Landlocked country - wikipedia Landlocked country `` Landlocked '' redirects here. For property inaccessible by a public road, see Landlocked parcel. Landlocked countries : 42 landlocked ( green ), 2 doubly landlocked ( purple ) A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are currently 49 such countries, including five partially recognised states. Only two, Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, lie outside Afro - Eurasia ( the Old World ). As a rule, being landlocked creates political and economic handicaps that access to the high seas avoids. For this reason, states large and small across history have striven to gain access to open waters, even at great expense in wealth, bloodshed, and political capital. The economic disadvantages of being landlocked can be alleviated or aggravated depending on degree of development, language barriers, and other considerations. Some landlocked countries are quite affluent, such as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Austria, all of which frequently employ neutrality to their political advantage. The majority, however, are classified as Landlocked Developing Countries ( LLDCs ). Nine of the twelve countries with the lowest Human Development Indices ( HDI ) are landlocked. Contents 1 Significance 1.1 Efforts to avoid being landlocked 1.2 Trade agreements 1.3 Political repercussions 2 By degree 2.1 Landlocked by a single country 2.2 Landlocked by two countries 2.3 Doubly landlocked 3 List of landlocked countries and territories 4 See also 5 References Significance Bolivia 's loss of its coastline in the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1884 ) remains a major political issue Historically, being landlocked has been disadvantageous to a country 's development. It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as fishing, and impedes or prevents direct access to seaborne trade, a crucial component of economic and social advance. As such, coastal regions tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones. Paul Collier in his book The Bottom Billion argues that being landlocked in a poor geographic neighborhood is one of four major development `` traps '' by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighboring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself. For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world. He states, `` If you are coastal, you serve the world ; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors. '' Others have argued that being landlocked may actually be a blessing as it creates a `` natural tariff barrier '' which protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances, this has led to more robust local food systems. Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries ( in Asia the ratio is 3 : 1 ). Efforts to avoid being landlocked This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2018 ) Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked, by acquiring land that reaches the sea : As result of a 2005 territorial exchange with Ukraine, Moldova received a 600 m - long bank of the Danube River ( which is an international waterway ), subsequently building its Port of Giurgiulești there. The International Congo Society, which owned the territory now constituting the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was awarded a narrow piece of land cutting through Angola to connect it to the sea by the Conference of Berlin in 1885. The Republic of Ragusa once gave the town of Neum to the Ottoman Empire because it did not want to have a land border with Venice ; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina and now provides limited sea access, splitting the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast in two. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new country, railways and ports have not been built for its need. There is no freight port along its short coastline at Neum, making it effectively landlocked, although there are plans to change this. Instead the port of Ploče in Croatia is used. After World War I, in the Treaty of Versailles, a part of Germany designated `` the Polish corridor '' was given to the new Second Polish Republic, for access to the Baltic Sea. This gave Poland a short coastline, but without a large harbour. This was also the pretext for making Danzig ( now Gdańsk ) with its harbour the Free City of Danzig, to which Poland was given free access. However, the Germans placed obstacles to this free access, especially when it came to military material. In response, the small fishing harbour of Gdynia was soon greatly enlarged. Until the dissolution of Austria -- Hungary in 1918 at the end of World War I, Austrians, Hungarians and that empire 's other nationalities had served in that country 's navy, but since then, Austria and Hungary have both been landlocked countries. Trade agreements This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2018 ) Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbour countries : The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to offer Czechoslovakia a lease for 99 years of parts of the ports in Hamburg and Stettin, allowing Czechoslovakia sea trade via the Elbe and Oder rivers. Stettin was annexed by Poland after World War II, but Hamburg continued the contract so that part of the port ( now called Moldauhafen ) may still be used for sea trade by a successor of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic. The Danube is an international waterway, and thus landlocked Austria, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, and Slovakia have secure access to the Black Sea ( the same access is given to inland parts of Germany and Croatia, though Germany and Croatia are not landlocked ). However, oceangoing ships can not use the Danube, so cargo must be transloaded anyway, and many overseas imports into Austria and Hungary use land transport from Atlantic and Mediterranean ports. A similar situation exists for the Rhine river where Switzerland has boat access, but not oceangoing ships. Luxembourg has such through the Moselle, but Liechtenstein has no boat access, even though it is located along the Rhine, as the Rhine is not navigable that far upstream. The Mekong is an international waterway so that landlocked Laos has access to the South China Sea ( since Laos became independent from French Indochina ). However, it is not navigable above the Khone Phapheng Falls. Free ports allow transshipment to short - distance ships or river vessels. The TIR Treaty allows sealed road transport without customs checks and charges, mostly in Europe. Political repercussions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2018 ) Losing access to the sea is generally a great blow to a nation, politically, militarily, and economically. The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked. The independence of Eritrea, brought about by successful separatist movements, has caused Ethiopia to become landlocked. Montenegro 's decision to abandon the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro caused the federal unit of Serbia to become a landlocked independent state. Bolivia lost its coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific and accepted it in treaties signed in 1884 and 1904. The last treaty gives port storage facilities and special treatment for the transit of goods from and to Bolivia through Chilean ports and territory. Peru and Argentina have also given special treatment for the transit of goods. A fluvial Bolivian Navy, which did not exist at the time of the War of the Pacific, was created later and both trains and operates in Lake Titicaca and rivers. The Bolivian people annually celebrate a patriotic `` Dia del Mar '' ( Day of the Sea ) to remember its territorial loss, which included both the coastal city of Antofagasta and what has proven to be one of the most significant and lucrative copper deposits in the world. Early in the 21st century, the selection of the route of gas pipes from Bolivia to the sea fueled popular uprisings, as people were against the option of laying the pipes through Chilean territory. Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) and the Treaty of Trianon ( 1920 ) respectively. Previously, although Croatia had a limited constitutional autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary, the City of Fiume / Rijeka on the Croatian coast was governed directly from Budapest by an appointed governor as a corpus separatum, to provide Hungary with its only international port in the periods 1779 -- 1813, 1822 -- 1848 and 1868 -- 1918. By 1801, the Nizam 's dominion of Hyderabad State assumed the shape it is now remembered for : that of a landlocked princely state with territories in central Deccan, bounded on all sides by British India, whereas 150 years earlier it had had a considerable coastline on the Bay of Bengal which was annexed by the British. It is possible that one of the causes of the Paraguayan War was Paraguay 's lack of direct ocean access ( although this is disputed ; see the linked article ). When the Entente Powers divided the former Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I, Armenia was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet ( roughly corresponding to the modern Trabzon and Rize provinces in Turkey ). This would have given Armenia access to the Black Sea. However, the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the Turkish War of Independence and was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne, which firmly established Turkish rule over the area. In 2011, South Sudan broke off from Sudan, causing the former to become landlocked. There still remains conflict over the oil fields in South Sudan between the two countries. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries, and the current responsible Undersecretary - General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury. Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia 's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm - water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay ( and Bolivia to a lesser extent ) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers. Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas, such as the Caspian and the Dead. Since these seas are in effect lakes without access to wider seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered landlocked. Although the Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man - made Volga -- Don Canal, large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it. By degree Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having direct access to the high seas, two or more such countries, or be surrounded by other landlocked countries, making a country doubly landlocked. Landlocked by a single country Three countries are landlocked by a single country ( enclaved countries ) : Lesotho, a state surrounded by South Africa. San Marino, a state surrounded by Italy. Vatican City, a state forming part of Rome, thus surrounded by Italy. Landlocked by two countries Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbours ( semi-enclaved countries ) : Andorra ( between France and Spain ) Bhutan ( between India and China ) Liechtenstein ( one of the `` doubly landlocked '' countries, between Switzerland and Austria ) Moldova ( between Ukraine and Romania ) Mongolia ( between Russia and China ) Nepal ( between India and China ) Swaziland ( between South Africa and Mozambique ) To this group could be added three de facto states with no or limited international recognition : South Ossetia ( between Russia and Georgia ) Transnistria ( between Ukraine and Moldova ) Kosovo ( between Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia ) Doubly landlocked A country is `` doubly landlocked '' or `` double - landlocked '' when it is surrounded entirely by one or more landlocked countries ( requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline ). There are two such countries : Liechtenstein in Central Europe, surrounded by Switzerland and Austria. Uzbekistan in Central Asia, surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. There were no doubly landlocked countries from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. Liechtenstein bordered the Austro - Hungarian Empire, which had an Adriatic coastline, and Uzbekistan was then part of the Russian Empire, which had both ocean and sea access. With the dissolution of Austria - Hungary in 1918 and creation of an independent, landlocked Austria, Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938. In the Nazi Anschluss that year, Austria was absorbed into the Third Reich, which possessed a border on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. After World War II, Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked. Uzbekistan, which had been absorbed by the Soviet Union upon the toppling of the Russian throne in 1917, gained its independence with the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country. However, Uzbekistan 's doubly landlocked status depends on the Caspian Sea 's status dispute : some countries, especially Iran and Turkmenistan, claim that the Caspian Sea should be considered as a real sea ( mainly because this way they would have larger oil and gas fields ), which would make Uzbekistan only a simple landlocked country because its neighbours Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have access to the Caspian Sea. List of landlocked countries and territories Country Area ( km ) Population Cluster Surrounding countries Count Afghanistan 652,230 33,369,945 Central Asia Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan 6 Andorra 468 84,082 ( none ) France, Spain Armenia 29,743 3,254,300 Caucasia Iran, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan Artsakh 11,458 146,600 Caucasia Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran Austria 83,871 8,823,054 Central Europe Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland 8 Azerbaijan 86,600 8,997,401 Caucasia Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Turkey Belarus 207,600 9,484,300 ( none ) Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Latvia 5 Bhutan 38,394 691,141 ( none ) India, China Bolivia 1,098,581 10,907,778 South America Peru, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay 5 Botswana 582,000 1,990,876 Southern Africa Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa Burkina Faso 274,222 15,746,232 Central Africa Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast 6 Burundi 27,834 10,557,259 Central Africa Rwanda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo Central African Republic 622,984 4,422,000 Central Africa Chad, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, South Sudan 6 Chad 1,284,000 13,670,084 Central Africa Libya, Niger, Sudan, Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon 6 Czech Republic 78,867 10,674,947 Central Europe Austria, Germany, Poland, Slovakia Ethiopia 1,104,300 101,853,268 Central Africa Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan 6 Hungary 93,028 9,797,561 Central Europe Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine 7 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 16,372,000 Central Asia China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 5 Kosovo 10,908 1,804,838 Central Europe Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia Kyrgyzstan 199,951 5,482,000 Central Asia China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Laos 236,800 6,320,000 ( none ) Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand 5 Lesotho 30,355 2,067,000 ( none ) South Africa Liechtenstein 160 35,789 Central Europe Switzerland, Austria Luxembourg 2,586 502,202 ( none ) Belgium, Germany, France Macedonia 25,713 2,114,550 Central Europe Kosovo, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania 5 Malawi 118,484 15,028,757 Southern Africa Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique Mali 1,240,192 14,517,176 Central Africa Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania 7 Moldova 33,846 3,559,500 ( Eastern Europe ) Romania, Ukraine Mongolia 1,566,500 2,892,876 ( none ) China, Russia Nepal 147,181 26,494,504 ( none ) China, India Niger 1,267,000 15,306,252 Central Africa Libya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Algeria 7 Paraguay 406,752 6,349,000 South America Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia Rwanda 26,338 10,746,311 Central Africa Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo San Marino 61 31,716 ( none ) Italy Serbia 88,361 7,306,677 Central Europe Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania ( via Kosovo and Metohija ) 8 Slovakia 49,035 5,429,763 Central Europe Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Hungary 5 South Ossetia 3,900 72,000 ( none ) Georgia, Russia South Sudan 619,745 8,260,490 Central Africa Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic 6 Swaziland 17,364 1,185,000 ( none ) Mozambique, South Africa Switzerland 41,284 8,401,120 Central Europe France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, Italy 5 Tajikistan 143,100 7,349,145 Central Asia Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, China Transnistria 4,163 505,153 ( Eastern Europe ) Moldova, Ukraine Turkmenistan 488,100 5,110,000 Central Asia Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran Uganda 241,038 40,322,768 Central Africa Kenya, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania 5 Uzbekistan 449,100 32,606,007 Central Asia Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan 5 Vatican City 0.44 826 ( none ) Italy West Bank 5,655 2,862,485 ( none ) Israel, Jordan Zambia 752,612 12,935,000 Southern Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola 8 Zimbabwe 390,757 12,521,000 Southern Africa South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique Total 14,776,228 475,818,737 Percentage of World 11.4 % 6.9 % Has a coastline on the saltwater Caspian Sea Has a coastline on the saltwater Dead Sea Disputed region with limited international recognition Landlocked by just one country Not fully recognized They can be grouped in contiguous groups as follows : Central Asian cluster ( 6 ) : Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Central European cluster ( 9 ) : Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo ( partially recognized ), Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland West, Central and East African cluster ( 10 ) : Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda South African cluster ( 4 ) : Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe Caucasian cluster ( 3 ) : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Artsakh ( unrecognized ) South American cluster ( 2 ) : Bolivia, Paraguay If Transnistria is included then Moldova and Transnistria form their own cluster, listed in parentheses in the table. If it were not for the 40 km ( 25 mi ) of coastline at Muanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo would join the two African clusters into one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only 30 km ( 19 mi ), across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following `` single '' landlocked countries ( each of them borders no other landlocked country ) : Africa ( 2 ) : Lesotho, Swaziland Asia ( 5 ) : Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, West Bank ( partially recognized ) Europe ( 6 ) : Andorra, Belarus, Luxembourg, Moldova ( if Transnistria is excluded ), San Marino, and the State of the Vatican City Caucasus ( 1 ) : South Ossetia ( partially recognized ) If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on the status of the three transcontinental countries, Asia has between 9 and 15, while South America has only 2. North America and Australia are the only continents with no landlocked countries ( not including Antarctica, which has no countries ). See also Geography portal Convention on Transit Trade of Land - locked States Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea - coast Enclave and exclave List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders List of countries that border only one other country List of landlocked U.S. states Navies of landlocked countries References Jump up ^ Munim, Ziaul Haque ; Haralambides, Hercules ( 2018 ). `` Competition and cooperation for intermodal container transhipment : A network optimization approach ''. Research in Transportation Business & Management. 26 : 87 -- 99. doi : 10.1016 / j. rtbm. 2018.03. 004. Jump up ^ Paudel, R.C. ( 2012 ). `` Landlockedness and Economic Growth : New Evidence ''. Growth and Export Performance of Developing Countries : Is Landlockedness Destiny ? ( PDF ). Canberra, Australia : Australian National University. pp. 13 -- 72. Jump up ^ Faye, M.L. ; McArthur, J.W. ; Sachs, J.D. ; Snow, T. ( 2004 ). `` The Challenges Facing Landlocked Developing Countries ''. Journal of Human Development. 5 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 68 ( pp. 31 -- 32 ). doi : 10.1080 / 14649880310001660201. Jump up ^ Collier, Paul ( 2007 ). The Bottom Billion. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 56, 57. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537338 - 7. Jump up ^ Moseley, W.G. ; Carney, J. ; Becker, L. ( 2010 ). `` Neoliberal Policy, Rural Livelihoods and Urban Food Security in West Africa : A Comparative Study of The Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali ''. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107 ( 13 ) : 5774 -- 5779. Bibcode : 2010PNAS... 107.5774 M. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0905717107. PMC 2851933. Jump up ^ Moseley, W.G. ( 2011 ). `` Lessons from the 2008 Global Food Crisis : Agro-Food Dynamics in Mali ''. Development in Practice. 21 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 604 -- 612. Jump up ^ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) ( 2010 ). Review of Maritime Transport, 2010 ( PDF ). New York and Geneva : United Nations. p. 160. ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 112810 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Danube River Basin ''. International Waterway Governance. Retrieved June 30, 2018. ) Jump up ^ Chopra, P.N. ; Puri, B.N. ; Das, M.N. A Comprehensive History of India. 3. p. 298. Jump up ^ UN Report Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Dempsey Morais, Caitlin. `` Landlocked Countries ''. Geolounge. Retrieved November 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Landlocked Countries ''. About.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` IGU regional conference on environment and quality of life in central Europe ''. GeoJournal. 28 ( 4 ). 1992. doi : 10.1007 / BF00273120. 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Question: what south american countries do not have access to the oceans
Answer: Bolivia