Biceps - wikipedia Biceps For other uses, see Biceps ( disambiguation ). Biceps The biceps is a two - headed muscle and is one of the chief flexors of the forearm. Here is the left side, seen from the front. Details Pronunciation / ˈbaɪsɛps ˈbreɪki. aɪ / Origin Short head : coracoid process of the scapula. Long head : supraglenoid tubercle Insertion Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia on medial part of forearm Artery Brachial artery Nerve Musculocutaneous nerve ( C5 -- C7 ) Actions Flexes elbow flexes and abducts shoulder supinates radioulnar joint in the forearm Antagonist Triceps brachii muscle Identifiers Latin musculus biceps brachii TA A04. 6.02. 013 FMA 37670 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The biceps, also biceps brachii is a two - headed muscle that lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm. Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew : first biceps unscrews the cork ( supination ), then it pulls the cork out ( flexion ). Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Variation 1.2 Nerve supply 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Society and culture 4.1 Etymology and grammar 4.2 Training 5 History 6 Other species 6.1 Neanderthals 6.2 Horses 7 Additional images 8 References 9 External links Structure Location of biceps. Two different colors represent two different bundles which compose biceps. Short head Long head The biceps is one of three muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm, along with the brachialis muscle and the coracobrachialis muscle, with which the biceps shares a nerve supply. The biceps muscle has two heads, the short head and the long head, distinguished according to their origin at the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, respectively. From its origin on the glenoid, the long head remains tendinous as it passes through the shoulder joint and through the intertubercular groove of the humerus. Extending from its origin on the coracoid, the tendon of the short head runs adjacent to the tendon of the coracobrachialis as the conjoint tendon. Unlike the other muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm, the biceps muscle crosses two joints, the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. Both heads of the biceps join in the middle upper arm to form a single muscle mass usually near the insertion of the deltoid to form a common muscle belly, although several anatomic studies have demonstrated that the muscle bellies remain distinct structures without confluent fibers. As the muscle extends distally, the two heads rotate 90 degrees externally before inserting onto the radial tuberosity. The short head inserts distally on the tuberosity while the long head inserts proximally closer to the apex of the tuberosity. The bicipital aponeurosis, also called the lacertus fibrosis, is a thick fascial band that organizes close to the musculotendinous junction of the biceps and radiates over and inserts onto the ulnar part of the antebrachial fascia. The tendon that attaches to the radial tuberosity is partially or completely surrounded by a bursa ; the bicipitoradial bursa, which ensures frictionless motion between the biceps tendon and the proximal radius during pronation and supination of the forearm. Two muscles lie underneath the biceps brachii. These are the coracobrachialis muscle, which like the biceps attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula, and the brachialis muscle which connects to the ulna and along the mid-shaft of the humerus. Besides those, the brachioradialis muscle is adjacent to the biceps and also inserts on the radius bone, though more distally. Variation Traditionally described as a two - headed muscle, biceps brachii is one of the most variable muscles of the human body and has a third head arising from the humerus in 10 % of cases ( normal variation ) -- most commonly originating near the insertion of the coracobrachialis and joining the short head -- but four, five, and even seven supernumerary heads have been reported in rare cases. The distal biceps tendons are completely separated in 40 % and bifurcated in 25 % of cases. Nerve supply See also : Biceps reflex The biceps shares its nerve supply with the other two muscles of the anterior compartment. The muscles are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Fibers of the fifth, sixth and seventh cervical nerves make up the components of the musculocutaneous nerve which supply the biceps. Function Flexed arm in the pronated position ( left ) ; with the biceps partially contracted and in a supinated position with the biceps more fully contracted, approaching minimum length ( right. ) The biceps works across three joints. The most important of these functions is to supinate the forearm and flex the elbow. Besides, the long head of biceps prevents the upward displacement of the head of the humerus. In more detail, the actions are, by joint : Proximal radioulnar joint ( upper forearm ) -- Contrary to popular belief, the biceps brachii is not the most powerful flexor of the forearm, a role which actually belongs to the deeper brachialis muscle. The biceps brachii functions primarily as a powerful supinator of the forearm ( turns the palm upwards ). This action, which is aided by the supinator muscle, requires the elbow to be at least partially flexed. If the elbow, or humeroulnar joint, is fully extended, supination is then primarily carried out by the supinator muscle. The biceps is a particularly powerful supinator of the forearm due to the distal attachment of the muscle at the radial tuberosity, on the opposite side of the bone from the supinator muscle. When flexed, the biceps effectively pulls the radius back into its neutral supinated position in concert with the supinator muscle. Elbow ( Humeroulnar joint ) -- The biceps brachii also functions as an important flexor of the forearm, particularly when the forearm is supinated. Functionally, this action is performed when lifting an object, such as a bag of groceries or when performing a biceps curl. When the forearm is in pronation ( the palm faces the ground ), the brachialis, brachioradialis, and supinator function to flex the forearm, with minimal contribution from the biceps brachii. It is also important to note that regardless of forearm position, ( supinated, pronated, or neutral, ) the force exerted by the biceps brachii remains the same ; however, the brachioradialis has a much greater change in exertion depending on position than the biceps during concentric contractions. That is, the biceps can only exert so much force, and as forearm position changes, other muscles must compensate. Shoulder ( Glenohumeral joint ) ( shoulder ) -- Several weaker functions occur at the glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint. The biceps brachii weakly assists in forward flexion of the shoulder joint ( bringing the arm forward and upwards ). It may also contribute to abduction ( bringing the arm out to the side ) when the arm is externally ( or laterally ) rotated. The short head of the biceps brachii also assists with horizontal adduction ( bringing the arm across the body ) when the arm is internally ( or medially ) rotated. Finally, the short head of the biceps brachii, due to its attachment to the scapula ( or shoulder blade ), assists with stabilization of the shoulder joint when a heavy weight is carried in the arm. The tendon of the long head of the biceps also assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity. Clinical significance The proximal tendons of the biceps brachii are commonly involved in pathological processes and are a frequent cause of anterior shoulder pain. Disorders of the distal biceps brachii tendon include insertional tendonitis and partial or complete tears of the tendon. Partial tears are usually characterized by pain and enlargement and abnormal contour of the tendon. Complete tears occur as avulsion of the tendinous portion of the biceps away from its insertion on the tuberosity of the radius, and is often accompanied by a palpable, audible `` pop '' and immediate pain and soft tissue swelling. A soft - tissue mass is sometimes encountered in the anterior aspect of the arm, the so - called Reverse Popeye deformity, which paradoxically leads to a decreased strength during flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm. Tears of the biceps brachii may occur during athletic activities, however avulsion injuries of the distal biceps tendon are frequently occupational in nature and sustained during forceful, eccentric contraction of the biceps muscle while lifting. Acute rupture of the distal biceps tendon can be treated nonoperatively with acceptable results, but because the injury can lead to 30 % loss of elbow flexion strength and 30 - 50 % loss of forearm supination strength, surgical repair is generally recommended. Complete distal biceps tears are commonly treated with re-attachment of the biceps tendon to its native insertion on the tuberosity of the radius using bone tunnels, suture buttons, or suture anchors. Proximal ruptures of the long head of the biceps tendon can be surgically addressed by two different techniques. Biceps tenodesis includes release of the long head of the biceps tendon off of its insertion on the glenoid and re-attachment by screw or suture anchor fixation to the humerus. Biceps tenotomy consists of simple release of the long head of the biceps without reattachment to the humerus, allowing the tendon to retract into the soft tissues of the proximal upper arm. Degeneration of the tendon can cause partial tears and are rarely associated with a traumatic event. Treatment of a biceps tear depends on the severity of the injury. In most cases, the muscle will heal over time with no corrective surgery. Applying cold pressure and using anti-inflammatory medications will ease pain and reduce swelling. More severe injuries require surgery and post-op physical therapy to regain strength and functionality in the muscle. Corrective surgeries of this nature are typically reserved for elite athletes who rely on a complete recovery. Society and culture The biceps are usually attributed as representative of strength within a variety of worldwide cultures. Etymology and grammar The biceps brachii muscle is the one that gave all muscles their name : it comes from the Latin musculus, `` little mouse '', because the appearance of the flexed biceps resembles the back of a mouse. The same phenomenon occurred in Greek, in which μῦς, mȳs, means both `` mouse '' and `` muscle ''. The term biceps brachii is a Latin phrase meaning `` two - headed ( muscle ) of the arm '', in reference to the fact that the muscle consists of two bundles of muscle, each with its own origin, sharing a common insertion point near the elbow joint. The proper plural form of the Latin adjective biceps is bicipites, a form not in general English use. Instead, biceps is used in both singular and plural ( i.e., when referring to both arms ). The English form bicep ( sic ), attested from 1939, is a back formation derived from interpreting the s of biceps as the English plural marker - s. While common even in professional contexts, it is often considered incorrect. Training The Preacher curl, also known as the Scott Curl, is a popular exercise for biceps The biceps can be strengthened using weight and resistance training. Examples of well known biceps exercises are the chin - up and biceps curl. To isolate the biceps brachii in elbow flexion, place the shoulder in hyperextension. The split between the short head ( front ) and the long head ( back ) of the biceps muscle, resulted from special trainings In training the biceps brachii, it is important to distinguish between the long head and the short head of the biceps. The long head is the outer portion of the muscle. The short head is the inner portion of the muscle. There is much debate over the best biceps workouts for targeting each of these heads. The first theory for targeting is based on the proximity of the arms in relation to the body. It is said that when the elbows are pulled back behind the body, this targets the long head more. To target the short head, the elbows should be in front of the body. The second theory uses grip placement and angle as the primary factor in targeting each head. For instance, to target the long head when using dumbbells or cables, the grip should be semi-supinated ( hammer ) grip where the palms face each other. If using a barbell ( EZ grip or straight ), the grip should be inside of shoulder width. To target the short head when using dumbbells or cables, grip should be supinated, where the palms are facing up completely. If using a barbell ( EZ grip or straight ), grip should be outside of shoulder width. History Leonardo da Vinci expressed the original idea of the biceps acting as a supinator in a series of annotated drawings made between 1505 and 1510 ; in which the principle of the biceps as a supinator, as well as its role as a flexor to the elbow were devised. However, this function remained undiscovered by the medical community as da Vinci was not regarded as a teacher of anatomy, nor were his results publicly released. It was not until 1713 that this movement was re-discovered by William Cheselden and subsequently recorded for the medical community. It was rewritten several times by different authors wishing to present information to different audiences. The most notable recent expansion upon Cheselden 's recordings was written by Guillaume Duchenne in 1867, in a journal named Physiology of Motion. To this day it remains one of the major references on supination action of the biceps brachii. Other species Neanderthals See also : Neanderthal anatomy In Neanderthals, the radial bicipital tuberosities were larger than in modern humans, which suggests they were probably able to use their biceps for supination over a wider range of pronation - supination. It is possible that they relied more on their biceps for forceful supination without the assistance of the supinator muscle like in modern humans, and thus that they used a different movement when throwing. Horses See also : Equine anatomy In the horse, the biceps ' function is to extend the shoulder and flex the elbow. It is composed of two short - fibred heads separated longitudinally by a thick internal tendon which stretches from the origin on the supraglenoid tubercle to the insertion on the medial radial tuberosity. This tendon can withstand very large forces when the biceps is stretched. From this internal tendon a strip of tendon, the lacertus fibrosus, connects the muscle with the extensor carpi radialis -- an important feature in the horse 's stay apparatus ( through which the horse can rest and sleep whilst standing. ) Additional images Biceps and triceps. Movement of biceps and triceps when arm is flexing References ^ Jump up to : Ort, Bruce Ian Bogart, Victoria ( 2007 ). Elsevier 's integrated anatomy and embryology. Philadelphia, Pa. : Elsevier Saunders. pp. 262 -- 267. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3165 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Lippert, Lynn S. ( 2006 ). Clinical kinesiology and anatomy ( 4th ed. ). Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Company. pp. 126 -- 7. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8036 - 1243 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Athwal, George S. ; Steinmann, Scott P. ; Rispoli, Damian M. ( October 2007 ). `` The distal biceps tendon : footprint and relevant clinical anatomy ''. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 32 ( 8 ) : 1225 -- 1229. doi : 10.1016 / j. jhsa. 2007.05. 027. ISSN 0363 - 5023. PMID 17923307. ^ Jump up to : Eames, M.H.A. ; Bain, G.I. ; Fogg, Q.A. ; van Riet, R.P. ( May 2007 ). `` Distal biceps tendon anatomy : a cadaveric study ''. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 89 ( 5 ) : 1044 -- 1049. doi : 10.2106 / JBJS. D. 02992. ISSN 0021 - 9355. PMID 17473142. Jump up ^ Platzer, Werner ( 2004 ). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1 : Locomotor System ( 5th ed. ). Thieme. p. 154. ISBN 1 - 58890 - 159 - 9. Jump up ^ Kegels, Lore ; Van Oyen, Jan ; Siemons ; Verdonk, René ( 2006 ). `` Bicipitoradial bursitis A case report '' ( PDF ). Acta Orthopædica Belgica. 72 : 362 -- 365. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Jump up ^ Poudel, PP ; Bhattarai, C ( 2009 ). `` Study on the supernumerary heads of biceps brachii muscle in Nepalese '' ( PDF ). Nepal Med Coll J. 11 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 98. PMID 19968147. Jump up ^ Dirim, Berna ; Brouha, Sharon Sudarshan ; Pretterklieber, Michael L ; Wolff, Klaus S ; Frank, Andreas ; Pathria, Mini N ; Chung, Christine B ( 2008 ). `` Terminal Bifurcation of the Biceps Brachii Muscle and Tendon : Anatomic Considerations and Clinical Implications ''. American Journal of Roentgenology. 191 ( 6 ) : W248 -- 55. doi : 10.2214 / AJR. 08.1048. PMID 19020211. Jump up ^ `` Biceps Brachii ''. ExRx.net. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Jump up ^ Krishna, Garg ( 2010 ). `` 8 - Arm ''. BD Chaurasia 's Human Anatomy ( Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical ) Volume 1 - Upper limb and thorax ( Fifth ed. ). India : CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. p. 88. ISBN 978 - 81 - 239 - 1863 - 1. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Simons David G. ; Travell Janet G. ; Simons Lois S. ( 1999 ). `` 30 : Biceps Brachii Muscle ''. In Eric Johnson. Travell & Simons ' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction ( 2nd ed. ). Baltimore, Maryland : Williams and Wilkins. pp. 648 -- 659. ISBN 0 - 683 - 08363 - 5. Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth ( 2015 ). Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw - Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121 : McGraw - Hill Education. pp. 346 -- 347. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340371 - 7. Jump up ^ Kleiber, Tim ; Kunz, Leo ; Disselhorst - Klug, Catherine ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ). `` Muscular coordination of biceps brachii and brachioradialis in elbow flexion with respect to hand position ''. Integrative Physiology. 6 : 215. doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2015.00215. PMC 4526813. PMID 26300781. Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth ( 2015 ). Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw - Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York NY 10121 : McGraw - Hill Education. p. 295. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340371 - 7. Jump up ^ Frost A, Zafar MS, Maffulli N ( April 2009 ). `` Tenotomy versus tenodesis in the management of pathologic lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii ''. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 37 ( 4 ) : 828 -- 33. doi : 10.1177 / 0363546508322179. PMID 18762669. Jump up ^ Chew ML, Giuffrè BM ( 2005 ). `` Disorders of the distal biceps brachii tendon ''. Radiographics. 25 ( 5 ) : 1227 -- 37. doi : 10.1148 / rg. 255045160. PMID 16160108. ^ Jump up to : DeLee & Drez 's orthopaedic sports medicine : principles and practice. Miller, Mark D.,, Thompson, Stephen R.,, Drez, David. ( Fourth ed. ). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9781455743766. OCLC 880421005. Jump up ^ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Free chapter on ultrasound evaluation of biceps tendon tears available at ShoulderUS.com Jump up ^ Freeman, Carl R ; McCormick, Kelly R ; Mahoney, Donna ; Baratz, Mark ; Lubahn, John D. `` Nonoperative Treatment of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures Compared with a Historical Control Group ''. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 91 ( 10 ) : 2329 -- 2334. doi : 10.2106 / jbjs. h. 01150. ^ Jump up to : Morrey, B.F. ; Askew, L.J. ; An, K.N. ; Dobyns, J.H. ( March 1985 ). `` Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. A biomechanical study ''. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 67 ( 3 ) : 418 -- 421. ISSN 0021 - 9355. PMID 3972866. Jump up ^ Baker, B.E. ; Bierwagen, D. ( March 1985 ). `` Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. Operative versus non-operative treatment ''. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 67 ( 3 ) : 414 -- 417. ISSN 0021 - 9355. PMID 3972865. Jump up ^ Nesterenko, Sergiy ; Domire, Zachary J. ; Morrey, Bernard F. ; Sanchez - Sotelo, Joaquin ( March 2010 ). `` Elbow strength and endurance in patients with a ruptured distal biceps tendon ''. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 19 ( 2 ) : 184 -- 189. doi : 10.1016 / j. jse. 2009.06. 001. ISSN 1532 - 6500. PMID 19664936. Jump up ^ Sotereanos, D.G. ; Pierce, T.D. ; Varitimidis, S.E. ( May 2000 ). `` A simplified method for repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures ''. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 9 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 233. ISSN 1058 - 2746. PMID 10888168. Jump up ^ Bain, G.I. ; Prem, H. ; Heptinstall, R.J. ; Verhellen, R. ; Paix, D. ( March 2000 ). `` Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture : a new technique using the Endobutton ''. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 9 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 126. ISSN 1058 - 2746. PMID 10810691. Jump up ^ `` Bicep tear - Muscular Injuries ''. Sports Medicine Information. Jump up ^ `` Bicep ''. Dictionary and Thesaurus -- Merriam - Webster Online. Retrieved December 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Arnold Zwicky ( July 30, 2008 ). `` The dangers of satire ''. Language Log. Retrieved December 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Tangled Passages, Corbett, Philip B., February 9, 2010, The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Biceps Workouts ''. Jump up ^ Churchill, SE ; Rhodes, JA ( 2009 ). `` Fossil Evidence for Projectile Weaponry ''. In Hublin, Jean - Jacques. The evolution of hominin diets : integrating approaches to the study of Palaeolithic subsistence. Springer. p. 208. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9698 - 3. Jump up ^ Watson, JC ; Wilson, AM ( January 2007 ). `` Muscle architecture of biceps brachii, triceps brachii and supraspinatus in the horse ''. J. Anat. 210 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 40. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006. 00669. x. PMC 2100266. PMID 17229281. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biceps brachii muscle. Look up biceps in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Anatomy photo : 06 : 05 - 0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center `` Bicep Exercises ''. Elite Men 's Guide Health. Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biceps&oldid=827494975 '' Categories : Elbow flexors Forearm supinators Muscles of the upper limb Shoulder flexors Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from September 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018, at 01 : 27. 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Question: where does the long head of the biceps brachii originate
Answer: on the scapula