Scorpion - wikipedia Scorpion This article is about the arthropod. For other uses, see Scorpion ( disambiguation ). Scorpions Temporal range : 430 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Early Silurian -- present Hottentotta tamulus from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Arachnida Order : Scorpiones C.L. Koch, 1837 Superfamilies Buthidae Chaerilidae Chactidae Iuridae Pseudochactidae Scorpionidae See classification for families. Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs and are easily recognized by the pair of grasping pedipalps and the narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back, ending with a venomous stinger. Scorpions range in size from 9 mm / 0.3 in. ( Typhlochactas mitchelli ) to 23 cm / 9 in. ( Heterometrus swammerdami ). The evolutionary history of scorpions goes back to the Silurian period 430 million years ago. They have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions and can now be found on all continents except Antarctica. Scorpions number about 1750 described species, with 13 extant ( living ) families recognised to date. The taxonomy has undergone changes and is likely to change further, as genetic studies are bringing forth new information. All scorpions have a venomous sting, but the vast majority of the species do not represent a serious threat to humans and in most cases healthy adults do not need any medical treatment after being stung. Only about 25 species are known to have venom capable of killing a human. In some parts of the world with highly venomous species human fatalities regularly occur, primarily in areas with limited access to medical treatment. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geographical distribution 3 Classification 3.1 Systematics 4 Fossil record 5 Morphology 5.1 Cephalothorax 5.2 Mesosoma 5.3 Metasoma 6 Fluorescence 7 Biology 7.1 Reproduction 7.2 Birth and development 8 Relationship with humans 8.1 Sting and venom 8.1. 1 Prevention 8.1. 2 Treatment 8.1. 3 Medical use 8.1. 3.1 Production 8.2 Consumption 8.3 In culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology The word scorpion is thought to have originated in Middle English between 1175 and 1225 AD from Old French scorpion, or from Italian scorpione, both derived from the Latin scorpius, which is the romanization of the Greek word σκορπίος -- skorpíos. Geographical distribution Scorpions are found on all major land masses except Antarctica. Scorpions did not occur naturally in Great Britain, Ireland, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand and some of the islands in Oceania, but now have been accidentally introduced in some of these places by human trade and commerce. The greatest diversity of scorpions in the Northern Hemisphere is to be found in regions between the latitudes 23 ° N and 38 ° N. Above these latitudes, the diversity decreases, with the northernmost natural occurrence of scorpions being the northern scorpion Paruroctonus boreus at Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada 50 ° N. Five colonies of scorpions ( Euscorpius flavicaudis ) have established themselves in Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey in the United Kingdom. This small population has been resident since the 1860s, having probably arrived with imported fruit from Africa. This scorpion species is small and completely harmless to humans. At just over 51 ° N, this marks the northernmost limit where scorpions live in the wild. Today, scorpions are found in virtually every terrestrial habitat, including high - elevation mountains, caves and intertidal zones, with the exception of boreal ecosystems, such as the tundra, high - altitude taiga, and the permanently snow - clad tops of some mountains. As regards microhabitats, scorpions may be ground - dwelling, tree - living, rock - loving, or sand - loving. Some species, such as Vaejovis janssi, are versatile and found in every type of habitat in Baja California, while others occupy specialized niches such as Euscorpius carpathicus, which is endemic to the littoral zone of rivers in Romania. Classification Main article : Taxonomy of scorpions There are thirteen known families and about 1,750 described species and subspecies of scorpions. In addition, there are 111 described taxa of extinct scorpions. This classification is based on that of Soleglad & Fet ( 2003 ), which replaced the older, unpublished classification of Stockwell. Additional taxonomic changes are from papers by Soleglad et al. ( 2005 ). Systematics The following classification covers extant taxa to the rank of family. Order Scorpiones Infraorder Orthosterni Pocock, 1911 Parvorder Pseudochactida Soleglad et Fet, 2003 Superfamily Pseudochactoidea Gromov, 1998 Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998 Parvorder Buthida Soleglad et Fet, 2003 Superfamily Buthoidea C.L. Koch, 1837 Family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 ( thick - tailed scorpions ) Family Microcharmidae Lourenço, 1996 Parvorder Chaerilida Soleglad et Fet, 2003 Superfamily Chaeriloidea Pocock, 1893 Family Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893 Parvorder Iurida Soleglad et Fet, 2003 Superfamily Chactoidea Pocock, 1893 Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893 Family Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896 Family Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940 Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876 Superfamily Iuroidea Thorell, 1876 Family Caraboctonidae Kraepelin, 1905 ( hairy scorpions ) Family Iuridae Thorell, 1876 Superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Bothriuridae Simon, 1880 Family Hemiscorpiidae Pocock, 1893 ( = Ischnuridae, = Liochelidae ) ( rock scorpions, creeping scorpions, or tree scorpions ) Family Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802 ( burrowing scorpions or pale - legged scorpions ) Fossil record Proscorpius osborni, fossil scorpion initially thought to be a eurypterid Scorpions have been found in many fossil records, including marine Silurian and estuarine Devonian deposits, coal deposits from the Carboniferous Period and in amber. The oldest known scorpions lived around 430 million years ago in the Silurian period. Though once believed to have lived on the bottom of shallow tropical seas, early scorpions are now believed to have been terrestrial and to have washed into marine settings together with plant matter. These first scorpions were believed to have had gills instead of the present forms ' book lungs though this has subsequently been refuted. The oldest Gondwanan scorpions ( Gondwanascorpio ) comprise the earliest known terrestrial animals from Gondwana. Currently, 111 fossil species of scorpion are known. Unusually for arachnids, there are more species of Palaeozoic scorpion than Mesozoic or Cenozoic ones. Fossil of ancestral scorpions had compound eyes, but as they adapted to a nocturnal lifestyle, their eyes became simplified. The eurypterids, commonly called `` sea scorpions '', were aquatic creatures that lived during the Palaeozoic era that share several physical traits with scorpions and may be closely related to them. Various species of Eurypterida could grow to be anywhere from 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) to 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) in length. However, they exhibit anatomical differences marking them off as a group distinct from their Carboniferous and Recent relatives. Despite this, they are commonly referred to as `` sea scorpions ''. Their legs are thought to have been short, thick, tapering and to have ended in a single strong claw ; it appears that they were well - adapted for maintaining a secure hold upon rocks or seaweed against the wash of waves, like the legs of a shore crab. Cladistic analyses have supported the idea that the eurypterids are a distinct group from the scorpions. Morphology Scorpion anatomy : 1 = Cephalothorax or Prosoma ; 2 = Abdomen or Mesosoma ; 3 = Tail or Metasoma ; 4 = Claws or Pedipalps 5 = Legs ; 6 = Mouth parts or Chelicerae ; 7 = pincers or Chelae ; 8 = Moveable claw or Tarsus ; 9 = Fixed claw or Manus ; 10 = Stinger or Aculeus ; 11 = Telson ( anus in previous joint ) ; 12 = Opening of book lungs Stinger of an Arizona bark scorpion Ventral view of an unidentified scorpion species where the pectines can easily be observed with a comb like structure in an inverted V shape. The body of a scorpion is divided into two parts ( tagmata ) : the head ( cephalothorax ) and the abdomen ( opisthosoma ), which is subdivided into a broad anterior ( mesosoma ), or preabdomen, and a narrow tail - like posterior ( metasoma ), or postabdomen. Cephalothorax The cephalothorax, also called the prosoma, comprises the carapace, eyes, chelicerae ( mouth parts ), pedipalps ( the pedipalps of scorpions have chelae, commonly called claws or pincers ) and four pairs of walking legs. The scorpion 's exoskeleton is thick and durable, providing good protection from predators. Scorpions have two eyes on the top of the cephalothorax, and usually two to five pairs of eyes along the front corners of the cephalothorax. While unable to form sharp images, their central eyes are amongst the most light sensitive in the animal kingdom, especially in dim light, and makes it possible for nocturnal species to use star light to navigate at night. Some species also have light receptions in their tail. The position of the eyes on the cephalothorax depends in part on the hardness or softness of the soil upon which they spend their lives. The pedipalp is a segmented, chelate ( clawed ) appendage used for prey immobilization, defense and sensory purposes. The segments of the pedipalp ( from closest to the body outwards ) are coxa, trochanter, femur ( humerus ), patella, tibia ( including the fixed claw and the manus ) and tarsus ( moveable claw ). A scorpion has darkened or granular raised linear ridges, called `` keels '' or carinae on the pedipalp segments and on other parts of the body, which are useful taxonomically. Mesosoma The mesosoma is the broad part of the opisthosoma. Sometimes it is loosely called the abdomen. It consists of the anterior seven somites ( segments ) of the opisthosoma, each covered dorsally by a sclerotosed plate, its tergite. Ventrally somites 3 to 7 are armoured with matching plates called sternites. Ventrally somites 1 and 2 are more complex ; the first abdominal sternite is modified into a pair of genital opercula covering the gonopore. Sternite 2 forms the basal plate bearing the pectines. Morphologically the pectines are a pair of limbs that function as sensory organs. The next four somites, 3 to 6, each bears a pair of spiracles ; they serve as openings for the scorpion 's respiratory organs, known as book lungs. The spiracle openings may be slits, circular, elliptical, or oval, according to the species of scorpion. The 7th and last somite do not bear appendages or any other significant external structures. Metasoma The metasoma is commonly known as the scorpion 's `` tail '', though this is in some ways misleading because unlike most so - called tails it is not an appendage or limb ; it is in fact part of the opisthosoma. It comprises five segments, of which the fifth segment bears the telson. In many species it superficially seems as though the metasoma has four segments only, because their first ( anterior ) metasomal segment gives the impression of being the posterior segment of the mesosoma. The fifth segment of the metasoma is the caudal segment of the opisthosoma and accordingly bears the anus. The scorpion 's telson is the part commonly called the stinger ; it is attached to the end of the fifth segment just dorsad from the anus, but as the distal end of the tail at rest normally is carried upside down with the sting pointing forward, the anus usually is above the base of the telson and facing upwards. The scorpion 's telson is the part commonly called the stinger ; it includes the vesicle, containing a symmetrical pair of venom glands. Externally it bears the curved sting, the hypodermic aculeus or venom - injecting barb. It is equipped with various sensory hairs, as the sting can not be guided visually. Each of the venom glands has its own duct to convey its secretion internally along the aculeus from the bulb of the gland to immediately subterminal of the point of the aculeus, where each of the paired ducts has its own venom pore. On rare occasions, scorpions are born with two metasomata. Two - tailed scorpions are no more than examples of adventitious ontogenic abnormality. Whether there ever is a genetic component to the condition is uncertain, but such evidence as is available from offspring is negative so far as no two - tailed scorpions have been observed among the rarely - observed progeny of multiple - tailed scorpion specimens. Fluorescence This black scorpion appears light - blue under a black light. Scorpions are also known to glow a vibrant blue - green when exposed to certain wavelengths of ultraviolet light such as that produced by a black light, due to the presence of fluorescent chemicals in the cuticle. One fluorescent component is now known to be beta - carboline. A hand - held UV lamp has long been a standard tool for nocturnal field surveys of these animals. Fluorescence occurs as a result of sclerotisation and increases in intensity with each successive instar. This fluorescence may have an active role in scorpion light detection. Biology This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2011 ) Scorpions prefer areas where the temperatures range from 20 to 37 ° C ( 68 to 99 ° F ), but may survive temperatures ranging from well below freezing to desert heat. Scorpions of the genus Scorpiops living in high Asian mountains, bothriurid scorpions from Patagonia and small Euscorpius scorpions from Central Europe can all survive winter temperatures of about − 25 ° C ( − 13 ° F ). In Repetek ( Turkmenistan ), seven species of scorpion ( of which Pectinibuthus birulai is endemic ) live in temperatures varying from − 31 to 50 ° C ( − 24 to 122 ° F ). They are nocturnal and fossorial, finding shelter during the day in the relative cool of underground holes or undersides of rocks, and emerging at night to hunt and feed. Scorpions exhibit photophobic behavior, primarily to evade detection by predators such as birds, centipedes, lizards, mice, opossums, and rats. Scorpions are opportunistic predators of small arthropods, although the larger kinds have been known to kill small lizards and mice. The large pincers are studded with highly sensitive tactile hair, and the moment an insect touches these, they use their chelae ( pincers ) to catch the prey. Depending on the toxicity of their venom and size of their claws, they will then either crush the prey or inject it with neurotoxic venom. This will kill or paralyze the prey so the scorpion can eat it. Scorpions have an unusual style of eating using chelicerae, small claw - like structures that protrude from the mouth that are unique to the Chelicerata among arthropods. The chelicerae, which are very sharp, are used to pull small amounts of food off the prey item for digestion into a pre-oral cavity below the chelicerae and carapace. Scorpions can ingest food only in a liquid form ; they have external digestion. The digestive juices from the gut are egested onto the food and the digested food sucked in liquid form. Any solid indigestible matter ( fur, exoskeleton, etc. ) is trapped by setae in the pre-oral cavity, which is ejected by the scorpion. Scorpions can consume huge amounts of food at one sitting. They have a very efficient food storage organ and a very low metabolic rate combined with a relatively inactive lifestyle. This enables scorpions to survive long periods when deprived of food ; some are able to survive 6 to 12 months of starvation. Scorpions excrete very little ; their waste consists mostly of insoluble nitrogenous compounds, such as xanthine, guanine and uric acid. Reproduction Most scorpions reproduce sexually, and most species have male and female individuals. However, some species, such as Hottentotta hottentotta, Hottentotta caboverdensis, Liocheles australasiae, Tityus columbianus, Tityus metuendus, Tityus serrulatus, Tityus stigmurus, Tityus trivittatus and Tityus urugayensis, reproduce through parthenogenesis, a process in which unfertilised eggs develop into living embryos. Parthenogenic reproduction starts following the scorpion 's final moult to maturity and continues thereafter. Pregnant scorpion Sexual reproduction is accomplished by the transfer of a spermatophore from the male to the female ; scorpions possess a complex courtship and mating ritual to effect this transfer. Mating starts with the male and female locating and identifying each other using a mixture of pheromones and vibrational communication. Once they have satisfied the other that they are of opposite sex and of the correct species, mating can commence. The courtship starts with the male grasping the female 's pedipalps with his own ; the pair then perform a `` dance '' called the `` promenade à deux ''. In this `` dance '', the male leads the female around searching for a suitable place to deposit his spermatophore. The courtship ritual can involve several other behaviours, such as juddering and a cheliceral kiss, in which the male 's chelicerae -- pincers -- grasp the female 's in a smaller more intimate version of the male 's grasping the female 's pedipalps and in some cases injecting a small amount of his venom into her pedipalp or on the edge of her cephalothorax, probably as a means of pacifying the female. When the male has identified a suitable location, he deposits the spermatophore and then guides the female over it. This allows the spermatophore to enter her genital opercula, which triggers release of the sperm, thus fertilising the female. The mating process can take from 1 to 25 + hours and depends on the ability of the male to find a suitable place to deposit his spermatophore. If mating continues too long, the female may lose interest, ending the process. Once the mating is complete, the male and female will separate. The male will generally retreat quickly, most likely to avoid being cannibalized by the female, although sexual cannibalism is infrequent with scorpions. Birth and development Compsobuthus werneri female with young Unlike the majority of species in the class Arachnida, which are oviparous, scorpions seem to be universally ovoviviparous. The young are born one by one after hatching and expelling the embryonic membrane, if any, and the brood is carried about on its mother 's back until the young have undergone at least one moult. Before the first moult, scorplings can not survive naturally without the mother, since they depend on her for protection and to regulate their moisture levels. Especially in species that display more advanced sociability ( e.g. Pandinus spp. ), the young / mother association can continue for an extended period of time. The size of the litter depends on the species and environmental factors, and can range from two to over a hundred scorplings. The average litter however, consists of around eight scorplings. The young generally resemble their parents. Growth is accomplished by periodic shedding of the exoskeleton ( ecdysis ). A scorpion 's developmental progress is measured in instars ( how many moults it has undergone ). Scorpions typically require between five and seven moults to reach maturity. Moulting commences with a split in the old exoskeleton just below the edge of the carapace ( at the front of the prosoma ). The scorpion then emerges from this split ; the pedipalps and legs are first removed from the old exoskeleton, followed eventually by the metasoma. When it emerges, the scorpion 's new exoskeleton is soft, making the scorpion highly vulnerable to attack. The scorpion must constantly stretch while the new exoskeleton hardens to ensure that it can move when the hardening is complete. The process of hardening is called sclerotisation. The new exoskeleton does not fluoresce ; as sclerotisation occurs, the fluorescence gradually returns. Relationship with humans Sting and venom All known scorpion species possess venom and use it primarily to kill or paralyze their prey so that it can be eaten. The venom consists of a collection of peptides. In general, the venom is fast - acting, allowing for effective prey capture. However, as a general rule, they will kill their prey with brute force if they can, as opposed to using venom. It is also used as a defense against predators. The venom is a mixture of compounds ( neurotoxins, enzyme inhibitors, etc. ) each not only causing a different effect but possibly also targeting a specific animal. Each compound is made and stored in a pair of glandular sacs and is released in a quantity regulated by the scorpion itself. Of the 1,000 + known species of scorpion, only 25 have venom that is deadly to humans ; most of those belong to the family Buthidae ( including Leiurus quinquestriatus, Hottentotta, Centruroides and Androctonus ). Prevention According to the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ), the following steps should be taken to prevent scorpion stings : Wearing long sleeves and trousers Wearing leather gloves Shaking out clothing or shoes before putting them on. Workers with a history of severe allergic reactions to insect bites or stings should consider carrying an epinephrine auto injector ( EpiPen ) and should wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace stating their allergy. Treatment First aid for scorpion stings is generally symptomatic. It includes strong analgesia, either systemic ( opioids or paracetamol ) or locally applied ( such as a cold compress ). Cases of very high blood pressure are treated with anxiety - relieving medications and medications which lower the blood pressure by widening the diameter of blood vessels. Scorpion envenomation with high morbidity and mortality is usually due to either excessive autonomic activity and cardiovascular toxic effects or neuromuscular toxic effects. Antivenom is the specific treatment for scorpion envenomation combined with supportive measures including vasodilators in patients with cardiovascular toxic effects and benzodiazepines when there is neuromuscular involvement. Although rare, severe hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin ( SAV ) are possible. Medical use The deathstalker has powerful venom. Short - chain scorpion toxins constitute the largest group of potassium ( K ) channel blocking peptides ; an important physiological role of the KCNA3 channel, also known as K 1.3, is to help maintain large electrical gradients for the sustained transport of ions such as Ca that controls T lymphocyte ( T cell ) proliferation. Thus K 1.3 blockers could be potential immunosuppressants for the treatment of autoimmune disorders ( such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis ). The venom of Uroplectes lineatus is clinically important in dermatology. Toxins being investigated include the following : Chlorotoxin is a 36 -- amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion ( Leiurus quinquestriatus ) that blocks small - conductance chloride channels. The fact that chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells has allowed the development of new methods, that still are under investigation, for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer. Maurotoxin from the venom of the Tunisian Scorpio maurus A number of antimicrobial peptides have also been found in the venom of Mesobuthus eupeus. Meucin - 13 and meucin - 18 exhibited extensive cytolytic effects on bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Furthermore, meucin - 24 and meucin - 25, first identified from genetic sequences expressed in their venom gland, were shown to selectively kill Plasmodium falciparum and inhibit the development of Plasmodium berghei, both malaria parasites, but do not harm mammalian cells. These two venom - derived proteins are therefore attractive candidates for the development of anti-malarial drugs. Production Scorpions for use in the pharmaceutical industry are collected from the wild in Pakistan. Farmers in the Thatta District are paid about US $100 for each 40 gram scorpion and 60 gram specimens are reported to fetch at least US $50,000. The trade is reported to be illegal but thriving. Consumption Eating scorpions in Beijing, China Fried scorpion is a traditional dish from Shandong, China. In culture Scorpion motif is often woven into Turkish kilim flatweave carpets, for protection from their sting ( 2 examples ). One of earliest occurrences of the scorpion in culture is its inclusion, as Scorpio, in the twelve signs of the series of constellations known as the Zodiac by Babylonian astronomers during the Chaldean period. In South Africa and South Asia, the scorpion is a significant animal culturally, appearing as a motif in art, especially in Islamic art in the Middle East. A scorpion motif is often woven into Turkish kilim flatweave carpets, for protection from their sting. The scorpion is perceived both as an embodiment of evil and a protective force that counters evil, such as a dervish 's powers to combat evil. In another context, the scorpion portrays human sexuality. Scorpions are used in folk medicine in South Asia especially in antidotes for scorpion stings. In ancient Egypt the goddess Serket was often depicted as a scorpion, one of several goddesses who protected the Pharaoh. A horse named Nama with a scorpion drawn on his body is depicted on a pitcher of the ancient Roman city of Tamuda, near Tetouan ( Morocco ), as a mark of the stable of Tingitanus. Surrealist filmmaker Luis Buñuel makes notable symbolic use of scorpions in his 1930 classic L'Age d'or ( The Golden Age ). Alongside serpents, scorpions are used to symbolise evil in the New Testament. In Luke 10 : 19 it is written, `` Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy : and nothing shall by any means hurt you. '' Here scorpions and serpents symbolize evil. Revelation 9 : 3 speaks of `` the power of the scorpions of the earth ''. See also Biology portal Arthropods portal Palaeophonus, a Devonian scorpion Paraisobuthus, a Carboniferous scorpion List of scorpions of Australia References Jump up ^ `` Scorpion facts and information ''. ScorpionWorlds. Retrieved 19 February 2015. Jump up ^ Manny Rubio ( 2000 ). `` Commonly Available Scorpions ''. Scorpions : Everything About Purchase, Care, Feeding, and Housing. Barron 's. pp. 26 -- 27. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1224 - 9. The Guinness Book of Records claims (... ) Heterometrus swammerdami, to be the largest scorpion in the world ( 9 inches ( 23 cm ) Jump up ^ František Kovařík ( 2009 ). `` Illustrated catalog of scorpions, Part I '' ( PDF ). Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Diseases and Conditions -- Scorpion stings ''. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 3 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : Gary A. Polis ( 1990 ). The Biology of Scorpions. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1249 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Scorpion ''. American Heritage Dictionary ( 4th ed. ). 2003. Retrieved April 14, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Scorpion ''. Dictionary.com. Random House. Retrieved April 14, 2010. Jump up ^ σκορπιός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek - English Lexicon, on Perseus. Jump up ^ T.G. Benton ( 1992 ). `` The ecology of the scorpion Euscorpius flavicaudis in England ''. Journal of Zoology. 226 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 368. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1992. tb07484. x. Jump up ^ T.G. Benton ( 1991 ). `` The life history of Euscorpius flavicaudis ( Scorpiones, Chactidae ) '' ( PDF ). Journal of Arachnology. 19 : 105 -- 110. Jump up ^ Jan Ove Rein ( 2000 ). `` Euscorpius flavicaudis ''. The Scorpion Files. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ Bernhard A. Huber ; Bradley J. Sinclair & K. - H. Lampe ( 2005 ). African biodiversity : molecules, organisms, ecosystems. Springer. p. 26. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 24315 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Gordon Ramel. `` The Earthlife Web : The Scorpions ''. The Earthlife Web. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08. ^ Jump up to : Jason A. Dunlop ; David Penney ; O. Erik Tetlie & Lyall I. Anderson ( 2008 ). `` How many species of fossil arachnids are there '' ( PDF ). Journal of Arachnology. 36 ( 2 ) : 262 -- 272. doi : 10.1636 / CH07 - 89.1. Jump up ^ Michael E. Soleglad & Victor Fet ( 2003 ). `` High - level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions ( Scorpiones : Orthosterni ) '' ( multiple parts ). Euscorpius. 11 : 1 -- 175. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ Scott A. Stockwell ( 1989 ). Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions ( Chelicerata ). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley Jump up ^ Michael E. Soleglad ; Victor Fet & F. Kovařík ( 2005 ). `` The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 ( Scorpiones : Scorpionoidea ) '' ( PDF ). Euscorpius. 20 : 1 -- 38. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ V. Fet & E. Soleglad ( 2005 ). `` Contributions to scorpion systematics. I. On recent changes in high - level taxonomy '' ( PDF ). Euscorpius ( 31 ) : 1 -- 13. ISSN 1536 - 9307. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 07. Jump up ^ Andrew Jeram ( June 16, 1990 ). `` When scorpions ruled the world ''. New Scientist. Jump up ^ Gerhard Scholtz & Carsten Kamenz ( 2006 ). `` The book lungs of Scorpiones and Tetrapulmonata ( Chelicerata, Arachnida ) : evidence for homology and a single terrestrialisation event of a common arachnid ancestor ''. Zoology. 109 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 13. doi : 10.1016 / j. zool. 2005.06. 003. PMID 16386884. Jump up ^ Jason A. Dunlop ; O. Erik Tetlie & Lorenzo Prendini ( 2008 ). `` Reinterpretation of the Silurian scorpion Proscorpius osborni ( Whitfield ) : integrating data from Palaeozoic and recent scorpions ''. Palaeontology. 51 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 320. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2007. 00749. x. Jump up ^ G. Kühl ; A. Bergmann ; J. Dunlop ; R.J. Garwood & J. Rust ( 2012 ). `` Redescription and palaeobiology of Palaeoscorpius devonicus Lehmann, 1944 from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany ''. Palaeontology. 55 ( 4 ) : 775 -- 787. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2012. 01152. x. Jump up ^ R.W. Gess ( 2013 ). `` The earliest record of terrestrial animals in Gondwana : a scorpion from the Famennian ( Late Devonian ) Witpoort Formation of South Africa ''. African Invertebrates. 54 ( 2 ) : 373 -- 379. doi : 10.5733 / afin. 054.0206. Jump up ^ Amazing Arachnids Jump up ^ Simon J. Braddy ; Markus Poschmann & O. Erik Tetlie ( 2008 ). `` Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod ''. Biology Letters. 4 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 109. doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0491. PMC 2412931. PMID 18029297. Jump up ^ Ben Waggoner. `` Eurypterida ''. Regents of the University of California. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ Russell Garwood & Gregory Edgecombe ( 2011 ). `` Early terrestrial animals, evolution and uncertainty ''. Evolution, Education, and Outreach. 4 ( 3 ) : 489 -- 501. doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 011 - 0357 - y. Jump up ^ Arthropod Diversity and Conservation in the Tropics and Sub-tropics Jump up ^ `` Department of Entomology ''. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 1999 - 08 - 22. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03. Jump up ^ `` WRBU Scorpion Identification ''. Wrbu.org. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03. Jump up ^ Knowlton ED, Gaffin DD ( June, 2011 ) `` Functionally redundant peg sensilla on the scorpion pecten '', NCBI. Jump up ^ Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 3 Ecdysozoa I : Non-Tetraconata Jump up ^ The Biology of Scorpions Jump up ^ Gary A. Polis ( 1990 ). The Biology of Scorpions. Stanford University Press. pp. 9 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1249 - 1. Jump up ^ Yigit, N. Benli, M. Fine structural analysis of the stinger in venom apparatus of the scorpion Euscorpius mingrelicus. J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis. V. 16, n. 1, p. 76 - 86, 2010. ISSN 1678 - 9199. Jump up ^ Steve Prchal. `` Pepe the Two Tailed Scorpion ''. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Shawn J Stachel ; Scott A Stockwell & David L Van Vranken ( August 1999 ). `` The fluorescence of scorpions and cataractogenesis ''. Chemistry & Biology. 6 ( 8 ) : 531 -- 539. doi : 10.1016 / S1074 - 5521 ( 99 ) 80085 - 4. PMID 10421760. Jump up ^ Douglas D. Gaffinr ; Lloyd A. Bumm ; Matthew S. Taylor ; Nataliya V. Popokina & Shivani Mann ( 2012 ). `` Scorpion fluorescence and reaction to light '' ( PDF ). Animal Behaviour. 83 ( 2 ) : 429 -- 436. doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2011.11. 014. Jump up ^ Neil F. Hadley ( 1970 ). `` Water relations of the desert scorpion, Hadrurus arizonensis '' ( PDF ). Journal of Experimental Biology. 53 ( 3 ) : 547 -- 558. PMID 5487163. Jump up ^ K. Hoshino ; A.T.V. Moura & H.M.G. De Paula ( 2006 ). `` Selection of environmental temperature by the yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello, 1922 ( Scorpiones, Buthidae ) ''. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. 12 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 66. doi : 10.1590 / S1678 - 91992006000100005. Jump up ^ František Kovařík ( 1998 ). Štíři ( Scorpions ) ( in Czech ). Jihlava : Madagaskar. p. 19. ISBN 978 - 80 - 86068 - 10 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Scorpions ''. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 02. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ Cleveland P. Hickman Jr. ; Larry S. Roberts ; Allan Larson ; Helen I'Anson & David Eisenhour ( 2005 - 02 - 01 ). Integrated Principles of Zoology ( 13 ed. ). McGraw - Hill Science / Engineering / Math. p. 380. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 310174 - 3. Jump up ^ W.R. Lourenco ( 2000 ). `` Reproduction in scorpions, with special reference to parthenogenesis ''. In S. Toft ; N. Scharff. European Arachnology ( PDF ). Aarhus University Press. pp. 71 -- 85. ISBN 978 - 877934 - 0015. Jump up ^ Ricardo C. Rodríguez de la Vega ; Nicolas Vidal ; Lourival D. Possani ( 2013 ). `` Scorpion Peptides ''. In Abba J. Kastin. Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides ( 2nd ed. ). pp. 423 -- 429. doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 385095 - 9.00059 - 2. ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 385095 - 9. Jump up ^ `` ThinkQuest : Poisonous Animals : Scorpions ''. 2000. Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 03. Retrieved December 16, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Insects and scorpions ''. NIOSH. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016. -- text copied from this public - domain source : public domain, PD - USGov Jump up ^ Adriaan Hopperus Buma ; David G. Burris ; Alan Hawley ; James M. Ryan & Peter F. Mahoney ( 2009 ). `` Scorpion sting ''. Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine : A Practical Guide ( 2nd ed. ). Springer. p. 518. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84800 - 351 - 4. Jump up ^ Bhoite RR ; Bhoite GR ; Bagdure DN ; Bawaskar HS ( 2015 ). `` Anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin and its management following envenomation by Indian red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus ''. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 19 ( 9 ) : 547 -- 549. doi : 10.4103 / 0972 - 5229.164807. PMC 4578200. PMID 26430342. Jump up ^ K. George Chandy ; Heike Wulff ; Christine Beeton ; Michael Pennington ; George A. Gutman & Michael D. Cahalan ( May 2004 ). `` K channels as targets for specific immunomodulation ''. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 25 ( 5 ) : 280 -- 289. doi : 10.1016 / j. tips. 2004.03. 010. PMC 2749963. PMID 15120495. Jump up ^ Rapini, Ronald P. ; Bolognia, Jean L. ; Jorizzo, Joseph L. ( 2007 ). Dermatology : 2 - Volume Set. St. Louis : Mosby. p. 1315. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 2999 - 1. Jump up ^ J.A. DeBin & G.R. Strichartz ( 1991 ). `` Chloride channel inhibition by the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus ''. Toxicon. 29 ( 11 ) : 1403 -- 1408. doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 91 ) 90128 - E. PMID 1726031. Jump up ^ Jessy Deshane ; Craig C. Garner & Harald Sontheimer ( 2003 ). `` Chlorotoxin inhibits glioma cell invasion via matrix metalloproteinase - 2 ''. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 ( 6 ) : 4135 -- 4144. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M205662200. PMID 12454020. Jump up ^ E. Carlier ; S. Geib ; M. De Waard ; V. Avdonin ; T. Hoshi ; Z. Fajloun ; H. Rochat ; J. - M. Sabatier & R. Kharrat ( 2000 ). `` Effect of maurotoxin, a four disulfide - bridged toxin from the chactoid scorpion Scorpio maurus, on Shaker K channels ''. The Journal of Peptide Research. 55 ( 6 ) : 419 -- 427. doi : 10.1034 / j. 1399 - 3011.2000. 00715. x. PMID 10888198. Jump up ^ Bin Gao ; Patrick Sherman ; Lan Luo ; John Bowie & Shunyi Zhu ( 2009 ). `` Structural and functional characterization of two genetically related meucin peptides highlights evolutionary divergence and convergence in antimicrobial peptides ''. FASEB Journal. 23 ( 4 ) : 1230 -- 1245. doi : 10.1096 / fj. 08 - 122317. PMID 19088182. Jump up ^ Bin Gao ; Jia Xu ; Maria del Carmen Rodriguez ; Humberto Lanz - Mendoza ; Rosaura Hernández - Rivas ; Weihong Du & Shunyi Zhu ( 2010 ). `` Characterization of two linear cationic antimalarial peptides in the scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus ''. Biochimie. 92 ( 4 ) : 350 -- 359. doi : 10.1016 / j. biochi. 2010.01. 011. PMID 20097251. Jump up ^ Javaid, Maham ( 8 October 2014 ). `` The scorpion hunters of Pakistan ''. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 July 2015. Jump up ^ Ilyas, Faiza ( 22 July 2014 ). `` Wildlife dept moves after months of illegal scorpion hunting across country ''. DAWN. Retrieved 3 July 2015. Jump up ^ Matthew Forney ( June 11, 2008 ). `` Scorpions for Breakfast and Snails for Dinner ''. The New York Times. ^ Jump up to : Jürgen Wasim Frembgen ( 2004 ). `` The scorpion in Muslim folklore '' ( PDF ). Asian Folklore Studies. 63 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 123. Jump up ^ Erbek, Güran ( 1998 ). Kilim Catalogue No. 1. May Selçuk A.S. Edition = 1st. Jump up ^ Pascual Barea, Joaquín, `` Interpretación de los epígrafes y de la marca del caballo de una jarra de Tamuda '', Tamuda. Cronosecuencia de la ciudad mauritana y del castellum romano. Cádiz : Universidad, 2013, 393 - 401. Jump up ^ Allen S. Weiss ( 1996 ). `` Between the sign of the scorpion and the sign of the cross : L'Age d'or ''. In Rudolf E. Kuenzli. Dada and Surrealist Film. MIT Press. pp. 159 -- 175. ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 61121 - 3. Jump up ^ Pulpit Commentary on Luke 10, accessed 29 October 2018 Jump up ^ Revelation 9 : 3 External links `` Diseases and Conditions -- Scorpion stings ''. Mayo Clinic. Wikispecies has information related to Scorpiones Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Scorpion ( category ) Holland, Ben ( 2008 ). `` Scorpion Facts for Researchers and Kids ''. Scorpion anatomy `` Scorpions ''. DesertUSA.com and Digital West Media, Inc. Rehak, Ondrej. `` Photogallery -- 36 species of scorpions ''. Britt, Robert Roy ( June 27, 2006 ). `` Scorpion Venom Tested as Brain Cancer Treatment ''. LiveScience. Imaginova. `` Pet Scorpion Information and facts Scorpion Picture Guide ''. Scorpions from the Chihuahuan Desert Region of Mexico and the United States CDC -- Insects and Scorpions -- NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic Scorpions distribution maps Arachnida orders Kingdom Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Chelicerata Extant Incertae sedis Palpigradi ( microwhip scorpions ) Dromopoda Stomothecata Opiliones ( harvestmen ) Scorpiones ( scorpions ) Haplocnemata Pseudoscorpionida ( pseudoscorpions ) Solifugae ( camel spiders ) Tetrapulmonata Araneae ( spiders ) Pedipalpi Amblypygi ( tailless whip scorpions ) Uropygi Schizomida ( shorttailed whipscorpions ) Thelyphonida ( vinegaroons ) Acaromorpha Ricinulei ( hooded tickspiders ) Acari ( ticks, mites ) Acariformes Sarcoptiformes Trombidiformes Parasitiformes Opilioacariformes Holothyrida Ixodida ( ticks ) Mesostigmata Classification is based on Shultz ( 2007 ) Items in green are possibly paraphyletic groups Extinct Haptopoda Phalangiotarbi Trigonotarbida BNF : cb12369842h ( data ) GND : 4335222 - 4 NDL : 00576840 Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q19125 Wikispecies : Scorpiones ADW : Scorpiones BugGuide : 2441 EoL : 8542 EPPO : 1SCORO Fauna Europaea : 15440 Fossilworks : 243100 GBIF : 872 iNaturalist : 48894 IRMNG : 10570 ITIS : 82713 NBN : NHMSYS0000923534 NCBI : 6855 WoRMS : 509933 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scorpion&oldid=866251183 '' Categories : Scorpions Living fossils Wenlock first appearances Extant Silurian first appearances Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Old French - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 104 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 06 : 27 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: how many different types of scorpions are there
Answer: 1750