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Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Other topics Balinese Hinduism Calendar Criticism Denominations Iconography Mythology Nationalism ( Hindutva ) Persecution Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Judaism Hinduism by country Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal The Shulba Sutras or Śulbasūtras ( Sanskrit śulba : `` string, cord, rope '' ) are sutra texts belonging to the Śrauta ritual and containing geometry related to fire - altar construction. Contents 1 Purpose and origins 2 List of Shulba Sutras 3 Mathematics 3.1 Pythagorean theorem 3.2 Pythagorean triples 3.3 Geometry 3.4 Square roots 3.5 Numerals 3.6 Incommensurables 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References 7 Citations and footnotes 8 External links Purpose and origins The Shulba Sutras are part of the larger corpus of texts called the Shrauta Sutras, considered to be appendices to the Vedas. They are the only sources of knowledge of Indian mathematics from the Vedic period. Unique fire - altar shapes were associated with unique gifts from the Gods. For instance, `` he who desires heaven is to construct a fire - altar in the form of a falcon '' ; `` a fire - altar in the form of a tortoise is to be constructed by one desiring to win the world of Brahman '' and `` those who wish to destroy existing and future enemies should construct a fire - altar in the form of a rhombus ''. The four major Shulba Sutras, which are mathematically the most significant, are those attributed to Baudhayana, Manava, Apastamba and Katyayana. Their language is late Vedic Sanskrit, pointing to a composition roughly during the 1st millennium BCE. The oldest is the sutra attributed to Baudhayana, possibly compiled around 800 BCE to 600 BCE. while the youngest content may date to about 200 CE. List of Shulba Sutras Apastamba Baudhayana Manava Katyayana Maitrayaniya ( somewhat similar to Manava text ) Varaha ( in manuscript ) Vadhula ( in manuscript ) Hiranyakeshin ( similar to Apastamba Shulba Sutras ) Mathematics Pythagorean theorem The sutras contain discussion and non-axiomatic demonstrations of cases of the Pythagorean theorem and Pythagorean triples. It is also implied and cases presented in the earlier work of Apastamba and Baudhayana, although there is no consensus on whether or not Apastamba 's rule is derived from Mesopotamia. In Baudhayana, the rules are given as follows : 1.9. The diagonal of a square produces double the area ( of the square ). (... ) 1.12. The areas ( of the squares ) produced separately by the lengths of the breadth of a rectangle together equal the area ( of the square ) produced by the diagonal. 1.13. This is observed in rectangles having sides 3 and 4, 12 and 5, 15 and 8, 7 and 24, 12 and 35, 15 and 36. The Satapatha Brahmana and the Taittiriya Samhita were probably also aware of the Pythagoras theorem. Seidenberg ( 1983 ) argued that either `` Old Babylonia got the theorem of Pythagoras from India or that Old Babylonia and India got it from a third source ''. Seidenberg suggested that this source might be Sumerian and may predate 1700 BC. Staal 1999 illustrates an application of the Pythagorean Theorem in the Shulba Sutra to convert a rectangle to a square of equal area. Pythagorean triples Apastamba 's rules for building right angles in altars use the following Pythagorean triples : ( 3, 4, 5 ) ( displaystyle ( 3, 4, 5 ) ) ( 5, 12, 13 ) ( displaystyle ( 5, 12, 13 ) ) ( 8, 15, 17 ) ( displaystyle ( 8, 15, 17 ) ) ( 12, 35, 37 ) ( displaystyle ( 12, 35, 37 ) ) The same triples are easily derived from an old Babylonian rule, which makes Mesopotamian influence on the sutras likely. Geometry Part of a series of articles on the mathematical constant π Uses Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae Properties Irrationality Transcendence Value Less than 22 / 7 Approximations Memorization People Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Ludolph van Ceulen Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenko William Jones John Machin William Shanks John Wrench Chudnovsky brothers Yasumasa Kanada History Chronology Book In culture Legislation Holiday Related topics Squaring the circle Basel problem Six nines in π Other topics related to π The Baudhayana Shulba sutra gives the construction of geometric shapes such as squares and rectangles. It also gives, sometimes approximate, geometric area - preserving transformations from one geometric shape to another. These include transforming a square into a rectangle, an isosceles trapezium, an isosceles triangle, a rhombus, and a circle, and transforming a circle into a square. In these texts approximations, such as the transformation of a circle into a square, appear side by side with more accurate statements. As an example, the statement of circling the square is given in Baudhayana as : 2.9. If it is desired to transform a square into a circle, ( a cord of length ) half the diagonal ( of the square ) is stretched from the centre to the east ( a part of it lying outside the eastern side of the square ) ; with one - third ( of the part lying outside ) added to the remainder ( of the half diagonal ), the ( required ) circle is drawn. and the statement of squaring the circle is given as : 2.10. To transform a circle into a square, the diameter is divided into eight parts ; one ( such ) part after being divided into twenty - nine parts is reduced by twenty - eight of them and further by the sixth ( of the part left ) less the eighth ( of the sixth part ). 2.11. Alternatively, divide ( the diameter ) into fifteen parts and reduce it by two of them ; this gives the approximate side of the square ( desired ). The constructions in 2.9 and 2.10 give a value of π as 3.088, while the construction in 2.11 gives π as 3.004. Square roots Altar construction also led to an estimation of the square root of 2 as found in three of the sutras. In the Baudhayana sutra it appears as : 2.12. The measure is to be increased by its third and this ( third ) again by its own fourth less the thirty - fourth part ( of that fourth ) ; this is ( the value of ) the diagonal of a square ( whose side is the measure ). which leads to the value of the square root of two as being : 2 ≈ 1 + 1 3 + 1 3 ⋅ 4 − 1 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 34 = 577 408 = 1.4142... ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( 2 ) ) approx 1 + ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 cdot 4 ) ) - ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 cdot 4 cdot 34 ) ) = ( \frac ( 577 ) ( 408 ) ) = 1.4142... ) One conjecture about how such an approximation was obtained is that it was taken by the formula : a 2 + r ≈ a + r 2 a − ( r / 2 a ) 2 2 ( a + r 2 a ), ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + r ) ) approx a+ ( \frac ( r ) ( 2a ) ) - ( \frac ( ( r / 2a ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ( a+ ( \frac ( r ) ( 2a ) ) ) ) ), ) with a = 4 / 3 ( displaystyle a = 4 / 3 ) and r = 2 / 9 ( displaystyle r = 2 / 9 ) which is an approximation that follows a rule given by the twelfth century Muslim mathematician Al - Hassar. The result is correct to 5 decimal places. This formula is also similar in structure to the formula found on a Mesopotamian tablet from the Old Babylonian period ( 1900 - 1600 BCE ) : 2 = 1 + 24 60 + 51 60 2 + 10 60 3 = 1.41421297. ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( 2 ) ) = 1 + ( \frac ( 24 ) ( 60 ) ) + ( \frac ( 51 ) ( 60 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \frac ( 10 ) ( 60 ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = 1.41421297. ) which expresses 2 ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) in the sexagesimal system, and which too is accurate up to 5 decimal places ( after rounding ). Indeed, an early method for calculating square roots can be found in some Sutras, the method involves the recursive formula : x ≈ x − 1 + 1 2 ⋅ x − 1 ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( x ) ) approx ( sqrt ( x-1 ) ) + ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 2 cdot ( sqrt ( x-1 ) ) ) ) ) for large values of x, which bases itself on the non-recursive identity a 2 + r ≈ a + r 2 ⋅ a ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + r ) ) approx a+ ( \frac ( r ) ( 2 cdot a ) ) ) for values of r extremely small relative to a. Numerals Before the period of the Sulbasutras was at an end, the Brahmi numerals had definitely begun to appear ( c. 300BCE ) and the similarity with modern - day numerals is clear to see. More importantly even still was the development of the concept of decimal place value. Certain rules given by the famous Indian grammarian Pāṇini ( c. 500 BCE ) add a zero suffix ( a suffix with no phonemes in it ) to a base to form words, and this can be said somehow to imply the concept of the mathematical zero. Incommensurables It has also been suggested the sutras contain the concept of incommensurability. Further reading Seidenberg, A. 1983. `` The Geometry of the Vedic Rituals. '' In The Vedic Ritual of the Fire Altar. Ed. Frits Staal. Berkeley : Asian Humanities Press. Sen, S.N., and A.K. Bag. 1983. The Sulbasutras. New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy. See also Kalpa ( Vedanga ) References Plofker, Kim ( 2007 ). `` Mathematics in India ''. The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam : A Sourcebook. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11485 - 9. Boyer, Carl B. ( 1991 ). A History of Mathematics ( Second ed. ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0 - 471 - 54397 - 7. Cooke, Roger ( 1997 ). The History of Mathematics : A Brief Course. Wiley - Interscience. ISBN 0 - 471 - 18082 - 3. Cooke, Roger ( 2005 ), The History of Mathematics : A Brief Course, New York : Wiley - Interscience, 632 pages, ISBN 0 - 471 - 44459 - 6 Staal, Frits ( 1999 ), `` Greek and Vedic Geometry '' ( PDF ), Journal of Indian Philosophy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 27 : 105 -- 127 Citations and footnotes ^ Jump up to : Plofker, Kim ( 2007 ). Certain shapes and sizes of fire - altars were associated with particular gifts that the sacrificer desired from the gods : `` he who desires heaven is to construct a fire - altar in the form of a falcon '' ; `` a fire - altar in the form of a tortoise is to be constructed by one desiring to win the world of Brahman '' ; `` those who wish to destroy existing and future enemies should construct a fire - altar in the form of a rhombus '' ( Sen and Bag 1983, 86, 98, 111 ). Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Boyer, Carl Benjamin ( 1991 ). `` China and India ''. A History of Mathematics ( 2nd ed. ). p. 207. We find rules for the construction of right angles by means of triples of cords the lengths of which form Pythagorean triages, such as 3, 4, and 5, or 5, 12, and 13, or 8, 15, and 17, or 12, 35, and 37. However all of these triads are easily derived from the old Babylonian rule ; hence, Mesopotamian influence in the Sulvasutras is not unlikely. Aspastamba knew that the square on the diagonal of a rectangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the two adjacent sides, but this form of the Pythagorean theorem also may have been derived from Mesopotamia... So conjectural are the origin and period of the Sulbasutras that we can not tell whether or not the rules are related to early Egyptian surveying or to the later Greek problem of altar doubling. They are variously dated within an interval of almost a thousand years stretching from the eighth century B.C. to the second century of our era. Jump up ^ `` Hindutva 's science envy ''. Jump up ^ The rule in the Apastamba can not be derived from Old Babylon ( Cf. Bryant 2001 : 263 ) Jump up ^ Plofker, Kim ( 2007 ). pp. 388 -- 389. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Seidenberg 1983. Bryant 2001 : 262 Jump up ^ Seidenberg 1983, 121 Jump up ^ Joseph, G.G. ( 2000 ). The Crest of the Peacock : The Non-European Roots of Mathematics. Princeton University Press. p. 229. ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Plofker, Kim ( 2007 ). pp. 388 -- 391. Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Plofker, Kim ( 2007 ). p. 391. Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Plofker, Kim ( 2007 ). p. 392. The `` circulature '' and quadrature techniques in 2.9 and 2.10, the first of which is illustrated in figure 4.4, imply what we would call a value of π of 3.088, (... ) The quadrature in 2.11, on the other hand, suggests that π = 3.004 ( where s = 2r 13 / 15 ), which is already considered only `` approximate. '' In 2.12, the ratio of a square 's diagonal to its side ( our 2 ) ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) is considered to be 1 + 1 / 3 + 1 / ( 3 4 ) - 1 / ( 3 4 34 ) = 1.4142. ) Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cooke ( 1997 ). `` The Mathematics of the Hindus ''. p. 200. The Hindus had a very good system of approximating irrational square roots. Three of the Sulva Sutras contain the approximation 1 + 1 3 + 1 3 ⋅ 4 − 1 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 34 ( displaystyle 1 + ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 cdot 4 ) ) - ( \frac ( 1 ) ( 3 cdot 4 cdot 34 ) ) ) for the diagonal of a square of side 1 ( that is 2 ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ). (... ) We can only conjecture how such an approximation was obtained. One guess is the approximation a 2 + r = a + r 2 a − ( r / 2 a ) 2 2 ( a + r 2 a ) ( displaystyle ( sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + r ) ) = a+ ( \frac ( r ) ( 2a ) ) - ( \frac ( ( r / 2a ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ( a+ ( \frac ( r ) ( 2a ) ) ) ) ) ) with a = 4 / 3 and r = 2 / 9. This approximation follows a rule given by the twelfth century Muslim mathematician Al - Hassar. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Neugebauer, O. and A. Sachs. 1945. Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press. p. 45. Jump up ^ ( Cooke 2005, p. 200 ) Jump up ^ Boyer ( 1991 ). `` China and India ''. p. 208. It has been claimed also that the first recognition of incommensurables is to be found in India during the Sulbasutra period, Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links Indian mathematics Mathematicians Ancient Apastamba Baudhayana Katyayana Manava Pāṇini Pingala Yajnavalkya Classical Āryabhaṭa I Āryabhaṭa II Bhāskara I Bhāskara II Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri Brahmadeva Brahmagupta Brihaddeshi Govindasvāmi Halayudha Jyeṣṭhadeva Kamalakara Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma Mahāvīra Mahendra Sūri Munishvara Narayana Pandit Parameshvara Achyuta Pisharati Jagannatha Samrat Nilakantha Somayaji Śrīpati Sridhara Gangesha Upadhyaya Varāhamihira Sankara Variar Virasena Modern Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science Treatises Āryabhaṭīya Bakhshali manuscript Bijaganita Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta Ganita Kaumudi Karanapaddhati Līlāvatī Lokavibhaga Paulisa Siddhanta Paitamaha Siddhanta Romaka Siddhanta Sadratnamala Siddhānta Shiromani Śulba Sūtras Surya Siddhanta Tantrasamgraha Vasishtha Siddhanta Veṇvāroha Yuktibhāṣā Yavanajataka Centres Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics Ujjain Jantar Mantar ( Jaipur, Delhi ) Historians of mathematics Bibhutibhushan Datta T.A. Sarasvati Amma A.A. Krishnaswami Ayyangar Sudhakara Dvivedi Radha Charan Gupta Kim Plofker K.V. Sarma Bapudeva Sastri Prabodh Chandra Sengupta Translators Walter Eugene Clark David Pingree Other regions Babylonian mathematics Chinese mathematics Greek mathematics Islamic mathematics European mathematics Modern institutions Indian Statistical Institute Chennai Mathematical Institute Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai Indian Institute of Science Harish - Chandra Research Institute Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shulba_Sutras&oldid=800156765 '' Categories : Hindu texts Indian mathematics Pi Sutra literature Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 20 : 30. 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Question: ancient mathematics book shiva sutra was written by
Answer: Baudhayana