Sisyphus - wikipedia Sisyphus This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2018 ) For other uses, see Sisyphus ( disambiguation ). Persephone supervising Sisyphus in the Underworld, Attica black - figure amphora ( vase ), c. 530 BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen In Greek mythology Sisyphus or Sisyphos ( / ˈsɪsɪfəs / ; Greek : Σίσυφος, Sísuphos ) was the king of Ephyra ( now known as Corinth ). He was punished for his self - aggrandizing craftiness and deceitfulness by being forced to roll an immense boulder up a hill only for it to roll down when it nears the top, repeating this action for eternity. Through the classical influence on modern culture, tasks that are both laborious and futile are therefore described as Sisyphean ( / ˌsɪsɪˈfiːən / ). Contents 1 Etymology 2 Family 3 Mythology 3.1 Reign 3.2 Conflict with Salmoneus 3.3 Cheating death 3.4 Punishment in the Underworld 4 Interpretations 4.1 Literary interpretations 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Etymology Linguistics Professor R.S.P. Beekes has suggested a pre-Greek origin and a connection with the root of the word sophos ( σοφός, `` wise '' ). German mythographer Otto Gruppe thought that the name derived from sisys ( σίσυς, `` a goat 's skin '' ), in reference to a rain - charm in which goats ' skins were used. Family Sisyphus was the son of King Aeolus of Thessaly and Enarete. He was the father of Glaucus, Ornytion, Almus, and Thersander by the nymph Merope, the brother of Salmoneus, and the grandfather of Bellerophon through Glaucus. Mythology Greek underworld Residents Aeacus Angelos Arae Ascalaphus Cerberus Ceuthonymus Charon Erinyes Eurynomos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Macaria Melinoe Menoetius Minos Moirai Mormolykeia Persephone Rhadamanthus Thanatos Geography Acheron Asphodel Fields Cocytus Elysium Erebus Lethe Phlegethon Styx Tartarus Famous Tartarus inmates The Danaides Ixion Salmoneus Sisyphus Tantalus The Titans Tityus Visitors Aeneas Dionysus Heracles Hermes Odysseus Orpheus Pirithous Psyche Theseus Reign Sisyphus was the founder and first king of Ephyra ( supposedly the original name of Corinth ). King Sisyphus promoted navigation and commerce but was avaricious and deceitful. He also killed travellers and guests, a violation of xenia, which fell under Zeus 's domain. He took pleasure in these killings because they allowed him to maintain his iron - fisted rule. Conflict with Salmoneus Sisyphus and his brother Salmoneus were known to hate each other, and Sisyphus consulted with the Oracle of Delphi on just how to kill Salmoneus without incurring any severe consequences for himself. From Homer onward, Sisyphus was famed as the craftiest of men. He seduced Salmoneus 's daughter Tyro in one of his plots to kill Salmoneus, only for Tyro to slay the children she bore him when she discovered that Sisyphus was planning on using them eventually to dethrone her father. Cheating death King Sisyphus also betrayed one of Zeus 's secrets by revealing the whereabouts of Aegina, ( an Asopid who was taken away by Zeus ) to her father ( the river god Asopus ) in return for causing a spring to flow on the Corinthian acropolis. Zeus then ordered Thanatos, Death, to chain King Sisyphus down below in Tartarus. Sisyphus was curious as to why Hermes, whose job it was to guide souls to the Underworld, had not appeared on this occasion. King Sisyphus slyly asked Thanatos to demonstrate how the chains worked. As Thanatos was granting him his wish, Sisyphus seized the opportunity and trapped Thanatos in the chains instead. Once Thanatos was bound by the strong chains, no one died on earth. This caused an uproar especially for Ares ( who was annoyed that his battles had lost their fun because his opponents would not die ), and so he intervened. The exasperated Ares freed Thanatos and turned King Sisyphus over to Thanatos. In another version, Hades was sent to chain Sisyphus and was chained himself. As long as Hades was tied up, nobody could die. Because of this, sacrifices could not be made to the gods, and those that were old and sick were suffering. The gods finally threatened to make life so miserable for Sisyphus that he would wish he were dead. He then had no choice but to release Hades. Before King Sisyphus died, he had told his wife to throw his naked body into the middle of the public square ( purportedly as a test of his wife 's love for him ). This caused King Sisyphus to end up on the shores of the river Styx. Then, complaining to Persephone, goddess of the Underworld, that this was a sign of his wife 's disrespect for him, King Sisyphus persuaded her to allow him to return to the upper world. Once back in Ephyra, the spirit of King Sisyphus scolded his wife for not burying his body and giving it a proper funeral ( as a loving wife should ). When King Sisyphus refused to return to the Underworld, he was forcibly dragged back there by Hermes. In another version of the myth, Persephone was tricked by Sisyphus that he had been conducted to Tartarus by mistake, and so she ordered that he be released. In Philoctetes by Sophocles, there is a reference to the father of Odysseus ( rumoured to have been Sisyphus, and not Laërtes, whom we know as the father in the Odyssey ) upon having returned from the dead. Punishment in the Underworld As a punishment for his trickery, King Sisyphus was made to endlessly roll a huge boulder up a steep hill. The maddening nature of the punishment was reserved for King Sisyphus due to his hubristic belief that his cleverness surpassed that of Zeus himself. Zeus accordingly displayed his own cleverness by enchanting the boulder into rolling away from King Sisyphus before he reached the top, which ended up consigning Sisyphus to an eternity of useless efforts and unending frustration. Thus it came to pass that pointless or interminable activities are sometimes described as Sisyphean. King Sisyphus was a common subject for ancient writers and was depicted by the painter Polygnotus on the walls of the Lesche at Delphi. Interpretations Sisyphus as a symbol for continuing a senseless war. Johann Vogel : Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae, 1649 According to the solar theory, King Sisyphus is the disk of the sun that rises every day in the east and then sinks into the west. Other scholars regard him as a personification of waves rising and falling, or of the treacherous sea. The 1st - century BC Epicurean philosopher Lucretius interprets the myth of Sisyphus as personifying politicians aspiring for political office who are constantly defeated, with the quest for power, in itself an `` empty thing '', being likened to rolling the boulder up the hill. Friedrich Welcker suggested that he symbolises the vain struggle of man in the pursuit of knowledge, and Salomon Reinach that his punishment is based on a picture in which Sisyphus was represented rolling a huge stone Acrocorinthus, symbolic of the labour and skill involved in the building of the Sisypheum. Albert Camus, in his 1942 essay The Myth of Sisyphus, saw Sisyphus as personifying the absurdity of human life, but Camus concludes `` one must imagine Sisyphus happy '' as `` The struggle itself towards the heights is enough to fill a man 's heart. '' More recently, J. Nigro Sansonese, building on the work of Georges Dumézil, speculates that the origin of the name `` Sisyphos '' is onomatopoetic of the continual back - and - forth, susurrant sound ( `` siss phuss '' ) made by the breath in the nasal passages, situating the mythology of Sisyphus in a far larger context of archaic ( see Proto - Indo - European religion ) trance - inducing techniques related to breath control. The repetitive inhalation -- exhalation cycle is described esoterically in the myth as an up -- down motion of Sisyphus and his boulder on a hill. In experiments that test how workers respond when the meaning of their task is diminished, the test condition is referred to as the Sisyphusian condition. The two main conclusions of the experiment are that people work harder when their work seems more meaningful, and that people underestimate the relationship between meaning and motivation. Literary interpretations Sisyphys ( 1548 -- 49 ) by Titian, Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain Sisypher dwarves by Tomasz Moczek ( pl ) in Wrocław Homer describes Sisyphus in both Book VI of the Iliad and Book XI of the Odyssey. Ovid, the Roman poet, makes reference to Sisyphus in the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. When Orpheus descends and confronts Hades and Persephone, he sings a song so that they will grant his wish to bring Eurydice back from the dead. After this song is sung, Ovid shows how moving it was by noting that Sisyphus, emotionally affected, for just a moment, stops his eternal task and sits on his rock, the Latin wording being inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo ( `` and you sat, Sisyphus, on your rock '' ). In Plato 's Apology, Socrates looks forward to the after - life where he can meet figures such as Sisyphus, who think themselves wise, so that he can question them and find who is wise and who `` thinks he is when he is not '' Albert Camus, the French absurdist, wrote an essay entitled The Myth of Sisyphus, in which he elevates Sisyphus to the status of absurd hero. Franz Kafka repeatedly referred to Sisyphus as a bachelor ; Kafkaesque for him were those qualities that brought out the Sisyphus - like qualities in himself. According to Frederick Karl : `` The man who struggled to reach the heights only to be thrown down to the depths embodied all of Kafka 's aspirations ; and he remained himself, alone, solitary. '' The philosopher Richard Taylor uses the myth of Sisyphus as a representation of a life made meaningless because it consists of bare repetition. Wolfgang Mieder has collected cartoons that build on the image of Sisyphus, many of them editorial cartoons. In popular culture King Sisyphus was featured in Hercules : The Legendary Journeys and Xena : Warrior Princess portrayed by Ray Henwood in the first two appearances and by Charles Siebert in the third appearance. A version of King Sisyphus appeared in the animated series Ulysses 31. Who is offered a way out of his punishment by Zeus if he manages to get the traveler ; Ulysses who is journeying throughout unknown space to find a way home. To replace him in the pit, in the episode ; The Eternal Punishment. King Sisyphus is featured in Percy Jackson & the Olympians. He appears in The Demigod Files story titled `` The Sword of Hades '' in which Percy Jackson, Thalia Grace, and Nico di Angelo follow the trail of the person that stole the Sword of Hades to Sisyphus ' area in the Fields of Punishment. Percy and Nico ask him for advice while Thalia pushes the boulder up the hill. As they leave, Sisyphus begs them to set him free. Sisyphus is the main character in a 2011 video game Rock of Ages, in which he travels through several time periods with a giant boulder defeating his enemies, including the Greek titan Cronus, who serves as the main villain of the story. Sisyphus 's appearance is based on the black figure Amphora. See also Comparable characters : Tantalus -- tormented also in the Underworld Wu Gang -- also tasked with the impossible : to fell a self - regenerating tree Naranath Bhranthan, a willing boulder pusher in Indian folklore Sisyphus cooling, a cooling technique named after the Sisyphus myth Syzyfowe prace, a novel by Stefan Żeromski The Hill -- a film Triangle -- a film I, Sisyphus -- a short film The Myth of Sisyphus -- a 1942 philosophical essay by Albert Camus References Jump up ^ museum inv. 1494 Jump up ^ `` sisyphean ''. Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed. ). Oxford University Press. September 2005. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii. Jump up ^ Gruppe, O. Griechische Mythologie ( 1906 ), ii., p. 1021 ^ Jump up to : `` Apollodorus, Library, 1.9 ''. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Apollodorus, Library, 1.7 ''. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09. ^ Jump up to : Homer, Iliad VI 152ff Jump up ^ `` Apollodorus, Library, 1.9. 3 ''. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 09. ; `` Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.5. 1 ''. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greeks : Is death necessary and can death actually harm us ? ''. Mlahanas.de. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014. Jump up ^ Bernard Evslin 's gods, Demigods & Demons, 209 -- 210 Jump up ^ `` Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 ''. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09. ^ Jump up to : Odyssey, xi. 593 Jump up ^ Pausanias x. 31 ^ Jump up to : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Sisyphus ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. p. 161. Jump up ^ De Rerum Natura III Jump up ^ Revue archéologique, 1904 Jump up ^ Sansonese, J. Nigro. The Body of Myth. Rochester, 1994, pp. 45 -- 52. ISBN 0 - 89281 - 409 - 8 Jump up ^ Ariely, Dan ( 2010 ). The Upside of Irrationality. ISBN 0 - 06 - 199503 - 7. Jump up ^ Ovid. Metamorphoses, 10.44. Jump up ^ Apology, 41a Jump up ^ Karl, Frederick. Franz Kafka : Representative Man. New York : International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2 Jump up ^ Taylor, Richard. `` Time and Life 's Meaning. '' Review of Metaphysics 40 ( June 1987 ) : 675 -- 686. Jump up ^ Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. Neues von Sisyphus : Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen. Vienna : Praesens. External links Look up Sisyphean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sisyphus. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sisyphus `` Sisyphus ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). 1911. `` Sisyphus ''. New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Rulers of Ancient Corinth Heleidae Aeëtes Bounos Epopeus Corinthus Polybus Creon Jason Sisyphidae Sisyphus Glaucus Bellerophon Ornytion Thoas Damophon Propodas two kings at the same time Doridas and Hyanthidas Heracleidae Aletidae Aletes Ixion Agelas I Prymnes Bacchiadae Bacchis Agelas II Eudaemus Aristomedes Agemon Alexander Telestes Automenes Pritanius Cypselid tyrants Cypselus I Periander Psammetichus ( Cypselus II ) GND : 118614797 VIAF : 67258418 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisyphus&oldid=854489684 '' Categories : Aeolides Corinthian mythology Condemned souls into Tartarus Kings of Corinth Heroes who ventured to Hades Mythological tricksters Mythological city founders Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with trivia sections from August 2018 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Use dmy dates from June 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 18 : 49 ( UTC ). 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Question: who has to push the rock up the hill
Answer: Sisyphus