Ovarian cyst - wikipedia Ovarian cyst Ovarian cyst A simple ovarian cyst of most likely follicular origin Specialty Gynecology Symptoms None, bloating, lower abdominal pain, lower back pain Complications Rupture, twisting of the ovary Types Follicular cyst, corpus luteum cyst, cysts due to endometriosis, dermoid cyst, cystadenoma, ovarian cancer Diagnostic method Ultrasound Prevention Hormonal birth control Treatment Conservative management, pain medication, surgery Prognosis Usually good Frequency 8 % symptomatic before menopause An ovarian cyst is a fluid - filled sac within the ovary. Often they cause no symptoms. Occasionally they may produce bloating, lower abdominal pain, or lower back pain. The majority of cysts are harmless. If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary, it may cause severe pain. This may result in vomiting or feeling faint. Most ovarian cysts are related to ovulation, being either follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts. Other types include cysts due to endometriosis, dermoid cysts, and cystadenomas. Many small cysts occur in both ovaries in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Pelvic inflammatory disease may also result in cysts. Rarely, cysts may be a form of ovarian cancer. Diagnosis is undertaken by pelvic examination with an ultrasound or other testing used to gather further details. Often, cysts are simply observed over time. If they cause pain, medications such as paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or ibuprofen may be used. Hormonal birth control may be used to prevent further cysts in those who are frequently affected. However, evidence does not support birth control as a treatment of current cysts. If they do not go away after several months, get larger, look unusual, or cause pain, they may be removed by surgery. Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month. Large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause. Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Cyst rupture 1.2 Ovarian torsion 2 Diagnosis 2.1 Ultrasound 2.2 Scoring systems 2.3 Functional 2.4 Non-functional 2.5 Associated medical conditions 2.6 Risk of cancer 3 Treatment 3.1 Pain 3.2 Surgery 4 Frequency 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms Some or all of the following symptoms may be present, though it is possible not to experience any symptoms : Abdominal pain. Dull aching pain within the abdomen or pelvis, especially during intercourse. Uterine bleeding. Pain during or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period ; irregular periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting. Fullness, heaviness, pressure, swelling, or bloating in the abdomen. When a cyst ruptures from the ovary, there may be sudden and sharp pain in the lower abdomen on one side. Change in frequency or ease of urination ( such as inability to fully empty the bladder ), or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy. Constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, headaches Nausea or vomiting Weight gain Other symptoms may depend on the cause of the cysts : Symptoms that may occur if the cause of the cysts is polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS ) may include increased facial hair or body hair, acne, obesity and infertility. If the cause is endometriosis, then periods may be heavy, and intercourse painful. The effect of cysts not related to PCOS on fertility is unclear. Cyst rupture A ruptured ovarian cyst is usually self - limiting, and only requires keeping an eye on the situation and pain medications. The main symptom is abdominal pain, which may last a few days to several weeks, but they can also be asymptomatic. Rupture of large ovarian cysts can cause bleeding inside the abdominal cavity and in some cases shock. Ovarian torsion Ovarian cysts increase the risk for ovarian torsion ; cysts larger than 4 cm are associated with approximately 17 % risk. The torsion can cause obstruction of blood flow and lead to infarction. Diagnosis A 2 cm left ovarian cyst as seen on ultrasound Ovarian cysts are usually diagnosed by ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and correlated with clinical presentation and endocrinologic tests as appropriate. Four kinds of ovarian cysts on MRI Ultrasound Follow - up imaging in women of reproductive age for incidentally discovered simple cysts on ultrasound is not needed until 5 cm, as these are usually normal ovarian follicles. Simple cysts 5 to 7 cm in premenopausal females should be followed yearly. Simple cysts larger than 7 cm require further imaging with MRI or surgical assessment. Because they are large, they can not be reliably assessed by ultrasound alone because it may be difficult to see the soft tissue nodularity or thickened septation at their posterior wall due to limited penetrance of the ultrasound beam. For the corpus luteum, a dominant ovulating follicle that typically appears as a cyst with circumferentially thickened walls and crenulated inner margins, follow up is not needed if the cyst is less than 3 cm in diameter. In postmenopausal patients, any simple cyst greater than 1 cm but less than 7 cm needs yearly follow - up, while those greater than 7 cm need MRI or surgical evaluation, similar to reproductive age females. An Axial CT demonstrating a large hemorrhagic ovarian cyst. The cyst is delineated by the yellow bars with blood seen anteriorly. For incidentally discovered dermoids, diagnosed on ultrasound by their pathognomonic echogenic fat, either surgical removal or yearly follow up is indicated, regardless of patient age. For peritoneal inclusion cysts, which have a crumpled tissue - paper appearance and tend to follow the contour of adjacent organs, follow up is based on clinical history. Hydrosalpinx, or fallopian tube dilation, can be mistaken for an ovarian cyst due to its anechoic appearance. Follow - up for this is also based on clinical presentation. For multiloculate cysts with thin septation less than 3 mm, surgical evaluation is recommended. The presence of multiloculation suggests a neoplasm, although the thin septation implies that the neoplasm is benign. For any thickened septation, nodularity, or vascular flow on color doppler assessment, surgical removal should be considered due to concern for malignancy. Scoring systems There are several systems to assess risk of an ovarian cyst of being an ovarian cancer, including the RMI ( risk of malignancy index ), LR2 and SR ( simple rules ). Sensitivities and specificities of these systems are given in tables below : Scoring systems Premenopausal Postmenopausal Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity RMI I 44 % 95 % 79 % 90 % LR2 85 % 91 % 94 % 70 % SR 93 % 83 % 93 % 76 % Ovarian cysts may be classified according to whether they are a variant of the normal menstrual cycle, referred to as a functional or follicular cyst. Ovarian cysts are considered large when they are over 5 cm and giant when they are over 15 cm. In children, ovarian cysts reaching above the level of the umbilicus are considered giant. Functional Functional cysts form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle. There are several types of cysts : Follicular cyst, the most common type of ovarian cyst. In menstruating women, a follicle containing the ovum, an unfertilized egg, will rupture during ovulation. If this does not occur, a follicular cyst of more than 2.5 cm diameter may result. Corpus luteum cysts appear after ovulation. The corpus luteum is the remnant of the follicle after the ovum has moved to the fallopian tubes. This normally degrades within 5 to 9 days. A corpus luteum that is more than 3 cm is defined as cystic. Theca lutein cysts occur within the thecal layer of cells surrounding developing oocytes. Under the influence of excessive hCG, thecal cells may proliferate and become cystic. This is usually on both ovaries. Non-functional Transvaginal ultrasonography of a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, probably originating from a corpus luteum cyst. The coagulating blood gives the content a cobweb - like appearance. Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a 67 x 40 mm endometrioma, with a somewhat grainy content. Non-functional cysts may include the following : An ovary with many cysts, which may be found in normal women, or within the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome Cysts caused by endometriosis, known as chocolate cysts Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst Dermoid cyst Ovarian serous cystadenoma Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma Paraovarian cyst Cystic adenofibroma Borderline tumoral cysts Associated medical conditions In juvenile hypothyroidism multicystic ovaries are present in about 75 % of cases, while large ovarian cysts and elevated ovarian tumor marks are one of the symptoms of the Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome. The CA - 125 marker in children and adolescents can be frequently elevated even in absence of malignancy and conservative management should be considered. Polycystic ovarian syndrome involves the development of multiple small cysts in both ovaries due to an elevated ratio of leutenizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone, typically more than 25 cysts in each ovary, or an ovarian volume of greater than 10 mL. Larger bilateral cysts can develop as a result of fertility treatment due to elevated levels of HCG, as can be seen with the use of clomifene for follicular induction, in extreme cases resulting in a condition known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Certain malignancies can mimic the effects of clomifene on the ovaries, also due to increased HCG, in particular gestational trophoblastic disease. Ovarian hyperstimulation occurs more often with invasive moles and choriocarcinoma than complete molar pregnancies. Risk of cancer A widely recognised method of estimating the risk of malignant ovarian cancer based on initial workup is the risk of malignancy index ( RMI ). It is recommended that women with an RMI score over 200 should be referred to a centre with experience in ovarian cancer surgery. The RMI is calculated as follows : RMI = ultrasound score x menopausal score x CA - 125 level in U / ml. There are two methods to determine the ultrasound score and menopausal score, with the resultant RMI being called RMI 1 and RMI 2, respectively, depending on what method is used : Feature RMI 1 RMI 2 Ultrasound abnormalities : Multilocular cyst Solid areas Bilateral lesions Ascites Intra-abdominal metastases 0 = no abnormality 1 = one abnormality 3 = two or more abnormalities 0 = none 1 = one abnormality 4 = two or more abnormalities Menopausal score 1 = premenopausal 3 = postmenopausal 1 = premenopausal 4 = postmenopausal CA - 125 Quantity in U / ml Quantity in U / ml An RMI 2 of over 200 has been estimated to have a sensitivity of 74 to 80 %, a specificity of 89 to 92 % and a positive predictive value of around 80 % of ovarian cancer. RMI 2 is regarded as more sensitive than RMI 1. Treatment Cysts associated with hypothyroidism or other endocrine problems are managed by treating the underlying condition. About 95 % of ovarian cysts are benign, not cancerous. Functional cysts and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts usually resolve spontaneously. However, the bigger an ovarian cyst is, the less likely it is to disappear on its own. Treatment may be required if cysts persist over several months, grow, or cause increasing pain. Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles, or occur in post-menopausal women, may indicate more serious disease and should be investigated through ultrasonography and laparoscopy, especially in cases where family members have had ovarian cancer. Such cysts may require surgical biopsy. Additionally, a blood test may be taken before surgery to check for elevated CA - 125, a tumour marker, which is often found in increased levels in ovarian cancer, although it can also be elevated by other conditions resulting in a large number of false positives. Pain Pain associated with ovarian cysts may be treated in several ways : Pain relievers such as acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or opioids. While hormonal birth control prevents the development of new cysts in those who frequently get them, it is not useful for the treatment of current cysts. Surgery Although most cases of ovarian cysts involve monitoring, some cases require surgery. This may involve removing the cyst, or one or both ovaries. Technique is typically laparoscopic, unless the cyst is particularly large, or if pre-operative imaging suggests malignancy or complex anatomy. In certain situations, the cyst is entirely removed, while with cysts with low recurrence risk, younger patients, or which are in anatomically eloquent areas of the pelvis, they can be drained. Features that may indicate the need for surgery include : Persistent complex ovarian cysts Persistent cysts that are causing symptoms Complex ovarian cysts larger than 5 cm Simple ovarian cysts larger 10 cm or larger than 5 cm in postmenopausal patients Women who are menopausal or perimenopausal Frequency Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month, and large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause. Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer. Benign ovarian cysts are common in asymptomatic premenarchal girls and found in approximately 68 % of ovaries of girls 2 -- 12 years old and in 84 % of ovaries of girls 0 -- 2 years old. Most of them are smaller than 9 mm while about 10 - 20 % are larger macrocysts. While the smaller cysts mostly disappear within 6 months the larger ones appear to be more persistent. References ^ Jump up to : `` Ovarian cysts ''. Office on Women 's Health. November 19, 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : Grimes, DA ; Jones, LB ; Lopez, LM ; Schulz, KF ( 29 April 2014 ). `` Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts ''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 : CD006134. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006134. pub5. PMID 24782304. ^ Jump up to : Mimoun, C ; Fritel, X ; Fauconnier, A ; Deffieux, X ; Dumont, A ; Huchon, C ( December 2013 ). `` ( Epidemiology of presumed benign ovarian tumors ) ''. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction. 42 ( 8 ) : 722 -- 9. doi : 10.1016 / j. jgyn. 2013.09. 027. PMID 24210235. ^ Jump up to : Helm, William. `` Ovarian Cysts ''. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013. Jump up ^ Legendre, G ; Catala, L ; Morinière, C ; Lacoeuille, C ; Boussion, F ; Sentilhes, L ; Descamps, P ( March 2014 ). `` Relationship between ovarian cysts and infertility : what surgery and when ? ''. Fertility and Sterility. 101 ( 3 ) : 608 -- 14. doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2014.01. 021. PMID 24559614. Jump up ^ Ovarian Cyst Rupture Archived 2013 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. at Medscape. Authors : Nathan Webb and David Chelmow. Updated : Nov 30, 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ovarian Cysts Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment ''. eMedicineHealth.com. Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07. ^ Jump up to : Levine, D ; Brown, DL ; Andreotti, RF ; Benacerraf, B ; Benson, CB ; Brewster, WR ; Coleman, B ; Depriest, P ; Doubilet, PM ; Goldstein, SR ; Hamper, UM ; Hecht, JL ; Horrow, M ; Hur, HC ; Marnach, M ; Patel, MD ; Platt, LD ; Puscheck, E ; Smith - Bindman, R ( September 2010 ). `` Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US : Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement ''. Radiology. 256 ( 3 ) : 943 -- 54. doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 10100213. PMID 20505067. Jump up ^ Kaijser J, Sayasneh A, Van Hoorde K, Ghaem - Maghami S, Bourne T, Timmerman D, Van Calster B ( 2013 ). `` Presurgical diagnosis of adnexal tumours using mathematical models and scoring systems : a systematic review and meta - analysis ''. Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 462. doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt059. ISSN 1355 - 4786. PMID 24327552. Jump up ^ Durbin KL, Diaz - Montes T, Loveless MB ( 2011 ). `` Van wyk and grumbach syndrome : An unusual case and review of the literature ''. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 24 ( 4 ) : e93 -- 6. doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2010.08. 003. PMID 21600802. Jump up ^ Dewailly, D ; Lujan, ME ; Carmina, E ; Cedars, MI ; Laven, J ; Norman, RJ ; Escobar - Morreale, HF ( May 2014 ). `` Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology : a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society ''. Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 52. doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt061. PMID 24345633. Jump up ^ Altinkaya, SO ; Talas, BB ; Gungor, T ; Gulerman, C ( October 2009 ). `` Treatment of clomiphene citrate - related ovarian cysts in a prospective randomized study. A single center experience ''. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research. 35 ( 5 ) : 940 -- 5. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1447 - 0756.2009. 01041. x. PMID 20149045. Jump up ^ Suzuki, H ; Matsubara, S ; Uchida, S ; Ohkuchi, A ( October 2014 ). `` Ovary hyperstimulation syndrome accompanying molar pregnancy : case report and review of the literature ''. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 290 ( 4 ) : 803 -- 6. doi : 10.1007 / s00404 - 014 - 3319 - 0. PMID 24966119. Jump up ^ NICE clinical guidelines Issued : April 2011. Guideline CG122. Ovarian cancer : The recognition and initial management of ovarian cancer Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine., Appendix D: Risk of malignancy index ( RMI I ). ^ Jump up to : Network, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines ( 2003 ). `` EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER SECTION 3 : DIAGNOSIS ''. Epithelial ovarian cancer : a national clinical guideline. Edinburgh : SIGN. ISBN 1899893938. Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ V.T. ( 14 May 2014 ). Understanding Ovarian Cyst. V.T. pp. 25 --. GGKEY : JTX84XQARW9. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Jump up ^ Edward I. Bluth ( 2000 ). Ultrasound : A Practical Approach to Clinical Problems. Thieme. p. 190. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86577 - 861 - 0. Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ Susan A. Orshan ( 2008 ). Maternity, Newborn, and Women 's Health Nursing : Comprehensive Care Across the Lifespan. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 161. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4254 - 2. Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia CA - 125 Jump up ^ Tamparo, Carol ; Lewis, Marcia ( 2011 ). Diseases of the Human Body. Philadelphia, PA : Library of Congress. p. 475. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8036 - 2505 - 1. Jump up ^ `` HealthHints : Gynecologic Health ( January / February, 2003 ) ''. Texas AgriLife Extension Service : HealthHints. Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 17. Jump up ^ Surgit, O ; Inegol Gumus, I ( 2014 ). `` Single - port Laparoscopic Total Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo - oopherectomy Combined with Burch Colposuspension ''. Acta chirurgica Belgica. 114 ( 4 ) : 0. PMID 26021429. Jump up ^ Cho, MJ ; Kim, DY ; Kim, SC ( October 2015 ). `` Ovarian Cyst Aspiration in the Neonate : Minimally Invasive Surgery ''. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 28 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 53. doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2014.10. 003. PMID 26148782. Jump up ^ Nohuz, E ( 11 December 2015 ). `` ( How I do... the aspiration of an adnexal cyst without iterative needle punctures neither irrigation - aspiration device during a laparoscopy ) ''. Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite. 44 : 63 -- 6. doi : 10.1016 / j. gyobfe. 2015.11. 001. PMID 26701109. Jump up ^ Ovarian cysts Archived 2013 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. from MedlinePlus. Update Date : 2 / 26 / 2012. Updated by : Linda J. Vorvick and Susan Storck. Also reviewed by David Zieve Jump up ^ Cohen HL, Eisenberg P, Mandel F, Haller JO ( 1992 ). `` Ovarian cysts are common in premenarchal girls : A sonographic study of 101 children 2 - 12 years old ''. AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 159 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 91. doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 159.1. 1609728. PMID 1609728. Jump up ^ Qublan HS, Abdel - hadi J ( 2000 ). `` Simple ovarian cysts : Frequency and outcome in girls aged 2 - 9 years ''. Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology. 27 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 3. PMID 10758801. External links Classification ICD - 10 : N83. 0 - N83. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : 620.0 - 620.2 MeSH : D010048 DiseasesDB : 9433 External resources MedlinePlus : 001504 eMedicine : med / 1699 emerg / 352 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovarian_cyst&oldid=831628825 '' Categories : Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract Cysts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition ( new ) RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018, at 14 : 14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: a benign fluid-filled sac that may be of follicular or corpus luteum origin is
Answer: ovarian cysts