Terrorism - Wikipedia Terrorism This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 February 2018. `` Terrorist '' redirects here. For other uses, see Terrorist ( disambiguation ). United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower during the September 11 attacks of 2001 in New York City. Terrorism Definitions History Incidents By ideology Anarchist Communist Conservative Left - wing Narcotics - driven Nationalist Right - wing Religious Buddhist Christian ( Mormon ) Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Special - interest / Single - issue Anti-abortion Environmental Related topics Ethnic violence Militia movement Resistance movement Structure Financing Fronting Training camp Death squad Clandestine cell system Leaderless resistance Methods Tactics Agro-terrorism Aircraft hijacking ( list ) Animal - borne bomb attacks Beheading Bioterrorism Car bombing ( list ) Cyberterrorism Dirty bomb Dry run Explosive Hostage - taking Improvised explosive device ( IED ) Individual terror Insurgency Kidnapping Letter bomb Lone wolf Mass shooting Nuclear Paper terrorism Piracy Propaganda of the deed Proxy bomb School shooting Stabbing Suicide attack ( list ) Rockets and mortars Vehicle - ramming Terrorist groups Designated terrorist groups Charities accused of ties to terrorism Adherents Violent non-state actors State terrorism Kazakhstan Soviet Union Sri Lanka United States Uzbekistan State - sponsored terrorism Iran Israel Pakistan Qatar Russia ( Soviet Union ) Saudi Arabia Syria United States Response to terrorism Counter-terrorism International conventions Anti-terrorism legislation Terrorism insurance Part of a series on War History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space Weapons Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare Operational Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Logistics Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Horses in warfare Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Theater Tripwire force War crime War film War game War novel Wartime sexual violence Women in war World war Colonial war Lists Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence against peacetime targets or in war against non-combatants. The terms `` terrorist '' and `` terrorism '' originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but gained mainstream popularity during the U.S. Presidency of Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 89 ) after the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings and again after the attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. in September 2001 and on Bali in October 2002. There is no commonly accepted definition of `` terrorism ''. Being a charged term, with the connotation of something `` morally wrong '', it is often used, both by governments and non-state groups, to abuse or denounce opposing groups. Broad categories of political organisations have been claimed to have been involved in terrorism to further their objectives, including right - wing and left - wing political organisations, nationalist groups, religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments. Terrorism - related legislation has been adopted in various states, regarding `` terrorism '' as a crime. There is no universal agreement as to whether or not `` terrorism '', in some definition, should be regarded as a war crime. According to the Global Terrorism Database by the University of Maryland, College Park, more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism, resulting in at least 140,000 deaths, have been recorded from 2000 to 2014. Contents 1 Terminology 1.1 Origin in French Revolution 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Pejorative use 2 History 3 Infographics 4 Types 5 Motivations of terrorists 6 Democracy and domestic terrorism 7 Religious terrorism 8 Perpetrators 8.1 Non-state groups 8.2 State sponsors 8.3 State terrorism 9 Connection with tourism 10 Funding 11 Tactics 12 Responses 12.1 Response in the United States 12.2 Terrorism research 13 Mass media 14 Outcome of terrorist groups 15 Databases 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Terminology Origin in French Revolution Further information : France § History, History of France § Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ), and Jacobin § Girondins disbarred from National Convention Seal of the Jacobin Club : ' Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality '. General Napoléon Bonaparte quelling the 5 October 1795 royalist rebellion in Paris, in front of the Église Saint - Roch, Saint - Honoré Street, paving the way for Directory government. The Latin verb terrere means : to frighten. The English word ' terror ', just like the French terreur, derives from that Latin word and means from of old : fright, alarm, anguish, ( mortal ) fear, panic. Oxford English Dictionary reportedly states that the word ' terrorist ' ( French : terroriste ) was invented in the year 1794, during the French Revolution. The first meaning of the word ' terrorist ' was then : adherent or supporter of the Jacobins. Apparent from the context given in an article in the Guardian, the indication ' Jacobins ' in that Oxford definition bears on the group around Maximilien Robespierre, also called ' Montagnards ', that after 1794 were held responsible by some commentators for the repressive and violent government over France between June 1793 and July 1794, a period analogously labeled ' Reign of Terror ' by commentators. The given definition in Oxford Dictionary shows, the term ' terrorist ' in its first use was meant as abusive term for someone 's political or historical ideas or allegiances, not as description of his personal actions. In December 1795, Edmund Burke used the word `` Terrorists '' in a description of the new French government called ' Directory ' : `` At length, after a terrible struggle, the ( Directory ) Troops prevailed over the Citizens (... ) To secure them further, they have a strong corps of irregulars, ready armed. Thousands of those Hell - hounds called Terrorists, whom they had shut up in Prison on their last Revolution, as the Satellites of Tyranny, are let loose on the people. '' Clearly, in this case, Burke used ' Terrorists ' as disparaging labeling of armed troops hired by a government he loathes. French historian Sophie Wahnich distinguishes between the revolutionary terror of the French Revolution and the terrorists of the September 11 attacks : Revolutionary terror is not terrorism. To make a moral equivalence between the Revolution 's year II and September 2001 is historical and philosophical nonsense... The violence exercised on 11 September 2001 aimed neither at equality nor liberty. Nor did the preventive war announced by the president of the United States. Definitions See also : Definitions of terrorism This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy. ( March 2017 ) This section needs attention from an expert in Law. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the section. WikiProject Law may be able to help recruit an expert. ( March 2017 ) Attack at the Bologna railway station on 2 August 1980 by the neo-fascist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari. With 85 deaths, it is the deadliest massacre in the history of Italy as a Republic. There are over 109 different definitions of terrorism. U.S. American political philosopher Michael Walzer in 2002 wrote : `` Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders ''. This meaning can be traced back to Sergey Nechayev, who described himself as a `` terrorist ''. Nechayev founded the Russian terrorist group `` People 's Retribution '' ( Народная расправа ) in 1869. In November 2004, a Secretary - General of the United Nations report described terrorism as any act `` intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act ''. Alternatively, responding to developments in modern warfare, Paul James and Jonathan Friedman distinguish between state terrorism against non-combatants and state terrorism against combatants, including ' Shock and Awe ' tactics : `` Shock and Awe '' as a subcategory of `` rapid dominance '' is the name given to massive intervention designed to strike terror into the minds of the enemy. It is a form of state - terrorism. The concept was however developed long before the Second Gulf War by Harlan Ullman as chair of a forum of retired military personnel. But defining terrorism has proven controversial. Various legal systems and government agencies use different definitions of terrorism in their national legislation. Moreover, the international community has been slow to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding definition of this crime. These difficulties arise from the fact that the term `` terrorism '' is politically and emotionally charged. In this regard, Angus Martyn, briefing the Australian parliament, stated, The international community has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive definition of terrorism. During the 1970s and 1980s, the United Nations attempts to define the term floundered mainly due to differences of opinion between various members about the use of violence in the context of conflicts over national liberation and self - determination. These divergences have made it impossible for the United Nations to conclude a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism that incorporates a single, all - encompassing, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. The international community has adopted a series of sectoral conventions that define and criminalize various types of terrorist activities. Since 1994, the United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly condemned terrorist acts using the following political description of terrorism : Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them. U.S. Code Title 22 Chapter 38, Section 2656f ( d ) defines terrorism as : `` Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience ''. Bruce Hoffman, an American scholar, has noted : It is not only individual agencies within the same governmental apparatus that can not agree on a single definition of terrorism. Experts and other long - established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a consensus. In the first edition of his magisterial survey, ' Political Terrorism : A Research Guide, ' Alex Schmid devoted more than a hundred pages to examining more than a hundred different definitions of terrorism in an effort to discover a broadly acceptable, reasonably comprehensive explication of the word. Four years and a second edition later, Schmid was no closer to the goal of his quest, conceding in the first sentence of the revised volume that the `` search for an adequate definition is still on ''. Walter Laqueur despaired of defining terrorism in both editions of his monumental work on the subject, maintaining that it is neither possible to do so nor worthwhile to make the attempt. Hoffman believes it is possible to identify some key characteristics of terrorism. He proposes that : The Baghdad bus station was the scene of a triple car bombing in August 2005 that killed 43 people. By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and terrorism from other forms of crime, we come to appreciate that terrorism is : ineluctably political in aims and motives ; violent -- or, equally important, threatens violence ; designed to have far - reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target ; conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure ( whose members wear no uniform or identifying insignia ) or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement and / or its leaders ; and perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entity. A definition proposed by Carsten Bockstette at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, underlines the psychological and tactical aspects of terrorism : Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear ( sometimes indiscriminate ) through the violent victimization and destruction of noncombatant targets ( sometimes iconic symbols ). Such acts are meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine organization. The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in order to achieve maximum attainable publicity as an amplifying force multiplier in order to influence the targeted audience ( s ) in order to reach short - and midterm political goals and / or desired long - term end states. Oslo, Norway immediately after the 2011 terrorist attack in Norway perpetrated by Anders Behring Breivik Each act of terrorism is a `` performance '' devised to affect many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols, to show power and to attempt to shake the foundation of the country or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a government, while increasing the prestige of the given terrorist group and / or ideology behind a terrorist act. Terrorist acts frequently have a political purpose. This is often where the inter-relationship between terrorism and religion occurs. When a political struggle is integrated into the framework of a religious or `` cosmic '' struggle, such as over the control of an ancestral homeland or holy site such as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the political goal ( nationalism ) becomes equated with spiritual failure, which, for the highly committed, is worse than their own death or the deaths of innocent civilians. Their suffering accomplishes the terrorists ' goals of instilling fear, getting their message out to an audience or otherwise satisfying the demands of their often radical religious and political agendas. Some official, governmental definitions of terrorism use the criterion of the illegitimacy or unlawfulness of the act. to distinguish between actions authorized by a government ( and thus `` lawful '' ) and those of other actors, including individuals and small groups. For example, carrying out a strategic bombing on an enemy city, which is designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be considered terrorism if it were authorized by a government. This criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted, because : it denies the existence of state terrorism ; the same act may or may not be classed as terrorism depending on whether its sponsorship is traced to a `` legitimate '' government ; `` legitimacy '' and `` lawfulness '' are subjective, depending on the perspective of one government or another ; and it diverges from the historically accepted meaning and origin of the term. According to Ali Khan, the distinction lies ultimately in a political judgment. An associated, and arguably more easily definable, but not equivalent term is violent non-state actor. The semantic scope of this term includes not only `` terrorists '', but while excluding some individuals or groups who have previously been described as `` terrorists '', and also explicitly excludes state terrorism. U.S. president Barack Obama, commenting on the Boston Marathon bombings of April 2013, declared that `` ( a ) nytime bombs are used to target innocent civilians, it is an act of terror ''. Various commentators have pointed out the distinction between `` act of terror '' and `` terrorism '', particularly when used by the White House. 18 U.S.C. § 2331 defines `` international terrorism '' and `` domestic terrorism '' for purposes of Chapter 113B of the Code, entitled `` Terrorism '' : `` International terrorism '' means activities with the following three characteristics : Involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law ; Appear to be intended ( i ) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population ; ( ii ) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion ; or ( iii ) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping ; and Occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. Pejorative use See also : Controversies about Labeling Terrorism Having the moral charge in our vocabulary of ' something morally wrong ', the term ' terrorism ' is often used to abuse or denounce opposite parties, either governments or non-state - groups. Those labeled `` terrorists '' by their opponents rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other terms or terms specific to their situation, such as separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, patriot, or any similar - meaning word in other languages and cultures. Jihadi, mujaheddin, and fedayeen are similar Arabic words that have entered the English lexicon. It is common for both parties in a conflict to describe each other as terrorists. On whether particular terrorist acts, such as killing non-combatants, can be justified as the lesser evil in a particular circumstance, philosophers have expressed different views : while, according to David Rodin, utilitarian philosophers can ( in theory ) conceive of cases in which the evil of terrorism is outweighed by the good that could not be achieved in a less morally costly way, in practice the `` harmful effects of undermining the convention of non-combatant immunity is thought to outweigh the goods that may be achieved by particular acts of terrorism ''. Among the non-utilitarian philosophers, Michael Walzer argued that terrorism can be morally justified in only one specific case : when `` a nation or community faces the extreme threat of complete destruction and the only way it can preserve itself is by intentionally targeting non-combatants, then it is morally entitled to do so ''. In his book Inside Terrorism Bruce Hoffman offered an explanation of why the term terrorism becomes distorted : On one point, at least, everyone agrees : terrorism is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one 's enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore. ' What is called terrorism, ' Brian Jenkins has written, ' thus seems to depend on one 's point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment ; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint. ' Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization terrorist becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person / group / cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive ( or, at the worst, an ambivalent ) light ; and it is not terrorism. President Reagan meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the Oval Office in 1983 The pejorative connotations of the word can be summed up in the aphorism, `` One man 's terrorist is another man 's freedom fighter ''. This is exemplified when a group using irregular military methods is an ally of a state against a mutual enemy, but later falls out with the state and starts to use those methods against its former ally. During World War II, the Malayan People 's Anti-Japanese Army was allied with the British, but during the Malayan Emergency, members of its successor ( the Malayan Races Liberation Army ), were branded `` terrorists '' by the British. More recently, Ronald Reagan and others in the American administration frequently called the mujaheddin `` freedom fighters '' during the Soviet -- Afghan War yet twenty years later, when a new generation of Afghan men were fighting against what they perceive to be a regime installed by foreign powers, their attacks were labelled `` terrorism '' by George W. Bush. Groups accused of terrorism understandably prefer terms reflecting legitimate military or ideological action. Leading terrorism researcher Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa 's Carleton University, defines `` terrorist acts '' as unlawful attacks for political or other ideological goals, and said : There is the famous statement : ' One man 's terrorist is another man 's freedom fighter. ' But that is grossly misleading. It assesses the validity of the cause when terrorism is an act. One can have a perfectly beautiful cause and yet if one commits terrorist acts, it is terrorism regardless. Some groups, when involved in a `` liberation '' struggle, have been called `` terrorists '' by the Western governments or media. Later, these same persons, as leaders of the liberated nations, are called `` statesmen '' by similar organizations. Two examples of this phenomenon are the Nobel Peace Prize laureates Menachem Begin and Nelson Mandela. WikiLeaks editor Julian Assange has been called a `` terrorist '' by Sarah Palin and Joe Biden. Sometimes, states that are close allies, for reasons of history, culture and politics, can disagree over whether or not members of a certain organization are terrorists. For instance, for many years, some branches of the United States government refused to label members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) as terrorists while the IRA was using methods against one of the United States ' closest allies ( the United Kingdom ) that the UK branded as terrorism. This was highlighted by the Quinn v. Robinson case. Media outlets who wish to convey impartiality may limit their usage of `` terrorist '' and `` terrorism '' because they are loosely defined, potentially controversial in nature, and subjective terms. See also : Violent non-state actor History Main article : History of terrorism The Irish Republican Brotherhood was one of the earliest organizations to use modern terrorist tactics. Pictured, `` The Fenian Guy Fawkes '' by John Tenniel ( 1867 ). Depending on how broadly the term is defined, the roots and practice of terrorism can be traced at least to the 1st - century AD. Sicarii Zealots, though some dispute whether the group, a radical offshoot of the Zealots which was active in Judaea Province at the beginning of the 1st century AD, was in fact terrorist. According to the contemporary Jewish - Roman historian Josephus, after the Zealotry rebellion against Roman rule in Judea, when some prominent Jewish collaborators with Roman rule were killed, Judas of Galilee formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the Sicarii, in 6 AD. Their terror was also directed against Jewish `` collaborators '', including temple priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites. The term `` terrorism '' itself was originally used to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club during the `` Reign of Terror '' in the French Revolution. `` Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible '', said Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre. In 1795, Edmund Burke denounced the Jacobins for letting `` thousands of those hell - hounds called Terrorists... loose on the people '' of France. In January 1858, Italian patriot Felice Orsini threw three bombs in an attempt to assassinate French Emperor Napoleon III. Eight bystanders were killed and 142 injured. The incident played a crucial role as an inspiration for the development of the early terrorist groups. Arguably the first organization to utilize modern terrorist techniques was the Irish Republican Brotherhood, founded in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group that carried out attacks in England. The group initiated the Fenian dynamite campaign in 1881, one of the first modern terror campaigns. Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used modern, timed explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains. Another early terrorist group was Narodnaya Volya, founded in Russia in 1878 as a revolutionary anarchist group inspired by Sergei Nechayev and `` propaganda by the deed '' theorist Carlo Pisacane. The group developed ideas -- such as targeted killing of the ' leaders of oppression ' -- that were to become the hallmark of subsequent violence by small non-state groups, and they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age -- such as the invention of dynamite, which they were the first anarchist group to make widespread use of -- enabled them to strike directly and with discrimination. Scholars of terrorism refer to four major waves of global terrorism : `` the Anarchist, the Anti-Colonial, the New Left, and the Religious. The first three have been completed and lasted around 40 years ; the fourth is now in its third decade. '' Infographics See also : Number of terrorist incidents by country Terrorist incidents, 1970 -- 2015. A total of 157,520 incidents are plotted. Orange : 1970 -- 1999, Red : 2000 -- 2015 Top 10 Countries ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Worldwide non-state terrorist incidents 1970 -- 2015 Types This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2017 ) Depending on the country, the political system, and the time in history, the types of terrorism are varying. source : https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2015/257526.htm Number of failed, foiled or successful terrorist attacks by year and type within the European Union. Source : Europol. Aftermath of the King David Hotel bombing by the Zionist militant group Irgun, July 1946 A view of damage to the U.S. Embassy in the aftermath of the 1983 Beirut bombing caused by Islamic Jihad Organization and Hezbollah In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was titled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force defines terrorism as `` a tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or the threat thereof is used for the prime purpose of creating overwhelming fear for coercive purposes ''. It classified disorders and terrorism into six categories : Civil disorder -- A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community. Political terrorism -- Violent criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes. Non-Political terrorism -- Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits `` conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective ''. Quasi-terrorism -- The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different. Limited political terrorism -- Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach ; limited political terrorism refers to `` acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state ''. Official or state terrorism -- `` referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions ''. It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy. Other sources have defined the typology of terrorism in different ways, for example, broadly classifying it into domestic terrorism and international terrorism, or using categories such as vigilante terrorism or insurgent terrorism. One way the typology of terrorism may be defined : Political terrorism Sub-state terrorism Social revolutionary terrorism Nationalist - separatist terrorism Religious extremist terrorism Religious fundamentalist Terrorism New religions terrorism Right - wing terrorism Left - wing terrorism State - sponsored terrorism Regime or state terrorism Criminal terrorism Pathological terrorism Motivations of terrorists Attacks on ' collaborators ' are used to intimidate people from cooperating with the state in order to undermine state control. This strategy was used in Ireland, in Kenya, in Algeria and in Cyprus during their independence struggles. Attacks on high - profile symbolic targets are used to incite counter-terrorism by the state to polarize the population. This strategy was used by Al - Qaeda in its attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in the United States on September 11, 2001. These attacks are also used to draw international attention to struggles that are otherwise unreported, such as the Palestinian airplane hijackings in 1970 and the South Moluccan hostage crisis in the Netherlands in 1975. Abrahm suggests that terrorist organizations do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined. Additionally, Michael Mousseau shows possible relationships between the type of economy within a country and ideology associated with terrorism. Many terrorists have a history of domestic violence. Some terrorists like Timothy McVeigh were motivated by revenge against a state for its actions against its citizens. According to Paul Gill, John Horgan and Paige Deckert on behalf of The Department of security of UK, 43 % of lone wolf terrorism is motivated by religious beliefs. The same report indicates that Just less than a third ( 31.9 % ) have pre-existing mental health disorders, while many are found to have these problems upon arrest. At least 37 % lived alone at the time of their event planning and / or execution, a further 26.1 % lived with others, and no data were available for the remaining cases. 40.2 % were unemployed at the time of their arrest or terrorist event. Many were chronically unemployed and consistently struggled to hold any form of employment for a significant amount of time. 19.3 % subjectively experienced being disrespected by others, while 14.3 % experienced being the victim of verbal or physical assault. It is true that one of the main reasons behind terrorism is a strong religious belief however there are other factors such as cultural, social and political. Even though these reasons are like most around the world. The drive behind these Chechen terrorists are quite distinct and unique from others. Many of the Chechens considered themselves secular freedom fighters, nationalist insurgents seeking to establish an independent secular state of Chechnya. A distinction must be made from the beginning between national Chechen terrorists and non-Chechen fighters who have adopted the idea from abroad. Few Chechen fighters fought for the jihads although on the other hand most of the non-Chechen fighters did ( Janeczko, 2014 One of the major reasons why terrorists are motivated and perhaps eager to carry out horrific acts is assurance of financial stability for their families, that they are given when they join a terrorist organization. An extra grant is provided for the families of suicide bombers. Democracy and domestic terrorism The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. ( March 2017 ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Terrorism. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( March 2017 ) The relationship between domestic terrorism and democracy is very complex. Terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom, and it is least common in the most democratic nations. However, one study suggests that suicide attacks may be an exception to this general rule. Evidence regarding this particular method of terrorism reveals that every modern suicide campaign has targeted a democracy -- a state with a considerable degree of political freedom. The study suggests that concessions awarded to terrorists during the 1980s and 1990s for suicide attacks increased their frequency. There is a connection between the existence of civil liberties, democratic participation and terrorism. According to Young and Dugan, these things encourage terrorist groups to organize and generate terror. Some examples of `` terrorism '' in non-democratic nations include ETA in Spain under Francisco Franco ( although the group 's terrorist activities increased sharply after Franco 's death ), the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in pre-war Poland, the Shining Path in Peru under Alberto Fujimori, the Kurdistan Workers Party when Turkey was ruled by military leaders and the ANC in South Africa. Democracies, such as Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Israel, Indonesia, India, Spain, Germany, Italy and the Philippines, have also experienced domestic terrorism. While a democratic nation espousing civil liberties may claim a sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of terrorism within such a state may cause a dilemma : whether to maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as ineffective in dealing with the problem ; or alternatively to restrict its civil liberties and thus risk delegitimizing its claim of supporting civil liberties. For this reason, homegrown terrorism has started to be seen as a greater threat, as stated by former CIA Director Michael Hayden. This dilemma, some social theorists would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the acting terrorist ( s ) ; namely, to delegitimize the state and cause a systematic shift towards anarchy via the accumulation of negative sentiments towards the state system. Religious terrorism Main article : Religious terrorism Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing. Some 35,000 Pakistanis have died from terrorist attacks in recent years. Terrorist acts throughout history have been performed on religious grounds with the goal to either spread or enforce a system of belief, viewpoint or opinion. The validity and scope of religious terrorism is limited to an individual 's view or a group 's view or interpretation of that belief system 's teachings. According to the Global Terrorism Index by the University of Maryland, College Park, religious extremism has overtaken national separatism and become the main driver of terrorist attacks around the world. Since 9 / 11 there has been a five-fold increase in deaths from terrorist attacks. The majority of incidents over the past several years can be tied to groups with a religious agenda. Before 2000, it was nationalist separatist terrorist organisations such as the IRA and Chechen rebels who were behind the most attacks. The number of incidents from nationalist separatist groups has remained relatively stable in the years since while religious extremism has grown. The prevalence of Islamist groups in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and Syria is the main driver behind these trends. Four of the terrorist groups that have been most active since 2001 are Boko Haram, Al Qaeda, the Taliban and ISIL. These groups have been most active in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and Syria. 80 % of all deaths from terrorism occurred in one of these five countries. In 2015, the Southern Poverty Law Center released a report on terrorism in the United States. The report ( titled The Age of the Wolf ) found that during that period, `` more people have been killed in America by non-Islamic domestic terrorists than jihadists. '' The `` virulent racist and anti-semitic '' ideology of the ultra-right wing Christian Identity movement is usually accompanied by anti-government sentiments. Adherents of Christian Identity believe that whites of European descent can be traced back to the `` Lost Tribes of Israel '' and many consider Jews to be the Satanic offspring of Eve and the Serpent. This group has committed hate crimes, bombings and other acts of terrorism. Its influence ranges from the Ku Klux Klan and neo-nazi groups to the anti-government militia and sovereign citizen movements. Christian Identity 's origins can be traced back to Anglo - Israelism. Anglo - Israelism held the view that Jews were descendants of ancient Israelites who had never been lost. By the 1930s, the movement had been infected with anti-Semitism, and eventually Christian Identity theology diverged from traditional Anglo - Israelism, and developed what is known as the `` two seed '' theory. According to the two - seed theory, the Jewish people are descended from Cain and the serpent ( not from Shem ). The white European seedline is descended from the `` lost tribes '' of Israel. They hold themselves to `` God 's laws '', not to `` man 's laws '', and they do not feel bound to a government that they consider run by Jews and the New World Order. Dawabsheh family home after Duma arson attack Israel has also had problems with Jewish religious terrorism. Yigal Amir assassinated Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. For Amir, killing Rabin was an exemplary act that symbolized the fight against an illegitimate government that was prepared to cede Jewish Holy Land to the Palestinians. Perpetrators The perpetrators of acts of terrorism can be individuals, groups, or states. According to some definitions, clandestine or semi-clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist acts outside the framework of a state of war. However, the most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive cells, highly motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the most deadly operations in recent times, such as the September 11 attacks, the London underground bombing, 2008 Mumbai attacks and the 2002 Bali bombing were planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of close friends, family members and other strong social networks. These groups benefited from the free flow of information and efficient telecommunications to succeed where others had failed. Over the years, much research has been conducted to distill a terrorist profile to explain these individuals ' actions through their psychology and socio - economic circumstances. Others, like Roderick Hindery, have sought to discern profiles in the propaganda tactics used by terrorists. Some security organizations designate these groups as violent non-state actors. A 2007 study by economist Alan B. Krueger found that terrorists were less likely to come from an impoverished background ( 28 % vs. 33 % ) and more likely to have at least a high - school education ( 47 % vs. 38 % ). Another analysis found only 16 % of terrorists came from impoverished families, vs. 30 % of male Palestinians, and over 60 % had gone beyond high school, vs. 15 % of the populace. A study into the poverty - stricken conditions and whether or not, terrorists are more likely to come from here, show that people who grew up in these situations tend to show aggression and frustration towards others. This theory is largely debated for the simple fact that just because one is frustrated, does not make them a potential terrorist. To avoid detection, a terrorist will look, dress, and behave normally until executing the assigned mission. Some claim that attempts to profile terrorists based on personality, physical, or sociological traits are not useful. The physical and behavioral description of the terrorist could describe almost any normal person. However, the majority of terrorist attacks are carried out by military age men, aged 16 -- 40. Non-state groups There is speculation that anthrax mailed inside letters to U.S. politicians was the work of a lone wolf. Main articles : List of designated terrorist groups, Lone wolf ( terrorism ), and Violent non-state actor Groups not part of the state apparatus of in opposition to the state are most commonly referred to as a `` terrorist '' in the media. State sponsors Main article : State - sponsored terrorism A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist group. Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of state - sponsored terrorism vary widely. When states provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such. State terrorism Main article : State terrorism Civilization is based on a clearly defined and widely accepted yet often unarticulated hierarchy. Violence done by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is nearly always invisible, that is, unnoticed. When it is noticed, it is fully rationalized. Violence done by those lower on the hierarchy to those higher is unthinkable, and when it does occur it is regarded with shock, horror, and the fetishization of the victims. -- Derrick Jensen Infant crying in Shanghai 's South Station after the Japanese bombing, 28 August 1937. As with `` terrorism '' the concept of `` state terrorism '' is controversial. The Chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has stated that the Committee was conscious of 12 international Conventions on the subject, and none of them referred to State terrorism, which was not an international legal concept. If States abused their power, they should be judged against international conventions dealing with war crimes, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law. Former United Nations Secretary - General Kofi Annan has said that it is `` time to set aside debates on so - called ' state terrorism '. The use of force by states is already thoroughly regulated under international law ''. However, he also made clear that, `` regardless of the differences between governments on the question of the definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is that any deliberate attack on innocent civilians ( or non-combatants ), regardless of one 's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism. '' USS Arizona ( BB - 39 ) burning during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts committed by governmental agents or forces. This involves the use of state resources employed by a state 's foreign policies, such as using its military to directly perform acts of terrorism. Professor of Political Science Michael Stohl cites the examples that include the German bombing of London, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, the British and American firebombing of Dresden, and the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. He argues that `` the use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents. '' He also cites the first strike option as an example of the `` terror of coercive diplomacy '' as a form of this, which holds the world hostage with the implied threat of using nuclear weapons in `` crisis management '' and he argues that the institutionalized form of terrorism has occurred as a result of changes that took place following World War II. In this analysis, state terrorism exhibited as a form of foreign policy was shaped by the presence and use of weapons of mass destruction, and the legitimizing of such violent behavior led to an increasingly accepted form of this behavior by the state. St Paul 's Cathedral after the German bombing of London, c. 1940. Charles Stewart Parnell described William Ewart Gladstone 's Irish Coercion Act as terrorism in his `` no - Rent manifesto '' in 1881, during the Irish Land War. The concept is also used to describe political repressions by governments against their own civilian populations with the purpose of inciting fear. For example, taking and executing civilian hostages or extrajudicial elimination campaigns are commonly considered `` terror '' or terrorism, for example during the Red Terror or the Great Terror. Such actions are also often described as democide or genocide, which have been argued to be equivalent to state terrorism. Empirical studies on this have found that democracies have little democide. Western democracies, including the United States, have supported state terrorism and mass killings, with some examples being the Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 and Operation Condor. Connection with Tourism The connection between terrorism and tourism has been widely studied since the Luxor massacre in Egypt. In the 1970s, the targets of terrorists were politicians and chiefs of police while now, international tourists and visitors are selected as the main targets of attacks. The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, were the symbolic epicenter, which marked a new epoch in the use of civil transport against the main power of the planet. From this event onwards, the spaces of leisure that characterized the pride of West, were conceived as dangerous and frightful.. Funding Main article : Terrorist financing State sponsors have constituted a major form of funding ; for example, Palestine Liberation Organization, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine and other groups considered to be terrorist organizations, were funded by the Soviet Union. The Stern Gang received funding from Italian Fascist officers in Beirut to undermine the British Mandate for Palestine. Pakistan has created and nurtured terrorist groups as policy for achieving tactical objectives against its neighbours, especially India. `` Revolutionary tax '' is another major form of funding, and essentially a euphemism for `` protection money ''. Revolutionary taxes `` play a secondary role as one other means of intimidating the target population ''. Other major sources of funding include kidnapping for ransoms, smuggling ( including wildlife smuggling ), fraud, and robbery. The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant has reportedly received funding `` via private donations from the Gulf states ''. The Financial Action Task Force is an inter-governmental body whose mandate, since October 2001, has included combating terrorist financing. Tactics Main article : Tactics of terrorism The Wall Street bombing at noon on September 16, 1920 killed thirty - eight people and injured several hundred. The perpetrators were never caught. Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity, usually using explosives or poison. Terrorist groups usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant undercover agents, and raise money from supporters or through organized crime. Communications occur through modern telecommunications, or through old - fashioned methods such as couriers. There is also concern about terrorist attacks employing weapons of mass destruction. Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare, and is more common when direct conventional warfare will not be effective because forces vary greatly in power. The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large - scale, unresolved political conflict. The type of conflict varies widely ; historical examples include : Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state or become part of a different state Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups Imposition of a particular form of government Economic deprivation of a population Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army Religious fanaticism Responses Sign notifying shoppers of increased surveillance due to a perceived increased risk of terrorism Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-alignments of the political spectrum and reassessments of fundamental values. Specific types of responses include : Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers Preemptive or reactive military action Increased intelligence and surveillance activities Preemptive humanitarian activities More permissive interrogation and detention policies The term `` counter-terrorism '' has a narrower connotation, implying that it is directed at terrorist actors. Response in the United States See also : War on Terror X-ray backscatter technology ( AIT ) machine used by the TSA to screen passengers. According to the TSA, this is what the remote TSA agent would see on their screen. According to a report by Dana Priest and William M. Arkin in The Washington Post, `` Some 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies work on programs related to counterterrorism, homeland security and intelligence in about 10,000 locations across the United States. '' America 's thinking on how to defeat radical Islamists is split along two very different schools of thought. Republicans, typically follow what is known as the Bush Doctrine, advocate the military model of taking the fight to the enemy and seeking to democratize the Middle East. Democrats, by contrast, generally propose the law enforcement model of better cooperation with nations and more security at home. In the introduction of the U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual, Sarah Sewall states the need for `` U.S. forces to make securing the civilian, rather than destroying the enemy, their top priority. The civilian population is the center of gravity -- the deciding factor in the struggle... Civilian deaths create an extended family of enemies -- new insurgent recruits or informants -- -- and erode support of the host nation. '' Sewall sums up the book 's key points on how to win this battle : `` Sometimes, the more you protect your force, the less secure you may be... Sometimes, the more force is used, the less effective it is... The more successful the counterinsurgency is, the less force can be used and the more risk must be accepted... Sometimes, doing nothing is the best reaction. '' This strategy, often termed `` courageous restraint '', has certainly led to some success on the Middle East battlefield, yet it fails to address the central truth : the terrorists we face are mostly homegrown. Terrorism Research Terrorism research, also called terrorism and counter-terrorism research, is an interdisciplinary academic field which seeks to understand the causes of terrorism, how to prevent it as well as its impact in the broadest sense. Terrorism research can be carried out in both military and civilian contexts, for example by research centres such as the British Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, and the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism ( ICCT ). There are several academic journals devoted to the field. Mass media La Terroriste, a 1910 poster depicting a female member of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party throwing a bomb at a Russian official 's car. Mass media exposure may be a primary goal of those carrying out terrorism, to expose issues that would otherwise be ignored by the media. Some consider this to be manipulation and exploitation of the media. The Internet has created a new channel for groups to spread their messages. This has created a cycle of measures and counter measures by groups in support of and in opposition to terrorist movements. The United Nations has created its own online counter-terrorism resource. The mass media will, on occasion, censor organizations involved in terrorism ( through self - restraint or regulation ) to discourage further terrorism. However, this may encourage organizations to perform more extreme acts of terrorism to be shown in the mass media. Conversely James F. Pastor explains the significant relationship between terrorism and the media, and the underlying benefit each receives from the other. There is always a point at which the terrorist ceases to manipulate the media gestalt. A point at which the violence may well escalate, but beyond which the terrorist has become symptomatic of the media gestalt itself. Terrorism as we ordinarily understand it is innately media - related. -- Novelist William Gibson Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher also famously spoke of the close connection between terrorism and the media, calling publicity ' the oxygen of terrorism '. Outcome of terrorist groups How terrorist groups end ( n = 268 ) : The most common ending for a terrorist group is to convert to nonviolence via negotiations ( 43 percent ), with most of the rest terminated by routine policing ( 40 percent ). Groups that were ended by military force constituted only 7 percent. Jones and Libicki ( 2008 ) created a list of all the terrorist groups they could find that were active between 1968 and 2006. They found 648. of those, 136 splintered and 244 were still active in 2006. Of the ones that ended, 43 percent converted to nonviolent political actions, like the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland. Law enforcement took out 40 percent. Ten percent won. Only 20 groups, 7 percent, were taken out by military force. Forty - two groups became large enough to be labeled an insurgency ; 38 of those had ended by 2006. Of those, 47 percent converted to nonviolent political actors. Only 5 percent were taken out by law enforcement. 26 percent won. 21 percent succumbed to military force. Jones and Libicki concluded that military force may be necessary to deal with large insurgencies but are only occasionally decisive, because the military is too often seen as a bigger threat to civilians than the terrorists. To avoid that, the rules of engagement must be conscious of collateral damage and work to minimize it. Another researcher, Audrey Cronin, lists six primary ways that terrorist groups end : Capture or killing of a group 's leader. ( Decapitation ). Entry of the group into a legitimate political process. ( Negotiation ). Achievement of group aims. ( Success ). Group implosion or loss of public support. ( Failure ). Defeat and elimination through brute force. ( Repression ). Transition from terrorism into other forms of violence. ( Reorientation ). Databases The following terrorism databases are or were made publicly available for research purposes, and track specific acts of terrorism : Global Terrorism Database, an open - source database by the University of Maryland, College Park on terrorist events around the world from 1970 through 2015 with more than 150,000 cases. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Worldwide Incidents Tracking System Tocsearch ( dynamic database ) The following public report and index provides a summary of key global trends and patterns in terrorism around the world Global Terrorism Index, produced annually by the Institute for Economics and Peace The following publicly available resources index electronic and bibliographic resources on the subject of terrorism Human Security Gateway The following terrorism databases are maintained in secrecy by the United States Government for intelligence and counter-terrorism purposes : Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment Terrorist Screening Database Jones and Libicki ( 2008 ) includes a table of 268 terrorist groups active between 1968 and 2006 with their status as of 2006 : still active, splintered, converted to nonviolence, removed by law enforcement or military, or won. ( These data are not in a convenient machine - readable format but are available. ) See also Terrorism portal Archives of Terror Christian terrorism Crimes against humanity Cyberterrorism Definitions of terrorism Domestic terrorism in the United States Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism Global Terrorism Index House of Terror Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism List of Islamist terrorist attacks Jewish religious terrorism Jihadi tourism Khalistan movement List of causes of death by rate List of designated terrorist groups List of terrorist incidents Lynching in the United States Narcoterrorism National Counter Terrorism Security Office Saffron terror State terrorism Iran and state - sponsored terrorism Pakistan and state - sponsored terrorism Police state State - sponsored terrorism United States and state - sponsored terrorism Suicide attack Terrorism in Russia Terrorism and tourism in Egypt Terrorism in the European Union Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial War on Terror Violent extremism Notes Jump up ^ Fortna, Virginia Page ( 20 May 2015 ). `` Do Terrorists Win ? Rebels ' Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes ''. International Organization. 69 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 556. doi : 10.1017 / S0020818315000089. Retrieved 28 September 2016. Jump up ^ Wisnewski, J. Jeremy, ed. ( 18 December 2008 ). Torture, Terrorism, and the Use of Violence ( also available as Review Journal of Political Philosophy Volume 6, Issue Number 1 ). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 0291 - 8. Jump up ^ Stevenson, ed. by Angus ( 2010 ). Oxford dictionary of English ( 3rd ed. ). New York, NY : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957112 - 3. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Heryanto, Ariel ( 7 April 2006 ). State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia : Fatally Belonging. Routledge. p. 161. ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 19569 - 5. Jump up ^ Faimau, Gabriel ( 26 July 2013 ). Socio - Cultural Construction of Recognition : The Discursive Representation of Islam and Muslims in the British Christian News Media. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 5104 - 6. Jump up ^ Campo, Juan Eduardo ( 1 January 2009 ). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. xxii. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2696 - 8. Jump up ^ Halibozek, Edward P. ; Jones, Andy ; Kovacich, Gerald L. ( 2008 ). The corporate security professional 's handbook on terrorism ( illustrated ed. ). Elsevier ( Butterworth - Heinemann ). pp. 4 -- 5. ISBN 0 - 7506 - 8257 - 4. Retrieved 17 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Robert Mackey ( 20 November 2009 ). `` Can Soldiers Be Victims of Terrorism ? ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2010. Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, in order to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders. ^ Jump up to : Sinclair, Samuel Justin ; Antonius, Daniel ( 7 May 2012 ). The Psychology of Terrorism Fears. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 14. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538811 - 4. ^ Jump up to : White, Jonathan R. ( 1 January 2016 ). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Cengage Learning. p. 3. ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 63377 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Ruthven, Malise ; Nanji, Azim ( 24 April 2017 ). Historical Atlas of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01385 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Terrorism ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 3. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ Schwenkenbecher, Anne ( 13 August 2012 ). Terrorism : A Philosophical Enquiry. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 10. ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 36398 - 4. ^ Jump up to : `` The Illusion of War : Is Terrorism a Criminal Act or an Act of War ? -- Mackenzie Institute ''. Mackenzie Institute. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ Eviatar, Daphne ( 13 June 2013 ). `` Is ' Terrorism ' a War Crime Triable by Military Commission ? Who Knows ? ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Global Terrorism Index 2015 '' ( PDF ). Institute for Economics and Peace. p. 33. Jump up ^ Kim Campbell ( 27 September 2001 ). `` When is ' terrorist ' a subjective term ? ''. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 11 January 2010. New York Times columnist William Safire wrote that the word `` terrorist '' has its roots in the Latin terrere, which means `` to frighten ''. ^ Jump up to : Shariatmadari, David ( 27 January 2015 ). `` Is it time to stop using the word ' terrorist ' ? ''. the Guardian. Retrieved 23 March 2017. Jump up ^ Edmund Burke -- To The Earl Fitzwilliam ( Christmas, 1795. ) In : Edmund Burke, Select Works of Edmund Burke, vol. 3 ( Letters on a Regicide Peace ) ( 1795 ). Retrieved 10 July 2017. This Internet version contains two, mingled, indications of page numbers : one with single brackets like ( 260 ), one with double brackets like ( ( 309 ) ). Burke lengthily introduces his view on ' this present Directory government ', and then writes on page ( ( 359 ) ) : `` Those who arbitrarily erected the new building out of the old materials of their own Convention, were obliged to send for an Army to support their work. (... ) At length, after a terrible struggle, the Troops prevailed over the Citizens. (... ) This power is to last as long as the Parisians think proper. (... ) ( 315 ) To secure them further, they have a strong corps of irregulars, ready armed. Thousands of those Hell - hounds called Terrorists, whom they had shut up in Prison on their last Revolution, as the Satellites of Tyranny, are let loose on the people. (... ) '' Jump up ^ Wahnich, Sophie ( 2016 ). In Defence of the Terror : Liberty or Death in the French Revolution ( Reprint ed. ). Verso. p. 108. ISBN 978 - 1 - 78478 - 202 - 3. Jump up ^ Scurr, Ruth ( 17 August 2012 ). `` In Defence of the Terror : Liberty or Death in the French Revolution by Sophie Wahnich -- review ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Arie W. Kruglanski and Shira Fishman Current Directions in Psychological Science Vol. 15, No. 1 ( Feb., 2006 ), pp. 45 -- 48 Jump up ^ Crenshaw, Martha, Terrorism in Context, p. 77. Jump up ^ Arnold, Kathleen R., ed. ( 23 September 2011 ). Anti-Immigration in the United States : A Historical Encyclopedia. II. ABC - CLIO, LLC. p. 461. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37521 - 7. Jump up ^ `` UN Reform ''. United Nations. 21 March 2005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11. The second part of the report, entitled `` Freedom from Fear backs the definition of terrorism -- an issue so divisive agreement on it has long eluded the world community -- as any action `` intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act '' Jump up ^ James, Paul ; Friedman, Jonathan ( 2006 ). Globalization and Violence, Vol. 3 : Globalizing War and Intervention. London : Sage Publications. p. xxx. ; and Nairn, Tom ; James, Paul ( 2005 ). Global Matrix : Nationalism, Globalism and State - Terrorism. London and New York : Pluto Press. Jump up ^ Hoffman ( 1998 ), p. 32, See review in The New York Times Inside Terrorism. Jump up ^ `` Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation : A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review ''. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism -- The Hague ( ICCT ). 27 March 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2016. Jump up ^ Angus Martyn, The Right of Self - Defence under International Law - the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September, Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002. Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Diaz - Paniagua ( 2008 ), Negotiating terrorism : The negotiation dynamics of four UN counter-terrorism treaties, 1997 -- 2005, p. 47. Jump up ^ 1994 United Nations Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism annex to UN General Assembly resolution 49 / 60, `` Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism '', of December 9, 1994, UN Doc. A / Res / 60 / 49. Jump up ^ `` 22 U.S. Code § 2656f -- Annual country reports on terrorism ''. LII / Legal Information Institute. Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 2 ed., Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 34. Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 2 ed., Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 40. Jump up ^ Bockstette, Carsten ( 2008 ). `` Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques '' ( PDF ). George C. Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series ( 20 ). ISSN 1863 - 6039. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ Rick Hampson ( 6 July 2009 ). `` Statue of Liberty gets her view back ''. USA Today. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. On Saturday, the statue, closed above its base since the terror attacks, will reopen to visitors -- a relative few, in small groups, specially ticketed, carefully screened and escorted by a park ranger. Jump up ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark ( 2000 ). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press. pp. 125 -- 35. Jump up ^ `` Number of Terrorist Attacks, Fatalities ''. The Washington Post. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. The nation 's deadliest terrorist acts -- attacks designed to achieve a political goal Jump up ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark ( 2000 ). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press. Jump up ^ Alexander Stille ( 31 May 2003 ). `` Historians Trace an Unholy Alliance ; Religion as the Root of Nationalist Feeling ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. ' Now the context in which we see nationalism has completely changed, ' he said. Faced with the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, the West is more open to looking at the role of religion in the formation of nationalism. Jump up ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark ( 2000 ). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press. pp. 127 -- 128. Jump up ^ `` Terrorism in the United States 1999 '' ( PDF ). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ `` / Iraq accuses US of state terrorism ''. BBC News. 20 February 2002. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. Iraq has accused the United States of state terrorism amid signs that the war of words between the two countries is heating up. Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary ''. Etymonline.com. 20 October 1979. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ `` AskOxford Search Results -- terrorist ''. AskOxford. AskOxford. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Cambridge International Dictionary of English ''. Dictionary.cambridge.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com ''. Dictionary.reference.com. 20 October 1979. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ Khan, Ali ( 1987 ). `` A Theory of International Terrorism '' ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ). Social Science Research Network. SSRN 935347. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barak Mendelsohn ( January 2005 ). `` Sovereignty under attack : the international society meets the Al Qaeda network ( abstract ) ''. Cambridge Journals. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. This article examines the complex relations between a violent non-state actor, the Al Qaeda network, and order in the international system. Al Qaeda poses a challenge to the sovereignty of specific states but it also challenges the international society as a whole. Jump up ^ ' President Obama calls the Boston Marathon bombings ' an act of terror ' ' on Daily News website, viewed 2013 - 04 - 17 Jump up ^ Jacob Gershman. `` Defining Terrorism Is n't So Easy ''. WSJ. Jump up ^ ABC : Insurance Payout May Depend on Whether Boston Bombing Was ' Terrorist Act '. 26 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Paul Reynolds ; quoting David Hannay ; Former UK ambassador ( 14 September 2005 ). `` UN staggers on road to reform ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. This would end the argument that one man 's terrorist is another man 's freedom fighter... ^ Jump up to : Rodin, David ( 2006 ). `` Terrorism ''. In E. Craig ( Ed. ), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London : Routledge. Jump up ^ Peter Steinfels ( 1 March 2003 ). `` Beliefs ; The just - war tradition, its last - resort criterion and the debate on an invasion of Iraq ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. For those like Professor Walzer who value the just - war tradition as a disciplined way to think about the morality of war... Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman ( 1998 ). `` Inside Terrorism ''. Columbia University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0 - 231 - 11468 - 0. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. Google cached copy CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman ( 1998 ). `` Inside Terrorism ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. Jump up ^ Raymond Bonner ( 1 November 1998 ). `` Getting Attention : A scholar 's historical and political survey of terrorism finds that it works ''. The New York Times : Books. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. Inside Terrorism falls into the category of ' must read, ' at least for anyone who wants to understand how we can respond to international acts of terror. Jump up ^ Malayan People 's Anti-Japanese Army Britannica Concise. Jump up ^ Dr Chris Clark `` Malayan Emergency, 16 June 1948 ''. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007., 16 June 2003. Jump up ^ Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. 8 March 1985. On the Spartacus Educational web site. Jump up ^ `` President Meets with Afghan Interim Authority Chairman ''. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 29 January 2002. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ President Discusses Progress in War on Terrorism to National Guard White House web site 9 February 2006. Jump up ^ `` An unbiased look at terrorism in Afghanistan ( in 2009 ) reveals that many of these ' terrorists ' individuals or groups were once ' freedom fighters ' struggling against the Soviets during the 1980s. '' ( Chouvy, Pierre - Arnaud ( 2009 ). Opium : Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy ( illustrated, reprint ed. ). Harvard University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05134 - 8. ) Jump up ^ Sudha Ramachandran Death behind the wheel in Iraq Asian Times, 12 November 2004, `` Insurgent groups that use suicide attacks therefore do not like their attacks to be described as suicide terrorism. They prefer to use terms like `` martyrdom... '' Jump up ^ Alex Perry How Much to Tip the Terrorist ? Time, 26 September 2005. `` The Tamil Tigers would dispute that tag, of course. Like other guerrillas and suicide bombers, they prefer the term `` freedom fighters ''. Jump up ^ Terrorism : concepts, causes, and conflict resolution George Mason University Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Printed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, January 2003. Jump up ^ Quinney, Nigel ; Coyne, A. Heather ( 2011 ). Peacemaker 's Toolkit Talking to Groups that Use Terrorism ( PDF ). United States Institute of Peace. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60127 - 072 - 6. Retrieved 11 December 2016. Jump up ^ Theodore P. Seto The Morality of Terrorism Includes a list in The Times published on 23 July 1946, which were described as Jewish terrorist actions, including those launched by Irgun, of which Begin was a leading member. Jump up ^ BBC News : Profiles : Menachem Begin BBC website `` Under Begin 's command, the underground terrorist group Irgun carried out numerous acts of violence. '' Jump up ^ Eqbal Ahmad `` Straight talk on terrorism '' Monthly Review, January 2002. `` including Menachem Begin, appearing in `` Wanted '' posters saying, `` Terrorists, reward this much. '' The highest reward I have seen offered was 100,000 British pounds for the head of Menachem Begin ``. `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 10. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Lord Desai Hansard, House of Lords Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 3 September 1998 : Column 72, `` However, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela and Menachem Begin -- to give just three examples -- were all denounced as terrorists but all proved to be successful political leaders of their countries and good friends of the United Kingdom. '' Jump up ^ BBC NEWS : World : Americas : UN reforms receive mixed response BBC website `` Of all groups active in recent times, the ANC perhaps represents best the traditional dichotomous view of armed struggle. Once regarded by western governments as a terrorist group, it now forms the legitimate, elected government of South Africa, with Nelson Mandela one of the world 's genuinely iconic figures. '' Jump up ^ BBC NEWS : World : Africa : Profile : Nelson Mandela BBC website `` Nelson Mandela remains one of the world 's most revered statesman ''. Jump up ^ Beckford, Martin ( 30 November 2010 ). `` Hunt WikiLeaks founder like al - Qaeda and Taliban Leaders ''. London : The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 January 2011. Jump up ^ MacAskill, Ewen ( 19 December 2010 ). `` Julian Assange like a hi - tech terrorist ''. London : The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Quinn v. Robinson, 783 F2d. 776 ( 9th Cir. 1986 ) ''. Uniset.ca. Retrieved 23 November 2010. Jump up ^ Zachary E. McCabe ( 25 August 2003 ). `` Northern Ireland : The paramilitaries, Terrorism, and September 11th '' ( PDF ). Queen 's University Belfast School of Law. p. 17. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2007. Jump up ^ `` Guardian and Observer style guide : T ''. The Guardian. London. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ `` BBC Editorial Guidelines on Language when Reporting Terrorism ''. BBC. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` PM Modi 's vow to avenge Uri wo n't remain just words : Manohar Parrikar -- Times of India ''. indiatimes.com. Jump up ^ Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York : Columbia University Press, 1988. p. 83 Jump up ^ Chaliand, Gerard. The History of Terrorism : From Antiquity to al Qaeda. Berkeley : University of California Press, 2007. p. 56 Jump up ^ Chaliand, Gerard. The History of Terrorism : From Antiquity to al Qaeda. Berkeley : University of California Press, 2007. p. 68 Jump up ^ Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York : Columbia University Press, 1988. p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Crenshaw, Martha, Terrorism in Context, p. 38. Jump up ^ `` Terrorism : From the Fenians to Al Qaeda ''. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17. Jump up ^ Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher : Pan Books ( 2 November 2007 ), ISBN 0 - 330 - 42759 - 8 p179 Jump up ^ Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher : Pan Books ( 2 November 2007 ), ISBN 0 - 330 - 42759 - 8 p. 180 Jump up ^ Whelehan, Niall ( 2012 ). The Dynamiters : Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World 1867 -- 1900. Cambridge. Jump up ^ `` The Fenian Dynamite campaign 1881 -- 85 ''. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17. Jump up ^ History of Terrorism article by Mark Burgess Archived 11 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Hoffman 1998, p. 5 Jump up ^ A History of Terrorism, by Walter Laqueur, Transaction Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0799 - 8, p. 92 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- The Changing Faces of Terrorism ''. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon : Overview ''. Politics.oxfordre.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` TE - SAT 2011 EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report '' ( PDF ). Europol. 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` TE - SAT 2010 Terrorism Situation and Trend Report '' ( PDF ). Europol. 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` TE - SAT 2009 Terrorism Situation and Trend Report '' ( PDF ). Europol. 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Disorders and Terrorism '' ( PDF ). National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. 1976. pp. 3 -- 6. Jump up ^ `` Quasi-terrorism ''. Mukkulreddy.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Types of Terrorism ''. Crime Museum. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ `` TERRORISM ''. Earth Dashboard. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ Philip P. Purpura ( 2007 ). Terrorism and homeland security : an introduction with applications. Butterworth - Heinemann. pp. 16 -- 19. ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7843 - 7. Jump up ^ Hudson, Rex A. Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why : The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists, Federal Research Division, The Lyons Press, 2002. Jump up ^ Barry Scheider, Jim Davis, Avoiding the abyss : progress, shortfalls and the way ahead in combatting the WMD threat, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009 p. 60. ^ Jump up to : Abrahms, Max ( March 2008 ). `` What Terrorists Really Want : Terrorist Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy '' ( PDF 1933 KB ). International Security. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. 32 ( 4 ) : 86 -- 89. doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2008.32. 4.78. ISSN 0162 - 2889. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04. Jump up ^ Mousseau, Michael ( 2002 ). `` Market Civilization and its Clash with Terror ''. International Security. 27 ( 3 ) : 5 -- 29. doi : 10.1162 / 01622880260553615. Jump up ^ Many terrorists ' first victims are their wives -- but we 're not allowed to talk about that New Statesman Jump up ^ Gill, Paul ; Horgan, John ; Deckert, Paige ( March 1, 2014 ). `` Bombing Alone : Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone - Actor Terrorists,, ''. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 59 ( 2 ) : 425 -- 435. doi : 10.1111 / 1556 - 4029.12312. Retrieved December 1, 2017 -- via Wiley Online Library. Jump up ^ Janeczko, Matthew ( 19 Jun 2014 ). `` ' Faced with death, even a mouse bites ' : Social and religious motivations behind terrorism in Chechnya '' : 428 -- 456. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom squelches terrorist violence : Harvard Gazette Archives ''. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Freedom squelches terrorist violence : Harvard Gazette Archives '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism '' ( PDF ). 2004. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism : Another Look at the Relationship between Economics and Terrorism '' ( PDF ). 2005. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 14. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28. Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman ( June 2003 ). `` The Logic of Suicide Terrorism ''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. The terrorists appear to be deliberately homing in on the few remaining places where Israelis thought they could socialize in peace. Jump up ^ Pape, Robert A. `` The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism '', American Political Science Review, 2003. 97 ( 3 ) : pp. 1 -- 19. Jump up ^ Young, Joseph K. ; Dugan, Laura. `` Survival of the Fittest : Why Terrorist Groups Endure ''. Perspectives on Terrorism. 8 ( 2 ). ISSN 2334 - 3745. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Basque Terrorist Group Marks 50th Anniversary with New Attacks ''. Time. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. Europe 's longest - enduring terrorist group. This week, ETA ( the initials stand for Basque Homeland and Freedom in Euskera, the Basque language ) Jump up ^ Timothy Snyder. A fascist hero in democratic Kiev. NewYork Reviev of Books. 24 February 2010 Jump up ^ Romero, Simon ( 18 March 2009 ). `` Shining Path ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. The Shining Path, a faction of Peruvian militants, has resurfaced in the remote corners of the Andes. The war against the group, which took nearly 70,000 lives, supposedly ended in 2000... In the 1980s, the rebels were infamous for atrocities like planting bombs on donkeys in crowded markets, assassinations and other terrorist tactics. Jump up ^ `` 1983 : Car bomb in South Africa kills 16 ''. BBC. 20 May 2005. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. The outlawed anti-apartheid group the African National Congress has been blamed for the attack... He said the explosion was the `` biggest and ugliest '' terrorist incident since anti-government violence began in South Africa 20 years ago. Jump up ^ Rick Young ( 16 May 2007 ). `` PBS Frontline : ' Spying on the Home Front ' ''. PBS : Frontline. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11... we and Frontline felt that it was important to look more comprehensively at the post-9 / 11 shift to prevention and the dilemma we all now face in balancing security and privacy. Jump up ^ Yager, Jordy ( 25 July 2010 ). `` Former intel chief : Homegrown terrorism is a devil of a problem ''. thehill.com. Jump up ^ shabad, goldie and francisco jose llera ramo. `` Political Violence in a Democratic State '', Terrorism in Context. Ed. Martha Crenshaw. University Park : Pennsylvania State University, 1995. pp. 467. Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : A failed state or a clever gambler ? ''. BBC News. 7 May 2011. Jump up ^ Peter Rose ( 28 August 2003 ). `` Disciples of religious terrorism share one faith ''. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. Almost everyone Stern interviewed said they were doing God 's will, defending the faithful against the lies and evil deeds of their enemies. Such testimonials, she suggests, `` often mask a deeper kind of angst and a deeper kind of fear -- fear of a godless universe, of chaos, of loose rules, and of loneliness ''. ^ Jump up to : George Arnett ( 19 November 2014 ). `` Religious extremism main cause of terrorism, according to report ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2017. Jump up ^ Ryan Lenz ( February 2015 ). Age of the Wolf ( PDF ) ( Report ). Southern Poverty Law Center. p. 4. Retrieved 22 March 2017. A large number of independent studies have agreed that since the 9 / 11 mass murder, more people have been killed in America by non-Islamic domestic terrorists than jihadists. ^ Jump up to : `` ( 2 ) ''. Anti-Defamation League 2017. Jump up ^ Spaaij 2012, p. 68. Jump up ^ Sageman, Mark ( 2004 ). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA : U. of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 166 -- 67. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3808 - 2. Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Edwin Bakker ; Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn ( 29 February 2016 ). `` Personal Characteristics of Lone - Actor Terrorists ''. Retrieved 6 September 2016. Jump up ^ Steven D. Levitt ; Stephen J. Dubner ( 2009 ). Superfreakonomics : global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance. William Morrow. pp. 62, 231. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088957 - 9. citing Alan B. Krueger, What Makes a Terrorist ( Princeton University Press 2007 ) ; Claude Berrebi, `` Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty, and Terrorism among Palestinians '', Princeton University Industrial Relations Section Working paper, 2003 and Krueger and Jita Maleckova, `` Education, Poverty and Terrorism : Is There a Causal Connection ? '' Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 no. 4 Fall 2003 / 63. Jump up ^ Sean Coughlan ( 21 August 2006 ). `` Fear of the unknown ''. BBC News. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. A passenger on the flight, Heath Schofield, explained the suspicions : `` It was a return holiday flight, full of people in flip - flops and shorts. There were just two people in the whole crowd who looked like they did n't belong there. '' ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress -- Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism. Jump up ^ `` State Sponsored Terrorism ''. trackingterrorism.org. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28. Jump up ^ Endgame : Resistance, by Derrick Jensen, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 1 - 58322 - 730 - X, p. ix. Jump up ^ `` Pds Sso '' ( PDF ). Eprints.unimelb.edu.au. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Addressing Security Council, Secretary - General Calls on Counter-Terrorism Committee To Develop Long - Term Strategy To Defeat Terror ''. Un.org. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ Lind, Michael ( 2 May 2005 ). `` The Legal Debate is Over : Terrorism is a War Crime The New America Foundation ''. Newamerica.net. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Press conference with Kofi Annan & FM Kamal Kharrazi ''. Un.org. 26 January 2002. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ Michael Stohl ( 1 April 1984 ). `` The Superpowers and International Terror ''. International Studies Association, Atlanta. Jump up ^ Michael Stohl ( 1988 ). `` Terrible beyond Endurance ? The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism ''. International Studies Association, Atlanta. Jump up ^ Michael Stohl ( 1984 ). `` The State as Terrorist : The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression ''. International Studies Association, Atlanta. p. 49. Jump up ^ `` The `` No Rent '' Manifesto. ; Text of the Document Issued by the Land League ``. The New York Times. 2 August 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean - Louis Panné, Jean - Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism : Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0 - 674 - 07608 - 7 Jump up ^ Kisangani, E. ; Nafziger, E. Wayne ( 2007 ). `` The Political Economy of State Terror '' ( PDF ). Defence and Peace Economics. 18 ( 5 ) : 405 -- 414. doi : 10.1080 / 10242690701455433. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02. Jump up ^ Death by Government by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers, 1994. Online links : ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Jump up ^ No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust ?, Barbara Harff, 2003. Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Blakeley, Ruth ( 2009 ). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South. Routledge. pp. 4 ISBN 0415686172 Jump up ^ Valentino, Benjamin A. ( 2005 ). Final Solutions : Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. Cornell University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978 - 0801472732. Jump up ^ Perry, Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ). `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US, UK complicit ''. CNN. Retrieved 5 June 2017. Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ). `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide. '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ). The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 pp. 71 & 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ McSherry, J. Patrice ( 2011 ). `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America ``. In Esparza, Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein. State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 0 - 415 - 66457 - 8. Jump up ^ Sönmez, S.F. ; Apostolopoulos, Y. ; Tarlow, P. ( 1999 ). `` Tourism in crisis : Managing the effects of terrorism '' ( PDF ). Journal of Travel Research. 38 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 18. doi : 10.1177 / 004728759903800104. Jump up ^ Tarlow, P.E. ( 2006 ). `` Tourism and Terrorism ''. In Wilks J, Pendergast D & Leggat P. ( Eds ) Tourism in turbulent times : Towards safe experiences for visitors ( Advances in Tourism Research ), Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 80 -- 82. Jump up ^ Bianchi, R ( 2006 ). `` Tourism and the globalisation of fear : Analysing the politics of risk and ( in ) security in global travel ''. Tourism and Hospitality Research. 7 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 74. doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. thr. 6050028. Jump up ^ Floyd, M. et al. ( 2003 ). `` The Effects of Risk Perception on Intention to Travel in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001 ''. In Safety and Security in Tourism : relationships, Management and Marketing, ( Eds ) Hall, M. Timothy, D. y Duval, T... New York : Haworth Hospitality Press Jump up ^ Brun, W. ; Wolff, K. ; Larsen, S. ( 2011 ). `` Tourist worries after terrorist attacks : Report from a field experiment ''. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. 11 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 94. doi : 10.1080 / 15022250.2011. 593365. ^ Jump up to : Detection of Terrorist Financing Archived August 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., U.S. National Credit Union Administration ( NCUA ), 2002. Jump up ^ Jeremy Lott ( 6 October 2004 ). `` Tripped Up ''. Reason Magazine. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. and before the Soviet Union fell, terrorist organizations were funding themselves through subsidies from Communist governments Jump up ^ `` Aims and activities of the Stern Group in Palestine ''. Research and Analysis Branch. Washington : National Archives. 2717 ( R & N ). 1 December 1944. Jump up ^ Nelson, Dean ( 8 July 2009 ). `` Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups ''. The Daily Telegraph. Jump up ^ Gerben Jan Gerbrandy claiming that terrorist networks hunt wildlife for funding themselves Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Syria 's top Islamist and jihadist groups ''. France 24. Jump up ^ `` Terrorist Financing ''. The Financial Action Task Force. Retrieved 7 January 2011. Jump up ^ Gage, Beverly ( 2009 ). The Day Wall Street Exploded : A Story of America in its First Age of Terror. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975928 - 6. Jump up ^ Suicide bombings are the most effective terrorist act in this regard. See the following works : Hoffman, Bruce ( June 2003 ). `` The Logic of Suicide Terrorism ''. Atlantic Monthly. 291 ( 5 ). pp. 40 -- 47. Pape, Robert A. ( 2003 ). `` The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism '' ( reprint ). American Political Science Review. 97 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 61. doi : 10.1017 / s000305540300073x. Ricolfi, Luca ( 2005 ). `` Palestinians 1981 -- 2003 ''. In Gambetta, Diego. Making Sense of Suicide Missions ( 1st ed. ). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press. pp. 76 -- 130. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927699 - 8. Cited in Richardson, Louise ( 2006 ). What Terrorists Want : Understanding the Terrorist Threat. London, UK : John Murray. p. 33. ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6306 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Hackers warn high street chains ''. BBC News. 25 April 2008. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11. That 's the beauty of asymmetric warfare. You do n't need a lot of money, or an army of people. Jump up ^ Priest, Dana ; Arkin, William ( 19 July 2010 ). `` A hidden world, growing beyond control ''. The Washington Post. ^ Jump up to : Ankony, Robert C., `` A New Strategy for America 's War on Terrorism '', Patrolling magazine, 75th Ranger Regiment Association, Winter 2011, 56 -- 57. Jump up ^ Sewall, Sarah, introduction to The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, ( 2007 ). Jump up ^ Tinnes, J ( 2013 ). `` 100 Core and Periphery Journals for Terrorism Research ''. Perspectives on Terrorism. 7 ( 2 ). Jump up ^ The Media and Terrorism : A Reassessment Paul Wilkinson. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( Summer 1997 ), pp. 51 -- 64 Published by Frank Cass, London. Jump up ^ Dr. Bibi van Ginkel ( 31 March 2015 ). `` Responding to Cyber Jihad : Towards an Effective Counter Narrative ''. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism -- The Hague ( ICCT ). Retrieved 7 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee ''. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Pastor, James F. ( 2009 ). Terrorism & Public Safety Policing : Implications of the Obama Presidency. New York, NY : Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 1580 - 9. Jump up ^ William Gibson 's blog, October 31, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Speech to American Bar Association Margaret Thatcher Foundation ''. www.margaretthatcher.org. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05. Jump up ^ The researchers found 648 terrorist groups active between 1968 and 2006. Of those, 136 splintered and 244 were still active in 2006 ( Jones and Libicki, 2008, p. 19 ) Jump up ^ Jones and Libicki ( 2008, p. 19 ) Jump up ^ Jones and Libicki ( 2008, p. 101, Table 5.4 ) Jump up ^ Cronin, Audrey Kurth ( 2009 ). How Terrorism Ends : Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. Princeton U. Pr. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13948 - 7. References Spaaij, Ramon ( 2012 ). Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism : Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention. Perspectives on Terrorism 's Bibliography : Root Causes of Terrorism. 2017. Further reading Bakker, Edwin. Forecasting the Unpredictable : A Review of Forecasts on Terrorism 2000 -- 2012 ( International Centre for Counter-Terrorism -- The Hague, 2014 ) Burleigh, Michael. Blood and rage : a cultural history of terrorism. Harper, 2009. Chaliand, Gérard and Arnaud Blin, eds. The history of terrorism : from antiquity to al Qaeda. University of California Press, 2007. Coates, Susan W., Rosenthal, Jane, and Schechter, Daniel S. September 11 : Trauma and Human Bonds. New York : Taylor and Francis, Inc., 2003. Janos Besenyo : Low - cost attacks, unnoticable plots ? Overview on the economical character of current terrorism, Strategic Impact ( ROMANIA ) ( ISSN : 1841 - 5784 ) ( eISSN : 1824 - 9904 ) 62 / 2017 : ( Issue No. 1 ) pp. 83 -- 100. Crenshaw, Martha, ed. Terrorism in context. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Jones, Seth G. ; Libicki, Martin C. ( 2008 ), How Terrorist Groups End : Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida ( PDF ), RAND Corporation, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 4465 - 5, retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 Land, Isaac, ed., Enemies of humanity : the nineteenth - century war on terrorism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Lee, Newton. Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity : Total Information Awareness ( 2nd Edition ). New York : Springer, 2015. ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 17243 - 9 Lutz, James and Brenda Lutz. Terrorism : origins and evolution. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 Miller, Martin A. The foundations of modern terrorism : state, society and the dynamics of political violence. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Nairn, Tom ; James, Paul ( 2005 ). Global Matrix : Nationalism, Globalism and State - Terrorism. London and New York : Pluto Press. Neria, Yuval, Gross, Raz, Marshall, Randall D., and Susser, Ezra. September 11, 2001 : Treatment, Research and Public Mental Health in the Wake of a Terrorist Attack. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006. Stern, Jessica. The Ultimate Terrorists. First Harvard University Press Pbk. ed. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2000, cop. 1995. 214 p. ISBN 0 - 674 - 00394 - 2 Tausch, Arno, Estimates on the Global Threat of Islamic State Terrorism in the Face of the 2015 Paris and Copenhagen Attacks ( December 11, 2015 ). Middle East Review of International Affairs, Rubin Center, Research in International Affairs, Idc Herzliya, Israel, Vol. 19, No. 1 ( Spring 2015 ). Available at SSRN : https://ssrn.com/abstract=2702356 Terrorism, Law & Democracy : 10 years after 9 / 11, Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice. ISBN 978 - 2 - 9809728 - 7 - 4. Jones, Sidney. Terrorism : myths and facts. Jakarta : International Crisis Group, 2013. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Terrorism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terrorism. Library resources about Terrorism Online books Resources in your library United Nations : Conventions on Terrorism United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime : `` Conventions against terrorism ''. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. UNODC -- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime -- Terrorism Prevention Terrorism and international humanitarian law, International Committee of the Red Cross War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Symbolism of terrorism Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets al - Qaeda Osama bin Laden al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Anwar al - Awlaki Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish - e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar - e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF -- Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF -- Horn of Africa OEF -- Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia War in North - West Pakistan War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 09 ) 2007 Lebanon conflict al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Korean conflict See also Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Black sites Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the War on Terror Death of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan 's role Patriot Act President 's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan CAGE Terrorism portal War portal GND : 4059534 - 1 BNF : cb13340858f ( data ) HDS : 17353 NDL : 00572904 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrorism&oldid=827841057 '' Categories : Terrorism Fear Abuse War on Terror Organized crime Violent crime Warfare by type Words coined in the 1790s Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from March 2017 All articles needing expert attention Law articles needing expert attention All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2010 All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from March 2010 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 NPOV disputes from March 2017 All NPOV disputes Accuracy disputes from March 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 Wikipedia articles that may have off - 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Question: the origins of the word terrorism within western civilization can be traced back to
Answer: the year 1794, during the French Revolution