Kepler - 22b - wikipedia Kepler - 22b Kepler - 22b Exoplanet List of exoplanets A diagram of the orbit of Kepler - 22b within the Kepler - 22 system, as compared to the inner Solar System, and their respective projected habitable zones. Parent star Star Kepler - 22 Constellation Cygnus Right ascension ( α ) 19 16 52.1904 Declination ( δ ) + 47 ° 53 ′ 03.948 '' Apparent magnitude ( m ) 11.5 ( B - band ) Distance 7002638000000000000 ♠ 638 ± 3 ly ( 7002195700000000000 ♠ 195.7 ± 0.9 pc ) Spectral type G5V Mass ( m ) 0.97 M Radius ( r ) 0.979 ± 0.02 R Temperature ( T ) 5518 ± 44 K Age ~ 4 Gyr Physical characteristics Mass ( m ) < 52.8 M Radius ( r ) 2.04 Stellar flux ( F ) 1.137 ⊕ Temperature ( T ) 295 K ( 22 ° C ; 71 ° F ) Orbital elements Semi-major axis ( a ) 0.849 ± 0.018 AU ( 127 Gm ) Eccentricity ( e ) 0 Orbital period ( P ) 289.862 ± 0.02 d Inclination ( i ) 89.764 ° Discovery information Discovery date 5 December 2011 ( announced ) Discoverer ( s ) Kepler Science Team Discovery method Transit Discovery site Kepler telescope Discovery status Published Other designations KOI - 087.01, KOI - 087 b, KIC - 10593626 b, 2MASS J19165219 + 4753040 b Database references Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia data SIMBAD data Exoplanet Archive data Open Exoplanet Catalogue data Kepler - 22b, also known by its Kepler object of interest designation KOI - 087.01, is an extrasolar planet orbiting within the empirical habitable zone of the Sun - like star Kepler - 22. It is located about 638 light - years ( 196 pc ) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA 's Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and was the first known transiting planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun - like star. Kepler - 22 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler - 22b 's size is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition are unknown. An Earth - like composition for the planet has been ruled out. It is likely to have a volatile - rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell. The only parameters of the planet 's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period, which is about 290 days, and its inclination, which is approximately 90 °. Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature ( assuming an Earth - like albedo ) would be approximately 262 K ( − 11 ° C ), compared to Earth 's 255 K ( − 18 ° C ) The planet 's first transit was observed on 12 May 2009. Confirmation of the existence of Kepler - 22b was announced on 5 December 2011. Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Mass and radius 1.2 Host star 1.3 Orbit 2 Habitability 2.1 Climate 2.2 Limits on satellites 3 Discovery and observation 3.1 Past transit dates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Characteristics Kepler - 22b is an extrasolar planet orbiting around the star Kepler - 22. It is about 600 light - years ( 180 pc ) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011. Mass and radius Kepler - 22b 's radius is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition remain unknown, with only some very rough estimates established : it has fewer than 124 Earth masses at the 3 - sigma confidence limit, and fewer than 36 Earth masses at 1 - sigma confidence. The adopted model in Kipping et al. ( 2013 ) does not reliably detect the mass ( the best fit value is only slightly larger than the 1 - sigma error bar ), though the mass is below 52.8 Earth masses to 95 % confidence. Kepler - 22b, dubbed by scientists as a ' waterworld ', might be an ' ocean - like ' planet. It might also be comparable to the water - rich planet GJ 1214 b although Kepler - 22b, unlike GJ 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An Earth - like composition is ruled out to at least 1 - sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system. It is thus likely to have a more volatile - rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell ; this would make it similar to Kepler - 11f, the smallest known gas planet. Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project, has speculated, `` If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core, it 's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean ''. This possibility has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial life. Host star The host star, Kepler - 22, is a G - type star that is 3 % less massive than the Sun and 2 % smaller in volume. It has a surface temperature of 5,518 K ( 5,245 ° C ) compared with the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5,778 K ( 5,505 ° C ). The star is about 4 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. The apparent magnitude of Kepler - 22 is 11.5, which means it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Orbit The only parameters of the planet 's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period, which is about 290 days, and its inclination, which is approximately 90 °. From Earth, the planet appears to make a transit across the disk of its host star. It has an eccentricity of 0, meaning its orbit is circular. In order to obtain further information about the details of the planet 's orbit, other methods of planetary detection, such as the radial velocity method, need to be used. While such methods have been performed on the planet since its discovery, these methods have not yet detected an accurate value for the eccentricity of the planet and so ( as of March 2012 ) only an upper limit for the mass of the planet has been set by astronomers. Habitability Artist 's concept of an oceanic exoplanet in the habitable zone of its host star, possibly compatible with Kepler - 22b 's known data. The average distance from Kepler - 22b to its host star Kepler - 22 is about 15 % less than the distance from Earth to the Sun but the luminosity ( light output ) of Kepler - 22 is about 25 % less than that of the Sun. This combination of a shorter average distance from the star and a lower stellar luminosity are consistent with a moderate surface temperature at that distance, if it is assumed that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. If Kepler - 22b is found to move in a highly elliptical orbit, its surface temperature will vary from a higher temperature when close to Kepler - 22 to lower when farther away. If the orbit is indeed highly elliptical, then the temperature variance will be extreme. Climate Scientists can estimate the possible surface conditions as follows : In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature ( assuming an Earth - like albedo ) would be approximately 262 K ( − 11 ° C ), compared to Earth 's 255 K ( − 18 ° C ). If the atmosphere provides a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Earth, it would have an average surface temperature of 295 K ( 22 ° C ). If the atmosphere has a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Venus, it would have an average surface temperature of 733 K ( 460 ° C ). Recent estimates suggest that Kepler - 22b has more than a 95 % probability of being located in the empirical habitable zone defined by the recent Venus and early Mars limits ( based on estimates of when these planets may have supported habitable conditions ), but less than a 5 % chance of being located in the conservative habitable zone within the Circumstellar habitable zone, ( estimated from a 1D cloud - free radiative - convective model ). Limits on satellites The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler ( HEK ) project has studied the Kepler photometry of the planet, to find any evidence of transit timing and duration variations that may be caused by an orbiting satellite. Such variations were not found, so ruling out the existence of any satellites of Kepler - 22b with a mass greater than 0.54 Earth masses. Discovery and observation The planet 's first transit in front of its host star was observed on Kepler 's third day of scientific operations, on 12 May 2009. The third transit was detected on 15 December 2010. Additional confirmation data was provided by the Spitzer Space Telescope and ground - based observations. Confirmation of the existence of Kepler - 22b was announced on 5 December 2011. Past transit dates Transits of Kepler - 22b Date ( s ) of transit Time ( UTC ) Notes Start Mid End 15 May 2009 First observed transit by Kepler space telescope 1 March 2010 Observed by Spitzer 15 Dec 2010 3rd transit observed by Kepler 1 October 2011 7.4 hour transit observed by Spitzer space telescope, confirming the planet See also Astronomy portal Space portal Earth analog Gliese 163 c Gliese 581 d Gliese 581 g Gliese 667 Cc Kepler - 452b Kepler - 62f Kepler - 1229b HD 85512 b Kepler - 69c Kepler - 186f PH2 b Planetary habitability References ^ Jump up to : Brown, A.G.A. ; Vallenari, A. ; Prusti, T. ; de Bruijne, J.H.J. ; et al. ( Gaia Collaboration ) ( 2018 ). `` Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties ''. Astronomy & Astrophysics. arXiv : 1804.09365. doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201833051. Gaia Data Release 2 Vizier catalog entry Jump up ^ `` Kepler - 22 ''. SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 8 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Notes for Planet Kepler - 22 b ''. Extrasolar Planet Database. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : Safonova, M. ; Murthy, J. ; Shchekinov, Yu. A. ( 2014 ). `` Age Aspects of Habitability ''. International Journal of Astrobiology. 15 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 105. arXiv : 1404.0641. Bibcode : 2016IJAsB... 15... 93S. doi : 10.1017 / S1473550415000208. ^ Jump up to : Kipping, D.M. ; Forgan, D. ; Hartman, J. ; Nesvorný, D. ; Bakos, G. Á. ; Schmitt, A. ; Buchhave, L. ( 2013 ). `` The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler ( Hek ). Iii. The First Search for an Exomoon Around a Habitable - Zone Planet ''. The Astrophysical Journal. 777 ( 2 ) : 134. arXiv : 1306.1530 v1. Bibcode : 2013ApJ... 777... 134K. doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 777 / 2 / 134. ^ Jump up to : `` Kepler - 22 b ''. NASA Exoplanet Archive. Retrieved 4 July 2016. Jump up ^ Klotz, Irene ( 5 December 2011 ). `` Alien Planet Could Host Life ) ''. Discovery.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NASA 's Kepler Confirms Its First Planet in Habitable Zone of Sun - like Star ''. NASA Press Release. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Kepler 22 - b : Earth - like planet confirmed ''. BBC Online. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011. Jump up ^ Kepler - 22b : Facts About Exoplanet in Habitable Zone ^ Jump up to : Borucki, William J. ; Koch, David G. ; Batalha, Natalie ; Bryson, Stephen T. ; Rowe, Jason ; Fressin, Francois ; Torres, Guillermo ; Caldwell, Douglas A. ; Christensen - Dalsgaard, Jørgen ; Cochran, William D. ; Devore, Edna ; Gautier, Thomas N. ; Geary, John C. ; Gilliland, Ronald ; Gould, Alan ; Howell, Steve B. ; Jenkins, Jon M. ; Latham, David W. ; Lissauer, Jack J. ; Marcy, Geoffrey W. ; Sasselov, Dimitar ; Boss, Alan ; Charbonneau, David ; Ciardi, David ; Kaltenegger, Lisa ; Doyle, Laurance ; Dupree, Andrea K. ; Ford, Eric B. ; Fortney, Jonathan ; Holman, Matthew J. ( 2012 ). `` Kepler - 22b : A 2.4 Earth - radius Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Sun - like Star ''. The Astrophysical Journal. 745 ( 2 ) : 120. arXiv : 1112.1640. Bibcode : 2012ApJ... 745... 120B. doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 745 / 2 / 120. The article gives Julian dates, which are converted at imcce.fr Archived 22 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ( all dates in Univ. Time ) Jump up ^ Scharf, Caleb A. ( 8 December 2011 ). `` You Ca n't Always Tell An Exoplanet By Its Size ''. Scientific American. Retrieved 20 September 2012. : `` If it ( Kepler - 22b ) had a similar composition to the Earth, then we 're looking at a world in excess of about 40 Earth masses ''. Jump up ^ https://astrobites.org/2014/07/31/most-1-6-earth-radius-planets-are-not-rocky/ Jump up ^ Rincon, Paul ( 5 December 2011 ). `` A home from home : Five planets that could host life ''. BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2016. Jump up ^ Ian O'Neill ( 5 December 2011 ). `` SETI to Hunt for Aliens on Kepler 's Worlds ''. Discovery News. Jump up ^ Fraser Cain ( 15 September 2008 ). `` Temperature of the Sun ''. Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011. Jump up ^ Fraser Cain ( 16 September 2008 ). `` How Old is the Sun ? ''. Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` NASA Telescope Confirms Alien Planet in Habitable Zone ''. Space.com. 12 May 2011 Jump up ^ Dr. Tony Phillips ( 5 December 2011 ). `` Kepler Confirms First Planet in Habitable Zone of Sun - like Star ''. NASA science news. Retrieved 31 January 2012. The first transit was captured just three days after we declared the spacecraft operationally ready. We witnessed the defining third transit over the 2010 holiday season. Jump up ^ NASA ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ). `` NASA 's Kepler Mission Confirms Its First Planet in Habitable Zone of Sun - like Star ''. NASA. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kepler - 22b. `` NASA 's Kepler Confirms Its First Planet In Habitable Zone '' ( NASA ) `` Kepler discoveries : Kepler - 22b : ' a yearly orbit of 289 days ' '' ( NASA ) `` View of Kepler 22 - b Sky Location '' ( Worldwide Telescope ) Kepler - 22b -- First Discovered Planet In Habitable Zone on YouTube Kepler 22b -- a planet in a star 's habitable zone on YouTube Kepler mission newsfeed Exoplanetology Planet Definition IAU Planetary science Main topics Exoplanet Methods of detecting exoplanets Planetary system Sizes and types Terrestrial Carbon planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Ice planet Iron planet Lava planet Mega-Earth Ocean planet Sub-Earth Super-Earth Gaseous Chthonian planet Eccentric Jupiter Gas dwarf Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Ice giant Mini-Neptune Super-Neptune Super-Jupiter Other types Brown dwarf Circumbinary planet Double planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet / Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Sub-brown dwarf Ultra-cool dwarf Ultra-short period planets ( USP ) Formation and evolution Accretion Merging stars Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Systems Exocomet Exomoon Interstellar comet Mean - 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based abiogenesis ( Fred Hoyle ) Brookings Report Planetary protection Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact Exotheology Extraterrestrials in fiction Extremophile Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Noogenesis San Marino Scale Technosignature UFO religion Xenoarchaeology Coordinates : 19 16 52.2, + 47 ° 53 ′ 4.2 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kepler-22b&oldid=842055603 '' Categories : Kepler - 22 Transiting exoplanets Exoplanets discovered in 2011 Super-Earths in the habitable zone Exoplanets discovered by Kepler ( spacecraft ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018, at 22 : 42. 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Question: what is the surface of kepler 22b like
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