Treacher Collins syndrome - wikipedia Treacher Collins syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome Synonyms Treacher Collins -- Franceschetti syndrome, mandibulofacial dysostosis, Franceschetti - Zwalen - Klein syndrome Child with Treacher Collins syndrome Specialty Medical genetics Symptoms Deformities of the ears, eyes, cheekbones, chin Complications Breathing problems, problems seeing, hearing loss Causes Genetic Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, X-rays, genetic testing Similar conditions Nager syndrome, Miller syndrome, hemifacial microsomia Treatment Reconstructive surgery, hearing aids, speech therapy Prognosis Generally normal life expectancy Frequency 1 in 50,000 people ( edit on Wikidata ) Treacher Collins syndrome ( TCS ) is a genetic disorder characterized by deformities of the ears, eyes, cheekbones, and chin. The degree a person is affected, however, may vary from mild to severe. Complications may include breathing problems, problems seeing, cleft palate, and hearing loss. Those affected generally have a normal intelligence. TCS is usually autosomal dominant. More than half the time it occurs as a result of a new mutation rather than being inherited from a person 's parents. The involved gene may include TCOF1, POLR1C, or POLR1D. Diagnosis is generally suspected based on symptoms and X-rays, and potentially confirmation by genetic testing. Treacher Collins syndrome is not curable. Symptoms may be managed with reconstructive surgery, hearing aids, speech therapy, and other assistive devices. Life expectancy is generally normal. TCS occurs in about one in 50,000 people. The syndrome is named after Edward Treacher Collins, an English surgeon and ophthalmologist, who described its essential traits in 1900. Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Genetics 2.1 TCOF1 2.2 Other mutations 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Genetic counselling 3.2 Prenatal diagnosis 3.3 Clinical findings 3.4 Radiographs 3.5 CT scan 3.6 Differential diagnosis 4 Treatment 4.1 Hearing loss 4.2 Psychiatric 5 Epidemiology 6 History 7 Media portrayals 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms The same child with Treacher Collins syndrome seen from the side, with small ears and a chin that is far back. Symptoms in people with Treacher Collins syndrome vary. Some individuals are so mildly affected that they remain undiagnosed, while others have moderate to severe facial involvement and life - threatening airway compromise. Most of the features of TCS are symmetrical and are already recognizable at birth. The most common symptom of Treacher Collins syndrome is underdevelopment of the lower jaw and underdevelopment of the zygomatic bone. This can be accompanied by the tongue being retracted. The small mandible can result in a poor occlusion of the teeth or in more severe cases, trouble breathing or swallowing. Underdevelopment of the zygomatic bone gives the cheeks a sunken appearance. The external ear is sometimes small, rotated, malformed, or absent entirely in people with TCS. Symmetric, bilateral narrowing or absence of the external ear canals is also described. In most cases, the bones of the middle ear and the middle ear cavity are misshapen. Inner ear malformations are rarely described. As a result of these abnormalities, a majority of the individuals with TCS have conductive hearing loss. Most affected people also experience eye problems, including colobomata ( notches ) in the lower eyelids, partial or complete absence of eyelashes on the lower lid, downward angled eyelids, drooping of upper and lower eyelids, and narrowing of the tear ducts. Vision loss can occur and is associated with strabismus, refractive errors, and anisometropia. It can also be caused by severely dry eyes, a consequence of lower eyelid abnormalities and frequent eye infections. Although an abnormally shaped skull is not distinctive for Treacher Collins syndrome, brachycephaly with bitemporal narrowing is sometimes observed. Cleft palate is also common. Dental anomalies are seen in 60 % of affected people, including tooth agenesis ( 33 % ), discoloration ( enamel opacities ) ( 20 % ), malplacement of the maxillary first molars ( 13 % ), and wide spacing of the teeth. In some cases, dental anomalies in combination with mandible hypoplasia result in a malocclusion. This can lead to problems with food intake and the ability to close the mouth. Less common features of TCS may add to an affected person 's breathing problems, including sleep apnea. Choanal atresia or stenosis is a narrowing or absence of the choanae, the internal opening of the nasal passages. Underdevelopment of the pharynx, can also narrow the airway. Features related to TCS that are seen less frequently include nasal deformities, high - arched palate, macrostomia, preauricular hair displacement, cleft palate, hypertelorism, notched upper eyelid, and congenital heart defects. The general public may associate facial deformity with developmental delay and intellectual disability, but more than 95 % of people affected with TCS have normal intelligence. The psychological and social problems associated with facial deformity can affect quality of life in people with TCS. Genetics Treacher Collins syndrome is inherited in an autosomal - dominant pattern. Mutations in TCOF1, POLR1C, or POLR1D genes can cause Treacher Collins syndrome. TCOF1 gene mutations are the most common cause of the disorder, accounting for 81 to 93 % of all cases. POLR1C and POLR1D gene mutations cause an additional 2 % of cases. In individuals without an identified mutation in one of these genes, the genetic cause of the condition is unknown. The TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D genes code for proteins which play important roles in the early development of bones and other tissues of the face. Mutations in these genes reduce the production of rRNA, which may trigger the self - destruction ( apoptosis ) of certain cells involved in the development of facial bones and tissues. It is unclear why the effects of a reduction in rRNA are limited to facial development. Mutations in TCOF1 and POLR1D cause the autosomal dominant form of Treacher Collins, and mutations in POLR1C cause the autosomal recessive form. TCOF1 TCOF1 is the primary gene associated with TCS ; a mutation in this gene being found in 90 - 95 % of the individuals with TCS. However, in some individuals with typical symptoms of TCS, mutations in TCOF1 have not been found. Investigation of the DNA has resulted in the identification of the kind of mutations found in TCOF1. The majority of mutations are small deletions or insertions, though splice site and missense mutations also have been identified. Mutation analysis has unveiled more than 100 disease - causing mutations in TCOF1, which are mostly family - specific mutations. The only recurrent mutation accounts for about 17 % of the cases. TCOF1 is found on the 5th chromosome in the 5q32 region. It codes for a relatively simple nucleolar protein called treacle, that is thought to be involved in ribosome assembly. Mutations in TCOF1 lead to haploinsufficiency of the treacle protein. Haploinsufficiency occurs when a diploid organism has only one functional copy of a gene, because the other copy is inactivated by a mutation. The one normal copy of the gene does not produce enough protein, causing disease. Haploinsufficiency of the treacle protein leads to a depletion of the neural crest cell precursor, which leads to a reduced number of crest cells migrating to the first and second pharyngeal arches. These cells play an important role in the development of the craniofacial appearance, and loss of one copy of treacle affects the cells ' ability to form the bones and tissues of the face. Other mutations POLR1C and POLR1D mutations are responsible for a minority of cases of Treacher Collins. POLR1C is found on chromosome 6 at position 6q21. 2 and codes for a protein subunit of RNA polymerase I. POLR1D is found on chromosome 13 at position 13q12. 2 and codes for a protein subunit of RNA polymerase III. Both of these polymerases are important for ribosome biogenesis. Diagnosis Genetic counselling TCS is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and the penetrance of the affected gene is almost complete. Some recent investigations, though, described some rare cases in which the penetrance in TCS was not complete. Causes may be a variable expressivity, an incomplete penetrance or germline mosaicism. Only 40 % of the mutations are inherited. The remaining 60 % are a result of a de novo mutation, where a child has a new mutation in the responsible gene and did not inherit it from either parent. In the outcome of the disease, inter - and intrafamilial variability occurs. This suggests, when an affected child is born, it is important to investigate the parents to determine whether the affected gene is present, because the parent could have a mild form of the disease that has not been diagnosed. In this case, the risk of having another affected child is 50 %. If the parents do not have the affected gene, the recurrence risk appears to be low. In following generations, the severity of the clinical symptoms increases. Prenatal diagnosis Mutations in the main genes responsible for TCS can be detected with chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Rare mutations may not be detected by these methods. Ultrasonography can be used to detect craniofacial abnormalities later in pregnancy, but may not detect milder cases. Clinical findings TCS is often first suspected with characteristic symptoms observed during a physical exam. However, the clinical presentation of TCS can resemble other diseases, making diagnosis difficult. The OMENS classification was developed as a comprehensive and stage - based approach to differentiate the diseases. This acronym describes five distinct dysmorphic manifestations, namely orbital asymmetry, mandibular hypoplasia, auricular deformity, nerve development, and soft - tissue disease. Orbital symmetry O0 : normal orbital size, position O1 : abnormal orbital size O2 : abnormal orbital position O3 : abnormal orbital size and position Mandible M0 : normal mandible M1 : small mandible and glenoid fossa with short ramus M2 : ramus short and abnormally shaped 2A : glenoid fossa in anatomical acceptable position 2B : Temperomandibular joint inferiorly ( TMJ ), medially, anteriorly displaced, with severely hypoplastic condyle M3 : Complete absence of ramus, glenoid fossa, and TMJ Ear E0 : normal ear E1 : Minor hypoplasia and cupping with all structures present E2 : Absence of external auditory canal with variable hypoplasia of the auricle E3 : Malposition of the lobule with absent auricle, lobular remnant usually inferior anteriorly displaced Facial nerve N0 : No facial nerve involvement N1 : Upper facial nerve involvement ( temporal or zygomatic branches ) N2 : Lower facial nerve involvement ( buccal, mandibular or cervical ) N3 : All branches affected Soft tissue S0 : No soft tissue or muscle deficiency S1 : Minimal tissue or muscle deficiency S2 : Moderate tissue or muscle deficiency S3 : Severe tissue or muscle deficiency Radiographs A few techniques are used to confirm the diagnosis in TCS. An orthopantomogram ( OPG ) is a panoramic dental X-ray of the upper and lower jaw. It shows a two - dimensional image from ear to ear. Particularly, OPG facilitates an accurate postoperative follow - up and monitoring of bone growth under a mono - or double - distractor treatment. Thereby, some TCS features could be seen on OPG, but better techniques are used to include the whole spectrum of TCS abnormalities instead of showing only the jaw abnormalities. Another method of radiographic evaluation is taking an X-ray image of the whole head. The lateral cephalometric radiograph in TCS shows hypoplasia of the facial bones, like the malar bone, mandible, and the mastoid. Finally, occipitomental radiographs are used to detect hypoplasia or discontinuity of the zygomatic arch. CT scan A temporal - bone CT using thin slices makes it possible to diagnose the degree of stenosis and atresia of the external auditory canal, the status of the middle ear cavity, the absent or dysplastic and rudimentary ossicles, or inner ear abnormalities such as a deficient cochlea. Two - and three - dimensional CT reconstructions with VRT and bone and skin - surfacing are helpful for more accurate staging and the three - dimensional planning of mandibular and external ear reconstructive surgery. Differential diagnosis Other diseases have similar characteristics to Treacher Collins syndrome. In the differential diagnosis, one should consider the acrofacial dysostoses. The facial appearance resembles that of Treacher Collins syndrome, but additional limb abnormalities occur in those persons. Examples of these diseases are Nager syndrome and Miller syndrome. The oculoauriculovertebral spectrum should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. An example is hemifacial microsomia, which primarily affects development of the ear, mouth, and mandible. This anomaly may occur bilaterally. Another disease which belongs to this spectrum is Goldenhar syndrome, which includes vertebral abnormalities, epibulbar dermoids and facial deformities. Treatment The treatment of individuals with TCS may involve the intervention of professionals from multiple disciplines. The primary concerns are breathing and feeding, as a consequence of the hypoplasia of the mandibula and the obstruction of the hypopharynx by the tongue. Sometimes, they may require a tracheostomy to maintain an adequate airway, and a gastrostomy to assure an adequate caloric intake while protecting the airway. Corrective surgery of the face is performed at defined ages, depending on the developmental state. An overview of the present guidelines : If a cleft palate is present, the repair normally takes place at 9 -- 12 months old. Before surgery, a polysomnography with a palatal plate in place is needed. This may predict the postoperative situation and gives insight on the chance of the presence of sleep apnea ( OSAS ) after the operation. Hearing loss is treated by bone conduction amplification, speech therapy, and educational intervention to avoid language / speech problems. The bone - anchored hearing aid is an alternative for individuals with ear anomalies Zygomatic and orbital reconstruction is performed when the cranio - orbitozygomatic bone is completely developed, usually at the age of 5 -- 7 years. In children, an autologous bone graft is mostly used. In combination with this transplantation, lipofilling can be used in the periorbital area to get an optimal result of the reconstruction. Reconstruction of the lower eyelid coloboma includes the use of a myocutaneous flap, which is elevated and in this manner closes the eyelid defect. External ear reconstruction is usually done when the individual is at least eight years old. Sometimes, the external auditory canal or middle ear can also be treated. The optimal age for the maxillomandibular reconstruction is controversial ; as of 2004, this classification has been used : Type I ( mild ) and Type IIa ( moderate ) 13 -- 16 years Type IIb ( moderate to severe malformation ) at skeletal maturity Type III ( severe ) 6 -- 10 years When the teeth are cutting, the teeth should be under supervision of an orthodontist to make sure no abnormalities occur. If abnormalities like dislocation or an overgrowth of teeth are seen, appropriate action can be undertaken as soon as possible. Orthognatic treatments usually take place after the age of 16 years ; at this point, all teeth are in place and the jaw and dentures are mature. Whenever OSAS is detected, the level of obstruction is determined through endoscopy of the upper airways. Mandibular advancement can be an effective way to improve both breathing and æsthetics, while a chinplasty only restores the profile. If a nose reconstruction is necessary, it is usually performed after the orthognatic surgery and after the age of 18 years. The contour of the facial soft tissues generally requires correction at a later age, because of the facial skeletal maturity. The use of microsurgical methods, like the free flap transfer, has improved the correction of facial soft tissue contours. Another technique to improve the facial soft tissue contours is lipofilling. For instance, lipofilling is used to reconstruct the eyelids. Hearing loss Hearing loss in Treacher Collins syndrome is caused by deformed structures in the outer and middle ear. The hearing loss is generally bilateral with a conductive loss of about 50 - 70 dB. Even in cases with normal auricles and open external auditory canals, the ossicular chain is often malformed. Attempts to surgically reconstruct the external auditory canal and improve hearing in children with TCS have not yielded positive results. Auditory rehabilitation with bone - anchored hearing aids ( BAHAs ) or a conventional bone conduction aid has proven preferable to surgical reconstruction. Psychiatric The disorder can be associated with a number of psychological symptoms, anxiety, depression, social phobia, body image disorders, and patients may be subjected to discrimination, bullying and name calling especially when young. A multi-disciplinary team and parental support should include these issues. Epidemiology TCS occurs in about one in 50,000 births in Europe. Worldwide, it is estimated to occur in one in 10,000 to one in 50,000 births. History The syndrome is named after Edward Treacher Collins ( 1862 -- 1932 ), the English surgeon and ophthalmologist who described its essential traits in 1900. In 1949, Adolphe Franceschetti and David Klein described the same condition on their own observations as mandibulofacial dysostosis. The term mandibulofacial dysostosis is used to describe the clinical features. Media portrayals A July 1977 New York Times article that was reprinted in numerous newspapers nationwide over the ensuing weeks brought this malady to many people 's attention for the first time. The disorder was featured on the show Nip / Tuck, in the episode `` Blu Mondae ''. TLC 's Born Without a Face features Juliana Wetmore, who was born with the most severe case in medical history of this syndrome and is missing 30 % -- 40 % of the bones in her face. In 2010, BBC Three documentary Love Me, Love My Face covered the case of a man, Jono Lancaster, with the condition. In 2011, BBC Three returned to Jono to cover his and his partner Laura 's quest to start a family, in So What If My Baby Is Born Like Me ?, which first aired as part of a BBC Three season of programmes on parenting. The first film was replayed on BBC One shortly ahead of the second film 's initial BBC Three broadcast. Lancaster 's third BBC Three film, Finding My Family on Facebook, which looked at adoption, aired in 2011. In Wonder, the children 's novel, the main character is a child who has Treacher Collins syndrome. A 2017 film adaptation, starring Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson and Jacob Tremblay, was released in November 2017. See also First arch syndrome Franceschetti - Klein syndrome Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes References Jump up ^ Rapini, Ronald P. ; Bolognia, Jean L. ; Jorizzo, Joseph L. ( 2007 ). Dermatology : 2 - Volume Set. St. Louis : Mosby. pp. 894, 1686. ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2999 - 0. ^ Jump up to : `` ' I hated seeing my face in the mirror ' ''. 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Jump up ^ Treacher Collin E, Cases with symmetrical congenital notches in the outer part of each lid and defective development of the malar bones, 1900, Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK, 20, p. 190 - 192 Jump up ^ Franceschetti A, Klein D, Mandibulo - facial dysostosis : new hereditary syndrome, 1949, Acta Ophtalmol, 27, p. 143 - 224. Jump up ^ `` Surgical Teamwork Gives Disease Victims a New Life '', Donald G. McNeil, Jr., July 26, 1977, page L31. Jump up ^ Nip / Tuck : Blu Mondae - TV.com ^ Jump up to : First Coast News : Local Family Has Daughter Born Without a Face Jump up ^ `` BBC programme page for Love Me, Love My Face ''. BBC Three. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` BBC programme page for So What If My Baby... '' BBC Three. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` BBC Three Bringing Up Britain season ''. BBC One. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011. Jump up ^ BBC Programmes ( 2011 ). ' Finding My Family on Facebook '. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015d7y6. Jump up ^ Chilton, Martin ( 24 February 2012 ). `` Wonder by R.J Palacio : review ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November ''. The Hollywood Reporter. February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017. External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : Q75. 4 ICD - 9 - CM : 756.0 OMIM : 154500 MeSH : D008342 DiseasesDB : 13267 External resources MedlinePlus : 001659 eMedicine : plastic / 183 Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system / musculoskeletal abnormality ( Q65 -- Q76, 754 -- 756.3 ) Appendicular limb / dysmelia Arms clavicle / shoulder : Cleidocranial dysostosis Sprengel 's deformity Wallis -- Zieff -- Goldblatt syndrome hand deformity : Madelung 's deformity Clinodactyly Oligodactyly Polydactyly Leg hip : Dislocation of hip / Hip dysplasia Upington disease Coxa valga Coxa vara knee : Genu valgum Genu varum Genu recurvatum Discoid meniscus Congenital patellar dislocation Congenital knee dislocation foot deformity : varus Club foot Pigeon toe valgus Flat feet Pes cavus Rocker bottom foot Hammer toe Either / both fingers and toes Polydactyly / Syndactyly webbed toes Arachnodactyly Cenani -- Lenz syndactylism Ectrodactyly Brachydactyly Clubbed thumb reduction deficits / limb : Acheiropodia ectromelia Phocomelia Amelia Hemimelia multiple joints : Arthrogryposis Larsen syndrome Rapadilino syndrome Axial Skull and face Craniosynostosis : Scaphocephaly Oxycephaly Trigonocephaly Craniofacial dysostosis : Crouzon syndrome Hypertelorism Hallermann -- Streiff syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome other : Macrocephaly Platybasia Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia Dolichocephaly Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome Plagiocephaly Saddle nose Vertebral column spinal curvature Scoliosis Klippel -- Feil syndrome Spondylolisthesis Spina bifida occulta Sacralization Thoracic skeleton ribs : Cervical Bifid sternum : Pectus excavatum Pectus carinatum Nucleus diseases Telomere Revesz syndrome Nucleolus Treacher Collins syndrome Spinocerebellar ataxia 7 Cajal body : Spinal muscular atrophy Centromere CENPJ Seckel syndrome 4 Other AAAS Triple - A syndrome Laminopathy SMC1A / SMC3 Cornelia de Lange Syndrome SETBP1 Schinzel -- Giedion syndrome see also nucleus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treacher_Collins_syndrome&oldid=816013553 '' Categories : Genodermatoses Rare diseases Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system Autosomal dominant disorders Nucleus diseases Connective tissue diseases Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 17 : 58. 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Question: who discovered treacher collins syndrome and when was it first diagnosed
Answer: Edward Treacher Collins