Badlands National Park - wikipedia Badlands National Park Badlands National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Badlands National Park Location South Dakota, U.S. Nearest city Rapid City, South Dakota Coordinates 43 ° 45 ′ N 102 ° 30 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.750 ° N 102.500 ° W ﻿ / 43.750 ; - 102.500 Coordinates : 43 ° 45 ′ N 102 ° 30 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.750 ° N 102.500 ° W ﻿ / 43.750 ; - 102.500 Area 242,756 acres ( 982.40 km ) Established January 29, 1939 ( 1939 - January - 29 ) as a National Monument November 10, 1978 as a National Park Visitors 996,263 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website www.nps.gov/badl/index.htm Black Hills and Badlands Sculpture Mount Rushmore Crazy Horse Geologic formations Badlands Needles Devils Tower Bear Butte Spearfish Canyon Mountains Black Elk Peak, formerly Harney Peak Caves Wind Cave Jewel Cave Parks, forests, and grassland Wind Cave Custer State Park Black Hills National Forest Black Elk Wilderness Buffalo Gap National Grassland Lakes Sylvan Pactola Badlands National Park ( Lakota : Makȟóšiča ) is a national park in southwestern South Dakota that protects 242,756 acres ( 379.306 sq mi ; 98,240 ha ) of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. The park is managed by the National Park Service. The Badlands Wilderness protects 64,144 acres ( 100.225 sq mi ; 25,958 ha ) of the park as a designated wilderness area and is the site of the reintroduction of the black - footed ferret, the most endangered land mammal in North America. The South Unit, or Stronghold Unit, is co-managed with the Oglala Lakota tribe and includes sites of 1890s Ghost Dances, a former United States Air Force bomb and gunnery range, and Red Shirt Table, the park 's highest point at 3,340 feet ( 1,020 m ). Authorized as Badlands National Monument on March 4, 1929, it was not established until January 25, 1939. It was redesignated a national park on November 10, 1978. Under the Mission 66 plan, the Ben Reifel Visitor Center was constructed for the monument in 1957 -- 58. The park also administers the nearby Minuteman Missile National Historic Site. Contents 1 Prehistory 1.1 Genera found in the area 2 Wildlife 3 Climate 4 Human history 4.1 Native Americans 4.2 Fossil hunters 4.3 Homesteaders 4.4 Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 5 Visiting the park 6 References 7 External links Prehistory Genera found in the area Alligator ( Crocodilian ) Archaeotherium ( Entelodont ) Dinictis ( Nimravid ) Eporeodon ( Oreodont ) Eusmilus ( Nimravid ) Hoplophoneus ( Nimravid ) Hyaenodon ( Creodont ) Hyracodon ( Running Rhino ) Ischyromys ( Ground Squirrel - like Rodent ) Leptomeryx ( Tragulid ) Merycoidodon ( Oreodont ) Mesohippus ( Horse ) Metamynodon ( Aquatic Rhino ) Miniochoerus ( Oreodont ) Poebrotherium ( Camel ) Subhyracodon ( Rhinoceros ) For a list of fossil animals discovered in the formations that make up Badlands National Park and surrounding areas, see ( ( : Category : White River Fauna ) ). Wildlife Animals that inhabit this park include : badger bighorn sheep bison black - billed magpie black - footed ferret black - tailed prairie dog bobcat coyote elk mule deer pronghorn prairie rattlesnake porcupine swift fox white - tailed deer Wildlife in the park Prairie dog Bighorn sheep Bison bull Climate Climate data for Interior, SD Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 71 ( 22 ) 75 ( 24 ) 85 ( 29 ) 94 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 109 ( 43 ) 114 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 106 ( 41 ) 97 ( 36 ) 84 ( 29 ) 72 ( 22 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 36.0 ( 2.2 ) 40.4 ( 4.7 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 83 ( 28 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) 90.9 ( 32.7 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 38.4 ( 3.6 ) 63.52 ( 17.49 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 13.1 ( − 10.5 ) 16.4 ( − 8.7 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 25.4 ( − 3.7 ) 15.9 ( − 8.9 ) 37.41 ( 3.01 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 28 ( − 33 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) − 23 ( − 31 ) ( − 16 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 32 ( 0 ) 42 ( 6 ) 35 ( 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) ( − 17 ) − 21 ( − 29 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.33 ( 8.4 ) 0.45 ( 11.4 ) 0.94 ( 23.9 ) 1.98 ( 50.3 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 3.10 ( 78.7 ) 2.22 ( 56.4 ) 1.54 ( 39.1 ) 1.32 ( 33.5 ) 1.20 ( 30.5 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 0.34 ( 8.6 ) 16.96 ( 430.7 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 3.6 ( 9.1 ) 4.8 ( 12.2 ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 3.8 ( 9.7 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 3.2 ( 8.1 ) 4.2 ( 10.7 ) 25.8 ( 65.5 ) Source : http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?sd4184 Human history Native Americans False - color satellite image of the park ( more information ) For 11,000 years, Native Americans have used this area for their hunting grounds. Long before the Lakota were the little - studied paleo - Indians, followed by the Arikara people. Their descendants live today in North Dakota as a part of the Three Affiliated Tribes. Archaeological records combined with oral traditions indicate that these people camped in secluded valleys where fresh water and game were available year round. Eroding out of the stream banks today are the rocks and charcoal of their campfires, as well as the arrowheads and tools they used to butcher bison, rabbits, and other game. From the top of the Badlands Wall, they could scan the area for enemies and wandering herds. If hunting was good, they might hang on into winter, before retracing their way to their villages along the Missouri River. By one hundred and fifty years ago, the Great Sioux Nation consisting of seven bands including the Oglala Lakota, had displaced the other tribes from the northern prairie. The next great change came toward the end of the 19th century as homesteaders moved into South Dakota. The U.S. government stripped Native Americans of much of their territory and forced them to live on reservations. In the fall and early winter of 1890, thousands of Native American followers, including many Oglala Sioux, became followers of the Indian prophet Wovoka. His vision called for the native people to dance the Ghost Dance and wear Ghost shirts, which would be impervious to bullets. Wovoka had predicted that the white man would vanish and their hunting grounds would be restored. One of the last known Ghost Dances was conducted on Stronghold Table in the South Unit of Badlands National Park. As winter closed in, the ghost dancers returned to Pine Ridge Agency. The climax of the struggle came in late December, 1890. Headed south from the Cheyenne River, a band of Minneconjou Sioux crossed a pass in the Badlands Wall. Pursued by units of the U.S. Army, they were seeking refuge in the Pine Ridge Reservation. The band, led by Chief Spotted Elk, was finally overtaken by the soldiers near Wounded Knee Creek in the Reservation and ordered to camp there overnight. The troops attempted to disarm Big Foot 's band the next morning. Gunfire erupted. Before it was over, nearly three hundred Indians and thirty soldiers lay dead. The Wounded Knee Massacre was the last major clash between Plains Indians and the U.S. military until the advent of the American Indian Movement in the 1970s, most notably in the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Wounded Knee is not within the boundaries of Badlands National Park. It is located approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of the park on Pine Ridge Reservation. The U.S. government and the Oglala Lakota Nation have agreed that this is a story to be told by the Oglala of Pine Ridge and Minneconjou of Standing Rock Reservation. The interpretation of the site and its tragic events are held as the primary responsibility of these survivors. Fossil hunters National Park marker describing Badlands geology The history of the White River Badlands as a significant paleontological resource goes back to the traditional Native American knowledge of the area. The Lakota found large fossilized bones, fossilized seashells and turtle shells. They correctly assumed that the area had once been under water, and that the bones belonged to creatures which no longer existed. Paleontological interest in this area began in the 1840s. Trappers and traders regularly traveled the 300 miles ( 480 km ) from Fort Pierre to Fort Laramie along a path which skirted the edge of what is now Badlands National Park. Fossils were occasionally collected, and in 1843 a fossilized jaw fragment collected by Alexander Culbertson of the American Fur Company found its way to a physician in St. Louis by the name of Dr. Hiram A. Prout. In 1846, Prout published a paper about the jaw in the American Journal of Science in which he stated that it had come from a creature he called a Paleotherium. Shortly after the publication, the White River Badlands became popular fossil hunting grounds and, within a couple of decades, numerous new fossil species had been discovered in the White River Badlands. In 1849, Dr. Joseph Leidy published a paper on an Oligocene camel and renamed Prout 's Paleotherium, Titanotherium prouti. By 1854 when he published a series of papers about North American fossils, 84 distinct species had been discovered in North America -- 77 of which were found in the White River Badlands. In 1870 a Yale professor, O.C. Marsh, visited the region and developed more refined methods of extracting and reassembling fossils into nearly complete skeletons. From 1899 to today, the South Dakota School of Mines has sent people almost every year and remains one of the most active research institutions working in the White River Badlands. Throughout the late 19th century and continuing today, scientists and institutions from all over the world have benefited from the fossil resources of the White River Badlands. The White River Badlands have developed an international reputation as a fossil - rich area. They contain the richest deposits of Oligocene mammals known, providing a brief glimpse of life in this area 33 million years ago. Homesteaders Aspects of American homesteading began before the end of the American Civil War ; however, it did not affect the Badlands until the 20th century. Then, many hopeful farmers traveled to South Dakota from Europe or the eastern United States to try to seek out a living in the area. The standard size for a homestead was 160 acres ( 65 ha ). Being in a semi-arid, wind - swept environment, this proved far too small of a holding to support a family. In 1916, in the western Dakotas, the size of a homestead was increased to 640 acres ( 260 ha ). Cattle grazed the land, and crops such as winter wheat and hay were cut annually. However, the Great Dust Bowl events of the 1930s, combined with waves of grasshoppers, proved too much for most of the settlers of the Badlands. Houses, which had been built out of sod blocks and heated by buffalo chips, were abandoned. Those who remained today ranch and raise wheat. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Tenting in the Cedar Pass Campground As part of the World War II effort, the U.S. Army Air Force ( USAAF ) took possession of 341,726 acres ( 138,292 ha ) of land on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, home of the Oglala Sioux people, for a gunnery range. Included in this range was 337 acres ( 136 ha ) from the Badlands National Monument. This land was used extensively from 1942 through 1945 as an air - to - air and air - to - ground gunnery range including both precision and demolition bombing exercises. After the war, portions of the bombing range were used as an artillery range by the South Dakota National Guard. In 1968, most of the range was declared excess property by the USAF though 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) are retained by the USAF but no longer used, the majority of the land was turned over to the National Park Service. Firing took place within most of the present day Stronghold District. Land was bought or leased from individual landowners and the Tribe in order to clear the area of human occupation. Old car bodies and 55 gallon drums painted bright yellow were used as targets. Bulls - eyes 250 feet ( 76 m ) across were plowed into the ground and used as targets by bombardiers. Small automatic aircraft called `` target drones '' and 60 - by - 8 - foot ( 18 by 2 m ) screens dragged behind planes served as mobile targets. Today, the ground is littered with discarded bullet cases and unexploded ordnance. In the 1940s, 125 families were forcibly relocated from their farms and ranches, including Dewey Beard, a survivor of the Wounded Knee Massacre. Those that remained nearby recall times when they had to dive under tractors while out cutting hay to avoid bombs dropped by planes miles outside of the boundary. In the town of Interior, both a church and the building housing the current post office were struck by six inch ( 152 mm ) shells through the roof. Pilots operating out of Ellsworth Air Force Base near Rapid City found it a real challenge to determine the exact boundaries of the range. Fortunately, there were no civilian casualties. However, at least a dozen flight crew personnel lost their lives in plane crashes. The Stronghold District of Badlands National Park offers more than scenic badlands with spectacular views. Co-managed by the National Park Service and the Oglala Lakota Tribe, this 133,300 - acre ( 53,900 ha ) area is steeped in history. Deep draws, high tables and rolling prairie hold the stories of the earliest plains hunters, the paleo - Indians, as well as the present day Lakota Nation. Visiting the Park Badlands National Park has two campgrounds for overnight visits. The Ben Reifel Visitor Center within the park offers a bookstore, special programs, and exhibits. Pinnacles and spires Sunset Trails Cliff Shelf Nature Trail Boardwalk through the Cedar ( Juniper ) Forest. Door Trail boardwalk ' Brule Formation ' is the surface ( 30 - 34 MYA ) Eocene The ladder on the Notch trail Boardwalk to the Windows Overlooks Big Badlands overlook peaks above the upper grasslands. Changing Scenes Overlook Prairie Wind Overlook in the Badlands of South Dakota. This is a boardwalk through the prairie grass to an information sign. References ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011 ''. Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report ''. National Park Service. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09. Jump up ^ Ullrich, Jan, ed. ( 2011 ). New Lakota Dictionary ( 2nd ed. ). Bloomington, IN : Lakota Language Consortium. p. 855. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9761082 - 9 - 0. LCCN 2008922508. Jump up ^ `` Badlands Wilderness ''. Wilderness.net. Retrieved March 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Badlands Visitor Guide '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. 2008. p. 2. Retrieved March 12, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Badlands Visitor Guide : The official newspaper of Badlands National Park '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Badlands National Park ''. Rand McNally. Archived from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011. The cultural centerpiece of this section is the Stronghold Table, where the Oglala Sioux danced the Ghost Dance for the last time in 1890. Jump up ^ `` Pine Ridge Gunnery Range / Badlands Bombing Range ''. South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011. Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Park High Points ''. Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 17, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The National Parks : Index 2009 -- 2011 ''. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012. Jump up ^ Chief Spotted Elk on u-s-history.com Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/badl/planyourvisit/camping.htm External links Find more aboutBadlands National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Badlands National Park - official National Park Service website Badlands Visitor Information website Badlands Bombing Range - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Badlands National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of South Dakota Federal National Parks Badlands Wind Cave National Historic Sites and Memorials Minuteman Missile NHS Mount Rushmore NMem National Monument Jewel Cave National Forests Black Hills Custer National Grasslands Buffalo Gap Dakota Prairie Fort Pierre Grand River National Historic Trail Lewis and Clark National Recreational River Missouri National Wildlife Refuges Huron WMD Karl E. 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Question: when did the badlands become a national park
Answer: November 10, 1978