Gurmukhī script - wikipedia Gurmukhī script Gurmukhi Type Abugida Languages Punjabi language Sant Bhasha Sindhi language Punjabi dialects Time period 16th century CE - present Parent systems Proto - Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi Gupta Śāradā Laṇḍā Gurmukhi Sister systems Devanagari Khojki Takri Direction Left - to - right ISO 15924 Guru, 310 Unicode alias Gurmukhi Unicode range U + 0A00 -- U + 0A7F This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Brahmic scripts The Brahmic script and its descendants Northern Brahmic Gupta script Bhaiksuki alphabet Tocharian alphabet Khotanese Śāradā script Laṇḍā scripts Gurmukhī alphabet Khojki Khudabadi script Multani alphabet Mahajani Devāśeṣa Takri alphabet Dogra Siddhaṃ script Tibetan alphabet ' Phags - pa script Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Marchen Marchung Horizontal square script Soyombo alphabet Lepcha alphabet Limbu alphabet Nāgarī script Devanagari Gujarati alphabet Modi alphabet Nandinagari Kaithi Sylheti Nagari Kalinga alphabet Odia alphabet Gaudi Assamese - Bengali Tirhuta Bhujinmol Newar Ranjana alphabet Meithei script Southern Brahmic Tamil - Brahmi Vatteluttu alphabet Kolezhuthu Tamil script Grantha alphabet Malayalam script Tigalari alphabet Sinhala alphabet Dhives Akuru Thaana Saurashtra alphabet Khmer alphabet Lao alphabet Thai alphabet Cham alphabet Ahom alphabet Kawi script Balinese alphabet Javanese script Baybayin Batak alphabet Buhid alphabet Hanunó'o alphabet Tagbanwa alphabet Sundanese alphabet Lontara alphabet Makasar Rejang alphabet Old Mon script Burmese script Chakma alphabet Tai Tham alphabet New Tai Lue alphabet Tai Le alphabet Tai Viet alphabet Bhattiprolu alphabet Kadamba alphabet Kannada alphabet Telugu script This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. Gurmukhi ( IPA : ( ɡʊɾmʊkhi ) ; Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ) is a Sikh script modified, standardized and used by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad ( 1563 -- 1606 ). It is one of three scripts used for the Punjabi language, the other being the Perso - Arabic Shahmukhi script used by Punjabi Muslims, while Punjabi Hindus use either Nagari script or the Gurmukhi. The primary scripture of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha. Modern Gurmukhī has thirty - eight consonants ( akhar ), 10 vowel symbols ( lāga mātrā ), two symbols for nasal sounds ( pair bindi and ṭippī ), and one symbol which duplicates the sound of any consonant ( addak ). In addition, four conjuncts are used : three subjoined forms of the consonants Rara, Haha and Vava, and one half - form of Yayya. Use of the conjunct forms of Vava and Yayya is increasingly scarce in modern contexts. Contents 1 Origins 2 Gurmukhī Punjabi 3 Alphabet 3.1 Consonants 3.1. 1 `` Subjoined '' letters 3.2 Vowels 3.2. 1 Vowel examples 3.3 Other signs 3.3. 1 Nasalisation : tippi and bindi 3.3. 2 Gemination : addak 3.3. 3 Halant 3.3. 4 Visarg 3.3. 5 Udaat 3.4 Numerals 4 Unicode 5 Digitisation of Gurmukhī manuscripts 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origins This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2014 ) A handwritten Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhī The Gurmukhi script has roots in the Brahmi script like most Indian, Tibetan, and Southeast Asian languages. In a cursory look, the Gurmukhi script appears different from other Indic scripts such as Bengali, Oriya, Tibetan or Devanagari, but a closer examination reveals they are similar except for angles and structural emphasis. Notable features : It is an abugida in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel. When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters. When certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used which combine the essential parts of each letter. Punjabi is a tonal language with three tones. These are indicated in writing using the voiced aspirated consonants ( gh, dh, bh, etc. ) and the intervocalic h. There are two major theories on how the Proto - Gurmukhī script emerged in the 15th century. G.B. Singh ( 1950 ), while quoting al - Biruni 's Ta'rikh al - Hind ( 1030 CE ), says that the script evolved from Ardhanagari. Al - Biruni writes that the Ardhanagari script was used in Bathinda and western parts of the Punjab in the 10th century. For some time, Bathinda remained the capital of the kingdom of Bhati Rajputs of the Pal clan, who ruled North India before the Muslims occupied the country. According to al - Biruni, Ardhanagari was a mixture of devanagari used in Ujjain and Malwa and Siddha Matrika or the last stage of Siddhaṃ script, a variant of the Śāradā script used in Kashmir. This theory is confusing as Gurmukhī characters have a very close resemblance with `` Siddh Matrika '' inscriptions found at some sacred wells in Punjab as G.B Singh notes, one being the hathur inscription dating to just before the birth of Guru Nanak. Siddh Matrika seems to have been the prevalent script for devotional writings in Punjab right up to the founding of Sikhism, after which its successor Gurmukhī appears. Pritam Singh ( 1992 ) has also traced the origins of Gurmukhī to the Siddha Matrika. `` Siddha Matrika '' along with its sister Takri alphabet has its origins in the Śāradā script of Kashmir. Tarlochan Singh Bedi ( 1999 ) writes that the Gurmukhī script developed in the 10 - 14th centuries from the Devasesha stage of the Śāradā script, the intermediate phase being Siddha Matrika, before the final evolution into Gurmukhī. His argument is that from the 10th century, regional differences started to appear between the Śāradā script used in Punjab, the Hill States ( partly Himachal Pradesh ) and Kashmir. The regional Śāradā script evolved from this stage until the 14th century, when it starts to appear in the form of Gurmukhī. Indian epigraphists call this stage Devasesha, while Bedi prefers the name Pritham Gurmukhī or Proto - Gurmukhī. The Sikh gurus adopted proto - Gurmukhī to write the Guru Granth Sahib, the religious scriptures of the Sikhs. Other contemporary scripts used in the Punjab were Takri and the Laṇḍā scripts. The Takri alphabet developed through the Devasesha stage of the Śāradā script and is found mainly in the Hill States such as Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, where it is called Chambyali, and in Jammu Division, where it is known as Dogri. The local Takri variants got the status of official scripts in some of the Punjab Hill States, and were used for both administrative and literary purposes until the 19th century. After 1948, when Himachal Pradesh was established as an administrative unit, the local Takri variants were replaced by Devanagari. Meanwhile, the mercantile scripts of Punjab known as the Laṇḍā scripts were normally not used for literary purposes. Landa means alphabet `` without tail '', implying that the script did not have vowel symbols. In Punjab, there were at least ten different scripts classified as Laṇḍā, Mahajani being the most popular. The Laṇḍā scripts were used for household and trade purposes. Compared to the Laṇḍā, Sikh Gurus favoured the use of Proto - Gurmukhī, because of the difficulties involved in pronouncing words without vowel signs. The usage of Gurmukhī letters in Guru Granth Sahib meant that the script developed its own orthographical rules. In the following epochs, Gurmukhī became the prime script applied for literary writings of the Sikhs. Later in the 20th century, the script was given the authority as the official script of the Punjab, India while in the Punjab, Pakistan the Persianate Shahmukhi alphabet is still in use. Gurmukhī Punjabi This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2014 ) Gurmukhī alphabet with names of animals and moves Although the word Gurmukhī has been commonly translated as `` from the Mouth of the Guru, '' the term used for the Punjabi script has somewhat different connotations. The opinion traditional scholars for this is that as the Sikh holy writings, before they were written down, were uttered by the Gurus, they came to be known as Gurmukhī or the `` Utterance of the Guru ''. Consequently, the script that was used for scribing the utterance was also given the same name. The term that would mean `` by the Guru 's mouth '' would be `` Gurmū̃hī̃, '' which sounds considerably different but looks similar in Latin script. However, the prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by Gurmukhs ( literally, those who follow or face the Guru ), the script came to be associated with them. Another view is that as the Gurmukhs, in accordance with the Sikh belief, used to meditate on the letters ਵ, ਹ, ਗ, ਰ which jointly form ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or Praise of Guru in Sikhism, these letters were called Gurmukhī, or `` of the Gurmukhs ''. Later, the whole script came to be known as Gurmukhī. Alphabet Consonants This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help : IPA. The Gurmukhī alphabet contains thirty - five letters. The first three are distinct because they form the basis for vowels and are not consonants, and except for æṛa are never used on their own. See the section on vowels for further details. Name Pron. ( IPA ) Name Pron. ( IPA ) Name Pron. ( IPA ) Name Pron. ( IPA ) Name Pron. ( IPA ) ੳ uɽɑ -- ਅ æɽɑ ə by itself ੲ iɽi -- ਸ səsːɑ sə ਹ ɦɑɦɑ ɦə ਕ kəkːɑ kə ਖ khəkhːɑ khə ਗ gəgːɑ ɡə ਘ kə̀gːɑ kə̀ ਙ ŋɑŋːɑ̃ ŋə ਚ t͡ʃət͡ʃːɑ t͡ʃə ਛ t͡ʃhət͡ʃhːɑ t͡ʃhə ਜ d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ d͡ʒə ਝ t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːɑ t͡ʃə̀ ਞ ɲəɲːɑ̃ ɲə ਟ ʈɛŋkɑ ʈə ਠ ʈhəʈhːɑ ʈhə ਡ ɖəɖːɑ ɖə ਢ ʈə̀ɖːɑ ʈə̀ ਣ ɳɑɳɑ ɳə ਤ t̪ət̪ːɑ t̪ə ਥ t̪hət̪hːɑ t̪hə ਦ d̪əd̪ːɑ d̪ə ਧ t̪ə̀d̪ːɑ t̪ə̀ ਨ nənːɑ nə ਪ pəpːɑ pə ਫ phəphːɑ phə ਬ bəbːɑ bə ਭ pə̀bːɑ pə̀ ਮ məmːɑ mə ਯ jəjːɑ jə ਰ ɾɑɾɑ ɾə ਲ ləlːɑ lə ਵ ʋɑʋːɑ ʋə ੜ ɽɑɽɑ ɽə ਙ ŋɑŋːɑ̃ and ਞ ɲəɲːɑ̃ are rarely used. They can not begin a syllable or be placed between two consonants, and occur most often as an allophone of n before specific consonant phonemes. The pronunciation of ਵ will vary between v and w depending on the word. à -- grave accent = tonal consonant. To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonants kà, chà, ṭà, tà, and pà are often transliterated in the way of the Hindi voiced aspirate consonants gha, jha, ḍha, dha, and bha respectively, although Punjabi does not have these sounds. Tones in Punjabi can be either rising or falling ; in the pronunciation of Gurmukhī letters they are falling, hence the grave accent as opposed to the acute. In addition to these, there are six consonants created by placing a dot ( bindi ) at the foot ( pair ) of the consonant ( these are not present in Sri Guru Granth Sahib ). These are used most often for loanwords, though not exclusively : Name Pron. ( IPA ) ਸ਼ səsːɑ pɛɾ bɪnd̪i ʃə ਖ਼ khəkhːɑ pɛɾ bɪnd̪i xə ਗ਼ gəgːɑ pɛɾ bɪnd̪i ɣə ਜ਼ d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ pɛɾ bɪnd̪i zə ਫ਼ phəphːɑ pɛɾ bɪnd̪i fə ਲ਼ ləlːɑ pɛɾ bɪnd̪i ɭə ləlːɑ pɛɾ bɪnd̪i was only recently added to the Gurmukhī alphabet. It was not a part of the traditional orthography, the phonological difference between ' l ' and ' ɭ ' was not reflected in the script. Some sources do not consider it a separate letter. `` Subjoined '' letters Three `` subscript '' letters are utilised in Gurmukhī : forms of ਹ ( h ), ਰ ( r ), and ਵ ( v ). ਰ ( r ) and ਵ ( v ) are used to make consonant clusters and behave similarly ; subjoined ਹ ( h ) raises tone. Subjoined ਰ ( r ) : For example, the letter ਪ ( p ) with a regular ਰ ( r ) following it would yield the word ਪਰ pər ( `` but '' ), but with a subjoined ਰ would appear as ਪ੍ਰ - ( prə - ), resulting in a consonant cluster, as in the word ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ( prəbə́nd̪, `` management, government '' ) Subjoined ਵ ( v ) : somewhat less common in modern usage. For example, ਸ followed by a regular ਵ would yield ਸਵ - ( səv - ) as in the word ਸਵੇਰ ( səvēr, `` morning '' ), but with a subjoined ਵ would produce ਸ੍ਵ ( svə - ) as in the word ਸ੍ਵਰਗ ( svərəg, `` heaven '' ) Subjoined ਹ ( h ) : behaves the same way as the regular ਹ ( h ) in non-word - initial positions. The regular ਹ ( h ) is pronounced at the beginning of words but not in other positions, where it instead raises the tone. The difference in usage is that the regular ਹ is used after vowels and the subscript version when there is no vowel, and is attached to consonants. For example : the regular ਹ is used after vowels as in ਮੀਹ ( transliterated as mih, to show tonality, mī́, `` rain '' ). The subjoined ਹ ( h ) acts the same way but instead is used under consonants : ਚ ( ch ) followed by ੜ ( ṛ ) yields ਚੜ ( chəṛ ), but not until the rising tone is introduced via a subscript ਹ ( h ) does it properly spell the word ਚੜ੍ਹ ( chə́ṛ, `` climb '' ). Vowels Gurmukhī is similar to Brahmi scripts in that all consonants are followed by an inherent ' a ' sound ( unless at the end of a word when the ' a ' is usually dropped ). This inherent vowel sound can be changed by using dependent vowel signs which attach to a bearing consonant. In some cases, dependent vowel signs can not be used -- at the beginning of a word or syllable for instance -- and so an independent vowel character is used instead. Independent vowels are constructed using three bearer characters : Ura ( ੳ ), Aira ( ਅ ) and Iri ( ੲ ). With the exception of Aira ( which represents the vowel ' a ' ) they are never used without additional vowel signs. Vowel Transcription IPA Closest English equivalent Ind. Dep. with / k / Name Usage ਅ ( none ) ਕ Muktā ( ə ) like a in about ਆ ਾ ਕਾ Kannā ā ( ɑ ), ( ä ) like a in car ਇ ਿ ਕਿ Sihārī i ( ɪ ) like i in it ਈ ੀ ਕੀ Bihārī ī ( i ) like i in litre ਉ ੁ ਕੁ Onkaṛ u ( ʊ ) like u in put ਊ ੂ ਕੂ Dulankaṛ ū ( u ) like oo as in food ਏ ੇ ਕੇ Lāvā̃ ē ( e ) like e in Chile ਐ ੈ ਕੈ Dulāvā̃ ( ɛ ) like e in sell ਓ ੋ ਕੋ Hōṛā ō ( o ) like o in Spanish amor ਔ ੌ ਕੌ Kanōṛā o ( ɔ ) like o in off Dotted circles represent the bearer consonant. Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, Sihari is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right. Vowel examples Word IPA Meaning ਆਲੂ ( ɑlu ) potato ਦਿਲ ( d̪ɪl ) heart ਗਾਂ ( gɑ̃ ) cow Other signs Station sign in the Latin and Gurmukhī scripts in Southall, UK Nasalisation : ṭippi and bindi Ṭippi ( ੰ ) and bindi ( ਂ ) are used for producing a nasal phoneme depending on the following obstruent or a nasal vowel at the end of a word. All short vowels use ṭippi and all long vowels are paired with bindi except for Dulankar ( ੂ ), which uses ṭippi instead. Older texts may follow other conventions. Bindi ( ਂ ) is also used for nasalisation. Gemination : addak The use of addak ( ੱ ) indicates that the following consonant is geminate. This means that the subsequent consonant is doubled or reinforced. Halant The halant ( ੍ ) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhī. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel. The effect of this is shown below : ਕ -- kə ਕ੍ -- k Visarg The visarg symbol ( ਃ U + 0A03 ) is used very occasionally in Gurmukhī. It can either represent an abbreviation ( like period is used in English ) or it can act like a Sanskrit Visarga where a voiceless ' h ' sound is pronounced after the vowel. Udaat The udaat symbol ( ੑ U + 0A51 ) occurs in older texts and indicates a high tone. Numerals Main article : Gurmukhi numerals Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed List of numeral systems Gurmukhī has its own set of digits, used exactly as in other versions of the Hindu - Arabic numeral system. These are used extensively in older texts. In modern contexts, they have been replaced by standard Hindu - Arabic numerals. Numeral Name Simple Transliteration Number ੦ ਸਿਫ਼ਰ ( sɪfəɾ ) sifar zero ੧ ਇੱਕ ( ɪkː ) ikk one ੨ ਦੋ ( d̪oː ) do two ੩ ਤਿੰਨ ( t̪ɪnː ) tinn three ੪ ਚਾਰ ( tʃɑːɾ ) chār four ੫ ਪੰਜ ( pəndʒ ) punj five ੬ ਛੇ ( tʃheː ) che six ੭ ਸੱਤ ( sət̪ː ) satt seven ੮ ਅੱਠ ( əʈhː ) aṭh eight ੯ ਨੌਂ ( nɔ̃ ) nauṃ nine ੧੦ ਦਸ ( d̪əs ) das ten Unicode Main article : Gurmukhi ( Unicode block ) Gurmukhī script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0. Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhī glyphs. The Unicode block for Gurmukhī is U + 0A00 -- U + 0A7F : Gurmukhi Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 0A0x ਁ ਂ ਃ ਅ ਆ ਇ ਈ ਉ ਊ ਏ U + 0A1x ਐ ਓ ਔ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ U + 0A2x ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ U + 0A3x ਰ ਲ ਲ਼ ਵ ਸ਼ ਸ ਹ ਼ ਾ ਿ U + 0A4x ੀ ੁ ੂ ੇ ੈ ੋ ੌ ੍ U + 0A5x ੑ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ੜ ਫ਼ U + 0A6x ੦ ੧ ੨ ੩ ੪ ੫ ੬ ੭ ੮ ੯ U + 0A7x ੰ ੱ ੲ ੳ ੴ ੵ Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Digitisation of Gurmukhī manuscripts Panjab Digital Library has taken up digitisation of all available manuscripts of Gurmukhī Script. The script is just 500 years old, hence a lot of literature written in all these years is still traceable. Panjab Digital Library has digitised over 5 million pages from different manuscripts and most of them are available online. Bibliography Following books / articles have been written on the origins of the Gurmukhī script ( all in the Punjabi language ) : Gurbaksh ( G.B. ) Singh. Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas. Chandigarh : Punjab University, 1950. Ishar Singh Tãgh, Dr. Gurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan. Patiala : Jodh Singh Karamjit Singh. Kala Singh Bedi, Dr. Lipi da Vikas. Patiala : Punjabi University, 1995. Kartar Singh Dakha. Gurmukhi te Hindi da Takra. 1948. Piara Singh Padam, Prof. Gurmukhi Lipi da Itihas. Patiala : Kalgidhar Kalam Foundation Kalam Mandir, 1953. Prem Parkash Singh, Dr. `` Gurmukhi di Utpati. '' Khoj Patrika, Patiala : Punjabi University. Pritam Singh, Prof. `` Gurmukhi Lipi. '' Khoj Patrika. p. 110, vol. 36, 1992. Patiala : Punjabi University. Sohan Singh Galautra. Punjab dian Lipiã. Tarlochan Singh Bedi, Dr. Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas. Patiala : Punjabi University, 1999. See also Punjabi Braille Shahmukhi alphabet References ^ Jump up to : Mandair, Arvind - Pal S. ; Shackle, Christopher ; Singh, Gurharpal ( December 16, 2013 ). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. p. 13, Quote : `` creation of a pothi in distinct Sikh script ( Gurmukhi ) seem to relate to the immediate religio - political context... ''. ISBN 9781136846342. Retrieved 23 November 2016. Mann, Gurinder Singh ; Numrich, Paul ; Williams, Raymond ( 2007 ). Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 100, Quote : `` He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs ; then... ''. ISBN 9780198044246. Retrieved 23 November 2016. Shani, Giorgio ( March 2002 ). The Territorialization of Identity : Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora. Japan : Kitakyushu University. p. 11. Retrieved 22 November 2016. Harjeet Singh Gill ( 1996 ). Peter T. Daniels ; William Bright, eds. The World 's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507993 - 7. Jump up ^ SR Sharma ( 1992 ). Encyclopaedia of teaching languages in India, Volume 3. Anmol Publications. pp. 366 -- 367. ^ Jump up to : Peter T. Daniels ; William Bright ( 1996 ). The World 's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507993 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Danesh Jain ; George Cardona ( 2007 ). The Indo - Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 79711 - 9. Jump up ^ Harnik Deol, Religion and Nationalism in India. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0 - 415 - 20108 - X, 9780415201087. Page 22. `` (... ) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha. '' The making of Sikh scripture by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001. ISBN 0 - 19 - 513024 - 3, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513024 - 9 Page 5. `` The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called Sant Bhasha, a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint - poets of northern India. But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects. '' Surindar Singh Kohli, History of Punjabi Literature. Page 48. National Book, 1993. ISBN 81 - 7116 - 141 - 3, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7116 - 141 - 6. `` When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in Sant Bhasha ( saint - language ), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century... '' Nirmal Dass, Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth. SUNY Press, 2000. ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4683 - 2, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 4683 - 6. Page 13. `` Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit ; regional Prakrits ; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa ; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi. '' Jump up ^ Danesh Jain ; George Cardona ( 2007 ). The Indo - Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 94 -- 99, 72 -- 73. ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 79711 - 9. Jump up ^ George Cardona and Danesh Jain ( 2003 ), The Indo - Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978 - 0415772945, pages 72 - 74 Jump up ^ Panjab Digital Library External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gurmukhi. Science of Gurmukhi Alphabet Let 's Learn Punjabi Animation Punjabi Film on YouTube Punjabi Wikipedia in Gurumukhi Script Free Online Gurmukhi Typewriter Utility to write in Gurmukhi using Transliteration Punjabi Computing Resource Centre Saab -- A free Unicode 4.0 OpenType Gurmukhi font Gurmukhi pseudo text generator Free online Punjabi ( Gurmukhi ) lessons Gurmukhi in Guru Granth Sahib Learn Gurmukhi Omniglot 's guide to Gurmukhi Test for Unicode support in Web browsers Unicode script chart for Gurmukhi ( PDF file ) The Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi language, Literature and Culture, Punjabi University, Patiala E-Book on Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi Learn Gurmukhi, Muharni, and how to count in Gurmukhi / Punjabi Punjabi language topics Grammar Gurmukhi script Shahmukhi script Punjabi Braille Dialects Literature Writers Poets Punjabi nationalism Punjabiyat Sikh topics Gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib Philosophy Beliefs and principles Guru Maneyo Granth Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Cannabis and Sikhism Diet in Sikhism Practices Khalsa Ardās Kirtan Langar Naam Karan Anand Karaj Amrit Sanchar Amrit Velā Antam Sanskar Three Pillars Kirat Karo Naam Japo Vand Chhako Sikh practices The Five Ks Simran Sewa Charhdi Kala Dasvand Jhatka Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Adi Granth Dasam Granth Gurbani Mul Mantar Japji Sahib Chaupai Jaap Sahib Rehras Sukhmani Sahib Tav - 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Question: who was responsible for developing the gurumukhi script
Answer: the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad