Robinson Crusoe - wikipedia Robinson Crusoe For other uses, see Robinson Crusoe ( disambiguation ). Robinson Crusoe Title page from the first edition Author Daniel Defoe Illustrator Single engraving by John Clark and John Pine after design by unknown artist Country United Kingdom Language English Genre adventure, historical fiction Publisher W. Taylor Publication date 25 April 1719 ( 298 years ago ) ( 1719 - 04 - 25 ) Followed by The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe / ˌrɒbɪnsən ˈkruːsoʊ / is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work 's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character ( whose birth name is Robinson Kreutznaer ) -- a castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical desert island near Trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers, before ultimately being rescued. The story has been thought to be based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on a Pacific island called `` Más a Tierra '', now part of Chile, which was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966, but various literary sources have also been suggested. Despite its simple narrative style, Robinson Crusoe was well received in the literary world and is often credited as marking the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre. It is generally seen as a contender for the first English novel. Before the end of 1719, the book had already run through four editions, and it has gone on to become one of the most widely published books in history, spawning so many imitations, not only in literature but also in film, television and radio, that its name is used to define a genre, the Robinsonade. Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Sources and real life castaways 3 Reception and sequels 4 Interpretations 5 Legacy 6 Editions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Additional References 11 Works of criticism 12 External links Plot summary Pictorial map of Crusoe 's island, a.k.a. `` Island of Despair '', showing incidents from the book Crusoe ( the family name corrupted from the German name `` Kreutznaer '' ) set sail from Kingston upon Hull on a sea voyage in August 1651, against the wishes of his parents, who wanted him to pursue a career in law. After a tumultuous journey where his ship is wrecked in a storm, his lust for the sea remains so strong that he sets out to sea again. This journey, too, ends in disaster, as the ship is taken over by Salé pirates ( the Salé Rovers ) and Crusoe is enslaved by a Moor. Two years later, he escapes in a boat with a boy named Xury ; a captain of a Portuguese ship off the west coast of Africa rescues him. The ship is en route to Brazil. Crusoe sells Xury to the captain. With the captain 's help, Crusoe procures a plantation. Years later, Crusoe joins an expedition to bring slaves from Africa, but he is shipwrecked in a storm about forty miles out to sea on an island ( which he calls the Island of Despair ) near the mouth of the Orinoco river on 30 September 1659. He observes the latitude as 9 degrees and 22 minutes north. He sees penguins and seals on his island. As for his arrival there, only he and three animals, the captain 's dog and two cats, survive the shipwreck. Overcoming his despair, he fetches arms, tools and other supplies from the ship before it breaks apart and sinks. He builds a fenced - in habitat near a cave which he excavates. By making marks in a wooden cross, he creates a calendar. By using tools salvaged from the ship, and some he makes himself from `` ironwood '', he hunts, grows barley and rice, dries grapes to make raisins, learns to make pottery and raises goats. He also adopts a small parrot. He reads the Bible and becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society. More years pass and Crusoe discovers native cannibals, who occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. At first he plans to kill them for committing an abomination but later realizes he has no right to do so, as the cannibals do not knowingly commit a crime. He dreams of obtaining one or two servants by freeing some prisoners ; when a prisoner escapes, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion `` Friday '' after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English and converts him to Christianity. After more natives arrive to partake in a cannibal feast, Crusoe and Friday kill most of the natives and save two prisoners. One is Friday 's father and the other is a Spaniard, who informs Crusoe about other Spaniards shipwrecked on the mainland. A plan is devised wherein the Spaniard would return to the mainland with Friday 's father and bring back the others, build a ship, and sail to a Spanish port. Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears ; mutineers have commandeered the vessel and intend to maroon their captain on the island. Crusoe and the ship 's captain strike a deal in which Crusoe helps the captain and the loyal sailors retake the ship and leave the worst mutineers on the island. Before embarking for England, Crusoe shows the mutineers how he survived on the island and states that there will be more men coming. Crusoe leaves the island 19 December 1686 and arrives in England on 11 June 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead ; as a result, he was left nothing in his father 's will. Crusoe departs for Lisbon to reclaim the profits of his estate in Brazil, which has granted him much wealth. In conclusion, he transports his wealth overland to England from Portugal to avoid travelling by sea. Friday accompanies him and, en route, they endure one last adventure together as they fight off famished wolves while crossing the Pyrenees. Sources and real life castaways See also : Castaway § Real occurrences Statue of Robinson Crusoe at Alexander Selkirk 's birthplace of Lower Largo by Thomas Stuart Burnett Book on Alexander Selkirk There were many stories of real - life castaways in Defoe 's time, most famous, Defoe 's suspected inspiration for Robinson Crusoe is thought to be from Scottish sailor, Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra ( renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966 ) in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast. Selkirk was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers during an English expedition that lead to the publication of Selkirk 's adventures in both A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World and A Cruising Voyage Around the World in 1712. According to Tim Severin, `` Daniel Defoe, a secretive man, neither confirmed or denied that Selkirk was the model for the hero of the his book. Apparently written in six months or less, Robinson Crusoe was a publishing phenomenon. The author of Crusoe 's Island, Andrew Lambert states, `` the ideas that a single, real Crusoe is a `` false premise '' because Crusoe 's story is a complex compound of all the other buccaneer survival stories. '' However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Rogers ' account : Becky Little argues three events that distinguish the two stories. Robinson Crusoe was shipwrecked while Selkirk decided to leave his ship thus marooning himself ; the island Crusoe was shipwrecked on had already inhabited unlike the solidarity of Selkirk 's adventures. The last and most crucial difference between the two stories is Selkirk is a pirate, looting and raiding coastal cities. Andrew Lambert states, `` The economic and dynamic thrust of the book is completely alien to what the buccaneers are doing, '' Lambert says. `` The buccaneers just want to capture some loot and come home and drink it all, and Crusoe is n't doing that at all. He 's an economic imperialist. He 's creating a world of trade and profit. '' Another possible source for the narrative was Ibn Tufail 's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a twelfth - century philosophical novel also set on a desert island and translated into Latin and English a number of times in the half - century preceding Defoe 's novel. Yet another source for Defoe 's novel may have been the Robert Knox account of his abduction by the King of Ceylon in 1659 in An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon. Tim Severin 's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe ( 2002 ) unravels a much wider and more plausible range of potential sources of inspiration, and concludes by identifying castaway surgeon Henry Pitman as the most likely. An employee of the Duke of Monmouth, Pitman played a part in the Monmouth Rebellion. His short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony, followed by his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Row, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe 's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father 's publishing house and that Defoe himself was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learned of his experiences first - hand, or possibly through submission of a draft. Severin also discusses another publicised case of a marooned man named only as Will, of the Miskito people of Central America, who may have led to the depiction of Man Friday. Arthur Wellesley Secord in his Studies in the narrative method of Defoe ( 1963 : 21 -- 111 ) analyses the composition of Robinson Crusoe and gives a list of possible sources of the story, rejecting the common theory that the story of Selkirk is Defoe 's only source. Reception and sequels Plaque in Queen 's Gardens, Hull, showing him on his island The book was published on 25 April 1719. Before the end of the year, this first volume had run through four editions. By the end of the 19th century, no book in the history of Western literature had more editions, spin - offs and translations ( even into languages such as Inuktitut, Coptic and Maltese ) than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children 's versions with pictures and no text. The term `` Robinsonade '' was coined to describe the genre of stories similar to Robinson Crusoe. Defoe went on to write a lesser - known sequel, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ). It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original title page of its first edition, but a third part, Serious Reflections During the Life & Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, With His Vision of the Angelic World ( 1720 ), was later added. Interpretations Crusoe standing over Friday after he frees him from the cannibals. Novelist James Joyce noted that the true symbol of the British Empire is Robinson Crusoe, to whom he ascribed stereotypical and somewhat hostile English racial characteristics : `` He is the true prototype of the British colonist... The whole Anglo - Saxon spirit in Crusoe : the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity. '' In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his society on the island. This is achieved through the use of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the `` king '' of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the `` governor '' to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a `` colony ''. The idealised master - servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism. Crusoe represents the `` enlightened '' European whilst Friday is the `` savage '' who can only be redeemed from his barbarous way of life through assimilation into Crusoe 's culture. Nonetheless Defoe also takes the opportunity to criticise the historic Spanish conquest of South America. According to J.P. Hunter, Robinson is not a hero but an everyman. He begins as a wanderer, aimless on a sea he does not understand, and ends as a pilgrim, crossing a final mountain to enter the promised land. The book tells the story of how Robinson becomes closer to God, not through listening to sermons in a church but through spending time alone amongst nature with only a Bible to read. Conversely, cultural critic and literary scholar Michael Gurnow views the novel from a Rousseauian perspective. In `` ' The Folly of Beginning a Work Before We Count the Cost ' : Anarcho - Primitivism in Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe, '' the central character 's movement from a primitive state to a more civilized one is interpreted as Crusoe 's denial of humanity 's state of nature. Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was a Puritan moralist and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as The New Family Instructor ( 1727 ) and Religious Courtship ( 1722 ). While Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide, it shares many of the themes and theological and moral points of view. `` Crusoe '' may have been taken from Timothy Cruso, a classmate of Defoe 's who had written guide books, including God the Guide of Youth ( 1695 ), before dying at an early age -- just eight years before Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Cruso would have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been speculated that God the Guide of Youth inspired Robinson Crusoe because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel. A leitmotif of the novel is the Christian notion of Providence, penitence and redemption. Crusoe comes to repent of the follies of his youth. Defoe also foregrounds this theme by arranging highly significant events in the novel to occur on Crusoe 's birthday. The denouement culminates not only in Crusoe 's deliverance from the island, but his spiritual deliverance, his acceptance of Christian doctrine, and in his intuition of his own salvation. When confronted with the cannibals, Crusoe wrestles with the problem of cultural relativism. Despite his disgust, he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless, he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality ; he regards cannibalism as a `` national crime '' and forbids Friday from practising it. Main article : Robinson Crusoe economy In classical, neoclassical and Austrian economics, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money and prices. Crusoe must allocate effort between production and leisure and must choose between alternative production possibilities to meet his needs. The arrival of Friday is then used to illustrate the possibility of trade and the gains that result. Tim Severin 's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe ( 2002 ) unravels a much wider range of potential sources of inspiration. Severin concludes his investigations by stating that the real Robinson Crusoe figure was Henry Pitman, a castaway who had been surgeon to the Duke of Monmouth. Pitman 's short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Street, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe 's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father 's publishing house and since Defoe was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman and learned of his experiences as a castaway. If he did n't meet Pitman, Severin points out that Defoe, upon submitting even a draft of a novel about a castaway to his publisher, would undoubtedly have learned about Pitman 's book published by his father, especially since the interesting castaway had previously lodged with them at their former premises. Severin also provides evidence in his book that another publicised case of a real - life marooned Miskito Central American man named only as Will may have caught Defoe 's attention, inspiring the depiction of Man Friday in his novel. `` One day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man 's naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand. '' -- Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe, 1719 The novel has been variously read as an allegory for the development of civilisation, as a manifesto of economic individualism and as an expression of European colonial desires but it also shows the importance of repentance and illustrates the strength of Defoe 's religious convictions. Critics such as Maximillian E. Novak support the connection between the religious and economic themes within Robinson Crusoe, citing Defoe 's religious ideology as the influence for his portrayal of Crusoe 's economic ideals and his support of the individual. Within Novak 's article, `` Robinson Crusoe 's `` Original Sin '', '' Novak cites Ian Watt 's extensive research in Watt 's book, Myths of Modern Individualism : Faust, Don Quixote, Don Jaun, Robinson Crusoe, In which Watts explores the impact that several Romantic Era novels had against economic individualism, and the reversal of those ideals that takes place within Robinson Crusoe. In Tess Lewis ' review, `` The Heroes We Deserve, '' of Ian Watts article, she furthers Watt 's argument with a development on Defoe 's intention as an author, `` to use individualism to signify nonconformity in religion and the admirable qualities of self - reliance, '' ( Lewis 678 ). This further supports the belief that Defoe used aspects of a spiritual biography in order to introduce the benefits of individualism to a not entirely convinced ideological community. It is also considered by many to be the first novel written in English. Early critics, such as Robert Louis Stevenson, admired it, saying that the footprint scene in Crusoe was one of the four greatest in English literature and most unforgettable ; more prosaically, Dr. Wesley Vernon has seen the origins of forensic podiatry in this episode. It has inspired a new genre, the Robinsonade, as works like Johann David Wyss 's The Swiss Family Robinson ( 1812 ) adapt its premise and has provoked modern postcolonial responses, including J.M. Coetzee 's Foe ( 1986 ) and Michel Tournier 's Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique ( in English, Friday, or, The Other Island ) ( 1967 ). Two sequels followed, Defoe 's The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) and his Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe : with his Vision of the angelick world ( 1720 ). Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) in part parodies Defoe 's adventure novel. Legacy This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2010 ) The book proved so popular that the names of the two main protagonists have entered the language. During World War II, people who decided to stay and hide in the ruins of the German - occupied city of Warsaw for a period of three winter months, from October to January 1945, when they were rescued by the Red Army, were later called Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw. Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as `` my man Friday '', from which the term `` Man Friday '' ( or `` Girl Friday '' ) originated. Robinson Crusoe marked the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre. Its success led to many imitators, and castaway novels, written by Ambrose Evans, Penelope Aubin, and others, became quite popular in Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Most of these have fallen into obscurity, but some became established, including The Swiss Family Robinson, which borrowed Crusoe 's first name for its title. Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels, published seven years after Robinson Crusoe, may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe 's optimistic account of human capability. In The Unthinkable Swift : The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man, Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned about refuting the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe 's novel seems to suggest. In Treasure Island, author Robert Louis Stevenson parodies Crusoe with the character of Ben Gunn, a friendly castaway who was marooned for many years, has a wild appearance, dresses entirely in goat skin and constantly talks about providence. In Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's treatise on education, Emile, or On Education, the one book the protagonist is allowed to read before the age of twelve is Robinson Crusoe. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he can rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau 's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe 's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau 's educational model. Robinson Crusoe Bookstore on İstiklal Avenue, Istanbul. In The Tale of Little Pig Robinson, Beatrix Potter directs the reader to Robinson Crusoe for a detailed description of the island ( the land of the Bong tree ) to which her eponymous hero moves. In Wilkie Collins ' most popular novel, The Moonstone, one of the chief characters and narrators, Gabriel Betteredge, has faith in all that Robinson Crusoe says and uses the book for a sort of divination. He considers The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe the finest book ever written, reads it over and over again, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book. French novelist Michel Tournier published Friday, or, The Other Island ( French Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique ) in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe story. Tournier 's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, J.M.G. Le Clézio, winner of the 2008 Nobel Prize in literature, published the novel Le Proces - Verbal. The book 's epigraph is a quote from Robinson Crusoe, and like Crusoe, Adam Pollo suffers long periods of loneliness. `` Crusoe in England '', a 183 - line poem by Elizabeth Bishop, imagines Crusoe near the end of his life, recalling his time of exile with a mixture of bemusement and regret. J.M. Coetzee 's 1986 novel Foe recounts the tale of Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of a woman named Susan Barton. The story was also illustrated and published in comic book form by Classics Illustrated in 1943 and 1957. The much improved 1957 version was inked / penciled by Sam Citron, who is most well known for his contributions to the earlier issues of Superman. A pantomime version of Robinson Crusoe was staged at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1796, with Joseph Grimaldi as Pierrot in the harlequinade. The piece was produced again in 1798, this time starring Grimaldi as Clown. In 1815, Grimaldi played Friday in another version of Robinson Crusoe. Jacques Offenbach wrote an opéra comique called Robinson Crusoé, which was first performed at the Opéra - Comique in Paris on 23 November 1867. This was based on the British pantomime version rather than the novel itself. The libretto was by Eugène Cormon and Hector - Jonathan Crémieux. There is a 1927 silent film titled Robinson Crusoe. The Soviet 3D film Robinzon Kruzo was produced in 1946. Luis Buñuel directed Adventures of Robinson Crusoe starring Dan O'Herlihy, released in 1954. Walt Disney later comedicized the novel with Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N., featuring Dick Van Dyke. In this version, Friday became a beautiful woman, but named ' Wednesday ' instead. Peter O'Toole and Richard Roundtree co-starred in a 1975 film Man Friday which sardonically portrayed Crusoe as incapable of seeing his dark - skinned companion as anything but an inferior creature, while Friday is more enlightened and sympathetic. In 1988, Aidan Quinn portrayed Robinson Crusoe in the film Crusoe. A 1997 movie entitled Robinson Crusoe starred Pierce Brosnan and received limited commercial success. Variations on the theme include the 1954 Miss Robin Crusoe, with a female castaway, played by Amanda Blake, and a female Friday, and the 1964 film Robinson Crusoe on Mars, starring Paul Mantee, with an alien Friday portrayed by Victor Lundin. The 2000 film Cast Away, with Tom Hanks as a FedEx employee stranded on an Island for many years, also borrows much from the Robinson Crusoe story. In 1964 a French film production crew made a 13 - part serial of The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It starred Robert Hoffmann. The black and white series was dubbed into English and German. In the UK, the BBC broadcast it on numerous occasions between 1965 and 1977. In 1981 Czechoslovakian director and animator Stanislav Látal made a version of the story under the name Dobrodružství Robinsona Crusoe, námořníka z Yorku ( The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York ) combining traditional and stop - motion animation. The movie was coproduced by regional West Germany broadcaster Sudwestfunk Baden - Baden. Editions Robinson Crusoe, Oneworld Classics 2008. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84749 - 012 - 4 Robinson Crusoe, Penguin Classics 2003. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 143982 - 2 Robinson Crusoe, Oxford World 's Classics 2007. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283342 - 6 Robinson Crusoe, Bantam Classics Defoe, Daniel Robinson Crusoe. Edited by Michael Shinagel. ( New York : Norton, 1994 ) ISBN 9780393964523. Includes a selection of critical essays. See also From TV & films : Cast Away Gilligan 's Island Swiss Family Robinson Lost in Space From real life : Leendert Hasenbosch Notes a. It was published under the full title The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner : Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque ; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver 'd by Pyrates. References Jump up ^ `` The Primitive Crusoe, 1719 -- 1780 ''. Picturing the First Castaway : the Illustrations of Robinson Crusoe - Paul Wilson and Michael Eck. Retrieved 25 June 2012. Jump up ^ Fiction as Authentic as Fact ^ Jump up to : Severin, Tim - In search of Robinson Crusoe - New York, Basic Books, 2002 ISBN 0 - 465 - 07698 - X - pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ `` Defoe '', The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble. ( Oxford : Oxforsd University Press, 1996 ), p. 265. Jump up ^ Robinson Crusoe, Chapter 23. Jump up ^ SEVERIN, TIM ( 2002 ). `` Marooned : The Metamorphosis of Alexander Selkirk ''. The American Scholar. 71 ( 3 ) : 73 -- 82. doi : 10.2307 / 41213335. Jump up ^ `` Debunking the Myth of the ' Real ' Robinson Crusoe ''. 2016 - 09 - 28. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07. Jump up ^ Nawal Muhammad Hassan ( 1980 ), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe : A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al - Rashid House for Publication. Jump up ^ Cyril Glasse ( 2001 ), New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0190 - 6. Jump up ^ Amber Haque ( 2004 ), `` Psychology from Islamic Perspective : Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists '', Journal of Religion and Health 43 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 377 ( 369 ). Jump up ^ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, 22 March 2003. Jump up ^ Knox, Robert ( 1911 ). `` An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon ''. Based on the 1659 original text. Glasgow : James MacLehose and Sons ( Publishers to the University ), 1911. Jump up ^ see Alan Filreis Jump up ^ Severin, Tim - In search of Robinson Crusoe - New York, Basic Books, 2002 - ISBN 0 - 465 - 07698 - X Jump up ^ William Dampier, A New Voyage round the World, 1697 ( 1 ). Jump up ^ Watt, Ian ( April 1951 ). `` Robinson Crusoe as a Myth ''. Essays in Criticism. Jump up ^ Watt, Ian ( 1994 ). `` Robinson Crusoe as a Myth ''. Norton Critical Edition ( Second edition ) ( Reprint ed. ). Jump up ^ James Joyce, `` Daniel Defoe, '' translated from Italian manuscript and edited by Joseph Prescott, Buffalo Studies 1 ( 1964 ) : 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` ' The Folly of Beginning a Work Before We Count the Cost ' : Anarcho - Primitivism in Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe, ''. Fifth Estate. 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2014. Jump up ^ Hunter, J. Paul ( 1966 ) The Reluctant Pilgrim. As found in Norton Critical Edition ( see References ). Jump up ^ Greif, Martin J. ( Summer 1966 ). `` The Conversion of Robinson Crusoe ''. Studies in English Literature, 1500 - 1900. 6 ( 3 ) : 551 -- 574. JSTOR 449560. Jump up ^ Varian, Hal R. ( 1990 ). Intermediate microeconomics : a modern approach. New York : W.W. Norton. ISBN 0 - 393 - 95924 - 4. Jump up ^ William Dampier ( 1697 ) A New Voyage round the World. Jump up ^ Novak, Maximillian ( Summer 1961 ). `` Robinson Crusoe 's `` Original Sin '' ``. Studies in English Literature, 1500 - 1900. Vol. 1, No. 3, Restoration and Eighteenth Century : pp. 19 -- 29 -- via JSTOR. CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Lewis, Tess ( 1997 ). Watt, Ian, ed. `` The Heroes We Deserve ''. The Hudson Review. 49 ( 4 ) : 675 -- 680. doi : 10.2307 / 3851909. Jump up ^ Richard West ( 1998 ) Daniel Defoe : The Life and Strange, Surprising Adventures. New York : Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 0557 - 3. Jump up ^ Engelking, Barbara ; Libionka, Dariusz ( 2009 ). Żydzi w Powstańczej Warszawie. Warsaw : Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. pp. 260 -- 293. ISBN 978 - 83 - 926831 - 1 - 7. Jump up ^ Kathleen Buss, Lee Karnowski ( 2000 ). Reading and Writing Literary Genres. International Reading Association. p. 7. Jump up ^ Laura Brown, `` Oceans and Floods '', Ch. 7 of Felicity A. Nussbaum, ed., The Global Eighteenth Century, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2003. p. 109. Jump up ^ Jones, William B. ( 15 August 2011 ). Classics Illustrated : A Cultural History ( 2 ed. ). McFarland & Company. p. 203. Jump up ^ Findlater, pp. 60 and 76 ; Grimaldi ( Box edition ), pp. 184 -- 185 and 193 ; and McConnell Stott, p. 101 Additional references Boz ( Charles Dickens ) ( 1853 ). Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi. London : G. Routledge & Co. Findlater, Richard ( 1955 ). Grimaldi King of Clowns. London : Magibbon & Kee. OCLC 558202542. McConnell Stott, Andrew ( 2009 ). The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi. Edinburgh : Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84767 - 761 - 7. Ross, Angus, ed. ( 1965 ), Robinson Crusoe. Penguin. Secord, Arthur Wellesley ( 1963 ). Studies in the narrative method of Defoe. New York : Russell & Russell. ( First published in 1924. ) Shinagel, Michael, ed. ( 1994 ). Robinson Crusoe. Norton Critical Edition. ISBN 0 - 393 - 96452 - 3. Includes textual annotations, contemporary and modern criticisms, bibliography. = BY KOGUL, MARIAPAN. Severin, Tim ( 2002 ). In search of Robinson Crusoe, New York : Basic Books. ISBN 0 - 465 - 07698 - X Hymer, Stephen ( 1971 ) Robinson Crusoe and the Secret of Primitive Accumulation Monthly Review. https://monthlyreview.org/2011/09/01/robinson-crusoe-and-the-secret-of-primitive-accumulation/ Shinagel, Michael, ed. ( 1994 ). Robinson Crusoe. Norton Critical Edition. ( ISBN 0 - 393 - 96452 - 3. ). By Kogul, Mariapan. Works of Criticism Backscheider, Paula Daniel Defoe : His Life. ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989 ) ISBN 0801845122. Richetti, John ( ed. ) The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe. ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009 ) ISBN 9780521675055. Casebook of critical essays. Rogers, Pat Robinson Crusoe. ( London : Allen and Unwin, 1979 ) ISBN 0048000027. Watt, Ian The Rise of the Novel. ( London : Pimlico, 2000 ) ISBN 9780712664271. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Robinson Crusoe Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe at Project Gutenberg Robinson Crusoe ( London : W. Taylor, 1719 )., commented text of the first edition, free at Editions Marteau. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe - text and audio at Ciff Ciaff Free eBook of Robinson Crusoe with illustrations by N.C. Wyeth Robinson Crusoe public domain audiobook at LibriVox Free ebook of Robinson Crusoe for Android Phones Robinson Crusoe, told in words of one syllable, by Lucy Aikin ( aka `` Mary Godolphin '' ) ( 1723 -- 1764 ). In - depth comparison between Defoe 's novel and the account of the adventures of Henry Pitman Chasing Crusoe, multimedia documentary explores the novel and real life history of Selkirk. Robinson Crusoe on Literapedia `` Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe & the Robinsonades Digital Collection '' with over 200 versions of Robinson Crusoe openly and freely online with full text and zoomable page images from the Baldwin Library of Historical Children 's Literature M.A. Wetherell 's Robinson Crusoe silent film, openly and freely available in three parts on www.archive.org. Part 1 ; Part 2 ; Part 3 The BBC TV series from 1965 with music, info, videos and pictures. https://web.archive.org/web/20160412074947/http://robinsoncrusoe.org.uk/ Edgar Allan Poe 's critical article Discussion of a possible connection between Crusoe 's island and Cocos Island of Costa Rica Naso people # History regarding the Térraba or Naso people Defoe, Daniel. The wonderful life and surprising adventures of that renowned hero, Robinson Crusoe : who lived twenty - eight years on an uninhabited island, which he afterwards colonised. London : Printed for the inhabitants of his island, and sold by T. Carnan, in St. Paul 's Church Yard, ( ca. 1783 ). 160 p. Accessed 4 January 2014, in PDF format. Identification Guide - Robinson Crusoe editions and related books Works by Daniel Defoe Novels Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) Captain Singleton ( 1720 ) Memoirs of a Cavalier ( 1720 ) Moll Flanders ( 1722 ) Colonel Jack ( 1722 ) A Journal of the Plague Year ( 1722 ) Roxana : The Fortunate Mistress ( 1724 ) Other fiction The Consolidator or, Memoirs of Sundry Transactions from the World in the Moon ( 1705 ) The Apparition of Mrs. Veal ( 1706 ) Atlantis Major ( 1711 ) The King of Pirates ( 1719 ) The Pirate Gow, an account of John Gow Non-fiction An Essay Upon Projects The Storm ( 1704 ) The Family Instructor ( 1715 ) Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe ( 1720 ) A General History of the Pyrates ( 1724, disputed ) A tour thro ' the whole island of Great Britain ( 1724 - 27 ) The Complete English Tradesman The Political History of the Devil ( 1726 ) Mere Nature Delineated ( 1726 ) Conjugal Lewdness ( 1727 ) A Plan of the English Commerce ( 1728 ) Essays The Shortest Way with the Dissenters ( 1702 ) An Essay Upon Literature ( 1726 ) Conjugal Lewdness ( 1727 ) Augusta Triumphans ( 1728 ) Second Thoughts Are Best ( 1729 ) Poems The True - Born Englishman ( 1701 ) Hymn to the Pillory ( 1703 ) Piracy Periods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age Republic of Pirates Libertatia 21st century Types of pirate Privateers Buccaneers Corsairs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate River pirate Brethren of the Coast Barbary pirates Moro pirates Wōkòu Vikings Ushkuiniks Narentines Cilician pirates Confederate privateer Baltic Slavic pirates Uskoks Cossack pirates Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Fillibusters Areas Caribbean Lake Nicaragua British Virgin Islands Strait of Malacca Somali Coast Sulu Sea Falcon Lake South China Coast Anglo - Turkish piracy Port Royal Tortuga Saint - Malo Barbary Coast Lundy Lagos Salé Spanish Main Gulf of Guinea Indonesia Barataria Bay Persian Gulf Noted pirates Mansel Alcantra Chui A-poo Louis - Michel Aury Joseph Baker Hayreddin Barbarossa Joseph Barss Samuel Bellamy Charlotte de Berry Black Caesar Blackbeard Eli Boggs Stede Bonnet Anne Bonny Hippolyte Bouchard Abshir Boyah Roche Braziliano Henri Caesar Roberto Cofresí William Dampier Liang Daoming Diabolito Peter Easton Henry Every Alexandre Exquemelin Vincenzo Gambi Charles Gibbs Pedro Gilbert Nathaniel Gordon Laurens de Graaf Michel de Grammont Calico Jack Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah Zheng Jing Jørgen Jørgensen Shirahama Kenki William Kidd Fūma Kotarō Jean Lafitte Limahong Samuel Hall Lord John Hawkins Bully Hayes Piet Pieterszoon Hein Moses Cohen Henriques Albert W. Hicks Nicholas van Hoorn Benjamin Hornigold Pierre Lafitte Olivier Levasseur Edward Low Hendrick Lucifer John Newland Maffitt Samuel Mason Henry Morgan Shap Ng - tsai Gan Ning François l'Olonnais Samuel Pallache Lawrence Prince Cai Qian Redbeard Bartholomew Roberts Lai Choi San Ching Shih Benito de Soto Klaus Störtebeker Henry Strangways Cheung Po Tsai Dominique You Wang Zhi Zheng Zhilong Categories Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates Pirate ships Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj - i - Sawai Queen Anne 's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York Pirate hunters Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Jose Campuzano - Polanco Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez ( privateer ) Pirate battles and incidents Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Pianosa Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Pirate attacks in Borneo Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty - ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom -- HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8 : Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking Slave trade African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela Fictional pirates Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase, no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe Characters Friday Sequel novels The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Films Robinson Crusoe ( 1902 ) The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ( 1922 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1927 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1947 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1954 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1974 ) Crusoe ( 1989 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1997 ) Film variations Miss Robin Crusoe ( 1954 ) Robinson Crusoe on Mars ( 1964 ) Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. ( 1966 ) Man Friday ( 1975 ) Mr. Robinson ( 1976 ) Shipwrecked ( 1990 ) The Wild Life ( 2016 ) Television The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ( 1964 ) Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York ( 1982 ) Robinson Sucroe ( 1994 ) Crusoe ( 2008 ) Literature Friday, or, The Other Island Canadian Crusoes Foe Other Alexander Selkirk Robinson Crusoe Island Robinsonade Robinson Crusoé Robinson Crusoe economy Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw VIAF : 175804708 LCCN : n81045585 GND : 4281761 - 4 SELIBR : 279393 SUDOC : 027287068 BNF : cb119362145 ( data ) NLA : 35034558 NDL : 00627083 BNE : XX3383713 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&oldid=825469138 '' Categories : Robinson Crusoe 1719 novels Novels by Daniel Defoe English adventure novels Pirate books Novels about survival Novels set in Brazil Novels set on fictional islands Novels set in Venezuela Cannibalism in fiction Characters in British novels of the 18th century Male characters in literature Fictional sole survivors Fictional castaways British novels adapted into films Uninhabited islands in fiction Nautical fiction Caribbean in fiction Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs 18th - century British novels Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Коми Kurdî Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018, at 16 : 00. 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Question: castaway whos story led to the novel robinson crusoe
Answer: Alexander Selkirk