minds : Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 44373 - 3. The Vineland Training School. Goddard and Eugenics. https://web.archive.org/web/20071213050020/http://www.vineland.org/history/trainingschool/history/eugenics.htm Samelson 1982, `` H.H. Goddard and the immigrants ''. American Psychologist 37, pg1291 -- 2. External links Works by Henry Herbert Goddard at Project Gutenberg Works by Henry H. Goddard at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about Henry H. Goddard at Internet Archive About half of the text of 1913 edition of Goddard 's Kallikak Family Henry H. Goddard at the College Football Data Warehouse at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 4, 2016 ) USC Trojans head football coaches Henry H. Goddard & Frank H. Suffel ( 1888 ) No coach ( 1889 ) No team ( 1890 ) No coach ( 1891 -- 1896 ) Lewis R. Freeman ( 1897 ) No coach ( 1898 -- 1900 ) Clair S. Tappaan ( 1901 ) No coach ( 1902 ) John Walker ( 1903 ) Harvey Holmes ( 1904 -- 1907 ) William I. Traeger ( 1908 ) Dean Cromwell ( 1909 -- 1910 ) No team ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Ralph Glaze ( 1914 -- 1915 ) Dean Cromwell ( 1916 -- 1918 ) Gus Henderson ( 1919 -- 1924 ) Howard Jones ( 1925 -- 1940 ) Sam Barry ( 1941 ) Jeff Cravath ( 1942 -- 1950 ) Jess Hill ( 1951 -- 1956 ) Don Clark ( 1957 -- 1959 ) John McKay ( 1960 -- 1975 ) John Robinson ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Ted Tollner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Larry Smith ( 1987 -- 1992 ) John Robinson ( 1993 -- 1997 ) Paul Hackett ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Pete Carroll ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Lane Kiffin ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Ed Orgeron # ( 2013 ) Clay Helton # ( 2013 ) Steve Sarkisian ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Clay Helton ( 2015 -- ) # denotes interim head coach BNF : cb13594116x ( data ) GND : 120581264 ISNI : 0000 0001 2024 6217 LCCN : n84059341 NKC : vse2011635877 NLA : 35129275 SNAC : w6p84ccs SUDOC : 066952670 VIAF : 42010043 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_H._Goddard&oldid=837475358 '' Categories : 1866 births 1957 deaths 19th - century players of American football 20th - century American writers American eugenicists American psychologists American Quakers Clark University alumni Haverford Fords football players History of eugenics Intelligence researchers Ohio State University faculty People from Vassalboro, Maine People from Vineland, New Jersey Quaker writers Race and intelligence controversy USC Trojans football coaches 20th - century Quakers Burials in New Jersey Moses Brown School alumni Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Eesti Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 02 : 10. 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Question: who is credited with bringing intelligence testing to the united states
Answer: Henry Herbert Goddard