Victor Emmanuel II of Italy - wikipedia Victor Emmanuel II of Italy This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( February 2011 ) Vittorio Emanuele II Portrait of Victor Emmanuel II by Andrea Besteghi, c. 1860 King of Italy ( more... ) Reign 17 March 1861 -- 9 January 1878 Predecessor Napoleon ( 1814 ) Successor Umberto I Prime Ministers See list Camillo Cavour Bettino Ricasoli Urbano Rattazzi Luigi Carlo Farini Marco Minghetti Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora Luigi Federico Menabrea Giovanni Lanza Agostino Depretis King of Sardinia ; Duke of Savoy Reign 23 March 1849 -- 17 March 1861 Predecessor Charles Albert Prime Ministers See list Agostino Chiodo Claudio Gabriele de Launay Massimo D'Azeglio Camillo Cavour Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora 14 March 1820 Palazzo Carignano, Turin, Piedmont - Sardinia 9 January 1878 ( 1878 - 01 - 09 ) ( aged 57 ) Quirinal Palace, Rome, Italy Burial Pantheon, Rome Spouse Adelaide of Austria ( m. 1842 -- 1855 ) ; her death Rosa Vercellana ( m. 1869 -- 1878 ) ; his death Issue see details... Maria Clotilde, Princess Napoléon Umberto I of Italy Amadeo I of Spain Oddone, Duke of Montferrat Maria Pia, Queen of Portugal Full name Italian : Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso English : Victor Emmanuel Mario Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas House Savoy Father Charles Albert of Sardinia Mother Maria Theresa of Austria Religion Roman Catholicism Signature Victor Emmanuel II ( Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia ; 14 March 1820 -- 9 January 1878 ) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861. At that point, he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland ( Italian : Padre della Patria ). Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Crimean War 1.2 Wars of Italian Unification 1.3 Completion of the unification 2 Family and children 3 Titles, styles and honours 3.1 Titles and styles 3.2 Honours 3.2. 1 Italian 3.2. 2 Foreign 4 Ancestry 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 7.1 In Italian 8 External links Biography Victor Emmanuel II in 1849 Victor Emmanuel was born as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria. His father succeeded a distant cousin as King of Sardinia - Piedmont in 1831. He lived for some years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military, and sports. In 1842, he married his cousin, Adelaide of Austria. He was styled as the Duke of Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia - Piedmont. He took part in the First Italian War of Independence ( 1848 - 1849 ) under his father, King Charles Albert, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza. He became King of Sardinia - Piedmont in 1849 when his father abdicated the throne, after a humiliating military defeat by the Austrians at the Battle of Novara. Victor Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a rather favorable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian imperial army commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese lower parliamentary house, the Chamber of Deputies, and Victor Emmanuel retaliated by firing his Prime Minister, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a `` vile and infected race of canailles. '' In 1852, he appointed Count Camillo Benso of Cavour ( `` Count Cavour '' ) as Prime Minister of Piedmont - Sardinia. This turned out to be a wise choice, since Cavour was a political mastermind and a major player in the Italian unification in his own right. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the `` Risorgimento '', the Italian unification movement of the 1850s and early 60s. He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia - Piedmont because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms. Brooklyn Museum - Caricature of King Victor Emmanuel II - Thomas Nast - overall Crimean war Victor Emmanuel reviews the troops for the Crimean War Following Victor Emmanuel 's advice, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so. Victor Emmanuel, however, was convinced of the rewards to be gained from the alliance created with Britain and, more importantly, France. After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France and Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris in 1856 at the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor. In 1858, they met at Plombières - les - Bains ( in Lorraine ), where they agreed that if the French were to help Piedmont combat Austria, which still occupied the Kingdom of Lombardy - Venetia in northern Italy, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy. Wars of Italian unification Main article : Second Italian War of Independence Victor Emmanuel meets Giuseppe Garibaldi in Teano The Italo - French campaign against Austria in 1859 started successfully. However, sickened by the casualties of the war and worried about the mobilisation of Prussian troops, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont would only gain Lombardy. France did not as a result receive the promised Nice and Savoy, but Austria did keep Venetia, a major setback for the Piedmontese, in no small part because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. After several quarrels about the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors. France indeed only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies. Later that same year, Victor Emmanuel II sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Then, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples, and Sardinia - Piedmont grew even larger. On 17 March 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king. Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi 's Expedition of the Thousand ( 1860 -- 1861 ), which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, the king halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia - Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo ( 1860 ) over the Papal forces. The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on 17 March 1861. He did not renumber himself after assuming the new royal title, however. Turin became the capital of the new state. Only Rome, Veneto, and Trentino remained to be conquered. Completion of the unification Tomb of Victor Emmanuel II at the Pantheon Main article : Third Italian War of Independence In 1866 Victor Emmanuel allied himself with Prussia in the Third Italian War of Independence. Although not victorious in the Italian theater, he managed anyway to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany. In 1870, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco - Prussian War to capture Rome after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871, after a temporary move to Florence in 1864. The new Royal residence was the Quirinal Palace. The rest of Victor Emmanuel II 's reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Sardinia - Piedmont had taken over the Italian Peninsula, rather than unifying it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II 's reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with economic and cultural issues. His role in day - to - day governing gradually dwindled, as it became increasingly apparent that a king could no longer keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, while the wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament. Victor Emmanuel died in Rome in 1878, after meeting with Pope Pius IX 's envoys, who had reversed the excommunication, and received last rites. He was buried in the Pantheon. His successor was his son Umberto I. Family and children In 1842 he married his first cousin once removed Adelaide of Austria ( 1822 -- 1855 ). By her he had eight children : Maria Clotilde ( 1843 -- 1911 ), who married Napoléon Joseph ( the Prince Napoléon ). Their grandson Prince Louis Napoléon was the Bonapartist pretender to the French imperial throne. Victor Emmanuel II in Venice Umberto ( 1844 -- 1900 ), later King of Italy. Amedeo ( 1845 -- 1890 ), later King of Spain. Oddone Eugenio Maria ( 1846 -- 1866 ), Duke of Montferrat. Maria Pia ( 1847 -- 1911 ), who married King Louis of Portugal. Carlo Alberto ( 2 June 1851 -- 28 June 1854 ), Duke of Chablais. Vittorio Emanuele ( 6 July 1852 -- 6 July 1852 ). Vittorio Emanuele ( 18 January 1855 -- 17 May 1855 ), Count of Geneva. In 1869 he married morganatically his principal mistress Rosa Vercellana ( 3 June 1833 -- 26 December 1885 ). Popularly known in Piedmontese as `` Bela Rosin '', she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were : Vittoria Guerrieri ( 2 December 1848 -- 29 December 1905 ), married three times and had issue. Emanuele Alberto Guerrieri ( 16 March 1851 -- 24 December 1894 ), Count of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda, married and had issue. In addition to his morganatic second wife, Victor Emmanuel II had several other mistresses : -- Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione, who, as the mistress of Napoleon III, pleaded the case for Italian unification. -- Laura Bon at Stupinigi, who bore him two children : Stillborn son ( 1852 ). Emanuela Maria Alberta Vittoria di Roverbella ( 6 September 1853 - 1880 / 1890 ). -- Virginia Rho at Turin, mother of two children : Vittorio di Rho ( 1861 -- Turin, 10 October 1913 ). He became a notable photographer. Maria Pia di Rho ( 25 February 1866 -- Vienna, 19 April 1947 ). -- Unknown mistress at Mondovì, mother of : Donato Etna ( 15 June 1858 -- Turin, 11 December 1938 ). He became a much - decorated soldier. -- Baroness Vittoria Duplessis, who bore him : A daughter, perhaps named Savoiarda. She died as an infant. Titles, styles and honours Styles of King Victor Emmanuel II Reference style His Majesty Spoken style Your Majesty Alternative style Sir Titles and styles 14 March 1820 -- 27 April 1831 : His Royal Highness Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy ( Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia ) 27 April 1831 -- 23 March 1849 : His Royal Highness The Prince of Piedmont 23 March 1849 -- 17 March 1861 : His Majesty The King of Sardinia 17 March 1861 -- 9 January 1878 : His Majesty The King of Italy Honours Italian Grand Master of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Grand Master of the Military Order of Savoy Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Italy Grand Master of the Civil Order of Savoy Gold Medal of Military Valour Silver Medal of Military Valour Medal of the Liberation of Rome ( 1849 - 1870 ) Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Independence Wars Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy Foreign Austrian Empire : Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1841. Belgium : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold in 1855. Denmark : Knight of the Order of the Elephant Second French Empire : Médaille militaire Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign Kingdom of Hawaii : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I Sweden : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim Tuscany : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Joseph United Kingdom : Extra Knight of the Order of the Garter Ancestry Ancestors of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 16. Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano 8. Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano 17. Princess Christine of Hesse - Rotenburg 4. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 18. Louis, Prince of Brionne 9. Princess Joséphine of Lorraine 19. Louise de Rohan 2. Charles Albert of Sardinia 20. Augustus III of Poland 10. Charles, Duke of Courland 21. Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria 5. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony 22. Count Stanisław Corvin - Krasiński 11. Countess Franciszka Corvin - Krasińska 23. Aniela Humiecka 1. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 24. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 12. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 25. Maria Theresa of Austria 6. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 26. Charles III of Spain 13. Infanta Maria Louise of Spain 27. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony 3. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 28. Charles III of Spain ( = 26 ) 14. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 29. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony ( = 27 ) 7. Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 30. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor ( = 24 ) 15. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 31. Maria Theresa of Austria ( = 25 ) See also Unification of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Count Cavour September Convention Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II List of famous big game hunters References ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911. Jump up ^ `` Excommunicating Politicians ''. 27 September 2004. Jump up ^ Genealogical data from the Savoia page of the Genealogie delle famiglie nobili italiane website. Jump up ^ Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer, Volume 1 / Ferdinand Veldekens Sources Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Victor Emmanuel II. ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. Smith, Denis Mack. Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento ( Oxford University Press, 1971 ). Thayer, William Roscoe ( 1911 ). The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1. old interpretations but useful on details ; vol 1 goes to 1859 ) ; volume 2 online covers 1859 - 62 In Italian Del Boca, Lorenzo ( 1998 ). Maledetti Savoia. Casale Monferrato : Piemme. Gasparetto, Pier Francesco ( 1984 ). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan : Rusconi. Mack Smith, Denis ( 1995 ). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan : Mondadori. Pinto, Paolo ( 1997 ). Vittorio Emanuele II : il re avventuriero. Milan : Mondadori. Rocca, Gianni ( 1993 ). Avanti, Savoia ! : miti e disfatte che fecero l'Italia, 1848 -- 1866. Milan : Mondadori. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vittorio Emanuele II. Works by or about Victor Emmanuel II of Italy at Internet Archive External link : Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy View of Venezia Square Victor Emmanuel II monument Victor Emmanuel II of Italy House of Savoy Born : 14 March 1820 Died : 9 January 1878 Regnal titles Preceded by Charles Albert King of Sardinia ; Duke of Savoy 23 March 1849 -- 17 March 1861 Italian Unification under the House of Savoy Vacant Title last held by Napoleon I King of Italy 17 March 1861 -- 9 January 1878 Succeeded by Umberto I Princes of Savoy 1st Generation None 2nd Generation Prince Anthony Prince Anthony Louis, Duke of Savoy Amadeus, Prince of Piemont Philip, Prince of Achaea 3rd Generation Amadeus, Duke of Savoy Louis, Count of Geneva Prince Giovanni Philip, Duke of Savoy Giano, Count of Faucigny and Geneva Pietro, Bishop of Geneva Prince Aimone Prince Giacomo Giovanni Ludovico, Bishop of Geneva Jacques, Count of Romont 4th Generation Prince Luigi Carlo, Prince of Piedmont Philibert, Duke of Savoy Prince Bernardo Charles, Duke of Savoy James Louis, Count of Genevois Prince Gian Claudio Galeazzo Prince Girolamo Philibert, Duke of Savoy Charles, Duke of Savoy Prince Louis Philippe, Duke of Nemours Prince Assolone Prince Giovanni Amedeo Prince Emanuele Filiberto Adriano Prince Louis Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 5th Generation Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Jacques, Duke of Nemours 6th Generation Filippo Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours Henri, Prince de Genevois Prince Louis Prince François Paul Henri, Duke of Nemours Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano Maurice, Cardinal of Savoy Prince Emmanuel Filibert 7th Generation Prince Louis Amadeus Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano Joseph Emmanuel, Count of Soissons Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons 8th Generation Victor Amadeus II, King of Sardinia Victor Amadeus, Prince of Carignano Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons Emanuel Philibert, Count of Dreux Prince Philippe Prince Eugene Prince Louis Jules 9th Generation Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia Emanuele Philibert, Duke of Chablais Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano Eugenio, Count of Villafranca Prince Tommaso Emmanuel Thomas, Count of Soissons 10th Generation Victor Amadeus, Duke of Aosta Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta Carlo, Duke of Chablais Carlo, Duke of Aosta Benedetto, Duke of Chablais Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano Prince Tommaso Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons Giuseppe Maria, Count of Villafranca 11th Generation Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Sardinia Amedeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat Charles Felix, King of Sardinia Giuseppe, Count of Asti Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano Eugenio, Duke of Carignano 12th Generation Charles Albert, King of Sardinia 13th Generation King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa 14th Generation King Umberto I of Italy King Amadeo I of Spain Oddone, Duke of Montferrat Tommaso, Duke of Genoa * * 15th Generation King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta * * * Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin * * * Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi * * * Umberto, Count of Salemi * * * Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa * * Filiberto, Duke of Genoa * * Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo * * Eugenio, Duke of Genoa * * 16th Generation King Umberto II of Italy Amedeo, Duke of Aosta * * * Aimone, Duke of Aosta * * * 17th Generation Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples Amedeo, Duke of Aosta * * * 18th Generation Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice and Piedmont Aimone, Duke of Apulia * * * 19th generation Prince Umberto of Savoy - Aosta, Prince of Piedmont * * * Prince Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi * * * * member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy * * Prince of Savoy - Genoa * * * Prince of Savoy - Aosta Kings of Sardinia Victor Amadeus II ( 1720 -- 1730 ) Charles Emmanuel III ( 1730 -- 1773 ) Victor Amadeus III ( 1773 -- 1796 ) Charles Emmanuel IV ( 1796 -- 1802 ) Victor Emmanuel I ( 1802 -- 1821 ) Charles Felix ( 1821 -- 1831 ) Charles Albert ( 1831 -- 1849 ) Victor Emmanuel II ( 1849 -- 1861 ) Kings of Italy between 1861 and 1946 Victor Emmanuel II ( 1861 -- 1878 ) Umberto I ( 1878 -- 1900 ) Victor Emmanuel III ( 1900 -- 1946 ) Umberto II ( 1946 ) Italian unification -- Risorgimento Wars and revolts Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 First Italian War of Independence Crimean War Second Italian War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third Italian War of Independence Capture of Rome Main leaders Bettino Ricasoli Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour Carlo Cattaneo Daniele Manin Francesco Crispi Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Ruggero Settimo Victor Emmanuel II Opponents Pope Pius IX Franz Joseph I of Austria Francis II of the Two Sicilies Klemens von Metternich Joseph Radetzky von Radetz BIBSYS : 2072052 BNF : cb12788244d ( data ) GND : 119172011 ISNI : 0000 0001 0774 7711 LCCN : n80056898 NARA : 10580837 NKC : js20090820005 NLA : 50119464 SELIBR : 207756 SUDOC : 029447224 VIAF : 95301792 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy&oldid=842175780 '' Categories : Hawaii templates 1820 births 1878 deaths King of Italy People from Turin Grand Masters of the Gold Medal of Military Valor Recipients of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I Italian monarchs House of Savoy Princes of Savoy Italian people of the Italian unification Italian people of Polish descent Kings of Sardinia Italian generals Claimant Kings of Jerusalem Princes of Savoy - Carignan Modern history of Italy People of the Revolutions of 1848 Roman Catholic monarchs Released from excommunication Knights of the Garter Knights of the Golden Fleece Kings of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) 19th - century monarchs in Europe Knights of the Order of Saint Joseph Burials at the Pantheon, Rome Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - 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Question: who was named king of italy in 1861
Answer: Victor Emmanuel II