Martin Van Buren - wikipedia Martin Van Buren `` Van Buren '' redirects here. For other uses, see Van Buren ( disambiguation ). This is a Dutch name ; the family name is Van Buren, not Buren. 8th President of the United States Martin Van Buren Van Buren in retirement circa 1855 8th President of the United States In office March 4, 1837 -- March 4, 1841 Vice President Richard M. Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Succeeded by William Henry Harrison 8th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1833 -- March 4, 1837 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by John C. Calhoun Succeeded by Richard M. Johnson United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office August 8, 1831 -- April 4, 1832 Nominated by Andrew Jackson Preceded by Louis McLane Succeeded by Aaron Vail ( Acting ) 10th United States Secretary of State In office March 28, 1829 -- May 23, 1831 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by Henry Clay Succeeded by Edward Livingston 9th Governor of New York In office January 1, 1829 -- March 12, 1829 Lieutenant Enos T. Throop Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Succeeded by Enos T. Throop United States Senator from New York In office March 4, 1821 -- December 20, 1828 Preceded by Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Attorney General of New York In office February 17, 1815 -- July 8, 1819 Governor Daniel D. Tompkins John Tayler ( Acting ) DeWitt Clinton Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley Member of the New York State Senate In office 1813 -- 1820 Preceded by Edward Philip Livingston Succeeded by John I. Miller Surrogate of Columbia County, New York In office 1808 -- 1813 Preceded by James I. Van Alen Succeeded by James Vanderpoel Personal details Maarten Van Buren ( 1782 - 12 - 05 ) December 5, 1782 Kinderhook, New York, U.S. July 24, 1862 ( 1862 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 79 ) Kinderhook, New York, U.S. Resting place Kinderhook Cemetery Nationality American Political party Democratic - Republican ( 1799 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1825 -- 48 ; 1852 -- 62 ) Free Soil ( 1848 -- 52 ) Spouse ( s ) Hannah Hoes ( m. 1807 ; d. 1819 ) Children Abraham, John, Martin Jr., Smith, and Winfield. Parents Abraham Van Buren Maria Hoes Van Alen Profession Lawyer, politician Signature Nickname ( s ) Old Kinderhook, The Little Magician Martin Van Buren ( December 5, 1782 -- July 24, 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A founder of the Democratic Party, he served as the ninth Governor of New York, the tenth Secretary of State, and the eighth Vice President. Van Buren won the 1836 presidential election based on the popularity of outgoing President Andrew Jackson and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party. He lost his 1840 reelection bid to Whig Party nominee William Henry Harrison due in part to the poor economic conditions of the Panic of 1837. Later in his life, Van Buren emerged as an important anti-slavery leader and led the Free Soil ticket in the 1848 presidential election. Van Buren was born in Kinderhook, New York to a family of Dutch Americans. Van Buren was raised speaking Dutch and learned English at school, making him the only U.S. president who spoke English as a second language. Van Buren trained as a lawyer and quickly became involved in politics as a member of the Democratic - Republican Party. He won election to the New York State Senate and became the leader of the Bucktails, the faction of Democratic - Republicans opposed to Governor DeWitt Clinton. Van Buren established a political machine known as the Albany Regency and emerged as the most influential politician in his home state in the 1820s. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1821, and supported William H. Crawford in the 1824 presidential election. After John Quincy Adams won the 1824 election, Van Buren opposed Adams 's proposals for federally - funded internal improvements and other measures. Van Buren 's major political goal was to re-establish a two - party system with partisan differences based on ideology rather than personalities or sectional differences. With this goal in mind, he supported Jackson 's candidacy against Adams in the 1828 presidential election. To support Jackson 's candidacy, Van Buren ran for Governor of New York. After Jackson took office in 1829, Van Buren resigned as governor to accept appointment as secretary of state. During Jackson 's eight years as president, Van Buren was a key advisor, and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party, particularly in New York. After resigning from his position in order to help resolve the Petticoat affair, Van Buren briefly served as the American ambassador to Britain. At Jackson 's behest, the 1832 Democratic National Convention nominated Van Buren for vice president, and Van Buren took office after the Democratic ticket won the 1832 presidential election. With Jackson 's strong support, Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention, and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election. Van Buren 's response to the Panic of 1837 centered on his Independent Treasury system, a plan under which the federal government would store its funds in vaults rather than in banks. He also continued Jackson 's policy of Indian removal. In foreign affairs, he maintained peaceful relations with Britain and, seeking to avoid heightened sectional tensions, denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union. In the 1840 election, the Whigs rallied around Harrison 's military record and ridiculed Van Buren as `` Martin Van Ruin, '' and a surge of new voters helped turn Van Buren out of office. Van Buren was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844, but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas aroused the opposition of Southern Democrats and the party nominated James K. Polk. Van Buren grew increasingly opposed to slavery after he left office, and, motivated additionally by intra-party differences at the state and national level, he agreed to lead a third party ticket in the 1848 presidential election. Though he finished in a distant third nationally, Van Buren 's presence in the race most likely helped Whig nominee Zachary Taylor defeat Democrat Lewis Cass. Van Buren returned to the Democratic fold after the 1848 election, but he supported Abraham Lincoln 's policies during the American Civil War. Van Buren 's health began to fail in 1861, and he died in July 1862 at age 79. He has been generally ranked as a below - average U.S. President by historians and political scientists. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 2.1 Albany regency 2.2 Entry into national politics 2.3 1828 elections 3 Jackson administration 3.1 Secretary of State 3.2 Vice-Presidency 3.3 Presidential election of 1836 4 Presidency 1837 -- 1841 4.1 Cabinet 4.2 Panic of 1837 4.3 Indian removal 4.4 Texas 4.5 Britain 4.6 Amistad case 4.7 Judicial appointments 4.8 White House hostess 4.9 Presidential election of 1840 5 Later life 5.1 Election of 1844 5.2 Election of 1848 5.3 Retirement 6 Memorials and popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 10.1 Books by Van Buren 10.2 Books about Van Buren 11 External links Early Life and education Further information : Family of Martin Van Buren Record of the Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church ; `` Maarten '' Van Buren baptism December 15, 1782 Martin Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782, in the village of Kinderhook, New York about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Albany on the Hudson River. He was the first president not born a British subject, nor of British ancestry. His father, Abraham Van Buren, was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen of the village of Buurmalsen, Netherlands, who had come to North America in 1631 and purchased a plot of land on Manhattan Island. Abraham Van Buren had been a Patriot during the American Revolution, and he later joined the Democratic - Republican Party. Abraham owned and operated an inn and tavern in Kinderhook and served as Kinderhook 's town clerk for several years. In 1776, Abraham married Maria Hoes ( or Goes ) Van Alen, the widow of Johannes Van Alen. Like Abraham Van Buren, Maria was of Dutch extraction. With Van Alen, Maria had had three children, including future Congressman James I. Van Alen. After their marriage, Abraham and Maria produced five children, including Martin. Unlike every other president before or since, Van Buren spoke English as a second language, and his primary language in his youth was Dutch. Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse and briefly studied Latin at the Kinderhook Academy and at Washington Seminary in Claverack. His formal education ended in 1796, when he began reading law at the office of Peter Silvester and his son Francis, prominent Federalist attorneys in Kinderhook. Van Buren learned early to interact with people from varied ethnic, income, and societal groups, which he would later use to his advantage as a political organizer. Van Buren was small in stature ; as an adult he was 5 feet 6 inches tall, and was often referred to as `` Little Van. '' When he first began his legal studies, he often presented an unkempt appearance in rough, homespun clothing. The Silvesters admonished Van Buren about how crucial a lawyer 's clothing and personal appearance were to the success of his practice. He accepted their advice and patterned his clothing, appearance, bearing and conduct after theirs. Hannah Van Buren Despite his association with the Silvesters and Kinderhook 's strong affiliation with the Federalist Party, Van Buren adopted the Democratic - Republican political leanings of his father. After six years under the Silvesters, the elder Silvester and Democratic - Republican political figure John Peter Van Ness suggested that Van Buren 's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic - Republican attorney. Accepting this advice, he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness 's brother William P. Van Ness, a political lieutenant of Aaron Burr. Van Ness introduced Van Buren to the intricacies of New York state politics, and Van Buren observed Burr 's battles for control of the state Democratic - Republican party against George Clinton and Robert R. Livingston. In 1803, after being admitted to the New York bar, Van Buren returned to Kinderhook. Van Buren married Hannah Hoes, his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his first cousin, on February 21, 1807, in Catskill, New York. Like Van Buren, she was raised in a Dutch home ; she spoke primarily Dutch, and spoke English with a distinct accent. The couple had five children, four of whom lived to adulthood : Abraham ( 1807 -- 1873 ), John ( 1810 -- 1866 ), Martin, Jr. ( 1812 -- 1855 ), Winfield Scott ( born and died in 1814 ), and Smith Thompson ( 1817 -- 1876 ). Hannah Van Buren contracted tuberculosis and died on February 5, 1819, at the age of 35. Martin Van Buren never remarried. Early political career Upon returning to Kinderhook in 1803, Van Buren formed a law partnership with his half - brother, James Van Alen, and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics. Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18 if not before ; he had attended a Democratic - Republican Party convention in Troy, New York where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the 6th Congressional District seat. Upon returning to Kinderhook, Van Buren broke with the Burr faction, becoming an ally of both DeWitt Clinton and Daniel D. Tompkins. After the faction led by Clinton and Tompkins dominated the 1807 elections, Van Buren was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County, New York. Seeking to find a better base for his political and legal career, Van Buren and his family moved to the town of Hudson, the seat of Columbia County, in 1808. Van Buren 's legal practice continued to flourish, and he traveled all over the state to represent various clients. In 1812, Van Buren won his party 's nomination for a seat in the New York State Senate. Though several Democratic - Republicans, including John Peter Van Ness, joined with the Federalists to oppose his candidacy, Van Buren won election to the state senate in mid-1812. Later in the year, the United States entered the War of 1812 against Great Britain, while Clinton launched an unsuccessful bid to defeat President James Madison in the 1812 presidential election. After the election, Van Buren became suspicious that Clinton was working with the Federalist Party, and he broke from his former political ally. During the War of 1812, Van Buren worked with Clinton, Governor Tompkins, and Ambrose Spencer to support the Madison administration 's prosecution of the war. In addition, he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of William Hull during Hull 's court - martial following the surrender of Detroit. In the winter of 1814 -- 15 he collaborated with Winfield Scott on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in anticipation of another military campaign, but their work was halted by the end of the war in early 1815. Van Buren was so favorably impressed by Scott that he named his fourth son after him. Van Buren 's strong support for the war boosted his standing, and in 1815 he was elected to the position of New York Attorney General. Van Buren moved from Hudson to the state capital of Albany, where he established a legal partnership with Benjamin Butler. In 1816, Van Buren won re-election to the state senate, and he would continue to simultaneously serve as both state senator and as the state 's attorney general. Albany Regency After Tompkins was elected as vice president in the 1816 presidential election, Clinton defeated Van Buren 's preferred candidate, Peter Buell Porter, in the 1817 New York gubernatorial election. Clinton threw his influence behind the construction of the Erie Canal, an ambitious project designed to connect Lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean. Though many of Van Buren 's allies urged him to block Clinton 's Erie Canal bill, Van Buren believed that the canal would benefit the state. His support for the bill helped it win approval from the New York legislature. Despite his support for the Erie Canal, Van Buren became the leader of anti-Clintonian faction in New York known as the `` Bucktails. '' The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York. Through his use of patronage, loyal newspapers, and connections with local party officials and leaders, Van Buren established what became known as the `` Albany Regency, '' a political machine that emerged as an important factor in New York politics. The Regency relied on a coalition of small farmers, but also enjoyed support from the Tammany Hall machine in New York City. Though Governor Clinton remained in office until late 1822, Van Buren emerged as the leader of the state 's Democratic - Republicans after the 1820 elections. Van Buren was a member of the 1820 state constitutional convention, where he favored expanded voting rights, but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting. Entry into National politics Gubernatorial portrait of Martin Van Buren by Daniel Huntington In February 1821, the state legislature elected Van Buren to represent New York in the United States Senate. Van Buren arrived in Washington during the `` Era of Good Feelings, '' a period in which partisan distinctions at the national level had faded. Van Buren quickly became a prominent figure in Washington, D.C., befriending Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, among others. Though not an exceptional orator, Van Buren frequently engaged in debate on the Senate floor, usually after extensively researching the subject at hand. Despite his commitments as a father and state party leader, Van Buren remained closely engaged in his legislative duties, and during his time in the Senate he served as the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee. As he gained renown, Van Buren earned monikers like `` Little Magician '' and `` Sly Fox. '' Van Buren chose to back Crawford over John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay in the presidential election of 1824. Crawford shared Van Buren 's affinity for Jeffersonian principles of states ' rights and limited government, and Van Buren believed that Crawford made an ideal leader around which to form a coalition led by leaders from New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia 's `` Richmond Junto. '' Van Buren 's support for Crawford aroused strong opposition in New York in the form of the People 's party, which drew support from Clintonians, Federalists, and others opposed to Van Buren. Nonetheless, Van Buren helped Crawford win the Democratic - Republican party 's presidential nomination at the February 1824 congressional nominating caucus. The other Democratic - Republican candidates in the race refused to accept the poorly - attended caucus 's decision, and as the Federalist Party had virtually ceased to function as a national party, the 1824 campaign became a competition among four candidates of the same party. Though Crawford suffered a severe stroke that left him in poor helath, Van Buren continued to support his chosen candidate. Van Buren met with Thomas Jefferson in May 1824 an attempt to bolster Crawford 's candidacy, and though he was unsuccessful in gaining a public endorsement for Crawford, he nonetheless cherished the chance to meet with his political hero. The 1824 elections dealt a severe blow to the Albany Regency, as Clinton returned to the governorship with the support of the People 's party. By the time the state legislature convened to choose the state 's presidential electors, results from other states had made it clear that no individual would win a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a contingent election in the United States House of Representatives. While Adams and Jackson were assured of finishing in the top three, and thus being eligible for selection in the contingent election, New York 's electors would help determine whether Clay or Crawford would finish third. Though most of the state 's electoral votes went to Adams, Crawford won one more electoral vote than Clay in the state, and Clay 's defeat in Louisiana left Crawford in third place. With Crawford still in the running, Van Buren lobbied members of the House to support Crawaford. He hoped to engineer a Crawford victory on the second ballot of the contingent election, but Adams won on the first ballot with the help of Clay and Stephen Van Rensselaer, a Congressman from New York. Despite his close ties with Van Buren, Van Rensselaer cast his vote for Adams, thus giving Adams a narrow majority of New York 's delegation and a victory in the contingent election. After the House contest, Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed, and began looking forward to 1828. Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams after Adams received fewer popular votes, and Jackson eagerly looked forward to a rematch. Jackson 's supporters accused Adams and Clay of having engaged in a `` corrupt bargain '' in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for Clay 's appointment as Secretary of State. Always notably courteous in his treatment of opponents, Van Buren showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Clay, and he voted to confirm Clay 's nomination to the cabinet. At the same time, Van Buren opposed the Adams - Clay plans for internal improvements like roads and canals and declined to support U.S. participation in the Congress of Panama. Van Buren considered Adams 's proposals to represent a return to the Hamiltonian economic model favored by Federalists, which he strongly opposed. Despite his opposition to Adams 's public policies, Van Buren was able to easily secure re-election in his own divided home state in 1827. 1828 elections Van Buren 's overarching goal at the national level was to restore a two - party system with party cleavages based on philosophical differences, and he viewed the old divide between Federalists and Democratic - Republicans as the best state of affairs for the nation. Van Buren believed that these national parties helped ensure that elections were decided on national, rather than sectional or local, issues ; as he put it, `` party attachment in former times furnished a complete antidote for sectional prejudices. '' After the 1824 election, Van Buren was initially somewhat skeptical of Jackson, who had not taken strong positions on most policy issues. Nonetheless, he settled on Jackson as the one candidate who could beat Adams in the 1828 presidential election, and he worked to bring Crawford 's former backers into line behind Jackson. He also forged alliances with other members of Congress opposed to Adams, including Vice President John C. Calhoun, Senator Thomas Hart Benton, and Senator John Randolph. Seeking to solidify his own standing in New York and bolster Jackson 's campaign, Van Buren helped arrange the passage of the Tariff of 1828, which opponents labeled as the `` Tariff of Abominations. '' The tariff satisfied many who sought protection from foreign competition, but angered Southern cotton interests and New Englanders. Because Van Buren believed that the South would never support Adams, and New England would never support Jackson, he was willing to alienate both regions through passage of the tariff. Meanwhile, Clinton 's death from a heart attack in 1828 dramatically shook up the politics of Van Buren 's home state, while the Anti-Masonic Party emerged as an increasingly important factor. After some initial reluctance, Van Buren chose to run for Governor of New York in the 1828 election. Hoping that a Jackson victory would lead to his own elevation to Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury, Van Buren chose Enos T. Throop as his running mate and preferred successor. Van Buren 's candidacy was aided by the split between supporters of Adams, who had adopted the label of National Republicans, and the Anti-Masonic Party. Reflecting his public association with Jackson, Van Buren accepted the gubernatorial nomination on a ticket that called itself `` Jacksonian - Democrat. '' He campaigned on local as well as national issues, emphasizing his opposition to the policies of the Adams administration. Van Buren ran ahead of Jackson, winning the state by 30,000 votes compared to a margin of 5,000 for Jackson. Nationally, Jackson defeated Adams by a wide margin, winning nearly every state outside of New England. After the election, Van Buren resigned from the Senate to start his term as governor, which began on January 1, 1829. While his term was short as governor was short, he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law, an early form of deposit insurance, through the legislature. He also appointed several key supporters, including William L. Marcy and Silas Wright, to important state positions. Jackson administration Secretary of state Further information : Petticoat affair and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Mrs Floride Calhoun, a leader of the `` petticoats '' In February 1829, Jackson wrote to Van Buren to ask him to become Secretary of State. Van Buren quickly agreed, and he resigned as governor the following month ; his tenure of forty - three days is the shortest amount of time served by any Governor of New York. No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren 's tenure as Secretary of State, but he achieved several notable successes, such as settling long - standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the Napoleonic Wars. He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the British West Indies colonies and concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that gained American merchants access to the Black Sea. Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the Maine - New Brunswick boundary dispute with Great Britain, gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the Oregon Country, concluding a commercial treaty with Russia, and persuading Mexico to sell Texas. In addition to his foreign policy duties, Van Buren quickly emerged as an important adviser to Jackson on major domestic issues like the tariff and internal improvements. The Secretary of State was instrumental in convincing Jackson to issue the Maysville Road veto, which both reaffirmed limited government principles and also helped prevent the construction of infrastructure projects that could potentially compete with New York 's Erie Canal. He also became involved in a power struggle with Calhoun over appointments and other issues, including the Petticoat Affair. The Petticoat Affair arose because Peggy Eaton, wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton, was ostracized by the other cabinet wives due to circumstances surrounding her marriage. Led by Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President Calhoun, the other cabinet wives refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons, receive them as visitors, or invite them to social events. As a widower, Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the cabinet wives. Van Buren at first sought to conciliate the divide in the cabinet, but most of the leading citizens in Washington continued to snub the Eatons. Jackson was personally close to Eaton, and he came to the conclusion that the allegations against Eaton arose from a plot against his administration led by Henry Clay. The Petticoat Affair, combined with a contentious debate over the tariff and Calhoun 's decade - old criticisms of Jackson 's actions in the First Seminole War, contributed to a split between Jackson and Calhoun. As the debate over the tariff and the proposed ability of South Carolina to nullify federal law consumed Washington, Van Buren increasingly emerged as Jackson 's likely successor. The Petticoat affair was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign ; in April 1831, Jackson accepted, and took the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of the cabinet members. Postmaster General William T. Barry, who had sided with the Eatons in the Petticoat Affair, was the lone cabinet member to remain in office. The cabinet reorganization removed Calhoun 's allies from the Jackson administration, and Van Buren had a major role in shaping the new cabinet. After leaving office, Van Buren continued to play a part in the Kitchen Cabinet, Jackson 's informal circle of advisers. Vice-presidency In August 1831 Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as the ambassador to Britain, and Van Buren arrived in London in September. He was cordially received, but in February 1832 he learned his nomination had been rejected by the Senate. The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun. When the vote on Van Buren 's nomination was taken, enough pro-Calhoun Jacksonians refrained from voting to produce a tie, thus giving Calhoun, in his role as presiding officer, the ability to cast the deciding vote against Van Buren. Calhoun was elated, convinced that he had ended Van Buren 's career. `` It will kill him dead, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick, '' Calhoun exclaimed to a friend. Calhoun 's move backfired ; by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics, Calhoun raised Van Buren in both Jackson 's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party. Far from ending Van Buren 's career, Calhoun 's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren 's candidacy for vice president. A painting of Van Buren by Francis Alexander, c. 1830 -- 1840 Seeking to ensure that Van Buren would replace Calhoun as his running mate, Jackson had arranged for a national convention of his supporters. The May 1832 Democratic National Convention subsequently nominated Van Buren to serve as the party 's vice presidential nominee. Van Buren won the nomination over Philip Pendleton Barbour ( Calhoun 's favored candidate ) and Richard Mentor Johnson due to the support of Jackson and the strength of the Albany Regency. Upon Van Buren 's return from Europe in July 1832, he became involved in the Bank War, a struggle over the re-charter of the Second Bank of the United States. Van Buren had long been distrustful of banks, and he viewed the Bank as an extension of the Hamiltonian economic program, so he supported Jackson 's veto of the Bank 's re-charter. Henry Clay, the presidential nominee of the National Republicans, made the struggle over the Bank the key issue of the presidential election of 1832. The Jackson - Van Buren ticket won the 1832 election by a landslide, and Van Buren took office as Vice President in March 1833. During the Nullification Crisis, Van Buren counseled Jackson to pursue a policy of conciliation with South Carolina leaders. He played little direct role in the passage of the Tariff of 1833, but he quietly hoped that the tariff would help bring an end to the Nullification Crisis, which it did. During his time in office Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson 's primary advisors and confidants, and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833. Jackson 's struggle with the Second Bank of the United States continued, as the president sought to remove federal funds from the Bank. Though at first apprehensive of the removal due to congressional support for the Bank, Van Buren eventually came to support Jackson 's policy. He also helped undermine a fledgling alliance between Jackson and Daniel Webster, a senator from Massachusetts who could have potentially threatened Van Buren 's project to create two parties separated by policy differences rather than personalities. During Jackson 's second term, the president 's supporters began to refer to themselves as members of the Democratic Party. Meanwhile, those opposed to Jackson, including Clay 's National Republicans, followers of Calhoun, and many members of the Anti-Masonic Party, coalesced into the Whig Party. Presidential election of 1836 Main article : United States presidential election, 1836 President Andrew Jackson declined to seek another term in the 1836 presidential election, but he remained influential within the Democratic Party as his second term came to an end. Jackson was determined to help elect Van Buren in 1836 so that the latter could continue the Jackson administration 's policies. With Jackson 's support, Van Buren won the presidential nomination of the 1835 Democratic National Convention without opposition. Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination : Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky, and former senator William Cabell Rives of Virginia. Southern Democrats, and Van Buren himself, strongly preferred Rives. Jackson, on the other hand, strongly preferred Johnson. Again, Jackson 's considerable influence prevailed, and Johnson received the required two - thirds vote after New York Senator Silas Wright prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in Johnson 's favor. 1836 electoral vote results Van Buren 's competitors in the election of 1836 were three members of the Whig Party, which remained a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson 's anti-bank policies. Lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a single platform, the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the election to the House of Representatives. The three candidates were : Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and William Henry Harrison of Indiana. Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank, the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension, and attacked Jackson for `` acts of aggression and usurpation of power. '' Southern voters represented the biggest potential impediment in Van Buren 's quest for the presidency, as many were suspicious of a Northern president. Van Buren moved to obtain the support of southerners by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported the maintaining of slavery in states where it had already existed. To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery, Van Buren cast the tie - breaking Senate vote in favor of a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws, thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South. Van Buren personally considered slavery to be immoral, but sanctioned by the Constitution. Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, 50.9 percent of the total, and 170 electoral votes. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26, and Webster 14. Willie Person Mangum received South Carolina 's 11 electoral votes, which were awarded by the state legislature. Van Buren 's victory resulted from a combination of his own attractive political and personal qualities, Jackson 's popularity and endorsement, the organizational power of the Democratic party, and the inability of the Whig Party to muster an effective candidate and campaign. Virginia 's presidential electors voted for Van Buren for president but William Smith for vice president, leaving Johnson one electoral vote short of election. In accordance with the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate elected Johnson vice president in a contingent vote. The election of 1836 marked an important turning point in American political history because of the part it played in establishing the Second Party System. In the early 1830s the political party structure was still changing, rapidly, and factional and personal leaders continued to play a major role in politics. By the end of the campaign of 1836, the new party system was almost complete, as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs. Presidency 1837 -- 1841 Main article : Presidency of Martin Van Buren Cabinet The Van Buren Cabinet Office Name Term President Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1841 Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of State John Forsyth 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of Treasury Levi Woodbury 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett 1837 -- 1841 Attorney General Benjamin Butler 1837 -- 1838 Felix Grundy 1838 -- 1840 Henry D. Gilpin 1840 -- 1841 Postmaster General Amos Kendall 1837 -- 1840 John M. Niles 1840 -- 1841 Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson 1837 -- 1838 James K. Paulding 1838 -- 1841 Van Buren retained much of Jackson 's cabinet and lower - level appointees, as he hoped that the retention of Jackson 's appointees would stop Whig momentum in the South and restore confidence in the Democrats as a party of sectional unity. The cabinet holdovers represented the different regions of the country : Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury came from New England, Attorney General Benjamin F. Butler and Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson hailed from mid-Atlantic states, Secretary of State John Forsyth represented the South, and Postmaster General Amos Kendall of Kentucky represented the West. For the lone open position of Secretary of War, Van Buren first approached William Cabell Rives, who had sought the vice presidency in 1836. After Rives declined to join the cabinet, Van Buren appointed Joel Roberts Poinsett, a South Carolinian who had opposed secession during the Nullification Crisis. Van Buren 's cabinet choices were criticized by Pennsylvanians such as James Buchanan, who argued that their state deserved a cabinet position, as well as some Democrats who argued that Van Buren should have used his patronage powers to augment his own power. But Van Buren saw value in avoiding contentious patronage battles, and his decision to retain Jackson 's cabinet made it clear that he intended to continue the policies of predecessor. Additionally, Van Buren had helped select Jackson 's cabinet appointees and enjoyed strong working relationships with them. Van Buren held regular formal cabinet meetings and discontinued the informal gatherings of advisers that had attracted so much attention during Jackson 's presidency. He solicited advice from department heads, tolerated open and even frank exchanges between cabinet members, perceiving himself as `` a mediator, and to some extent an umpire between the conflicting opinions '' of his counselors. Such detachment allowed the president to reserve judgment and protect his own prerogative for making final decisions. These open discussions gave cabinet members a sense of participation and made them feel part of a functioning entity, rather than isolated executive agents. Van Buren was closely involved in foreign affairs and matters pertaining to the Treasury Department, but the Post Office, War Department, and Navy Department all had possessed high levels of autonomy under their respective cabinet secretaries. Panic of 1837 The modern balaam and his ass, an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson, shown riding a donkey, while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly. When Van Buren entered office, the nation 's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over. Two months into his presidency, on May 10, 1837, some important state banks in New York, running out of hard currency reserves, refused to convert paper money into gold or silver, and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit. This financial crisis would become known as the Panic of 1837. The Panic was followed by a five - year depression in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs. Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions, as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks. Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats, along with Andrew Jackson 's economic policies, specifically his 1836 Specie Circular. Cries of `` rescind the circular ! '' went up and former President Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order, believing that it had to be given enough time to work. Others, like Nicholas Biddle, believed that Jackson 's dismantling of the Bank of the United States was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic. The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the 1838 election cycle, as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the U.S. House and Senate. The state elections in 1837 and 1838 were also disastrous for the Democrats, and the partial economic recovery in 1838 was offset by a second commercial crisis later that year. To deal with the crisis, the Whigs proposed rechartering the national bank. The president countered by proposing the establishment of an independent U.S. treasury, which he contended would take the politics out of the nation 's money supply. Under the plan, the government would hold all of its money balances in the form of gold or silver, and would be restricted from printing paper money at will ; both measures were designed to prevent inflation. The plan would permanently separate the government from private banks by storing government funds in government vaults rather than in private banks. Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837, but an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840. As the debate continued, conservative Democrats like Rives defected to the Whig Party, which itself grew more unified in its opposition to Van Buren. The Whigs would abolish the Independent Treasury system in 1841, but it was revived in 1846 and remained in place until the passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. More important for Van Buren 's immediate future, the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign. Indian removal Federal policy under Jackson had sought to move all indigenous peoples to lands west of the Mississippi River, through the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Continuing this policy, the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian nations in the course of Van Buren 's presidency. An 1835 treaty signed by U.S. government officials and representatives of the Cherokee Nation had established terms under which the entire nation ceded its territory in the southeast and agreed to move west ( to present day Oklahoma ). In 1838, Van Buren directed General Winfield Scott to forcibly move all those Cherokee who had not yet complied with the treaty. The Cherokee were herded violently into internment camps, where they were kept for the summer of 1838. The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought, but in the fall, the Cherokee were forcibly marched west. Under the treaty, the US was supposed to provide wagons, rations, and even medical doctors. But it did not. During the Cherokee removal, part of the Trail of Tears, some 20,000 people were relocated against their will. A U.S. Marine boat expedition searching the Everglades during the Second Seminole War The administration also contended with the Seminole, who engaged the army in prolonged conflict known as the Second Seminole War. Prior to leaving office, Jackson put General Thomas Jesup in command of all U.S. troops in Florida in order to force Seminole emigration to the West. Forts were established throughout the Indian territory, and mobile columns of soldiers scoured the countryside. Feeling the pressure, many Seminoles, including head chief Micanopy, offered to surrender. The Seminoles slowly gathered for emigration near Tampa, but in June they fled the detention camps, driven off by disease and the presence of slave catchers who were hoping to take Black Seminoles captive. In December 1837 Jesup began a massive offensive, culminating in the Battle of Lake Okeechobee. Following the American victory in the battle, the war entered a new phase, a long war of attrition. During this time, the government realized that it would be almost impossible to drive the remaining Seminoles from Florida, so Van Buren sent General Alexander Macomb to negotiate a peace with the Seminoles. It was the only time in U.S. history that a Native American nation had forced the United States to sue for peace. An agreement was reached allowing the Seminoles to remain in southwest Florida, but the peace was shattered in July 1839. Fighting was not resolved until 1842, after Van Buren had left office. Texas Just before leaving office in March 1837, Andrew Jackson extended diplomatic recognition to the Republic of Texas, which had gained de facto independence from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. By suggesting the prospect of quick annexation, Jackson raised the danger of war with Mexico and heightened sectional tensions at home. New England abolitionists charged that there was a `` slaveholding conspiracy to acquire Texas '', and Daniel Webster eloquently denounced annexation. Many Southern leaders, meanwhile, strongly desired the expansion of slave - holding territory in the United States. Boldly reversing Jackson 's policies, Van Buren sought peace abroad and harmony at home. He proposed a diplomatic solution to a long - standing financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government, rejecting Jackson 's threat to settle it by force. Likewise, when the Texas minister at Washington, D.C., proposed annexation to the administration in August 1837, he was told that the proposition could not be entertained. Constitutional scruples and fear of war with Mexico were the reasons given for the rejection, but concern that it would precipitate a clash over the extension of slavery undoubtedly influenced Van Buren and continued to be the chief obstacle to annexation. Northern and Southern Democrats followed an unspoken rule in which Northerners helped quash anti-slavery proposals and Southerners refrained from agitating for the annexation of Texas. Texas withdrew the annexation offer in 1838. Britain British subjects in Lower Canada ( now Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838, protesting their lack of responsible government. While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly ( following the December 1837 Battle of Montgomery 's Tavern ), many of the rebels fled across the Niagara River into New York, and Canadian leader William Lyon Mackenzie began recruiting volunteers in Buffalo. Mackenzie declared the establishment of the Republic of Canada and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. Several hundred volunteers traveled to Navy Island in the weeks that followed. They procured the steamboat Caroline to deliver supplies to Navy Island from Fort Schlosser. Seeking to deter an imminent invasion, British forces crossed to the American bank of the river in late December 1837, and they burned and sank the Caroline. In the melee, one American was killed and others were wounded. Considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war, and a British ship was burned in revenge. Van Buren, looking to avoid a war with Great Britain, sent General Winfield Scott to the border with large discretionary powers for its protection and its peace. Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis, and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British. Also, in early January 1838, the president proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue, a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law designed to discourage the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts. `` Destruction of the Caroline '', illustration by John Charles Dent ( 1881 ) During the Canadian rebellions, Charles Duncombe and Robert Nelson helped foment a largely American militia, the Hunters ' Lodge / Frères chasseurs. This militia carried out several attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838, collectively known as the Patriot War. The administration followed through on its enforcement of the Neutrality Act, encouraged the prosecution of filibusters, and actively deterred U.S. citizens from subversive activities abroad. In the long term, Van Buren 's opposition to the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy Anglo -- American and U.S. -- Canadian relations in the 20th century ; it also led, more immediately, to a backlash among citizens regarding the seeming overreach of federal authority, which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections. A new crisis surfaced in late 1838, in the disputed territory on the Maine -- New Brunswick frontier, where Americans were settling on long -- disputed land claimed by the United States and Great Britain. Jackson had been willing to drop American claims to the region in return for other concessions, but Maine was unwilling to drop its claims to the disputed territory. For their part, the British considered possession of the area vital to the defense of Canada. Both American and New Brunswick lumberjacks cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838 -- 39. On December 29, New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American estate near the Aroostook River. After American woodcutters rushed to stand guard, a shouting match, known as the Battle of Caribou, ensued. Tensions quickly boiled over into a near war with both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other 's citizens. The crisis seemed ready to turn into an armed conflict. British troops began to gather along the Saint John River. Governor John Fairfield mobilized the state militia to confront the British in the disputed territory and several forts were constructed. The American press clamored for war ; `` Maine and her soil, or BLOOD ! '' screamed one editorial. `` Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away ! '' In June, Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget in the event foreign military troops crossed into United States territory. Van Buren was unwilling to go to war over the disputed territory, though he assured Maine that he would respond to any attacks by the British. To settle the crisis, Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States, and Van Buren and the minister agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically. Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area, both to show military resolve, and more importantly, to lower the tensions. Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration. The border dispute was put to rest a few years later, with the signing of the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty. Amistad case The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and parties, as well as United States law, resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839. Van Buren viewed abolitionism as the greatest threat to the nation 's unity, and he resisted the slightest interference with it in the states where it existed. The Van Buren administration supported the Spanish government 's demand that the ship and its cargo ( including the Africans ) be turned over to them. When a federal district court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home, the administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court. In February 1840, former President John Quincy Adams argued passionately for the Africans ' right to freedom. Attorney General Henry D. Gilpin presented the government 's case. In March 1841, the Supreme Court issued its final verdict : the Amistad Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home. The unique nature of the case, people of color testifying in federal court, and being represented by prominent lawyers, heightened public interest in the saga, as did the participation of former president Adams. The Amistad case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North. It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery. Judicial appointments Main article : Martin Van Buren judicial appointments Van Buren appointed two Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : John McKinley -- confirmed September 25, 1837 Peter Vivian Daniel -- confirmed March 2, 1841 Van Buren also appointed eight other federal judges, all to United States district courts. White House hostess For the first half of his presidency, Van Buren, who had been a widower for many years, did not have a specific person fill the role of White House hostess at administration social events, but tried to assume such duties himself. When his eldest son Abraham Van Buren married Angelica Singleton in 1838, he quickly acted to install his daughter - in - law as his hostess. She solicited the advice of her distant relative, Dolley Madison, who had moved back to Washington after her husband 's death, and soon the president 's parties livened up. After the 1839 New Year 's Eve reception, the Boston Post raved : `` ( Angelica Van Buren is a ) lady of rare accomplishments, very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation... universally admired. '' As the nation endured a deep economic depression, Angelica van Buren 's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading on European court life ( and her naive delight in being received as the Queen of the United States when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage ). Newspaper coverage of this, in addition to the claim that she intended to re-landscape the White House grounds to resemble the royal gardens of Europe, was used in a political attack on her father - in - law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman Charles Ogle. He referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential `` household '' in his famous Gold Spoon Oration. The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the President as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election. Presidential election of 1840 Main article : United States presidential election, 1840 1840 electoral vote results Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the 1840 Democratic National Convention, but he and his party faced a difficult election in 1840. Van Buren 's presidency had been a difficult affair, with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn, and other divisive issues, such as slavery, western expansion, and tensions with Great Britain, providing opportunities for Van Buren 's political opponents -- including some of his fellow Democrats -- to criticize his actions. Although Van Buren 's renomination was never in doubt, Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket. Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker James K. Polk of Tennessee as Van Buren 's new running mate. Van Buren was reluctant to drop Johnson, who was popular with workers and radicals in the North and added military experience to the ticket, which might prove important against likely Whig nominee William Henry `` Rat 's Arse '' Harrison. Rather than re-nominating Johnson, the Democratic convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states. Van Buren hoped that the Whigs would nominate Clay for president, which would allow Van Buren to cast the 1840 campaign as a clash between Van Buren 's Independent Treasury system and Clay 's support for a national bank. However, rather than nominating longtime party spokesmen like Clay and Daniel Webster, the 1839 Whig National Convention nominated Harrison, who had served in various governmental positions during his career and had earned notoriety for his military leadership in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812. Whig leaders like William Seward and Thaddeus Stevens believed that Harrison 's war record would effectively counter the popular appeals of the Democratic Party. For vice president, the Whigs nominated former Senator John Tyler of Virginia. Clay was deeply disappointed by his defeat at the convention, but he nonetheless threw his support behind Harrison. Whigs presented Harrison as the antithesis of the president, whom they derided as ineffective, corrupt, and effete. Whigs also depicted Van Buren as an aristocrat living in high style in the White House, while they used images of Harrison in a log cabin sipping cider to convince voters that he was a man of the people. They threw such jabs as `` Van, Van, is a used - up man '' and `` Martin Van Ruin '' and ridiculed him in newspapers and cartoons. Issues of policy were not absent from the campaign ; the Whigs derided the alleged executive overreaches of Jackson and Van Buren, while also calling for a national bank and higher tariffs. Democrats attempted to campaign on the Independent Treasury system, but the onset of deflation undercut these arguments. The enthusiasm for `` Tippecanoe and Tyler Too, '' coupled with the country 's severe economic crisis, made it impossible for Van Buren to win a second term. Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033, and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60. An astonishing 80 percent of eligible voters went to the polls on election day. Van Buren actually won more votes than he had in 1836, but the Whig success in attracting new voters more than canceled out Democratic gains. Additionally, Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Later Life Election of 1844 On the expiration of his term, Van Buren returned to his estate of Lindenwald in Kinderhook. He continued to closely watch political developments, including the battle between Clay and President Tyler, who took office after Harrison 's death in April 1841. Though undecided on another presidential run, Van Buren made several moves calculated to maintain his support, including a trip to the South and West during which he met with Jackson, former Speaker of the House James K. Polk, and others. President Tyler, James Buchanan, Levi Woodbury, and others loomed as potential challengers for the 1844 Democratic nomination, but it was Calhoun who posed the most formidable obstacle. Van Buren remained silent on major public issues like the debate over the Tariff of 1842, hoping to arrange for the appearance of a draft movement for his presidential candidacy. President John Tyler made annexation of Texas his chief foreign policy goal, and many Democrats, particularly in the South, were anxious to quickly complete the annexation of Texas. After an explosion on the USS Princeton killed Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur in February 1844, Tyler brought Calhoun into his cabinet to direct foreign affairs. Like Tyler, Calhoun pursued the annexation of Texas to upend the presidential race and to extend slavery into new territories. Shortly after taking office, Secretary of State Calhoun negotiated an annexation treaty between the United States and Texas. Van Buren had hoped he would not have to take a public stand on annexation, but as the Texas question came to dominate U.S. politics, he decided to make his views on the issue public. Though he believed that his public acceptance of annexation would likely help him win the 1844 Democratic nomination, Van Buren thought that annexation would inevitably lead to an unjust war with Mexico. In a public letter published shortly after Henry Clay also announced his opposition to the annexation treaty, Van Buren articulated his views on the Texas question. Van Buren 's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of many pro-slavery Democrats. In the weeks before the 1844 Democratic National Convention, Van Buren 's supporters anticipated that he would win a majority of the delegates on the first presidential ballot, but would not be able to win the support of the required two - thirds of delegates. Van Buren 's supporters attempted to prevent the adoption of the two - thirds rule, but several Northern delegates joined with Southern delegates in implementing the two - thirds rule for the 1844 convention. Van Buren won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot, with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states. Senator Lewis Cass won much of the remaining vote, and he gradually picked on support on subsequent ballots until the convention adjourned for the day. When the convention reconvened and held another ballot, James K. Polk, who shared many of Van Buren 's views but favored immediate annexation, won 44 votes. On the ninth and final ballot of the convention, Van Buren 's supporters withdrew the former president 's name from consideration, and Polk won the Democratic presidential nomination. Though angered at the way in which his opponents had denied him in the Democratic nomination, Van Buren endorsed Polk in the interest of party unity. He also convinced Silas Wright to run for Governor of New York so that the popular Wright could help boost Polk in the state. Wright narrowly defeated Whig nominee Millard Fillmore in the 1844 gubernatorial election, and Wright 's victory in the state helped Polk narrowly defeat Henry Clay in the 1844 presidential election. After taking office, Polk used George Bancroft as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London. Van Buren declined, partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention, and partly because he was content in his retirement. Polk also consulted Van Buren in the formation of his cabinet, but offended Van Buren by offering to appoint a New Yorker only to the lesser post of Secretary of War, rather than as Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury. Other patronage decisions also angered Van Buren and Wright, and they became permanently alienated from the Polk administration. Election of 1848 1858 portrait by GPA Healy, on display at the White House Though he had previously helped maintain a balance between the Barnburners and Hunkers, the two factions of the New York Democratic Party, Van Buren moved closer to the Barnburners after the 1844 Democratic National Convention. The split in the state party worsened during the Polk 's presidency, as his administration lavished patronage on the Hunkers. In his retirement, Van Buren also grew increasingly opposed to slavery. As the Mexican -- American War brought the debate over slavery in the territories to the forefront of American politics, Van Buren published an anti-slavery manifesto. In it, he refuted the notion that Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the territories, and argued the Founding Fathers had favored the eventual abolition of the slavery. The document, which became known as the `` Barburner Manifesto, '' was edited at Van Buren 's request by John Van Buren and Samuel Tilden, both of whom were leaders of the Barnburner faction. After the publication of the Barnburner Manifesto, many Barnburners urged the former president to seek his old office in the 1848 presidential election. The 1848 Democratic National Convention seated competing Barnburner and Hunker delegations from New York, but the Barnburners walked out of the convention when Lewis Cass, who opposed congressional regulation of slavery in the territories, was nominated on the fourth ballot. In response to the nomination of Cass, the Barnburners began to organize as a third party. At a convention held in June 1848 in Utica, New York, the Barnburners nominated Van Buren for president. Though reluctant to bolt from the Democratic Party, Van Buren accepted the nomination in order to show the power of the anti-slavery movement, help defeat Cass, and weaken the Hunkers. At a convention held in Buffalo, New York in August 1848, a group of anti-slavery Democrats, Whigs, and members of the abolitionist Liberty Party met in the first national convention of what became known as the Free Soil Party. The convention unanimously nominated Van Buren, and chose Charles Francis Adams as Van Buren 's running mate. In a public message accepting the nomination, Van Buren gave his full support for the Wilmot Proviso, a proposed law that would ban slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico in the Mexican -- American War. Van Buren won no electoral votes, but finished second to Whig nominee Zachary Taylor in New York, taking enough votes from Cass to give the state -- and perhaps the election -- to Taylor. Nationwide, Van Buren won 10.1 % of the popular vote, the strongest showing by a third party presidential nominee up to that point in U.S. history. Retirement Daguerreotype of Martin Van Buren, circa 1855 Van Buren never sought public office again after the 1848 election, but he continued to closely follow national politics. He was deeply troubled by the stirrings of secessionism in the South and welcomed the Compromise of 1850 as a necessary conciliatory measure despite his opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Van Buren also worked on a history of American political parties and embarked on a tour of Europe, becoming the first former American head of state to visit Britain. Though still concerned about slavery, Van Buren and his followers returned to the Democratic fold, partly out of the fear that a continuing Democratic split would help the Whig Party. He also attempted to reconcile the Barnburners and the Hunkers, with mixed results. Van Buren supported Franklin Pierce for president in 1852, and James Buchanan in 1856, and Stephen A. Douglas in 1860. Van Buren viewed the fledgling Know Nothing movement with contempt and felt that the anti-slavery Republican Party exacerbated sectional tensions. He considered Chief Justice Roger Taney 's decision in the 1857 case of Dred Scott v. Sandford to be a `` grievous mistake, '' since it overturned the Missouri Compromise. He believed that the Buchanan administration handled the issue of Bleeding Kansas poorly, and saw the Lecompton Constitution as a sop to Southern extremists. After the election of Abraham Lincoln and the secession of several Southern states in 1860, Van Buren unsuccessfully sought to call a constitutional convention. In April 1861, former President Pierce wrote to the other living former Presidents and asked them to consider meeting in order to use their stature and influence to propose a negotiated end to the war. Pierce asked Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-president to issue a formal call. Van Buren 's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting, since he was the former president who had served most recently, or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal. Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce 's proposal public, and nothing more resulted from it. Once the American Civil War began, Van Buren made public his support for the Union. Van Buren 's health began to fail later in 1861, and he was bedridden with pneumonia during the fall and winter of 1861 -- 62. He died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate at 2 : 00 a.m. on July 24, 1862, at the age of 79. He is buried in the Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church Cemetery, as are his wife Hannah, his parents, and his son Martin Van Buren, Jr. Memorials and popular culture Main article : List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Van Buren 's home in Kinderhook, New York, which he called Lindenwald, is now the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site. Counties are named for Van Buren in Michigan, Iowa, Arkansas, and Tennessee. A mountain, a ship, three state parks and numerous towns were named after him. During the 1988 presidential campaign, George H.W. Bush, a Yale University graduate and member of the Skull and Bones secret society, was attempting to become the first incumbent Vice President to win election to the presidency since Van Buren. In the comic strip Doonesbury artist Garry Trudeau depicted members of Skull and Bones as attempting to rob Van Buren 's grave, apparently intending to use the relics in a ritual that would aid Bush in the election. On the television show `` Seinfeld '', the episode `` The Van Buren Boys '' is about a fictional street gang that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him, including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up. Eight fingers signifies Van Buren, the eighth President. Van Buren is portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in the 1997 film Amistad. The film depicts the controversy and legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on La Amistad slave ship. An allusion to Martin Van Buren is made during the one - act play Four Little Words. See also Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Charlotte Dupuy, slave who worked for Van Buren at Decatur House, while her suit for freedom against Henry Clay proceeded List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who owned slaves U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps References Jump up ^ pronunciation ( help info ) ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Life in Brief ''. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. Retrieved March 6, 2017. Jump up ^ McCullough, Noah ( 2006 ). The Essential Book of Presidential Trivia. Random House. p. 44. ISBN 9780307432186. Jump up ^ Cole 1984, pp. 3, 9 ; Widmer 2005, pp. 153 -- 165. Jump up ^ Roberts, James A. ( 1898 ). New York in the Revolution as Colony and State. Albany, NY : Brandow Printing Company. p. 109. Jump up ^ Kane, Joseph Nathan ( 1998 ). 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Jump up ^ Cole 1984, p. 124 Jump up ^ Risjord, Norman K. ( 2001 ). Representative Americans : The Romantics. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. ISBN 9780742520837. Jump up ^ Howe, Daniel Walker ( 2007 ). What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America, 1815 -- 1848. Oxford University Press. p. 378. ISBN 9780199743797. Jump up ^ Haynes, Stan M. ( 2012 ). The First American Political Conventions : Transforming Presidential Nominations, 1832 -- 1872. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 34. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 10 -- 11. Jump up ^ Silbey 2002, p. 81 -- 82. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 300 -- 301. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 301 -- 303. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 303, 306 -- 307. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 307 -- 308. Jump up ^ Murrin, John ( 2009 ). Liberty, Equality, Power : Enhanced Concise Edition. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 327. Jump up ^ Holland, William M. ( 1836 ). The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren, Vice President of the United States. Belknap & Hammersley. p. 344. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 321 -- 322. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, p. 328. Jump up ^ Purcell, L. Edward ( 2010 ). Vice Presidents : A Biographical Dictionary. Facts on File, Inc. p. 81. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 330 -- 332. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 330 -- 334. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 355 -- 358. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 14 -- 15. Jump up ^ Bathory, Peter Dennis ( 2001 ). Friends and Citizens : Essays in Honor of Wilson Carey McWilliams. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. ^ Jump up to : Irelan, John Robert ( 1887 ). `` History of the Life, Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren, Eighth President of the United States ''. Chicago : Fairbanks and Palmer Publishing Company. p. 230. Retrieved March 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President ( 1837 - 1841 ) ''. Washington, D.C. : United States Senate, Office of the Historian. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Nelson, Michael ( 2013 ). Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch. CQ Press. p. 1962. ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Elections ''. history.com. A + E Networks. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 17 -- 18. Jump up ^ Howe, Daniel Walker ( 2007 ). What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America, 1815 -- 1848. Oxford University Press. pp. 508 -- 509. Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren, 8th Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) ''. Washington, D.C. : United States Senate, Office of the Historian. Retrieved November 8, 2014. Jump up ^ Singer, Alan J. ( 2008 ). New York and Slavery : Time to Teach the Truth. Albany : State University of New York Press. p. 80. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7509 - 6. Jump up ^ Howe 2007, p. 487 ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Campaigns and Elections ''. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron ( August 3, 2016 ). `` How a ' faithless elector ' in Georgia could cost Donald Trump an electoral college vote ''. The Washington Post. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bomboy, Scott ( December 19, 2016 ). `` The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference ''. Constitution Daily. Philadelphia : The National Constitution Center. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Cole, p. 279. Jump up ^ Nowlan, p. 320. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 37 - 40. Jump up ^ Nowlan, p. 321. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, p. 171. ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Domestic affairs ''. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. Retrieved March 6, 2017. Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ). `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States ''. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 210. ISBN 0742511898 Jump up ^ Seigenthaler, John ; Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ( 2004 ). James K Polk. Macmillen. pp. 58 -- 60. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6942 - 6. Jump up ^ Leonard, Gerald ( 2002 ). The Invention of Party Politics : Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois. Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2744 - 4. Jump up ^ Churella, Albert J. ( 2013 ). The Pennsylvania Railroad : Building an Empire, 1846 -- 1917. 1. Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 69. ISBN 0812207629. Jump up ^ Lansford, Tom ; Woods, Thomas E., eds. ( 2008 ). Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877. 10. New York : Marshall Cavendish. p. 1046. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7758 - 7. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 58 -- 62. Jump up ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ). The Oxford History of the American People. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 456. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 61 -- 62. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, p. 210. ^ Jump up to : Landry, Alysa Landry ( February 23, 2016 ). `` Martin Van Buren : The Force Behind the Trail of Tears ''. Verona, New York : Indian Country Media Network. Retrieved March 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Sturgis, Amy H. ( 2006 ). The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal. Greenwood. p. 39. ISBN 978 - 0313336584. Jump up ^ Anderson, William ( 1991 ). Cherokee Removal : Before and After. Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0820312541. Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears ''. history.com. A&E Television Networks. 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Martin van Buren ( 1782 - 1862 ) ''. Albany, New York : New Netherland Institute. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Jahoda, Gloria ( 1975 ). The Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removals 1813 - 1855. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0 - 03 - 014871 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Missall, John ; Missall, Mary Lou ( 2016 ). `` History of the Seminole Wars ''. Retrieved March 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Lancaster, Jane F. ( 1994 ). Removal Aftershock : The Seminoles ' Struggles to Survive in the West, 1836 - 1866. Knoxville, Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press. p. 18. ISBN 0 - 87049 - 845 - 2. Jump up ^ Hauptman, Laurence M. ( 1999 ). Conspiracy of Interests : Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State. Syracuse, New York : Syracuse University Press. p. 196. ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0547 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Brinkley, Alan ; Dyer, Davis, eds. ( 2004 ). The American Presidency. New York : Houghton Mifflin. p. 109. ISBN 0 - 618 - 38273 - 9. Retrieved March 11, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1984, p. 151 -- 152. ^ Jump up to : Neu, C.T. `` Annexation ''. Handbook of Texas Online. Austin, Texas : Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Merk, Frederick ( 1978 ). History of the Westward Movement. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. p. 279. ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 41175 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower, John S.D. ( 1997 ). Agent of Destiny : The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 178. ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3128 - 4. Jump up ^ Brinkley, Alan ; Dyer, Davis, eds. ( 2000 ). The Reader 's Companion to the American Presidency. New York : Houghton Mifflin. p. 113. ISBN 0 - 395 - 78889 - 7. ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Foreign Affairs ''. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. Retrieved March 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Ross, Robert Budd ( 1890 ). `` The Patriot War ''. The Detroit Evening News, revised for the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. pp. 11 -- 12. Retrieved March 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nowlan, p. 329. Jump up ^ Lacroix, Patrick ( 2016 ). `` Choosing Peace and Order : National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland, 1837 -- 42 ''. The International History Review. 38 ( 5 ) : 943 -- 960. Jump up ^ Mitchell, Jennifer ( August 21, 2014 ). `` Side Trips : Fort Fairfield Block House Preserves Era of Conflict in Northern Maine ''. Maine Public. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 164 - 166. Jump up ^ `` 1837 - Aroostook War ''. Historycentral. 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The Intellectual Devotional : American History ; Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Converse Confidently about Our Nation 's Past. TID Volumes, LLC. p. 122. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 744 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Amistad Story ''. Amistad : Seeking Freedom in Connecticut. National Park Service 's National Register of Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` A Brief Narrative ''. Teaching and Civic Outreach Resources Amistad : The Federal Courts and the Challenge to Slavery -- Historical Background and Documents. Washington, D.C. : Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present ''. www.senate.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Federal Judicial Center : Search by Nominating President ; Martin Van Buren ''. Federal Judicial Center. Federal Judicial Center Foundation. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Caroli, Betty Boyd ( 2003 ). First Ladies. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0 - 19 - 5 - 16676 - 0. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Van Buren 's Presidential Hostess ''. America 's Story. Library of Congress. Retrieved March 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Anthony, Carl ( September 24, 2014 ). `` First Ladies Never Married to Presidents : Angelica Van Buren ''. National First Ladies Library. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Cole, p. 358. Jump up ^ `` Democratic National Political Conventions 1832 - 2008 ''. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Wilson 1984, pp. 191 -- 195. ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Context : Setting the Stage ''. Teaching with Historic Places : Martin Van Buren 's `` Return to the Soil '' ( 39 ). National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Manweller, Mathew Manweller ( ed. ). Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. 1. Santa Barbara, California : ABC - CLIO. p. 278. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4. 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Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 539 -- 540. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 541 -- 542. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 547 -- 548. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, p. 548. Jump up ^ Cole, p. 405 Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 550 -- 556. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 564 -- 565. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 543 -- 544. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 570 -- 571. Jump up ^ Ferrell, Claudine L. ( 2006 ). The Abolitionist Movement. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press. p. 88. ISBN 0 - 313 - 33180 - 4. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 567 -- 570. Jump up ^ Silbey 2002, pp. 193 -- 194. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 575 -- 576. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, p. 580. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 581 -- 585. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 585 -- 586. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 587 -- 589. Jump up ^ Manweller, Mathew ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ). Chronology of the U.S. Presidency in 4 Volumes, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA : ABC - CLIO. p. 271. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, p. 592. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 598 -- 602. Jump up ^ Silbey 2002, p. 203. Jump up ^ Silbey 2002, p. 204. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, p. 596. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, p. 605. ^ Jump up to : Niven 1983, p. 610. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 604 -- 605. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, pp. 605 -- 606. Jump up ^ Niven 1983, p. 607. Jump up ^ Cole 1984, p. 425. Jump up ^ Widmer 2005, p. 164. Jump up ^ Dunlap, Leslie Whittaker ( 1988 ). Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies. Metuchen, NJ : Scarecrow Press. p. 50. Jump up ^ Butler, William Allen ( 1862 ). Martin Van Buren : Lawyer, Statesman and Man. New York, NY : D. Appleton and Company. p. 5. Jump up ^ Lamb, Brian & the C - SPAN staff ( 2000 ). Who 's Buried in Grant 's Tomb ? : A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. Washington, DC : National Cable Satellite Corporation. ISBN 1 - 881846 - 07 - 5. Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years in the Making : Lindenwald Celebrates `` Being Forty and Fabulous '' ``. Martin Van Buren National Historic Site. Washington, DC : National Park Service. Retrieved May 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Gannett, Henry ( 1905 ). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 309. Jump up ^ Widmer 2005, p. 170. Jump up ^ Loizeau, Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ). Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician. Nova Science Publishers. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` The Van Buren Boys ''. Seinfeld Scripts. SeinfeldScripts.com. Retrieved November 12, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Stephen Spielberg 's `` Amistad '' ( 1997 ) ``. University of Missouri - Kansas City. Retrieved July 9, 2016. Sources Brooke, John L. ( 2010 ). Columbia Rising : Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson. Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3323 - 0. Cole, Donald B. ( 1984 ). Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7. Howe, Daniel Walker ( 2007 ). What Hath God Wrought : the Transformation of America, 1815 -- 1848. Oxford, NY : Oxford University Press. Niven, John ( 1983 ). Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503238 - 3. Remini, Robert V. ( 1959 ). Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231022883. Shepard, Edward M. ( 1899 ) ( 1888 ). Martin Van Buren ( Kindle ed. ). Boston, MA : Houghton, Mifflin and Co. ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 1. OCLC 396967. Silbey, Joel H. ( 2002 ). Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics. Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 5. Widmer, Edward L. ( 2005 ). Martin Van Buren. The American Presidents ( Kindle ed. ). New York : Times Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 8. Wilson, Major L. ( 1984 ). The Presidency of Martin Van Buren. Lawrence, Kansas : University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0238 - 4. Further reading Books by Van Buren These were published posthumously : Van Buren, Martin ( 1867 ). Van Buren, Abraham ; Van Buren, John, eds. Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States. New York : Hurd and Houghton. ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0. Van Buren, Martin ( 1920 ). Fitzpatrick, John Clement, ed. The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren. Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918. II. Washington D.C. : Govt. Print. Off. ISBN 0 - 678 - 00531 - 1. Books about Van Buren Alexander, Holmes ( 1935 ). The American Talleyrand : Martin Van Buren. Cole, Donald B ( 2004 rpt. ). Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Curtis, James C. ( 1970 ). The Fox at Bay : Martin Van Buren and the Presidency, 1837 -- 1841. Lexington : University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1214 - 5. Derthick, Martha ( 13 June 1999 ). Dilemmas of Scale in America 's Federal Democracy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64039 - 8. Retrieved 2 March 2015. Gammon, Samuel Rhea ( 1922 ). The Presidential Campaign of 1832. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press. Henretta, James A. ( 2004 ). `` Martin Van Buren ''. In Brinkley, Alan ; Dyer, Davis. The American Presidency. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 103 -- 114. ISBN 0 - 618 - 38273 - 9. Holt, Michael F. ( 1999 ). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505544 - 3. Lynch, Denis Tilden ( 1929 ). An Epoch and a Man : Martin Van Buren and His Times. New York : H. Liveright. Schouler, James ( 1889 ). History of the United States of America : 1831 -- 1847. Democrats and Whigs. 4. Washington, D.C. : W.H. Morrison. Silbey, Joel H. ( 2009 ). Party Over Section : The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848. Lawrence, Kansas : University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1640 - 4. Silbey, Joel H. ( 2014 ). A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861. Wiley. pp. 109 -- 154. ISBN 9781118609293. External links Find more aboutMartin Van Burenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity White House biography United States Congress. `` Martin Van Buren ( id : V000009 ) ''. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Martin Van Buren : A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress The Papers of Martin Van Buren at Cumberland University American President : Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia Inaugural Address ( March 4, 1837 ), at the Miller Center Martin Van Buren National Historic Site ( Lindenwald ), National Park Service `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '', from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits, May 3, 1999 Works by Martin Van Buren at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Martin Van Buren at Internet Archive Works by Martin Van Buren at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Offices and distinctions Legal offices Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Attorney General of New York 1815 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley U.S. Senate Preceded by Nathan Sanford Senator ( Class 1 ) from New York 1821 -- 1828 Served alongside : Rufus King, Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Preceded by William Smith Chairperson of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1823 -- 1828 Succeeded by John Macpherson Berrien Political offices Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Governor of New York 1829 Succeeded by Enos T. Throop Preceded by Henry Clay United States Secretary of State 1829 -- 1831 Succeeded by Edward Livingston Preceded by John C. Calhoun Vice President of the United States 1833 -- 1837 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson 8th President of the United States 1837 -- 1841 Succeeded by William Henry Harrison Diplomatic posts Preceded by Louis McLane United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1831 -- 1832 Succeeded by Aaron Vail Acting Party political offices Preceded by John C. Calhoun Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1832 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1836, 1840 Succeeded by James K. Polk New political party Free Soil nominee for President of the United States 1848 Succeeded by John P. Hale Honorary titles Preceded by John Quincy Adams Oldest living President of the United States 1848 -- 1862 Succeeded by James Buchanan Articles related to Martin Van Buren Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Trump Book Category Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John Nance Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Dan Quayle ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017 -- present ) List Category Governors and Lieutenant Governors of New York Governors G. Clinton Jay G. Clinton Lewis Tompkins Tayler D. Clinton Yates D. Clinton Pitcher Van Buren Throop Marcy Seward Bouck Wright Young Fish Hunt Seymour Clark King Morgan Seymour Fenton Hoffman J. Adams Dix Tilden Robinson Cornell Cleveland Hill Flower Morton Black T. Roosevelt Odell Higgins Hughes White J. Alden Dix Sulzer Glynn Whitman Smith Miller Smith F. Roosevelt Lehman Poletti Dewey Harriman Rockefeller Wilson Carey M. Cuomo Pataki Spitzer Paterson A. Cuomo Lieutenant Governors Van Cortlandt S. Van Rensselaer J. Van Rensselaer Broome Tayler Clinton Tayler Swift Tayler Root Tallmadge Pitcher P. Livingston Dayan Throop Stebbins Oliver E. Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul Italics indicate acting officeholders United States Senators from New York Class 1 Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand Class 3 R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer Attorneys General of New York Benson Varick Burr M. Lewis Lawrence J. Hoffman Spencer Woodworth Hildreth Van Vechten Hildreth Emmet Van Vechten M. Van Buren Oakley Talcott Bronson Beardsley Hall Barker J. Van Buren Jordan Chatfield Stow O Hoffman Cushing Tremain Myers Dickinson Cochrane Martindale Champlain Barlow Pratt Fairchild Schoonmaker Ward Sr. Russell O'Brien Tabor Rosendale Hancock Davies Cunneen Mayer Jackson O'Malley Carmody Parsons Woodbury M.E. Lewis Newton Sherman Ottinger Ward Jr. Bennett Goldstein Javits Lefkowitz Abrams Koppell Vacco Spitzer Cuomo Schneiderman Underwood * Acting Attorney General United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Pompeo Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James 's Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1785 -- 1811 John Adams ( 1785 -- 1788 ) Thomas Pinckney ( 1792 -- 1796 ) Rufus King ( 1796 -- 1803 ) James Monroe ( 1803 -- 1807 ) William Pinkney ( 1808 -- 1811 ) Jonathan Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1811 -- 1812 ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1815 -- 1893 John Quincy Adams ( 1815 -- 1817 ) Richard Rush ( 1818 -- 1825 ) Rufus King ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Albert Gallatin ( 1826 -- 1827 ) James Barbour ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Louis McLane ( 1829 -- 1831 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1831 -- 1832 ) Aaron Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Andrew Stevenson ( 1836 -- 1841 ) Edward Everett ( 1841 -- 1845 ) Louis McLane ( 1845 -- 1846 ) George Bancroft ( 1846 -- 1849 ) Abbott Lawrence ( 1849 -- 1852 ) Joseph R. Ingersoll ( 1852 -- 1853 ) James Buchanan ( 1853 -- 1856 ) George M. Dallas ( 1856 -- 1861 ) Charles Adams Sr. ( 1861 -- 1868 ) Reverdy Johnson ( 1868 -- 1869 ) John Lothrop Motley ( 1869 -- 1870 ) Robert C. Schenck ( 1871 -- 1876 ) Edwards Pierrepont ( 1876 -- 1877 ) John Welsh ( 1877 -- 1879 ) James Russell Lowell ( 1880 -- 1885 ) Edward J. Phelps ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1893 -- present Thomas F. Bayard Sr. ( 1893 -- 1897 ) John Hay ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Joseph Choate ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Whitelaw Reid ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Walter Page ( 1913 - 1918 ) John W. Davis ( 1918 -- 1921 ) George Harvey ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Frank B. Kellogg ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Alanson B. Houghton ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Andrew W. Mellon ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Robert Bingham ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( 1938 -- 1940 ) John G. Winant ( 1941 -- 1946 ) W. Averell Harriman ( 1946 ) Lewis W. Douglas ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Walter S. Gifford ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Winthrop W. Aldrich ( 1953 -- 1957 ) John Hay Whitney ( 1957 -- 1961 ) David K.E. Bruce ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Walter H. Annenberg ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Anne Armstrong ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Kingman Brewster Jr. ( 1977 -- 1981 ) John J. Louis Jr. ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Charles H. Price II ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Henry E. Catto Jr. ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Raymond G.H. Seitz ( 1991 -- 1994 ) William J. Crowe ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Philip Lader ( 1997 -- 2001 ) William Stamps Farish III ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Robert H. Tuttle ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Louis Susman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Matthew Barzun ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Woody Johnson ( 2017 -- ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. Johnson Van Buren / None Polk / Dallas Cass / Butler Pierce / King Buchanan / Breckinridge Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane, SD ) McClellan / Pendleton Seymour / Blair Greeley / Brown Tilden / Hendricks Hancock / English Cleveland / Hendricks Cleveland / Thurman Cleveland / Stevenson I W. Bryan / Sewall W. Bryan / Stevenson I Parker / H. Davis W. Bryan / Kern Wilson / Marshall ( twice ) Cox / Roosevelt J. Davis / C. Bryan Smith / Robinson Roosevelt / Garner ( twice ) Roosevelt / Wallace Roosevelt / Truman Truman / Barkley Stevenson II / Sparkman Stevenson II / Kefauver Kennedy / L. Johnson L. Johnson / Humphrey Humphrey / Muskie McGovern / ( Eagleton, Shriver ) Carter / Mondale ( twice ) Mondale / Ferraro Dukakis / Bentsen B. Clinton / Gore ( twice ) Gore / Lieberman Kerry / Edwards Obama / Biden ( twice ) H. 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Johnson Whig Party Nominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections : House Senate ( 1836 ← ) United States presidential election, 1840 ( 1844 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee William H. Harrison ( campaign ) VP nominee John Tyler Candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee None Other 1840 elections : House Senate ( 1840 ← ) United States presidential election, 1844 ( 1848 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee James K. Polk VP nominee George M. Dallas Candidates Martin Van Buren James Buchanan Lewis Cass Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Convention Nominee Henry Clay VP nominee Theodore Frelinghuysen Other 1844 elections : House Senate ( 1844 ← ) United States presidential election, 1848 ( 1852 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee Zachary Taylor VP nominee Millard Fillmore Candidates Henry Clay John M. Clayton Winfield Scott Daniel Webster Democratic Party Convention Nominee Lewis Cass VP nominee William O. Butler Candidates James Buchanan Levi Woodbury Martin Van Buren Free Soil Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Charles F. Adams Candidates John P. Hale Joshua R. Giddings Other 1848 elections : House Senate Biography portal Government of the United States portal New York portal Politics portal Law portal United States portal BIBSYS : 90116949 BNF : cb119724137 ( data ) GND : 118803824 ISNI : 0000 0000 8150 1034 LCCN : n80057180 NARA : 10581382 NDL : 00526954 NKC : xx0105898 SNAC : w6q34p4z SUDOC : 027747565 US Congress : V000009 VIAF : 69725811 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&oldid=843590253 '' Categories : 1782 births 1862 deaths Presidents of the United States Vice Presidents of the United States 18th - century American people 18th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians 19th - century American diplomats 19th - century American politicians 19th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom American members of the Dutch Reformed Church American people of Dutch descent Burials in New York ( state ) Claverack College alumni Deaths from asthma Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Democratic Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party Presidents of the United States Democratic Party Vice Presidents of the United States Democratic Party state governors of the United States Democratic - Republican Party United States Senators Governors of New York ( state ) Jackson administration cabinet members New York ( state ) Democratic - Republicans New York ( state ) Democrats New York ( state ) Free Soilers New York ( state ) lawyers New York State Attorneys General New York State Senators People from Kinderhook, New York Reformed Church in America members American slave owners United States Secretaries of State United States Senators from New York ( state ) United States presidential candidates, 1836 United States presidential candidates, 1840 United States presidential candidates, 1844 United States presidential candidates, 1848 United States presidential electors, 1820 United States vice-presidential candidates, 1824 United States vice-presidential candidates, 1832 American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Van Buren family Martin Van Buren Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with short description Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 105 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 04 : 11. 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Question: 8th president of the united states of america
Answer: Martin Van Buren