Average cost - wikipedia Average cost In economics, average cost and / or unit cost is equal to total cost divided by the number of goods produced ( the output quantity, Q ). It is also equal to the sum of variable costs ( total variable costs divided by Q ) plus average fixed costs ( total fixed costs divided by Q ). Average costs may be dependent on the time period considered ( increasing production may be expensive or impossible in the short term, for example ). Average costs affect the supply curve and are a fundamental component of supply and demand. A C = T C Q ( displaystyle AC = ( \frac ( TC ) ( Q ) ) ) Contents 1 Short - run average cost 2 Long - run average cost 3 Relationship to marginal cost 4 Relationship between AC, AFC, AVC and MC 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Short - run average cost Average cost is distinct from the price, and depends on the interaction with demand through elasticity of demand and an average cost due to marginal cost pricing. Short - run average cost will vary in relation to the quantity produced unless fixed costs are zero and variable costs constant. A cost curve can be plotted, with cost on the y - axis and quantity on the x-axis. Marginal costs are often shown on these graphs, with marginal cost representing the cost of the last unit produced at each point ; marginal costs are the slope of the cost curve or the first derivative of total or variable costs. A typical average cost curve will have a U-shape, because fixed costs are all incurred before any production takes place and marginal costs are typically increasing, because of diminishing marginal productivity. In this `` typical '' case, for low levels of production marginal costs are below average costs, so average costs are decreasing as quantity increases. An increasing marginal cost curve will intersect a U-shaped average cost curve at its minimum, after which point the average cost curve begins to slope upward. For further increases in production beyond this minimum, marginal cost is above average costs, so average costs are increasing as quantity increases. An example of this typical case would be a factory designed to produce a specific quantity of widgets per period : below a certain production level, average cost is higher due to under - utilized equipment, while above that level, production bottlenecks increase the average cost. Long - run average cost The long run is a time frame in which the firm can vary the quantities used of all inputs, even physical capital. A long - run average cost curve can be upward sloping or downward sloping at relatively low levels of output and upward sloping at relatively high levels of output, with an in - between level of output at which the slope of long - run average cost is zero. The typical long - run average cost curve is U-shaped, by definition reflecting increasing returns to scale where negatively sloped and decreasing returns to scale where positively sloped. If the firm is a perfect competitor in all input markets, and thus the per - unit prices of all its inputs are unaffected by how much of the inputs the firm purchases, then it can be shown that at a particular level of output, the firm has economies of scale ( i.e., is operating in a downward sloping region of the long - run average cost curve ) if and only if it has increasing returns to scale. Likewise, it has diseconomies of scale ( is operating in an upward sloping region of the long - run average cost curve ) if and only if it has decreasing returns to scale, and has neither economies nor diseconomies of scale if it has constant returns to scale. In this case, with perfect competition in the output market the long - run market equilibrium will involve all firms operating at the minimum point of their long - run average cost curves ( i.e., at the borderline between economies and diseconomies of scale ). If, however, the firm is not a perfect competitor in the input markets, then the above conclusions are modified. For example, if there are increasing returns to scale in some range of output levels, but the firm is so big in one or more input markets that increasing its purchases of an input drives up the input 's per - unit cost, then the firm could have diseconomies of scale in that range of output levels. Conversely, if the firm is able to get bulk discounts of an input, then it could have economies of scale in some range of output levels even if it has decreasing returns in production in that output range. In some industries, the LRAC is always declining ( economies of scale exist indefinitely ). This means that the largest firm tends to have a cost advantage, and the industry tends naturally to become a monopoly, and hence is called a natural monopoly. Natural monopolies tend to exist in industries with high capital costs in relation to variable costs, such as water supply and electricity supply. Long run average cost is the unit cost of producing a certain output when all inputs are variable. The behavioral assumption is that the firm will choose that combination of inputs that will produce the desired quantity at the lowest possible cost. Relationship to marginal cost When average cost is declining as output increases, marginal cost is less than average cost. When average cost is rising, marginal cost is greater than average cost. When average cost is neither rising nor falling ( at a minimum or maximum ), marginal cost equals average cost. Other special cases for average cost and marginal cost appear frequently : Constant marginal cost / high fixed costs : each additional unit of production is produced at constant additional expense per unit. The average cost curve slopes down continuously, approaching marginal cost. An example may be hydroelectric generation, which has no fuel expense, limited maintenance expenses and a high up - front fixed cost ( ignoring irregular maintenance costs or useful lifespan ). Industries where fixed marginal costs obtain, such as electrical transmission networks, may meet the conditions for a natural monopoly, because once capacity is built, the marginal cost to the incumbent of serving an additional customer is always lower than the average cost for a potential competitor. The high fixed capital costs are a barrier to entry. Two popular pricing mechanisms are Average Cost Pricing ( or Rate of Return Regulation ) and Marginal Cost Pricing. A monopoly will produce where their average cost curve meets the market demand curve under Average Cost Pricing, referred to as the Average Cost Pricing Equilibrium. Conversely, the same assertion can be made for Marginal Cost Pricing. Minimum efficient scale / maximum efficient scale : marginal or average costs may be non-linear, or have discontinuities. Average cost curves may therefore only be shown over a limited scale of production for a given technology. For example, a nuclear plant would be extremely inefficient ( very high average cost ) for production in small quantities ; similarly, its maximum output for any given time period may essentially be fixed, and production above that level may be technically impossible, dangerous or extremely costly. The long run elasticity of supply will be higher, as new plants could be built and brought on - line. Zero fixed costs ( long - run analysis ) / constant marginal cost : since there are no economies of scale, average cost will be equal to the constant marginal cost. Relationship between ac, AFC, avc and mc 1. The Average Fixed Cost curve ( AFC ) starts from a height and goes on declining continuously as production increases. 2. The Average Variable Cost curve, Average Cost curve and the Marginal Cost curve start from a height, reach the minimum points, then rise sharply and continuously. 3. The Average Fixed Cost curve approaches zero asymptotically. The Average Variable Cost curve is never parallel to or as high as the Average Cost curve due to the existence of positive Average Fixed Costs at all levels of production ; but the Average Variable Cost curve asymptotically approaches the Average Cost curve from below. 4. The Marginal Cost curve always passes through the minimum points of the Average Variable Cost and Average Cost curves, though the Average Variable Cost curve attains the minimum point prior to that of the Average Cost curve. See also Cost curve References Jump up ^ Gelles, Gregory M., and Mitchell, Douglas W., `` Returns to scale and economies of scale : Further observations, '' Journal of Economic Education 27, Summer 1996, 259 - 261. Jump up ^ Frisch, R., Theory of Production, Drodrecht : D. Reidel, 1965. Jump up ^ Ferguson, C.E., The Neoclassical Theory of Production and Distribution, London : Cambridge Unive. Press, 1969. External links Long - Run Average Total Cost by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project. Economics Economic theory Political economy Applied economics Econometrics Microeconomics Aggregation problem Budget set Consumer choice Convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Social Sunk Transaction Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibrium General Externality Firm Game theory Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Market failure Market structure Monopolistic competition Monopoly Bilateral Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Perfect competition Non-convexity Operations research Pareto efficiency Preference Production set Profit Public good Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Surplus Social choice Supply and demand Trade Value Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Publications Macroeconomics Adaptive expectations Aggregate demand Balance of payments Business cycle Capacity utilization Capital flight Central bank Consumer confidence Currency Demand shock Depression Great DSGE Effective demand General Theory of Keynes Growth Hyperinflation Indicators Inflation Interest Interest rate Investment IS -- LM model Microfoundations Monetary policy Money NAIRU National accounts PPP Rate of profit Rational expectations Recession Rent Saving Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Unemployment Publications Applied fields Agricultural Business Demographic Development Economic history Education Engineering Environmental Financial Health Industrial organization International Knowledge Labour Law and economics Monetary Natural resource Economic policy Public economics Public choice Service Socioeconomics Economic sociology Economic statistics Transportation Urban Welfare Methodology Computational economics Econometrics Economic systems Experimental economics Mathematical economics Methodological publications Schools of economic thought Ancient economic thought Anarchist Mutualism Austrian Behavioral Buddhist Chicago Classical Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Georgism Heterodox Historical Institutional Keynesian Neo New Post Mainstream Malthusianism Marxian Neo Mercantilism Neoclassical Lausanne Marginalism New classical New institutional Physiocracy Socialist Stockholm Supply - side Thermoeconomics Notable economists and thinkers within economics Kenneth Arrow Gary Becker Francis Ysidro Edgeworth Milton Friedman Ragnar Frisch Friedrich Hayek Harold Hotelling John Maynard Keynes Tjalling Koopmans Paul Krugman Robert Lucas Jr. Jacob Marschak Alfred Marshall Karl Marx John von Neumann Vilfredo Pareto David Ricardo Paul Samuelson Joseph Schumpeter Amartya Sen Herbert A. Simon Adam Smith Robert Solow Léon Walras more International organizations Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization European Free Trade Association International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank World Trade Organization Index Lists Outline Publications Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Average_cost&oldid=841915514 '' Categories : Costs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 22 : 41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: if marginal costs rises above average costs average costs must
Answer: increasing as quantity increases