Prevalence of circumcision - wikipedia Prevalence of circumcision Male circumcision prevalence ( not rate ) by country according to the World Health Organization 's 2007 review of the global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety, and acceptability of circumcision The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised. The rates vary widely by country, from 1 % in Japan, to 2 % in Spain and Sweden, to 58 % in the United States, to more than 80 % in Muslim - majority countries. Worldwide it is estimated that 25 % to 33 % of males are circumcised, by various sources. It is not the current rate of newborn males who undergo neonatal circumcision, which may influence future prevalence. In 2007, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that globally, the vast majority of men who are circumcised are Muslims. They estimated 33 % of adult males worldwide ( aged 15 + ) are circumcised, with almost 70 % of those being Muslims. Contents 1 Overview 2 Africa 2.1 Less than 20 % 2.2 Between 20 % and 80 % 2.3 More than 80 % 2.3. 1 South Africa 3 The Americas 3.1 Less than 20 % 3.2 Between 20 % and 80 % 3.2. 1 Canada 3.2. 2 United States 4 Asia 4.1 Less than 20 % 4.2 Between 60 % and 80 % 4.2. 1 South Korea 4.3 More than 80 % 5 Europe 5.1 Less than 20 % 5.2 Between 20 % and 80 % 5.3 Unknown 6 Oceania 6.1 Australia 6.2 New Zealand 7 References 8 See also 9 External links Overview Male circumcision is nearly universal in the Muslim world and in Israel due to the religious beliefs of the majority of Muslims and Jews ; however, some non-Muslim groups living within Islamic countries, such as Armenians and Assyrians, do not practice it. It is prevalent in some Islamic countries in southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Malaysia ; however, the WHO states that there is `` little non-religious circumcision in Asia, with the exceptions of the Republic of Korea and the Philippines ''. In parts of Africa it is often practiced as part of tribal or religious customs. The prevalence of circumcision is also high in the United States, although there has reportedly been a decrease in routine neonatal circumcision in recent years. In contrast, it is relatively rare in most of Europe, parts of southern Africa, most of Asia, Oceania and Latin America, constituting South America, Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom are examples of countries that have seen a significant decline in male circumcision in recent decades, while there have been indications of increasing demand in southern Africa, partly for preventative reasons due to the HIV epidemic there. Africa Studies indicate that about 62 % of African males are circumcised. However, the rate varies widely between different regions, and among ethnic and religious groups, with Muslim North Africans practicing it for religious reasons, central Africans as part of tribal rituals or local custom, ( with some practicing female genital mutilation as well ) and some traditionally non-circumcising populations in the South recently adopting the practice due to measures by the World Health Organization to prevent AIDS. Williams, B.G. et al. commented that : `` Most of the currently available data on the prevalence of ( male circumcision ) are several decades old, while several of the recent studies were carried out as adjuncts to demographic and health surveys and were not designed to determine the prevalence of ( male circumcision ). '' Prevalence of circumcision in Africa Country Rate ( Williams, B.G. et al. ) Rate ( WHO ) Angola 66 > 80 Central African Republic 67 20 -- 80 Chad 64 > 80 Republic of the Congo 70 > 80 Democratic Republic of the Congo 70 > 80 Gabon 93 > 80 Burundi < 20 Djibouti 94 > 80 Eritrea 95 > 80 Ethiopia 76 > 80 Kenya 84 > 80 Rwanda 10 < 20 Somalia 93 > 80 Sudan 47 20 -- 80 Tanzania 70 20 -- 80 Uganda 25 20 -- 80 Botswana 25 < 20 Lesotho 0 20 -- 80 Malawi 17 < 20 Mozambique 56 20 -- 80 Namibia 15 < 20 South Africa 35 20 -- 80 Swaziland 50 < 20 Zambia 12 < 20 Zimbabwe 10 < 20 Benin 84 > 80 Burkina Faso 89 > 80 Cameroon 93 > 80 Equatorial Guinea 86 > 80 Gambia 90 > 80 Ghana 95 > 80 Guinea 83 > 80 Guinea - Bissau 91 > 80 Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast ) 93 20 -- 80 Liberia 70 > 80 Mali 95 > 80 Mauritania 78 > 80 Niger 92 > 80 Nigeria 81 > 80 Senegal 89 > 80 Sierra Leone 90 > 80 Togo 93 > 80 Less than 20 % Botswana, Burundi, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Between 20 % and 80 % Central African Republic, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda. More than 80 % Angola, Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo ( Democratic Republic ), Congo ( Republic ), Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast ), Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea - Bissau, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tunisia, Togo. South Africa A national study from 2014 found an overall prevalence of 42.8 % for self - reported male circumcision. 48.2 % of black Africans were circumcised, with 32.1 % of those traditionally circumcised and 13.4 % circumcised for medical reasons. The americas Less than 20 % Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela. The overall prevalence of circumcision is reported to be 6.9 % in Colombia, and 7.4 % in Brazil ( 13 % in Rio de Janeiro ), with most of those being done due to medical issues later in life. The prevalence of circumcision in Mexico is estimated to be 10 % to 31 %. Between 20 % and 80 % Canada, United States. The Bahamas Canada Rate of neonatal circumcision by province according to data from the Maternity Experiences Survey ( MES ) in 2006 - 2007. Circumcision in Canada followed the pattern that existed in other English speaking countries, picking up the practice during the 1900s to prevent masturbation and other perceived issues of the time, and then had its rate of circumcision decline due to new policy statements passed and due to coverage for the procedure being dropped, with a pattern of declining incidence of circumcision occurring from 1970 to 1979 after a new policy statement was released In 1975. The Canadian Paediatric Society offered an estimate of 48 percent for the prevalence of male circumcision in Canada in 1970 prior to this fall in prevalence. However, when conducting new studies to determine is prevalence in 1977 - 1978 There was a wide variation in the incidence of circumcision between different provinces and territories. For Example, Yukon reported a rate of 74.8 percent in while Newfoundland reported an incidence of 1.9 to 2.4 percent in 1977 - 78. The rate continued to drop, with the newborn circumcision rate in Ontario In 1994 - 95 dropping to 29.9 %. A survey of Canadian maternity practices conducted in 2006 / 2007 and published in 2009 by the national public health agency found a newborn circumcision rate of 31.9 %. Rates varied markedly across the country, from close to zero in Newfoundland and Labrador to 44.3 % in Alberta. In 2015, the Canadian Paediatric Society used those statistics in determining their national circumcision rate, with that being the one which is currently used. Percentage of mothers reporting having their male baby circumcised, by province and territory, Canada, 2006 / 2007 Newfoundland and Labrador * Prince Edward Island 39.2 Nova Scotia 6.8 New Brunswick 18.0 Quebec 12.3 Ontario 43.7 Manitoba 31.6 Saskatchewan 35.6 Alberta 44.3 British Columbia 30.2 Yukon * Northwest Territories 9.7 Nunavut * Canada 31.9 * Numerator too small for rate calculation Source : Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey United States In 2013, The Centers For Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) reported that 80.5 % of American males aged 14 to 59 years olds from 2005 to 2010 were circumcised. Among racial breakdown, 90.8 % of non-Hispanic whites males aged 14 to 59 years olds from 2005 to 2010 were circumcised, 75.7 % of non-Hispanic blacks males aged 14 to 59 years olds from 2005 to 2010 were circumcised, and 44 % of Mexican Americans males aged 14 to 59 years olds from 2005 to 2010 were circumcised. Among hospital circumcision rates, it declined in the United States : from 64.5 % in 1979 to 58.3 % in 2010. The overall decline was almost entirely due to decline in Western states, from 63.9 % in 1979 to 40.2 % in 2010. The CDC reported in 2011 that, following an earlier increase in neonatal circumcision rates, rates decreased in the period 1999 to 2010. Citing three different data sources, most recent rates were 56.9 % in 2008 ( NHDS ) 56.3 % in 2008 ( NIS ), and 54.7 % in 2010 ( CDM ). Rate of neonatal circumcision in the United States by region in 2009. Based on data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Circumcision is one of the most common procedures performed during hospital stays in the U.S. In 2011, there were approximately 1.1 million hospitalizations with a circumcision, a rate of 36 stays per 10,000 population. This was a decrease of 16 % from 1997, when there was a rate of 43 stays per 10,000 population. It was the second-most common procedure performed on patients under one year of age. In 2005, about 56 percent of male newborns were circumcised prior to release from the hospital according to statistics from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medicaid funding for infant circumcision used to be available in every state, but starting with California in 1982, eighteen states ( Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, and Washington ) had eliminated Medicaid coverage of routine ( non-therapeutic ) circumcision by July 2011. One study in the Midwest of the U.S. found that this had no effect on the newborn circumcision rate but it did affect the demand for circumcision at a later time. Another study, published in early 2009, found a difference in the neonatal male circumcision rate of 24 % between states with and without Medicaid coverage. The study was controlled for other factors such as the percentage of Hispanic patients. The incidence of male non-therapeutic infant circumcision varies widely by U.S. region. The Western Region reported an incidence of 24.6 % in 2009, while the North Central Region reported an incidence of 76.2 %, while the overall incidence of circumcision in the United States stood at 54.5 %, the lowest figure reported over the previous two decades. The Northeast Region reported an incidence of 67 % and the Southern Region reported 55.7 %. There was also significant variation between rural and urban areas. Rural areas reported an incidence of circumcision of 66.9 % while urban areas reported an incidence of 41.2 %. There are various explanations for why the infant circumcision rate in the United States is different from comparable countries. Many parents ' decisions about circumcision are preconceived, which may contribute to the high rate of elective circumcision. Brown & Brown ( 1987 ) reported the most important factor is whether the father is circumcised. Asia Less than 20 % Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. The overall prevalence of circumcision in Cambodia is reported to be 3.5 %. Between 60 % and 80 % Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia and South Korea. South Korea Circumcision is largely a modern - day phenomenon in South Korea. While the rate in the twentieth century has been nearing 80 %, virtually no circumcision was performed just a century ago, as it was against Korea 's long and strong tradition of preserving the body as a gift from parents. A 2001 study of 20 - year - old South Korean men found that 78 % were circumcised. At the time, the authors commented that `` South Korea has possibly the largest absolute number of teenage or adult circumcisions anywhere in the world. Because circumcision started through contact with the American military during the Korean War, South Korea has an unusual history of circumcision. '' According to a 2002 study, 86.3 % of South Korean males aged 14 -- 29 were circumcised. In 2012, it 's the case of 75.8 % of the same age group. Only after 1999 has some information against circumcision become available ( at the time of the 2012 study, only 3 % of Korean internet sites, using the most popular Korean search engine Naver, are against indiscriminate circumcision and 97 % are for ). The authors of the study speculate `` that the very existence of information about the history of Korean circumcision, its contrary nature relative to a longstanding tradition, its introduction by the US military, etc., has been extremely influential on the decision - making process regarding circumcision. '' More than 80 % Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. The overall prevalence of circumcision ( tuli ) in the Philippines is reported to be 92.5 %. Most circumcisions in the Philippines are performed between the ages of 11 to 13. Europe Less than 20 % Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. A national survey on sexual attitudes in 2000 found that 15.8 % of men or boys in the United Kingdom ( ages 16 -- 44 ) were circumcised by their parents ' choosing. 11.7 % of 16 - to 19 - year - olds, and 19.6 % of 40 - to 44 - year - olds said they had been circumcised. Apart from black Caribbeans, men born overseas were more likely to be circumcised. Rickwood et al. reported that the proportion of English boys circumcised for medical reasons had fallen from 35 % in the early 1930s to 6.5 % by the mid-1980s. An estimated 3.8 % of male children in the UK in 2000 were being circumcised by the age of 15. The researchers stated that too many boys, especially under the age of 5, were still being circumcised because of a misdiagnosis of phimosis. They called for a target to reduce the percentage to 2 %. In Finland, the overall prevalence of circumcision is 2 %, according to a recent publication by the Finnish Health Ministry. In Germany, the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents found that 10.9 % of boys aged 0 -- 17 had been circumcised. In France, according to a telephone survey ( TNS Sofres Institute, 2008 ), 14 % of men are circumcised. The overall prevalence of circumcision in Spain is reported to be 1.8 %. In 1986, 511 out of approximately 478,000 Danish boys aged 0 -- 14 years were circumcised. This corresponds to a cumulative national circumcision rate of around 1.6 % by the age of 15 years. Between 20 % and 80 % Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Albania during the years 2008 - 09 the percentage of men age 15 - 49 who reported having been circumcised was 47.7 %. Unknown Andorra, Croatia and Luxembourg are listed as unknown on the WHO prevalence map. Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are unclear from the map. Oceania Australia The Australian Longitudinal Study of Health and Relationships is a computer assisted telephone interview of males aged 16 -- 64 that uses a nationally representative population sample. In 2005 the interview found that the prevalence of circumcision in Australia was roughly 58 %. Circumcision status was more common with males over 30 than males under 30, and more common with males who were born in Australia. 66 % of males born in Australia were circumcised and less than 1 / 3 of males under 30 were circumcised. There has been a decline in the rate of infant circumcision in Australia. The Royal Australasian College of Physicians ( RACP ) estimated in 2010 that 10 to 20 percent of newborn boys are being circumcised, but the prevalence of male circumcision is much higher due to the presence of older circumcised males remaining in the population. New Zealand According to the World Health Organisation, fewer than 20 % of males are circumcised in New Zealand. In New Zealand routine circumcision for which there is no medical indication is uncommon and no longer publicly funded within the public hospital system. In a study of men born in 1972 -- 1973 in Dunedin, 40.2 % were circumcised. In a study of men born in 1977 in Christchurch, 26.1 % were circumcised. A 1991 survey conducted in Waikato found that 7 % of male infants were circumcised. Circumcision for cultural reasons is routine in Pacific Island countries. References Jump up ^ `` Male circumcision : Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability '' ( PDF ). World Health Organization. 2007. Jump up ^ https://www.menshealthforum.org.uk/circumcision-faqs ^ Jump up to : `` Male circumcision : Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability '' ( PDF ). World Health Organization. 2007. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Neonatal and child male circumcision : a global review '' ( PDF ). World Health Organization. 2010. Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12. Jump up ^ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6407-1_20 Jump up ^ Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey RC ( 2006 ). `` Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases : an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries ''. BMC Infectious Diseases. 6 ( 1 ) : 172. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2334 - 6 - 172. PMC 1764746. PMID 17137513. Jump up ^ Wise J ( 2006 ). `` Demand for male circumcision rises in a bid to prevent HIV '' ( PDF ). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 84 ( 7 ) : 505 -- 588. PMC 2627386. PMID 16878217. As a result, there are already indications of increasing demand for male circumcision in traditionally non-circumcising societies in Southern Africa. Jump up ^ `` Questions and answers : NIAID - sponsored adult male circumcision trials in Kenya and Uganda ''. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. ^ Jump up to : Williams, BG ; et al. 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Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 6. doi : 10.1158 / 1055 - 9965. EPI - 05 - 0818. PMID 16492939. Circumcision is not usually performed by public sector health care providers in Mexico and we estimate the prevalence to be 10 % to 31 %, depending on the population. ^ Jump up to : `` Data Tables -- The Maternity Experiences Survey ( MES ) 2006 -- 2007 Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey '' ( PDF ). Public Health Agency of Canada. p. 267. Jump up ^ http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/ Jump up ^ `` Neonatal Circumcision Revisited ''. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 154 ( 6 ) : 769 -- 780. 1996. PMC 1487803. PMID 8634956. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Jump up ^ Wirth JL ( 1980 ). `` Current circumcision practices : Canada ''. Pediatrics. 66 ( 5 ) : 705 -- 8. PMID 7432876. Jump up ^ Goel, V. ( ed. ) ( May 1996 ). Patterns of Health Care in Ontario, 2nd edition ( PDF ). Canadian Medical Association. p. 295. ISBN 0 - 920169 - 79 - 1. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sorakan ST, Finlay JC, Jefferies AL. Newborn male circumcision. Paediatr Child Health. 2015 ; 20 ( 6 ) : 311 - 5. PMID 26435672. PMC 4578472. Jump up ^ The Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Health Care Statistics. `` Trends in Circumcision for Male Newborns in U.S. Hospitals : 1979 - 2010 '' ( pdf ). Jump up ^ `` Trends in In - Hospital Newborn Male Circumcision -- - United States, 1999 -- 2010 ''. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ) 60 ( 34 ) ; 1167 - 1168. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 14. Incidence of NMC decreased from 62.5 % in 1999 to 56.9 % in 2008 in NHDS ( AAPC = - 1.4 % ; p < 0.001 ), from 63.5 % in 1999 to 56.3 % in 2008 in NIS ( AAPC = - 1.2 % ; p < 0.001 ), and from 58.4 % in 2001 to 54.7 % in 2010 in CDM ( AAPC = - 0.75 % ; p < 0.001 ) ^ Jump up to : Maeda, J. ( Thomson Reuters ), Chari, R. ( RAND ), and Elixhauser, A. ( AHRQ ). Circumcisions in U.S. Community Hospitals, 2009. HCUP Statistical Brief # 126. February 2012. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb126.pdf Jump up ^ Pfuntner A., Wier L.M., Stocks C. Most Frequent Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief # 165. October 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. ( 1 ). Jump up ^ `` Circumcisions Performed in U.S. Community Hospitals, 2005 ''. Statistical Brief # 45. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project ( HCUP ). January 2008. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29. In 2005, about 56 percent of newborn boys were circumcised before their release from the hospital, resulting in over 1.2 million circumcisions performed at U.S. community hospitals. Jump up ^ Adler PW ( 2011 ). `` Is it lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision ? ''. J Law Med. 19 ( 2 ) : 335 -- 353. PMID 22320007. Jump up ^ Quayle, SS. ; DE. Coplen ; PF. Austin ( October 2003 ). `` The effect of health care coverage on circumcision rates among newborns ''. Journal of Urology. 170 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : 1533 -- 1536. doi : 10.1097 / 01. ju. 0000091215.99513. 0f. PMID 14501653. Jump up ^ Leibowitz, Arleen A. ; Katherine Desmond ; Thomas Belin ( January 2009 ). `` Determinants and Policy Implications of Male Circumcision in the United States ''. American Journal of Public Health. 99 ( 1 ) : 138 -- 145. doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2008.134403. PMC 2636604. PMID 19008503. The mean neonatal male circumcision rate was 55.9 %. When we controlled for other factors, hospitals in states in which Medicaid covers routine male circumcision had circumcision rates that were 24 percentage points higher than did hospitals in states without such coverage ( P <. 001 ). Jump up ^ `` Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs ( I - 99 ) : Neonatal Circumcision ''. 1999 AMA Interim Meeting : Summaries and Recommendations of Council on Scientific Affairs Reports. American Medical Association. December 1999. p. 17. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 13. CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Brown MS, Brown CA. Circumcision decision : prominence of social concerns. Pediatrics. 1987 ; 60 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 9. PMID 3615091. Jump up ^ http://smj.sma.org.sg/2302/2302smj6.pdf ^ Jump up to : DaiSik Kim ; Sung - Ae Koo ; Myung - Geol Pang ( 2012 ). `` Decline in male circumcision in South Korea '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Ku, JH ; et al. ( 2003 ). `` Circumcision practice patterns in South Korea : community based survey ''. Sex Transm Infect. 79 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 67. doi : 10.1136 / sti. 79.1. 65. PMC 1744613. PMID 12576619. Jump up ^ Pang MG, Kim DS. `` Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea : history and underlying causes '' ( PDF ). BJU Int. 89 : 48 -- 54. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1464 - 410x. 2002.02545. x. Jump up ^ `` Israel teaches WHO about circumcision ''. ynet news. November 2006. Jump up ^ Darby, Robert ( 9 August 2011 ). `` Routine peripubertal circumcision ? ''. Canadian Medical Association Journal. National Institutes of Health. 183 ( 11 ) : 1283 -- 1284. doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 111 - 2060. PMC 3153524. PMID 21825054. Jump up ^ Ong, Christine ( 29 May 2008 ). `` Philippine doctors question medical benefits of circumcision ''. Channel News Asia. MediaCorp. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ^ Jump up to : Kamtsiuris, P. ; Bergmann, E. ; Rattay, P. ; Schlaud, M. ( 2007 ). `` Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen Ergebnisse des Kinder - und Jugendgesundheitssurveys ( KiGGS ) '' ( Use of medical services. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents ( KiGGS ) ). Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz ( in German ). 50 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 836 -- 50. doi : 10.1007 / s00103 - 007 - 0247 - 1. PMID 17514470. ^ Jump up to : Dave, SS ; Fenton, KA ; Mercer, CH ; Erens, B ; Wellings, K ; Johnson, AM ( 2003 ). `` Male circumcision in Britain : Findings from a national probability sample survey ''. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 79 ( 6 ) : 499 -- 500. doi : 10.1136 / sti. 79.6. 499. PMC 1744763. PMID 14663134. Jump up ^ Rickwood, AMK ; Kenny, SE ; Donnell, SC ( 2000 ). `` Towards evidence based circumcision of English boys : Survey of trends in practice ''. BMJ. 321 ( 7264 ) : 792 -- 3. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 321.7264. 792. PMC 27490. PMID 11009516. Jump up ^ Maija, Kolehmainen ; Taskinen, Seppo. `` Esinahan kirurgia '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 20 October 2015. Jump up ^ Telephone survey of the TNS Sofres Institute ( commissioned by Manix ), 2008 Archived 8 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ Frisch, M. ; Friis, S. ; Kjaer, S.K. ; Melbye, M. ( 1995 ). `` Falling incidence of penis cancer in an uncircumcised population ( Denmark 1943 - 90 ) ''. BMJ. 311 ( 7018 ) : 1471. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 311.7018. 1471. PMC 2543732. PMID 8520335. Jump up ^ https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR230/FR230.pdf WHO page 236 Jump up ^ Smith AMA, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, et al. The Australian longitudinal study of health and relationships. BMC Public Health. 2007 ; 7 : 139. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 7 - 139. PMID 17608953. Jump up ^ Ferris JA1, Richters J, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, Simpson JM, Ryall R, Smith AM. ( 2010 ). `` Circumcision in Australia : further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing ''. Aust NZJ Public Health. 34 ( 2 ) : 160 -- 164. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 6405.2010. 00501. x. PMID 23331360. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Richters, J. Circumcision in Australia : prevalence and effects on sexual health. Int J STD AIDS. 2006 ; 17 ( 8 ) : 547 -- 554. doi : 10.1258 / 095646206778145730. PMID 16925903. Jump up ^ Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Circumcision of Male Infants ; 2010. Jump up ^ The incidence of circumcision in Australia was very high until 1971 when it started a steep decline. Consequently, circumcised males tend to be older. ^ Jump up to : Afsari M, Beasley SW, Maoate K, Heckert K ( March 2002 ). `` Attitudes of Pacific parents to circumcision of boys ''. Pac Health Dialog. 9 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 33. PMID 12737414. Circumcision for cultural reasons is routine in Pacific Island countries. Jump up ^ Dickson, N ; et al. ( 2005 ). `` Herpes simplex virus type 2 status at age 26 is not related to early circumcision in a birth cohort ''. Sex Transm Dis. 32 ( 8 ) : 517 -- 9. doi : 10.1097 / 01. olq. 0000161296.58095. ab. PMID 16041257. Jump up ^ Fergusson, DM ; et al. ( 2007 ). `` Circumcision status and risk of sexually transmitted infection in young adult males : an analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort ''. Pediatrics. 118 ( 5 ) : 1971 -- 7. doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2006 - 1175. PMID 17079568. Jump up ^ Lawrenson RA ( 1991 ). `` Current practice of neonatal circumcision in the Waikato ''. NZ Med J. 104 ( 911 ) : 184 -- 5. PMID 1898442. See also Prevalence of female genital mutilation by country External links Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey R ( November 2006 ). `` Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases : an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries ''. BMC Infect Dis. 6 ( 1 ) : 172. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2334 - 6 - 172. PMC 1764746. 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Question: what percentage of babies are circumcised in the us
Answer: 58%