Political freedom - wikipedia Political freedom `` Freedoms '' redirects here. For other uses, see Freedom. Part of a series on Liberalism Schools History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right - libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Nick Clegg Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ludwig Joseph Brentano Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Thomas Hobbes L.T. Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Auberon Herbert Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse Wilhelm von Humboldt John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Zef Jubani Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal Political freedom ( also known as a political autonomy or political agency ) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies. Political freedom was described as freedom from oppression or coercion, the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions, or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society. Although political freedom is often interpreted negatively as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action, it can also refer to the positive exercise of rights, capacities and possibilities for action, and the exercise of social or group rights. The concept can also include freedom from `` internal '' constraints on political action or speech ( e.g. social conformity, consistency, or `` inauthentic '' behaviour ). The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state. Contents 1 Views 2 History 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Views Various groups along the political spectrum naturally differ on what they believe constitutes `` true '' political freedom. Left - wing political philosophy generally couples the notion of freedom with that of positive liberty, or the enabling of a group or individual to determine their own life or realize their own potential. Freedom, in this sense, may include freedom from poverty, starvation, treatable disease, and oppression, as well as freedom from force and coercion, from whomever they may issue. Friedrich Hayek, a classical liberal, criticized this as a misconception of freedom : ( T ) he use of `` liberty '' to describe the physical `` ability to do what I want '', the power to satisfy our wishes, or the extent of the choice of alternatives open to us... has been deliberately fostered as part of the socialist argument... the notion of collective power over circumstances has been substituted for that of individual liberty. Anarcho - socialists see negative and positive liberty as complementary concepts of freedom. Such a view of rights may require utilitarian trade - offs, such as sacrificing the right to the product of one 's labor or freedom of association for less racial discrimination or more subsidies for housing. Social anarchists describe the negative liberty - centric view endorsed by capitalism as `` selfish freedom ''. Anarcho - capitalists see negative rights as a consistent system. Ayn Rand described it as `` a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man 's freedom of action in a social context. To such libertarians, positive liberty is contradictory, since so - called `` rights '' must be traded off against each other, debasing legitimate rights which, by definition, trump other moral considerations. Any alleged `` right '' which calls for an end result ( e.g. housing, education, medical services ) produced by people is, in effect, a purported `` right '' to enslave others. Some notable philosophers, such as Alasdair MacIntyre, have theorized freedom in terms of our social interdependence with other people. American Economist Milton Friedman in his book Capitalism and Freedom argues that there are two types of freedom : political freedom and Economic freedom. Friedman asserted that without economic freedom, there can not be political freedom. This idea was contested by Robin Hahnel in his article `` Why the Market Subverts Democracy. '' Robin Hahnel points out a set of issues with Friedman 's understanding of economic freedom : that there will in fact be infringements on the freedom of others whenever anyone exercises their own economic freedom, and that such infringements can only be avoided if there is a precisely defined property rights system -- which Friedman fails to provide or specify directly. According to political philosopher Nikolas Kompridis, the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be broadly divided into two motivating ideals : freedom as autonomy or independence ; and freedom as the ability to cooperatively initiate a new beginning. Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to ( and a condition of ) `` power relations '', or the power of `` action upon actions, '' by Michel Foucault. It has also been closely identified with certain kinds of artistic and cultural practice by Cornelius Castoriadis, Antonio Gramsci, Herbert Marcuse, Jacques Ranciere, and Theodor Adorno. Environmentalists often argue that political freedoms should include some constraint on use of ecosystems. They maintain there is no such thing, for instance, as `` freedom to pollute '' or `` freedom to deforest '' given that such activities create negative externalities. The popularity of SUVs, golf, and urban sprawl has been used as evidence that some ideas of freedom and ecological conservation can clash. This leads at times to serious confrontations and clashes of values reflected in advertising campaigns, e.g. that of PETA regarding fur. John Dalberg - Acton stated that `` The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities. '' Gerald MacCallum spoke of a compromise between positive and negative freedoms. An agent must have full autonomy over themselves. It is triadic in relation to each other, because it is about three things : the agent, the constraints they need to be free from, and the goal they 're aspiring to. History Hannah Arendt traces freedom 's conceptual origins to ancient Greek politics. According to her study, the concept of freedom was historically inseparable from political action. Politics could only be practiced by those who had freed themselves from the necessities of life, so that they could participate in the realm of political affairs. According to Arendt, the concept of freedom became associated with the Christian notion of freedom of the will, or inner freedom, around the 5th century C.E. and since then, freedom as a form of political action has been neglected, even though, as she says, freedom is `` the raison d'être of politics. '' Arendt says that political freedom is historically opposed to sovereignty or will - power, since in ancient Greece and Rome, the concept of freedom was inseparable from performance, and did not arise as a conflict between the `` will '' and the `` self. '' Similarly, the idea of freedom as freedom from politics is a notion that developed in modern times. This is opposed to the idea of freedom as the capacity to `` begin anew, '' which Arendt sees as a corollary to the innate human condition of natality, or our nature as `` new beginnings and hence beginners. '' In Arendt 's view, political action is an interruption of automatic process, either natural or historical. The freedom to begin anew is thus an extension of `` the freedom to call something into being which did not exist before, which was not given, not even as an object of cognition or imagination, and which therefore, strictly speaking, could not be known. '' See also Academic freedom Civil and political rights Decentralization Dissident Economic freedom Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, which is related to freedom of privacy Freedom House Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of thought Global Social Change Research Project Libertarianism ( disambiguation ) List of indices of freedom Political prisoner Right to arms Scientific freedom Suffrage Two Treatises of Government Notes ^ Jump up to : Hannah Arendt, `` What is Freedom ? '', Between Past and Future : Eight Exercises in Political Thought, ( New York : Penguin, 1993 ). Jump up ^ Iris Marion Young, `` Five Faces of Oppression '', Justice and the Politics of Difference '' ( Princeton University press, 1990 ), 39 - 65. Jump up ^ Michael Sandel, Justice : What 's the Right Thing to Do ? ( Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010 ). Jump up ^ Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom ( Anchor Books, 2000 ). Jump up ^ Karl Marx, `` Alienated Labour '' in Early Writings. Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, Liberty ( Oxford 2004 ). Jump up ^ Charles Taylor, `` What 's Wrong With Negative Liberty ? '', Philosophy and the Human Sciences : Philosophical Papers ( Cambridge, 1985 ), 211 - 29. Jump up ^ Ralph Waldo Emerson, `` Self - Reliance '' ; Nikolas Kompridis, `` Struggling Over the Meaning of Recognition : A Matter of Identity, Justice or Freedom ? '' in European Journal of Political Theory July 2007 vol. 6 no. 3 277 - 289. Jump up ^ Friedrich August von Hayek, ' Freedom and Coercion ' in David Miller ( ed ), Liberty ( 1991 ) pp. 80, 85 - 86 Jump up ^ Anarchism FAQ Jump up ^ Alasdair MacIntyre, `` The Virtues of Acknowledged Dependence '', Rational Dependent Animals : Why Humans Need the Virtues ( Open Court, 2001 ). Jump up ^ Hahnel, R. ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ). `` Why the Market Subverts Democracy ''. American Behavioral Scientist. 52 ( 7 ) : 1006 -- 1022. doi : 10.1177 / 0002764208327672. Jump up ^ Friedman, Milton ( 1962 ). Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press. Jump up ^ Nikolas Kompridis, `` The Idea of a New Beginning : A Romantic Source of Normativity and Freedom '' in Philosophical Romanticism ( New York : Routledge, 2007 ), 32 - 59. Jump up ^ Michel Foucault, `` The Subject and Power '' in Paul Rabinow and Nikolas S. Rose, eds., The Essential Foucault. Jump up ^ Acton, John D. ( 1907 ). The History of Freedom and Other Essays. London : Macmillan. p. 4. Jump up ^ MacCallum, Gerald ( July 1967 ). `` Negative and Positive Freedom '' ( PDF ). The Philosophical Review. 73 ( 3 ). Jump up ^ Hannah Arendt, `` What is Freedom ? '', Between Past and Future : Eight exercises in political thought ( New York : Penguin, 1993 ). Jump up ^ Hannah Arendt, `` What is Freedom ? '', p. 151. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Freedom Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism from Alberto Abadie -- Harvard University and NBER, October 2004 ( pdf ). Brief review of trends in political change : freedom and conflict Global trends. Freedom : The Great Gift of the West Liberty Concepts Positive liberty Negative liberty Cognitive liberty Social liberty Rights Free will Moral responsibility Goddess of Liberty By type Academic Civil Economic Intellectual Morphological Political By right Assembly Association Choice Education Information Movement Press Religion Public speech Thought Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_freedom&oldid=767410724 '' Categories : Civil rights and liberties Political concepts Social concepts Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Variants Views Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Қазақша Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Norsk Patois Português Русский سنڌي தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2017, at 19 : 31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what freedoms are usually enjoyed in a democratic country
Answer: Political freedom