Estrogen receptor - wikipedia Estrogen receptor estrogen receptor 1 ( ER - alpha ) A dimer of the ligand - binding region of ERα ( PDB rendering based on 3erd ​ ). Identifiers Symbol ESR1 Alt. symbols ER - α, NR3A1 Entrez 2099 HUGO 3467 OMIM 133430 PDB 1ERE RefSeq NM_000125 UniProt P03372 Other data Locus Chr. 6 q24 - q27 estrogen receptor 2 ( ER - beta ) A dimer of the ligand - binding region of ERβ ( PDB rendering based on 1u3s ​ ). Identifiers Symbol ESR2 Alt. symbols ER - β, NR3A2 Entrez 2100 HUGO 3468 OMIM 601663 PDB 1QKM RefSeq NM_001040275 UniProt Q92731 Other data Locus Chr. 14 q21 - q22 Estrogen receptors ( ERs ) are a group of proteins found inside cells. They are receptors that are activated by the hormone estrogen ( 17β - estradiol ). Two classes of ER exist : nuclear estrogen receptors ( ERα and ERβ ), which are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular receptors, and membrane estrogen receptors ( mERs ) ( GPER ( GPR30 ), ER - X, and G - mER ), which are mostly G protein - coupled receptors. This article refers to the former ( ER ). Once activated by estrogen, the ER is able to translocate into the nucleus and bind to DNA to regulate the activity of different genes ( i.e. it is a DNA - binding transcription factor ). However, it also has additional functions independent of DNA binding. As hormone receptors for sex steroids ( steroid hormone receptors ), ERs, androgen receptors ( ARs ), and progesterone receptors ( PRs ) are important in sexual maturation and gestation. Contents 1 Proteomics 2 Genetics 3 Distribution 4 Ligands 4.1 Agonists 4.2 Mixed 4.3 Antagonists 5 Binding and functional selectivity 6 Signal transduction 6.1 Genomic 6.2 Non-genomic 7 Disease 7.1 Cancer 7.2 Menopause 7.3 Aging 7.4 Obesity 8 Discovery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Proteomics There are two different forms of the estrogen receptor, usually referred to as α and β, each encoded by a separate gene ( ESR1 and ESR2, respectively ). Hormone - activated estrogen receptors form dimers, and, since the two forms are coexpressed in many cell types, the receptors may form ERα ( αα ) or ERβ ( ββ ) homodimers or ERαβ ( αβ ) heterodimers. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta show significant overall sequence homology, and both are composed of five domains designated A / B through F ( listed from the N - to C - terminus ; amino acid sequence numbers refer to human ER ). The domain structures of ERα and ERβ, including some of the known phosphorylation sites involved in ligand - independent regulation. The N - terminal A / B domain is able to transactivate gene transcription in the absence of bound ligand ( e.g., the estrogen hormone ). While this region is able to activate gene transcription without ligand, this activation is weak and more selective compared to the activation provided by the E domain. The C domain, also known as the DNA - binding domain, binds to estrogen response elements in DNA. The D domain is a hinge region that connects the C and E domains. The E domain contains the ligand binding cavity as well as binding sites for coactivator and corepressor proteins. The E-domain in the presence of bound ligand is able to activate gene transcription. The C - terminal F domain function is not entirely clear and is variable in length. Estrogen receptor alpha N - terminal AF1 domain Identifiers Symbol Oest_recep Pfam PF02159 InterPro IPR001292 SCOP 1hcp SUPERFAMILY 1hcp show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Estrogen and estrogen related receptor C - terminal domain Identifiers Symbol ESR1_C Pfam PF12743 show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Due to alternative RNA splicing, several ER isoforms are known to exist. At least three ERα and five ERβ isoforms have been identified. The ERβ isoforms receptor subtypes can transactivate transcription only when a heterodimer with the functional ERß1 receptor of 59 kDa is formed. The ERß3 receptor was detected at high levels in the testis. The two other ERα isoforms are 36 and 46kDa. Only in fish, but not in humans, an ERγ receptor has been described. Genetics In humans, the two forms of the estrogen receptor are encoded by different genes, ESR1 and ESR2 on the sixth and fourteenth chromosome ( 6q25. 1 and 14q23. 2 ), respectively. Distribution Both ERs are widely expressed in different tissue types, however there are some notable differences in their expression patterns : The ERα is found in endometrium, breast cancer cells, ovarian stromal cells, and the hypothalamus. In males, ERα protein is found in the epithelium of the efferent ducts. The expression of the ERβ protein has been documented in ovarian granulosa cells, kidney, brain, bone, heart, lungs, intestinal mucosa, prostate, and endothelial cells. The ERs are regarded to be cytoplasmic receptors in their unliganded state, but visualization research has shown that only a small fraction of the ERs reside in the cytoplasm, with most ER constitutively in the nucleus. The `` ERα '' primary transcript gives rise to several alternatively spliced variants of unknown function. Ligands Agonists Endogenous estrogens ( e.g., estradiol, estrone, estriol, estetrol ) Natural estrogens ( e.g., conjugated estrogens ) Synthetic estrogens ( e.g., ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol ) Mixed Phytoestrogens ( e.g., coumestrol, daidzein, genistein, miroestrol ) Selective estrogen receptor modulators ( e.g., tamoxifen, clomifene, raloxifene ) Antagonists Antiestrogens ( e.g., fulvestrant, ICI - 164384, ethamoxytriphetol ) Binding and functional selectivity The ER 's helix 12 domain plays a crucial role in determining interactions with coactivators and corepressors and, therefore, the respective agonist or antagonist effect of the ligand. Different ligands may differ in their affinity for alpha and beta isoforms of the estrogen receptor : estradiol binds equally well to both receptors estrone, and raloxifene bind preferentially to the alpha receptor estriol, and genistein to the beta receptor Subtype selective estrogen receptor modulators preferentially bind to either the α - or the β - subtype of the receptor. In addition, the different estrogen receptor combinations may respond differently to various ligands, which may translate into tissue selective agonistic and antagonistic effects. The ratio of α - to β - subtype concentration has been proposed to play a role in certain diseases. The concept of selective estrogen receptor modulators is based on the ability to promote ER interactions with different proteins such as transcriptional coactivator or corepressors. Furthermore, the ratio of coactivator to corepressor protein varies in different tissues. As a consequence, the same ligand may be an agonist in some tissue ( where coactivators predominate ) while antagonistic in other tissues ( where corepressors dominate ). Tamoxifen, for example, is an antagonist in breast and is, therefore, used as a breast cancer treatment but an ER agonist in bone ( thereby preventing osteoporosis ) and a partial agonist in the endometrium ( increasing the risk of uterine cancer ). Signal transduction Since estrogen is a steroidal hormone, it can pass through the phospholipid membranes of the cell, and receptors therefore do not need to be membrane - bound in order to bind with estrogen. Genomic In the absence of hormone, estrogen receptors are largely located in the cytosol. Hormone binding to the receptor triggers a number of events starting with migration of the receptor from the cytosol into the nucleus, dimerization of the receptor, and subsequent binding of the receptor dimer to specific sequences of DNA known as hormone response elements. The DNA / receptor complex then recruits other proteins that are responsible for the transcription of downstream DNA into mRNA and finally protein that results in a change in cell function. Estrogen receptors also occur within the cell nucleus, and both estrogen receptor subtypes have a DNA - binding domain and can function as transcription factors to regulate the production of proteins. The receptor also interacts with activator protein 1 and Sp - 1 to promote transcription, via several coactivators such as PELP - 1. Direct acetylation of the estrogen receptor alpha at the lysine residues in hinge region by p300 regulates transactivation and hormone sensitivity. Nongenomic Some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen. In addition, some ER may associate with cell membranes by attachment to caveolin - 1 and form complexes with G proteins, striatin, receptor tyrosine kinases ( e.g., EGFR and IGF - 1 ), and non-receptor tyrosine kinases ( e.g., Src ). Through striatin, some of this membrane bound ER may lead to increased levels of Ca and nitric oxide ( NO ). Through the receptor tyrosine kinases, signals are sent to the nucleus through the mitogen - activated protein kinase ( MAPK / ERK ) pathway and phosphoinositide 3 - kinase ( Pl3K / AKT ) pathway. Glycogen synthase kinase - 3 ( GSK ) - 3β inhibits transcription by nuclear ER by inhibiting phosphorylation of serine 118 of nuclear ERα. Phosphorylation of GSK - 3β removes its inhibitory effect, and this can be achieved by the PI3K / AKT pathway and the MAPK / ERK pathway, via rsk. 17β - Estradiol has been shown to activate the G protein - coupled receptor GPR30. However the subcellular localization and role of this receptor are still object of controversy. Disease Nolvadex ( tamoxifen ) 20 mg Arimidex ( anastrozole ) 1 mg Cancer Estrogen receptors are over-expressed in around 70 % of breast cancer cases, referred to as `` ER - positive '', and can be demonstrated in such tissues using immunohistochemistry. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain why this causes tumorigenesis, and the available evidence suggests that both mechanisms contribute : First, binding of estrogen to the ER stimulates proliferation of mammary cells, with the resulting increase in cell division and DNA replication, leading to mutations. Second, estrogen metabolism produces genotoxic waste. The result of both processes is disruption of cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair, and, therefore, tumour formation. ERα is certainly associated with more differentiated tumours, while evidence that ERβ is involved is controversial. Different versions of the ESR1 gene have been identified ( with single - nucleotide polymorphisms ) and are associated with different risks of developing breast cancer. Estrogen and the ERs have also been implicated in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and endometrial cancer. Advanced colon cancer is associated with a loss of ERβ, the predominant ER in colon tissue, and colon cancer is treated with ERβ - specific agonists. Endocrine therapy for breast cancer involves selective estrogen receptor modulators ( SERMS ), such as tamoxifen, which behave as ER antagonists in breast tissue, or aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole. ER status is used to determine sensitivity of breast cancer lesions to tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. Another SERM, raloxifene, has been used as a preventive chemotherapy for women judged to have a high risk of developing breast cancer. Another chemotherapeutic anti-estrogen, ICI 182,780 ( Faslodex ), which acts as a complete antagonist, also promotes degradation of the estrogen receptor. However, de novo resistance to endocrine therapy undermines the efficacy of using competitive inhibitors like tamoxifen. Hormone deprivation through the use of aromatase inhibitors is also rendered futile. Massively parallel genome sequencing has revealed the common presence of point mutations on ESR1 that are drivers for resistance, and promote the agonist conformation of ERα without the bound ligand. Such constitutive, estrogen - independent activity is driven by specific mutations, such as the D538G or Y537S / C / N mutations, in the ligand binding domain of ESR1 and promote cell proliferation and tumor progression without hormone stimulation. Menopause The metabolic effects of estrogen in postmenopausal women has been linked to the genetic polymorphism of estrogen receptor beta ( ER - β ). Aging Studies in female mice have shown that estrogen receptor - alpha declines in the pre-optic hypothalamus as they grow old. Female mice that were given a calorically restricted diet during the majority of their lives maintained higher levels of ERα in the pre-optic hypothalamus than their non-calorically restricted counterparts. Obesity A dramatic demonstration of the importance of estrogens in the regulation of fat deposition comes from transgenic mice that were genetically engineered to lack a functional aromatase gene. These mice have very low levels of estrogen and are obese. Obesity was also observed in estrogen deficient female mice lacking the follicle - stimulating hormone receptor. The effect of low estrogen on increased obesity has been linked to estrogen receptor alpha. Discovery Estrogen receptors were first identified by Elwood V. Jensen at the University of Chicago in 1958, for which Jensen was awarded the Lasker Award. 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External links Estrogen Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) David S. Goodsell ( 2003 - 09 - 01 ). `` Estrogen Receptor ''. Protein Data Bank, Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics ( RCSB ). Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15. Transcription factors and intracellular receptors ( 1 ) Basic domains ( 1.1 ) Basic leucine zipper ( bZIP ) Activating transcription factor AATF 5 6 7 AP - 1 c - Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c - Jun JUNB JunD BACH BATF BLZF1 C / EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF NFE L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF XBP1 ( 1.2 ) Basic helix - loop - helix ( bHLH ) ATOH1 AhR AHRR ARNT ASCL1 BHLH 9 ARNTL ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK EPAS1 FIGLA HAND HES 5 6 HEY HES1 HIF 1A 3A ID LYL1 MESP2 MXD4 MYCL1 MYCN Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 Neurogenins NeuroD NPAS OLIG Pho4 Scleraxis SIM TAL Twist USF1 ( 1.3 ) bHLH - ZIP AP - 4 MAX MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MXI1 Myc SREBP ( 1.4 ) NF - 1 NFI X SMAD R - SMAD 5 9 I - SMAD 6 7 4 ) ( 1.5 ) RF - X RFX 5 6 ANK ( 1.6 ) Basic helix - span - helix ( bHSH ) AP - 2 α β γ δ ε ( 2 ) Zinc finger DNA - binding domains ( 2.1 ) Nuclear receptor ( Cys ) subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β / δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev - ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP - TF ( I II Ear - 2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH - 1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP ( 2.2 ) Other Cys GATA 5 6 MTA TRPS1 ( 2.3 ) Cys His General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE TFIIF TFIIH 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR ERV3 GFI1 GLI - Krüppel family REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC HIVEP IKZF ILF KLF 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL SP 7 8 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 32 33 40 zinc finger 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 295 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 ( 2.4 ) Cys HIVEP1 ( 2.5 ) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D JMJD1B ( 2.6 ) WRKY WRKY ( 3 ) Helix - turn - helix domains ( 3.1 ) Homeodomain ARX CDX CRX CUTL1 DBX DLX 5 6 EMX EN FHL HESX1 HHEX HLX Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 HOPX IRX 5 6 MKX LMX 1A 1B MEIS MEOX2 MNX1 MSX NANOG NKX 2 - 1 2 - 2 2 - 3 2 - 5 3 - 1 3 - 2 6 - 1 6 - 2 NOBOX PBX PHF 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A PHOX 2A 2B PITX POU domain PIT - 1 BRN - 3 : A Octamer transcription factor : 1 3 / 4 6 7 11 OTX PDX1 SATB2 SHOX2 SIX 5 VAX1 ZEB ( 3.2 ) Paired box PAX 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX RAX ( 3.3 ) Fork head / winged helix E2F 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 D3 D4 E1 E3 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 J2 K1 K2 L2 M1 N1 N3 O1 O3 O4 P1 P2 P3 P4 ( 3.4 ) Heat shock factors HSF ( 3.5 ) Tryptophan clusters ELF 5 EGF ELK ERF ETS ERG SPIB ETV 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 ( 3.6 ) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor ( 4 ) β - Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts ( 4.1 ) Rel homology region NF - κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 ( 4.2 ) STAT STAT 5 6 ( 4.3 ) p53 p53 TBX 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF TP63 ( 4.4 ) MADS box Mef2 SRF ( 4.6 ) TATA - binding proteins TBP TBPL1 ( 4.7 ) High - mobility group BBX HMGB HMGN HNF 1A 1B LEF1 SOX 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF TOX ( 4.9 ) Grainyhead TFCP2 ( 4.10 ) Cold - shock domain CSDA YBX1 ( 4.11 ) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 ( 0 ) Other transcription factors ( 0.2 ) HMGI ( Y ) HMGA HBP1 ( 0.3 ) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 ( 0.5 ) AP - 2 / EREBP - related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 ( 0.6 ) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL T1 MNDA NFY Rho / Sigma see also transcription factor / coregulator deficiencies Estrogen receptor modulators ER Agonists Steroidal : 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestrone 3 - Methyl - 19 - methyleneandrosta - 3, 5 - dien - 17β - ol 3α - Androstanediol 3α, 5α - Dihydrolevonorgestrel 3β, 5α - Dihydrolevonorgestrel 3α - Hydroxytibolone 3β - Hydroxytibolone 3β - Androstanediol 4 - Androstenediol 4 - Androstenedione 4 - Hydroxyestradiol 4 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestradiol 4 - Methoxyestrone 5 - Androstenediol 7 - Oxo - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 7α - Methylestradiol 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 8, 9 - Dehydroestradiol 8, 9 - Dehydroestrone 8β - VE2 10β, 17β - Dihydroxyestra - 1, 4 - dien - 3 - one ( DHED ) 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxyestrone 16α - Iodo - E2 16α - LE2 16β, 17α - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 17α - Estradiol ( alfatradiol ) 17α - Dihydroequilenin 17α - Dihydroequilin 17α - Epiestriol ( 16α - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 17β - Dihydroequilenin 17β - Dihydroequilin Abiraterone Abiraterone acetate Alestramustine Almestrone Anabolic steroids ( e.g., testosterone and esters, methyltestosterone, metandienone ( methandrostenolone ), nandrolone and esters, many others ; via estrogenic metabolites ) Atrimustine Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Butolame Clomestrone Cloxestradiol Cloxestradiol acetate Conjugated estrogens Cyclodiol Cyclotriol DHEA DHEA - S Epiestriol ( 16β - epiestriol, 16β - hydroxy - 17β - estradiol ) Epimestrol Equilenin Equilin ERA - 63 ( ORG - 37663 ) Esterified estrogens Estetrol Estradiol Estradiol esters Lipoidal estradiol Polyestradiol phosphate Estramustine Estramustine phosphate Estrapronicate Estrazinol Estriol Estriol esters Estrofurate Estromustine Estrone Estrone esters Estrone methyl ether Estropipate Etamestrol ( eptamestrol ) Ethinylestradiol Ethinylestradiol 3 - benzoate Ethinylestradiol sulfonate Ethinylestriol Ethylestradiol Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Hexolame Hippulin Hydroxyestrone diacetate Lynestrenol Mestranol Methylestradiol Moxestrol Mytatrienediol Nilestriol Norethisterone Noretynodrel Orestrate Pentolame Prodiame Prolame Promestriene RU - 16117 Quinestradol Quinestrol Tibolone Nonsteroidal : ( R, R ) - THC ( S, S ) - THC 2, 8 - DHHHC β - LGND1 β - LGND2 ( GTx - 878 ) AC - 186 Allenestrol Allenolic acid Benzestrol Bifluranol Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid Carbestrol D - 15414 DCW234 Diarylpropionitrile Dienestrol Dienestrol diacetate Diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol esters Dimestrol ( dianisylhexene ) Doisynoestrol ( fenocycline ) Doisynolic acid Efavirenz ERB - 196 ( WAY - 202196 ) Erteberel ( SERBA - 1, LY - 500307 ) Estrobin ( DBE ) Fenestrel FERb 033 Fosfestrol ( diethylstilbestrol diphosphate ) Furostilbestrol ( diethylstilbestrol difuroate ) GTx - 758 Hexestrol Hexestrol esters ICI - 85966 ( Stilbostat ) Mestilbol Methallenestril Methestrol Methestrol dipropionate Paroxypropione Pentafluranol Phenestrol Prinaberel ( ERB - 041, WAY - 202041 ) Propylpyrazoletriol Quadrosilan SC - 4289 SERBA - 2 SKF - 82,958 Terfluranol Triphenylbromoethylene Triphenylchloroethylene Triphenyliodoethylene Triphenylmethylethylene ( triphenylpropene ) WAY - 166818 WAY - 169916 WAY - 200070 WAY - 204688 ( SIM - 688 ) WAY - 214156 Unknown / unsorted : ERB - 26 ERA - 45 ERB - 79 ZK - 283197 Xenoestrogens : Anise - related ( e.g., anethole, anol, dianethole, dianol, photoanethole ) Chalconoids ( e.g., isoliquiritigenin, phloretin, phlorizin ( phloridzin ), wedelolactone ) Coumestans ( e.g., coumestrol, psoralidin ) Flavonoids ( incl. 7, 8 - DHF, 8 - prenylnaringenin, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin, biochanin A, calycosin, catechin, daidzein, daidzin, ECG, EGCG, epicatechin, equol, formononetin, glabrene, glabridin, genistein, genistin, glycitein, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, mirificin, myricetin, naringenin, penduletin, pinocembrin, prunetin, puerarin, quercetin, tectoridin, tectorigenin ) Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g., enterodiol, enterolactone, nyasol ( cis - hinokiresinol ) ) Metalloestrogens ( e.g., cadmium ) Pesticides ( e.g., alternariol, dieldrin, endosulfan, fenarimol, methiocarb, methoxychlor, triclocarban, triclosan ) Phytosteroids ( e.g., digitoxin ( digitalis ), diosgenin, guggulsterone ) Phytosterols ( e.g., β - sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol ) Resorcylic acid lactones ( e.g., zearalanone, α - zearalenol, β - zearalenol, zearalenone, zeranol ( α - zearalanol ), taleranol ( teranol, β - zearalanol ) ) Steroid - like ( e.g., deoxymiroestrol, miroestrol ) Stilbenoids ( e.g., resveratrol ) Synthetic xenoestrogens ( e.g., alkylphenols, bisphenols ( e.g., BPA, BPF, BPS ), DDT, parabens, PBBs, PHBA, phthalates, PCBs ) Others ( e.g., agnuside, rotundifuran ) Mixed ( SERMs ) 2 - Phenylbenzofuran 2 - Phenylbenzothiophene 4 ' - Hydroxynorendoxifen 27 - Hydroxycholesterol Acefluranol Acolbifene Afimoxifene Anordiol Anordrin Arzoxifene Bazedoxifene Brilanestrant Broparestrol Elacestrant Chlorotrianisene Clomifene Clomifenoxide Cyclofenil D - 15413 Droloxifene Enclomifene Endoxifen Etacstil ( GW - 5638, DPC - 974 ) Ethamoxytriphetol ( MER - 25 ) Femarelle Fispemifene GW - 7604 ICI - 55548 Idoxifene Lasofoxifene Levormeloxifene LN - 1643 LN - 2299 LY - 117018 Menerba Miproxifene Miproxifene phosphate Nafoxidine Nitromifene NNC 45 - 0095 NNC 45 - 0320 NNC 45 - 0781 NNC 45 - 1506 Ormeloxifene Ospemifene Panomifene Pipendoxifene Promensil Raloxifene Rimostil ( P - 081 ) Spironolactone SS1010 Tamoxifen TAS - 108 ( SR - 16234 ) Toremifene Trioxifene TZE - 5323 Y - 134 Zindoxifene Zuclomifene Antagonists ( R, R ) - THC 7β - Hydroxy - DHEA Chloroindazole Cytestrol acetate EM - 800 Epitiostanol ERA - 90 ERB - 88 Fulvestrant ( ICI - 182780 ) Glyceollins ( I, II, III, IV ) ICI - 164384 Mepitiostane Methylepitiostanol Methylpiperidinopyrazole MIBE Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate Phenytoin PHTPP Prochloraz RU - 58668 SS1020 TAS - 108 ( SR - 16234 ) ZB716 ZK - 164015 ZK - 191703 Coregulator - binding modulators : ERX - 11 GPER Agonists 2 - Methoxyestradiol 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone Afimoxifene ( 4 - hydroxytamoxifen ) Atrazine Bisphenol A Daidzein DDT ( p, p ' - DDT, o ', p ' - DDE ) Equol Estradiol Ethinylestradiol Fulvestrant ( ICI - 182780 ) G - 1 Genistein GPER - L1 GPER - L2 Hydroxytyrosol Kepone Niacin Nicotinamide Nonylphenol Oleuropein PCBs ( 2, 2 ', 5 ' - PCB - 4 - OH ) Propylpyrazoletriol Quercetin Raloxifene Resveratrol Tamoxifen Tectoridin Zearalanone Zearalenol Zearalenone Zeranol ( zearalanol ) ) Antagonists CCL18 Estriol G - 15 G - 36 MIBE See also Receptor / signaling modulators Estrogens and antiestrogens Androgen receptor modulators Progesterone receptor modulators List of estrogens Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estrogen_receptor&oldid=828539055 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 6 Genes on human chromosome 14 Intracellular receptors Transcription factors Human female endocrine system Hidden categories : Protein pages needing a picture Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 日本 語 Suomi Svenska Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018, at 05 : 11 ( UTC ). 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Question: where are estrogen receptors located in the body
Answer: inside cells