Elizabeth Barrett Browning - wikipedia Elizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 1806 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1806 Kelloe, Durham, England 29 June 1861 ( 1861 - 06 - 29 ) ( aged 55 ) Florence, Kingdom of Italy Occupation Poet Nationality English Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( née Moulton - Barrett, / ˈbraʊnɪŋ / ; 6 March 1806 -- 29 June 1861 ) was an English poet of the Victorian era, popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime. Born in County Durham, the eldest of 12 children, Elizabeth Barrett wrote poetry from about the age of six. Her mother 's collection of her poems forms one of the largest extant collections of juvenilia by any English writer. At 15 she became ill, suffering intense head and spinal pain for the rest of her life. Later in life she also developed lung problems, possibly tuberculosis. She took laudanum for the pain from an early age, which is likely to have contributed to her frail health. In the 1830s Elizabeth was introduced to literary society through her cousin, John Kenyon. Her first adult collection of poems was published in 1838 and she wrote prolifically between 1841 and 1844, producing poetry, translation and prose. She campaigned for the abolition of slavery and her work helped influence reform in the child labour legislation. Her prolific output made her a rival to Tennyson as a candidate for poet laureate on the death of Wordsworth. Elizabeth 's volume Poems ( 1844 ) brought her great success, attracting the admiration of the writer Robert Browning. Their correspondence, courtship and marriage were carried out in secret, for fear of her father 's disapproval. Following the wedding she was indeed disinherited by her father. The couple moved to Italy in 1846, where she would live for the rest of her life. They had one son, Robert Barrett Browning, whom they called Pen. She died in Florence in 1861. A collection of her last poems was published by her husband shortly after her death. Elizabeth 's work had a major influence on prominent writers of the day, including the American poets Edgar Allan Poe and Emily Dickinson. She is remembered for such poems as `` How Do I Love Thee ? '' ( Sonnet 43, 1845 ) and Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ). Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Family background 1.2 Early life 1.3 Success 1.4 Robert Browning and Italy 1.5 Decline and death 1.6 Publications 2 Spiritual influence 3 Barrett Browning Institute 4 Critical reception 5 Works ( collections ) 5.1 Posthumous publications 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Life and career Family background Some of Elizabeth Barrett 's family had lived in Jamaica since 1655. Their wealth derived mainly from Edward Barrett ( 1734 -- 1798 ), owner of 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) in the estates of Cinnamon Hill, Cornwall, Cambridge and Oxford in northern Jamaica. Elizabeth 's maternal grandfather owned sugar plantations, mills, glassworks and ships that traded between Jamaica and Newcastle. Biographer Julia Markus states the poet `` believed that she had African blood through her grandfather Charles Moulton '', but there is no evidence of this -- although other branches of her family had African blood through relationships between plantation owners and slaves. What the family believed to be their genealogy in relation to Jamaica is unclear. The family wished to hand down their name, stipulating that Barrett should always be held as a surname. In some cases inheritance was given on condition that the name was used by the beneficiary ; the English gentry and `` squirearchy '' had long encouraged this sort of name changing. Given this strong tradition, Elizabeth used `` Elizabeth Barrett Moulton Barrett '' on legal documents and before she was married often signed herself `` Elizabeth Barrett Barrett '' or `` EBB '' ( initials which she was able to keep after her wedding ). Elizabeth 's father chose to raise his family in England while his business enterprises remained in Jamaica. The fortune of Elizabeth 's mother 's line, the Graham Clarke family, also derived in part from slave labour, and was considerable. Early life Elizabeth Barrett Moulton - Barrett was born on 6 March 1806, in Coxhoe Hall, between the villages of Coxhoe and Kelloe in County Durham, England. Her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke ; Elizabeth was the eldest of 12 children ( eight boys and four girls ). All lived to adulthood except for one girl, who died at the age of three, when Elizabeth was eight. The children all had nicknames : Elizabeth was `` Ba ''. She rode her pony, went for family walks and picnics, socialised with other county families, and participated in home theatrical productions. But unlike her siblings, she immersed herself in books as often as she could get away from the social rituals of her family. She was baptized in 1809 at Kelloe parish church, although she had already been baptised by a family friend in her first week of life. In 1809, the family moved to Hope End, a 500 - acre ( 200 ha ) estate near the Malvern Hills in Ledbury, Herefordshire. Her father converted the Georgian house into stables and built a new mansion of opulent Turkish design, which his wife described as something from the Arabian Nights Entertainments. The interior 's brass balustrades, mahogany doors inlaid with mother - of - pearl, and finely carved fireplaces were eventually complemented by lavish landscaping : ponds, grottos, kiosks, an ice house, a hothouse, and a subterranean passage from house to gardens. Her time at Hope End would inspire her in later life to write her most ambitious work, Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ), which went through more than 20 editions by 1900, but none between 1905 and 1978. Portrait of Elizabeth Barrett in her youth She was educated at home and tutored by Daniel McSwiney with her oldest brother. She began writing verses at the age of four. During the Hope End period, she was an intensely studious, precocious child. She claimed that at the age of six she was reading novels, at eight entranced by Pope 's translations of Homer, studying Greek at ten, and at twelve writing her own Homeric epic, The Battle of Marathon : A Poem. In 1820 Mr Barrett privately published The Battle of Marathon, an epic - style poem, though all copies remained within the family. Her mother compiled the child 's poetry into collections of `` Poems by Elizabeth B. Barrett ''. Her father called her the `` Poet Laureate of Hope End '' and encouraged her work. The result is one of the largest collections of juvenilia of any English writer. Mary Russell Mitford described the young Elizabeth at this time, as having `` a slight, delicate figure, with a shower of dark curls falling on each side of a most expressive face ; large, tender eyes, richly fringed by dark eyelashes, and a smile like a sunbeam. '' At about this time, Elizabeth began to battle with illness, which the medical science of the time was unable to diagnose. All three sisters came down with the syndrome although it lasted only with Elizabeth. She had intense head and spinal pain with loss of mobility. Various biographies link this to a riding accident at the time ( she fell while trying to dismount a horse ), but there is no evidence to support the link. Sent to recover at the Gloucester spa, she was treated -- in the absence of symptoms supporting another diagnosis -- for a spinal problem. Though this illness continued for the rest of her life, it is believed to be unrelated to the lung disease which she developed in 1837. She began to take opiates for the pain, laudanum ( an opium concoction ) followed by morphine, then commonly prescribed. She would become dependent on them for much of her adulthood ; the use from an early age may well have contributed to her frail health. Biographers such as Alethea Hayter have suggested this may also have contributed to the wild vividness of her imagination and the poetry that it produced. By 1821 she had read Mary Wollstonecraft 's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ), and become a passionate supporter of Wollstonecraft 's ideas. The child 's intellectual fascination with the classics and metaphysics was reflected in a religious intensity which she later described as `` not the deep persuasion of the mild Christian but the wild visions of an enthusiast. '' The Barretts attended services at the nearest Dissenting chapel, and Edward was active in Bible and Missionary societies. Blue plaque outside `` Belle Vue '' in Sidmouth, Devon, where Elizabeth Barrett lived with her family from 1833 to 1835 Elizabeth 's mother died in 1828, and is buried at St Michael 's Church, Ledbury, next to her daughter Mary. Sarah Graham - Clarke, Elizabeth 's aunt, helped to care for the children, and she had clashes with Elizabeth 's strong will. In 1831 Elizabeth 's grandmother, Elizabeth Moulton, died. Following lawsuits and the abolition of slavery Mr Barrett incurred great financial and investment losses that forced him to sell Hope End. Although the family was never poor, the place was seized and put up for sale to satisfy creditors. Always secret in his financial dealings, he would not discuss his situation and the family was haunted by the idea that they might have to move to Jamaica. Between 1833 and 1835, she was living, with her family, at Belle Vue in Sidmouth. The site has now been renamed Cedar Shade and redeveloped. A blue plaque at the entrance to the site attests to this. In 1838, some years after the sale of Hope End, the family settled at 50 Wimpole Street. During 1837 -- 38 the poet was struck with illness again, with symptoms today suggesting tuberculous ulceration of the lungs. That same year, at her physician 's insistence, she moved from London to Torquay, on the Devonshire coast. Two tragedies then struck. In February 1840 her brother Samuel died of a fever in Jamaica. Then her favourite brother Edward ( `` Bro '' ) was drowned in a sailing accident in Torquay in July. This had a serious effect on her already fragile health. She felt guilty as her father had disapproved of Edward 's trip to Torquay. She wrote to Mitford, `` That was a very near escape from madness, absolute hopeless madness ''. The family returned to Wimpole Street in 1841. Success Portrait of Barrett Browning by Károly Brocky, ca. 1839 -- 1844 At Wimpole Street Barrett Browning spent most of her time in her upstairs room. Her health began to improve, though she saw few people other than her immediate family. One of those was Kenyon, a wealthy friend of the family and patron of the arts. She received comfort from a spaniel named Flush, a gift from Mary Mitford. ( Virginia Woolf later fictionalised the life of the dog, making him the protagonist of her 1933 novel Flush : A Biography ). Between 1841 and 1844 Barrett Browning was prolific in poetry, translation and prose. The poem `` The Cry of the Children '', published in 1842 in Blackwoods, condemned child labour and helped bring about child - labour reforms by raising support for Lord Shaftesbury 's Ten Hours Bill ( 1844 ). At about the same time, she contributed critical prose pieces to Richard Henry Horne 's A New Spirit of the Age. In 1844 she published two volumes of Poems, which included `` A Drama of Exile '', `` A Vision of Poets '', and `` Lady Geraldine 's Courtship '' and two substantial critical essays for 1842 issues of The Athenaeum. `` Since she was not burdened with any domestic duties expected of her sisters, Barrett Browning could now devote herself entirely to the life of the mind, cultivating an enormous correspondence, reading widely ''. Her prolific output made her a rival to Tennyson as a candidate for poet laureate in 1850 on the death of Wordsworth. A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque now commemorates Elizabeth at 50 Wimpole Street. Robert Browning and Italy Elizabeth Barrett Browning with her son Pen, 1860 Clasped Hands of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1853 by Harriet Hosmer. Her 1844 volume Poems made her one of the most popular writers in the country, and inspired Robert Browning to write to her. He wrote, `` I love your verses with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett, '' praising their `` fresh strange music, the affluent language, the exquisite pathos and true new brave thought. '' Kenyon arranged for Browning to meet Elizabeth on 20 May 1845, in her rooms, and so began one of the most famous courtships in literature. Elizabeth had already produced a large amount of work, but Browning had a great influence on her subsequent writing, as did she on his : two of Barrett 's most famous pieces were written after she met Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese and Aurora Leigh. Robert 's Men and Women is also a product of that time. Some critics state that her activity was, in some ways, in decay before she met Browning : `` Until her relationship with Robert Browning began in 1845, Barrett 's willingness to engage in public discourse about social issues and about aesthetic issues in poetry, which had been so strong in her youth, gradually diminished, as did her physical health. As an intellectual presence and a physical being, she was becoming a shadow of herself. '' Letter from Robert Browning to Elizabeth Barrett, 10 September 1846 The courtship and marriage between Robert Browning and Elizabeth were carried out secretly, as she knew her father would disapprove. After a private marriage at St Marylebone Parish Church, they honeymooned in Paris before moving to Italy, in September 1846, which became their home almost continuously until her death. Elizabeth 's loyal nurse, Wilson, who witnessed the marriage, accompanied the couple to Italy. Mr Barrett disinherited Elizabeth, as he did each of his children who married. Elizabeth had foreseen her father 's anger but had not anticipated her brothers ' rejection. As Elizabeth had some money of her own, the couple were reasonably comfortable in Italy. The Brownings were well respected, and even famous. Elizabeth grew stronger and in 1849, at the age of 43, between four miscarriages, she gave birth to a son, Robert Wiedeman Barrett Browning, whom they called Pen. Their son later married, but had no legitimate children. At her husband 's insistence, Elizabeth 's second edition of Poems included her love sonnets ; as a result, her popularity increased ( as well as critical regard ), and her artistic position was confirmed. The couple came to know a wide circle of artists and writers including William Makepeace Thackeray, sculptor Harriet Hosmer ( who, she wrote, seemed to be the `` perfectly emancipated female '' ) and Harriet Beecher Stowe. In 1849 she met Margaret Fuller, and the female French novelist George Sand in 1852, whom she had long admired. Among her intimate friends in Florence was the writer Isa Blagden, whom she encouraged to write novels. They met Alfred Tennyson in Paris, and John Forster, Samuel Rogers and the Carlyles in London, later befriending Charles Kingsley and John Ruskin. Decline and death Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's tomb, English Cemetery, Florence. 2007 After the death of an old friend, G.B. Hunter, and then of her father, Barrett Browning 's health started to deteriorate. The Brownings moved from Florence to Siena, residing at the Villa Alberti. Engrossed in Italian politics, she issued a small volume of political poems titled Poems before Congress ( 1860 ) `` most of which were written to express her sympathy with the Italian cause after the outbreak of fighting in 1859 ''. They caused a furore in England, and the conservative magazines Blackwood 's and the Saturday Review labelled her a fanatic. She dedicated this book to her husband. Her last work was A Musical Instrument, published posthumously. Barrett Browning 's sister Henrietta died in November 1860. The couple spent the winter of 1860 -- 61 in Rome where Barrett Browning 's health further deteriorated and they returned to Florence in early June 1861. She became gradually weaker, using morphine to ease her pain. She died on 29 June 1861 in her husband 's arms. Browning said that she died `` smilingly, happily, and with a face like a girl 's... Her last word was... ' ' Beautiful ''. She was buried in the Protestant English Cemetery of Florence. `` On Monday July 1 the shops in the area around Casa Guidi were closed, while Elizabeth was mourned with unusual demonstrations. '' The nature of her illness is still unclear. Some modern scientists speculate her illness may have been hypokalemic periodic paralysis, a genetic disorder that causes weakness and many of the other symptoms she described. Publications An engraving of Elizabeth Barrett Barrett, published in Eclectic Magazine Barrett Browning 's first known poem was written at the age of six or eight, `` On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man ''. The manuscript, which protests against impressment, is currently in the Berg Collection of the New York Public Library ; the exact date is controversial because the `` 2 '' in the date 1812 is written over something else that is scratched out. Her first independent publication was `` Stanzas Excited by Reflections on the Present State of Greece '' in The New Monthly Magazine of May 1821 ; followed two months later by `` Thoughts Awakened by Contemplating a Piece of the Palm which Grows on the Summit of the Acropolis at Athens ''. Her first collection of poems, An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems, was published in 1826 and reflected her passion for Byron and Greek politics. Its publication drew the attention of a blind scholar of the Greek language, Hugh Stuart Boyd, and of another Greek scholar, Uvedale Price, with whom she maintained sustained correspondence. Among other neighbours was Mrs James Martin from Colwall, with whom she also corresponded throughout her life. Later, at Boyd 's suggestion, she translated Aeschylus ' Prometheus Bound ( published in 1833 ; retranslated in 1850 ). During their friendship Barrett studied Greek literature, including Homer, Pindar and Aristophanes. Elizabeth opposed slavery and published two poems highlighting the barbarity of slavers and her support for the abolitionist cause : `` The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim 's Point '' ; and `` A Curse for a Nation ''. In `` Runaway '' she describes a slave woman who is whipped, raped, and made pregnant as she curses the slavers. Elizabeth declared herself glad that the slaves were `` virtually free '' when the Emancipation Act abolishing slavery in British colonies was passed in 1833, despite the fact that her father believed that Abolitionism would ruin his business. The date of publication of these poems is in dispute, but her position on slavery in the poems is clear and may have led to a rift between Elizabeth and her father. She wrote to John Ruskin in 1855 `` I belong to a family of West Indian slaveholders, and if I believed in curses, I should be afraid ''. After the Jamaican slave uprising of 1831 -- 32, her father and uncle continued to treat the slaves humanely. In London, John Kenyon, a distant cousin, introduced Elizabeth to literary figures including William Wordsworth, Mary Russell Mitford, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Alfred Tennyson and Thomas Carlyle. Elizabeth continued to write, contributing `` The Romaunt of Margaret '', `` The Romaunt of the Page '', `` The Poet 's Vow '' and other pieces to various periodicals. She corresponded with other writers, including Mary Russell Mitford, who would become a close friend and who would support Elizabeth 's literary ambitions. In 1838 The Seraphim and Other Poems appeared, the first volume of Elizabeth 's mature poetry to appear under her own name. Sonnets from the Portuguese was published in 1850. There is debate about the origin of the title. Some say it refers to the series of sonnets of the 16th - century Portuguese poet Luís de Camões. However, `` my little Portuguese '' was a pet name that Browning had adopted for Elizabeth and this may have some connection. The verse - novel Aurora Leigh, her most ambitious and perhaps the most popular of her longer poems, appeared in 1856. It is the story of a female writer making her way in life, balancing work and love, and based on Elizabeth 's own experiences. Aurora Leigh was an important influence on Susan B. Anthony 's thinking about the traditional roles of women, with regard to marriage versus independent individuality. The North American Review praised Elizabeth 's poem : `` Mrs. Browning 's poems are, in all respects, the utterance of a woman -- of a woman of great learning, rich experience, and powerful genius, uniting to her woman 's nature the strength which is sometimes thought peculiar to a man. '' Spiritual influence Much of Barrett Browning 's work carries a religious theme. She had read and studied such works as Milton 's Paradise Lost and Dante 's Inferno. She says in her writing, `` We want the sense of the saturation of Christ 's blood upon the souls of our poets, that it may cry through them in answer to the ceaseless wail of the Sphinx of our humanity, expounding agony into renovation. Something of this has been perceived in art when its glory was at the fullest. Something of a yearning after this may be seen among the Greek Christian poets, something which would have been much with a stronger faculty ''. She believed that `` Christ 's religion is essentially poetry -- poetry glorified ''. She explored the religious aspect in many of her poems, especially in her early work, such as the sonnets. She was interested in theological debate, had learned Hebrew and read the Hebrew Bible. Her seminal Aurora Leigh, for example, features religious imagery and allusion to the apocalypse. The critic Cynthia Scheinberg notes that female characters in Aurora Leigh and her earlier work `` The Virgin Mary to the Child Jesus '' allude to the female character Miriam from the Hebrew Bible. These allusions to Miriam in both poems mirror the way in which Barrett Browning herself drew from Jewish history, while distancing herself from it, in order to achieve a public appearance of a Christian woman poet of the Victorian Age. Barrett Browning Institute In 1892, Ledbury, Herefordshire, held a design competition to build an Institute in honour of Barrett Browning. Brightwen Binyon beat 44 other designs. It was based on the timber - framed Market House, which was opposite the site. It was completed in 1896. However, Nikolaus Pevsner was not impressed by its style. In 1938, it became a public library. It has been Grade II - listed since 2007. Critical reception How Do I Love Thee ? How do I love thee ? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of being and ideal grace. I love thee to the level of every day 's Most quiet need, by sun and candle - light. I love thee freely, as men strive for right. I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood 's faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life ; and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death. `` '' Sonnet XLIII from Sonnets from the Portuguese, 1845 ( published 1850 ) Barrett Browning was widely popular in the United Kingdom and the United States during her lifetime. Edgar Allan Poe was inspired by her poem Lady Geraldine 's Courtship and specifically borrowed the poem 's metre for his poem The Raven. Poe had reviewed Barrett Browning 's work in the January 1845 issue of the Broadway Journal, saying that `` her poetic inspiration is the highest -- we can conceive of nothing more august. Her sense of Art is pure in itself. '' In return, she praised The Raven, and Poe dedicated his 1845 collection The Raven and Other Poems to her, referring to her as `` the noblest of her sex ''. Barrett Browning 's poetry greatly influenced Emily Dickinson, who admired her as a woman of achievement. Her popularity in the United States and Britain was further advanced by her stands against social injustice, including slavery in the United States, injustice toward Italian citizens by foreign rulers, and child labour. Lilian Whiting published a biography of Barrett Browning ( 1899 ) which describes her as `` the most philosophical poet '' and depicts her life as `` a Gospel of applied Christianity ''. To Whiting, the term `` art for art 's sake '' did not apply to Barrett Browning 's work, as each poem, distinctively purposeful, was borne of a more `` honest vision ''. In this critical analysis, Whiting portrays Barrett Browning as a poet who uses knowledge of Classical literature with an `` intuitive gift of spiritual divination ''. In Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Angela Leighton suggests that the portrayal of Barrett Browning as the `` pious iconography of womanhood '' has distracted us from her poetic achievements. Leighton cites the 1931 play by Rudolf Besier, The Barretts of Wimpole Street, as evidence that 20th - century literary criticism of Barrett Browning 's work has suffered more as a result of her popularity than poetic ineptitude. The play was popularized by actress Katharine Cornell, for whom it became a signature role. It was an enormous success, both artistically and commercially, and was revived several times and adapted twice into movies. Throughout the 20th century, literary criticism of Barrett Browning 's poetry remained sparse until her poems were discovered by the women 's movement. She once described herself as being inclined to reject several women 's rights principles, suggesting in letters to Mary Russell Mitford and her husband that she believed that there was an inferiority of intellect in women. In Aurora Leigh, however, she created a strong and independent woman who embraces both work and love. Leighton writes that because Elizabeth participates in the literary world, where voice and diction are dominated by perceived masculine superiority, she `` is defined only in mysterious opposition to everything that distinguishes the male subject who writes... '' A five - volume scholarly edition of her works was published in 2010, the first in over a century. Works ( collections ) Library resources about Elizabeth Barrett Browning Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Elizabeth Barrett Browning Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries 1820 : The Battle of Marathon : A Poem. Privately printed 1826 : An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems. London : James Duncan 1833 : Prometheus Bound, Translated from the Greek of Aeschylus, and Miscellaneous Poems. London : A.J. Valpy 1838 : The Seraphim, and Other Poems. London : Saunders and Otley 1844 : Poems ( UK ) / A Drama of Exile, and other Poems ( US ). London : Edward Moxon. New York : Henry G. Langley 1850 : Poems ( `` New Edition '', 2 vols. ) Revision of 1844 edition adding Sonnets from the Portuguese and others. London : Chapman & Hall 1851 : Casa Guidi Windows. London : Chapman & Hall 1853 : Poems ( 3d ed. ). London : Chapman & Hall 1854 : Two Poems : `` A Plea for the Ragged Schools of London '' and `` The Twins ''. London : Bradbury & Evans 1856 : Poems ( 4th ed. ). London : Chapman & Hall 1856 : Aurora Leigh. London : Chapman & Hall 1860 : Poems Before Congress. London : Chapman & Hall 1862 : Last Poems. London : Chapman & Hall Posthumous publications 1863 : The Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets. London : Chapman & Hall 1877 : The Earlier Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1826 -- 1833, ed. Richard Herne Shepherd. London : Bartholomew Robson 1877 : Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Addressed to Richard Hengist Horne, with comments on contemporaries, 2 vols., ed. S.R.T. Mayer. London : Richard Bentley & Son 1897 : Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 2 vols., ed. Frederic G. Kenyon. London : Smith, Elder, & Co. 1899 : Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Barrett 1845 -- 1846, 2 vol., ed Robert W. Barrett Browning. London : Smith, Elder & Co. 1914 : New Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ed. Frederic G Kenyon. London : Smith, Elder & Co. 1929 : Elizabeth Barrett Browning : Letters to Her Sister, 1846 -- 1859, ed. Leonard Huxley. London : John Murray 1935 : Twenty - Two Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning to Henrietta and Arabella Moulton Barrett. New York : United Feature Syndicate 1939 : Letters from Elizabeth Barrett to B.R. Haydon, ed. Martha Hale Shackford. New York : Oxford University Press 1954 : Elizabeth Barrett to Miss Mitford, ed. Betty Miller. London : John Murray 1955 : Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd, ed. Barbara P. McCarthy. New Heaven, Conn. : Yale University Press 1958 : Letters of the Brownings to George Barrett, ed. Paul Landis with Ronald E. Freeman. Urbana : University of Illinois Press 1974 : Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's Letters to Mrs. David Ogilvy, 1849 -- 1861, ed. P. Heydon and P. Kelley. New York : Quadrangle, New York Times Book Co., and Browning Institute 1984 : The Brownings ' Correspondence, ed. Phillip Kelley, Ronald Hudson, and Scott Lewis. Winfield, Kansas : Wedgestone Press References Jump up ^ Poets.org ^ Jump up to : Marjorie Stone, `` Browning, Elizabeth Barrett ( 1806 -- 1861 ) '', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 ; online edition, October 2008. Jump up ^ Johnson Publishing Company ( May 1995 ). Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company. p. 97. Jump up ^ Taplin, Gardner B. `` Elizabeth Barrett Browning. '' Victorian Poets Before 1850. Ed. William E. Fredeman and Ira Bruce Nadel. Detroit : Gale Research, 1984. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 32. Literature Resource Center. Web. 7 December 2014. ^ Jump up to : Taylor, Beverly. `` Elizabeth Barrett Browning. '' Victorian Women Poets. Ed. William B. Thesing. Detroit : Gale Research, 1999. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 199. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 December 2014. Jump up ^ Dorothy Mermin ( 1989 ), Elizabeth Barrett Browning : The Origins of a New Poetry ', University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978 - 0226520391, pp. 19 -- 20. ^ Jump up to : `` Browning, Elizabeth Barrett : Introduction. '' Jessica Bomarito and Jeffrey W. Hunter ( eds ). Feminism in Literature : A Gale Critical Companion. Vol. 2 : 19th Century, Topics & Authors ( A-B ). Detroit : Gale, 2005. 467 -- 469. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 December 2014. ^ Jump up to : Taplin, Gardner B. The Life of Elizabeth Browning New Haven : Yale University Press ( 1957 ). Jump up ^ Hayter, Alethea ( 1962 ). Mrs. Browning : a poet 's work and its setting. Faber and Faber, pp. 61 -- 66. Jump up ^ Everett, Glenn ( 2002 ). Life of Elizabeth Browning. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Barrett Browning ; Mary Rose Sullivan ; Mary Russell Mitford ; Meredith B. Raymond ( 1983 ). The letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford, 1836 -- 1854. Armstrong Browning Library of Baylor University. ISBN 978 - 0 - 911459 - 00 - 5. Retrieved 22 October 2011. ^ Jump up to : Mary Sanders Pollock ( 2003 ). Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning : a creative partnership. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3328 - 0. Retrieved 22 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` BARRETT, ELIZABETH BARRETT ( 1806 -- 1861 ) ''. English Heritage. Retrieved 23 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 15 August 1986 ). Sonnets from the Portuguese : A Celebration 0f Love. St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 74501 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Isa Blagden '', in : The Brownings ' Correspondence. Retrieved 13 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 2010 ). `` The '' works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85196 - 900 - 5. Jump up ^ Poetsgraves.co.uk Jump up ^ Buchanan, A ; Weiss, EB ( Autumn 2011 ). `` Of sad and wished - for years : Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's lifelong illness ''. Perspect Biol Med. 54 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 503. doi : 10.1353 / pbm. 2011.0040. PMID 22019536. Jump up ^ `` On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man Alluding to the Press Gang ''. Elizbeth Barrett Browning Selected Poems. Jump up ^ Wall, Jennifer Kingma. `` Love and Marriage : How Biographical Interpretation affected the Reception of Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's `` Sonnets from the Portuguese '' ( 1850 ) ``. The Victorian Web. Retrieved 2 January 2015. the title was actually a reference to a term of endearment Robert had for Elizabeth, my little Portuguese, a reference to her dark complexion Jump up ^ Alma Lutz ( 1959 ). Susan B. Anthony Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian. Boston, Beacon Press. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 2001 ). Aurora Leigh, and other poems. Women 's Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7043 - 3820 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Biog ''. Victorianweb.org. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2010. Jump up ^ Linda M. Lewis ( January 1998 ). Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's spiritual progress : face to face with God. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1146 - 0. Retrieved 22 October 2011. ^ Jump up to : Galchinsky, Michael ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ). `` Women 's Poetry and Religion in Victorian England : Jewish Identity and Christian Culture ( review ) ''. Victorian Studies. 45 ( 3 ) : 551 -- 553. doi : 10.1353 / vic. 2003.0122. ISSN 1527 - 2052. Jump up ^ `` Barrett Browning Institute ''. www.victoriacountyhistory.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Barrett Browning Institute, Ledbury ''. britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` How Do I Love Thee ? ''. Poet.org Jump up ^ Dawn B. Sova ( 2001 ). Edgar Allan Poe, A-Z : The Essential Reference to His Life and Work. Checkmark Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4161 - 9. Jump up ^ Jeffrey Meyers ( 5 September 2000 ). Edgar Allan Poe : His Life and Legacy. Cooper Square Press. p. 160. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1038 - 6. Jump up ^ Dwight Thomas ; David Kelly Jackson ( 1 September 1995 ). Poe Log : A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809 -- 1849. GK Hall. p. 591. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7838 - 1401 - 8. Jump up ^ Whiting, Lilian. A study of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Little, Brown and Company ( 1899 ) ^ Jump up to : Angela Leighton ( 1986 ). Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Indiana University Press. pp. 8 -- 18. ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 25451 - 1. Retrieved 22 October 2011. Further reading Library resources about Elizabeth Barrett Browning Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Elizabeth Barrett Browning Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Barrett, Robert Assheton. The Barretts of Jamaica -- The family of Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 1927 ). Armstrong Browning Library of Baylor University, Browning Society, Wedgestone Press in Winfield, Kan, 2000. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. `` Aurora Leigh and Other Poems '', eds. John Robert Glorney Bolton and Julia Bolton Holloway. Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1995. Donaldson, Sandra, et al., eds. The Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. 5 vols. London : Pickering & Chatto, 2010. The Complete Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, eds. Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke. New York : Thomas Y. Crowell, 1900. Creston, Dormer. Andromeda in Wimpole Street : The Romance of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. London : Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1929. Everett, Glenn. Life of Elizabeth Browning. The Victorian Web 2002. Forster, Margaret. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. New York : Random House, Vintage Classics, 2004. Hayter, Alethea. Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( published for the British Council and the National Book League ). London : Longmans, Green & Co., 1965. Kaplan, Cora. Aurora Leigh and Other Poems. London : The Women 's Press Limited, 1978. Kelley, Philip et al. ( Eds. ) The Brownings ' Correspondence. 24 vols. to date. ( Wedgestone, 1984 -- ) ( Complete letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning, so far to 1857. ) Lewis, Linda. Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's Spiritual Progress. Missouri : Missouri University Press. 1997. Mander, Rosalie. Mrs Browning : The Story of Elizabeth Barrett. London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980. Marks, Jeannette. The Family of the Barrett : A Colonial Romance. London : Macmillan, 1938. Markus, Julia. Dared and Done : Marriage of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. Ohio University Press, 1995. Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe : His Life and Legacy. New York City : Cooper Square Press, 1992 : 160. Peterson, William S. Sonnets from the Portuguese. Massachusetts : Barre Publishing, 1977 Pollock, Mary Sanders. Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning : A Creative Partnership. England : Ashgate Publishing Company, 2003. Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z. New York City : Checkmark Books, 2001 Stephenson Glennis. Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the Poetry of Love. Ann Arbor : UMI Research Press, 1989. Taplin, Gardner B. The Life of Elizabeth Browning. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1957. Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log : A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809 -- 1849. New York : G.K. Hall & Co., 1987 : 591. External links Find more aboutElizabeth Barrett Browningat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Works by Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Project Gutenberg Works by Elizabeth Barrett Browning at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Internet Archive Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning at Online Books Page Profile of Elizabeth Barrett Browning at PoetryFoundation.org The Brownings : A Research Guide ( Baylor University ) `` Archival material relating to Elizabeth Barrett Browning ''. UK National Archives. Browning Family Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin Digitized Browning love letters at Baylor University Elizabeth Barrett Browning at the British Library ( 1 ) www.florin.ms, website on Florence 's ' English ' Cemetery, with Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's tomb by Frederick, Lord Leighton. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Poetry `` Sebastian, or, Virtue Rewarded '' ( c. 1815, unpublished ) The Battle of Marathon : A Poem ( 1820 ) `` Sabbath Morning at Sea '' ( 1839 ) `` A Child Asleep '' ( 1840 ) Sonnets from the Portuguese ( 1850 ) Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) Family life Robert Browning ( husband ) Robert Barrett Browning ( son ) Casa Guidi Related Armstrong Browning Library, collections and papers Clasped Hands of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 1853 sculpture ) The Barretts of Wimpole Street 1934 film 1957 film Elizabeth Barrett Browning : A Biography ( 1988 ) New Woman of the late 19th century ( born before 1880 ) 19th - century feminism First - wave feminism Women 's history Artists Louise Abbéma Elenore Abbott Nina E. Allender Sophie Gengembre Anderson Cornelia Barns Cecilia Beaux Enella Benedict Rosa Bonheur Jennie Augusta Brownscombe Mary Cassatt Minerva J. Chapman Émilie Charmy Alice Brown Chittenden Elizabeth Coffin Emma Lampert Cooper Susan Stuart Frackelton Wilhelmina Weber Furlong Elizabeth Shippen Green Ellen Day Hale Anna Lea Merritt Rose O'Neill Elizabeth Nourse Violet Oakley Elizabeth Okie Paxton Emily Sartain Jessie Willcox Smith Anne Whitney Writers Elizabeth Barrett Browning Mona Caird Kate Chopin Annie Sophie Cory Ella D'Arcy Ella Hepworth Dixon Maria Edgeworth George Egerton ( Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright ) Sarah Grand Amy Levy Olive Schreiner Educators Alice Freeman Palmer Literature about the New Woman Isabel Archer in Henry James 's Portrait of a Lady ( serialized 1880 -- 81 ) Elizabeth Barrett 's Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) Kate Chopin 's The Awakening ( 1899 ) Victoria Cross ' Anna Lombard ( 1901 ) Ella Hepworth Dixon 's The Story of a Modern Woman Maria Edgeworth 's Belinda ( 1801 ) Gustave Flaubert 's Madame Bovary ( 1856 ) Henrik Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Henry Arthur Jones 's The Case of Rebellious Susan ( 1894 ) Henry James ' novella Daisy Miller ( serialized 1878 ) Amy Levy 's The Romance of a Shop ( 1888 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Mrs. Warren 's Profession ( 1893 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Candida ( 1898 ) H.G. Wells ' Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) See also : 19th - century women artists 19th - century women writers Robert Browning Plays Paracelsus ( 1835 ) Strafford ( 1837 ) Pippa Passes ( 1841 ) King Victor and King Charles ( 1842 ) The Return of the Druses ( 1843 ) A Blot in the ' Scutcheon ( 1843 ) Colombe 's Birthday ( 1844 ) Luria ( 1846 ) A Soul 's Tragedy ( 1846 ) In a Balcony ( 1855 ) Poetry collections and poems Pauline : A Fragment of a Confession ( 1833 ) `` Porphyria 's Lover '' ( 1836 ) `` Johannes Agricola in Meditation '' ( 1836 ) Sordello ( 1840 ) Dramatic Lyrics ( 1842, `` My Last Duchess '', `` Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister '', `` Count Gismond '' ) Dramatic Romances and Lyrics ( 1845, `` Home - Thoughts, from Abroad '', `` How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix '', `` Meeting at Night '', `` The Laboratory '', `` The Lost Leader '' ) Christmas - Eve and Easter - Day ( 1850 ) Men and Women ( 1855, `` Love Among the Ruins '', `` Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came '', `` Andrea del Sarto '', `` Fra Lippo Lippi '', `` A Toccata of Galuppi 's '' ) Dramatis Personae ( 1864, `` Rabbi ben Ezra '', `` Caliban upon Setebos '' ) The Ring and the Book ( 1868 - 9 ) Balaustion 's Adventure ( 1871 ) Prince Hohenstiel - Schwangau, Saviour of Society ( 1871 ) Fifine at the Fair ( 1872 ) Red Cotton Night - Cap Country ( 1873 ) Aristophanes ' Apology ( 1875 ) The Inn Album ( 1875 ) Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper ( 1876 ) The Agamemnon of Aeschylus ( 1877 ) La Saisiaz and The Two Poets of Croisic ( 1878 ) Dramatic Idyls ( 1879, 1880 ) Jocoseria ( 1883 ) Ferishtah 's Fancies ( 1884 ) Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day ( 1887 ) Asolando ( 1889 ) Related Browning Society Armstrong Browning Library, collections and papers Clasped Hands of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 1853 sculpture ) The Barretts of Wimpole Street 1934 film 1957 film Family life Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( wife ) Robert Barrett Browning ( son ) Casa Guidi Biography portal Poetry portal VIAF : 66464493 LCCN : n79067862 ISNI : 0000 0001 2101 969X GND : 118674471 SELIBR : 43261 SUDOC : 08406756X BNF : cb11894225d ( data ) ULAN : 500335881 MusicBrainz : 29d55c30 - 35ef - 4dda - 9f53 - 10572b1d48f7 NLA : 35022947 NDL : 00805313 NKC : jn19990001143 RLS : 000005155 BNE : XX867193 IATH : w6z60nxj Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning&oldid=815244610 '' Categories : 1806 births 1861 deaths English women poets English expatriates in Italy People from County Durham ( before 1974 ) Women of the Victorian era Sonneteers English women writers Victorian poets Greek -- English translators Victorian women writers Victorian writers 19th - century British women writers 19th - century translators 19th - century English poets Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from June 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Aragonés تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 17 : 38. 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Question: who is the poet that wrote sonnet 43
Answer: Elizabeth Barrett Browning