Rosa Parks - wikipedia Rosa Parks For other uses, see Rosa Parks ( disambiguation ). Rosa Parks Rosa Parks in 1955, with Martin Luther King Jr. in the background Rosa Louise McCauley ( 1913 - 02 - 04 ) February 4, 1913 Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S. October 24, 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) ( aged 92 ) Detroit, Michigan, U.S. Resting place Woodlawn Cemetery, Detroit, Michigan, U.S. Occupation Civil rights activist Known for Montgomery bus boycott Movement Civil rights movement Spouse ( s ) Raymond Parks ( m. 1932 ; d. 1977 ) Signature Rosa Louise McCauley Parks ( February 4, 1913 -- October 24, 2005 ) was an activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The United States Congress has called her `` the first lady of civil rights '' and `` the mother of the freedom movement ''. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks rejected bus driver James F. Blake 's order to relinquish her seat in the `` colored section '' to a white passenger, after the whites - only section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation, but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws. Parks ' prominence in the community and her willingness to become a controversial figure inspired the black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year, the first major direct action campaign of the post-war civil rights movement. Her case became bogged down in the state courts, but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit Browder v. Gayle succeeded in November 1956. Parks ' act of defiance and the Montgomery bus boycott became important symbols of the movement. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local chapter of the NAACP ; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in Montgomery who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement and went on to win a Nobel Peace Prize. At the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for training activists for workers ' rights and racial equality. She acted as a private citizen `` tired of giving in ''. Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act ; she was fired from her job as a seamstress in a local department store, and received death threats for years afterwards. Shortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work. From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers, an African - American US Representative. She was also active in the Black Power movement and the support of political prisoners in the US. After retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and continued to insist that the struggle for justice was not over and there was more work to be done. In her final years, she suffered from dementia. Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP 's 1979 Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal, and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol 's National Statuary Hall. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman and third non-US government official to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda. California and Missouri commemorate Rosa Parks Day on her birthday February 4, while Ohio and Oregon commemorate the occasion on the anniversary of the day she was arrested, December 1. Contents 1 Early years 1.1 Early activism 2 Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott 2.1 Montgomery buses : law and prevailing customs 2.2 Her refusal to move 2.3 The boycott 3 Detroit years 3.1 1960s 3.2 1970s 3.3 1980s 3.4 1990s 3.5 2000s 4 Death and funeral 5 Legacy and honors 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early years Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona ( née Edwards ), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter. In addition to African ancestry, one of her great - grandfathers was Scots - Irish and one of her great - grandmothers was a Native American slave. She was small as a child and suffered poor health with chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, just outside the state capital, Montgomery. She grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester. They all were members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ), a century - old independent black denomination founded by free blacks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early nineteenth century. McCauley attended rural schools until the age of eleven. As a student at the Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, she took academic and vocational courses. Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education, but dropped out in order to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill. Around the turn of the 20th century, the former Confederate states had adopted new constitutions and electoral laws that effectively disenfranchised black voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well. Under the white - established Jim Crow laws, passed after Democrats regained control of southern legislatures, racial segregation was imposed in public facilities and retail stores in the South, including public transportation. Bus and train companies enforced seating policies with separate sections for blacks and whites. School bus transportation was unavailable in any form for black schoolchildren in the South, and black education was always underfunded. Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs : I 'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life ; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world. Although Parks ' autobiography recounts early memories of the kindness of white strangers, she could not ignore the racism of her society. When the Ku Klux Klan marched down the street in front of their house, Parks recalls her grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun. The Montgomery Industrial School, founded and staffed by white northerners for black children, was burned twice by arsonists. Its faculty was ostracized by the white community. Repeatedly bullied by white children in her neighborhood, Parks often fought back physically. She later said : `` As far back as I remember, I could never think in terms of accepting physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible. '' Early activism In 1932, Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery. He was a member of the NAACP, which at the time was collecting money to support the defense of the Scottsboro Boys, a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women. Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide. At her husband 's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1933, at a time when less than 7 % of African Americans had a high - school diploma. In December 1943, Parks became active in the civil rights movement, joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and was elected secretary at a time when this was considered a woman 's job. She later said, `` I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no. '' She continued as secretary until 1957. She worked for the local NAACP leader Edgar Nixon, even though he maintained that `` Women do n't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen. '' When Parks asked, `` Well, what about me ? '', he replied : `` I need a secretary and you are a good one. '' In 1944, in her capacity as secretary, she investigated the gang - rape of Recy Taylor, a black woman from Abbeville, Alabama. Parks and other civil rights activists organized `` The Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor '', launching what the Chicago Defender called `` the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade. '' Although never a member of the Communist Party, she attended meetings with her husband. The notorious Scottsboro case had been brought to prominence by the Communist Party. In the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters ' League. Sometime soon after 1944, she held a brief job at Maxwell Air Force Base, which, despite its location in Montgomery, Alabama, did not permit racial segregation because it was federal property. She rode on its integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, `` You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up. '' Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a white couple. Politically liberal, the Durrs became her friends. They encouraged -- and eventually helped sponsor -- Parks in the summer of 1955 to attend the Highlander Folk School, an education center for activism in workers ' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer Septima Clark. In 1945, despite the Jim Crow laws and discrimination by registrars, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try. In August 1955, black teenager Emmett Till was brutally murdered after reportedly flirting with a young white woman while visiting relatives in Mississippi. On November 27, 1955, four days before she would make her stand on the bus, Rosa Parks attended a mass meeting at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery that addressed this case as well as the recent murders of the activists George W. Lee and Lamar Smith. The featured speaker was T.R.M. Howard, a black civil rights leader from Mississippi who headed the Regional Council of Negro Leadership. Howard brought news of the recent acquittal of the two men who had murdered Till. Parks was deeply saddened and angry at the news, particularly because Till 's case had garnered much more attention than any of the cases she and the Montgomery NAACP had worked on -- and yet, the two men still walked free. Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott Main article : Montgomery bus boycott Seat layout on the bus where Parks sat, December 1, 1955 Montgomery buses : law and prevailing customs In 1900, Montgomery had passed a city ordinance to segregate bus passengers by race. Conductors were empowered to assign seats to achieve that goal. According to the law, no passenger would be required to move or give up their seat and stand if the bus was crowded and no other seats were available. Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move when there were no white - only seats left. The first four rows of seats on each Montgomery bus were reserved for whites. Buses had `` colored '' sections for black people generally in the rear of the bus, although blacks composed more than 75 % of the ridership. The sections were not fixed but were determined by placement of a movable sign. Black people could sit in the middle rows until the white section filled ; if more whites needed seats, blacks were to move to seats in the rear, stand, or, if there was no room, leave the bus. Black people could not sit across the aisle in the same row as white people. The driver could move the `` colored '' section sign, or remove it altogether. If white people were already sitting in the front, black people had to board at the front to pay the fare, then disembark and reenter through the rear door. For years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair. Parks said, `` My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest. I did a lot of walking in Montgomery. '' One day in 1943, Parks boarded a bus and paid the fare. She then moved to her seat but driver James F. Blake told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door. When Parks exited the vehicle, Blake drove off without her. Parks waited for the next bus, determined never to ride with Blake again. Her refusal to move Rosa Parks ' arrest Booking photo of Parks Police report on Parks, December 1, 1955, page 1 Police report on Parks, December 1, 1955, page 2 Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey Fingerprint card of Parks After working all day, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus, a General Motors Old Look bus belonging to the Montgomery City Lines, around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare and sat in an empty seat in the first row of back seats reserved for blacks in the `` colored '' section. Near the middle of the bus, her row was directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers. Initially, she did not notice that the bus driver was the same man, James F. Blake, who had left her in the rain in 1943. As the bus traveled along its regular route, all of the white - only seats in the bus filled up. The bus reached the third stop in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers boarded. Blake noted that two or three white passengers were standing, as the front of the bus had filled to capacity. He moved the `` colored '' section sign behind Parks and demanded that four black people give up their seats in the middle section so that the white passengers could sit. Years later, in recalling the events of the day, Parks said, `` When that white driver stepped back toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a determination cover my body like a quilt on a winter night. '' By Parks ' account, Blake said, `` Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats. '' Three of them complied. Parks said, `` The driver wanted us to stand up, the four of us. We did n't move at the beginning, but he says, ' Let me have these seats. ' And the other three people moved, but I did n't. '' The black man sitting next to her gave up his seat. Parks moved, but toward the window seat ; she did not get up to move to the redesignated colored section. Parks later said about being asked to move to the rear of the bus, `` I thought of Emmett Till and I just could n't go back. '' Blake said, `` Why do n't you stand up ? '' Parks responded, `` I do n't think I should have to stand up. '' Blake called the police to arrest Parks. When recalling the incident for Eyes on the Prize, a 1987 public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, `` When he saw me still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, ' No, I 'm not. ' And he said, ' Well, if you do n't stand up, I 'm going to have to call the police and have you arrested. ' I said, ' You may do that. ' '' During a 1956 radio interview with Sydney Rogers in West Oakland several months after her arrest, Parks said she had decided, `` I would have to know for once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen. '' In her autobiography, My Story, she said : People always say that I did n't give up my seat because I was tired, but that is n't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty - two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in. When Parks refused to give up her seat, a police officer arrested her. As the officer took her away, she recalled that she asked, `` Why do you push us around ? '' She remembered him saying, `` I do n't know, but the law 's the law, and you 're under arrest. '' She later said, `` I only knew that, as I was being arrested, that it was the very last time that I would ever ride in humiliation of this kind... '' Parks was charged with a violation of Chapter 6, Section 11 segregation law of the Montgomery City code, although technically she had not taken a white - only seat ; she had been in a colored section. Edgar Nixon, president of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and leader of the Pullman Porters Union, and her friend Clifford Durr bailed Parks out of jail that evening. Parks did not originate the idea of protesting segregation with a bus sit - in. Those preceding her included Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Lillie Mae Bradford in 1951, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful Browder v. Gayle 1956 lawsuit ( Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith ) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. The boycott Nixon conferred with Jo Ann Robinson, an Alabama State College professor and member of the Women 's Political Council ( WPC ), about the Parks case. Robinson believed it important to seize the opportunity and stayed up all night mimeographing over 35,000 handbills announcing a bus boycott. The Women 's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott. On Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for the Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced at black churches in the area, and a front - page article in the Montgomery Advertiser helped spread the word. At a church rally that night, those attending agreed unanimously to continue the boycott until they were treated with the level of courtesy they expected, until black drivers were hired, and until seating in the middle of the bus was handled on a first - come basis. The next day, Parks was tried on charges of disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. The trial lasted 30 minutes. After being found guilty and fined $10, plus $4 in court costs, Parks appealed her conviction and formally challenged the legality of racial segregation. In a 1992 interview with National Public Radio 's Lynn Neary, Parks recalled : I did not want to be mistreated, I did not want to be deprived of a seat that I had paid for. It was just time... there was opportunity for me to take a stand to express the way I felt about being treated in that manner. I had not planned to get arrested. I had plenty to do without having to end up in jail. But when I had to face that decision, I did n't hesitate to do so because I felt that we had endured that too long. The more we gave in, the more we complied with that kind of treatment, the more oppressive it became. On the day of Parks ' trial -- December 5, 1955 -- the WPC distributed the 35,000 leaflets. The handbill read, We are... asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial... You can afford to stay out of school for one day. If you work, take a cab, or walk. But please, children and grown - ups, do n't ride the bus at all on Monday. Please stay off the buses Monday. It rained that day, but the black community persevered in their boycott. Some rode in carpools, while others traveled in black - operated cabs that charged the same fare as the bus, 10 cents. Most of the remainder of the 40,000 black commuters walked, some as far as 20 miles ( 30 km ). That evening after the success of the one - day boycott, a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt. Zion AME Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. At that time Parks was introduced but not asked to speak, despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak ; when she asked if she should say something, the reply was, `` Why, you 've said enough. '' The group agreed that a new organization was needed to lead the boycott effort if it were to continue. Rev. Ralph Abernathy suggested the name `` Montgomery Improvement Association '' ( MIA ). The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. Its members elected as their president Martin Luther King, Jr., a relative newcomer to Montgomery, who was a young and mostly unknown minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. That Monday night, 50 leaders of the African - American community gathered to discuss actions to respond to Parks ' arrest. Edgar Nixon, the president of the NAACP, said, `` My God, look what segregation has put in my hands ! '' Parks was considered the ideal plaintiff for a test case against city and state segregation laws, as she was seen as a responsible, mature woman with a good reputation. She was securely married and employed, was regarded as possessing a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy. King said that Parks was regarded as `` one of the finest citizens of Montgomery -- not one of the finest Negro citizens, but one of the finest citizens of Montgomery. '' Parks ' court case was being slowed down in appeals through the Alabama courts on their way to a Federal appeal and the process could have taken years. Holding together a boycott for that length of time would have been a great strain. In the end, black residents of Montgomery continued the boycott for 381 days. Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely damaging the bus transit company 's finances, until the city repealed its law requiring segregation on public buses following the US Supreme Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that it was unconstitutional. Parks was not included as a plaintiff in the Browder decision because the attorney Fred Gray concluded the courts would perceive they were attempting to circumvent her prosecution on her charges working their way through the Alabama state court system. Parks played an important part in raising international awareness of the plight of African Americans and the civil rights struggle. King wrote in his 1958 book Stride Toward Freedom that Parks ' arrest was the catalyst rather than the cause of the protest : `` The cause lay deep in the record of similar injustices. '' He wrote, `` Actually, no one can understand the action of Mrs. Parks unless he realizes that eventually the cup of endurance runs over, and the human personality cries out, ' I can take it no longer. ' '' Detroit years 1960s Parks on a Montgomery bus on December 21, 1956, the day Montgomery 's public transportation system was legally integrated. Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss, a UPI reporter covering the event. After her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. Due to economic sanctions used against activists, she lost her job at the department store. Her husband quit his job after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or the legal case. Parks traveled and spoke extensively about the issues. In 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia ; mostly because she was unable to find work. She also disagreed with King and other leaders of Montgomery 's struggling civil rights movement about how to proceed, and was constantly receiving death threats. In Hampton, she found a job as a hostess in an inn at Hampton Institute, a historically black college. Later that year, at the urging of her brother and sister - in - law in Detroit, Sylvester and Daisy McCauley, Rosa and Raymond Parks and her mother moved north to join them. The City of Detroit attempted to cultivate a progressive reputation, but Parks encountered numerous signs of discrimination against African - Americans. Schools were effectively segregated, and services in black neighborhoods substandard. In 1964, Parks told an interviewer that, `` I do n't feel a great deal of difference here... Housing segregation is just as bad, and it seems more noticeable in the larger cities. '' She regularly participated in the movement for open and fair housing. Parks rendered crucial assistance in the first campaign for Congress by John Conyers. She persuaded Martin Luther King ( who was generally reluctant to endorse local candidates ) to appear with Conyers, thereby boosting the novice candidate 's profile. When Conyers was elected, he hired her as a secretary and receptionist for his congressional office in Detroit. She held this position until she retired in 1988. In a telephone interview with CNN on October 24, 2005, Conyers recalled, `` You treated her with deference because she was so quiet, so serene -- just a very special person... There was only one Rosa Parks. '' Doing much of the daily constituent work for Conyers, Parks often focused on socio - economic issues including welfare, education, job discrimination, and affordable housing. She visited schools, hospitals, senior citizen facilities, and other community meetings and kept Conyers grounded in community concerns and activism. Parks participated in activism nationally during the mid-1960s, traveling to support the Selma - to - Montgomery Marches, the Freedom Now Party, and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. She also befriended Malcolm X, who she regarded as a personal hero. Like many Detroit blacks, Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues. She herself lived in a neighborhood, Virginia Park, which had been compromised by highway construction and urban renewal. By 1962, these policies had destroyed 10,000 structures in Detroit, displacing 43,096 people, 70 percent of them African - American. Parks lived just a mile from the epicenter of the riot that took place in Detroit in 1967, and she considered housing discrimination a major factor that provoked the disorder. In the aftermath Parks collaborated with members of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers and the Republic of New Afrika in raising awareness of police abuse during the conflict. She served on a `` people 's tribunal '' on August 30, 1967, investigating the killing of three young men by police during the 1967 Detroit uprising, in what came to be known as the Algiers Motel incident. She also helped form the Virginia Park district council to help rebuild the area. The council facilitated the building of the only black - owned shopping center in the country. Parks took part in the black power movement, attending the Philadelphia Black Power conference, and the Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana. She also supported and visited the Black Panther school in Oakland. 1970s Rosa Parks c. 1978 In the 1970s, Parks organized for the freedom of political prisoners in the United States, particularly cases involving issues of self - defense. She helped found the Detroit chapter of the Joann Little Defense Committee, and also worked in support of the Wilmington 10, the RNA 11, and Gary Tyler. Following national outcry around her case, Little succeeded in her defense that she used deadly force to resist sexual assault and was acquitted. Gary Tyler was finally released in April 2016 after 41 years in prison. The 1970s were a decade of loss for Parks in her personal life. Her family was plagued with illness ; she and her husband had suffered stomach ulcers for years and both required hospitalization. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements, Parks was not a wealthy woman. She donated most of the money from speaking to civil rights causes, and lived on her staff salary and her husband 's pension. Medical bills and time missed from work caused financial strain that required her to accept assistance from church groups and admirers. Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977, and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November. Her personal ordeals caused her to become removed from the civil rights movement. She learned from a newspaper of the death of Fannie Lou Hamer, once a close friend. Parks suffered two broken bones in a fall on an icy sidewalk, an injury which caused considerable and recurring pain. She decided to move with her mother into an apartment for senior citizens. There she nursed her mother Leona through the final stages of cancer and geriatric dementia until she died in 1979 at the age of 92. 1980s In 1980, Parks -- widowed and without immediate family -- rededicated herself to civil rights and educational organizations. She co-founded the Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation for college - bound high school seniors, to which she donated most of her speaker fees. In February 1987 she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, an institute that runs the `` Pathways to Freedom '' bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites throughout the country. Parks also served on the Board of Advocates of Planned Parenthood. Though her health declined as she entered her seventies, Parks continued to make many appearances and devoted considerable energy to these causes. 1990s In 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks : My Story, an autobiography aimed at younger readers, which recounts her life leading to her decision to keep her seat on the bus. A few years later, she published Quiet Strength ( 1995 ), her memoir, which focuses on her faith. At age 81 Parks was robbed and assaulted in her home in central Detroit on August 30, 1994. The assailant, Joseph Skipper, broke down the door but claimed he had chased away an intruder. He requested a reward and when Parks paid him, he demanded more. Parks refused and he attacked her. Hurt and badly shaken, Parks called a friend, who called the police. A neighborhood manhunt led to Skipper 's capture and reported beating. Parks was treated at Detroit Receiving Hospital for facial injuries and swelling on the right side of her face. Parks said about the attack on her by the African - American man, `` Many gains have been made... But as you can see, at this time we still have a long way to go. '' Skipper was sentenced to 8 to 15 years and was transferred to prison in another state for his own safety. Suffering anxiety upon returning to her small central Detroit house following the ordeal, Parks moved into Riverfront Towers, a secure high - rise apartment building. Learning of Parks ' move, Little Caesars owner Mike Ilitch offered to pay for her housing expenses for as long as necessary. In 1994 the Ku Klux Klan applied to sponsor a portion of United States Interstate 55 in St. Louis County and Jefferson County, Missouri, near St. Louis, for cleanup ( which allowed them to have signs stating that this section of highway was maintained by the organization ). Since the state could not refuse the KKK 's sponsorship, the Missouri legislature voted to name the highway section the `` Rosa Parks Highway ''. When asked how she felt about this honor, she is reported to have commented, `` It is always nice to be thought of. '' In 1999 Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by an Angel. It was her last appearance on film ; Parks began to suffer from health problems due to old age. 2000s In 2002 Parks received an eviction notice from her $1,800 per month apartment for non-payment of rent. Parks was incapable of managing her own financial affairs by this time due to age - related physical and mental decline. Her rent was paid from a collection taken by Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit. When her rent became delinquent and her impending eviction was highly publicized in 2004, executives of the ownership company announced they had forgiven the back rent and would allow Parks, by then 91 and in extremely poor health, to live rent - free in the building for the remainder of her life. Elaine Steele, manager of the nonprofit Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute, told the newspaper that Parks got proper care, and that eviction notices were sent in error in 2002. Her heirs and various interest organizations alleged at the time that her financial affairs had been mismanaged. In 2016 Rosa 's Detroit house was disassembled, moved to Berlin, and partly restored. Death and funeral Parks died of natural causes on October 24, 2005, at the age of 92, in her apartment on the east side of Detroit. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. She was survived by her sister - in - law ( Raymond 's sister ), 13 nieces and nephews and their families, and several cousins, most of them residents of Michigan or Alabama. City officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005, that the front seats of their city buses would be reserved with black ribbons in honor of Parks until her funeral. Parks ' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse - drawn hearse to the St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal ( AME ) church, where she lay in repose at the altar on October 29, 2005, dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess. A memorial service was held there the following morning. One of the speakers, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, said that if it had not been for Parks, she would probably have never become the Secretary of State. In the evening the casket was transported to Washington, D.C. and transported by a bus similar to the one in which she made her protest, to lie in honor in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. Since the founding of the practice in 1852, Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U.S. government official, and the second private person ( after the French planner Pierre L'Enfant ) to be honored in this way. She was the first woman and the second black person to lie in honor in the Capitol. An estimated 50,000 people viewed the casket there, and the event was broadcast on television on October 31, 2005. A memorial service was held that afternoon at Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, DC. With her body and casket returned to Detroit, for two days, Parks lay in repose at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. Her funeral service was seven hours long and was held on November 2, 2005, at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U.S. flag over the casket and carried it to a horse - drawn hearse, which was intended to carry it, in daylight, to the cemetery. As the hearse passed the thousands of people who were viewing the procession, many clapped, cheered loudly and released white balloons. Parks was interred between her husband and mother at Detroit 's Woodlawn Cemetery in the chapel 's mausoleum. The chapel was renamed the Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor. Parks had previously prepared and placed a headstone on the selected location with the inscription `` Rosa L. Parks, wife, 1913 --. '' Legacy and honors The Rosa Parks Congressional Gold Medal Parks and U.S. President Bill Clinton Rosa Parks Transit Center, Detroit U.S. President Barack Obama sitting on the bus. Parks was arrested sitting in the same row Obama is in, but on the opposite side. A plaque entitled `` The Bus Stop '' at Dexter Ave. and Montgomery St. -- the place Rosa Parks boarded the bus -- pays tribute to her and the success of the Montgomery bus boycott. The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest ( a GM `` old - look '' transit bus, serial number 1132 ), is now a museum exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum. 1976, Detroit renamed 12th Street `` Rosa Parks Boulevard. '' 1979, the NAACP awarded Parks the Spingarn Medal, its highest honor, 1980, she received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award. 1983, she was inducted into Michigan Women 's Hall of Fame for her achievements in civil rights. 1984, she received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women. 1990, Parks was invited to be part of the group welcoming Nelson Mandela upon his release from prison in South Africa. Parks was in attendance as part of Interstate 475 outside of Toledo, Ohio was named after her. 1992, she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award along with Dr. Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. 1994, she received an honorary doctorate from Soka University in Tokyo, Japan. 1995, she received the Academy of Achievement 's Golden Plate Award in Williamsburg, Virginia. 1996, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given by the US executive branch. 1998, she was the first to receive the International Freedom Conductor Award given by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. 1999, she received the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award given by the US legislative branch, the medal bears the legend `` Mother of the Modern Day Civil Rights Movement '' she received the Windsor -- Detroit International Freedom Festival Freedom Award. Time named Parks one of the 20 most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century. President Bill Clinton honored her in his State of the Union address, saying, `` She 's sitting down with the first lady tonight, and she may get up or not as she chooses. '' 2000, her home state awarded her the Alabama Academy of Honor, she receives the first Governor 's Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage. She was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities worldwide She was made an honorary member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. the Rosa Parks Library and Museum on the campus of Troy University in Montgomery was dedicated to her. 2002, Scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Parks on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. A portion of the Interstate 10 freeway in Los Angeles was named in her honor. 2003, Bus No. 2857 on which Parks was riding was restored and placed on display in The Henry Ford 2004, in the Los Angeles County MetroRail system, the Imperial Highway / Wilmington station, where the Blue Line connects with the Green Line, has been officially named the `` Rosa Parks Station ''. 2005, On October 30, 2005 President George W. Bush issued a proclamation ordering that all flags on U.S. public areas both within the country and abroad be flown at half - staff on the day of Parks ' funeral. Metro Transit in King County, Washington placed posters and stickers dedicating the first forward - facing seat of all its buses in Parks ' memory shortly after her death, The American Public Transportation Association declared December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of her arrest, to be a `` National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day ''. On that anniversary, President George W. Bush signed Pub. L. 109 -- 116, directing that a statue of Parks be placed in the United States Capitol 's National Statuary Hall. In signing the resolution directing the Joint Commission on the Library to do so, the President stated : By placing her statue in the heart of the nation 's Capitol, we commemorate her work for a more perfect union, and we commit ourselves to continue to struggle for justice for every American. Portion of Interstate 96 in Detroit was renamed by the state legislature as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway in December 2005. 2006, At Super Bowl XL, played at Detroit 's Ford Field, long - time Detroit residents Coretta Scott King and Parks were remembered and honored by a moment of silence. The Super Bowl was dedicated to their memory. Parks ' nieces and nephews and Martin Luther King III joined the coin toss ceremonies, standing alongside former University of Michigan star Tom Brady who flipped the coin. On February 14, Nassau County, New York Executive, Thomas Suozzi announced that the Hempstead Transit Center would be renamed the Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center in her honor. On October 27, Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell signed a bill into law designating the portion of Pennsylvania Route 291 through Chester as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway. 2007, Nashville, Tennessee, renamed MetroCenter Boulevard ( 8th Avenue North ) ( US 41A and SR 12 ) as Rosa L. Parks Boulevard. 2009, on July 14, 2009, the Rosa Parks Transit Center opened in Detroit at the corner of Michigan and Cass Avenues. 2010, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a plaza in the heart of the city was named Rosa Parks Circle. 2012, President Barack Obama visited the famous Rosa Parks bus at the Henry Ford Museum after an event in Dearborn, Michigan, April 18, 2012. A street in West Valley City, Utah ( the state 's second largest city ), leading to the Utah Cultural Celebration Center was renamed Rosa Parks Drive. External video Rosa Parks 100th Birthday Commemoration at The Henry Ford, Dearborn, MI, February 4, 2013, C - SPAN 2013, On February 1, President Barack Obama proclaimed February 4, 2013, as the `` 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks. '' He called `` upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate service, community, and education programs to honor Rosa Parks 's enduring legacy. '' On February 4, to celebrate Rosa Parks ' 100th birthday, the Henry Ford Museum declared the day a `` National Day of Courage '' with 12 hours of virtual and on - site activities featuring nationally recognized speakers, musical and dramatic interpretative performances, a panel presentation of `` Rosa 's Story '' and a reading of the tale `` Quiet Strength ''. The actual bus on which Rosa Parks sat was made available for the public to board and sit in the seat that Rosa Parks refused to give up. On February 4, 2,000 birthday wishes gathered from people throughout the United States were transformed into 200 graphics messages at a celebration held on her 100th Birthday at the Davis Theater for the Performing Arts in Montgomery, Alabama. This was the 100th Birthday Wishes Project managed by the Rosa Parks Museum at Troy University and the Mobile Studio and was also a declared event by the Senate. During both events the USPS unveiled a postage stamp in her honor. On February 27, Parks became the first African - American woman to have her likeness depicted in National Statuary Hall. The monument, created by sculptor Eugene Daub, is a part of the Capitol Art Collection among nine other females featured in the National Statuary Hall Collection. 2014, the asteroid 284996 Rosaparks, discovered in 2010 by the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer, was named in her memory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 September 2014 ( M.P.C. 89835 ). 2015, The papers of Rosa Parks were cataloged into the Library of Congress, after years of a legal battle. On December 13, the new Rosa Parks Railway Station opened in Paris. 2016, the house lived in by Rosa Parks 's brother, Sylvester McCauley, his wife Daisy, and their 13 children, and where Rosa Parks often visited and stayed after leaving Montgomery, was bought by her niece Rhea McCauley for $500 and donated to the artist Ryan Mendoza. It was subsequently dismantled and shipped to Berlin where it was re-erected in Mendoza 's garden. In 2018 it was returned to the United States and rebuilt at the Waterfire Arts Center, Providence, Rhode Island, where it was put on public display, accompanied by a range of interpretive materials and public and scholarly events. In popular Culture In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed ; one of the cards featured Parks 's name and picture. The Neville Brothers recorded a song about Parks called `` Sister Rosa '' on their 1989 album Yellow Moon. A music video for the song was also made. The song `` Daybreak '' from The Stone Roses ' 1994 album Second Coming pays tribute to Parks with the line `` Sister Rosa Lee Parks / Love forever her name in your heart ''. In March 1999, Parks filed a lawsuit ( Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records ) against American hip - hop duo OutKast and their record company, claiming that the duo 's song `` Rosa Parks '', the most successful radio single of their 1998 album Aquemini, had used her name without permission. The lawsuit was settled on April 15, 2005 ( six months and nine days before Parks ' death ) ; OutKast, their producer and record labels paid Parks an undisclosed cash settlement. They also agreed to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute to create educational programs about the life of Rosa Parks. The record label and OutKast admitted to no wrongdoing. Responsibility for the payment of legal fees was not disclosed. The documentary Mighty Times : The Legacy of Rosa Parks ( 2001 ) received a 2002 nomination for Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. She collaborated on a TV movie of her life, The Rosa Parks Story ( 2002 ), starring Angela Bassett. The film Barbershop ( 2002 ) featured a barber, played by Cedric the Entertainer, arguing with others that other African Americans before Parks had been active in bus integration, but she was renowned as an NAACP secretary. The activists Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton launched a boycott against the film, contending it was `` disrespectful '', but NAACP president Kweisi Mfume stated he thought the controversy was `` overblown. '' Parks was offended and boycotted the NAACP 2003 Image Awards ceremony, which Cedric hosted. Grime musician Skepta 's track `` Shutdown '' includes the lyrics `` Sittin ' at the front, just like Rosa Parks ''. The 2018 episode `` Rosa '', of the science - fiction television series Doctor Who, centers on Rosa Parks, as portrayed by Vinette Robinson. See also African American portal Indigenous peoples of North America portal Biography portal Claudette Colvin Viola Desmond List of civil rights leaders Cleveland Court Apartments 620 -- 638 Elizabeth Jennings Graham Charlotte L. Brown John Mitchell, Jr. Racism in the United States Timeline of the African - American Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks Act Harriet Tubman References Jump up ^ Pub. L. 106 -- 26. Retrieved November 13, 2011. The quoted passages can be seen by clicking through to the text or PDF. 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Alexander Acosta, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, states, `` This brutal murder and grotesque miscarriage of justice outraged a nation and helped galvanize support for the modern American civil rights movement. '' Jump up ^ Beito, David T. ; Royster Beito, Linda ( 2009 ). Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. pp. 138 -- 39. Jump up ^ `` Emmett Till The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks ''. rosaparksbiography.org. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1, p. 13. Jump up ^ `` James F. Blake '', The Guardian obituaries, March 26, 2002. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Woo, Elaine ( October 25, 2005 ). `` She Set Wheels of Justice in Motion ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 6, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2016. CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Williams, Donnie ; Greenhaw, Wayne ( 2005 ). The Thunder of Angels : The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the People who Broke the Back of Jim Crow. Chicago Review Press. p. 48. ISBN 1 - 55652 - 590 - 7. Jump up ^ Parks, Rosa ( 1992 ). `` Main Reason For Keeping Her Seat ''. `` Parks Recalls Bus Boycott, Excerpts from an interview with Lynn Neary '' ( radio interview ). Interviewed by Lynn Neary. National Public Radio. Archived from the original ( adobe flash ) on 2014 - 12 - 01. Retrieved December 1, 2014. linked at `` Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies ''. NPR. October 25, 2005. Archived from the original on November 2, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Civil rights icon Rosa Parks dies at 92 '', CNN, October 25, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Audio interview of Parks linked from `` Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies '', National Public Radio, October 25, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Houck, Davis ; Grindy, Matthew ( 2008 ). Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press. Jackson, Miss. : University Press of Mississippi. p. x. ISBN 9781604733044. Jump up ^ Williams, Juan ( 2002 ). Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years, 1954 - 1965. Penguin Books. p. 66. ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1. Jump up ^ Marsh, Charles ( 2006 ). The Beloved Community : How Faith Shapes Social Justice from the Civil Rights to Today. Basic Books. p. 21. ISBN 0 - 465 - 04416 - 6. Jump up ^ Parks, Rosa ; James Haskins ( 1992 ). Rosa Parks : My Story. Dial Books. p. 116. ISBN 0 - 8037 - 0673 - 1. Jump up ^ Rosa Parks Interview Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. ( video and text of interview ), Academy of Achievement, June 2, 1995. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Wright, Roberta Hughes ( 1991 ). The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Charro Press. p. 27. ISBN 0 - 9629468 - 0 - X. Jump up ^ Hawken, Paul ( 2007 ). Blessed Unrest : How the Largest Movement in the World Came Into Being, and Why No One Saw it Coming. Viking. p. 79. ISBN 0 - 670 - 03852 - 0. Jump up ^ Phibbs, Cheryl ( 2009 ). The Montgomery Bus Boycott : A History and Reference Guide. Greenwood. p. 15. ISBN 978 - 0313358876. Jump up ^ Burns, Stewart ( 1997 ). Daybreak of Freedom : The Montgomery Bus Boycott. UNC Press. p. 9. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4661 - 9. Jump up ^ Rustin, Bayard ( July 1942 ). `` Non-Violence vs. Jim Crow ''. Fellowship. reprinted in Carson, Clayborne ; Garrow, David J. ; Kovach, Bill ( 2003 ). Reporting Civil Rights : American journalism, 1941 -- 1963. Library of America. pp. 15 -- 18. Retrieved September 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Borger, Julian ( 3 April 2006 ). `` Civil rights heroes may get pardons ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 March 2017. 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Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 15. Retrieved February 5, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Theoharis, Jeanne. `` ' The northern promised land that was n't ' : Rosa Parks and the Black Freedom Struggle in Detroit '' ( PDF ). OAH Magazine of History. 26 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 27. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Parks remembered for her courage, humility ''. CNN. October 30, 2005. Retrieved July 1, 2008. Jump up ^ Theoharis, Jeanne ( March 2, 2013 ). `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About Rosa Parks ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The People 's Tribunal on the Algiers Motel Killings The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks ''. rosaparksbiography.org. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` From Alabama to Detroit : Rosa Parks ' Rebellious Life ''. psc-cuny.org. Jump up ^ `` ' I Do n't Believe in Gradualism ' : Rosa Parks and the Black Power Movement in Detroit ''. allacademic.com. Jump up ^ `` Stamp ceremony kicks off day in Parks ' honor ''. USA Today. February 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Prisoner Defense Committees The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks ''. rosaparksbiography.org. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Theoharis, Jeanne ; Woodard, Komozi ( 2009 ). `` A Life History of Being Rebellious : The Radicalism of Rosa Parks ''. In Gore, Dayo F. Want to Start a Revolution ? Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle. New York University Press. pp. 131 -- 132. Jump up ^ `` Gary Tyler a free man after more than 4 decades in Angola ''. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Rosa Parks ' legacy : non-violent power '' Archived July 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Madison Daily Leader, October 31, 2005. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Jump up ^ The Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation, main page. Retrieved November 13, 2011. ( Not a citation for Parks 's role as a founder, just for the foundation itself. ) Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks ''. Biography.com. Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Andrea ( 2010 ). `` Parks, Rosa ''. Encyclopedia of Motherhood, Volume 1. SAGE Publishing. p. 969. Jump up ^ Levintova, Hannah ( September 17, 2015 ). `` Republicans Hate Planned Parenthood But Want to Put One of Its Backers on the $10 Bill ''. Mother Jones. Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks Robbed and Beaten '' New York Times, August 31, 1994. Retrieved January 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 1994 Mugging Reveals Rosa Park 's True Character '' Women 's eNews, February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Man Gets Prison Term For Attack on Rosa Parks '', San Francisco Chronicle, August 8, 1995. Jump up ^ `` Assailant Recognized Rosa Parks ''. Detroit Free Press. reprinted in the Reading Eagle, 2 September 1994. Associated Press. 3 September 1994. Retrieved 13 November 2011. Jump up ^ Botta, Christopher ( 24 February 2014 ). `` Ilitch aids civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks, others ''. Sports Business Daily. Retrieved 16 February 2017. Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Ilena ( February 4, 2003 ). `` Happy Birthday, Rosa Parks ! ''. WomenseNews.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` The Name Game ''. Snopes.com. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2001. Jump up ^ Masius, John ( 2 May 1999 ). `` Black Like Monica ''. Touched By An Angel. Season 5. Episode 23. CBS. CBS. Jump up ^ `` Landlord wo n't ask Rosa Parks to pay rent ''. MSNBC.com. Associated Press. December 6, 2004. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Jump up ^ McGrane, Sally ( May 2, 2017 ). `` Saved From Demolition, Rosa Parks 's House Gets a Second Life ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Those Who Have Lain in State ''. Architect of the Capitol. 2009 - 12 - 01. Retrieved December 1, 2009. Jump up ^ Memorial or Funeral Services in the Capitol Rotunda, senate.gov ( United States Senate ) ; content cited to Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved November 23, 2011. Jump up ^ Wilgoren, Debbi ; Labbe, Theola S. ( 1 November 2005 ). `` An Overflowing Tribute to an Icon ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Esparza, Santiago. `` Parks to remain private in death '', Detroit News, November 3, 2005. `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved May 12, 2017. CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ). Retrieved July 5, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Rosa L. Parks Collection. Papers, 1955 - 1976 '' ( PDF ). Walter P. Reuther Library. p. 1. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 21, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2011. Jump up ^ Spingarn Medal Winners : 1915 to Today Archived July 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., NAACP, no date but list goes through 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Jump up ^ NAACP Honors Congressman Conyers With 92nd Spingarn Medal Archived June 27, 2009, at the Portuguese Web Archive, NAACP press release, April 3, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2008. 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Archived August 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Local Digest item `` Buses are memorial to Rosa Parks '', Seattle Times, November 1, 2005. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Jump up ^ `` National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day ''. American Public Transportation Association. September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` President Signs H.R. 4145 to Place Statue of Rosa Parks in U.S. Capitol ''. 2005 - 12 - 01. Retrieved December 4, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Michigan Memorial Highway Act ( Excerpt ) Act 142 of 2001, 250.1098 Rosa Parks Memorial Highway ''. Michigan Legislature. 2001. Retrieved August 18, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks ''. birdsofwinter.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Jump up ^ Act 127, Pennsylvania General Assembly, 2006, retrieved March 30, 2018 Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Career Center at Metro Center ''. Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2011. Jump up ^ Shea, Bill ( 9 July 2009 ). `` Detroit 's Rosa Parks Transit Center opens Tuesday ''. Crain 's Business Detroit. Retrieved April 18, 2010. Jump up ^ Neugebauer, Cimaron ( November 15, 2012 ). `` West Valley City renames street after Rosa Parks ''. The Salt Lake Tribune. Jump up ^ `` Presidential Proclamation -- 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks ''. Retrieved February 5, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` OBSERVING THE 100TH BIRTHDAY OF ROSA PARKS ''. Congressional Record 112th Congress ( 2011 -- 2012 ). Library of Congress. December 19, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks stamp unveiled for late civil rights icon 's 100th birthday ''. CBS News. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks : First Statue of African - American Female to Grace Capitol ''. ABC News. Retrieved February 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` MPC / MPO / MPS Archive ''. Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 22 October 2018. Jump up ^ Cornish, Audie ( 7 February 2015 ). `` After years in Lockdown, Rosa Parks ' Papers Head To Library of Congress ''. NPR. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Why Rosa Parks ' house now stands in Berlin ''. www.dw.com. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` '' The Rosa Parks House Project '' - WaterFire Arts Center ``. WaterFire Arts Center. Retrieved October 21, 2018. Jump up ^ Wulf, Steve ( March 23, 2015 ). `` Supersisters : Original Roster ''. ESPN.go.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Wallinger, Hanna ( 2006 ). Transitions : Race, Culture, and the Dynamics of Change. LIT Verlag Berlin - Hamburg - Münster. p. 126. ISBN 3 - 8258 - 9531 - 9. Jump up ^ Jet, Vol. 107, No. 18, May 2, 2005 Jump up ^ The Rosa Parks Story on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' Barbershop ' actor to host Image Awards ''. Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. January 25, 2003. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks boycotts NAACP awards ceremony ''. Recordnet.com. Associated Press. March 9, 2003. Retrieved November 22, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Series 11 - Episode 3 Rosa ''. Radio Times. Retrieved 11 October 2018. Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` MPC - object '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ). Further reading Library resources about Rosa Parks Resources in your library Editorial. 1974. `` Two decades later. '' New York Times ( May 17 ) : 38. ( `` Within a year of Brown, Rosa Parks, a tired seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama, was, like Homer Plessy sixty years earlier, arrested for her refusal to move to the back of the bus. '' ) Barnes, Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit, Columbia University Press, 1983. Rosa Parks with James Haskins, Rosa Parks : My Story New York : Scholastic Inc., 1992. ISBN 0 - 590 - 46538 - 4 Brinkley, Douglas. Rosa Parks : A Life, Penguin Books, October 25, 2005. ISBN 0 - 14 - 303600 - 9 The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks by Jeanne Theoharis, Beacon Press, 2015, ISBN 9780807076927 Morris, Aldon ( Summer 2012 ). `` Rosa Parks, Strategic Activist ( sidebar ) ''. Contexts. Sage. 11 ( 3 ) : 25. doi : 10.1177 / 1536504212456178. External links Find more aboutRosa Parksat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Rosa Parks '' dated 2005 - 11 - 29, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles `` Rosa Parks Papers ''. Library of Congress. Rosa Parks Library and Museum at Troy University The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development Parks article in the Encyclopedia of Alabama Rosa Parks bus on display at the Henry Ford Museum Teaching and Learning Rosa Parks ' Rebellious Life Norwood, Arlisha. `` Rosa Parks ''. National Women 's History Museum. 2017. Multimedia and interviews Appearances on C - SPAN `` Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies '' - National Public Radio `` Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks 1913 -- 2005 '' - Democracy Now ! democracynow.org Others Complete audio / video and newspaper archive of the Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks : cadre of working - class movement that ended Jim Crow print media reaction to Parks ' death in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2005 - 10 - 25. Rosa Parks on IMDb Honorary titles Preceded by Ronald Reagan Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda October 30, 2005 -- October 31, 2005 Succeeded by Gerald Ford African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Nadir of American race relations Redlining Great Migration Civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post -- civil rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Black flight Culture Art African - American names Afrofuturism Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education, science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Back - to - Africa movement Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole of color Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French By state / city Alabama Florida Georgia ( Atlanta ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Iowa ( Davenport ) Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( Boston ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Mississippi Nebraska ( Omaha ) New York New York City North Carolina Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Puerto Rico South Carolina Tennessee Texas Dallas - Fort Worth Houston San Antonio Diaspora Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Back - to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US representatives US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Portal Civil rights movement ( 1950s and 1960s ) Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Journey of Reconciliation Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America, Inc. Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now, segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long, Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr. Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr. Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr. James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked List of lynching victims in the United States Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh, Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture Honoring In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Other King memorials Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Alabama Women 's Hall of Fame 1970s 1971 Hallie Farmer Helen Adams Keller Julia Strudwick Tutwiler 1972 Agnes Ellen Harris Margaret Murray Washington 1973 Edwina Donnelly Mitchell Lurleen Burns Wallace Henrietta Gibbs Loraine Bedsole Tunstall Dixie Bibb Graves Marie Bankhead Owen 1976 Ruth Robertson Berrey Annie Lola Price 1977 Amelia Gayle Gorgas Augusta Jane Evans Wilson 1978 Annie Rowan Forney Daugette Patti Ruffner Jacobs 1979 Myrtle Brooke Carrie A. Tuggle 1980s 1980 Kathleen Moore Mallory Ruby Pickens Tartt 1981 Tallulah Bankhead Elizabeth Johnston 1982 Chrysostom Moynahan Loula Friend Dunn Anne Mathilde Bilbro Clara Weaver Parrish 1984 Mildred Westervelt Warner Katherine White - Spunner 1985 Blanche Evans Dean Katherine Vickery 1986 Chamintney Stovall Thomas Martha Strudwick Young Elizabeth Caroline Crosby Lella Warren 1988 Katherine Cooper Cater Mary Elizabeth Phillips Thompson 1989 Gwen Bristow Geneva Mercer 1990s 1990 Maud McLure Kelly Octavia Walton Le Vert 1991 Frances Virginia Praytor Anna Linton Praytor Julia Tarrant Barron 1992 Bessie Morse Bellingrath Frances Scott Fitzgerald Smith Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald 1993 Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis Mary George Jordan Waite 1994 Doris Marie Bender Lottice Howell 1995 -- 1996 Elizabeth Burford Bashinsky Maude McKnight Lindsay 1997 Hattie Hooker Wilkins Marion Walker Spidle 1998 Martha Foster Crawford Maria Howard Weeden 1999 Margaret H. Booth Juliet Opie Hopkins 2000s 2000 Florence Golson Bateman Maria Fearing 2001 Ida Vines Moffett Sibyl Murphree Pool 2002 Idella Jones Childs Jane Lobman Katz 2003 Louise Branscomb Bess Bolden Walcott Nancy Batson Crews Rosa Gerhardt 2005 Vera Hall Juliette Hampton Morgan 2006 Virginia Foster Durr Mary Celesta Johnson Weatherly 2007 Fran McKee Martha Crystal Myers 2008 Rosa McCauley Parks 2009 Coretta Scott King 2010s Mary Ivy Burks Margaret Charles Smith 2011 Evelyn Daniel Anderson Ada Ruth Stovall 2012 Nina Miglionico 2013 Frances C. Roberts 2014 Hazel Mansell Gore 2015 Kathryn Tucker Windham 2016 Anne Mae Beddow Sarah Haynsworth Gayle 2017 Mary Ward Brown Sara Crews Finley Michigan Women 's Hall of Fame 1980 -- 1989 Harriette Simpson Arnow N. Lorraine Beebe Mamie Geraldine Neale Bledsoe Elizabeth Margaret Chandler Mary Stallings Coleman Wilma T. Donahue Grace Eldering Josephine Gomon Martha W. Griffiths Dorothy Haener Laura Smith Haviland Mildred Jeffrey Pearl Kendrick Helen W. Milliken Rosa L. Parks Anna Howard Shaw Lucinda Hinsdale Stone Sojourner Truth 1984 Helen J. Claytor Caroline Bartlett Crane Marguerite De Angeli Emma Genevieve Gillette Icie Macy Hoobler Magdelaine Laframboise Martha Longstreet Elly M. Peterson Jessie Pharr Slaton Mary C. Spencer Bertha Van Hoosen 1986 Patricia Boyle Elizabeth C. Crosby Gwen Frostic Elmina R. Lucke Marjorie Swank Matthews Marjorie Peebles - Meyers Mary Chase Perry Stratton Helen Thomas Marion Isabel Barnhart Patricia Hill Burnett Ethel Calhoun Georgia Emery Betty Ford Rosa Slade Gragg Clara Raven 1988 Louise L. Brown Ethelene Crockett Marcia J. Federbush Fran Harris M. Jane Kay Nugent Agnes Mary Mansour Helen Martin Sarah Goddard Power 1989 Clara B. Arthur Anna Sutherland Bissell Alexa Canady Anne R. Davidow Bernadine Newsom Denning Isabella Karle Jean Ledwith King Olga Madar Mary Anne Mayo 1990 -- 1999 1990 Emily Helen Butterfield Erma Henderson Dorothy Leonard Judd Elba Lila Morse Fannie M. Richards Emelia Christine Schaub Mary P. Sinclair Merze Tate Delia Villegas Vorhauer 1991 Rachel Andresen Mary Beck Jan BenDor Janet K. Good Jo Jacobs Virginia Cecile Blomer Nordby Dorothy Comstock Riley Edith Mays Swanson 1992 Cora Brown Mary Lou Butcher Sarah Emma Edmonds Violet Temple Lewis Luise Ruth Leismer Mahon Gilda Radner Martha Romayne Seger Ann M. Shafer Sylvia M. Stoesser Lucy Thurman Charleszetta Waddles 1993 Edith Vosburgh Alvord Catherine Carter Blackwell Jean W. Campbell Katherine Hill Campbell Lenna Frances Cooper Roberta A. Griffith Bina West Miller Jeanne Omelenchuk Sippie Wallace Edna Noble White Irene Clark Woodman 1994 Virginia Allan Marie - Therese Guyon Cadillac Ruth Carlton Flossie Cohen Bertha A. Daubendiek Genora Johnson Dollinger Flora Hommel Sarah Van Hoosen Jones Aleda E. Lutz Helen Walker McAndrew 1995 Yolanda Alvarado - Ortega Irene Auberlin Hilda R. Gage Lucia Voorhees Grimes R. Louise Grooms Odessa Komer Laura Freele Osborn Jacquelin E. Washington Carrie Frazier Rogers - Brown Anna Clemenc Waunetta McClellan Dominic Margaret Muth Laurence Claudia House Morcom Betsy Graves Reyneau Shirley E. Schwartz Joan Luedders Wolfe 1997 Ellen Burstyn Marion Corwell - Shertzer Four Sisters of Charity Della Goodwin Alice Hamilton Nancy Harkness Love Maryann Mahaffey Sharon E. Sutton Matilda Dodge Wilson 1998 Connie Binsfeld Hilda Patricia Curran Marie Dye Eleanor Josaitis Dorrie Ellen Rosenblatt Ella Merriman Sharp Martha Jean Steinberg Ruth Thompson Lily Tomlin 1999 Patricia L. Beeman Olympia Brown Doris DeDeckere Margaret Drake Elliott Elizabeth Homer Eleonore Hutzel Ella Eaton Kellogg Emily Burton Ketcham Ardeth Platte 2000 -- 2009 2000 Lillian Mellen Genser Loney Clinton Gordon Katherine G. Heideman Dauris Gwendolyn Jackson Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy Marjorie J. Lansing Chaun - Pu Lee Marilyn Fisher Lundy Katharine Dexter McCormick Kathleen N. Straus Clarissa M. Young 2001 Cora Reynolds Anderson Lucile E. Belen Theresa Maxis Duchemin Aretha Franklin Francie Kraker Goodridge Marian Bayoff Ilitch Mary Ellen Riordan Joesphine Stern Weiner 2002 Hortense Golden Canady Julia Wheelock Freeman May Stocking Knaggs Naomi Long Madgett Lucille Hanna McCollough Lana Pollack Martha Louise Rayne Muriel Dorothy Ross 2003 Mary Agnes Blair Verne Burbridge Nellie Cuellar Alice Scanlan Kocel Joyce Lewis Kornbluh Eliza Seaman Leggett Ida Lippman Marion ' Babe ' Ruth Bernice `` B '' Steadman Pamela Withrow Ruth Zweifler Geraldine Bledsoe Ford Jennifer Mulhern Granholm Lystra Gretter Florine Mark Cathy McClelland Constance Mayfield Rourke 2005 Margaret M. Chiara Eva Lois Evans Georgia A. Lewis Johnson Lida Holmes Mattman Olivia Maynard Deborah Stabenow Caroline Thrun Margaret Sellers Walker Elizabeth Weaver 2006 Cynthia Yao Mary Esther Daddazio Margery Feliksa Nancy Hammond Viola Liuzzo Marge Piercy Dora Hall Stockman Martha Strickland Clark Helen Hornbeck Tanner 2007 Mary Brown Gertrude Buck Emma Cole Haifa Fakhouri Carolyn Geisel Jane Briggs Hart Abigail Rogers Kathleen Wilbur Woman 's Hospital Association ( charter members ) 2008 Carol Atkins Patricia Cuza Carol King Vicki Neiberg James Johnston Schoolcraft Leta Snow Mary Francilene Van de Vyver 2009 Carol Atkins Grace Lee Boggs Margaret Chandler Ruth Ellis Edna Ferber Glenda Lappan Kay Givens McGowan Elizabeth Phillips Jessica Rickert Betty Tableman Marlo Thomas 2010 -- 2019 Mary Aikey Laura Carter Callow Augusta Jane Chapin Sandra Laser Draggoo Annie Etheridge Sherrill Freeborough Dorean Marguerite Hurley Koenig Terry McMillan Edith Munger Cynthia J. Pasky 2011 Lois A. Bader Jumana Judeh Marilyn Kelly Valeria Lipczynski Edelmira Lopez Kary Moss Rose Mary C. Robinson Patricia Saunders 2012 Gladys Beckwith Patricia Caruso Mary Jane Dockeray Judith Karandjeff Les Meres et Debutantes Club of Greater Lansing Serena Williams L. Anna Ballard Eva McCall Hamilton Mary E. McCoy 2013 Elizabeth W. Bauer Judith Levin Cantor Paula Cunningham Joan Jackson Johnson Gladys McKenney Marina von Neumann Whitman Con - Con Eleven Elizabeth Eaglesfield Harriet Quimby 2014 Elizabeth Lehman Belen MaryLee Davis Jeanne Findlater Dorothy A. Johnson Julie Krone Mary Carmelita Manning Barbara Roberts Mason Marylou Olivarez Mason Andra M. Rush Mary Ellen Sheets Lucille Farrier Stickel 2015 Jocelyn Benson Maxine Berman Sue Carter Janet C. Cooper Mabel White Holmes Candice Miller Esther K. Shapiro Maggie Walz Myra Wolfgang Linda M. Woods 2016 Elizabeth Sparks Adams Anan Ameri Daisy Elliott Faith Fowler Evelyn Golden Olivia Letts Mary Free Bed Guild Diana Ross Lou Anna Kimsey Simon Charlotte Wilson 2017 American Legion NUWARINE Post 535 Ella Mae Backus Clara Bryant Ford Elizabeth Denison Forth Mary Kay Henry Curtis Hertel Jr. Verna Grahek Mize Bernice Morton Rosie the Riveter Rosemary C. Sarri Elizabeth Wetzel Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 1990 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly - Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010 -- 2019 2011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters Lain in state ( United States ) Lain in state US Capitol rotunda Clay ( 1852 ) Lincoln ( 1865 ) ( Funeral ) Stevens ( 1868 ) Sumner ( 1874 ) Wilson ( 1875 ) Garfield ( 1881 ) Logan ( 1886 ) McKinley ( 1901 ) L'Enfant ( 1909 ) Dewey ( 1917 ) The Unknown Soldier for World War I ( 1921 ) Harding ( 1923 ) W.H. Taft ( 1930 ) Pershing ( 1948 ) R.A. Taft ( 1953 ) The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War ( 1958 ) Kennedy ( 1963 ) ( Funeral ) MacArthur ( 1964 ) H. Hoover ( 1964 ) Eisenhower ( 1969 ) Dirksen ( 1969 ) J.E. Hoover ( 1972 ) Johnson ( 1973 ) Humphrey ( 1978 ) The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War ( 1984 ) Pepper ( 1989 ) Reagan ( 2004 ) ( Funeral ) Ford ( 2006 - 07 ) ( Funeral ) Inouye ( 2012 ) McCain ( 2018 ) Lain in honor US Capitol rotunda Chestnut ( 1998 ) and Gibson ( 1998 ) Parks ( 2005 ) Graham ( 2018 ) Lain in repose Great Hall of the US Supreme Court Warren ( 1974 ) Marshall ( 1993 ) Burger ( 1995 ) Brennan ( 1997 ) Blackmun ( 1999 ) Rehnquist ( 2005 ) Scalia ( 2016 ) Bold - In `` Lain in State '', indicates a President. In `` Lain in Repose '', indicates a Chief Justice died in 1825, his remains were disinterred, he was honored by lying in state before reinterment later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael Blassie WorldCat Identities BNE : XX4892747 BNF : cb15080425z ( data ) GND : 119472678 ISNI : 0000 0001 2122 7464 LCCN : n87927953 NARA : 10571886 NDL : 00472759 SELIBR : 360011 SNAC : w63k42x2 SUDOC : 079443117 VIAF : 18032665 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa_Parks&oldid=865904767 '' Categories : 1913 births 2005 deaths Montgomery bus boycott 20th - century African - American activists African - American Christians African - American Methodists Activists for African - American civil rights Alabama State University alumni American people of Cherokee descent American people of Native American descent American people of Scotch - Irish descent American women activists Civil rights protests in the United States Community organizing Congressional Gold Medal recipients Deaths from dementia Neurological disease deaths in the United States Nonviolence advocates People from Detroit People from Tuskegee, Alabama Activists from Montgomery, Alabama Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Spingarn Medal winners Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery ( Detroit, Michigan ) Protests in Alabama People whose statue is in the National Statuary Hall Collection African - American history of Alabama Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Articles with incomplete citations from March 2018 All articles with incomplete citations Webarchive template other archives Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Biography with signature Articles with hCards Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 23 : 20 ( UTC ). 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Question: who refused to move to the back of the bus
Answer: Parks