Flying buttress - wikipedia Flying buttress Flying buttresses supporting the main vault of St. Mary 's Church in Lübeck, seen above one of the side aisle roofs. The flying buttress ( arc - boutant, arch buttress ) is a specific form of buttress composed of an arched structure that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from vaulted ceilings of stone and from wind - loading on roofs. The defining, functional characteristic of a flying buttress is that it is not in contact with the wall it supports, like a traditional buttress, and so transmits the lateral forces across the span of intervening space between the wall and the pier. To provide lateral support, flying - buttress systems are composed of two parts : ( i ) a massive pier, a vertical block of masonry situated away from the building wall, and ( ii ) an arch that bridges the span between the pier and the wall -- either a segmental arch or a quadrant arch -- the flyer of the flying buttress. Contents 1 History 2 Construction 3 Gallery of flying buttresses 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History The 4th - century Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece, showing an early example of flying buttresses. As a lateral - support system, the flying buttress was developed during late antiquity and later flourished during the Gothic period ( 12th -- 16th c. ) of architecture. Ancient examples of the flying buttress can be found on the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna and on the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki. The architectural - element precursors of the medieval flying buttress derive from Byzantine architecture and Romanesque architecture, in the design of churches, such as Durham Cathedral, where arches transmit the lateral thrust of the stone vault over the aisles ; the arches were hidden under the gallery roof, and transmitted the lateral forces to the massive, outer walls. By the decade of 1160, architects in the Île - de-France region employed similar lateral - support systems that featured longer arches of finer design, which run from the outer surface of the clerestory wall, over the roof of the side aisles ( hence are visible from the outside ) to meet a heavy, vertical buttress rising above the top of the outer wall. Flying buttress of the Notre - Dame de Reims, as drawn by Villard de Honnecourt The advantage of such lateral - support systems is that the outer walls do not have to be massive and heavy in order to resist the lateral - force thrusts of the vault. Instead, the wall surface could be reduced ( allowing for larger windows, glazed with stained glass ), because the vertical mass is concentrated onto external buttresses. The design of early flying buttresses tended to be heavier than required for the static loads to be borne, e.g. the Chartres Cathedral ( ca. 1210 ), and around the apse of the Saint Remi Basilica, which is an extant, early example in its original form ( ca. 1170 ). Later architects progressively refined the design of the flying buttress, and narrowed the flyers, some of which were constructed with one thickness of voussoir ( wedge brick ) with a capping stone atop, e.g. the Amiens Cathedral, the Le Mans Cathedral, and the Beauvais Cathedral. The architectural design of Late Gothic buildings featured flying buttresses, some of which featured flyers decorated with crockets ( hooked decorations ) and sculpted figures set in aedicules ( niches ) recessed into the buttresses. In the event, the architecture of the Renaissance eschewed the lateral support of the flying buttress in favour of thick - wall construction. Despite its disuse for function and style in construction and architecture, in the early 20th century, the flying - buttress design was revived by Canadian engineer William P. Anderson to build lighthouses. Construction Architectural drawing of a Neo-Gothic flying buttress for the late 19th - century Votive Church, in Vienna. Given that most of the weight - load is transmitted from the ceiling through the upper part of the walls, the flying buttress is a two - part composite support that features a semi-arch that extends to a massive pier far from the wall, and so provides most of the load - bearing capacity of a traditional buttress, which is engaged with the wall from top to bottom ; thus, the flying buttress is a lighter and more cost - effective architectural structure. By relieving the load - bearing walls of excess weight and thickness, in the way of a smaller area of contact, using flying buttresses enables installing windows in a greater wall surface area. This feature and a desire to let in more light, led to flying buttresses becoming one of the defining factors of medieval Gothic architecture and a feature used extensively in the design of churches from then and onwards. In the design of Gothic churches, two arched flyers were applied, one above the other, in which the lower flyer ( positioned below the springing point of the vault ) resists the lateral - thrust forces of the vault, whilst the upper flyer resists the forces of wind - loading on the roof. The vertical buttresses ( piers ) at the outer end of the flyers usually were capped with a pinnacle ( either a cone or a pyramid ) usually ornamented with crockets, to provide additional vertical - load support with which to resist the lateral thrust conveyed by the flyer. A flying buttress as remedial support for a wall in the village of Chaddesley Corbett To build the flying buttress, it was first necessary to construct temporary wooden frames, which are called centring. The centering would support the weight of the stones and help maintain the shape of the arch until the mortar was cured. The centering was first built on the ground, by the carpenters. Once that was done, they would be hoisted into place and fastened to the piers at the end of one buttress and at the other. These acted as temporary flying buttresses until the actual, stone arch was complete. Remedial support application Another application of the flying - buttress support system is the reinforcement of a leaning wall in danger of collapsing, especially a load - bearing wall ; for example, at village of Chaddesley Corbett, the practical application of a flying buttress to a buckled wall is more practical than dismantling and rebuilding the wall. Gallery of flying buttresses One of the very ornate flying buttresses of St. John 's Cathedral, ' s - Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands In the basilica built ca. AD 1170 at the Abbey of Saint - Remi, in France a flying buttress system is used for lateral - support Saint Rose of Viterbo Church, Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico Tower of St Peter and St Paul 's Church, Easton Maudit, England Lincoln Cathedral, England Saint - Petrus - en - Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium Bath Abbey, England Washington National Cathedral Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France Manchester Unity Building in Melbourne, Australia See also Buttress Cathedral architecture Flying arch Gothic architecture Seismic retrofit Notes Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Architecture, James Stevens Curls, Editor. 1999 : Oxford. pp. 113 -- 114. Jump up ^ For the functional mechanics of the flying buttresses, see `` Chartres Cathedral : A Reinterpretation of its Structure '', by Alan Borg and Robert Mark, The Art Bulletin, Vol. 55, No. 3 ( Sep. 1973 ), pp. 367 -- 372. Jump up ^ James, John ( September 1992 ). `` Evidence for flying buttresses before 1180 ''. J. Soc. Archit. Hist. 51 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 287. doi : 10.2307 / 990687. Jump up ^ Prache, Anne, `` Les Arcs - boutants au XIIe siècle '', in Gesta, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 1976 ), pp. 31 -- 42. Jump up ^ Russ Rowlett, Canadian Flying Buttress Lighthouses, in The Lighthouse Directory. Jump up ^ Mark, R. & Jonash, R.S., ' Wind Loads on Gothic Structures ' in Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 29 : 3 ( Oct. 1970 ), pp. 222 -- 230. Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Architecture, James Stevens Curls, Editor. 1999 : Oxford. p. 501. Jump up ^ Alex Lee, James Arndt, and Shane Goldmacher, Cathedral Architecture. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flying buttresses. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Flying buttress ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&oldid=838268976 '' Categories : Gothic architecture Architectural elements Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska ไทย Українська West - Vlams 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 23 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Question: . in gothic architecture the main purpose of the flying buttress was to
Answer: convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards