Sugar glider - Wikipedia Sugar glider Sugar glider Temporal range : Pleistocene -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Illustration by Neville Cayley Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Marsupialia Order : Diprotodontia Family : Petauridae Genus : Petaurus Species : P. breviceps Binomial name Petaurus breviceps Waterhouse, 1839 Subspecies P.b. ariel, Gould 1842 P.b. breviceps, Waterhouse 1838 P.b. longicaudatus, Longman 1924 P.b. papuanus, Thomas 1888 Sugar glider natural range by subspecies : P. b. breviceps P. b. longicaudatus P. b. ariel P. b. papuanus P. b. tafa P. b. flavidus P. b. biacensis Synonyms P. ( Belideus ) breviceps, Waterhouse 1839 P. ( Belideus ) notatus, Peters 1859 P. kohlsi, Troughton 1945 The sugar glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) is a small, omnivorous, arboreal, and nocturnal gliding possum belonging to the marsupial infraclass. The common name refers to its preference for sugary foods like sap and nectar and its ability to glide through the air, much like a flying squirrel. They have very similar habits and appearance to the flying squirrel, despite not being closely related -- an example of convergent evolution. The scientific name, Petaurus breviceps, translates from Latin as `` short - headed rope - dancer '', a reference to their canopy acrobatics. The sugar glider is characterised by its gliding membrane, known as the patagium, which extends from its forelegs to its hindlegs, one on each side of its body. Gliding serves as an efficient means of reaching food and evading predators. The animal is covered in soft, pale grey to light brown fur which is countershaded, being lighter in colour on its underside. The sugar glider is endemic to parts of mainland Australia, New Guinea and certain Indonesian islands ; and it was introduced to Tasmania, probably in the 1830s. It is a popular exotic pet but is prohibited in some regions, including parts of Australia and the United States. Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Appearance and anatomy 4 Biology and behaviour 4.1 Gliding 4.2 Torpor 4.3 Diet and nutrition 4.4 Reproduction 4.5 Socialisation 5 Human relations 5.1 Conservation 5.2 Introduction to Tasmania 5.3 In captivity 5.4 As a pet 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Taxonomy The genus Petaurus is believed to have originated during the early - mid Miocene period ( 18 to 24 million years ago ), then dispersed from New Guinea to Australia where Australian Petaurus species diverged. The earliest Petaurus species occurred in Australia 4.46 million years ago ; and the sugar glider is the only Petaurus species endemic to both Australia and New Guinea. The species is divided into seven subspecies ; three occur in Australia, four in New Guinea, although debate regarding current species delineation continues. These seven subspecies are currently designated by small morphological differences such as colour and body size. However, genetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA indicates that the morphological subspecies may not represent genetically unique populations. Contrary to the current geographic distribution of sugar gliders, two genetically distinct populations in Australia may have arisen due to long term geographical isolation following drying of the Australian continent after the Pliocene and the uplift of the Great Dividing Range, by a process known as allopatric speciation. One population is found in coastal New South Wales and southern Queensland ; and the other is found in northern Queensland, inland and southern New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Further evidence is required to clarify if changes to the current taxonomic divisions are warranted ; for example, subspecies P. b. biacensis is provisionally considered a separate species, Biak glider ( Petaurus biacensis ). Distribution and habitat The longicaudatus ( long tailed ) subspecies attracted to sugar water on a tree in Crater Lakes National Park, Queensland. The gliding membrane is visible along its side. Sugar gliders are found throughout the northern and eastern parts of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea and several associated isles, the Bismarck Archipelago, Louisiade Archipelago, and certain isles of Indonesia, Halmahera Islands of the North Moluccas. The earliest Australian sugar glider fossils were found in a cave in Victoria and are dated to 15,000 years ago, at the time of the Pleistocene epoch. The facilitated introduction of the sugar glider to Tasmania in 1835 is supported by the absence of skeletal remains in subfossil bone deposits and the lack of an Aboriginal Tasmanian name for the animal. In Australia, sugar glider distribution corresponds with forests along the southern, eastern and northern coastlines, and extends to altitudes of 2000 m in the eastern ranges. The sugar glider occurs in sympatry with the squirrel glider, mahogany glider, and yellow - bellied glider ; and their coexistence is permitted through niche partitioning where each species has different patterns of resource use. They have a broad habitat niche, inhabiting rainforests and coconut plantations in New Guinea ; and rainforests, wet or dry sclerophyll forest and acacia scrub in Australia ; preferring habitats with Eucalypt and Acacia species. The main structural habitat requirements are a large number of stems within the canopy, and dense mid and upper canopy cover, likely to enable efficient movement through the canopy. Like all arboreal, nocturnal marsupials, sugar gliders are active at night, and shelter in tree hollows lined with leafy twigs during the day. The average home range of sugar gliders is 0.5 hectares ( 1.2 acres ), and is largely related to the abundance of food sources ; density ranges from two to six individuals per hectare ( 0.8 -- 2.4 per acre ). Native owls ( Ninox sp. ) are their primary predators ; others in their range include kookaburras, goannas, snakes, and quolls. Feral cats ( Felis catus ) also represent a significant threat. Appearance and anatomy This male 's forehead bald spot is a scent gland. The eyes are adapted for night vision and the ears swivel. The sugar glider has a squirrel - like body with a long, partially ( weakly ) prehensile tail. The length from the nose to the tip of the tail is about 24 -- 30 cm ( 9 -- 12 in ), and males and females weigh 140 and 115 grams ( 5 and 4 oz ) respectively. Heart rate range is 200 -- 300 beats per minute, and respiratory rate is 16 -- 40 breaths per minute. The sugar glider is a sexually dimorphic species, with males typically larger than females. Sexual dimorphism has likely evolved due to increased mate competition arising through social group structure ; and is more pronounced in regions of higher latitude, where mate competition is greater due to increased food availability. The fur coat on the sugar glider is thick, soft, and is usually blue - grey ; although some have been known to be yellow, tan or ( rarely ) albino. A black stripe is seen from its nose to midway on its back. Its belly, throat, and chest are cream in colour. Males have four scent glands, located on the forehead, chest, and two paracloacal ( associated with, but not part of the cloaca which is the common opening for the intestinal, urinal and genital tracts ) that are used for marking of group members and territory. Scent glands on the head and chest of males appear as bald spots. Females also have a paracloacal scent gland and a scent gland in the pouch, but do not have scent glands on the chest or forehead. The sugar glider is nocturnal ; its large eyes help it to see at night and its ears swivel to help locate prey in the dark. The eyes are set far apart, allowing more precise triangulation from launching to landing locations while gliding. Each foot on the sugar glider has five digits, with an opposable toe on each hind foot. These opposable toes are clawless, and bend such that they can touch all the other digits, like a human thumb, allowing it to firmly grasp branches. The second and third digits of the hind foot are partially syndactylous ( fused together ), forming a grooming comb. The fourth digit of the forefoot is sharp and elongated, aiding in extraction of insects under the bark of trees. The gliding membrane extends from the outside of the fifth digit of each forefoot to the first digit of each hind foot. When the legs are stretched out, this membrane allows the sugar glider to glide a considerable distance. The membrane is supported by well developed tibiocarpalis, humerodorsalis and tibioabdominalis muscles, and its movement is controlled by these supporting muscles in conjunction with trunk, limb and tail movement. Lifespan in the wild is up to 9 years ; is typically up to 12 years in captivity, and the maximum reported lifespan is 17.8 years. Biology and behaviour Sugar gliders ' hind feet are adapted to firmly grasp surfaces such as this rock wall Gliding The sugar glider is one of a number of volplane ( gliding ) possums in Australia. Gliders glide with the fore - and hind - limbs extended at right angles to their body, with their feet flexed upwards. The animal launches itself from a tree, spreading its limbs to expose the gliding membranes. This creates an aerofoil enabling them to glide 50 metres ( 55 yards ) or more. For every 1.82 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) travelled horizontally when gliding, sugar gliders fall 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ). Sugar gliders can steer by moving their limbs and adjusting the tension of their gliding membrane ; for example, to turn left, a sugar glider will lower its left forearm below its right. This form of arboreal locomotion is typically used to travel from tree to tree ; the species rarely descends to the ground. Gliding provides three dimensional avoidance of arboreal predators, and minimal contact with ground dwelling predators ; as well as possible benefits in decreasing time spent foraging for nutrient poor foods that are irregularly distributed. Using gliding as a mode of locomotion may also allow sugar gliders to decrease their energy consumption when searching for food. Young carried in the pouch of females are protected from landing forces by the septum that separates them within the pouch. Torpor Sugar gliders can tolerate ambient air temperatures of up to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) through behavioural strategies such as licking their coat and exposing the wet area, as well as drinking small quantities of water. In cold weather, sugar gliders will huddle together to avoid heat loss, and will enter torpor to conserve energy. Huddling as an energy conserving mechanism is not as efficient as torpor. Before entering torpor, a sugar glider will reduce activity and body temperature normally in order to lower energy expenditure and avoid torpor. With energetic constraints, the sugar glider will enter into daily torpor for 2 -- 23 hours while in rest phase. Torpor differs from hibernation in that torpor is usually a short - term daily cycle. Entering torpor saves energy for the animal by allowing its body temperature to fall to a minimum of 10.4 ° C ( 50.7 ° F ) to 19.6 ° C ( 67.3 ° F ). When food is scarce, as in winter, heat production is lowered in order to reduce energy expenditure. With low energy and heat production, it is important for the sugar glider to peak its body mass by fat content in the autumn ( May / June ) in order to survive the following cold season. In the wild, sugar gliders enter into daily torpor more often than sugar gliders in captivity. The use of torpor is most frequent during winter, likely in response to low ambient temperature, rainfall, and seasonal fluctuation in food sources. Diet and nutrition Sugar gliders are seasonally adaptive omnivores with a wide variety of foods in their diet, and mainly forage in the lower layers of the forest canopy. Sugar gliders may obtain up to half their daily water intake through drinking rainwater, with the remainder obtained through water held in its food. In summer they are primarily insectivorous, and in the winter when insects ( and other arthropods ) are scarce, they are mostly exudativorous ( feeding on acacia gum, eucalyptus sap, manna, honeydew or lerp ). Sugar gliders have an enlarged caecum to assist in digestion of complex carbohydrates obtained from gum and sap. To obtain sap and nectar from plants, sugar gliders will strip the bark off trees or open bore holes with their teeth to access stored liquid gum. Little time is spent foraging for insects, as it is an energetically expensive process, and sugar gliders will wait until insects fly into their habitat, or stop to feed on flowers. Gliders consume approximately 11 g of dry food matter per day. This equates to roughly 8 % and 9.5 % of body weight for males and females, respectively. They are opportunistic feeders and can be carnivorous, preying mostly on lizards and small birds. They eat many other foods when available, such as nectar, acacia seeds, bird eggs, pollen, fungi and native fruits. Pollen can make up a large portion of their diet, therefore sugar gliders are likely to be important pollinators of Banksia species. Reproduction Like most marsupials, female sugar gliders have two ovaries and two uteri ; and are polyestrous, meaning they can go into heat several times a year. The female has a marsupium ( pouch ) in the middle of her abdomen to carry offspring. The pouch opens anteriorly, and two lateral pockets extend posteriorly when young are present. Four nipples are usually present in the pouch, although reports of individuals with two nipples have been recorded. Male sugar gliders have a bifurcated penis to correspond with the two uteri of females. The age of sexual maturity in sugar gliders varies slightly between the males and females. Males reach maturity at 4 to 12 months of age, while females require from 8 to 12 months. In the wild, sugar gliders breed once or twice a year depending on the climate and habitat conditions, while they can breed multiple times a year in captivity as a result of consistent living conditions and proper diet. A sugar glider female gives birth to one ( 19 % ) or two ( 81 % ) babies ( joeys ) per litter. The gestation period is 15 to 17 days, after which the tiny joey 0.2 g ( 0.0071 oz ) will crawl into a mother 's pouch for further development. They are born largely undeveloped and furless, with only the sense of smell being developed. They have a continuous arch of cartilage in their shoulder girdle which disappears soon after birth ; this supports the forelimbs, assisting the climb into the pouch. The mother has a scent gland in the external marsupium to attract the sightless joeys from the uterus. Young are completely contained in the pouch for 60 days after birth, wherein mammae provide nourishment during the remainder of development. Eyes first open around 80 days after birth, and young will leave the nest around 110 days after birth. By the time young are weaned, the thermoregulatory system is developed, and in conjunction with a large body size and thicker fur, they are able to regulate their own body temperature. Breeding is seasonal in southeast Australia, with young only born in winter and spring ( June to November ). Further north in Arnhem Land, breeding is not seasonally restricted and young may be born throughout the year. Unlike animals that move along the ground, the sugar glider and other gliding species produce fewer, but heavier, offspring per litter. This allows female sugar gliders to retain the ability to glide when pregnant. Socialisation Sugar gliders are highly social animals. They live in family groups or colonies consisting of up to seven adults, plus the current season 's young. Up to four age classes may exist within each group, although some sugar gliders are solitary, not belonging to a group. They engage in social grooming, which in addition to improving hygiene and health, helps bond the colony and establish group identity. Within social communities, there are two codominant males who suppress subordinate males, but show no aggression towards each other. These co-dominant pairs are more related to each other than to subordinates within the group ; and share food, nests, mates, and responsibility for scent marking of community members and territories. Territory and members of the group are marked with saliva and a scent produced by separate glands on the forehead and chest. Intruders who lack the appropriate scent marking are expelled violently. Rank is established through scent marking ; and fighting does not occur within groups, but does occur when communities come into contact with each other. Within the colony, no fighting typically takes place beyond threatening behaviour. Each colony defends a territory of about 1 hectare ( 2.5 acres ) where eucalyptus trees provide a staple food source. Sugar gliders are one of the few species of mammals that exhibit male parental care. The oldest codominant male in a social community shows a high level of parental care, as he is the probable father of any offspring due to his social status. This paternal care evolved in sugar gliders as young are more likely to survive when parental investment is provided by both parents. In the sugar glider, biparental care allows one adult to huddle with the young and prevent hypothermia while the other parent is out foraging, as young sugar gliders are n't able to thermoregulate until they are 100 days old ( 3.5 months ). Communication in sugar gliders is achieved through vocalisations, visual signals and complex chemical odours. Chemical odours account for a large part of communication in sugar gliders, similar to many other nocturnal animals. Odours may be used to mark territory, convey health status of an individual, and mark rank of community members. Gliders produce a number of vocalisations including barking and hissing. Human relations Sugar glider nest in eucalyptus tree hollow John Gould, 1861 Conservation The sugar glider is not considered endangered, and its conservation rank is `` Least Concern ( LC ) '' on the IUCN Red List. Despite the loss of natural habitat in Australia over the last 200 years, it is adaptable and capable of living in small patches of remnant bush, particularly if it does not have to cross large expanses of cleared land to reach them. However, several close relatives are endangered, particularly Leadbeater 's possum and the mahogany glider. Sugar gliders may persist in areas that have undergone mild - moderate selective logging, as long as three to five hollow bearing trees are retained per hectare. Although not currently threatened by habitat loss, the ability of sugar gliders to forage and avoid predators successfully may be decreased in areas of high light pollution. Conservation in Australia is enacted at the federal, state and local levels, where sugar gliders are protected as a native species. The central conservation law in Australia is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act ). The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 is an example of conservation law in the state of South Australia, where it is legal to keep ( only ) one sugar glider without a permit, provided it was acquired legally from a source with a permit. A permit is required to obtain or possess more than one glider, or if one wants to sell or give away any glider in their possession. It is illegal to capture or sell wild sugar gliders without a permit. Introduction to Tasmania According to naturalist Ronald Campbell Gunn, no Petaurus species is indigenous to Tasmania. He concluded that sugar gliders had been brought to Launceston, Tasmania as pets from Port Phillip, Australia ( now Melbourne ) soon after the founding of the port in 1834. Many sugar gliders had escaped and quickly became established in the area. The species has been identified as a threat to the survival of the swift parrot, which breeds only in Tasmania. Reduction in mature forest cover has left swift parrot nests highly vulnerable to predation by sugar gliders, and it is estimated that the parrot could be extinct by 2031. In captivity In captivity, the sugar glider can suffer from calcium deficiencies if not fed an adequate diet. A lack of calcium in the diet causes the body to leach calcium from the bones, with the hind legs first to show noticeable dysfunction. Calcium to phosphorus ratios should be 2 : 1 to prevent hypocalcemia, sometimes known as hind leg paralysis ( HLP ). Their diet should be 50 % insects ( gut - loaded ) or other sources of protein, 25 % fruit and 25 % vegetables. Some of the more recognised diets are Bourbon 's Modified Leadbeaters ( BML ), High Protein Wombaroo ( HPW ) and various calcium rich diets with Leadbeaters Mixture ( LBM ). Iron storage disease ( hemochromatosis ) is another dietary problem that has been reported in captive gliders and can lead to fatal complications if not diagnosed and treated early. Plenty of attention and environmental enrichment may be required for this highly social species, especially for those kept as individuals. Inadequate social interaction can lead to depression and behavioural disorders such as loss of appetite, irritability and self - mutilation. As a pet Mealworms are a favourite food for some gliders kept as pets Around the world, the sugar glider is popular as an exotic pet, and is sometimes considered a pocket pet. In Australia, sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria, South Australia, and the Northern Territory. However, they are not allowed to be kept as pets in Western Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland or Tasmania. Sugar gliders are popular as pets in the United States, where they are bred in large numbers. Most states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets, with some exceptions including California, Hawaii, Alaska, and New York City. In 2014, Massachusetts changed its law, allowing sugar gliders to be kept as pets. Some other states require permits or licensing. Breeders of sugar gliders are regulated and licensed by the US Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) through the Animal Welfare Act. Notes Jump up ^ Tate & Archbold, 1935 ; subspecies P. b. tafa considered a synonym of species P. breviceps Jump up ^ P. b. flavidus ( Tate and Archbold, 1935 ) considered a synonym of P. b. papuanus ( Thomas 1888 ) ^ Jump up to : Subspecies ( former ) P. b. biacensis provisionally considered species : P. biacensis ( Biak glider ). `` Helgen ( 2007 ) states that Petaurus biacensis is likely to be conspecific with P. breviceps. P. biacensis appears to differ from the latter mainly by having a higher incidence of melanism ( Helgen 2007 ). We provisionally retain P. biacensis as a separate species pending further taxonomic work, thus following what has become standard treatment ( e.g., Flannery 1994, 1995 ; Groves 2005 ). '' Footnotes Jump up ^ Domestic in - breeding of recessive genetic phenotype defects can produce other colour variations not found in nature, such as an all - white leucistic heterozygote Jump up ^ When dried, an exudate ( such as sap ) becomes crystallized and is referred to as manna, which is consumed by sugar gliders. References Jump up ^ Groves, C.P. ( 2005 ). Wilson, D.E. ; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed. ). Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0 - 801 - 88221 - 4. OCLC 62265494. Jump up ^ Salas, L., Dickman, C., Helgen, K., Winter, J., Ellis, M., Denny, M., Woinarski, J., Lunney, D., Oakwood, M., Menkhorst, P. & Strahan, R. ( 2016 ). Petaurus breviceps. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 2. RLTS. T16731A21959798. en Jump up ^ Waterhouse, G.R. ( 1838 ). `` Observations on certain modifications observed in the dentition of the Flying Opossums ( the genus Petaurus of authors ) ''. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 4 : 149 -- 153. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1838. tb01419. x. Jump up ^ Gould, J. ( 1842 ). `` On some New Species of Australian Mammals ''. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 10 : 11 -- 12. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1842. tb00054. x. Jump up ^ Longman, H.A. ( 1924 ). `` Abstr ''. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 36 : ix. Jump up ^ Thomas, Oldfield ( 1888 ). `` Petraurus breviceps, var. papuanus ''. Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection of the British Museum ( Natural History ). London : Taylor and Francis. pp. 158 -- 159. Jump up ^ Subspecies Sheet Mammals'Planet. Planet-mammiferes.org. Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ Leary, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Bonaccorso, F., Salas, L., Dickman, C. & Helgen, K. 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Holloway ; Gerhard Körtner ( 2007 ). `` Thermal biology, torpor and behaviour in sugar gliders : a laboratory - field comparison ''. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 177 ( 5 ) : 495 -- 501. doi : 10.1007 / s00360 - 007 - 0147 - 6. Jump up ^ Holloway, JC ; Geiser, F ( November 2001 ). `` Seasonal changes in the thermoenergetics of the marsupial sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps ''. J. Comp. Physiol. B, Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. 171 ( 8 ) : 643 -- 50. doi : 10.1007 / s003600100215. PMID 11765973. ^ Jump up to : Smith, AP ( 1982 ). `` Diet and feeding strategies of the marsupial glider in temperate Australia ''. Journal of Animal Ecology. 51 : 149 -- 166. doi : 10.2307 / 4316. JSTOR 4316. Jump up ^ `` manna ''. WordNet Search -- 3.1. WordNet. Princeton University. Retrieved 19 December 2012. ( n ) manna ( hardened sugary exudation of various trees ) : Synset ( semantic ) relations, direct hypernym ( n ) sap ( a watery solution of sugars, salts, and minerals that circulates through the vascular system of a plant ) Jump up ^ Pickert, Executive : Joseph P., ed. ( 1992 ). The American heritage dictionary of the English language ( 4th ed. ). Boston : Houghton Mifflin. p. 1065. ISBN 0395825172. manna n. 4. The dried exudate of certain plants Jump up ^ Janine M., DVM. Cianciolo, ed. `` Sugar Glider Nutrition ''. Past Newsletters. SunCoast Sugar Gliders. Sugar gliders eat manna in the wild. Manna is a crusty sugar left from where sap flowed from a wound in a tree trunk or branch. Jump up ^ `` The Sugar Glider Diet ''. Sugar Glider Diet Archives. Sugar Glider Cage. Retrieved 6 October 2012. Jump up ^ Dierenfeld, Ellen ( 2009 ). `` Feeding behavior and nutrition of the Sugar Glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) ''. Veterinary Clinics of North America : Exotic Animal Practice. 12 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 215. doi : 10.1016 / j. cvex. 2009.01. 014. Jump up ^ McLeod, DVM, Lianne. `` Feeding Sugar Gliders / Nutritional Needs and Sample Diets ''. About.com. Retrieved 3 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Natural Diet ''. Gliderpedia. SugarGlider.com. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02. Jump up ^ van Tets, Ian G. ; Whelan, Robert J. ( 1997 ). `` Banksia pollen in the diet of Australian mammals ''. Ecography. 20 ( 5 ) : 499 -- 505. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.1997. tb00418. x. Jump up ^ Morges, Michelle A. ; Grant, Krystan R. ; MacPhail, Catriona M. ; Johnston, Matthew S. ( March 2009 ). `` A Novel Technique for Orchiectomy and Scrotal Ablation in the Sugar Glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) ''. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 40 ( 1 ) : 204 -- 206. doi : 10.1638 / 2007 - 0169.1. Jump up ^ Antinoff, Natalie ( August 2009 ). `` Practical anatomy and physical examination : Ferrets, rabbits, rodents, and other selected species ( Proceedings ) ''. CVC in Kansas City Proceedings. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2012. CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Tynes, Valarie V., ed. ( 2010 ). `` Sugar gliders ''. Behavior of exotic pets ( 1st ed. ). Chichester, West Sussex : Blackwell Pub. ISBN 9780813800783. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Holloway, Joanne C. ; Geiser, Fritz ( November 2000 ). `` Development of thermoregulation in the sugar glider Petaurus breviceps ( Marsupialia : Petauridae ) ''. Journal of Zoology. 252 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 397. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2000. tb00634. x. Jump up ^ Fokidis, H ; Risch, T ( 2008 ). `` The burden of motherhood : gliding locomotion in mammals influences maternal reproductive investment ''. Journal of Mammalogy. 89 ( 3 ) : 617 -- 625. doi : 10.1644 / 07 - MAMM - A-116R1. 1. Jump up ^ Klettenheimer, B ; Temple - Smith, P ; Sofrondis, G ( 1997 ). `` Father and son sugar gliders : more than a genetic coalition ? ''. Journal of Zoology. 242 ( 4 ) : 741 -- 750. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1997. tb05823. x. Jump up ^ Pasatta, J. ( 1999 ). `` Petaurus breviceps '' ( On - line ), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 10, 2012 ^ Jump up to : Goldingay, R.L. ( 2010 ). `` Direct male parental care observed in wild sugar gliders ''. Australian Mammalogy. 32 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 178. doi : 10.1071 / AM10009. Jump up ^ Petaurus breviceps ( Sugar Glider ). Iucnredlist.org ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ). Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ Wormington, K. ; Lamb, D. ; McCallum, H. ; Moolooney, d. ( 2002 ). `` Habitat requirements for the conservation of arboreal marsupials in dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland, Australia ''. Forest Science. 48 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 227. Jump up ^ Barber - Myer, SM ( 2007 ). `` Photopollution impacts on the nocturnal behaviour of the Sugar Glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) ''. Pacific Conservation Biology. 13 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 176. doi : 10.1071 / PC070171. Jump up ^ Biodiversity Conservation. Environment.gov.au. Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ South Australian Legislation. Legislation.sa.gov.au. Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Tasmania 's swift parrot in danger of extinction, calls to list the bird as critically endangered '', ABC News, 2015 - 03 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Hind Leg Paralysis ''. SugarGlider.com. Retrieved 1 November 2012. Jump up ^ Lennox, A.M. ( 2007 ). `` Emergency and Critical Care Procedures in Sugar Gliders ( Petaurus breviceps ), African Hedgehogs ( Atelerix albiventris ), and Prairie Dogs ( Cynomys spp. ) ''. Veterinary Clinics of North America : Exotic Animal Practice. 10 ( 2 ) : 533 -- 55. doi : 10.1016 / j. cvex. 2007.01. 001. PMID 17577562. Jump up ^ Conservation and natural resources, 1995 Mammals of Victoria, ed. by Menkhorst. P., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne ISBN 0 - 19 - 553733 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Original BML Diet -- Bourbon 's Modified Leadbeater 's Recipe for Sugar Gliders ''. Sweet-Sugar-Gliders.com. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Sugar Glider HPW Diet -- High Protein Wombaroo Recipe ''. Sweet-Sugar-Gliders.com. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Original Leadbeaters Diet Recipe -- Taronga Zoo Diet for Sugar Gliders ''. Sweet-Sugar-Gliders.com. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02. Jump up ^ Hess, Laurie. `` Overview of Sugar Gliders - Exotic and Laboratory Animals ''. Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Retrieved 9 May 2018. Jump up ^ Jepson, Lance ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ). `` 7 : Sugar gliders ''. Exotic Animal Medicine : A Quick Reference Guide. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 234. ISBN 9780323394307. Jump up ^ `` DixiGliders ''. Jump up ^ Wildlife -- Queensland Gliders. ( PDF ). Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Illegal pets in California ''. Retrieved 16 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Illegal pets in Hawaii ''. Retrieved 2 January 2013. Jump up ^ New York City Health Code. nyc.gov. Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 23. Jump up ^ MacCallum, Wayne F., Director. `` Notice of Changes In the Law Relative to Wildlife that May be Sold By Licensed Pet Shops or Kept as Pets in Massachusetts '' ( PDF ). Division of Fisheries & Wildlife. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Summary of State Laws Relating to Private Possession of Exotic Animals ''. Born Free USA. Retrieved 24 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Sugarglider.com -- Gliderpedia -- Laws ''. www.sugarglider.com. Retrieved 20 July 2016. Bibliography Beld, John van den ( 1992 ). Nature of Australia : a portrait of the island continent ( Revised ed. ). Sydney : Collins Australia. ISBN 0 - 7333 - 0241 - 6. Cayley, ( by ) Ellis Troughton ; with twenty - five plates in colour by Neville W. ( 1973 ). Furred animals of Australia ( Rev. and abridged ed. ). Sydney : Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0 - 207 - 12256 - 3. Fry, ( by ) W.D.L. Ride. With drawings by Ella ( 1970 ). A guide to the native mammals of Australia. Melbourne : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195502523. Morcombe, Michael ; Morcombe, Irene ( 1974 ). Mammals of Australia. Sydney : Australian Universities Press. ISBN 0 - 7249 - 0017 - 9. Russel, Rupert Russel illustr. by Kay ( 1980 ). Spotlight on possums. Queensland, St. Lucia : University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0 - 7022 - 1478 - 7. Serventy, ( by ) Vincent ( 1977 ). Wildlife of Australia ( Rev. ed. ). West Melbourne, Vic. : Thomas Nelson ( Australia ). ISBN 0 - 17 - 005168 - 4. Westmacott, Leonard Cronin ( 1991 ). Key guide to Australian mammals. Illustrated by Marion. Balgowlah, NSW : Reed Books. ISBN 0 - 7301 - 0355 - 2. External links Sugar glider -- Atlas of Living Australia Sugar glider -- Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland Gliders in the Spotlight -- Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland ITIS report : Petaurus breviceps -- Taxon classification verified by ITIS Petaurus breviceps -- Animal Diversity Web VIDEOS : sugar gliders in the wild on ARKive.org -- BBC Natural History Unit Enlargement of Petaurus breviceps skull -- Museum Victoria, Bioinformatics ( photo showing sugar gliders ' unusual dentition ) Extant Diprotodontia species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Marsupialia Suborder Vombatiformes Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos Koala ( P. cinereus ) Vombatidae ( Wombats ) Vombatus Common wombat ( V. ursinus ) Lasiorhinus Southern hairy - nosed wombat ( L. latifrons ) Northern hairy - nosed wombat ( L. krefftii ) Suborder Phalangeriformes ( Possums ) ( cont. below ) Phalangeridae ( including Cuscuses ) Ailurops ( Bear cuscuses ) Talaud bear cuscus ( A. melanotis ) Sulawesi bear cuscus ( A. ursinus ) Phalanger Gebe Cuscus ( P. alexandrae ) Mountain cuscus ( P. carmelitae ) Ground cuscus ( P. gymnotis ) Eastern common cuscus ( P. intercastellanus ) Woodlark cuscus ( P. lullulae ) Blue - eyed cuscus ( P. matabiru ) Telefomin cuscus ( P. matanim ) Southern common cuscus ( P. mimicus ) Northern common cuscus ( P. orientalis ) Ornate cuscus ( P. ornatus ) Rothschild 's cuscus ( P. rothschildi ) Silky cuscus ( P. sericeus ) Stein 's cuscus ( P. vestitus ) Spilocuscus Admiralty Island cuscus ( S. kraemeri ) Common spotted cuscus ( S. maculatus ) Waigeou cuscus ( S. papuensis ) Black - spotted cuscus ( S. rufoniger ) Blue - eyed spotted cuscus ( S. wilsoni ) Strigocuscus Sulawesi dwarf cuscus ( S. celebensis ) Banggai cuscus ( S. pelegensis ) Trichosurus ( Brushtail possums ) Northern brushtail possum ( T. arnhemensis ) Short - eared possum ( T. caninus ) Mountain brushtail possum ( T. cunninghami ) Coppery brushtail possum ( T. johnstonii ) Common brushtail possum ( T. vulpecula ) Wyulda Scaly - tailed possum ( W. squamicaudata ) Burramyidae ( Pygmy possums ) Burramys Mountain pygmy possum ( B. parvus ) Cercartetus Long - tailed pygmy possum ( C. caudatus ) Southwestern pygmy possum ( C. concinnus ) Tasmanian pygmy possum ( C. lepidus ) Eastern pygmy possum ( C. nanus ) hide Suborder Phalangeriformes ( Possums ) ( cont. above ) Tarsipedidae Tarsipes Honey possum ( T. rostratus ) Petauridae Dactylopsila Great - tailed triok ( D. megalura ) Long - fingered triok ( D. palpator ) Tate 's triok ( D. tatei ) Striped possum ( D. trivirgata ) Gymnobelideus Leadbeater 's possum ( G. leadbeateri ) Petaurus Northern glider ( P. abidi ) Yellow - bellied glider ( P. australis ) Biak glider ( P. biacensis ) Sugar glider ( P. breviceps ) Mahogany glider ( P. gracilis ) Squirrel glider ( P. norfolcensis ) Pseudocheiridae Hemibelideus Lemur - like ringtail possum ( H. lemuroides ) Petauroides Greater glider ( P. volans ) Petropseudes Rock - haunting ringtail possum ( P. dahli ) Pseudocheirus Common ringtail possum ( P. peregrinus ) Pseudochirulus Lowland ringtail possum ( P. canescens ) Weyland ringtail possum ( P. caroli ) Cinereus ringtail possum ( P. cinereus ) Painted ringtail possum ( P. forbesi ) Herbert River ringtail possum ( P. herbertensis ) Masked ringtail possum ( P. larvatus ) Pygmy ringtail possum ( P. mayeri ) Vogelkop ringtail possum ( P. schlegeli ) Pseudochirops D'Albertis ' ringtail possum ( P. albertisii ) Green ringtail possum ( P. archeri ) Plush - coated ringtail possum ( P. corinnae ) Reclusive ringtail possum ( P. coronatus ) Coppery ringtail possum ( P. cupreus ) Acrobatidae Acrobates Feathertail glider ( A. pygmaeus ) Distoechurus Feather - tailed possum ( D. pennatus ) Suborder Macropodiformes ( cont. below ) Macropodidae ( includes Wallabies ) Lagostrophus Banded hare - wallaby ( L. fasciatus ) Dendrolagus ( Tree - kangaroos ) Grizzled tree - kangaroo ( D. inustus ) Lumholtz 's tree - kangaroo ( D. lumholtzi ) Bennett 's tree - kangaroo ( D. bennettianus ) Ursine tree - kangaroo ( D. ursinus ) Matschie 's tree - kangaroo ( D. matschiei ) Doria 's tree - kangaroo ( D. dorianus ) Ifola tree - kangaroo ( D. notatus ) Goodfellow 's tree - kangaroo ( D. goodfellowi ) Lowlands tree - kangaroo ( D. spadix ) Golden - mantled tree - kangaroo ( D. pulcherrimus ) Seri 's tree - kangaroo ( D. stellarum ) Dingiso ( D. mbaiso ) Tenkile ( D. scottae ) Dorcopsis Brown dorcopsis ( D. muelleri ) White - striped dorcopsis ( D. hageni ) Black dorcopsis ( D. atrata ) Gray dorcopsis ( D. luctuosa ) Dorcopsulus Small dorcopsis ( D. vanheurni ) Macleay 's dorcopsis ( D. macleayi ) Lagorchestes Spectacled hare - wallaby ( L. conspicillatus ) Rufous hare - wallaby ( L. hirsutus ) Macropus ( includes Kangaroos and Wallaroos ) Subgenus Notamacropus : Agile wallaby ( M. agilis ) Black - striped wallaby ( M. dorsalis ) Tammar wallaby ( M. eugenii ) Western brush wallaby ( M. irma ) Parma wallaby ( M. parma ) Pretty - faced wallaby ( M. parryi ) Red - necked wallaby ( M. rufogriseus ) Subgenus Osphranter : Antilopine kangaroo ( M. antilopinus ) Black wallaroo ( M. bernardus ) Common wallaroo ( M. robustus ) Red kangaroo ( M. rufus ) Subgenus Macropus : Western grey kangaroo ( M. fuliginosus ) Eastern grey kangaroo ( M. giganteus ) Onychogalea ( Nail - tail wallabies ) Bridled nail - tail wallaby ( O. fraenata ) Northern nail - tail wallaby ( O. unguifera ) Petrogale ( Rock - wallabies ) P. brachyotis species - group : Short - eared rock - wallaby ( P. brachyotis ) Wilkins ' rock - wallaby ( P. wilkinsi ) Monjon ( P. burbidgei ) Nabarlek ( P. concinna ) P. xanthopus species - group : Proserpine rock - wallaby ( P. persephone ) Rothschild 's rock - wallaby ( P. rothschildi ) Yellow - footed rock - wallaby ( P. xanthopus ) P. lateralis / penicillata species - group : Allied rock - wallaby ( P. assimilis ) Cape York rock - wallaby ( P. coenensis ) Godman 's rock - wallaby ( P. godmani ) Herbert 's rock - wallaby ( P. herberti ) Unadorned rock - wallaby ( P. inornata ) Black - flanked rock - wallaby ( P. lateralis ) Mareeba rock - wallaby ( P. mareeba ) Brush - tailed rock - wallaby ( P. penicillata ) Purple - necked rock - wallaby ( P. purpureicollis ) Mount Claro rock - wallaby ( P. sharmani ) Setonix Quokka ( S. brachyurus ) Thylogale ( Pademelons ) Tasmanian pademelon ( T. billardierii ) Brown 's pademelon ( T. browni ) Dusky pademelon ( T. brunii ) Calaby 's pademelon ( T. calabyi ) Mountain pademelon ( T. lanatus ) Red - legged pademelon ( T. stigmatica ) Red - necked pademelon ( T. thetis ) Wallabia Swamp wallaby ( W. bicolor ) Suborder Macropodiformes ( cont. above ) Potoroidae Aepyprymnus Rufous rat - kangaroo ( A. rufescens ) Bettongia ( Bettongs ) Eastern bettong ( B. gaimardi ) Boodie ( B. lesueur ) Woylie ( B. penicillata ) Northern bettong ( B. tropica ) Potorous ( Potoroos ) Long - footed potoroo ( P. longipes ) Long - nosed potoroo ( P. tridactylus ) Gilbert 's potoroo (. gilbertii ) Hypsiprymnodontidae Hypsiprymnodon Musky rat - kangaroo ( H. moschatus ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q723435 ARKive : petaurus - breviceps EoL : 323825 EPPO : PTAUBR Fossilworks : 234627 GBIF : 2440043 iNaturalist : 42723 IRMNG : 11255148 ITIS : 609841 IUCN : 16731 MSW : 11000157 NCBI : 34899 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_glider&oldid=844943661 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Gliding possums Marsupials of Oceania Pollinator mammals Mammals of New South Wales Mammals of Papua New Guinea Mammals of Queensland Mammals of South Australia Mammals of the Northern Territory Mammals of Victoria ( Australia ) Mammals of Western New Guinea Least concern biota of Oceania Mammals described in 1839 Domesticated animals Mammals as pets Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use Australian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2011 Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018, at 07 : 43. 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Question: where do sugar gliders live in the wild
Answer: rainforests and coconut plantations in New Guinea