Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation - wikipedia Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation artificial ventilation using exhaled air from the rescuer `` Mouth - to - mouth '' redirects here. For other uses, see Mouth to mouth. Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation Mouth - to - mouth insufflation ICD - 9 - CM 93.93 MeSH D012121 ( edit on Wikidata ) Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation, a form of artificial ventilation, is the act of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body, where a rescuer presses his or her mouth against that of the victim and blows air into the person 's lungs. Assistance takes many forms, but generally entails providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort on his / her own. It is used on a patient with a beating heart or as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) to achieve the internal respiration ). Pulmonary anton ventilation ( and hence external parts of respiration ) is achieved through manual insufflation of the lungs either by the rescuer blowing into the patient 's lungs, or by using a mechanical device to do so. This method of insufflation has been proved more effective than methods which involve mechanical manipulation of the patient 's chest or arms, such as the Silvester method. It is also known as expired air resuscitation ( EAR ), expired air ventilation ( EAV ), rescue breathing or colloquially the kiss of life. It was introduced as a life saving measure in 1950. Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation is a part of most protocols for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) making it an essential skill for first aid. In some situations, mouth - to - mouth resuscitation is also performed separately, for instance in near - drowning and opiate overdoses. The performance of mouth - to - mouth resuscitation on its own is now limited in most protocols to health professionals, whereas lay first aiders are advised to undertake full CPR in any case where the patient is not breathing sufficiently. Contents 1 History 2 Insufflations 2.1 Adjuncts to insufflation 3 Efficiency of mouth - to - patient insufflation 4 Oxygen 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History In 1773, English physician William Hawes ( 1736 -- 1808 ) began publicising the power of artificial respiration to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned. For a year he paid a reward out of his own pocket to any one bringing him a body rescued from the water within a reasonable time of immersion. Thomas Cogan, another English physician, who had become interested in the same subject during a stay at Amsterdam, where was instituted in 1767 a society for preservation of life from accidents in water, joined Hawes in his crusade. In the summer of 1774 Hawes and Cogan each brought fifteen friends to a meeting at the Chapter Coffee - house, St Paul 's Churchyard, where they founded the Royal Humane Society as a campaigning group for first aid and resuscitation. Gradually, branches of the Royal Humane Society were set up in other parts of the country, mainly in ports and coastal towns where the risk of drowning was high and by the end of the 19th century the society had upwards of 280 depots throughout the UK, supplied with life - saving apparatus. The earliest of these depots was the Receiving House in Hyde Park, on the north bank of the Serpentine, which was built in 1794 on a site granted by George III. Hyde Park was chosen because tens of thousands of people swam in the Serpentine in the summer and ice - skated in the winter. Boats and boatmen were kept to render aid to bathers, and in the winter ice - men were sent round to the different skating grounds in and around London. The society distributed money - rewards, medals, clasps and testimonials, to those who saved or attempted to save drowning people. It further recognized `` all cases of exceptional bravery in rescuing or attempting to rescue persons from asphyxia in mines, wells, blasting furnaces, or in sewers where foul gas may endanger life. '' Insufflations Typical view of resuscitation in progress with an Ambu bag in use ( `` bagging '' ). Insufflation, also known as ' rescue breaths ' or ' ventilations ', is the act of mechanically forcing air into a patient 's respiratory system. This can be achieved via a number of methods, which will depend on the situation and equipment available. All methods require good airway management to perform, which ensures that the method is effective. These methods include : Mouth - to - mouth - This involves the rescuer making a seal between his or her mouth and the patient 's mouth and ' blowing ', to pass air into the patient 's body Mouth - to - nose - In some instances, the rescuer may need or wish to form a seal with the patient 's nose. Typical reasons for this include maxillofacial injuries, performing the procedure in water or the remains of vomit in the mouth Mouth - to - mouth and nose - Used on infants ( usually up to around 1 year old ), as this forms the most effective seal Mouth - to - mask -- Most organisations recommend the use of some sort of barrier between rescuer and patient to reduce cross infection risk. One popular type is the ' pocket mask '. This may be able to provide higher tidal volumes than a Bag Valve Mask. Adjuncts to insufflation A CPR pocket mask, with carrying case Most training organisations recommend that in any of the methods involving mouth - to - patient, that a protective barrier is used, to minimise the possibility of cross infection ( in either direction ). Barriers available include pocket masks and keyring - sized face shields. These barriers are an example of Personal Protective Equipment to guard the face against splashing, spraying or splattering of blood or other potentially infectious materials. These barriers should provide a one - way filter valve which lets the air from the rescuer deliver to the patient while any substances from the patient ( e.g. vomit, blood ) can not reach the rescuer. Many adjuncts are single use, though if they are multi use, after use of the adjunct, the mask must be cleaned and autoclaved and the filter replaced. It is very important for the mask to be replaced or cleaned because it can act as a transporter of various diseases. The CPR mask is the preferred method of ventilating a patient when only one rescuer is available. Many feature 18mm inlets to support supplemental oxygen, which increases the oxygen being delivered from the approximate 17 % available in the expired air of the rescuer to around 40 - 50 %. Efficiency of mouth - to - patient insufflation Normal atmospheric air contains approximately 21 % oxygen when inhaled in. After gaseous exchange has taken place in the lungs, with waste products ( notably carbon dioxide ) moved from the bloodstream to the lungs, the air being exhaled by humans normally contains around 17 % oxygen. This means that the human body utilises only around 19 % of the oxygen inhaled, leaving over 80 % of the oxygen available in the exhalatory breath. This means that there is more than enough residual oxygen to be used in the lungs of the patient, which then enters the blood. Oxygen The efficiency of artificial respiration can be greatly increased by the simultaneous use of oxygen therapy. The amount of oxygen available to the patient in mouth - to - mouth is around 16 %. If this is done through a pocket mask with an oxygen flow, this increases to 40 % oxygen. If either a bag valve mask or a mechanical ventilator is used with an oxygen supply, this rises to 99 % oxygen. The greater the oxygen concentration, the more efficient the gaseous exchange will be in the lungs. See also Mechanical ventilation - using mechanical devices to assist or replace spontaneous breathing Medical emergency References Jump up ^ merriam-webster.com, mouth - to - mouth resuscitation noun Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J ; Derrickson, Bryan ( 2006 ). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Jump up ^ `` Artificial Respiration ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Artificial Respiration ''. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ Stathis Avramidis, Facts, Legends and Myths on the Evolution of Resuscitation, page 27 Jump up ^ `` Decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation model information leafler ''. British Medical Association. July 2002. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Overview of CPR ''. American Heart Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ Dworkin, Gerald M ( Winter 1987 ). `` Mouth - to - Mask rescue breathing and comparisons of personal resuscitation masks ''. Rescue Squad Quarterly. Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 02. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Emergency Cardiovascular Care Revisions for the professional rescuer '' ( DOC ). American Red Cross. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ Handley, Anthony J. ; Becker, Lance B. ; Allen, Mervyn ; Drenth, Ank van ; Kramer, Efraim B. ; Montgomery, William H. ( 1997 - 04 - 15 ). `` Single - Rescuer Adult Basic Life Support ''. Circulation. 95 ( 8 ) : 2174 -- 2179. doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 95.8. 2174. ISSN 0009 - 7322. PMID 9133531. Jump up ^ `` Physical Intervention : Life Support ( Rescue Breathing ) ''. Archived from the original on 25 January 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2005. External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : First Aid Expired Air Resuscitation Basic first aid advice from the Australian New South Wales ambulance service Two page pamphlet detailing EAR UK resuscitation council website - contains information on the latest approved guidelines Tests, surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 21 -- 22, 30 -- 34, ICD - 10 - PCS 0B ) Upper RT nose Rhinoplasty Septoplasty Alarplasty Rhinectomy Rhinomanometry Acoustic rhinometry sinus Sinusotomy larynx Laryngoscopy Laryngectomy Laryngotomy Thyrotomy Laryngotracheal reconstruction Lower RT trachea Cricothyrotomy Tracheoesophageal puncture Tracheotomy bronchus Bronchoscopy lung Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Wedge resection Lung transplantation Decortication of lung Heart -- lung transplant Chest wall, pleura, mediastinum, and diaphragm pleura / pleural cavity Thoracentesis Pleurodesis Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Chest tube mediastinum Mediastinoscopy Nuss procedure Medical imaging Bronchography CT pulmonary angiogram High - resolution computed tomography Spiral CT Ventilation / perfusion scan CPRs Pneumonia severity index CURB - 65 Lung function test Body plethysmography Spirometry Bronchial challenge test Capnography Diffusion capacity Cytology Sputum culture Bronchoalveolar lavage Respiratory therapy / intubation Artificial respiration CPR Hyperbaric medicine Decompression chamber Heliox Mechanical ventilation Nebulizer Negative pressure ventilator Oxygen therapy Positive pressure ventilation Postural drainage Surgical airway management Emergency medicine Emergency medicine Emergency department Emergency medical services Emergency nursing Emergency psychiatry Golden hour Medical emergency International emergency medicine Pediatric emergency medicine Pre-hospital emergency medicine Major trauma Trauma center Triage Equipment Bag valve mask ( BVM ) Chest tube Defibrillation ( AED ICD ) Electrocardiogram ( ECG / EKG ) Intraosseous infusion ( IO ) Intravenous therapy ( IV ) Tracheal intubation Laryngeal tube Combitube Nasopharyngeal airway ( NPA ) Oropharyngeal airway ( OPA ) Pocket mask Drugs Atropine Amiodarone Epinephrine / Adrenaline Magnesium sulfate Sodium bicarbonate Naloxone Organisations International Federation for Emergency Medicine ( International Conference on Emergency Medicine ) American College of Emergency Physicians Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Royal College of Emergency Medicine European Society of Emergency Medicine Asian Society for Emergency Medicine Courses / Life support Acute Care of at - Risk Newborns ( ACoRN ) Advanced cardiac life support ( ACLS ) Advanced trauma life support ( ATLS ) Basic life support ( BLS ) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient ( CCrISP ) First aid Neonatal Resuscitation Program ( NRP ) Pediatric Advanced Life Support ( PALS ) Scoring systems NACA score Injury Severity Score Book : Emergency medicine Category : Emergency medicine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation&oldid=813560994 '' Categories : First aid Respiration Emergency medical procedures Hidden categories : Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017, at 02 : 20. 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Question: when do you give someone mouth to mouth
Answer: not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort on his/her own