Parallelogram - wikipedia Parallelogram This article is about the quadrilateral shape. For the album by Linda Perhacs, see Parallelograms ( album ). Parallelogram This parallelogram is a rhomboid as it has no right angles and unequal sides. Type quadrilateral Edges and vertices Symmetry group C, ( 2 ), ( 22 ) Area b × h ( base × height ) ; ab sin θ ( product of adjacent sides and sine of any vertex angle ) Properties convex In Euclidean geometry, a parallelogram is a simple ( non-self - intersecting ) quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. The opposite or facing sides of a parallelogram are of equal length and the opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal measure. The congruence of opposite sides and opposite angles is a direct consequence of the Euclidean parallel postulate and neither condition can be proven without appealing to the Euclidean parallel postulate or one of its equivalent formulations. By comparison, a quadrilateral with just one pair of parallel sides is a trapezoid in American English or a trapezium in British English. The three - dimensional counterpart of a parallelogram is a parallelepiped. The etymology ( in Greek παραλληλ - όγραμμον, a shape `` of parallel lines '' ) reflects the definition. Contents 1 Special cases 2 Characterizations 3 Other properties 4 Area formula 4.1 Area in terms of Cartesian coordinates of vertices 5 Proof that diagonals bisect each other 6 Parallelograms arising from other figures 6.1 Automedian triangle 6.2 Varignon parallelogram 6.3 Tangent parallelogram of an ellipse 6.4 Faces of a parallelepiped 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Special cases Quadrilaterals by symmetry Rhomboid -- A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel and adjacent sides are unequal, and whose angles are not right angles Rectangle -- A parallelogram with four angles of equal size. Rhombus -- A parallelogram with four sides of equal length. Square -- A parallelogram with four sides of equal length and angles of equal size ( right angles ). Characterizations A simple ( non-self - intersecting ) quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if any one of the following statements is true : Two pairs of opposite sides are equal in length. Two pairs of opposite angles are equal in measure. The diagonals bisect each other. One pair of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length. Adjacent angles are supplementary. Each diagonal divides the quadrilateral into two congruent triangles. The sum of the squares of the sides equals the sum of the squares of the diagonals. ( This is the parallelogram law. ) It has rotational symmetry of order 2. The sum of the distances from any interior point to the sides is independent of the location of the point. ( This is an extension of Viviani 's theorem. ) Thus all parallelograms have all the properties listed above, and conversely, if just one of these statements is true in a simple quadrilateral, then it is a parallelogram. Other properties Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel ( by definition ) and so will never intersect. The area of a parallelogram is twice the area of a triangle created by one of its diagonals. The area of a parallelogram is also equal to the magnitude of the vector cross product of two adjacent sides. Any line through the midpoint of a parallelogram bisects the area. Any non-degenerate affine transformation takes a parallelogram to another parallelogram. A parallelogram has rotational symmetry of order 2 ( through 180 ° ) ( or order 4 if a square ). If it also has exactly two lines of reflectional symmetry then it must be a rhombus or an oblong ( a non-square rectangle ). If it has four lines of reflectional symmetry, it is a square. The perimeter of a parallelogram is 2 ( a + b ) where a and b are the lengths of adjacent sides. Unlike any other convex polygon, a parallelogram can not be inscribed in any triangle with less than twice its area. The centers of four squares all constructed either internally or externally on the sides of a parallelogram are the vertices of a square. If two lines parallel to sides of a parallelogram are constructed concurrent to a diagonal, then the parallelograms formed on opposite sides of that diagonal are equal in area. The diagonals of a parallelogram divide it into four triangles of equal area. Area formula A parallelogram can be rearranged into a rectangle with the same area. Animation for the area formula K = b h ( displaystyle K = bh ). All of the area formulas for general convex quadrilaterals apply to parallelograms. Further formulas are specific to parallelograms : A parallelogram with base b and height h can be divided into a trapezoid and a right triangle, and rearranged into a rectangle, as shown in the figure to the left. This means that the area of a parallelogram is the same as that of a rectangle with the same base and height : K = b h. ( displaystyle K = bh. ) The area of the parallelogram is the area of the blue region, which is the interior of the parallelogram The base × height area formula can also be derived using the figure to the right. The area K of the parallelogram to the right ( the blue area ) is the total area of the rectangle less the area of the two orange triangles. The area of the rectangle is K rect = ( B + A ) × H ( displaystyle K_ ( \text ( rect ) ) = ( B + A ) \times H , ) and the area of a single orange triangle is K tri = 1 2 A × H. ( displaystyle K_ ( \text ( tri ) ) = ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) A \times H. , ) Therefore, the area of the parallelogram is K = K rect − 2 × K tri = ( ( B + A ) × H ) − ( A × H ) = B × H. ( displaystyle K = K_ ( \text ( rect ) ) - 2 \times K_ ( \text ( tri ) ) = ( ( B + A ) \times H ) - ( A \times H ) = B \times H. ) Another area formula, for two sides B and C and angle θ, is K = B ⋅ C ⋅ sin ⁡ θ. ( displaystyle K = B cdot C cdot sin \theta. , ) The area of a parallelogram with sides B and C ( B ≠ C ) and angle γ ( displaystyle gamma ) at the intersection of the diagonals is given by K = tan ⁡ γ 2 ⋅ B 2 − C 2. ( displaystyle K = ( \frac ( \tan gamma ) ( 2 ) ) cdot left B ^ ( 2 ) - C ^ ( 2 ) \right. ) When the parallelogram is specified from the lengths B and C of two adjacent sides together with the length D of either diagonal, then the area can be found from Heron 's formula. Specifically it is K = 2 S ( S − B ) ( S − C ) ( S − D 1 ) ( displaystyle K = 2 ( sqrt ( S ( S-B ) ( S-C ) ( S - D_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) ) where S = ( B + C + D 1 ) / 2 ( displaystyle S = ( B + C + D_ ( 1 ) ) / 2 ) and the leading factor 2 comes from the fact that the number of congruent triangles that the chosen diagonal divides the parallelogram into is two. Area in terms of cartesian coordinates of vertices Let vectors a, b ∈ R 2 ( displaystyle mathbf ( a ), mathbf ( b ) in mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) ) and let V = ( a 1 a 2 b 1 b 2 ) ∈ R 2 × 2 ( displaystyle V = ( \begin ( bmatrix ) a_ ( 1 ) &a_ ( 2 ) \b_ ( 1 ) &b_ ( 2 ) end ( bmatrix ) ) in mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 \times 2 ) ) denote the matrix with elements of a and b. Then the area of the parallelogram generated by a and b is equal to det ( V ) = a 1 b 2 − a 2 b 1 ( displaystyle det ( V ) = a_ ( 1 ) b_ ( 2 ) - a_ ( 2 ) b_ ( 1 ) , ). Let vectors a, b ∈ R n ( displaystyle mathbf ( a ), mathbf ( b ) in mathbb ( R ) ^ ( n ) ) and let V = ( a 1 a 2... a n b 1 b 2... b n ) ∈ R 2 × n ( displaystyle V = ( \begin ( bmatrix ) a_ ( 1 ) &a_ ( 2 ) & dots &a_ ( n ) \b_ ( 1 ) &b_ ( 2 ) & dots &b_ ( n ) end ( bmatrix ) ) in mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 \times n ) ). Then the area of the parallelogram generated by a and b is equal to det ( V V T ) ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( det ( VV ^ ( mathrm ( T ) ) ) ) ) ). Let points a, b, c ∈ R 2 ( displaystyle a, b, c in mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) ). Then the area of the parallelogram with vertices at a, b and c is equivalent to the absolute value of the determinant of a matrix built using a, b and c as rows with the last column padded using ones as follows : K = det ( a 1 a 2 1 b 1 b 2 1 c 1 c 2 1 ). ( displaystyle K = left det ( \begin ( bmatrix ) a_ ( 1 ) &a_ ( 2 ) &1 \b_ ( 1 ) &b_ ( 2 ) &1 c_ ( 1 ) &c_ ( 2 ) &1 end ( bmatrix ) ) \right. ) Proof that diagonals bisect each other To prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, we will use congruent triangles : ∠ A B E ≅ ∠ C D E ( displaystyle angle ABE cong angle CDE ) ( alternate interior angles are equal in measure ) ∠ B A E ≅ ∠ D C E ( displaystyle angle BAE cong angle DCE ) ( alternate interior angles are equal in measure ). ( since these are angles that a transversal makes with parallel lines AB and DC ). Also, side AB is equal in length to side DC, since opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length. Therefore, triangles ABE and CDE are congruent ( ASA postulate, two corresponding angles and the included side ). Therefore, A E = C E ( displaystyle AE = CE ) B E = D E. ( displaystyle BE = DE. ) Since the diagonals AC and BD divide each other into segments of equal length, the diagonals bisect each other. Separately, since the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at point E, point E is the midpoint of each diagonal. Parallelograms arising from other figures Automedian triangle An automedian triangle is one whose medians are in the same proportions as its sides ( though in a different order ). If ABC is an automedian triangle in which vertex A stands opposite the side a, G is the centroid ( where the three medians of ABC intersect ), and AL is one of the extended medians of ABC with L lying on the circumcircle of ABC, then BGCL is a parallelogram. Varignon parallelogram The midpoints of the sides of an arbitrary quadrilateral are the vertices of a parallelogram, called its Varignon parallelogram. If the quadrilateral is convex or concave ( that is, not self - intersecting ), then the area of the Varignon parallelogram is half the area of the quadrilateral. Tangent parallelogram of an ellipse For an ellipse, two diameters are said to be conjugate if and only if the tangent line to the ellipse at an endpoint of one diameter is parallel to the other diameter. Each pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse has a corresponding tangent parallelogram, sometimes called a bounding parallelogram, formed by the tangent lines to the ellipse at the four endpoints of the conjugate diameters. All tangent parallelograms for a given ellipse have the same area. It is possible to reconstruct an ellipse from any pair of conjugate diameters, or from any tangent parallelogram. Faces of a parallelepiped A parallelepiped is a three - dimensional figure whose six faces are parallelograms. See also Fundamental parallelogram ( disambiguation ) Antiparallelogram References Jump up ^ `` CIMT - Page no longer available at Plymouth University servers '' ( PDF ). www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk. Jump up ^ Owen Byer, Felix Lazebnik and Deirdre Smeltzer, Methods for Euclidean Geometry, Mathematical Association of America, 2010, pp. 51 - 52. Jump up ^ Zalman Usiskin and Jennifer Griffin, `` The Classification of Quadrilaterals. A Study of Definition '', Information Age Publishing, 2008, p. 22. Jump up ^ Chen, Zhibo, and Liang, Tian. `` The converse of Viviani 's theorem '', The College Mathematics Journal 37 ( 5 ), 2006, pp. 390 -- 391. Jump up ^ Dunn, J.A., and J.E. Pretty, `` Halving a triangle '', Mathematical Gazette 56, May 1972, p. 105. Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. `` Triangle Circumscribing ''. Wolfram Math World. ^ Jump up to : Weisstein, Eric W. `` Parallelogram. '' From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Parallelogram.html Jump up ^ Mitchell, Douglas W., `` The area of a quadrilateral '', Mathematical Gazette, July 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parallelograms. Parallelogram and Rhombus - Animated course ( Construction, Circumference, Area ) Weisstein, Eric W. `` Parallelogram ''. MathWorld. Interactive Parallelogram -- sides, angles and slope Area of Parallelogram at cut - the - knot Equilateral Triangles On Sides of a Parallelogram at cut - the - knot Definition and properties of a parallelogram with animated applet Interactive applet showing parallelogram area calculation interactive applet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parallelogram&oldid=797362629 '' Categories : Quadrilaterals Elementary shapes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017, at 15 : 47. 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Question: shape with 4 sides and no right angles
Answer: Rhomboid