Thalamus - wikipedia Thalamus Thalamus thalamus marked ( MRI cross-section ) anterolateral view Details Part of Diencephalon Components See List of thalamic nuclei Artery Posterior cerebral artery and branches Identifiers Latin thalamus dorsalis MeSH D013788 NeuroNames hier - 283 NeuroLex ID Thalamus TA A14. 1.08. 101 A14. 1.08. 601 TE E5. 14.3. 4.2. 1.8 FMA 62007 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The thalamus ( from Greek θάλαμος, `` chamber '' ) is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness. It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves, within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon, as first assigned by Wilhelm His, Sr. in 1893. Contents 1 Anatomy 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Thalamic nuclei 1.3 Connections 2 Function 3 Development 3.1 Early brain development 3.2 Formation of progenitor domains 3.3 The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) 3.4 Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus 4 Clinical significance 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy The thalamus in a 360 ° rotation The thalamus is located in the forebrain which is superior to the midbrain, near the center of the brain, with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all directions. The medial surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle, and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band, the interthalamic adhesion. Blood supply The thalamus derives its blood supply from a number of arteries : the polar artery ( posterior communicating artery ), paramedian thalamic - subthalamic arteries, inferolateral ( thalamogeniculate ) arteries, and posterior ( medial and lateral ) choroidal arteries. These are all branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Some people have the artery of Percheron, which is a rare anatomic variation in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to supply both parts of the thalamus. Thalamic nuclei See also : List of thalamic nuclei Nuclei of the thalamus The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of four parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus ( formerly called ventral thalamus ), and dorsal thalamus. Derivatives of the diencephalon also include the dorsally - located epithalamus ( essentially the habenula and annexes ) and the perithalamus ( prethalamus ) containing the zona incerta and the thalamic reticular nucleus. Due to their different ontogenetic origins, the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally distinguished from the thalamus proper. The thalamus comprises a system of lamellae ( made up of myelinated fibers ) separating different thalamic subparts. Other areas are defined by distinct clusters of neurons, such as the periventricular nucleus, the intralaminar elements, the `` nucleus limitans '', and others. These latter structures, different in structure from the major part of the thalamus, have been grouped together into the allothalamus as opposed to the isothalamus. This distinction simplifies the global description of the thalamus. Connections The thalamus is connected to the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tract. The thalamus is manifoldly connected to the hippocampus via the mammillo - thalamic tract, this tract comprises the mammillary bodies and fornix. The thalamus is connected to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiations. The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord. It transmits information to the thalamus about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch. There are two main parts : the lateral spinothalamic tract, which transmits pain and temperature, and the anterior ( or ventral ) spinothalamic tract, which transmits crude touch and pressure. Function The thalamus has multiple functions, generally believed to act as a relay station, or hub, relaying information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. In particular, every sensory system ( with the exception of the olfactory system ) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the associated primary cortical area. For the visual system, for example, inputs from the retina are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, which in turn projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. The thalamus is believed to both process sensory information as well as relay it -- each of the primary sensory relay areas receives strong feedback connections from the cerebral cortex. Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory cortex. The ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay, which sends touch and proprioceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex. The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness. Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, forming thalamo - cortico - thalamic circuits that are believed to be involved with consciousness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma. The role of the thalamus in the more anterior pallidal and nigral territories in the basal ganglia system disturbances is recognized but still poorly understood. The contribution of the thalamus to vestibular or to tectal functions is almost ignored. The thalamus has been thought of as a `` relay '' that simply forwards signals to the cerebral cortex. Newer research suggests that thalamic function is more selective. Many different functions are linked to various regions of the thalamus. This is the case for many of the sensory systems ( except for the olfactory system ), such as the auditory, somatic, visceral, gustatory and visual systems where localized lesions provoke specific sensory deficits. A major role of the thalamus is support of motor and language systems, and much of the circuitry implicated for these systems is shared. The thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus as part of the extended hippocampal system at the thalamic anterior nuclei with respect to spatial memory and spatial sensory datum they are crucial for human episodic memory and rodent event memory. There is support for the hypothesis that thalamic regions connection to particular parts of the mesio - temporal lobe provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory. The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor center. Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates the nature of the interconnected tissues of the cerebellum to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in providing the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas. In an investigation of the saccade and antisaccade motor response in three monkeys, the thalamic regions were found to be involved in the generation of antisaccade eye - movement ( that is, the ability to inhibit the reflexive jerking movement of the eyes in the direction of a presented stimulus ). Recent research suggests that the mediodorsal thalamus may play a broader role in cognition. Specifically, the mediodorsal thalamus may `` amplify the connectivity ( signaling strength ) of just the circuits in the cortex appropriate for the current context and thereby contribute to the flexibility ( of the mammalian brain ) to make complex decisions by wiring the many associations on which decisions depend into weakly connected cortical circuits. '' Researchers founds that `` enhancing MD activity magnified the ability of mice to `` think, '' driving down by more than 25 percent their error rate in deciding which conflicting sensory stimuli to follow to find the reward. '' Development The thalamic complex is composed of the perithalamus ( or prethalamus, previously also known as ventral thalamus ), the mid-diencephalic organiser ( which forms later the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) ) and the thalamus ( dorsal thalamus ). The development of the thalamus can be subdivided into three steps. The thalamus is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum. Early brain development After neurulation the anlage of the prethalamus and the thalamus is induced within the neural tube. Data from different vertebrate model organisms support a model in which the interaction between two transcription factors, Fez and Otx, are of decisive importance. Fez is expressed in the prethalamus, and functional experiments show that Fez is required for prethalamus formation. Posteriorly, Otx1 and Otx2 abut the expression domain of Fez and are required for proper development of the thalamus. Formation of progenitor domains Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form, a caudal domain ( TH - C ) and a rostral domain ( TH - R ). The caudal domain gives rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the adult thalamus while the rostral domain gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus. The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) At the interface between the expression domains of Fez and Otx, the mid-diencephalic organizer ( MDO, also called the ZLI organiser ) is induced within the thalamic anlage. The MDO is the central signalling organizer in the thalamus. A lack of the organizer leads to the absence of the thalamus. The MDO matures from ventral to dorsal during development. Members of the SHH family and of the Wnt family are the main principal signals emitted by the MDO. Besides its importance as signalling center, the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ). Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus After its induction, the MDO starts to orchestrate the development of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH. In mice, the function of signaling at the MDO has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in SHH mutants. Studies in chicks have shown that SHH is both necessary and sufficient for thalamic gene induction. In zebrafish, it was shown that the expression of two SHH genes, SHH - a and SHH - b ( formerly described as twhh ) mark the MDO territory, and that SHH signaling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and SHH signaling from the MDO / alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable. The exposure to SHH leads to differentiation of thalamic neurons. SHH signaling from the MDO induces a posterior - to - anterior wave of expression the proneural gene Neurogenin1 in the major ( caudal ) part of the thalamus, and Ascl1 ( formerly Mash1 ) in the remaining narrow stripe of rostral thalamic cells immediately adjacent to the MDO, and in the prethalamus. This zonation of proneural gene expression leads to the differentiation of glutamatergic relay neurons from the Neurogenin1+ precursors and of GABAergic inhibitory neurons from the Ascl1+ precursors. In fish, selection of these alternative neurotransmitter fates is controlled by the dynamic expression of Her6 the homolog of HES1. Expression of this hairy - like bHLH transcription factor, which represses Neurogenin but is required for Ascl1, is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells. In addition, studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway leads to absence of the rostral thalamus and substantial decrease of the caudal thalamus. The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus mainly whereby the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and will be further subdivided in the thalamic nuclei. In humans, a common genetic variation in the promotor region of the serotonin transporter ( the SERT - long and - short allele : 5 - HTTLPR ) has been shown to affect the development of several regions of the thalamus in adults. People who inherit two short alleles ( SERT - ss ) have more neurons and a larger volume in the pulvinar and possibly the limbic regions of the thalamus. Enlargement of the thalamus provides an anatomical basis for why people who inherit two SERT - ss alleles are more vulnerable to major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide. Clinical significance A cerebrovascular accident ( stroke ) can lead to the thalamic syndrome, which involves a one - sided burning or aching sensation often accompanied by mood swings. Bilateral ischemia of the area supplied by the paramedian artery can cause serious problems including akinetic mutism, and be accompanied by oculomotor problems. A related concept is thalamocortical dysrhythmia. The occlusion of the artery of Percheron can lead to a bilateral thalamus infarction. Korsakoff 's syndrome stems from damage to the mammillary body, the mammillothalamic fasciculus or the thalamus. Fatal familial insomnia is a hereditary prion disease in which degeneration of the thalamus occurs, causing the patient to gradually lose his ability to sleep and progressing to a state of total insomnia, which invariably leads to death. In contrast, damage to the thalamus can result in coma. Additional images Drawings are by Gray and Carter ( 1858 ). The left optic nerve and the optic tracts. Coronal section of lateral and 3rd ventricles. Dissection showing the ventricles of the brain. Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe. Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere. Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories ( I to V ). Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus ; medial lemniscus in blue, lateral in red. Deep dissection of brain - stem. Lateral view. Deep dissection of brain - stem. Ventral view. Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons. Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle. Human brain frontal ( coronal ) section Thalamus Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection See also List of regions in the human brain List of thalamic nuclei Neothalamus Primate basal ganglia system Thalamic stimulator Thalamotomy 5 - HT7 receptor Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus References Jump up ^ Harper - index & University of Washington Faculty Web Server & Search engine search page + Perseus Project tufts.edu Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 Jump up ^ Sherman, S. ( 2006 ). `` Thalamus ''. 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Stained brain slice images which include the `` thalamus '' at the BrainMaps project Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Brain and spinal cord : neural tracts and fasciculi Sensory / ascending PCML 1 ° : Pacinian corpuscle / Meissner 's corpuscle → Posterior column ( Gracile fasciculus / Cuneate fasciculus ) → Gracile nucleus / Cuneate nucleus 2 ° : → sensory decussation / arcuate fibers ( Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers ) → Medial lemniscus / Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus ( VPL, VPM ) 3 ° : → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus Anterolateral / pain Fast / lateral 1 ° ( Free nerve ending → A delta fiber ) → 2 ° ( Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Postcentral gyrus ) → 4 ° ( Posterior parietal cortex ) 2 ° ( Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum ) Slow / medial 1 ° ( Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation ) → 2 ° ( MD of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Cingulate cortex ) Motor / descending Pyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract ( Lateral, Anterior ) → Neuromuscular junction Extrapyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles flexion : Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck Basal ganglia direct : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPi ) → 3 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 4 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 5 ° ( Motor cortex ) indirect : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPe ) → 3 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus ) → 4 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi ) → 5 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 6 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 7 ° ( Motor cortex ) nigrostriatal pathway : Pars compacta → Striatum Cerebellar Afferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei Efferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere / pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere / spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe / vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei Bidirectional : Spinocerebellar Unconscious proprioception lower limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal / posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum ) Reflex arc lower limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Ventral / anterior spinocerebellar tract → SCP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalamus&oldid=825694980 '' Categories : Thalamus Motor system Sensory systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing more detailed references Infobox brain using components parameter Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple 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Question: where is the thalmus located in the brain
Answer: dorsal part of the diencephalon