The Lizard - wikipedia The Lizard For other uses, see Lizard ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2010 ) Coordinates : 50 ° 02 ′ N 5 ° 11 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 50.033 ° N 5.183 ° W ﻿ / 50.033 ; - 5.183 Lizard Point Lizard Point The Lizard ( Cornish : An Lysardh ) is a peninsula in southern Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The most southerly point of the British mainland is near Lizard Point at grid reference SW 701115. Lizard village is the most southerly on the British mainland, and is in the civil parish of Landewednack, the most southerly parish. The valleys of the River Helford and Loe Pool form the northern boundary, with the rest of the peninsula surrounded by sea. The area measures about 14 by 14 miles ( 23 km × 23 km ). The Lizard is one of England 's natural regions and has been designated as national character area 157 by Natural England. The peninsula is known for its geology and for its rare plants and lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ). Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park. The name `` Lizard '' is most probably a corruption of the Cornish name `` Lys Ardh '', meaning `` high court '' ; it is purely coincidental that much of the peninsula is composed of a rock called serpentinite. The Lizard peninsula 's original name may have been the Celtic name `` Predannack '' ( `` British one '' ) ; during the Iron Age ( Pytheas c. 325 BC ) and Roman period, Britain was known as Pretannike ( in Greek ) and as Albion ( and Britons the `` Pretani '' ). The Lizard 's coast is particularly hazardous to shipping and the seaways round the peninsula were historically known as the `` Graveyard of Ships '' ( see below ). The Lizard Lighthouse was built at Lizard Point in 1752 and the RNLI operates The Lizard lifeboat station. Contents 1 History 1.1 Nautical 1.2 Aviation 1.3 Political 1.4 Technology 2 Geology 3 Ecology 4 Portrayal in literature, film and music 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading History There is evidence of early habitation with several burial mounds and stones. Part of the peninsula is known as the Meneage ( land of the monks ). Helston, the nearest town to the Lizard peninsula, is said to have once headed the estuary of the River Cober, before it was cut off from the sea by Loe Bar in the 13th century. It is a matter of debate as to whether Helston was once a port, albeit no actual records still exist. Geomorphologists believe the bar was most likely formed by rising sea levels, after the last ice age, blocking the river and creating a barrier beach. The beach is formed mostly of flint and the nearest source is found offshore under the drowned terraces of the former river that flowed between England and France, and now under the English Channel. The medieval port of Helston was at Gweek, possibly from around 1260 onwards, on the Helford river which exported tin and copper. Helston was believed to be in existence in the sixth century, around the Dowr Kohar. The name comes from the Cornish `` hen lis '' or `` old court '' and `` ton '' added later to denote a Saxon manor ; the Domesday Book refers to it as Henliston ( which survives as the name of a road in the town ). It was granted its charter by King John in 1201. It was here that tin ingots were weighed to determine the duty due to the Duke of Cornwall when a number of stannary towns were authorised by royal decree. The royal manor of Winnianton, which was held by King William I at the time of the Domesday Book ( 1086 ), was also the head manor of the hundred of Kerrier and the largest estate in Cornwall. It was assessed as having fifteen hides before 1066. At the time of Domesday there was land for sixty ploughs, but in the lord 's land there were two ploughs and in the lands held by villeins twenty - four ploughs. There were twenty - four villeins, forty - one freedmen, thirty - three smallholders and fourteen slaves. There was 6 acres ( 24,000 m ), eight square leagues of pasture and half a square league of woodland. The livestock was fourteen unbroken mares, three cattle and one hundred and twenty - eight sheep ( in total 145 beasts ) ; its value was £ 12 annually. 11 of the hides were held by the Count of Mortain and there is more arable and pasture and 13 more persons are recorded : Rinsey, Trelowarren, Mawgan - in - Meneage and seventeen other lands are also recorded under Winnianton. Mullion has the 15th century church of St Mellanus, and the Old Inn from the 16th century. The harbour was completed in 1895 and financed by Lord Robartes of Lanhydrock as a recompense to the fishermen for several disastrous pilchard seasons. The small church of St Peter in Coverack, built in 1885 for £ 500, has a serpentinite pulpit. The Great Western Railway operated a road motor service to The Lizard from Helston railway station. Commencing on 17 August 1903, it was the first successful British railway - run bus service and was initially provided as a cheaper alternative to a proposed light railway. The Solar eclipse of 11 August 1999 departed the UK mainland from the Lizard. The transatlantic record run of the unaccompanied one hand sailor Thomas Coville within less than 5 days in his sailboat Sodebo Ultim from New York, USA, to Europe landed here on 15 July 2017. Nautical The Lizard has been the site of many maritime disasters. It forms a natural obstacle to entry and exit of Falmouth and its naturally deep estuary. At Lizard Point stands the Lizard Lighthouse. In fact, the light was erected by Sir John Killigrew by his own expense : It was built at the cost of `` 20 nobles a year '' for 30 years, but it caused an uproar over the following years, as King James I considered charging vessels to pass. This caused so many problems that the lighthouse was demolished, but was successfully rebuilt in 1751 by order of Thomas Fonnereau and remains almost unchanged today. Further east lie The Manacles, near Porthoustock : 1 ⁄ square miles ( 4 km ) of jagged rocks just beneath the waves. In 1721 the Royal Anne Galley, an oared frigate, was wrecked at Lizard Point. Of a crew of 185 only three survived ; lost was Lord Belhaven who was en route to take up the Governorship of Barbados. A 44 gun frigate, HMS Anson, was wrecked at Loe Bar in 1807. Although it wrecked close to shore, many lost their lives in the storm. This inspired Henry Trengrouse to invent the rocket fired line, later to become the Breeches buoy. The transport ship Dispatch ran aground on the Manacles in 1809 on its return from the Peninsular War, losing 104 men from the 7th Hussars. The following day, with local villagers still attempting a rescue, the Cruizer class brig - sloop HMS Primrose hit the northern end of these rocks. The only survivor of its 126 officers, men and boys was a drummer boy. 5 Sept 1856 the Cherubim and Ocean Home collided off Lizard Point The SS Mohegan, a 7,000 tonne passenger liner, also hit the Manacles in 1898 with the loss of 106 lives. The American passenger liner, the Paris, was stranded on the Manacles in 1899, with no loss of life. The biggest rescue in the RNLI 's history was 17 March 1907 when the 12,000 tonne liner SS Suevic hit the Maenheere Reef near Lizard Point in Cornwall. In a strong gale and dense fog RNLI lifeboat volunteers rescued 456 passengers, including 70 babies. Crews from the Lizard, Cadgwith, Coverack and Porthleven rowed out repeatedly for 16 hours to rescue all of the people on board. Six silver RNLI medals were later awarded, two to Suevic crew members. The Battle at the Lizard, a naval battle, took place off The Lizard on 21 October 1707. Smuggling was a regular, and often necessary, way of life in these parts, despite the efforts of coastguards or `` Preventive men ''. In 1801, the king 's pardon was offered to any smuggler giving information on the Mullion musket men involved in a gunfight with the crew of HM Gun Vessel Hecate. Aviation In the First World War a Naval Air Station was established at Bonython, flying mainly blimps used for spotting U boats. One was sunk and several probably damaged by bombs dropped by the blimps. The airfield site is now occupied by the wind farm. RAF Predannack Down ( see Predannack Airfield ) was a Second World War airbase, from which Coastal Command squadrons flew anti-submarine sorties into the Bay of Biscay as well as convoy support in the western English Channel. The runways still exist and the site is used by a local Air Cadet Volunteer gliding Squadron 626VGS and as an emergency / relief base for RNAS Culdrose ( HMS Seahawk ). RNAS Culdrose is Europe 's largest helicopter base, and currently hosts the Training and Operational Conversion Unit operating the EH101 `` Merlin '' helicopter. It is also the home base for Merlin Squadrons embarked upon Royal Navy warships, the Westland Sea King AEW variant helicopter, a Search And Rescue ( Sea King, again ) helicopter flight, and some BAe Hawk T. 1 trainer jets used for training purposes by the Royal Navy. The base also operates some other types of fixed wing aircraft for calibration and other training purposes. As befits the base 's name, a non-flying example of a Hawker Sea Hawk forms the main gate guardian static display. RNAS Culdrose is a major contributor to the economy of The Lizard area. Political Sketchmap of civil parishes on The Lizard The Lizard peninsula is in the St Ives parliamentary constituency ( which comprises the whole of the former district of Penwith and the southern part of the former district of Kerrier ). However, the parishes northeast of the Helford River are in Camborne and Redruth parliamentary constituency To the north, The Lizard peninsula is bordered by the civil parishes of Breage, Porthleven, Sithney, Helston, Wendron, Gweek and -- across the Helford River -- by Constantine, Kerrier and Mawnan. The parishes on the peninsula proper are ( west to east ) : Northern parishes : Gunwalloe Cury Mawgan - in - Meneage St Martin - in - Meneage Manaccan St Anthony - in - Meneage Southern parishes : Mullion Grade - Ruan St Keverne Landewednack The Lizard 's political history includes the 1497 Cornish rebellion which began in St Keverne. The village blacksmith Michael Joseph ( Michael An Gof in Cornish, meaning blacksmith ) led the uprising, protesting against the punitive taxes levied by Henry VII to pay for the war against the Scots. The uprising was routed on its march to London and the two leaders, Michael Joseph and Thomas Flamank, were subsequently hanged, drawn and quartered. Technology Titanium was discovered here by the Reverend William Gregor in 1791. In 1869, John Pender formed the Falmouth Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph company, intending to connect India to England with an undersea cable. Although intended to land at Falmouth, the final landing point was Porthcurno near Land 's End. In 1900 Guglielmo Marconi stayed the Housel Bay Hotel in his quest to locate a coastal radio station to receive signals from ships equipped with his apparatus. He leased a plot `` in the wheat field adjoining the hotel '' where the Lizard Wireless Telegraph Station still stands today. Recently restored by the National Trust, it looks as it did in January 1901, when Marconi received the distance record signals of 186 miles ( 299 km ) from his transmitter station at Niton, Isle of Wight. The Lizard Wireless Station is the oldest Marconi station to survive in its original state, and is located to the west of the Lloyds Signal Station in what appears to be a wooden hut. On 12 December 1901 Poldhu Point was the site of the first trans Atlantic, wireless signal radio communication when Marconi sent a signal to St John 's, Newfoundland. The technology is one of the key advances to the development of radio, television, satellites and the internet. A radar station called RAF Drytree was built during World War II. The site was later chosen for the Telstar project in 1962 ; its rocky foundations, clear atmosphere and extreme southerly location being uniquely suitable. This became the Goonhilly satellite earth station, now owned by Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd. Some important developments in television satellite transmission were made at Goonhilly station. A wind farm exists near to the Goonhilly station site. Geology Main article : Geology of Lizard Sketchmap of The Lizard geology Known as the Lizard complex, the peninsula 's geology is the best preserved example of an exposed ophiolite in the United Kingdom. An ophiolite is a suite of geological formations which represent a slice through a section of ocean crust ( including the upper level of the mantle ) thrust onto the continental crust. The Lizard formations comprise three main units ; the serpentinites, the `` oceanic complex '' and the metamorphic basement. Ecology Several nature sites exist on the Lizard Peninsula ; Predannack nature reserve, Mullion Island, Goonhilly Downs, and the Cornish Seal Sanctuary at Gweek. An area of the Lizard covering 16.62 square kilometres ( 6.42 sq mi ) is designated a national nature reserve because of its coastal grasslands and heaths and inland heaths. The peninsula contains 3 main Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ), both noted for their endangered insects and plants, as well as their geology. The first is East Lizard Heathlands SSSI, the second is Caerthillian to Kennack SSSI and the third is West Lizard SSSI, of which the important wetland, Hayle Kimbro Pool, forms a part of. The area is also home to one of England 's rarest breeding birds -- the Cornish chough. This species of corvid is distinctive due to its red beak and legs and haunting `` chee - aw '' call. Chough began breeding on Lizard in 2002 following a concerted effort by the Cornish Chough Project in conjunction with DEFRA and the RSPB. The Lizard contains some of the most specialised flora of any area in Britain, including many Red Data Book plant species. Of particular note is the Cornish heath, Erica vagans, that occurs in abundance here, but which is found nowhere else in Britain. There are more than 600 species of flowering plants on the Lizard, nearly a quarter of all UK species. The reason for this richness is partly because of the many different and unusual Lizard rocks on the Lizard Peninsula. But above all, it is a coming together of multiple factors : a very mild maritime climate, but one prone to gales and salt winds ; waterlogged and boggy soils, but ones that often parch and dry out in the summer ; soils of greatly contrasting fertility and pH ; and lastly man 's influence. Any single factor taken on its own would influence the flora ; taken together, they combine, overlap and interact. Contrasting plant communities grow side - by - side in a mosaic that changes within a few metres but also changes markedly over time with the cycle of heath fires. It 's not so much that conditions are ideal for growth, but that there is such a variety of different, difficult conditions. Each habitat, with its own combination of factors, attracts its own specialist plants. It is also one of the few places where the rare formicine ant, Formica exsecta, ( the narrow - headed ant ), can be found. Portrayal in literature, film and music Daphne du Maurier based many novels on this part of Cornwall, including Frenchman 's Creek. The Lizard was featured on the BBC television programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the South West, and on the BBC series Coast. In James Clavell 's novel Shogun, ship 's pilot Vasco Rodrigues challenges John Blackthorne to recite the latitude of the Lizard to verify that Blackthorne is a fellow seaman. The Jennifer McQuiston 2015 novel The Spinster 's Guide to Scandalous Behavior is set primarily in the fictional village Lizard Bay on the Lizard in the mid-nineteenth century. In the television adaptation of `` Horatio Hornblower '', an order is given to `` Weather the Lizard '' in the episode Hornblower : Mutiny. `` Lizard Point '' is also a track on the 1982 album Ambient 4 : On Land released by Brian Eno. See also Kynance Cove Mullion Cove Poldhu References Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey : Landranger map sheet 203 Land 's End ISBN 978 - 0 - 319 - 23148 - 7 Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey : Landranger map sheet 204 Truro & Falmouth ISBN 978 - 0 - 319 - 23149 - 4 Jump up ^ NCA Profile : 157 : The Lizard ( NE434 ) at publications.naturalengland.org.uk. Accessed on 8 September 2013 Jump up ^ Lawman, Jean ( 1994 ). The Natural History of the Lizard Peninsula. Redruth : Institute of Cornish Studies and Dyllansow Truran. p. 120. ISBN 1 85022 071 9. Jump up ^ Mills, A.D. ( 1991 ). The Popular Dictionary of English Place - Names. Parragon Book Service Ltd & Magpie Books. p. 213. ISBN 0 - 7525 - 1851 - 8. Jump up ^ Padel, O.J. `` Cornish Place Names '', page 146. Jump up ^ http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/gazetter-cornwall/helston.htm Jump up ^ May, V.J. `` Loe Bar ''. In May, V.J. and Hansom, J.D. ( 2003 ) Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain, ( Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 28 ), 754 pp. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Jump up ^ ( A Short History of Helston HELSTON HISTORY ) Jump up ^ Padel, O.J. `` Cornish Place Names '', page 96. Jump up ^ Toy, `` History of Helston '' Jump up ^ Conder, Kelly ( October 2012 ). `` Notes From Members ' Evening 2011. Gunwalloe and King Dunvallo '' ( PDF ). Cornwall Archaeological Society Newsletter ( 130 ) : 3 -- 4. Retrieved 13 July 2014. Jump up ^ Thorn, Caroline, et al. ( eds. ) Cornwall. Chichester : Phillimore ; entry 1, 1 Jump up ^ Segler stellt Rekord für Atlantik - Einzelüberquerung auf orf.at, 16 July 2017, retrieved 16 July 2017 ( German ) Jump up ^ `` Lizard Peninsula : Coverack and Area ''. Cornwall on line. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ BBC news -- Biggest RNLI rescue is remembered Jump up ^ Johns, Charles ; Herring, Peter ( 2006 ). Kirkham, Graham ; Herring, Peter, eds. Cornish Archaeology Hendhyscans Kernow. Cornwall Archaeological Society. 41 -- 42 ( 2002 -- 3 ) : 185 -- 6. ISSN 0070 - 024X. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kirby, G.A. ( 1979 ). `` The Lizard Complex as an ophiolite ''. Nature, London, 282, pp. 58 -- 61. Jump up ^ `` The Lizard NNR ''. Natural England. Retrieved 31 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` East Lizard Heathlands '' ( PDF ). Natural England. 1995. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` West Lizard '' ( PDF ). Natural England. 1995. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Lizard Guidebook ''. pp. 21. Jump up ^ `` The Lizard Guidebook ''. pp. 21 -- 37. Further reading The Lizard Guidebook Friendly Guides ( 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 904645 - 06 - 1 ( has sections on the geology and plants of the Lizard as well as walks ) Nigel Tangye ( 1977 ) From Rock and Tempest. London : William Kimber ISBN 0718303156 ( about shipwrecks round the Lizard peninsula ) Meneage and Lizard Oral History Group ( ed. ) ( 1980 ) Traditional Life in the Far South West. ( 40 pp. ) ( N. pl. ) : the Group Ceremonial county of Cornwall Cornwall Portal Unitary authorities Cornwall Council Council of the Isles of Scilly Major settlements Bodmin Bude Callington Camborne Camelford Falmouth Fowey Hayle Helston Launceston Liskeard Looe Lostwithiel Marazion Newlyn Newquay Padstow Par Penryn Penzance Porthleven Redruth Saltash St Austell St Blazey St Columb Major St Ives St Just in Penwith St Mawes Stratton Torpoint Truro Wadebridge See also : List of civil parishes in Cornwall Rivers Allen Camel Cober De Lank Fal Fowey Gannel Gover Hayle Helford Inny Kensey Lerryn Looe Lynher Menalhyl Ottery Par Pont Pill Port Navas Red Seaton St Austell Tamar Tiddy Truro Valency full list... Topics History Status debate Flag Culture Economy Places Population of major settlements Demography Notable people The Duchy Diocese Politics Schools Hundreds / shires Places of interest full list... Biological Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Summary Summarised data for all sites ( biological and geological ) Cornwall Aire Point to Carrick Du Amble Marshes Baulk Head to Mullion Bedruthan Steps and Park Head Boconnoc Park and Woods Bodmin Moor, North Borlasevath and Retallack Moor Boscastle to Widemouth Brendonmoor Breney Common Bude Coast Cabilla Manor Wood Caerthillian to Kennack Carnkief Pond Carrick Heaths Carricknath Point to Porthbean Beach Carrine Common & Penwethers Chyenhal Moor Cligga Head Coombe Mill Coverack to Porthoustock Crow 's Nest Crowhill Valley Dozmary Pool Draynes Wood East Lizard Heathlands Eglarooze Cliff Gerrans Bay to Camels Cove Godrevy Head to St Agnes Goonhilly Downs Goss and Tregoss Moors Greenamoor Greenscoombe Wood, Luckett Grimscott Gwithian to Mexico Towans Hayle Estuary & Carrack Gladden Kelsey Head Kennack to Coverack Kernick and Ottery Meadows Loe Pool Loggans Moor Lower Bostraze and Leswidden Lower Fal & Helford Intertidal Lymsworthy Meadows Lynher Estuary Malpas Estuary Marazion Marsh Meddon Moor Meneage Coastal Section Merthen Wood Minster Church Mullion Cliff to Predannack Cliff Nance Wood Newlyn Downs Ottery Valley Park Wood Penhale Dunes Pentire Peninsula Phoenix United Mine Plymouth Sound Shores And Cliffs Polruan to Polperro Polyne Quarry Porthgwarra to Pordenack Point Rame Head & Whitsand Bay Red Moor Redlake Meadows & Hoggs Moor Retire Common River Camel Valley and Tributaries Rock Dunes Rosemullion Rosenannon Bog and Downs St Austell Clay Pits St John 's Lake St Nectan 's Glen Steeple Point to Marsland Mouth Swanpool Sylvia 's Meadow Talland Barton Tamar -- Tavy Estuary Tintagel Cliffs Treen Cliff Tregonetha & Belowda Downs Tregonning Hill Trehane Barton Trelow Downs Trevose Head and Constantine Bay Upper Fal Estuary and Woods Upper Fowey Valley Ventongimps Moor West Cornwall Bryophytes West Lizard Isles of Scilly Annet Big Pool and Browarth Point Castle Down ( Tresco ) Chapel Down Eastern Isles Great Pool Gugh Higher Moors and Porth Hellick Pool Lower Moors Norrard Rocks Peninnis Head Pentle Bay, Merrick And Round Islands Plains and Great Bay Pool Of Bryher & Popplestone Bank Rushy Bay and Heathy Hill Samson Shipman Head & Shipman Down St Helen 's St Martin 's Sedimentary Shore Teän Western Rocks White Island Wingletang Down Neighbouring areas Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset Geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Summary Summarised data for all sites ( biological and geological ) Cornwall Aire Point to Carrick Du Baulk Head to Mullion Bedruthan Steps and Park Head Belowda Beacon Boscastle to Widemouth Boscawen Bude Coast Caerthillian to Kennack Cameron Quarry Carn Grey Rock and Quarry Clicker Tor Quarry Cligga Head Coverack Cove and Dolor Point Coverack to Porthoustock Crocadon Quarry Crow 's Nest Cuckoo Rock to Turbot Point Cudden Point to Prussia Cove De Lank Quarries Duckpool to Furzey Cove East Lizard Heathlands Folly Rocks Gerrans Bay to Camels Cove Godrevy Head to St Agnes Great Wheal Fortune Greystone Quarry Gwithian to Mexico Towans Harbour Cove Hawkstor Pit Hingston Down Quarry & Consols Kennack to Coverack Kingsand to Sandway Point Lidcott Mine Loe Pool Lower Fal & Helford Intertidal Luxulyan Quarry Meneage Coastal Section Mulberry Downs Quarry Mullion Cliff to Predannack Cliff Penberthy Croft Mine Penlee Point Penlee Quarry Pentire Peninsula Polyne Quarry Polyphant Porthcew Porthleven Cliffs Porthleven Cliffs East Rame Head & Whitsand Bay Roche Rock Rock Dunes Rosemullion Rosenun Lane South Terras Mine St Agnes Beacon Pits St Erth Sand Pits St Mewan Beacon St Michael 's Mount Stepper Point Stourscombe Quarry Swanpool Tater - du Tintagel Cliffs Trebetherick Point Tregargus Quarries Trelavour Downs Tremearne Par Trevaunance Cove Trevone Bay Trevose Head and Constantine Bay Viverdon Quarry West Lizard Wheal Alfred Wheal Gorland Wheal Martyn Wheal Penrose Yeolmbridge Quarry Isles of Scilly Castle Down ( Tresco ) Chapel Down ( St. Martin 's ) Peninnis Head ( St. Mary 's ) Porth Seal ( St. Martin 's ) Porthloo Shipman Head & Shipman Down ( Bryher ) St Martin 's Sedimentary Shore Teän Watermill Cove White Island Neighbouring areas : Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lizard&oldid=802716266 '' Categories : Lizard Peninsula Peninsulas of Cornwall National nature reserves in Cornwall Nature Conservation Review sites Special Areas of Conservation in Cornwall Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cornwall Natural regions of England Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Cornish - 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Question: why is the lizard in cornwall called the lizard
Answer: most probably a corruption of the Cornish name "Lys Ardh", meaning "high court"