Pygmy three - toed sloth - wikipedia Pygmy three - toed sloth Pygmy three - toed sloth Conservation status Critically Endangered ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Pilosa Family : Bradypodidae Genus : Bradypus Species : B. pygmaeus Binomial name Bradypus pygmaeus Anderson & Handley, 2001 Range of the pygmy three - toed sloth The pygmy three - toed sloth ( Bradypus pygmaeus ), also known as the monk sloth or dwarf sloth, is a sloth endemic to Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small island off the coast of Panama. The species was first described by Robert P. Anderson of the University of Kansas and Charles O. Handley Jr., of the Smithsonian Institution in 2001. The pygmy three - toed sloth is significantly smaller than the other three members of its genus, but otherwise resembles the brown - throated three - toed sloth. According to Anderson and Handley Jr., the head - and - body length is between 48 and 53 centimetres ( 19 and 21 in ), and the body mass ranges from 2.5 to 3.5 kg ( 5.5 to 7.7 lb ). This sloth, like other sloths, is arboreal ( tree - living ) and feeds on leaves. It is symbiotically associated with green algae, that can provide it with a camouflage. Details of mating behavior and reproduction have not been documented. The pygmy three - toed sloth is found exclusively in the red mangroves of Isla Escudos de Veraguas, restricted to an area of 4.3 square kilometres ( 1.7 sq mi ). A 2012 census of pygmy three - toed sloths estimated the total population at 79. The IUCN lists the pygmy three - toed sloth as critically endangered and they are listed on the world 's 100 most threatened species. Contents 1 Discovery and taxonomy 2 Characteristics 3 Distribution and status 4 Ecology and behavior 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Discovery and taxonomy The pygmy three - toed sloth was first described by Robert P. Anderson of the University of Kansas and Charles O. Handley Jr., of the Smithsonian Institution in 2001. The researchers noted that the three - toed sloths endemic to Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small island off the coast of Panama, are significantly smaller than those that occur on the nearby outer islands of Bocas del Toro Province. Moreover, they differ from other populations in terms of pelage and cranial characteristics. Hence, they considered the three - toed sloths in Isla Escudo de Veraguas to be an independent species and formally described it from the skin and skull of an adult female. The researchers further pointed out that Isla Escudos de Veraguas is the oldest island and located farthest from the mainland, that began breaking up into small islands due to rises in sea levels 10,000 years ago. They proposed that this species evolved from an isolated population that had originated from the mainland population of brown - throated three - toed sloths ; it gradually differentiated enough to become an independent species through insular dwarfism. In another study the following year, the researchers observed that the mean body size of three - toed sloths on an island decreases linearly as the age of the island increases ; the area of the island and the distance from the mainland, however, do not appear to significantly affect dwarfing. The pygmy three - toed sloth is one of the four members of the genus Bradypus, and is classified under the family Bradypodidae. A 2004 phylogenetic analysis suggested that Bradypus is sister to all other folivorans. The generic name Bradypus is the combination of two Greek words : brady ( `` slow '' ) and pous ( `` foot '' ). The specific name pygmaeus comes from the Greek pugmaios ( `` as small as a fist '' ). ' Monk sloth ' and ' dwarf sloth ' are two other names for this sloth. Characteristics The pygmy three - toed sloth is significantly smaller than the other members of its genus, but otherwise resembles the brown - throated sloth. According to Anderson and Handley Jr., the head - and - body length is between 48 and 53 centimetres ( 19 and 21 in ), and the body mass ranges from 2.5 to 3.5 kg ( 5.5 to 7.7 lb ). The brown - throated sloth is nearly 40 % heavier and 15 % smaller in head - and - body length than the pygmy three - toed sloth. Moreover, the brown - throated sloth is lighter on the crown. The face is buff to tan ; a dark band runs across the brow, surrounded by an orange patch. The throat is gray to brown, lighter than the underbelly ; the dark brown back is spotted and has a dark stripe along the midline. Facial hair is short, while the long, rough hair on the crown and shoulders forms a hood. The grayish limbs have three claws each. The tail is 4.5 to 6 centimetres ( 1.8 to 2.4 in ) long. They have a relatively small and slender skull, with a large external auditory meatus, narrow squamosal and mandibular processes, a minuscule stylomastoid foramen, and usually lack foramina for the external carotid artery and anterodorsal ( meaning in front and toward the back ) nasopharynx. The dental formula of three - toed sloths is : 54 -- 5 Two of the teeth in each jaw are incisor - like, although those in the upper jaw are small or may be absent. Many of the features found in pygmy sloths are thought to be indicative of a relatively rapid evolution of a new species in an isolated, island habitat. Distribution and status Pygmy three - toed sloths live on red mangroves. The pygmy three - toed sloth is unique in that it is found exclusively in the red mangroves of Isla Escudos de Veraguas ; the island has a small area of approximately 4.3 square kilometres ( 1.7 sq mi ). A 2012 census of pygmy three - toed sloths estimated the total population at 79 -- of which 70 occurred on mangroves and 9 in the surroundings. The population density was calculated as 5.8 per hectare. The total area occupied by mangroves on the island was estimated to be around 10.67 hectares ( 0.0412 sq mi ). While their population has presumably always been low due to their restricted range, the 2012 census found far lower numbers than had been estimated ( less than 500 ) by the IUCN in 2010. The IUCN lists the pygmy three - toed sloth as critically endangered ; it is also listed in CITES Appendix II. According to the IUCN, conservation efforts are being hampered by conflict between local peoples and the government. Threats to the sloth 's survival include timber harvesting and human settlement, that might lead to habitat degradation. Studies in 2010 and 2013 suggested a recent population bottleneck and decline in genetic variability. Ecology and behavior The pygmy three - toed sloth, like others in its genus, is an arboreal ( tree - living ) animal. This sloth can spend as many as 15 to 20 hours per day on trees. It moves at an extremely slow speed of 0.24 kilometres per hour ( 0.15 mph ), making it one of the slowest animals. The pygmy three - toed sloth is symbiotically related to green algae ; a 2010 study investigated this in detail. Different sloths harbour different types of algae -- only Tricophilus species were found on the brown - throated and pygmy three - toed sloths. These algae discolor the fur of the sloth, giving it a greenish hue -- this serves as an efficient camouflage. Some of these algae might be transferred to offspring through the mother, others may be picked up from the surroundings over time. The smaller size of pygmy sloths reduces their energy requirements for survival and reproduction, making them an apparent example of insular dwarfism. A BBC documentary, in which English naturalist Chris Packham recognizes the pygmy three - toed sloth as the first in his list of the top ten discoveries in the 2000s, shows a rare clip of a swimming pygmy three - toed sloth. Like other sloths, the pygmy three - toed sloth feeds on leaves. It feeds on red mangrove leaves, which are relatively poor in nutrients and coarser than the tender leaves of Cecropia species eaten by brown - throated sloths on the mainland. Details of mating behavior and reproduction have not been documented. See also Pilosans of the Caribbean References ^ Jump up to : Voirin, B. ; Smith, D. ; Chiarello, A. ; Moraes - Barros, N. ( 2014 ). `` Bradypus pygmaeus ''. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2014 : e. T61925A47444229. doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2014 - 1. RLTS. T61925A47444229. en. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ^ Jump up to : Anderson, R.P. ; Handley Jr., C.O. ( 2001 ). `` A new species of three - toed sloth ( Mammalia : Xenarthra ) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus ''. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 33. ^ Jump up to : Anderson, R.P. ; Handley Jr., C.O. ( 2002 ). `` Dwarfism in insular sloths : biogeography, selection, and evolutionary rate '' ( PDF ). Evolution. 56 ( 5 ) : 1045 -- 58. doi : 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb01415. x. Jump up ^ Gardner, A.L. ( 2005 ). `` Order Pilosa ''. In Wilson, D.E. ; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed. ). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. OCLC 62265494. Jump up ^ Gaudin, T.J. ( 2004 ). `` Phylogenetic relationships among sloths ( Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada ) : the craniodental evidence '' ( PDF ). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 305. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003. 00100. x. Jump up ^ `` Bradypus ''. Merriam - Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 28 May 2016. Jump up ^ Beddard, F.E. ( 2015 ). The Cambridge Natural History, Vol X. Mammalia. The Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978 - 1 - 5115 - 9533 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Hayssen, V. ( 2008 ). `` Bradypus pygmaeus ( Pilosa : Bradypodidae ) '' ( PDF ). Mammalian Species. 812 : 1 -- 4. doi : 10.1644 / 812.1. Jump up ^ Reid, F.A. ( 2009 ). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534322 - 9. Jump up ^ Ungar, P.S. ( 2010 ). Mammal Teeth : Origin, Evolution, and Diversity. Baltimore, US : Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 145 -- 6. ISBN 9780801899515. Jump up ^ Kaviar, S. ; Shockey, J. ; Sundberg, P. ; Evans, A.R. ( 2012 ). `` Observations on the endemic pygmy three - toed sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus of Isla Escudo de Veraguas, Panamá ''. PLOS ONE. 7 ( 11 ) : e49854. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0049854. Jump up ^ `` Portraits in Red ''. IUCN Red List. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008. Jump up ^ Voirin, B. ( 2015 ). `` Biology and conservation of the pygmy sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus ''. Journal of Mammalogy. 96 ( 4 ) : 703 -- 7. doi : 10.1093 / jmammal / gyv078. Jump up ^ Hearst, M. ( 2012 ). Unusual Creatures : A Mostly Accurate Account of some of the Earth 's Strangest Animals. San Francisco, US : Chronicle Books LLC. p. 82. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 1985 - 4. Jump up ^ Suutari, M. ; Majaneva, M. ; Fewer, D.P ; Voirin, B. ; Aiello, A. ; Friedl, T. ; Chiarello, A.G ; Blomster, J. ( 2010 ). `` Molecular evidence for a diverse green algal community growing in the hair of sloths and a specific association with Trichophilus welckeri ( Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae ) ''. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 ( 1 ) : 86. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 86. PMC 2858742. PMID 20353556. Jump up ^ Feldhamer, G.A. ; Drickamer, L.C. ; Vessey, S.H. ; Merritt, J.F. ; Krajewski, C. ( 2015 ). Mammalogy : Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology ( 4th ed. ). ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 1588 - 8. Jump up ^ Packham, C. ( 17 March 2011 ). `` Rare swimming pygmy sloth ''. Decade of Discovery. BBC Two. Event occurs at 51 : 56. Retrieved 28 May 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bradypus pygmaeus ( Pygmy three - toed sloth ). Data related to Bradypus pygmaeus at Wikispecies EDGE of Existence Saving the World 's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered ( EDGE ) species Extant Pilosa species by suborder Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Xenarthra Folivora ( Sloths ) Bradypodidae Bradypus ( Three - toed sloths ) Pygmy three - toed sloth ( B. pygmaeus ) Maned sloth ( B. torquatus ) Pale - throated sloth ( B. tridactylus ) Brown - throated sloth ( B. variegatus ) Megalonychidae Choloepus ( Two - toed sloths ) Linnaeus 's two - toed sloth ( C. didactylus ) Hoffmann 's two - toed sloth ( C. hoffmanni ) Vermilingua ( Anteaters ) Cyclopedidae Cyclopes Silky anteater ( C. didactylus ) Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophaga Giant anteater ( M. tridactyla ) Tamandua ( Tamanduas ) Northern tamandua ( T. mexicana ) Southern tamandua ( T. tetradactyla ) Animals portal Biology portal Extinction portal Mammals portal Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q244121 Wikispecies : Bradypus pygmaeus ADW : Bradypus_pygmaeus ARKive : bradypus - pygmaeus EoL : 323582 GBIF : 2436352 ITIS : 727513 IUCN : 61925 MSW : 11800005 NCBI : 652851 Species+ : 54736 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygmy_three-toed_sloth&oldid=856988959 '' Categories : IUCN Red List critically endangered species Critically endangered fauna of North America EDGE species Endemic fauna of Panama Mammals described in 2001 Mammals of Panama Sloths Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 20 : 41 ( UTC ). 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Question: where does the pygmy three toed sloth live
Answer: Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small island off the coast of Panama