Luca Pacioli - wikipedia Luca Pacioli This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( December 2017 ) Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli Portrait of Luca Pacioli, traditionally attributed to Jacopo de ' Barbari, 1495 ( attribution controversial ). c. 1447 Sansepolcro, Republic of Florence 1517 ( 1518 ) ( aged 70 ) Sansepolcro, Republic of Florence Citizenship Florentine Occupation Friar, mathematician, writer Known for Summa de arithmetica, De divina proportione, double - entry bookkeeping Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli ( sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo ; c. 1447 -- 1517 ) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and an early contributor to the field now known as accounting. He is referred to as `` The Father of Accounting and Bookkeeping '' in Europe and he was the first person to publish a work on the double - entry system of book - keeping on the continent. He was also called Luca di Borgo after his birthplace, Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany. Contents 1 Life 2 Mathematics 2.1 Translation of Piero della Francesca 's work 3 Impact on accounting and business 4 Chess 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links Life Luca Pacioli was born between 1446 and 1448 in the Tuscan town of Sansepolcro where he received an abbaco education. This was education in the vernacular ( i.e., the local tongue ) rather than Latin and focused on the knowledge required of merchants. His father was Bartolomeo Pacioli ; however, Luca Pacioli was said to have lived with the Befolci family as a child in his birth town Sansepolcro. He moved to Venice around 1464, where he continued his own education while working as a tutor to the three sons of a merchant. It was during this period that he wrote his first book, a treatise on arithmetic for the boys he was tutoring. Between 1472 and 1475, he became a Franciscan friar. Thus, Luca Pacioli could be referred to simply as Friar Luca. In 1475, he started teaching in Perugia, first as a private teacher, from 1477 holding the first chair in mathematics. He wrote a comprehensive textbook in the vernacular for his students. He continued to work as a private tutor of mathematics and was instructed to stop teaching at this level in Sansepolcro in 1491. In 1494, his first book, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, Proportioni et proportionalita, was published in Venice. In 1497, he accepted an invitation from Duke Ludovico Sforza to work in Milan. There he met, taught mathematics to, collaborated, and lived with Leonardo da Vinci. In 1499, Pacioli and Leonardo were forced to flee Milan when Louis XII of France seized the city and drove out their patron. Their paths appear to have finally separated around 1506. Pacioli died at about the age of 70 in 1517, most likely in Sansepolcro where it is thought that he had spent much of his final years. Mathematics The first printed illustration of a rhombicuboctahedron, by Leonardo da Vinci, published in De divina proportione, 1509 Woodcut from De divina proportione illustrating the proportions of the human face. Note that the lines or rectangles drawn do not correspond to the golden ratio ; this is from the second part of the book, covering the Vitruvian system. Further information : Mathematics and art Pacioli published several works on mathematics, including : Tractatus mathematicus ad discipulos perusinos ( Ms. Vatican Library, Lat. 3129 ), a nearly 600 - page textbook dedicated to his students at the University of Perugia where Pacioli taught from 1477 to 1480. The manuscript was written between December 1477 and 29 April 1478. It contains 16 sections on merchant arithmetic, such as barter, exchange, profit, mixing metals, and algebra. One part of 25 pages is missing from the chapter on algebra. A modern transcription has been published by Calzoni and Cavazzoni ( 1996 ) along with a partial translation of the chapter on partitioning problems ( Heeffer, 2010 ). Summa de arithmetica, geometria. Proportioni et proportionalita ( Venice 1494 ), a textbook for use in the schools of Northern Italy. It was a synthesis of the mathematical knowledge of his time and contained the first printed work on algebra written in the vernacular ( i.e., the spoken language of the day ). It is also notable for including one of the first published descriptions of the bookkeeping method that Venetian merchants used during the Italian Renaissance, known as the double - entry accounting system. The system he published included most of the accounting cycle as we know it today. He described the use of journals and ledgers, and warned that a person should not go to sleep at night until the debits equaled the credits. His ledger had accounts for assets ( including receivables and inventories ), liabilities, capital, income, and expenses -- the account categories that are reported on an organization 's balance sheet and income statement, respectively. He demonstrated year - end closing entries and proposed that a trial balance be used to prove a balanced ledger. He is widely considered the `` Father of Accounting ''. Additionally, his treatise touches on a wide range of related topics from accounting ethics to cost accounting. He introduced the Rule of 72, using an approximation of 100 * ln 2 more than 100 years before Napier and Briggs. De viribus quantitatis ( Ms. Università degli Studi di Bologna, 1496 -- 1508 ), a treatise on mathematics and magic. Written between 1496 and 1508, it contains the first reference to card tricks as well as guidance on how to juggle, eat fire, and make coins dance. It is the first work to note that Leonardo was left - handed. De viribus quantitatis is divided into three sections : mathematical problems, puzzles, and tricks, along with a collection of proverbs and verses. The book has been described as the `` foundation of modern magic and numerical puzzles '', but it was never published and sat in the archives of the University of Bologna, where it was seen by only a small number of scholars during the Middle Ages. The book was rediscovered after David Singmaster, a mathematician, came across a reference to it in a 19th - century manuscript. An English translation was published for the first time in 2007. Geometry ( 1509 ), a Latin translation of Euclid 's Elements. De divina proportione ( written in Milan in 1496 -- 98, published in Venice in 1509 ). Two versions of the original manuscript are extant, one in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, the other in the Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire in Geneva. The subject was mathematical and artistic proportion, especially the mathematics of the golden ratio and its application in architecture. Leonardo da Vinci drew the illustrations of the regular solids in De divina proportione while he lived with and took mathematics lessons from Pacioli. Leonardo 's drawings are probably the first illustrations of skeletonic solids, which allowed an easy distinction between front and back. The work also discusses the use of perspective by painters such as Piero della Francesca, Melozzo da Forlì, and Marco Palmezzano. As a side note, the `` M '' logo used by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City is taken from De divina proportione. Translation of Piero della Francesca 's work The majority of the second volume of Summa de arithmetica, geometria. Proportioni et proportionalita was a slightly rewritten version of one of Piero della Francesca 's works. The third volume of Pacioli 's De divina proportione was an Italian translation of Piero della Francesca 's Latin writings On ( the ) Five Regular Solids. In neither case, did Pacioli include an attribution to Piero. He was severely criticized for this and accused of plagiarism by sixteenth - century art historian and biographer Giorgio Vasari. R. Emmett Taylor ( 1889 -- 1956 ) said that Pacioli may have had nothing to do with the translated volume De divina proportione, and that it may just have been appended to his work. However, no such defence can be presented concerning the inclusion of Piero della Francesca 's material in Pacioli 's Summa. Impact on accounting and business Pacioli dramatically affected the practice of accounting by describing the double - entry accounting method used in parts of Italy. This revolutionized how businesses oversaw their operations, enabling improved efficiency and profitability. The Summa 's section on accounting was used internationally as an accounting textbook up to the mid-16th century. The essentials of double - entry accounting have for the most part remain unchanged for over 500 years. `` Accounting practitioners in public accounting, industry, and not - for - profit organizations, as well as investors, lending institutions, business firms, and all other users for financial information are indebted to Luca Pacioli for his monumental role in the development of accounting. '' Chess Pacioli also wrote an unpublished treatise on chess, De ludo scachorum ( On the Game of Chess ). Long thought to have been lost, a surviving manuscript was rediscovered in 2006, in the 22,000 - volume library of Count Guglielmo Coronini. A facsimile edition of the book was published in Pacioli 's home town of Sansepolcro in 2008. Based on Leonardo da Vinci 's long association with the author and his having illustrated De divina proportione, some scholars speculate that Leonardo either drew the chess problems that appear in the manuscript or at least designed the chess pieces used in the problems. See also List of Roman Catholic scientist - clerics Della mercatura e del mercante perfetto Notes Jump up ^ `` THE ENIGMA OF LUCA PACIOLI 'S PORTRAIT ''. RitrattoPacioli. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ Di Teodoro, Francesco Paolo ( 2014 ). `` PACIOLI, Luca ''. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani ( in Italian ). 80. Treccani. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ Diwan, Jaswith. Accounting Concepts & Theories. London : Morre. pp. 001 -- 002. id # 94452. Jump up ^ `` Pacioli biography ''. www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24. Jump up ^ St-and.ac.uk A Napierian logarithm before Napier, John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson Jump up ^ McDonald, Lucy ( 10 April 2007 ). `` And that 's renaissance magic... '' The Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Jump up ^ The Met Store ( Metropolitan Museum of Art shopping catalog ), `` Renaissance ' M ' Bookmark '' The Museum claims this origin in its descriptions of many souvenir items decorated with this logo, which it calls the `` Renaissance M ''. Jump up ^ Smith, Murphy ( 2018 ). `` Luca Pacioli : The Father of Accounting ''. Rochester, NY. doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 2320658. Jump up ^ Times Online : Renaissance chess master and the Da Vinci decode mystery Jump up ^ International Herald Tribune : Experts link Leonardo da Vinci to chess puzzles in long - lost Renaissance treatise Jump up ^ Winnipeg Free Press : Chess Jump up ^ Experts link Leonardo da Vinci to chess puzzles Sources Bambach, Carmen ( 2003 ). `` Leonardo, Left - Handed Draftsman and Writer ''. New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 02. Calzoni, Giuseppe and Gianfranco Cavazzoni ( eds. ) ( 1996 ) Tractatus Mathematicus ad Discipulos Perusinos, Città di Castello, Perugia. Galassi, Giuseppe. `` Pacioli, Luca ( c. 1445 - c. 1517 ). '' In History of Accounting : an International Encyclopedia, edited by Michael Chatfield and Richard Vangermeersch. New York : Garland Publishing, 1996. pp. 445 -- 447. Gleeson - White, Jane, `` Double Entry : How the Merchants of Venice Created Modern Finance, '' New York : Norton, 2012. Heeffer, Albrecht, `` Algebraic partitioning problems from Luca Paccioli 's Perugia manuscript ( Vat. Lat. 3129 ) '' in Sources and Commentaries in Exact Sciences, ( 2010 ), 11, pp. 3 -- 52. Pacioli, Luca. De divina proportione ( English : On the Divine Proportion ), ( Antonio Capella ) Venice : Paganino Paganini ( 1509 ). Smith, Murphy, Luca Pacioli : The Father of Accounting ( 2018 ). Available at SSRN : https://ssrn.com/abstract=2320658 or https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2320658. Taylor, Emmet, R. No Royal Road : Luca Paccioli and his Times ( 1942 ) Full Biography of Pacioli ( St. Andrews ) Lucas Paccioli - Catholic Encyclopedia article Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus, corredato della versione volgare di Luca Paccioli ( facsimile del Codice Vat. Urb. Lat. 632 ) ; eds. Cecil Grayson,... Marisa Dalai Emiliani, Carlo Maccagni. Firenze, Giunti, 1995. 3 vol. ( 68 ff., XLIV - 213, XXII - 223 pp. ). ISBN 88 - 09 - 01020 - 5 Varisco, Alessio, Borgo Sansepolcro. Città di cavalieri e pellegrini Pessano con Bornago, Mimep - Docete ( 2012 ). External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Luca Pacioli Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luca Pacioli. Works by or about Luca Pacioli at Internet Archive Luca Pacioli at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Palladio 's Literary Predecessors The Enigma of Luca Paccioli 's Portrait Outline of Paccioli 's Treatise - Particularis de Computis et Scripturis Full text of De divina proportione Luca Paccioli 's economic research programme Pacioli Institute for a true and fair view of the knowledge - based economy Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and / or portraits of Luca Pacioli in. jpg and. tiff format. Diuina proportione, Venice, 1509, digitized at Biblioteca Digital Hispánica, Biblioteca Nacional de España Lauwers, Luc & Willekens, Marleen : Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping : A Portrait of Luca Pacioli ( Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1994, vol. XXXIX issue 3 p. 289 -- 304 ) pdf BNE : XX848274 BNF : cb11918350c ( data ) GND : 118738968 ISNI : 0000 0001 2135 5781 LCCN : n81089368 MGP : 126888 NDL : 00451982 NKC : jn20010601048 RKD : 424661 ICCU : IT ICCU CFIV 065966 SELIBR : 197266 SNAC : w6tf036p SUDOC : 027055108 ULAN : 500263335 VIAF : 87677562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luca_Pacioli&oldid=851689872 '' Categories : 1440s births 1517 deaths People from Sansepolcro Italian mathematicians 15th - century Italian mathematicians 16th - century Italian mathematicians Leonardo da Vinci Italian accountants Magic squares Italian Franciscans Catholic clergy scientists Number theorists History of accounting Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Articles with Internet Archive links Use dmy dates from February 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 15 elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018, at 23 : 39 ( UTC ). 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Question: who is known as the father of modern accounting
Answer: Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli