Plum pudding model - wikipedia Plum pudding model The plum pudding model of the atom. The current model of the sub-atomic structure involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic `` cloud '' of electrons The plum pudding model is one of several scientific models of the atom. First proposed by J.J. Thomson in 1904 soon after the discovery of the electron, but before the discovery of the atomic nucleus, the model represented an attempt to consolidate the known properties of atoms at the time : 1 ) electrons are negatively - charged particles and 2 ) atoms are neutrally - charged. Overview In this model, atoms were known to consist of negatively charged electrons. Though Thomson called them `` corpuscles '', they were more commonly called `` electrons '' as G.J. Stoney proposed in 1894. At the time, atoms were known to be neutrally charged. To account for this, Thomson knew atoms must also have a source of positive charge to balance the negative charge of the electrons. He considered three plausible models that would satisfy the known properties of atoms at the time : Each negatively - charged electron was paired with a positively - charged particle that followed it everywhere within the atom. Negatively - charged electrons orbited a central region of positive charge having the same magnitude as all the electrons. The negative electrons occupied a region of space that itself was a uniform positive charge ( often considered as a kind of `` soup '' or `` cloud '' of positive charge ). Thomson chose the third possibility as the most likely structure of atoms. Thomson published his proposed model in the March 1904 edition of the Philosophical Magazine, the leading British science journal of the day. In Thomson 's view :... the atoms of the elements consist of a number of negatively electrified corpuscles enclosed in a sphere of uniform positive electrification,... With this model, Thomson abandoned his earlier `` nebular atom '' hypothesis in which atoms were composed of immaterial vortices. Being an astute and practical scientist, Thomson based his atomic model on known experimental evidence of the day. His proposal of a positive volume charge reflects the nature of his scientific approach to discovery which was to propose ideas to guide future experiments. The orbits of electrons within the model were stabilized by the fact that when an electron moved away from the centre of the positively - charged sphere, it was subjected to a greater net positive inward force, because there was more positive charge inside its orbit ( see Gauss 's law ). Electrons were free to rotate in rings which were further stabilized by interactions among the electrons, and spectroscopic measurements were meant to account for energy differences associated with different electron rings. Thomson attempted unsuccessfully to reshape his model to account for some of the major spectral lines experimentally known for several elements. The plum pudding model usefully guided his student, Ernest Rutherford, to devise experiments to further explore the composition of atoms. As well, Thomson 's model ( along with a similar Saturnian ring model for atomic electrons put forward in 1904 by Nagaoka after James Clerk Maxwell 's model of Saturn 's rings ), were useful predecessors of the more correct solar - system - like Bohr model of the atom. The colloquial nickname `` plum pudding '' was soon attributed to Thomson 's model as the distribution of electrons within its positively - charged region of space reminded many scientists of `` plums '' in the common English dessert, plum pudding. In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden conducted experiments with thin sheets of gold. Their professor, Ernest Rutherford, expected to find results consistent with Thomson 's atomic model. It was n't until 1911 that Rutherford correctly interpreted the experiment 's results which implied the presence of a very small nucleus of positive charge at the center of gold atoms. This led to the development of the Rutherford model of the atom. Immediately after Rutherford published his results, Antonius Van den Broek made the intuitive proposal that the atomic number of an atom is the total number of units of charge present in its nucleus. Henry Moseley 's 1913 experiments ( see Moseley 's law ) provided the necessary evidence to support Van den Broek 's proposal. The effective nuclear charge was found to be consistent with the atomic number ( Moseley found only one unit of charge difference ). This work culminated in the solar - system - like ( but quantum - limited ) Bohr model of the atom in the same year, in which a nucleus containing an atomic number of positive charges is surrounded by an equal number of electrons in orbital shells. As Thomson 's model guided Rutherford 's experiments, Bohr 's model guided Moseley 's research. Related scientific problems The plum pudding model with a single electron was used in part by the physicist Arthur Erich Haas in 1910 to estimate the numerical value of Planck 's constant and the Bohr radius of hydrogen atoms. Haas ' work estimated these values to within an order of magnitude and preceded the work of Niels Bohr by three years. Of note, the Bohr model itself only provides substantially - reasonable predictions for atomic and ionic systems having a single effective electron. A particularly useful mathematics problem related to the plum pudding model is the optimal distribution of equal point charges on a unit sphere called the Thomson problem. The Thomson problem is a natural consequence of the plum pudding model in the absence of its uniform positive background charge. The classical electrostatic treatment of electrons confined to spherical quantum dots is also similar to their treatment in the plum pudding model. In this classical problem, the quantum dot is modeled as a simple dielectric sphere ( in place of a uniform, positively - charged sphere as in the plum pudding model ) in which free, or excess, electrons reside. The electrostatic N - electron configurations are found to be exceptionally close to solutions found in the Thomson problem with electrons residing at the same radius within the dielectric sphere. Notably, the plotted distribution of geometry - dependent energetics has been shown to bear a remarkable resemblance to the distribution of anticipated electron orbitals in natural atoms as arranged on the periodic table of elements. Of great interest, solutions of the Thomson problem exhibit this corresponding energy distribution by comparing the energy of each N - electron solution with the energy of its neighbouring ( N - 1 ) - electron solution with one charge at the origin. However, when treated within a dielectric sphere model, the features of the distribution are much more pronounced and provide greater fidelity with respect to electron orbital arrangements in real atoms. References Jump up ^ `` Plum Pudding Model - Universe Today ''. Universe Today. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2015. Jump up ^ Stoney, G. Johnstone ( October 1894 ). `` Of the ' Electron ' or Atom of Electricity ''. Philosophical Magazine. 5. 38 ( 233 ) : 418 -- 420. doi : 10.1080 / 14786449408620653. Jump up ^ Thomson, J.J. ( March 1904 ). `` On the Structure of the Atom : an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle ; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure ''. Philosophical Magazine. Sixth. 7 ( 39 ) : 237 -- 265. doi : 10.1080 / 14786440409463107. Jump up ^ Angelo, Joseph A. ( 2004 ). Nuclear Technology. Greenwood Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 1 - 57356 - 336 - 6. Jump up ^ Salpeter, Edwin E. ( 1996 ). Lakhtakia, Akhlesh, ed. `` Models and Modelers of Hydrogen ''. American Journal of Physics. World Scientific. 65 ( 9 ) : 933. Bibcode : 1997AmJPh... 65... 933L. doi : 10.1119 / 1.18691. ISBN 981 - 02 - 2302 - 1. Jump up ^ Levin, Y. ; Arenzon, J.J. ( 2003 ). `` Why charges go to the Surface : A generalized Thomson Problem ''. Europhys. Lett. 63 : 415 -- 418. arXiv : cond - mat / 0302524. Bibcode : 2003EL... 63... 415L. doi : 10.1209 / epl / i2003 - 00546 - 1. Jump up ^ Bednarek, S. ; Szafran, B. ; Adamowski, J. ( 1999 ). `` Many - electron artificial atoms ''. Phys. Rev. B. 59 ( 20 ) : 13036 -- 13042. Bibcode : 1999PhRvB... 5913036B. doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 59.13036. ^ Jump up to : LaFave, T., Jr. ( 2013 ). `` Correspondences between the classical electrostatic Thomson problem and atomic electronic structure ''. J. Electrostatics. 71 ( 6 ) : 1029 -- 1035. arXiv : 1403.2591. doi : 10.1016 / j. elstat. 2013.10. 001. Jump up ^ LaFave, T., Jr. ( 2014 ). `` Discrete transformations in the Thomson Problem ''. J. Electrostatics. 72 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 43. arXiv : 1403.2592. doi : 10.1016 / j. elstat. 2013.11. 007. Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Einstein solid Debye model Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Ideal gas Van der Waals gas Newtonian fluid Bose -- Einstein condensate Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr Satyendra Nath Bose John Dalton Peter Debye Paul Dirac Paul Drude Albert Einstein Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plum_pudding_model&oldid=836395521 '' Categories : History of physics Foundational quantum physics Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 15 : 03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: who created the plum pudding model of the atom
Answer: J. J. Thomson