Androgen receptor - wikipedia Androgen receptor AR Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1E3G, 1GS4, 1T5Z, 1T63, 1T65, 1XJ7, 1XOW, 1XQ3, 1Z95, 2AM9, 2AMA, 2AMB, 2AO6, 2AX6, 2AX7, 2AX8, 2AX9, 2AXA, 2HVC, 2OZ7, 2PIO, 2PIP, 2PIQ, 2PIR, 2PIT, 2PIU, 2PIV, 2PIW, 2PIX, 2PKL, 2PNU, 2Q7I, 2Q7J, 2Q7K, 2YHD, 2YLO, 2YLP, 2YLQ, 2Z4J, 3B5R, 3B65, 3B66, 3B67, 3B68, 3BTR, 3V49, 3V4A, 3ZQT, 4HLW, 3L3X, 3L3Z, 3RLJ, 3RLL, 4K7A, 4OEA, 4OED, 4OEY, 4OEZ, 4OFR, 4OFU, 4OGH, 4OH5, 4OH6, 4OHA, 4OIL, 4OIU, 4OJ9, 4OJB, 4OK1, 4OKB, 4OKT, 4OKW, 4OKX, 4OLM, 4QL8, 5CJ6 Identifiers Aliases AR, AIS, AR8, DHTR, HUMARA, HYSP1, KD, NR3C4, SBMA, SMAX1, TFM, androgen receptor External IDs OMIM : 313700 MGI : 88064 HomoloGene : 28 GeneCards : AR Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr. X chromosome ( mouse ) Band X C3 X 42.82 cM Start 98,148,769 bp End 98,323,215 bp RNA expression pattern More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function metal ion binding lipid binding receptor binding sequence - specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence - specific DNA binding protein dimerization activity chromatin binding zinc ion binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand - activated sequence - specific DNA binding ATPase binding androgen binding steroid binding transcription regulatory region DNA binding transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence - specific binding transcription factor binding protein binding DNA binding beta - catenin binding androgen receptor activity POU domain binding enzyme binding transcription factor activity, sequence - specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence - specific DNA binding Cellular component nucleoplasm cytoplasm cytosol cell nucleus nuclear chromatin plasma membrane nuclear speck macromolecular complex Biological process negative regulation of cell proliferation positive regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of NF - kappaB transcription factor activity sex differentiation signal transduction negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process cell - cell signaling intracellular receptor signaling pathway prostate gland development positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process positive regulation of phosphorylation androgen receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of cell proliferation positive regulation of transcription, DNA - templated negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter regulation of transcription, DNA - templated cell proliferation cell growth positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter protein oligomerization transcription, DNA - templated positive regulation of insulin - like growth factor receptor signaling pathway male somatic sex determination positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation regulation of gene expression regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter animal organ formation multicellular organism growth positive regulation of MAPK cascade in utero embryonic development reproductive system development tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis cellular process male gonad development single fertilization fertilization regulation of prostatic bud formation mammary gland alveolus development epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development epithelial cell morphogenesis regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter seminiferous tubule development morphogenesis of an epithelial fold prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis Leydig cell differentiation reproductive structure development regulation of catalytic activity regulation of developmental growth lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis male genitalia morphogenesis prostate gland growth activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signaling pathway spermatogenesis protein deubiquitination positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus cellular response to testosterone stimulus regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 367 11835 Ensembl n / a ENSMUSG00000046532 UniProt P10275 P19091 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_001011645 NM_000044 NM_013476 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_000035 NP_001011645 NP_001334990 NP_001334992 NP_001334993 NP_000035. 2 NP_001011645. 1 NP_038504 Location ( UCSC ) n / a Chr X : 98.15 -- 98.32 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Androgen_recep crystal structure of the human androgen receptor ligand binding domain bound with an androgen receptor nh2 - terminal peptide, ar20 - 30, and r1881 Identifiers Symbol Androgen_recep Pfam PF02166 InterPro IPR001103 Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Normal function of the androgen receptor. Testosterone ( T ) enters the cell and, if 5 - alpha - reductase is present, is converted into dihydrotestone ( DHT ). Upon steroid binding, the androgen receptor ( AR ) undergoes a conformational change and releases heat - shock proteins ( hsps ). Phosphorylation ( P ) occurs before or after steroid binding. The AR translocates to the nucleus where dimerization, DNA binding, and the recruitment of coactivators occur. Target genes are transcribed ( mRNA ) and translated into proteins. The androgen receptor ( AR ), also known as NR3C4 ( nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4 ), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding either of the androgenic hormones, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus. The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor, and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor. The main function of the androgen receptor is as a DNA - binding transcription factor that regulates gene expression ; however, the androgen receptor has other functions as well. Androgen regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype. Contents 1 Function 1.1 Effect on development 1.2 Maintenance of male skeletal integrity 1.3 Mechanism of action 1.3. 1 Genomic 1.3. 2 Non-genomic 2 Genetics 2.1 Gene 2.2 AR deficiencies 2.3 CAG repeats 3 Structure 3.1 Isoforms 3.2 Domains 3.3 Splice variants 4 Ligands 4.1 Agonists 4.2 Mixed 4.3 Antagonists 5 As a drug target 6 Interactions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Function Effect on development In some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5 - alpha - reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation. Testosterone appears to be the primary androgen receptor - activating hormone in the Wolffian duct, whereas dihydrotestosterone is the main androgenic hormone in the urogenital sinus, urogenital tubercle, and hair follicles. Hence, testosterone is responsible primarily for the development of male primary sexual characteristics, whereas dihydrotestosterone is responsible for secondary male characteristics. Androgens cause slow epiphysis, or maturation of the bones, but more of the potent epiphysis effect comes from the estrogen produced by aromatization of androgens. Steroid users of teen age may find that their growth had been stunted by androgen and / or estrogen excess. People with too little sex hormones can be short during puberty but end up taller as adults as in androgen insensitivity syndrome or estrogen insensitivity syndrome. Also, AR knockout - mice studies have shown that AR is essential for normal female fertility, being required for development and full functionality of the ovarian follicles and ovulation, working through both intra-ovarian and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Maintenance of male skeletal integrity Via the Androgen receptor, androgens play a key role in the maintenance of male skeletal integrity. The regulation of this integrity by androgen receptor ( AR ) signaling can be attributed to both osteoblasts and osteocytes. Mechanism of action Genomic The primary mechanism of action for androgen receptors is direct regulation of gene transcription. The binding of an androgen to the androgen receptor results in a conformational change in the receptor that, in turn, causes dissociation of heat shock proteins, transport from the cytosol into the cell nucleus, and dimerization. The androgen receptor dimer binds to a specific sequence of DNA known as a hormone response element. Androgen receptors interact with other proteins in the nucleus, resulting in up - or down - regulation of specific gene transcription. Up - regulation or activation of transcription results in increased synthesis of messenger RNA, which, in turn, is translated by ribosomes to produce specific proteins. One of the known target genes of androgen receptor activation is the insulin - like growth factor I receptor ( IGF - 1R ). Thus, changes in levels of specific proteins in cells is one way that androgen receptors control cell behavior. One function of androgen receptor that is independent of direct binding to its target DNA sequence, is facilitated by recruitment via other DNA - binding proteins. One example is serum response factor, a protein that activates several genes that cause muscle growth. Androgen receptor is modified by post translational modification through acetylation, which directly promotes AR mediated transactivation, apoptosis and contact independent growth of prostate cancer cells. AR acetylation is induced by androgens and determines recruitment into chromatin. The AR acetylation site is a key target of NAD - dependent and TSA - dependent histone deacetylases and long non coding RNA. Nongenomic More recently, androgen receptors have been shown to have a second mode of action. As has been also found for other steroid hormone receptors such as estrogen receptors, androgen receptors can have actions that are independent of their interactions with DNA. Androgen receptors interact with certain signal transduction proteins in the cytoplasm. Androgen binding to cytoplasmic androgen receptors can cause rapid changes in cell function independent of changes in gene transcription, such as changes in ion transport. Regulation of signal transduction pathways by cytoplasmic androgen receptors can indirectly lead to changes in gene transcription, for example, by leading to phosphorylation of other transcription factors. Genetics Gene In humans, the androgen receptor is encoded by the AR gene located on the X chromosome at Xq11 - 12. AR deficiencies The androgen insensitivity syndrome, formerly known as testicular feminization, is caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene located on the X chromosome ( locus : Xq11 - Xq12 ). The androgen receptor seems to affect neuron physiology and is defective in Kennedy 's disease. In addition, point mutations and trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms has been linked to a number of additional disorders. CAG repeats The AR gene contains CAG repeats which affect receptor function, where fewer repeats leads to increased receptor sensitivity to circulating androgens and more repeats leads to decreased receptor sensitivity. Studies have shown that racial variation in CAG repeats exists, with African - Americans having fewer repeats, Caucasians having an intermediate number of repeats, and Asians having the longest. The racial trends in CAG repeats parallels the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in these groups. Structure Structural domains of the two isoforms ( AR - A and AR - B ) of the human androgen receptor. Numbers above the bars refer to the amino acid residues that separate the domains starting from the N - terminus ( left ) to C - terminus ( right ). NTD = N - terminal domain, DBD = DNA binding domain. LBD = ligand binding domain. AF = activation function. Isoforms Two isoforms of the androgen receptor ( A and B) have been identified : AR - A - 87 kDa - N - terminus truncated ( lacks the first 187 amino acids ), which results from in vitro proteolysis. AR - B - 110 kDa - full length Domains Like other nuclear receptors, the androgen receptor is modular in structure and is composed of the following functional domains labeled A through F : A / B ) - N - terminal regulatory domain contains : activation function 1 ( AF - 1 ) between residues 101 and 370 required for full ligand activated transcriptional activity activation function 5 ( AF - 5 ) between residues 360 - 485 is responsible for the constitutive activity ( activity without bound ligand ) dimerization surface involving residues 1 - 36 ( containing the FXXLF motif where F = phenylalanine, L = leucine, and X = any amino acid residue ) and 370 - 494, both of which interact with the LBD in an intramolecular head - to - tail interaction C ) - DNA binding domain ( DBD ) D ) - Hinge region - flexible region that connects the DBD with the LBD ; along with the DBD, contains a ligand dependent nuclear localization signal E ) - Ligand binding domain ( LBD ) containing activation function 2 ( AF - 2 ), responsible for agonist induced activity ( activity in the presence of bound agonist ) AF - 2 binds either the N - terminal FXXFL motif intramolecularly or coactivator proteins ( containing the LXXLL or preferably FXXFL motifs ) A ligand dependent nuclear export signal F ) - C - terminal domain Splice variants AR - V7 is an androgen receptor splice variant that can be detected in circulating tumor cells of metastatic prostate cancer patients. and is predictive of resistance to some drugs. Ligands Agonists Endogenous androgens ( e.g., testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone ) Synthetic androgens ( e.g., methyltestosterone, metandienone, nandrolone, trenbolone, oxandrolone, stanozolol ) Mixed Selective androgen receptor modulators ( e.g., andarine, enobosarm ) Antagonists Steroidal antiandrogens ( e.g., cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, spironolactone, oxendolone ) Nonsteroidal antiandrogens ( e.g., flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide, apalutamide ) N - Terminal domain antiandrogens ( e.g., bisphenol A, EPI - 001, ralaniten ) As a drug target The AR is important for therapeutic target in prostate cancer, thus many different inhibitors have been developed, primarily targeting the ligand binding domain of the protein, while inhibitors that target the N - terminal domain of the protein are still under development. AR ligands can either be classified based on their structure ( steroidal or nonsteroidal ) or based on their ability to activate or inhibit transcription ( agonists or antagonists ). Sulforaphane, a phytochemical derived from broccoli or the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib or the NRF2 activator bardoxolone methyl has been shown to degrade both AR and AR - V7 and thus enhance the efficacy of antagonists like enzalutamide. Interactions Androgen receptor has been shown to interact with : AKT1, BAG1, Beta - catenin, BRCA1, C - jun, Calmodulin 1, Caveolin 1, CDK9, COX5B, CREB - binding protein, Cyclin D1, Cyclin - dependent kinase 7, DACH1, Death associated protein 6, L - DOPA, EFCAB6, Epidermal growth factor receptor, FOXO1, GAPDH, Gelsolin, GNB2L1, GSK3B, HDAC1, HSP90AA1, HTATIP, MAGEA11, MED1, MYST2, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA3, NCOA4, NCOA6, NCOR2, NONO, p300, PA2G4, PAK6, PATZ1, PIAS2, PRPF6, PTEN, RAD9A, RANBP9, RCHY1, Retinoblastoma protein, RNF14, RNF4, SART3, SIRT1, SMAD3, Small heterodimer partner, Src, SRY, STAT3, SVIL, Testicular receptor 2, Testicular receptor 4, TGFB1I1, TMF1, TRIM68, UBE2I, UXT, and ZMIZ1. See also Membrane androgen receptor Discovery and development of antiandrogens References ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000046532 - Ensembl, May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : ''. Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : ''. 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The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 ( 1 ) : 571 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 275.1. 571. PMID 10617653. Jump up ^ Liu Y, Kim BO, Kao C, Jung C, Dalton JT, He JJ ( May 2004 ). `` Tip110, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV - 1 ) Tat - interacting protein of 110 kDa as a negative regulator of androgen receptor ( AR ) transcriptional activation ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 ( 21 ) : 21766 -- 73. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M314321200. PMID 15031286. Jump up ^ Fu M, Liu M, Sauve AA, Jiao X, Zhang X, Wu X, Powell MJ, Yang T, Gu W, Avantaggiati ML, Pattabiraman N, Pestell TG, Wang F, Quong AA, Wang C, Pestell RG ( November 2006 ). `` Hormonal control of androgen receptor function through SIRT1 ''. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 26 ( 21 ) : 8122 -- 35. doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 00289 - 06. PMC 1636736. PMID 16923962. Jump up ^ Chipuk JE, Cornelius SC, Pultz NJ, Jorgensen JS, Bonham MJ, Kim SJ, Danielpour D ( January 2002 ). `` The androgen receptor represses transforming growth factor - beta signaling through interaction with Smad3 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 2 ) : 1240 -- 8. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M108855200. PMID 11707452. Jump up ^ Hayes SA, Zarnegar M, Sharma M, Yang F, Peehl DM, ten Dijke P, Sun Z ( March 2001 ). `` SMAD3 represses androgen receptor - mediated transcription ''. Cancer Research. 61 ( 5 ) : 2112 -- 8. PMID 11280774. Jump up ^ Kang HY, Huang KE, Chang SY, Ma WL, Lin WJ, Chang C ( November 2002 ). `` Differential modulation of androgen receptor - mediated transactivation by Smad3 and tumor suppressor Smad4 ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 46 ) : 43749 -- 56. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M205603200. PMID 12226080. Jump up ^ Gobinet J, Auzou G, Nicolas JC, Sultan C, Jalaguier S ( December 2001 ). `` Characterization of the interaction between androgen receptor and a new transcriptional inhibitor, SHP ''. Biochemistry. 40 ( 50 ) : 15369 -- 77. doi : 10.1021 / bi011384o. PMID 11735420. Jump up ^ Unni E, Sun S, Nan B, McPhaul MJ, Cheskis B, Mancini MA, Marcelli M ( October 2004 ). `` Changes in androgen receptor nongenotropic signaling correlate with transition of LNCaP cells to androgen independence ''. Cancer Research. 64 ( 19 ) : 7156 -- 68. doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 04 - 1121. PMID 15466214. Jump up ^ Powell SM, Christiaens V, Voulgaraki D, Waxman J, Claessens F, Bevan CL ( March 2004 ). `` Mechanisms of androgen receptor signalling via steroid receptor coactivator - 1 in prostate ''. Endocrine - Related Cancer. 11 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 30. doi : 10.1677 / erc. 0.0110117. PMID 15027889. Jump up ^ Yuan X, Lu ML, Li T, Balk SP ( December 2001 ). `` SRY interacts with and negatively regulates androgen receptor transcriptional activity ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( 49 ) : 46647 -- 54. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M108404200. PMID 11585838. Jump up ^ Matsuda T, Junicho A, Yamamoto T, Kishi H, Korkmaz K, Saatcioglu F, Fuse H, Muraguchi A ( April 2001 ). `` Cross-talk between signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and androgen receptor signaling in prostate carcinoma cells ''. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 283 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 87. doi : 10.1006 / bbrc. 2001.4758. PMID 11322786. Jump up ^ Ueda T, Bruchovsky N, Sadar MD ( March 2002 ). `` Activation of the androgen receptor N - terminal domain by interleukin - 6 via MAPK and STAT3 signal transduction pathways ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 9 ) : 7076 -- 85. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M108255200. PMID 11751884. Jump up ^ Ting HJ, Yeh S, Nishimura K, Chang C ( January 2002 ). `` Supervillin associates with androgen receptor and modulates its transcriptional activity ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 ( 2 ) : 661 -- 6. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 022469899. PMC 117362. PMID 11792840. Jump up ^ Mu X, Chang C ( October 2003 ). `` TR2 orphan receptor functions as negative modulator for androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells PC - 3 ''. The Prostate. 57 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 33. doi : 10.1002 / pros. 10282. PMID 12949936. Jump up ^ Lee YF, Shyr CR, Thin TH, Lin WJ, Chang C ( December 1999 ). `` Convergence of two repressors through heterodimer formation of androgen receptor and testicular orphan receptor - 4 : a unique signaling pathway in the steroid receptor superfamily ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 ( 26 ) : 14724 -- 9. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.26. 14724. PMC 24715. PMID 10611280. Jump up ^ Wang X, Yang Y, Guo X, Sampson ER, Hsu CL, Tsai MY, Yeh S, Wu G, Guo Y, Chang C ( May 2002 ). `` Suppression of androgen receptor transactivation by Pyk2 via interaction and phosphorylation of the ARA55 coregulator ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 ( 18 ) : 15426 -- 31. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M111218200. PMID 11856738. Jump up ^ Hsiao PW, Chang C ( August 1999 ). `` Isolation and characterization of ARA160 as the first androgen receptor N - terminal - associated coactivator in human prostate cells ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 ( 32 ) : 22373 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.32. 22373. PMID 10428808. Jump up ^ Miyajima N, Maruyama S, Bohgaki M, Kano S, Shigemura M, Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Hatakeyama S ( May 2008 ). `` TRIM68 regulates ligand - dependent transcription of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells ''. Cancer Research. 68 ( 9 ) : 3486 -- 94. doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 07 - 6059. PMID 18451177. 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Jump up ^ Hodgson MC, Astapova I, Cheng S, Lee LJ, Verhoeven MC, Choi E, Balk SP, Hollenberg AN ( February 2005 ). `` The androgen receptor recruits nuclear receptor CoRepressor ( N - CoR ) in the presence of mifepristone via its N and C termini revealing a novel molecular mechanism for androgen receptor antagonists ''. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 ( 8 ) : 6511 -- 9. doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M408972200. PMID 15598662. Jump up ^ Markus SM, Taneja SS, Logan SK, Li W, Ha S, Hittelman AB, Rogatsky I, Garabedian MJ ( February 2002 ). `` Identification and characterization of ART - 27, a novel coactivator for the androgen receptor N terminus ''. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 13 ( 2 ) : 670 -- 82. doi : 10.1091 / mbc. 01 - 10 - 0513. PMC 65658. PMID 11854421. Jump up ^ Sharma M, Li X, Wang Y, Zarnegar M, Huang CY, Palvimo JJ, Lim B, Sun Z ( November 2003 ). `` hZimp10 is an androgen receptor co-activator and forms a complex with SUMO - 1 at replication foci ''. The EMBO Journal. 22 ( 22 ) : 6101 -- 14. doi : 10.1093 / emboj / cdg585. PMC 275443. PMID 14609956. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Androgen receptor. GeneReviews / NCBI / NIH / UW entry on Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome OMIM entries on Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome GeneReviews / NIH / NCBI / UW entry on Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, Kennedy 's Disease, SBMA, X-Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy OMIM entries on Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, Kennedy 's Disease, SBMA, X-Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy Androgen Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Brinkmann AO. `` Androgen physiology : receptor and metabolic disorders '' ( PDF ). In Robert McLachlan. Endocrinology of Male Reproduction. Endotext.org. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29. Gottlieb B ( 2007 - 07 - 24 ). `` The Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database Server ''. McGill University. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29. Thompson J ( 2006 - 09 - 30 ). `` Molecular Mechanisms of Androgen Receptor Interactions '' ( PDF ). Helsinki University Biomedical Dissertations No. 80. University of Helsinki. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29. Human AR genome location and AR gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. Transcription factors and intracellular receptors ( 1 ) Basic domains ( 1.1 ) Basic leucine zipper ( bZIP ) Activating transcription factor AATF 5 6 7 AP - 1 c - Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c - Jun JUNB JunD BACH BATF BLZF1 C / EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF NFE L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF XBP1 ( 1.2 ) Basic helix - loop - helix ( bHLH ) ATOH1 AhR AHRR ARNT ASCL1 BHLH 9 ARNTL ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK EPAS1 FIGLA HAND HES 5 6 HEY HES1 HIF 1A 3A ID LYL1 MESP2 MXD4 MYCL1 MYCN Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 Neurogenins NeuroD NPAS OLIG Pho4 Scleraxis SIM TAL Twist USF1 ( 1.3 ) bHLH - ZIP AP - 4 MAX MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MXI1 Myc SREBP ( 1.4 ) NF - 1 NFI X SMAD R - SMAD 5 9 I - SMAD 6 7 4 ) ( 1.5 ) RF - X RFX 5 6 ANK ( 1.6 ) Basic helix - span - helix ( bHSH ) AP - 2 α β γ δ ε ( 2 ) Zinc finger DNA - binding domains ( 2.1 ) Nuclear receptor ( Cys ) subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β / δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev - ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP - TF ( I II Ear - 2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH - 1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP ( 2.2 ) Other Cys GATA 5 6 MTA TRPS1 ( 2.3 ) Cys His General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE TFIIF TFIIH 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR ERV3 GFI1 GLI - Krüppel family REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC HIVEP IKZF ILF KLF 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL SP 7 8 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 32 33 40 zinc finger 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 295 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 ( 2.4 ) Cys HIVEP1 ( 2.5 ) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D JMJD1B ( 2.6 ) WRKY WRKY ( 3 ) Helix - turn - helix domains ( 3.1 ) Homeodomain ARX CDX CRX CUTL1 DBX DLX 5 6 EMX EN FHL HESX1 HHEX HLX Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 HOPX IRX 5 6 MKX LMX 1A 1B MEIS MEOX2 MNX1 MSX NANOG NKX 2 - 1 2 - 2 2 - 3 2 - 5 3 - 1 3 - 2 6 - 1 6 - 2 NOBOX PBX PHF 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A PHOX 2A 2B PITX POU domain PIT - 1 BRN - 3 : A Octamer transcription factor : 1 3 / 4 6 7 11 OTX PDX1 SATB2 SHOX2 SIX 5 VAX1 ZEB ( 3.2 ) Paired box PAX 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX RAX ( 3.3 ) Fork head / winged helix E2F 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 D3 D4 E1 E3 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 J2 K1 K2 L2 M1 N1 N3 O1 O3 O4 P1 P2 P3 P4 ( 3.4 ) Heat shock factors HSF ( 3.5 ) Tryptophan clusters ELF 5 EGF ELK ERF ETS ERG SPIB ETV 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 ( 3.6 ) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor ( 4 ) β - Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts ( 4.1 ) Rel homology region NF - κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 ( 4.2 ) STAT STAT 5 6 ( 4.3 ) p53 p53 TBX 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF TP63 ( 4.4 ) MADS box Mef2 SRF ( 4.6 ) TATA - binding proteins TBP TBPL1 ( 4.7 ) High - mobility group BBX HMGB HMGN HNF 1A 1B LEF1 SOX 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF TOX ( 4.9 ) Grainyhead TFCP2 ( 4.10 ) Cold - shock domain CSDA YBX1 ( 4.11 ) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 ( 0 ) Other transcription factors ( 0.2 ) HMGI ( Y ) HMGA HBP1 ( 0.3 ) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 ( 0.5 ) AP - 2 / EREBP - related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 ( 0.6 ) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL T1 MNDA NFY Rho / Sigma see also transcription factor / coregulator deficiencies Androgen receptor modulators AR Agonists Testosterone derivatives : 4 - Androstenediol 4 - Dehydroepiandrosterone ( 4 - DHEA ) 4 - Hydroxytestosterone 5 - Androstenedione 11 - Ketotestosterone 11β - Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone ( 11 - ketoandrostenedione, 11 - oxoandrostenedione ) Androstenediol ( 5 - androstenediol ) Androstenediol 3β - acetate Androstenediol 17β - acetate Androstenediol diacetate Androstenediol dipropionate Androstenedione ( 4 - androstenedione ) Atamestane Boldenone Boldenone undecylenate Boldione ( 1, 4 - androstadienedione ) Clostebol Clostebol acetate Clostebol caproate Clostebol propionate Cloxotestosterone Cloxotestosterone acetate Dehydroandrosterone DHEA ( androstenolone, prasterone ; 5 - DHEA ) DHEA enanthate ( prasterone enanthate ) DHEA sulfate Exemestane Formestane Plomestane Quinbolone Silandrone Testosterone ( + dutasteride ) Testosterone esters Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate Dihydrotestosterone derivatives : 1 - Androstenediol 1 - Androstenedione 1 - Androsterone ( 1 - andro, 1 - DHEA ) 1 - Testosterone 3α - Androstanediol 5α - Androst - 2 - en - 17 - one 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11 - Ketodihydrotestosterone Androsterone Bolazine Bolazine capronate Dihydrofluoxymesterone Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) ( androstanolone, stanolone ) Dihydrotestosterone esters Drostanolone Drostanolone propionate Epiandrosterone Epitiostanol Mepitiostane Mesabolone Mesterolone Mesterolone cipionate Methyldiazinol Nisterime Nisterime acetate Prostanozol Stenbolone Stenbolone acetate Testifenon ( testiphenon, testiphenone ) 19 - Nortestosterone derivatives : 7α - Methyl - 19 - norandrostenedione ( MENT dione, trestione ) 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenediol 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenedione 19 - Nordehydroepiandrosterone Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Bolandione ( 19 - nor - 4 - androstenedione ) Bolmantalate ( nandrolone adamantoate ) Dienedione Dienolone Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone buciclate Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate Dimethandrolone undecanoate LS - 1727 ( nandrolone 17β - N - ( 2 - chloroethyl ) - N - nitrosocarbamate ) Methoxydienone ( methoxygonadiene ) Nandrolone Nandrolone esters Norclostebol Norclostebol acetate Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone, normethisterone ) Oxabolone Oxabolone cipionate ( oxabolone cypionate ) Trenbolone Trenbolone acetate Trenbolone enanthate Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate Trenbolone undecanoate Trendione Trestolone ( MENT ) Trestolone acetate Dihydrotestosterone and 19 - nortestosterone derivatives : 5α - Dihydrolevonorgestrel 5α - Dihydronandrolone 5α - Dihydronorethandrolone 5α - Dihydronorethisterone 5α - Dihydronormethandrone 19 - Norandrosterone 17α - Alkylated testosterone derivatives : Bolasterone Calusterone Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol ( CDMA ) Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ) Chloromethylandrostenediol ( CMA ) Enestebol Ethyltestosterone Fluoxymesterone Formebolone Hydroxystenozole Metandienone ( methandrostenolone ) Methandriol ( methylandrostenediol ) Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate Methandriol diacetate Methandriol dipropionate Methandriol propionate Methylclostebol ( chloromethyltestosterone ) Methyltestosterone ( + esterified estrogens ) Methyltestosterone 3 - hexyl ether Oxymesterone Penmesterol Tiomesterone 17α - Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives : Androisoxazole Desoxymethyltestosterone Furazabol Mebolazine ( dimethazine ) Mestanolone Metenolone Metenolone acetate Metenolone enanthate Methasterone Methyl - 1 - testosterone Methylepitiostanol Methylstenbolone Oxandrolone Oxymetholone Stanozolol 17α - Alkylated 19 - nortestosterone derivatives : Bolenol Dimethyldienolone Dimethyltrienolone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol Methyldienolone Methylhydroxynandrolone ( MOHN, MHN ) Metribolone Mibolerone Norboletone Norethandrolone Propetandrol RU - 2309 Tetrahydrogestrinone 17α - Vinyltestosterone derivatives : Norvinisterone ( vinylnortestosterone ) Vinyltestosterone 17α - Ethynyltestosterone derivatives : Δ - Tibolone Danazol Desogestrel Ethisterone ( ethynyltestosterone ) Etonogestrel Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel butanoate Lynestrenol Norethisterone Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone acetate oxime Norethisterone enanthate Norgestrel Norgestrienone Quingestanol Quingestanol acetate Tibolone Progesterone derivatives : Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Others / unsorted : 3 - Keto - 5α - abiraterone 5α - Androstane Alternariol Cl - 4AS - 1 Drupanol ZM - 182345 Mixed ( SARMs ) Nonsteroidal : 198RL26 ACP - 105 AC - 262536 Acetothiolutamide Andarine ( acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx - 007, S - 4 ) BMS - 564929 DTIB Enobosarm ( ostarine, MK - 2866, GTx - 024, S - 22 ) FTBU - 1 GSK - 4336A GSK - 8698 LG - 121071 ( LGD - 121071 ) LGD - 2226 LGD - 2941 ( LGD - 122941 ) LGD - 3303 LGD - 4033 JNJ - 26146900 JNJ - 28330835 JNJ - 37654032 ORM - 11984 R - 1 RAD140 RU - 59063 S - 1 S - 23 S - 40503 S - 101479 Triclosan Steroidal : MK - 0773 TFM - 4AS - 1 YK - 11 Antagonists Steroidal : 7α - Thioprogesterone 7α - Thiospironolactone 7α - Thiomethylspironolactone 9, 11 - Dehydrocortexolone 17α - butyrate ( CB - 03 - 04 ) 11α - Hydroxyprogesterone 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate Abiraterone Abiraterone acetate Allyltestosterone Benorterone BOMT Canrenoic acid Canrenone Chlormadinone acetate Clometerone Cortexolone 17α - propionate ( CB - 03 - 01 ) Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delanterone Delmadinone acetate Dicirenone Dienogest Drospirenone Edogestrone Epitestosterone Galeterone Guggulsterone Medrogestone Megestrol acetate Mespirenone Metogest Mexrenone Mifepristone Nomegestrol acetate Nordinone Osaterone Osaterone acetate Oxendolone Potassium canrenoate Promegestone Prorenone Rosterolone SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) Spironolactone Spirorenone Spiroxasone Topterone Trimegestone Trimethyltrienolone ( R - 2956 ) Zanoterone Nonsteroidal : 5N - Bicalutamide AA560 Antarlides Arabilin Apalutamide Atraric acid AZD - 3514 Bakuchiol BAY - 1024767 Bicalutamide Bisphenols ( e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S ) BMS - 641988 Cimetidine Cioteronel Darolutamide DDT ( via metabolite p, p ' - DDE ) Dieldrin DIMP Endosulfan Enzalutamide EPI - 001 Fenarimol Flutamide Hydroxyflutamide Inocoterone Inocoterone acetate Ketoconazole Lavender oil LG - 105 LG - 120907 Linuron Methiocarb N - Butylbenzenesulfonamide N - Desmethylapalutamide N - Desmethylenzalutamide Nilutamide ONC1 - 13B ORM - 15341 Pentomone PF - 998425 Phenothrin Prochloraz Procymidone Proxalutamide Ralaniten ( EPI - 002 ) Ralaniten acetate ( EPI - 506 ) RD - 162 Ro 2 - 7239 Ro 5 - 2537 RU - 22930 RU - 56187 RU - 57073 RU - 58642 RU - 58841 Seviteronel Thalidomide Topilutamide ( fluridil ) Valproic acid Vinclozolin YM - 580 YM - 92088 YM - 175735 GPRC6A Agonists Cations ( incl. aluminum, calcium, gadolinium, magnesium, strontium, zinc ) Dehydroandrosterone Dihydrotestosterone Estradiol L - α - Amino acids ( incl. L - arginine, L - lysine, L - ornithine ) Osteocalcin SHBG Testosterone See also Receptor / signaling modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogen receptor modulators Progesterone receptor modulators List of androgens / anabolic steroids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Androgen_receptor&oldid=837481894 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome Intracellular receptors Transcription factors Genes on human chromosome X Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 日本 語 Русский Suomi Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 03 : 24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: where are androgen receptors located in the body
Answer: on the X chromosome at Xq11-12