Stations of the Cross - wikipedia Stations of the Cross For other uses, see Stations of the Cross ( disambiguation ). The 12th Station of the Cross -- Jesus dies on the Cross. St. Raphael 's Cathedral, Dubuque, Iowa. Part of a series on Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church Jesus Christ in the Catacombs of Rome ( 4th century ) Devotions Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Holy Face Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration Holy Name Holy Hour Acts of Reparation Stations of the Cross Precious Blood Infant of Prague Prayers Anima Christi Shoulder Wound Morning offering Sacred Heart prayer Sacred Heart Consecration You are Christ Vianney 's prayer Perboyre 's prayer Montfort 's prayer Crucifix prayer Catholicism portal Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross, also known as Way of Sorrows or Via Crucis, refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers. The stations grew out of imitations of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary. The object of the stations is to help the Christians faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage through contemplation of the Passion of Christ. It has become one of the most popular devotions and the stations can be found in many Western Christian churches, including Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, and Roman Catholic ones. Commonly, a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image, in order, stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections. This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent, especially on Good Friday, in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion. The style, form, and placement of the stations vary widely. The typical stations are small plaques with reliefs or paintings placed around a church nave. Modern minimalist stations can be simple crosses with a numeral in the centre. Occasionally the faithful might say the stations of the cross without there being any image, such as when the pope leads the stations of the cross around the Colosseum in Rome on Good Friday. The older stations can be an outdoor series of chapels in a landscape, known as a Calvary, and are sites of pilgrimage in their own right. Examples include Sacred Mount Calvary in Italy, Kalwaria Zebrzydowska in Poland, Via Crucis of Valinhos, Fátima, in Portugal, Žemaičių Kalvarija in Lithuania. Contents 1 History 2 Stations 2.1 Scriptural form 3 Modern usage 4 Debates 4.1 Place of Christ 's resurrection 5 Music 6 Literature 7 Via Dolorosa sites 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History Three chapels of Verkiai Calvary Station of the Cross in the Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima, in Portugal Outdoor station in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou Typical indoor placement along the nave ( Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ) The Stations of the Cross originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa. Imitating holy places was not a new concept. For example, the religious complex of Santo Stefano in Bologna, Italy, replicated the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other religious sites, including Mount of Olives and Valley of Josaphat. After the siege of 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslims. Forty years later Franciscans were allowed back into the Holy Land. Their founder, Saint Francis of Assisi, held the Passion of Christ in special veneration and was the first person to receive stigmata. In 1217, St. Francis also founded the Custody of the Holy Land to guard and promote the devotion to holy places. Their efforts were recognized when Franciscans were officially proclaimed custodians of holy places by Pope Clement VI in 1342. Although several travelers who visited the Holy Land during the 12 -- 14th centuries ( e.g. Riccoldo da Monte di Croce, Burchard of Mount Sion, James of Verona ), mention a `` Via Sacra '', i.e. a settled route that pilgrims followed, there is nothing in their accounts to identify this with the Way of the Cross, as we understand it. The earliest use of the word `` stations '', as applied to the accustomed halting - places in the Via Sacra at Jerusalem, occurs in the narrative of an English pilgrim, William Wey, who visited the Holy Land in the mid-15th century, and described pilgrims following the footsteps of Christ to the cross. In 1521, a book called Geystlich Strass ( German : `` spiritual road '' ) was printed with illustrations of the stations in the Holy Land. During the 15th and 16th centuries the Franciscans began to build a series of outdoor shrines in Europe to duplicate their counterparts in the Holy Land. The number of stations varied between seven and thirty ; seven was common. These were usually placed, often in small buildings, along the approach to a church, as in a set of 1490 by Adam Kraft, leading to the Johanneskirche in Nuremberg. A number of rural examples were established as attractions in their own right, usually on attractive wooded hills. These include the Sacro Monte di Domodossola ( 1657 ) and Sacro Monte di Belmonte ( 1712 ), and form part of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy World Heritage Site, together with other examples on different devotional themes. In these the sculptures are often approaching life - size and very elaborate. Remnants of these are often referred to as calvary hills. In 1686, in answer to their petition, Pope Innocent XI granted to the Franciscans the right to erect stations within their churches. In 1731, Pope Clement XII extended to all churches the right to have the stations, provided that a Franciscan father erected them, with the consent of the local bishop. At the same time the number was fixed at fourteen. In 1857, the bishops of England were allowed to erect the stations by themselves, without the intervention of a Franciscan priest, and in 1862 this right was extended to bishops throughout the church. Stations A set of the traditional 14 scenes from Portuguese Church, Kolkata A set of the traditional 14 scenes in Limoges enamel Outdoor set at Camp Zimmerman, an ecumenical retreat center rooted in the Methodist and Moravian traditions ( Gnadenhutten ) The 15th station ( Resurrection of Jesus ) in the Saint Mary Rawaseneng Prayer Garden, in the Monastery of Saint Mary Rawaseneng ( id ) complex, Temanggung, Indonesia The early set of seven scenes was usually numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, and 14 from the list below. The standard set from the 17th to 20th centuries has consisted of 14 pictures or sculptures depicting the following scenes : Pilate condemns Jesus to die Jesus accepts his cross Jesus falls for the first time Jesus meets his mother, Mary Simon helps carry the cross Veronica wipes the face of Jesus Jesus falls for the second time Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem Jesus falls for the third time Jesus is stripped of his clothes Jesus is nailed to the cross Jesus dies on the cross Jesus is taken down from the cross Jesus is placed in the tomb Although not traditionally part of the Stations, the Resurrection of Jesus is, in very rare instances, included as a fifteenth station. Scriptural form Main article : Scriptural Way of the Cross Out of the fourteen traditional Stations of the Cross, only eight have clear scriptural foundation. Stations 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels ( in particular, no evidence exists of station 6 ever being known before medieval times ) and Station 13 ( representing Jesus 's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of his mother Mary ) seems to embellish the gospels ' record, which states that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him. To provide a version of this devotion more closely aligned with the biblical accounts, Pope John Paul II introduced a new form of devotion, called the Scriptural Way of the Cross on Good Friday 1991. He celebrated that form many times but not exclusively at the Colosseum in Rome. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI approved an overlapping but distinct set of stations for meditation and public celebration ; they follow this sequence : Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane ; Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested ; Jesus is condemned by the Sanhedrin ; Jesus is denied by Peter ; Jesus is judged by Pilate ; Jesus is scourged and crowned with thorns ; Jesus takes up his cross ; Jesus is helped by Simon of Cyrene to carry his cross ; Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus promises his kingdom to the repentant thief ; Jesus entrusts Mary and John to each other ; Jesus dies on the cross ; and Jesus is laid in the tomb. Modern usage Station 5 : Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the Cross, Good Friday procession 2011 at Ulm, Germany In the Roman Catholic Church, the devotion may be conducted personally by the faithful, making their way from one station to another and saying the prayers, or by having an officiating celebrant move from cross to cross while the faithful make the responses. The stations themselves must consist of, at the very least, fourteen wooden crosses, pictures alone do not suffice, and they must be blessed by someone with the authority to erect stations. Pope John Paul II led an annual public prayer of the Stations of the Cross at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday. Originally, the pope himself carried the cross from station to station, but in his last years when age and infirmity limited his strength, John Paul presided over the celebration from a stage on the Palatine Hill, while others carried the cross. Just days prior to his death in 2005, Pope John Paul II observed the Stations of the Cross from his private chapel. Each year a different person is invited to write the meditation texts for the Stations. Past composers of the Papal Stations include several non-Catholics. The pope himself wrote the texts for the Great Jubilee in 2000 and used the traditional Stations. The celebration of the Stations of the Cross is especially common on the Fridays of Lent, especially Good Friday. Community celebrations are usually accompanied by various songs and prayers. Particularly common as musical accompaniment is the Stabat Mater. At the end of each station the Adoramus Te is sometimes sung. The Alleluia is also sung, except during Lent. Structurally, Mel Gibson 's 2004 film, The Passion of the Christ, follows the Stations of the Cross. The fourteenth and last station, the Burial, is not prominently depicted ( compared to the other thirteen ) but it is implied since the last shot before credit titles is Jesus resurrected and about to leave the tomb. Debates Place of Christ 's Resurrection Some modern liturgists say the traditional Stations of the Cross are incomplete without a final scene depicting the empty tomb and / or the resurrection of Jesus, because Jesus ' rising from the dead was an integral part of his salvific work on Earth. Advocates of the traditional form of the Stations ending with the body of Jesus being placed in the tomb say the Stations are intended as a meditation on the atoning death of Jesus, and not as a complete picture of his life, death, and resurrection. Another point of contention, at least between some ranking liturgists vs. traditionalists, is ( the use of ) the `` New Way of the Cross '' being recited exclusively in the Philippines and by Filipinos abroad. The Stations of the Resurrection ( also known by the Latin name of Via Lucis, Way of Light ) are used in some churches at Eastertide to meditate on the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ. Music Franz Liszt wrote a Via crucis for choir, soloists and piano or organ or harmonium in 1879. In 1931, French organist Marcel Dupré improvised and transcribed musical meditations based on fourteen poems by Paul Claudel, one for each station. Peter Maxwell Davies 's Vesalii Icones ( 1969 ), for male dancer, solo cello and instrumental ensemble, brings together the Stations of the Cross and a series of drawings from the anatomical treatise De humani corporis fabrica ( 1543 ) by the Belgian physician Andreas van Wesel ( Vesalius ). In Davies 's sequence, the final `` station '' represents the Resurrection, but of Antichrist, the composer 's moral point being the need to distinguish what is false from what is real. David Bowie regarded his 1976 song `` Station to Station '' as `` very much concerned with the stations of the cross ''. Michael Valenti ( known primarily as a Broadway composer ) wrote, with librettist Diane Seymour, an oratorio depicting the fourteen Stations of the Cross entitled `` The Way ''. It was premiered in 1991. Stefano Vagnini 's 2002 modular oratorio, Via Crucis, a composition for organ, computer, choir, string orchestra and brass quartet, depicts the fourteen Stations of the Cross. In 2009, U2 released Moment of Surrender, mentioning the Stations of the Cross. As the Stations of the Cross are prayed during the season of Lent in Catholic churches, each station is traditionally followed by a verse of the Stabat Mater, composed in the 13th century by Franciscan Jacopone da Todi. James Matthew Wilson 's poetic sequence, The Stations of the Cross, is written in the same meter as da Todi 's poem. Literature Dimitris Lyacos ' third part of the Poena Damni trilogy, The First Death, is divided in fourteen sections in order to emphasise the `` Via Dolorosa '' of its marooned protagonist during his ascent on the mount of the island which constitutes the setting of the work. Via Dolorosa sites These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened, according to tradition. These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today. 1st Station, Jesus is condemned to death 2nd Station, Jesus carries his cross 3rd Station, Jesus falls for the first time 4th Station, Jesus meets his mother 5th Station, Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross 6th Station, Veronica wipes the face of Jesus 7th Station, Jesus falls for the second time 8th Station, Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem 9th Station, Jesus falls the for third time 10th Station, Jesus is stripped of his garments 11th Station, Crucifixion : Jesus is nailed to the cross 12th Station, Jesus dies on the cross 13th Station, Jesus is taken down from the cross 14th Station, Jesus is laid in the tomb See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stations of the Cross. Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ Life of Jesus in the New Testament Sayings of Jesus on the cross Seven Sorrows of Mary References Jump up ^ `` Lent '' ( PDF ). Church of England. 236. Retrieved 20 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross ''. Holy Trinity Lutheran Church. Retrieved 20 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Stations of the Cross ''. Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Stations of the Cross ''. St. Michael 's Episcopal Church. 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2015. Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X Jump up ^ Chryssides, George D. ; Wilkins, Margaret Z. ( 11 September 2014 ). Christians in the Twenty - First Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 51. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 54557 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill, Italy ) ''. Frommer 's. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2008. Jump up ^ Ousterhout, Robert G. ( 1981 ). `` The Church of Santo Stefano : A `` Jerusalem '' in Bologna ``. Gesta. 2 ( 20 ) : 311. doi : 10.2307 / 766940. ISSN 0016 - 920X. JSTOR 766940. ^ Jump up to : Weitzel Gibbons, Mary ( 1995 ). Giambologna : Narrator of the Catholic Reformation. University of California Press. pp. 72 -- 73. ISBN 9780520082137. ^ Jump up to : Thurston, Herbert ( 1914 ). The Stations of the Cross : an account of their history and devotional purpose. London : Burns & Oates. pp. 20 -- 21, 46. OCLC 843213. ^ Jump up to : Schiller, Gertrud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II, p. 82, 1972 ( English trans from German ), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1907 ). s.v. `` The Way of the Cross ''. Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 23. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13. In some contemporary Stations of the Cross, a fifteenth station has been added to commemorate the Resurrection of the Lord. Jump up ^ `` Fr. William Saunders ''. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04. Because of the intrinsic relationship between the passion and death of our Lord with His resurrection, several of the devotional booklets now include a 15th station, which commemorates the Resurrection. Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin, The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications, 1994, ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II, Meditation and Prayers for the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum, Good Friday, 2000 Jump up ^ Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff ( April 6, 2007 ). `` Way of the Cross at the Colosseum ''. Vatican.va. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Way of the Cross ''. Newadvent.org. 1912 - 10 - 01. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ Review Archived 2012 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine., United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004 Jump up ^ McBrien, Richard P. ; Harold W. Attridge ( 1995 ). The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism. p. 1222. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065338 - 5. Jump up ^ Composer 's note in the published score ( Boosey and Hawkes, B & H 20286 ). Jump up ^ Cavanagh, David ( February 1997 ). `` ChangesFiftyBowie ''. Q magazine : 52 -- 59. Jump up ^ Falcon Valley Music Ed., Stefano Vagnini, Via Crucis, Rome, 2002. Jump up ^ `` The Stations of the Cross : Clarion Review ''. www.clarionreview.org. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16. External links `` Way of the Cross '' article from The Catholic Encyclopedia A list of recent Via Crucis used by The Vatican on Good Fridays from the Official Vatican website. Scriptural Stations of the Cross from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come, Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics, indulgences are normally granted. Catholicism portal Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word, Adoration of the Cross, Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stations_of_the_Cross&oldid=827923941 '' Categories : Stations of the Cross Christian iconography Christian terminology Cross symbols Crucifixion of Jesus in art Franciscan spirituality Roman Catholic Church art by subject Roman Catholic devotions Sorrowful Mysteries Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 15 : 16. 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Question: where did the stations of the cross come from
Answer: originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa