Growth hormone -- releasing hormone - wikipedia Growth hormone -- releasing hormone Growth hormone releasing hormone Identifiers Symbol GHRH Alt. symbols GRF, GHRF CAS number 9034 - 39 - 3 Entrez 2691 HUGO 4265 OMIM 139190 RefSeq NM_021081 UniProt P01286 Other data Locus Chr. 20 p12 or q11. 2 - q12 Growth hormone -- releasing hormone ( GHRH ), also known as somatocrinin or by several other names in its endogenous forms and as somatorelin ( INN ) in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone of growth hormone ( GH ). It is a 44 - amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. GHRH first appears in the human hypothalamus between 18 and 29 weeks of gestation, which corresponds to the start of production of growth hormone and other somatotropes in fetuses. Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Origin 3 Effect 3.1 Receptor 3.2 Signal transduction 4 Relationship of GHRH and somatostatin 5 Other functions 6 Sequence 7 Analogs 8 See also 9 References Nomenclature Endogenous : somatocrinin somatoliberin growth hormone -- releasing hormone ( GHRH or GH - RH ; HGNC symbol is GHRH ) growth hormone -- releasing factor ( GHRF or GRF ) somatotropin - releasing hormone ( SRH ) somatotropin - releasing factor ( SRF ) Pharmaceutical : somatorelin ( INN ) Origin GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland, where it stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) secretion by stimulating the growth hormone - releasing hormone receptor. GHRH is released in a pulsatile manner, stimulating similar pulsatile release of GH. In addition, GHRH also promotes slow - wave sleep directly. Growth hormone is required for normal postnatal growth, bone growth, regulatory effects on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Effect GHRH stimulates GH production and release by binding to the GHRH Receptor ( GHRHR ) on cells in the anterior pituitary. Receptor Main article : Growth hormone - releasing hormone receptor The GHRHR is a member of the secretin family of G protein - coupled receptors, and is located on chromosome 7. This protein is transmembranous with seven folds, and its molecular weight is approximately 44 kD. Signal transduction GHRH binding to GHRHR results in increased GH production mainly by the cAMP - dependent pathway, but also by the phospholipase C pathway ( IP / DAG pathway ), and other minor pathways. The cAMP - dependent pathway is initiated by the binding of GHRH to its receptor, causing receptor conformation that activates G alpha subunit of the closely associated G - Protein complex on the intracellular side. This results in stimulation of membrane - bound adenylyl cyclase and increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ). cAMP binds to and activates the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A ( PKA ), allowing the free catalytic subunits to translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate the transcription factor cAMP response element - binding protein ( CREB ). Phosphorylated CREB, together with its coactivators, p300 and CREB - binding protein ( CBP ) enhances the transcription of GH by binding to CREs cAMP - response elements in the promoter region of the GH gene. It also increases transcription of the GHRHR gene, providing positive feedback. In the phospholipase C pathway, GHRH stimulates phospholipase C ( PLC ) through the βγ - complex of heterotrimeric G - proteins. PLC activation produces both diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and inositol triphosphate ( IP ), the latter leading to release of intracellular Ca from the endoplasmic reticulum, increasing cytosolic Ca concentration, resulting in vesicle fusion and release of secretory vesicles containing premade growth hormone. Some Ca influx is also a direct action of cAMP, which is distinct from the usual cAMP - dependent pathway of activating protein kinase A. Activation of GHRHRs by GHRH also conveys opening of Na+ channels by phosphatidylinositol 4, 5 - bisphosphate, causing cell depolarization. The resultant change in the intracellular voltage opens a voltage - dependent calcium channel, resulting in vesicle fusion and release of GH. Relationship of GHRH and somatostatin The actions of GHRH are opposed by somatostatin ( growth - hormone - inhibiting hormone ). Somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of periventricular somatostatin neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo - hypophysial portal circulation to the anterior pituitary where it inhibits GH secretion. Somatostatin and GHRH are secreted in alternation, giving rise to the markedly pulsatile secretion of GH. Other functions GHRH expression has been demonstrated in peripheral cells and tissues outside its main site in the hypothalamus, for example, in the pancreas, epithelial mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and, pathologically, in tumour cells. Sequence The amino acid sequence ( 44 long ) of human GHRH is : HO - Tyr - Ala - Asp - Ala - Ile - Phe - Thr - Asn - Ser - Tyr - Arg - Lys - Val - Leu - Gly - Gln - Leu - Ser - Ala - Arg - Lys - Leu - Leu - Gln - Asp - Ile - Met - Ser - Arg - Gln - Gln - Gly - Glu - Ser - Asn - Gln - Glu - Arg - Gly - Ala - Arg - Ala - Arg - Leu - NH Analogs Growth - hormone - releasing hormone is the lead compound for a number of structural and functional analogs, such as Pro-Pro - hGHRH ( 1 - 44 ) - Gly - Gly - Cys, CJC - 1293, and CJC - 1295. Many GHRH analogs remain primarily research chemicals, although some have specific applications. Sermorelin, a functional peptide fragment of GHRH, has been used in the diagnosis of deficiencies in growth hormone secretion. Tesamorelin, under the trade name Egrifta, received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in 2010 for the treatment of lipodystrophy in HIV patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy, and, in 2011, was investigated for effects on certain cognitive tests in the elderly. As a category, the use of GHRH analogs by professional athletes may be prohibited by restrictions on doping in sport because they act as growth hormone secretagogues. See also Growth hormone secretagogue Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- somatic axis List of growth hormone secretagogues References ^ Jump up to : GeneGlobe - > GHRH Signaling Retrieved on May 31, 2009 Jump up ^ Plotsky, PM ; Vale, W ( 25 October 1985 ). `` Patterns of growth hormone - releasing factor and somatostatin secretion into the hypophysial - portal circulation of the rat ''. Science. 230 ( 4724 ) : 461 -- 3. Bibcode : 1985Sci... 230... 461P. doi : 10.1126 / science. 2864742. PMID 2864742. Jump up ^ Frohman, LA ; Downs, TR ; Clarke, IJ ; Thomas, GB ( July 1990 ). `` Measurement of growth hormone - releasing hormone and somatostatin in hypothalamic - portal plasma of unanesthetized sheep. Spontaneous secretion and response to insulin - induced hypoglycemia ''. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 86 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 24. doi : 10.1172 / jci114681. PMC 296684. PMID 1973173. Jump up ^ Obál F, Krueger J ( 2001 ). `` The somatotropic axis and sleep ''. Rev Neurol ( Paris ). 157 ( 11 Pt 2 ) : S12 -- 5. PMID 11924022. Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron ( 2003 ). Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier / Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3. Jump up ^ Tang SS, Zhang JH, Du MH, Wu J, Liu JJ ( 2004 ). `` Construction and activity of a novel GHRH analog, Pro-Pro - hGHRH ( 1 - 44 ) - Gly - Gly - Cys ''. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 ( 11 ) : 1464 -- 70. PMID 15525469. Jump up ^ Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, Paradis V, van Wyk P, Pham K, Bridon DP ( 2005 ). `` Human Growth Hormone - Releasing Factor ( hGRF ) 1 -- 29 - Albumin Bioconjugates Activate the GRF Receptor on the Anterior Pituitary in Rats : Identification of CJC - 1295 as a Long - Lasting GRF Analog ''. Endocrinology. 146 ( 7 ) : 3052 -- 8. doi : 10.1210 / en. 2004 - 1286. PMID 15817669. Jump up ^ Teichman, SL ; et al. ( 2006 ). `` Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone ( GH ) and insulin - like growth factor I secretion by CJC - 1295, a long - acting analog of GH - releasing hormone, in healthy adults ''. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 91 ( 3 ) : 799 -- 805. doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2005 - 1536. PMID 16352683. Jump up ^ Prakash A, Goa KL ( August 1999 ). `` Sermorelin : a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency ''. BioDrugs. 12 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 57. doi : 10.2165 / 00063030 - 199912020 - 00007. PMID 18031173. Jump up ^ Mauss, Stefan ; Schmutz, GüNther ( 2001 ). `` Das HIV - assoziierte Lipodystrophiesyndrom ''. Medizinische Klinik. 96 ( 7 ) : 391 -- 401. doi : 10.1007 / PL00002220. PMID 11494914. Jump up ^ `` FDA approves Egrifta to treat Lipodystrophy in HIV patients ''. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2010 - 11 - 10. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13. Jump up ^ Gever, John ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ). `` ICAD : Tesamorelin Boosts Cognition in Elderly ''. MedPage Today. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13. Jump up ^ Koh, Benjamin ; Hardie, Martin ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ). `` We need an advocate against ASADA 's power in doping control ''. The Conversation. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13. Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA - S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis Testosterone AMH Inhibin Ovary Estradiol Progesterone Activin Inhibin Relaxin GnSAF Placenta hCG HPL Estrogen Progesterone Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Amylin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland Melatonin N, N - Dimethyltryptamine 5 - Methoxy - N, N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach Gastrin Ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 Secretin Motilin VIP Ileum Enteroglucagon Peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue Leptin Adiponectin Resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney Renin EPO Calcitriol Prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Peptides : neuropeptides Hormones see hormones Opioid peptides Dynorphins Dynorphin A Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Big dynorphin Leumorphin α - Neoendorphin β - Neoendorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin - 1 Endomorphin - 2 Endorphins α - Endorphin β - Endorphin γ - Endorphin Enkephalins Met - enkephalin Leu - enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin - 4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptides Kinins Bradykinins Tachykinins : mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins U Orexins Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene - related peptide Carnosine Cocaine - and amphetamine - regulated transcript Delta sleep - inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin - like peptide Gastrin releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide RVD - Hpα VGF GH / IGF - 1 axis signaling modulators GH ( somatotropin ) Agonists : Albusomatropin Bovine somatotropin Efpegsomatropin Eftansomatropin alfa Growth hormone Human placental lactogen Placental growth hormone ( growth hormone variant ) Somagrebove Somapacitan Somatosalm Somatotropin Somatropin pegol Somatrem Sometribove Somatrogon ( MOD - 4023 ; hGH - CTP ) Somavaratan Somavubove Somidobove Antagonists : G120K - hGH Pegvisomant Antisense oligonucleotides : Atesidorsen Binding proteins : GHBP GHIH ( somatostatin ) Agonists : BIM - 23052 CH - 275 Cortistatin - 14 Depreotide Edotreotide Ilatreotide L - 803,087 L - 817,818 Lanreotide NNC 26 - 9100 Octreotate Octreotide Pasireotide Pentetreotide RC - 160 Seglitide Somatostatin ( GHIH ) Somatostatin ( 1 - 28 ) SRIF - 14 SRIF - 28 TT - 232 Vapreotide Veldoreotide Antagonists : BIM - 23056 Cyclosomatostatin CYN - 154806 Satoreotide GHRH ( somatocrinin ) Agonists : Peptide : ALRN - 5281 CJC - 1295 Dumorelin GHRH Modified GRF ( 1 - 29 ) Rismorelin Sermorelin Somatorelin Tesamorelin Antagonists : MZ - 5 - 156 GHS ( ghrelin ) Agonists : Peptide : Alexamorelin Cortistatin - 14 EP - 51216 Examorelin ( hexarelin ) Ghrelin GHRP - 1 GHRP - 3 GHRP - 4 GHRP - 5 GHRP - 6 Ipamorelin Lenomorelin Livoletide LY - 444711 Pralmorelin ( GHRP - 2 ) Relamorelin Tabimorelin Ulimorelin ; Non-peptide : Adenosine Anamorelin Capromorelin CP - 464709 Ibutamoren ( MK - 677 ) L - 692,585 Macimorelin SM - 130686 ; Unsorted : LY - 426410 LY - 444711 Antagonists : A-778193 Cortistatin - 8 ( D - Lys3 ) - GHRP - 6 JMV2959 YIL - 781 IGF - 1 ( somatomedin ) See here instead. See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_hormone -- releasing_hormone&oldid = 846561210 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 20 Peptide hormones Hormones of the somatotropic axis Neuroendocrinology Human hormones Growth hormone secretagogues Growth hormone - releasing hormone receptor agonists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Protein pages needing a picture Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 14 : 29 ( UTC ). 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Question: where is growth hormone releasing hormone secreted from
Answer: in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus