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( June 2013 ) Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Women 's Enfranchisement Act ( 1930 ) Franchise Laws Amendment Act ( 1931 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 66 ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act † ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act † ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) Vorster to Botha ( 1966 -- 90 ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) Abolishment ( 1990 -- 96 ) Negotiations to end Apartheid ( 1990 -- 93 ) Interim Constitution ( 1993 ) Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act ( 1995 ) Constitution ( 1996 ) † No new legislation introduced, rather the existing legislation named was amended. In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanisation, and allocate migrant labour. Also known as the natives law, pass laws severely limited the movements of not only black African citizens, but other people as well by requiring them to carry pass books when outside their homelands or designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws would be one of the dominant features of the country 's apartheid system, until it was effectively ended in 1986. Contents 1 Early history 2 Later legislation 3 Resistance by syndicalists and nationalists 4 Repeal in 1986 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early History The first internal passports in South Africa were introduced on 27 June 1797 by the Earl Macartney in an attempt to prevent natives from entering the Cape Colony. The Cape Colony was merged with other states in the region to form the Union of South Africa in 1910, under the UK. By this time, versions of pass laws existed elsewhere. A major boost for their utilisation was the rise of the mining sector from the 1880s : pass laws provided a convenient means of controlling workers ' mobility and enforcing contracts. In 1896 the South African Republic brought in two pass laws which required Africans to carry a metal badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand. Those entering a `` labour district '' needed a special pass which entitled them to remain for three days. Later Legislation The Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act of 1923 deemed urban areas in South Africa as `` white '' and required all black African men in cities and towns to carry around permits called `` passes '' at all times. Anyone found without a pass would be arrested immediately and sent to a rural area. It was replaced in 1945 by the Natives ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act, which imposed `` influx control '' on black men and also set up guidelines for removing people deemed to be living idle lives from urban areas. This act outlined requirements for African peoples ' `` qualification '' to reside legally in white metropolitan areas. To do so, they had to have Section 10 rights, based on whether the person had been born there and resided there always since birth ; the person had laboured continuously for ten years in any agreed area for any employer, or lived continuously in any such area for fifteen years ; The Black ( Natives ) Laws Amendment Act of 1952 amended the 1945 Native Urban Areas Consolidation Act, stipulating that all black people over the age of 16 were required to carry passes, and that no black person could stay in an urban area more than 72 hours unless allowed to by Section 10. The Natives ( Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents ) Act of 1952, commonly known as the Pass Laws Act, repealed the many regional pass laws and instituted one nationwide pass law, which made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry the `` passbook '' at all times within white areas. The law stipulated where, when, and for how long a person could remain. The document was similar to an internal passport, containing details on the bearer such as their fingerprints, photograph, the name of his / her employer, his / her address, how long the bearer had been employed, as well as other identification information. Employers often entered a behavioural evaluation, on the conduct of the pass holder. ( done by Caleb Lane ) An employer was defined under the law and could only be a white person. The pass also documented permission requested and denied or granted to be in a certain region and the reason for seeking such permission. Under the terms of the law, any government employee could strike out such entries, basically cancelling the permission to remain in the area. A passbook without a valid entry then allowed officials to arrest and imprison the bearer of the pass. These passes often became the most despised symbols of apartheid. The resistance to the Pass Law led to many thousands of arrests and was the spark that ignited the Sharpeville Massacre on March 21, 1960, and led to the arrest of Robert Sobukwe that day. Colloquially, passes were often called the dompas, literally meaning the `` dumb pass. '' Apart from discrimination against black people, there was also discrimination against the so - called `` coloured people. '' The `` coloured '' included all Indians, Chinese and Arabs, as well as those of `` mixed '' black / white ethnicity. Indian people, for example, were barred from the Orange Free State. Resistance by syndicalists and nationalists These discriminatory regulations fueled growing discontent from the black population. The 1910s saw significant opposition to pass laws being applied to black women. In 1919, the revolutionary syndicalist International Socialist League ( South Africa ), in conjunction with the syndicalist Industrial Workers of Africa and the early African National Congress organised a major anti-pass campaign. The 1950s saw the ANC begin the Defiance Campaign to oppose the pass laws. This conflict climaxed at the Sharpeville Massacre, where the anti-pass protestors led by the rival breakaway Pan Africanist Congress of Azania ( PAC ) surrounded the Sharpeville police station, prompting the police to open fire, killing 69 people and injuring over 180. Subsequent protests and strikes were met with major repression and the ANC and PAC were both banned. Repeal in 1986 On July 23, 1986, as part of a process of removing some apartheid laws, the South African government lifted the requirement to carry passbooks, although the pass law system itself was not yet repealed. The system of pass laws was formally repealed retroactive on April 23, 1986, with the Abolition of Influx Control Act. Helen Suzman ( MP ) mentioned the act the most eminent reform of a government had ever introduced. See also South Africa portal Bantustan Racial segregation Ghetto Hukou system Identity document Jim Crow laws Judenhut Second - class citizen Yellow badge Passing ( racial identity ) Pass system ( Canadian history ) References Notes Jump up ^ `` Part II -- Historical ''. Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws. Union of South Africa. Union of South Africa. 1920. p. 2. Retrieved 12 December 2009. Jump up ^ Kiloh, Margaret ; Sibeko, Archie ( 2000 ). A Fighting Union. Randburg : Ravan Press. p. 1. ISBN 0869755277. Jump up ^ O'Malley, Padraig. `` 1945. Native Urban Areas Consolidation Act No. 25 ''. O'Malley : The Heart of Hope. Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. Retrieved May 14, 2015. Jump up ^ O'Malley, Padraig. `` Chapter 13 : Chronology of Apartheid Legislation 1 ''. O'Malley : The Heart of Hope. Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. Retrieved May 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Apartheid Legislation 1850s - 1970s ''. South African History Online. Retrieved May 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 1976 : Legislation & Segregation ''. Retrieved 7 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` The obligatory carrying of passbooks by Black people in South Africa is lifted ''. History Matters Blog. South African History Online. July 20, 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2013. Jump up ^ Cooper, Carole ; SAIRR ( ed. ) ( 1987 ). Race Relations Survey 1986, Part 1. Johannesburg : Blackshaws. p. 96. ISBN 0 96982 316 7. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Ignored ISBN errors ( link ) Bibliography Johnstone, Frederick A. ( 1976 ). Class, Race, and Gold : A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa. Routledge. ISBN 0 - 7100 - 8276 - 2. 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Question: who came up with pass laws and when
Answer: on 27 June 1797 by the Earl Macartney