Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 -- 1948 بھارت پاکستان جنگ١٩۴۷ - ١٩۴۸ ‎ भारत - पाकिस्तान युद्ध १९४७ - १९४८ Part of the Indo - Pakistani Wars Indian soldiers during the 1947 -- 1948 war. Date 22 October 1947 -- 1 January 1949 ( 1 year, 2 months, 1 week and 3 days ) Location Kashmir Result Ceasefire agreement Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India UN Ceasefire Line of 1949 ( later becomes Line of Control after the Simla Agreement of 1972 ) Territorial changes Pakistan controls roughly a third of Kashmir ( Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan ), whereas India controls the rest ( Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh ). Belligerents Dominion of India Jammu and Kashmir Dominion of Pakistan Azad Kashmir irregular forces Indian National Army ( retired officers ) Muslim League National Guard Tribal militias Kurram Militia Frontier Scouts Swat Army Furqan Force Gilgit Scouts Commanders and leaders Gov. Gen. Lord Mountbatten PM Jawaharlal Nehru Gen. Rob Lockhart Gen. Roy Bucher Air Marshal Thomas Elmhirst Lt. Gen. Dudley Russell Lt. Gen. K.M. Cariappa Lt. Gen. S.M. Shrinagesh Maj. Gen. K.S. Thimayya Maj. Gen. Kalwant Singh Maharaja Hari Singh PM Mehr Chand Mahajan Interim Head Sheikh Abdullah Brig. Rajinder Singh Lt. Col. Kashmir Singh Katoch Gov. Gen. Mohammad Ali Jinnah PM Liaquat Ali Khan Gen. Frank Messervy Gen. Douglas Gracey Col. Akbar Khan Col. Sher Khan Maj. Khurshid Anwar Maj. Gen. Zaman Kiani Sardar Ibrahim Mirza Mahmood Ahmad Major William Brown Major Mohammad Aslam Casualties and losses 1,104 killed 3,154 wounded 6,000 killed ~ 14,000 wounded Conflict started when Pashtun tribal forces, and later Indian and Pakistani Army regulars, entered the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 -- 1948, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo - Pakistan Wars fought between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after independence by launching tribal lashkar ( militia ) from Waziristan, in an effort to secure Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries. The Maharaja faced an uprising by his Muslim subjects in Poonch, and lost control of the western districts of his kingdom. On 22 October 1947, Pakistan 's Pashtun tribal militias crossed the border of the state. These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take Srinagar, but on reaching Baramulla, they took to plunder and stalled. Hari Singh made a plea to India for assistance, and help was offered, but it was subject to his signing an Instrument of Accession to India. The war was initially fought by the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and by tribal militias from the Frontier Tribal Areas adjoining the North - West Frontier Province. Following the accession of the state to India on 26 October 1947, Indian troops were air - lifted to Srinagar, the state capital. The British commanding officers initially refused the entry of Pakistani troops into the conflict, citing the accession of the state to India. However, later in 1948, they relented and the Pakistani armies entered the war after this. The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the Line of Control. A formal cease - fire was declared at 23 : 59 on the night of 31 December 1948. The result of the war was inconclusive. However, most neutral assessments agree that India was the victor of the war as it was able to successfully defend about two - thirds of the Kashmir including Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh. Contents 1 Background 2 Partition of India 3 Developments in Jammu and Kashmir ( August -- October 1947 ) 3.1 Rebellion in Poonch 3.2 Pakistan 's preparations, Maharaja 's manoeuvring 3.3 Operation Gulmarg 3.4 Operations in Poonch and Mirpur 4 Accession of Kashmir 5 Stages of the war 5.1 Initial invasion 5.2 Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley 5.3 Attempted link - up at Poonch and fall of Mirpur 5.4 Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri 5.5 Operation Vijay : counterattack to Jhanger 5.6 Indian spring offensive 5.7 Operations Gulab and Eraze 5.8 Operation Bison 5.9 Operation Easy ; Poonch link - up 5.10 Moves up to cease - fire 6 Military awards 6.1 Battle honours 6.2 Gallantry awards 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading Background Further information : History of Kashmir Prior to 1815, the area now known as `` Jammu and Kashmir '' comprised 22 small independent states ( 16 Hindu and six Muslim ) carved out of territories controlled by the Amir ( King ) of Afghanistan, combined with those of local small rulers. These were collectively referred to as the `` Punjab Hill States ''. These small states, ruled by Rajput kings, were variously independent, vassals of the Mughal Empire since the time of Emperor Akbar or sometimes controlled from Kangra state in the Himachal area. Following the decline of the Mughals, turbulence in Kangra and invasions of Gorkhas, the hill states fell successively under the control of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh. The First Anglo - Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) was fought between the Sikh Empire, which asserted sovereignty over Kashmir, and the East India Company. In the Treaty of Lahore of 1846, the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region ( the Jullundur Doab ) between the Beas River and the Sutlej River and required to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million rupees. Because they could not readily raise this sum, the East India Company allowed the Dogra ruler Gulab Singh to acquire Kashmir from the Sikh kingdom in exchange for making a payment of 750,000 rupees to the Company. Gulab Singh became the first Maharaja of the newly formed princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, founding a dynasty, that was to rule the state, the second - largest principality during the British Raj, until India gained its independence in 1947. Partition of India Main article : Partition of India Partition of India and the movement of refugees The years 1946 -- 1947 saw the rise of All - India Muslim League and Muslim nationalism, demanding a separate state for India 's Muslims. The demand took a violent turn on the Direct Action Day ( 16 August 1946 ) and inter-communal violence between Hindus and Muslims became endemic. Consequently, a decision was taken on 3 June 1947 to divide British India into two separate states, the Dominion of Pakistan comprising the Muslim majority areas and the Union of India comprising the rest. The two provinces Punjab and Bengal with large Muslim - majority areas were to be divided between the two dominions. An estimated 11 million people eventually migrated between the two parts of Punjab, and possibly 1 million perished in the inter-communal violence. Jammu and Kashmir, being adjascent to the Punjab province, was directly affected by the happenings in Punjab. Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, Supreme Commander of Indian and Pakistani armed forces The original target date for the transfer of power to the new dominions was June 1948. However, fearing the rise of inter-communal violence, the British Viceroy Lord Mountbatten advanced the date to 15 August 1947. This gave only 6 weeks to complete all the arrangements for partition. Mountbatten 's original plan was to stay on the joint Governor General for both the dominions till June 1948. However, this was not accepted by the Pakistani leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah. In the event, Mountbatten stayed on as the Governor General of India, whereas Pakistan chose Jinnah as its Governor General. It was envisaged that the nationalisation of the armed forces could not be completed by 15 August. Hence British officers stayed on after the transfer of power. The service chiefs were appointed by the Dominion governments and were responsible to them. The overall administrative control, but not operational control, was vested with Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, who was titled the ' Supreme Commander ', answerable to a newly formed Joint Defence Council of the two dominions. India appointed General Rob Lockhart as its Army chief and Pakistan appointed General Frank Messervy. The presence of the British commanding officers on both sides made the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 a strange war. The two commanding officers were in daily telephone contact and adopted mutually defensive positions. The attitude was that `` you can hit them so hard but not too hard, otherwise there will be all kinds of repercussions. '' Both Lockhart and Messervy were replaced in the course of war, and their successors Roy Bucher and Douglas Gracey tried to exercise restraint on their respective governments. Roy Bucher was apparently successful in doing so in India, but Gracey yielded and let British officers be used in operational roles on the side of Pakistan. One British officer even died in action. Developments in Jammu and Kashmir ( August -- October 1947 ) Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir With the independence of the Dominions, the British Paramountcy over the princely states came to an end. The rulers of the states were advised to join one of the two dominions by executing an Instrument of Accession. Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, along with his prime minister Ram Chandra Kak, decided not to accede to either dominion. The reasons cited were that the Muslim majority population of the State would not be comfortable with joining India, and that the Hindu and Sikh minorities would become vulnerable if the state joined Pakistan. In 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had a wide range of ethnic and religious communities. The Kashmir province consisting of the Kashmir Valley and the Muzaffarabad district had a majority Muslim population ( over 90 % ). The Jammu province, consisting of 5 districts, had a roughly equal division of Hindus and Muslims in the eastern districts ( Udhampur, Jammu and Reasi ) and Muslim majority in the western districts ( Mirpur and Poonch ). The mountainous Ladakh district ( wazarat ) in the east had a significant Buddhist presence with a Muslim majority in Baltistan. The Gilgit Agency in the north was overwhelmingly Muslim and was directly governed by the British under an agreement with the Maharaja. Shortly before the transfer of power, the British returned the Gilgit Agency to the Maharaja, who appointed a Dogra governor for the district and a British commander for the local forces. Sheikh Abdullah, Leader of the National Conference The predominant political movement in the Kashmir Vally, the National Conference led by Sheikh Abdullah, believed in secular politics. It was allied with the Indian National Congress and was believed to favour joining India. On the other hand, the Muslims of the Jammu province supported the Muslim Conference, which was allied to the All - India Muslim League and favoured joining Pakistan. The Hindus of the Jammu province favoured an outright merger with India. In the midst of all the diverging views, the Maharaja 's decision to remain independent was apparently a judicious one. Rebellion in Poonch Main article : 1947 Poonch Rebellion Sometime in August 1947, the first signs of trouble broke out in Poonch, about which diverging views have been received. Poonch was originally an internal jagir ( autonomous principality ), governed by an alternative family line of Maharaja Hari Singh. The taxation is said to have been heavy. The Muslims of Poonch had long campaigned for the principality to be absorbed into the Punjab province of British India. In 1938, a notable disturbance occurred for religious reasons, but a settlement was reached. During the Second World War, over 60,000 men from Poonch and Mirpur districts enrolled in the British Indian Army. After the war, they were discharged with arms, which is said to have alarmed the Maharaja. In June, Poonchis launched a ' No Tax ' campaign. In July, the Maharaja ordered that all the soldiers in the region be disarmed. The absence of employment prospects coupled with high taxation drove the Poonchis to rebellion. The `` gathering head of steam '', states scholar Srinath Raghavan, was utilised by the local Muslim Conference led by Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan ( Sardar Ibrahim ) to further their campaign for accession to Pakistan. According to state government sources, the rebellious militias gathered in the Naoshera - Islamabad area, attacking the state troops and their supply trucks. A battalion of state troops was dispatched, which cleared the roads and dispersed the militias. By September, order was reestablished. The Muslim Conference sources, on the other hand, narrate that hundreds of people were killed in Bagh during flag hoisting around 15 August and that the Maharaja unleased a ' reign of terror ' on 24 August. Local Muslims also told Richard Symonds, a British Quaker social worker, that the army fired on crowds, and burnt houses and villages indiscriminately. According to the Assistant British High Commissioner in Pakistan, H.S. Stephenson, `` the Poonch affair... was greatly exaggerated ''. Pakistan 's preparations, Maharaja 's manoeuvring Scholar Prem Shankar Jha states that the Maharaja had decided, as early as April 1947, that he would accede to India if it was not possible to stay independent. The rebellion in Poonch possibly unnerved the Maharaja. Accordingly, on 11 August, he dismissed his pro-Pakistan Prime Minister, Ramachandra Kak, and appointed retired Major Janak Singh in his place. On 25 August, he sent an invitation to Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan of the Punjab High Court to come as the Prime Minister. On the same day, the Muslim Conference wrote to the Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan warning him that `` if, God forbid, the Pakistan Government or the Muslim League do not act, Kashmir might be lost to them ''. This set the ball rolling in Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan sent a Punjab politician Mian Iftikharuddin to explore the possibility of organising a revolt in Kashmir. Meanwhile, Pakistan cut off essential supplies to the state, such as petrol, sugar and salt. It also stopped trade in timber and other products, and suspended train services to Jammu. Iftikharuddin returned in mid-September to report that the National Conference held strong in the Kashmir Valley and ruled out the possibility of a revolt. Murree, overlooking Kashmir Meanwhile, Sardar Ibrahim had escaped to West Punjab, along with dozens of rebels, and established a base in Murree. From there, the rebels attempted to acquire arms and ammunition for the rebellion and smuggle them into Kashmir. Colonel Akbar Khan, one of a handful of high - ranking officers in the Pakistani Army, with a keen interest in Kashmir, arrived in Murree, and got enmeshed in these efforts. He arranged 4,000 rifles for the rebellion by diverting them from the Army stores. He also wrote out a draft plan titled Armed Revolt inside Kashmir and gave it to Mian Iftikharuddin to be passed on to the Pakistan 's Prime Minister. On 12 September, the Prime Minister held a meeting with Mian Iftikharuddin, Colonel Akbar Khan and another Punjab politician Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan. Hayat Khan had a separate plan, involving the Muslim League National Guard and the militant Pashtun tribes from the Frontier regions. The Prime Minister approved both the plans, and despatched Khurshid Anwar, the head of the Muslim League National Guard, to mobilise the Frontier tribes. Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India The Maharaja was increasingly driven to the wall with the rebellion in the western districts and the Pakistani blockade. He managed to persuade Justice Mahajan to accept the post of Prime Minister ( but not to arrive for another month, for procedural reasons ). He sent word to the Indian leaders through Mahajan that he was willing to accede to India but needed more time to implement political reforms. However, it was India 's position that it would not accept accession from the Maharaja unless it had the people 's support. The Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that Sheikh Abdullah should be released from prison and involved in the state 's government. Accession could only be contemplated afterwards. Following further negotiations, Sheikh Abdullah was released on 29 September. Jawaharlal Nehru, foreseeing a number of disputes over princely states, formulated a policy that `` wherever there is a dispute in regard to any territory, the matter should be decided by a referendum or plebiscite of the people concerned. We shall accept the result of this referendum whatever it may be. '' The policy was communicated to Liaquat Ali Khan on 1 October at a meeting of the Joint Defence Council. Khan 's eyes are said to have `` sparkled '' at the proposal. However, he made no response. Operation Gulmarg Muzaffarabad Poonch Bhimber Abbottabad Swat Dir Chitral Bannu Wanna Kohat Thall Nowshera Operation Gulmarg locations According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani Army prepared a plan called Operation Gulmarg and put it into action as early as 20 August, a few days after Pakistan 's independence. The plan got accidentally revealed to an Indian officer, Major O.S. Kalkat serving with the Bannu Brigade. According to the plan, 20 lashkars ( tribal militias ), each consisting of 1000 Pashtun tribesmen, were to be recruited from among various Pashtun tribes, and armed at the brigade headquarters at Bannu, Wanna, Peshawar, Kohat, Thall and Nowshera by the first week of September. They were expected to reach the launching point of Abbottabad on 18 October, and cross into Jammu and Kashmir on 22 October. Ten lashkars were expected to attack the Kashmir Valley through Muzaffarabad and another ten lashkars were expected to join the rebels in Poonch, Bhimber and Rawalakot with a view to advance to Jammu. Detailed arrangements for the military leadership and armaments were described in the plan. Scholars have noted considerable movement of Pashtun tribes during September -- October. By 13 September, armed Pashtuns drifted into Lahore and Rawalpindi. The Deputy Commissioner of Dera Ismail Khan noted a scheme to send tribesmen from Malakand to Sialkot, in lorries provided by the Pakistan Government. Preparations for attacking Kashmir were also noted in the princely states of Swat, Dir, and Chitral. Scholar Robin James Moore states there is `` little doubt '' that Pashtuns were involved in border raids all along the Punjab border from the Indus to the Ravi. Pakistani sources deny the existence of any plan called Operation Gulmarg. However, Shuja Nawaz does list 22 Pashtun tribes involved in the invasion of Kashmir on 22 October. Operations in Poonch and Mirpur Main article : 1947 Poonch Rebellion Armed rebellion started in the Poonch district at the beginning of October 1947. The fighting elements consisted of `` bands of deserters from the State Army, serving soldiers of the Pakistan Army on leave, ex-servicemen, and other volunteers who had risen spontaneously. '' The first clash is said to have occurred at Thorar ( near Rawalakot ) on 3 -- 4 October 1947. The rebels quickly gained control of almost the entire Poonch district. The State Forces garrison at Poonch came under heavy siege. In the Mirpur district, the border posts at Saligram and Owen Pattan on the Jhelum river were captured by rebels around 8 October. Sehnsa and Throchi were abandoned by State Forces after attack. Radio communications between the fighting units were operated by the Pakistan Army. Even though the Indian Navy intercepted the communications, lacking intelligence in Jammu and Kashmir, it was unable to determine immediately where the fighting was taking place. Accession of Kashmir Following the Muslim revolution in the Poonch and Mirpur area and Pakistani backed Pashtun tribal intervention from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa aimed at supporting the revolution, the Maharaja asked for Indian military assistance. India set the condition that Kashmir must accede to India for it to receive assistance. The Maharaja complied, and the Government of India recognised the accession of the princely state to India. Indian troops were sent to the state to defend it. The Jammu & Kashmir National Conference volunteers aided the Indian Army in its campaign to drive out the Pathan invaders. Pakistan refused to recognise the accession of Kashmir to India, claiming that it was obtained by `` fraud and violence. '' Governor General Mohammad Ali Jinnah ordered its Army Chief General Douglas Gracey to move Pakistani troops to Kashmir at once. However, the Indian and Pakistani forces were still under a joint command, and Field Marshal Auchinleck prevailed upon him to withdraw the order. With its accession to India, Kashmir became legally Indian territory, and the British officers could not a play any role in an inter-Dominion war. The Pakistan army made available arms, ammunition and supplies to the rebel forces who were dubbed the ` Azad Army '. Pakistani army officers ` conveniently ' on leave and the former officers of the Indian National Army were recruited to command the forces. In May 1948, the Pakistani army officially entered the conflict, in theory to defend the Pakistan borders, but it made plans to push towards Jammu and cut the lines of communications of the Indian forces in the Mehndar Valley. In Gilgit, the force of Gilgit Scouts under the command of a British officer Major William Brown mutinied and overthrew the governor Ghansara Singh. Brown prevailed on the forces to declare accession to Pakistan. They are also believed to have received assistance from the Chitral Scouts and the Chitral State Bodyguard 's of the state of Chitral, one of the princely states of Pakistan, which had acceded to Pakistan on 6 October 1947. Stages of the War Initial invasion Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley 27 October 1947 -- 17 November 1947 The first clash occurred at Thorar on 3 -- 4 October 1947. On 22 October another attack was launched in the Muzaffarabad sector. The state forces stationed in the border regions around Muzaffarabad and Domel were quickly defeated by tribal forces ( some Muslim state forces mutinied and joined them ) and the way to the capital was open. Among the raiders, there were many active Pakistani Army soldiers disguised as tribals. They were also provided logistical help by the Pakistan Army. Rather than advancing toward Srinagar before state forces could regroup or be reinforced, the invading forces remained in the captured cities in the border region engaging in looting and other crimes against their inhabitants. In the Poonch valley, the state forces retreated into towns where they were besieged. Indian Operation in the Kashmir Valley Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley 27 October 1947 -- 17 November 1947 After the accession, India airlifted troops and equipment to Srinagar under the command of Lt. col. Dewan Ranjit Rai, where they reinforced the princely state forces, established a defence perimeter and defeated the tribal forces on the outskirts of the city. Initial defense operations included the notable defense of Badgam holding both the capital and airfield overnight against extreme odds. The successful defence included an outflanking manoeuvre by Indian armoured cars during the Battle of Shalateng. The defeated tribal forces were pursued as far as Baramulla and Uri and these towns, too, were recaptured. In the Poonch valley, tribal forces continued to besiege state forces. In Gilgit, the state paramilitary forces, called the Gilgit Scouts, joined the invading tribal forces, who thereby obtained control of this northern region of the state. The tribal forces were also joined by troops from Chitral, whose ruler, Muzaffar ul - Mulk the Mehtar of Chitral, had acceded to Pakistan. Attempted link - up at Poonch and fall of Mirpur Attempted link - up at Poonch 18 November 1947 -- 26 November 1947 Indian forces ceased pursuit of tribal forces after recapturing Uri and Baramula, and sent a relief column southwards, in an attempt to relieve Poonch. Although the relief column eventually reached Poonch, the siege could not be lifted. A second relief column reached Kotli, and evacuated the garrisons of that town and others but were forced to abandon it being too weak to defend it. Meanwhile, Mirpur was captured by the tribal forces on 25 November 1947. Hindu women were reportedly abducted by tribal forces and taken into Pakistan. They were sold in the brothels of Rawalpindi. Around 400 women jumped into wells in Mirpur committing suicide to escape from being abducted. Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri 25 November 1947 -- 6 February 1948 Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri The tribal forces attacked and captured Jhanger. They then attacked Naoshera unsuccessfully, and made a series of unsuccessful attacks on Uri. In the south a minor Indian attack secured Chamb. By this stage of the war the front line began to stabilise as more Indian troops became available. Operation Vijay : counterattack to Jhanger 7 February 1948 -- 1 May 1948 Operation vijay : counterattack to Jhanger The Indian forces launched a counterattack in the south recapturing Jhanger and Rajauri. In the Kashmir Valley the tribal forces continued attacking the Uri garrison. In the north Skardu was brought under siege by the Gilgit scouts. Indian spring offensive Indian Spring Offensive 1 May 1948 -- 19 May 1948 The Indians held onto Jhanger against numerous counterattacks, who were increasingly supported by regular Pakistani Forces. In the Kashmir Valley the Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail. The Gilgit scouts made good progress in the High Himalayas sector, infiltrating troops to bring Leh under siege, capturing Kargil and defeating a relief column heading for Skardu. Indian Spring Offensive 1 May 1948 -- 19 May 1948 Operations Gulab and Eraze The Indians continued to attack in the Kashmir Valley sector driving north to capture Keran and Gurais ( Operation Eraze ). They also repelled a counterattack aimed at Tithwal. In the Jammu region, the forces besieged in Poonch broke out and temporarily linked up with the outside world again. The Kashmir State army was able to defend Skardu from the Gilgit Scouts impeding their advance down the Indus valley towards Leh. In August the Chitral Scouts and Chitral Bodyguard under Mata ul - Mulk besieged Skardu and with the help of artillery were able to take Skardu. This freed the Gilgit Scouts to push further into Ladakh. Operation Duck 15 August 1948 -- 1 November 1948 Operation Bison Main article : Military operations in Ladakh ( 1948 ) During this time the front began to settle down. The siege of Poonch continued. An unsuccessful attack was launched by 77 Parachute Brigade ( Brig Atal ) to capture Zoji La pass. Operation Duck, the earlier epithet for this assault, was renamed as Operation Bison by Cariappa. M5 Stuart light tanks of 7 Cavalry were moved in dismantled conditions through Srinagar and winched across bridges while two field companies of the Madras Sappers converted the mule track across Zoji La into a jeep track. The surprise attack on 1 November by the brigade with armour supported by two regiments of 25 pounders and a regiment of 3.7 - inch guns, forced the pass and pushed the tribal and Pakistani forces back to Matayan and later Dras. The brigade linked up on 24 November at Kargil with Indian troops advancing from Leh while their opponents eventually withdrew northwards toward Skardu. The Pakistani attacked the Skardu on 10 February 1948 which was repulsed by the Indian soldiers. Thereafter, the Skardu Garrison was subjected to continuous attacks by the Pakistan Army for the next three months and each time, their attack was repulsed by the Colonel Sher Jung Thapa and his men. Thapa held the Skardu with hardly 250 men for whole six long months without any reinforcement and replenishment. On 14 August Indian General Sher Jung Thapa had to surrender Skardu to the Pakistani Army. and raiders after a year long siege. Operation Easy. Poonch link - up 1 November 1948 -- 26 November 1948 Operation easy ; Poonch link - up Main article : Military operations in Poonch ( 1948 ) The Indians now started to get the upper hand in all sectors. Poonch was finally relieved after a siege of over a year. The Gilgit forces in the High Himalayas, who had previously made good progress, were finally defeated. The Indians pursued as far as Kargil before being forced to halt due to supply problems. The Zoji La pass was forced by using tanks ( which had not been thought possible at that altitude ) and Dras was recaptured. Moves up to cease - fire Moves up to cease - fire. 27 November 1948 -- 31 December 1948 After protracted negotiations a cease - fire was agreed to by both countries, which came into effect. The terms of the cease - fire as laid out in a United Nations resolution of 13 August 1948, were adopted by the UN on 5 January 1949. This required Pakistan to withdraw its forces, both regular and irregular, while allowing India to maintain minimum strength of its forces in the state to preserve law and order. On compliance of these conditions a plebiscite was to be held to determine the future of the territory. Indian losses were 1,104 killed and 3,154 wounded, whereas Pakistani losses were 6,000 killed and 14,000 wounded. India gained control of the two - thirds Kashmir whereas, Pakistan gained roughly one - third of Kashmir. Most neutral assessments agree that India was the victor of the war as it was able to successfully defend about two thirds of Kashmir including Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh. Military awards Battle honours After the war, a total of number of 11 battle honours and one theatre honour were awarded to units of the Indian Army, the notable amongst which are : Jammu and Kashmir 1947 -- 48 ( theatre honour ) Gurais Kargil Naoshera Punch Rajouri Srinagar Tithwal Zoji La Gallantry awards For bravery, a number of soldiers and officers were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries. Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra, and the Pakistani award Nishan - E-Haider : India Major Som Nath Sharma ( Posthumous ) Lance Naik Karam Singh Second Lieutenant Rama Raghoba Rane Naik Jadu Nath Singh Company Havildar Major Piru Singh Shekhawat Pakistan Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed See also Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts Battle of Badgam Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Siachen war Kargil War Brigadier Mohammad Usman -- Mahavir Chakra Notes Jump up ^ At the beginning of 1947, all the posts above the rank of lieutenant colonel in the army were held by British officers. Pakistan had only four lieutenant colonels, two of whom were involved in the Kashmir conflict : Akbar Khan and Sher Khan. At the beginning of the war, India had about 500 British officers and Pakistan over 1000. Jump up ^ Under the Jammu and Kashmir Arms Act of 1940, the possession of all fire arms was prohibited in the state. The Dogra Rajputs were however exempted in practice. Jump up ^ According to scholar Christine Fair, at the time of independence, Pakistan had one major general, two brigadiers, and six colonels, even though the requirements were for 13 major generals, 40 brigadiers, and 52 colonels. Jump up ^ Major Kalkat was the Brigade Major at the Bannu Brigade, who opened a Demi - Official letter marked `` Personal / Top Secret '' on 20 August 1947 signed by General Frank Messervy, the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army. It was addressed to Kalkat 's commanding officer Brig. C.P. Murray, who was away at another post. The Pakistani officials suspected Kalkat and placed him under house arrest. He escaped and made his way to New Delhi on 18 October. However, the Indian military authorities and defence minister did not believe his information. He was recalled and debriefed on 24 October after the tribal invasion of Kashmir had started. References Jump up ^ Jamal, Shadow War 2009, p. 49. Jump up ^ Robert Blackwill, James Dobbins, Michael O'Hanlon, Clare Lockhart, Nathaniel Fick, Molly Kinder, Andrew Erdmann, John Dowdy, Samina Ahmed, Anja Manuel, Meghan O'Sullivan, Nancy Birdsall, Wren Elhai, Nicholas Burns ( Editor ), Jonathon Price ( Editor ). American Interests in South Asia : Building a Grand Strategy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Aspen Institute. pp. 155 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61792 - 400 - 2. Retrieved 3 November 2011. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jamal, Shadow War 2009, p. 57. Jump up ^ Simon Ross Valentine ( 27 October 2008 ). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at : History, Belief, Practice. Hurst Publishers. p. 204. ISBN 978 - 1850659167. ^ Jump up to : `` Furqan Force ''. Persecution.org. Retrieved 14 March 2012. ^ Jump up to : Bangash, Three Forgotten Accessions 2010 ^ Jump up to : Khanna, K.K. ( 2015 ), Art of Generalship, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, p. 158, ISBN 978 - 93 - 82652 - 93 - 9 Jump up ^ BBC on the 1947 -- 48 war ^ Jump up to : Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 2014 Jump up ^ Ganguly, Sumit ( 31 March 2016 ), Deadly Impasse, Cambridge University Press, pp. 134 --, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76361 - 5 Jump up ^ `` An extraordinary soldier '', The Tribune -- Spectrum, 21 June 2009 Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom 2013, p. 30. ^ Jump up to : Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008 ^ Jump up to : Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008, p. 120. Jump up ^ Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at : History, Belief, Practice. Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 0 - 231 - 70094 - 6, ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 70094 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Malik, V.P. ( 2010 ). Kargil from Surprise to Victory ( paperback ed. ). HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 343. ISBN 9789350293133. Jump up ^ `` An incredible war : Indian Air Force in Kashmir war, 1947 -- 48 '', by Bharat Kumar, Centre for Air Power Studies ( New Delhi, India ) Jump up ^ By B. Chakravorty, `` Stories of Heroism, Volume 1 '', p. 5 Jump up ^ By Sanjay Badri - Maharaj `` The Armageddon Factor : Nuclear Weapons in the India - Pakistan Context '', p. 18 ^ Jump up to : With Honour & Glory : Wars fought by India 1947 -- 1999, Lancer publishers Jump up ^ `` The News International : Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News ''. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ India 's Armed Forces : Fifty Years of War and Peace, p. 160 Jump up ^ Pakistan Covert Operations Archived 12 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Who changed the face of ' 47 war ? ''. Times of India. 14 August 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2005. ^ Jump up to : Marin, Steve ( 2011 ). Alexander Mikaberidze, ed. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World : A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC - CLIO. p. 394. ISBN 978 - 1598843361. Jump up ^ Lyon, Peter ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ). Conflict Between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. p. 80. ISBN 9781576077122. ^ Jump up to : Kashmir in Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2011 ), online edition ^ Jump up to : Prasad, S.N. ; Dharm Pal ( 1987 ). History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947 -- 1948. New Delhi : History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. ( printed at Thomson Press ( India ) Limited ). p. 418. ^ Jump up to : Kulke, Hermann ; Rothermund, Dietmar ( 2004 ), A History of India ( Fourth ed. ), Routledge, p. 324, The Indian army defended Kashmir against Pakistani aggression. ^ Jump up to : Wilcox, Wayne Ayres ( 1963 ), Pakistan : The Consolidation of a Nation, Columbia University Press, p. 66, ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 02589 - 8, The war for states had not only ended in Indian military victory but had given its leaders enormous self - confidence and satisfaction over a job well done. ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24 -- 29. New Zealand. Ministry of Defence. 1999. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06. India won, and gained two - thirds of Kashmir, which it successfully held against another Pakistani invasion in 1965. ^ Jump up to : Brozek, Jason ( 2008 ). War bellies : the critical relationship between resolve and domestic audiences. University of Wisconsin -- Madison. p. 142. ISBN 978 - 1109044751. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06. the 1947 First Kashmir ( won by India, according to MIDS classification ) ^ Jump up to : Hoontrakul, Pongsak ( 2014 ). The Global Rise of Asian Transformation : Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics ( illustrated ed. ). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. ISBN 9781137412355. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06. Jump up ^ Hutchison, J. ; Vogel, Jean Philippe ( 1933 ). History of the Panjab Hill States. Superint., Gov. Print., Punjab. Retrieved 23 October 2011. Jump up ^ Srinagar www.collectbritain.co.uk. Jump up ^ Hodson, The Great Divide 1969, pp. 293, 320. 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Jump up ^ Parashar, Parmanand ( 2004 ), Kashmir and the Freedom Movement, Sarup & Sons, pp. 178 -- 179, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 514 - 1 Jump up ^ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010, p. 105. ^ Jump up to : Ankit, The Problem of Poonch 2010, p. 9. Jump up ^ Snedden, Kashmir : The Unwritten History 2013, p. 42. Jump up ^ Jha, Prem Shankar ( March 1998 ), `` Response ( to the reviews of The Origins of a Dispute : Kashmir 1947 ) '', Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 36 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 123, doi : 10.1080 / 14662049808447762, ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Snedden, Christopher ( 2015 ). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. p. 155. Jump up ^ Mahajan, Looking Back 1963, p. 123. Jump up ^ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010, p. 103. Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom 2013, pp. 25 - 27. Jump up ^ Ankit, October 1947 2010, p. 9. Jump up ^ Jamal, Shadow War 2009, p. 50. Jump up ^ Fair, C. Christine ( 2014 ), Fighting to the End : The Pakistan Army 's Way of War, Oxford University Press, p. 58, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 989271 - 6 Jump up ^ Guha, India after Gandhi 2008, Section 4. II. ^ Jump up to : Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010, pp. 105 - 106. Jump up ^ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010, p. 106. ^ Jump up to : Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010, pp. 49 -- 51. ^ Jump up to : Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 2014, pp. 28 -- 29. Jump up ^ Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1987, p. 17. Jump up ^ Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1987, pp. 17 -- 19. Jump up ^ Kalkat, Onkar S. ( 1983 ), The Far - flung Frontiers, Allied Publishers, pp. 40 -- 42 Jump up ^ Moore, Making the new Commonwealth 1987, p. 49. Jump up ^ Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008, p. 124 -- 125. Jump up ^ ul - Hassan, Syed Minhaj ( 2015 ), `` Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir, 1947 - 48 AD. '' ( PDF ), FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 Jump up ^ Ganguly, Sumit ( September 1995 ), `` Wars without End : The Indo - Pakistani Conflict '', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Sage Publications, 541 : 167 -- 178, JSTOR 1048283 Jump up ^ Zaheer, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy 1998, p. 113. ^ Jump up to : Regimental History Cell, History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Volume 1 ( 1947 -- 1949 ), Azad Kashmir Regimental Centre, NLC Printers, Rawalpindi, 1997 Jump up ^ Bose, Sumantra ( 2003 ), Kashmir : Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, p. 100, ISBN 0 - 674 - 01173 - 2 Jump up ^ Copland, Ian ( 2005 ), State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900 - 1950, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 143, ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 00598 - 3 Jump up ^ Cheema, Crimson Chinar 2015, p. 57. Jump up ^ Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms 1972, p. 162. Jump up ^ Korbel, Danger in Kashmir 1966, p. 94. Jump up ^ Swami, Praveen ( 2007 ), India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad : The covert war in Kashmir, 1947 - 2004, Asian Security Studies, Routledge, p. 19, ISBN 0 - 415 - 40459 - 2 Jump up ^ Lamb, Alastair ( 1997 ), Incomplete partition : the genesis of the Kashmir dispute 1947 -- 1948, Roxford, ISBN 0 - 907129 - 08 - 0 Jump up ^ Kashmir - konflikten. ( 18 October 2011 ) I Store norske leksikon. Taken from https://snl.no/Kashmir-konflikten Jump up ^ Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation : Kashmir - konflikten Jump up ^ My Life and Times. Allied Publishers Limited. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 61. Jump up ^ Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 60. Jump up ^ Connell, John ( 1959 ), Auchinleck : A Biography of Field - Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, Cassell Jump up ^ Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, pp. 65 -- 67. Jump up ^ Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 63. Jump up ^ Brown, William ( 30 November 2014 ), Gilgit Rebelion : The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India, Pen and Sword, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4738 - 2187 - 3 Jump up ^ Martin Axmann, Back to the future : the Khanate of Kalat and the genesis of Baluch Nationalism 1915 -- 1955 ( 2008 ), p. 273 Jump up ^ Tahir, M. Athar ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ). Frontier facets : Pakistan 's North - West Frontier Province. National Book Foundation ; Lahore. Jump up ^ Tom Cooper, I Indo - Pakistani War, 1947 -- 1949, Air Combat Information Group, 29 October 2003 Jump up ^ Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947 -- 1948. ( 1987 ). Thomson Press ( India ) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History. Jump up ^ `` Defence of Srinagar 1947 ''. Indian Defence Review. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ Rahman, Fazlur ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ). Persistence and transformation in the Eastern Hindu Kush : a study of resource management systems in Mehlp Valley, Chitral, North Pakistan. In Kommission bei Asgard - Verlag. p. 32. Jump up ^ Wilcox, Wayne Ayres ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ). Pakistan. Jump up ^ Snedden, Christopher ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781849043427. Jump up ^ Tikoo, Colonel Tej K. ( 2013 ). `` Genesis of Kashmir Problem and how it got Complicated : Events between 1931 and 1947 AD ''. Kashmir : Its Aborigines and their Exodus. New Delhi, Atlanta : Lancer Publishers. ISBN 1935501585. Jump up ^ Singh, Rohit. `` Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947 -- 1948 '' ( PDF ). Centre for Land Warfare Studies. pp. 141 -- 142. Retrieved 25 May 2017. Jump up ^ Singh, Harbakhsh ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ). In the Line of Duty : A Soldier Remembers. Lancer Publishers & Distributors. p. 227. ISBN 9788170621065. Jump up ^ Bloeria, Sudhir S. ( 1997 - 12 - 31 ). The battles of Zojila, 1948. Har - Anand Publications. p. 72. Jump up ^ Sinha, Lt. Gen. S.K. ( 1977 ). Operation Rescue : Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1947 -- 49. New Delhi : Vision Books. p. 174. ISBN 81 - 7094 - 012 - 5. Retrieved 4 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Malhotra, A. ( 2003 ). Trishul : Ladakh And Kargil 1947 -- 1993. Lancer Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9788170622963. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ Khanna, Meera ( 2015 ). In a State of Violent Peace : Voices from the Kashmir Valley. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9789351364832. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ Khanna, Meera ( 2015 ). In a State of Violent Peace : Voices from the Kashmir Valley. HarperCollins Publisher. ISBN 9789351364832. Jump up ^ Barua, Pradeep ( 2005 ). The State at War in South Asia. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 164 -- 165. ISBN 9780803213449. Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948 ''. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ Hagerty, Devin ( 2005 ). South Asia in World Politics. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 161. ISBN 9780742525870. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06. Jump up ^ The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. Kingfisher. 2004. p. 460. ISBN 9780753457849. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06. Jump up ^ Thomas, Raju ( 1992 ). Perspectives on Kashmir : the roots of conflict in South Asia. Westview Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780813383439. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06. Jump up ^ Singh, Sarbans ( 1993 ). Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971. New Delhi : Vision Books. pp. 227 -- 238. ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6. Retrieved 3 November 2011. Bibliography Ankit, Rakesh ( May 2010 ). `` Henry Scott : The forgotten soldier of Kashmir ''. Epilogue. 4 ( 5 ) : 44 -- 49. Ankit, Rakesh ( August 2010 ), `` The Problem of Poonch '', Epilogue, 4 ( 8 ) : 8 -- 49 Ankit, Rakesh ( November 2010 ), `` October 1947 '', Epilogue, 4 ( 11 ) : 9 -- Ankit, Rakesh ( 2016 ), The Kashmir Conflict : From Empire to the Cold War, 1945 -- 66, Routledge, ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 22525 - 6 Ankit, Rakesh ( 2014 ), Kashmir, 1945 -- 66 : From Empire to the Cold War, University of Southampton Bajwa, Kuldip Singh ( 2003 ), Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947 -- 1948 : Political and Military Perspective, Har - Anand Publications, ISBN 978 - 81 - 241 - 0923 - 6 Bangash, Yaqoob Khan ( 2010 ), `` Three Forgotten Accessions : Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar '', The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 38 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 143, doi : 10.1080 / 03086530903538269, ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Barua, Pradeep ( 2003 ), Gentlemen of the Raj : The Indian Army Officer Corps, 1817 - 1949, Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 133 --, ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97999 - 7 Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir ( 2013 ), NOTHING BUT ! : Book Three : What Price Freedom, Partridge Publishing, pp. 42 --, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4828 - 1625 - 9 Cheema, Brig Amar ( 2015 ), The Crimson Chinar : The Kashmir Conflict : A Politico Military Perspective, Lancer Publishers, pp. 51 --, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 301 - 4 Dasgupta, C. ( 2014 ) ( first published 2002 ), War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947 -- 48, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978 - 81 - 321 - 1795 - 7 Guha, Ramachandra ( 2008 ), India after Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy, Pan Macmillian, ISBN 0330396110 Hajari, Nisid ( 2015 ), Midnight 's Furies : The Deadly Legacy of India 's Partition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 185 --, ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 66924 - 3 Hiro, Dilip ( 2015 ), The Longest August : The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan, Nation Books, ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 503 - 1 Jamal, Arif ( 2009 ), Shadow War : The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir, Melville House, ISBN 978 - 1 - 933633 - 59 - 6 Hodson, H.V. ( 1969 ), The Great Divide : Britain, India, Pakistan, London : Hutchinson Korbel, Josef ( 1966 ) ( first published 1954 ), Danger in Kashmir ( second ed. ), Princeton University Press Mahajan, Mehr Chand ( 1963 ), Looking Back : The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, Asia Publishing House Moore, Robin James ( 1987 ), Making the new Commonwealth, Clarendon Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820112 - 0 Palit, D.K. ( 1972 ), Jammu and Kashmir Arms : History of the J & K Rifles, Palit & Dutt Prasad, Sri Nandan ; Pal, Dharm ( 1987 ), Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947 - 48, History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India Raghavan, Srinath ( 2010 ), War and Peace in Modern India, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101 --, ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 00737 - 7 Nawaz, Shuja ( May 2008 ), `` The First Kashmir War Revisited '', India Review, 7 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 154, doi : 10.1080 / 14736480802055455, ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Sarila, Narendra Singh ( 2007 ), The Shadow of the Great Game : The Untold Story of India 's Partition, Constable, ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 588 - 2 Schofield, Victoria ( 2003 ) ( First published in 2000 ), Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York : I.B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983 Snedden, Christopher ( 2013 ) ( first published as The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir, 2012 ), Kashmir : The Unwritten History, HarperCollins India, ISBN 9350298988 Zaheer, Hasan ( 1998 ), The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951 : The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577892 - 2 Further reading Major sources Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947 -- 1948. ( 1987 ). Thomson Press ( India ) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History. Lamb, Alastair. Kashmir : A Disputed Legacy, 1846 -- 1990. ( 1991 ). Roxford Books. ISBN 0 - 907129 - 06 - 4. Praval, K.C. The Indian Army After Independence. ( 1993 ). Lancer International, ISBN 1 - 897829 - 45 - 0 Sen, Maj Gen L.P. Slender Was The Thread : The Kashmir confrontation 1947 -- 1948. ( 1969 ). Orient Longmans Ltd, New Delhi. Vas, Lt Gen. E.A. Without Baggage : A personal account of the Jammu and Kashmir Operations 1947 -- 1949. ( 1987 ). Natraj Publishers Dehradun. ISBN 81 - 85019 - 09 - 6. Other sources Cohen, Lt Col Maurice. Thunder over Kashmir. ( 1955 ). Orient Longman Ltd. Hyderabad Hinds, Brig Gen SR. Battle of Zoji La. ( 1962 ). Military Digest, New Delhi. Sandhu, Maj Gen Gurcharan. The Indian Armour : History Of The Indian Armoured Corps 1941 -- 1971. ( 1987 ). Vision Books Private Limited, New Delhi, ISBN 81 - 7094 - 004 - 4. Singh, Maj K Brahma. History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles ( 1820 -- 1956 ). ( 1990 ). Lancer International New Delhi, ISBN 81 - 7062 - 091 - 0. Ayub, Muhammad ( 2005 ). An army, Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1947 -- 1999. RoseDog Books. ISBN 9780805995947. Kashmir conflict Wars Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Kargil War Operations 1947 Poonch Rebellion Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Operation Tupac Operation Bison Operation Eraze Negotiations Jinnah -- Mountbatten talks UN mediation of Kashmir Simla Agreement Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - 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Question: who won the war between india and pakistan in 1948
Answer: inconclusive