Mule deer - wikipedia Mule deer Mule deer Male and female in Elk Creek Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Subfamily : Capreolinae Genus : Odocoileus Species : O. hemionus Binomial name Odocoileus hemionus ( Rafinesque, 1817 ) Subspecies 10, but some disputed ( see text ) Distribution map of subspecies : Sitka black - tailed deer ( O. h. sitkensis ) Black - tailed deer ( O. h. columbianus ) California mule deer ( O. h. californicus ) Southern mule deer ( O. h. fuliginatus ) Peninsula mule deer ( O. h. peninsulae ) Desert mule deer ( O. h. eremicus ) Rocky Mountain mule deer ( O. h. hemionus ) The mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) is a deer indigenous to western North America ; it is named for its ears, which are large like those of the mule. There are several subspecies, including the black - tailed deer. Unlike the related white - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), mule deer are generally more associated with the land west of the Missouri River, and more specifically with the Rocky Mountain region of North America. Mule deer have also been introduced to Argentina and Kauai, Hawaii. Contents 1 Description 2 Seasonal behaviors 3 Diet and foraging behaviors 4 Nutrition 5 Taxonomy 5.1 Subspecies 6 References 7 External links Description Small herd of mule deer in the Sulphur Springs Valley of southern Arizona Stotting mule deer The most noticeable differences between white - tailed and mule deer are the size of their ears, the color of their tails, and the configuration of their antlers. In many cases, body size is also a key difference. The mule deer 's tail is black - tipped whereas the whitetail 's is not. Mule deer antlers are bifurcated ; they `` fork '' as they grow, rather than branching from a single main beam, as is the case with white - tails. Each spring, a buck 's antlers start to regrow almost immediately after the old antlers are shed. Shedding typically takes place in mid February, with variations occurring by locale. Although capable of running, mule deer are often seen stotting ( also called pronking ), with all four feet coming down together. The mule deer is the larger of the two Odocoileus species on average, with a height of 80 -- 106 cm ( 31 -- 42 in ) at the shoulders and a nose - to - tail length ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 m ( 3.9 to 6.9 ft ). Of this, the tail may comprise 11.6 to 23 cm ( 4.6 to 9.1 in ). Adult bucks normally weigh 55 -- 150 kg ( 121 -- 331 lb ), averaging around 92 kg ( 203 lb ), although trophy specimens may weigh up to 210 kg ( 460 lb ). Does ( female deer ) are rather smaller and typically weigh from 43 to 90 kg ( 95 to 198 lb ), with an average of around 68 kg ( 150 lb ). Unlike the whitetail, the mule deer does not generally show marked size variation across its range, although environmental conditions can cause considerable weight fluctuations in any given population. An exception to this is the subspecies, the Sitka black - tailed deer ( O. h. sitkensis ). This race is markedly smaller than other mule deer, with an average weight of 54.5 kg ( 120 lb ) and 36 kg ( 79 lb ) in males and females, respectively. Seasonal behaviors In addition to movements related to available shelter and food, the breeding cycle is important in understanding deer behavior. The `` rut '' or mating season usually begins in the fall as does go into estrus for a period of a few days and males become more aggressive, competing for mates. Does may mate with more than one buck and go back into estrus within a month if they did not become pregnant. The gestation period is about 190 -- 200 days, with fawns born in the spring, staying with their mothers during the summer and being weaned in the fall after about 60 -- 75 days. Mule deer females usually give birth to two fawns, although if it is their first time having a fawn, they often have just one. A buck 's antlers fall off during the winter, to grow again in preparation for the next season 's rut. The annual cycle of antler growth is regulated by changes in the length of the day. For a guide to identify the sex and age class of Rocky Mountain mule deer at various seasons see S1 File. For more information see the main article on deer. The size of mule deer groups follow a marked seasonal pattern. Groups are smallest during fawning season ( June and July in Saskatchewan and Alberta ) and largest in early gestation ( winter ; February and March in Saskatchewan and Alberta ). Besides humans, the three leading predators of mule deer are coyotes, gray wolves, and cougars. Bobcats, wolverines, American black bears, and brown bears may prey upon adult deer, but most often only attack fawns or infirm specimens or eat the deer after it has died naturally. Bears and smaller sized carnivores are typically opportunistic feeders, and would pose little threat to a strong, healthy mule deer. Diet and foraging behaviors Play media Mule deer foraging on a late winter morning at Okanagan Mountain Provincial Park Kufleld et al. ( 1973 ) analyzed 99 studies of mule deer diets and found that some 788 species of plants were eaten by mule deer, and mule deer diets vary greatly depending on the season, geographic region, year, and elevation. Kufeld, et al. ( 1973 ) gave the following data for Rocky Mountain mule deer diets : Shrubs and trees Forbs Grasses and grasslikes Winter 74 % 15 % 11 % ( varies 0 - 53 % ) Spring 49 % 25 % 26 % ( varies 4 - 64 % ) Summer 49 % 46 % ( varies 3 - 77 % ) 3 % ( varies 0 - 22 % ) Fall 60 % 30 % ( varies 2 - 78 % ) 9 % ( varies 0 - 24 % ) Anthony & Smith ( 1977 ) found that the diets of mule deer are very similar to those of whitetail deer in areas where they coexist. Mule deer are intermediate feeders rather than pure browsers or grazers ; they predominantly browse, but also eat forb vegetation, small amounts of grass, and where available, tree or shrub fruits such as beans, pods, nuts ( including acorns, and berries. Mule deer readily adapt to agricultural products and landscape plantings. In the Sierra Nevada range, mule deer depend on the lichen Bryoria fremontii as a winter food source. The most common plant species consumed by mule deer are : Among trees and shrubs : Artemisia tridentata ( big sagebrush ), Cercocarpus ledifolius ( curlleaf mountain mahogany ), Cercocarpus montanus ( true mountain mahogany ), Cowania mexicana ( Mexican cliffrose ), Populus tremuloides ( quaking aspen ), Purshia tridentata ( antelope bitterbrush ), Quercus gambelii ( Gambel oak ), and Rhus trilobata ( skunkbush sumac ). Among forbs : Achillea millefolium ( western yarrow ), Antennaria sp. ( pussytoes ), Artemisia frigida ( fringed sagebrush ), Artemisia ludoviciana ( Louisiana sagewort ), Aster spp., Astragalus sp. ( milkvetch ), Balsamorhiza sagittata ( arrowleaf balsamroot ), Cirsium sp. ( thistle ), Erigeron spp. ( fleabane ), Geranium sp., Lactuca serriola ( prickly lettuce ), Lupinus spp. ( lupine ), Medicago sativa ( alfalfa ), Penstemon spp., Phlox spp., Polygonum sp. ( knotweed / smartweed ), Potentilla spp. ( cinquefoil ), Taraxacum officinale ( dandelion ), Tragopogon dubius ( western salsify ), Trifolium sp. ( clover ), and Vicia americana ( American vetch ). Among grasses and grasslike species : Agropyron, Elymus ( wheatgrasses ), Elytrigia, Pascopyrum sp. ( wheatgrasses ), Pseudoroegneria spicatum ( bluebunch wheatgrass ), Bromus tectorum ( cheatgrass ), Carex spp. ( sedge ), Festuca idahoensis ( Idaho fescue ), Poa fendleriana ( muttongrass ), Poa pratensis ( Kentucky bluegrass ), and other Poa spp. ( bluegrass ). Mule deer have also been known to eat ricegrass, gramagrass, bromegrass, and needlegrass, as well as antelope brush, bearberry, bitter cherry, bitterbrush, black oak, California buckeye, ceanothus, cedar, cliffrose, cottonwood, creek dogwood, creeping barberry, dogwood, Douglas fir, elderberry, fendlera, goldeneye, holly - leaf buckthrorn, jack pine, knotweed, kohleria, manzanita, mesquite, oak, pine, rabbitbrush, ragweed, redberry, scrub oak, serviceberry ( including Pacific serviceberry ), Sierra juniper, silktassel, snowberry, stonecrop, sunflower, tesota, thimbleberry, turbinella oak, velvet elder, western chokecherry, wild cherry, and wild oats. Where available, mule deer also eat a variety of wild mushrooms, which are most abundant in late summer and fall in the southern Rocky Mountains ; mushrooms provide moisture, protein, phosphorus, and potassium. Mule deer grazing in Zion National Park Buck grazing near Leavenworth, Washington Doe grazing in Alberta, Canada Humans sometimes engage in supplemental feeding efforts in severe winters in an attempt to avoid mule deer starvation. Wildlife agencies discourage most such efforts, which may cause harm to mule deer populations by spreading disease ( such as tuberculosis and chronic wasting disease ) when deer congregate for feed ; disrupting migratory patterns ; and causing overpopulation of local mule deer populations and overbrowsing of shrubs and forbs. Supplemental feeding efforts are appropriate when carefully conducted under limited circumstances, but to be successful, the feeding must begin early in the severe winter, before poor range conditions and severe weather cause malnourishment or starvation, and must be continued until range conditions can support the herd. Mule deer are variably gregarious, with a large proportion of solitary individuals ( 35 to 64 % ) and small groups ( groups with ≤ 5 deer, 50 to 78 % ). Reported mean group size measurements are three to five and typical group size ( i.e. crowding ) is about seven. Nutrition Mule deer are ruminants, meaning they employ a nutrient acquisition strategy of fermenting plant material before digesting it. Deer consuming high - fiber, low - starch diets require less food than those consuming high - starch, low - fiber diets. Rumination time also increases when deer consume high - fiber, low - starch diets which allows for increased nutrient acquisition due to greater length of fermentation. Because some of the subspecies of mule deer are migratory, they encounter variable habitats and forage quality throughout the year. Forages consumed in the summer are higher in digestible components ( i.e. proteins, starches, sugars, and hemicellulose ) than those consumed in the winter. The average gross energy content of the consumed forage material is 4.5 kcal / g. Due to fluctuations in forage quality and availability, mule deer fat storage varies throughout the year, with the most fat stored in October, which is depleted throughout the winter to the lowest levels of fat storage in March. Changes in hormone levels are indications of physiological adjustments to the changes in the habitat. Total body fat is a measure of the individual 's energy reserves while thyroid hormone concentrations are a metric to determine the deer 's ability to utilize the fat reserves. Triiodothryionine ( T3 ) hormone is directly involved with basal metabolic rate and thermoregulation. Taxonomy The mule deer can be divided into two main groups : The mule deer ( sensu stricto ) and the black - tailed deer. The first group includes all subspecies, except O. h. columbianus and O. h. sitkensis, which are in the black - tailed deer group. The two main groups have been treated as separate species, but they hybridize, and virtually all recent authorities treat the mule deer and black - tailed deer as conspecific. It appears the mule deer evolved from the black - tailed deer. Despite this, the mtDNA of the white - tailed deer and mule deer are similar, but differ from that of the black - tailed deer. This may be the result of introgression, although hybrids between the mule deer and white - tailed deer are rare in the wild ( apparently more common locally in West Texas ), and the hybrid survival rate is low even in captivity. Many claims of observations of wild hybrids are not legitimate, as identification based on external features is complicated. Subspecies Some authorities have recognized O. h. crooki as a senior synonym of O. h. eremicus, but the type specimen of the former is a hybrid between the mule deer and white - tailed deer, so the name O. h. crooki is invalid. Additionally, the validity of O. h. inyoensis has been questioned, and the two insular O. h. cerrosensis and O. h. sheldoni may be synonyms of O. h. eremicus or O. h. peninsulae. The 10 valid subspecies based on the third edition of Mammal Species of the World are : Mule deer ( sensu stricto ) group : O. h. californicus -- California mule deer O. h. cerrosensis -- Cedros / Cerros Island mule deer ( Cedros Island ) O. h. eremicus -- desert / burro mule deer ( Lower Colorado River Valley ; northwest Mexico, southeastern California, and Arizona ) O. h. fuliginatus -- southern mule deer ( southernmost California and Baja California ) O. h. hemionus -- Rocky Mountain mule deer ( western and central North America ) O. h. inyoensis -- Inyo mule deer ( Sierra Nevada, California ) O. h. peninsulae -- Peninsula mule deer ( Baja California Sur ) O. h. sheldoni -- Tiburon Island mule deer ( Tiburon Island ) Black - tailed deer group : O. h. columbianus -- black - tailed deer ( Pacific Northwest and Northern California regions ) O. h. sitkensis -- Sitka black - tailed deer ( coastal area and islands off western British Columbia ) References ^ Jump up to : Sanchez Rojas, G. & Gallina Tessaro, S. ( 2008 ). `` Odocoileus hemionus ''. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 8 April 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern. Jump up ^ `` Odocoileus hemionus ''. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 23 March 2006. ^ Jump up to : Wilson, D.E. ; Reeder, D.M., eds. ( 2005 ). Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed. ). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. OCLC 62265494. ^ Jump up to : Ronald M. Nowak ( 7 April 1999 ). Walker 's Mammals of the World. JHU Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5789 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Fiona Reid ( 15 November 2006 ). Peterson Field Guide to Mammals of North America ( Fourth ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0 - 547 - 34553 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Heffelfinger, J. ( March 2011 ). `` Tails With A Dark Side : The truth about whitetail - mule deer hybrids ''. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Valerius Geist ( January 1998 ). Deer of the World : Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0496 - 0. Jump up ^ Petersen, David ( Nov. / Dec., 1985 ). `` North American Deer : Mule, Whitetail and Coastal Blacktail Deer ''. Mother Earth News. Ogden Publications, Inc. Retrieved 4 January 2012. ^ Jump up to : Odocoileus hemionus, Animal Diversity Jump up ^ David Burnie ( 1 September 2011 ). Animal : The Definitive Visual Guide to the World 's Wildlife. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 6233 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Deer ( Family Cervidae ) ''. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Sitka Black - tailed Deer Hunting Information ''. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Mule Deer Fact Sheet ^ Jump up to : Mejía Salazar, María Fernanda ; Waldner, Cheryl ; Stookey, Joseph ; Bollinger, Trent K. ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ). `` Infectious Disease and Grouping Patterns in Mule Deer ''. PLOS ONE. 11 ( 3 ) : e0150830. ISSN 1932 - 6203. PMC 4805189. PMID 27007808. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0150830. ^ Jump up to : Jim Heffelfinger, Deer of the Southwest : A Complete Guide to the Natural History, Biology, and Management of Southwestern Mule Deer and White - tailed Deer, Texas A&M University Press, 2006, pp. 97 - 111. ^ Jump up to : Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) Fact Sheet, Colorado Natural Resources Conservation Service, March 2000. Jump up ^ Armstrong, David M ( 2014 ). `` Species Profile : Deer ''. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Jump up ^ Alexander Campbell Martin ; Herbert Spencer Zim ; Arnold L. Nelson ( 1961 ). American Wildlife & Plants : A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits : the Use of Trees, Shrubs, Weeds, and Herbs by Birds and Mammals of the United States. Dover Publications. ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 20793 - 3. Jump up ^ Lichens in relation to management issues in the Sierra Nevada national parks, McCune, B., J. Grenon, and E. Martin, L. Mutch, Sierra Nevada Network, Cooperative agreement CA9088A0008. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Three Rivers, California, ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Leonard Lee Rue, III, The Deer of North America, First Lyons Press, 1997, p. 499 - 502. ^ Jump up to : `` Mule Deer in the West - Changing LandScapes, Changing Perspectives_Supplemental Feeding - Just Say No '' ( PDF ). Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Retrieved 7 January 2014. Jump up ^ Kucera, Thomas E. ( 1978 - 08 - 21 ). `` Social Behavior and Breeding System of the Desert Mule Deer ''. Journal of Mammalogy. 59 ( 3 ) : 463 -- 476. ISSN 0022 - 2372. doi : 10.2307 / 1380224. Jump up ^ Bowyer, R.T. ; McCullough, D.R. ; Belovsky, G.E. `` Causes and consequences of sociality in mule deer. ''. Alces ( 37 ( 2 ) : 371 -- 402. ). Jump up ^ Reiczigel J ; et al. ( 2015 ). `` Comparing radio - tracking and visual detection methods to quantify group size measures '' ( PDF ). European Journal of Ecology. 1 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 4. doi : 10.1515 / eje - 2015 - 0011. Jump up ^ Mccusker, S ( 2011 ). `` Effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) fawns ''. Journal of Animal Nutrition. Jump up ^ deCalesta, David S. ; Nagy, Julius G. ; Bailey, James A. ( October 1975 ). `` Starving and Refeeding Mule Deer ''. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 39 ( 4 ) : 663. doi : 10.2307 / 3800224. Jump up ^ Wallmo, O.C. ; Carpenter, L.H. ; Regelin, W.L. ; Gill, R.B. ; Baker, D.L. ( March 1977 ). `` Evaluation of Deer Habitat on a Nutritional Basis ''. Journal of Range Management. 30 ( 2 ) : 122. doi : 10.2307 / 3897753. Jump up ^ Bergman, Eric J. ; Doherty, Paul F. ; Bishop, Chad J. ; Wolfe, Lisa L. ; Banulis, Bradley A. ; Kaltenboeck, Bernhard ( 3 September 2014 ). `` Herbivore Body Condition Response in Altered Environments : Mule Deer and Habitat Management ''. PLoS ONE. 9 ( 9 ) : e106374. PMC 4153590. PMID 25184410. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0106374. ^ Jump up to : George A. Feldhamer ; Bruce C. Thompson ; Joseph A. Chapman ( 21 October 2003 ). Wild Mammals of North America : Biology, Management, and Conservation. JHU Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7416 - 1. Jump up ^ Heffelfinger, J. ( 2000 ). `` Status of the name Odocoileus hemionus crooki ( Mammalia : Cervidae ) ''. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 113 : 319 -- 333. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Odocoileus hemionus. Wikispecies has information related to : Odocoileus hemionus Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account - Mule deer Video of Arizona mule deer Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Caribou ( R. tarandus ) Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Strepsicerotini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Imbabala ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - chinese warty pig ( S. bucculentus ) Visayan warty pig ( S. cebifrons ) Celebes warty pig ( S. celebensis ) Flores warty pig ( S. heureni ) Oliver 's warty pig ( S. oliveri ) Philippine warty pig ( S. philippensis ) Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Timor warty pig ( S. timoriensis ) Javan warty pig ( S. verrucosus ) Tayassuidae Tayassu White - lipped peccary ( T. pecari ) Catagonus Chacoan peccary ( C. wagneri ) Pecari Collared peccary ( P. tajacu ) Giant peccary ( P. maximus ) Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama ( L. glama ) Guanaco ( L. guanicoe ) Vicugna Vicuña ( V. vicugna ) Alpaca ( V. pacos ) Camelus Dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) Wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) Whippomorpha ( unranked clade ) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus ( H. amphibius ) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus ( C. liberiensis ) Game animals and shooting in the United States Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q338831 ADW : Odocoileus_hemionus EoL : 328651 Fossilworks : 49284 GBIF : 2440974 iNaturalist : 42220 ITIS : 180698 IUCN : 42393 MSW : 14200267 NCBI : 9872 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mule_deer&oldid=803594473 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Deer Mammals described in 1817 Mammals of North America Mammals of the United States Mammals of Mexico Megafauna of North America Fauna of the Western United States Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley Fauna of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Fauna of the Rocky Mountains Mammals of Canada Urban animals Introduced animals of Hawaii Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Use dmy dates from June 2011 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017, at 12 : 57. 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Question: when do mule deer give birth in colorado
Answer: in the spring