Sun Yat - sen - wikipedia Sun Yat - sen `` Sun Wen '' redirects here. For the female Chinese footballer, see Sun Wen ( footballer ). This is a Chinese name ; the family name is Sun. Sun Yat - sen 孫中山 / 孫逸仙 other names Portrait of Sun Yat - Sen in the 1910s Provisional President of the Republic of China In office 1 January 1912 -- 10 March 1912 Vice President Li Yuanhong Preceded by Puyi ( Emperor of China ) Succeeded by Yuan Shikai Premier of the Kuomintang In office 10 October 1919 -- 12 March 1925 Preceded by Himself ( as Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party ) Succeeded by Zhang Renjie ( as chairman ) Personal details Sun Wen ( 1866 - 11 - 12 ) 12 November 1866 Cuiheng Village, Xiangshan County, Guangdong, Qing dynasty, China 12 March 1925 ( 1925 - 03 - 12 ) ( aged 58 ) Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, Republic of China Resting place Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum, Nanjing, Jiangsu Nationality Chinese Political party Kuomintang Other political affiliations Chinese Revolutionary Party Spouse ( s ) Lu Muzhen ( 1885 -- 1915 ) Kaoru Otsuki ( 1903 -- 1906 ) Soong Ching - ling ( 1915 -- 1925 ) Domestic partner Chen Cuifen ( concubine ) ( 1892 -- 1925 ) Haru Asada ( concubine ) ( 1897 -- 1902 ) Children Sun Fo Sun Yan Sun Wan Parents Sun Dacheng Lady Yang Alma mater Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese ( MD ) Occupation Physician politician Revolutionary writer Calligrapher Religion Congregationalist Signature ( Chinese ) Signature Chinese name Traditional Chinese 孫逸仙 Simplified Chinese 孙逸仙 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūn Yìxiān Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suen Yihshian Wade -- Giles Sun I - hsien IPA ( swə́n î. ɕjɛ́n ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūn Yaht - sīn IPA ( sýːn jɐ̀t̚. síːn ) Jyutping Syun Jat - sin Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sun E̍k - sian Alternative Chinese name Traditional Chinese 孫中山 Simplified Chinese 孙中山 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūn Zhōngshān Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suen Jongshan Wade -- Giles Sun Chung - shan IPA ( swə́n ʈʂʊ́ŋ. ʂán ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūn Jūng sāan Jyutping Syun Zung saan Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sun Tiong - san Sun Yat - sen ( / ˈsʊn ˈjɑːtˈsɛn / ; 12 November 1866 -- 12 March 1925 ) was the founding father of the Republic of China. The first provisional president of the Republic of China, Sun was a Chinese physician, writer, philosopher, Georgist, calligrapher and revolutionary. As the foremost pioneer and first leader of a Republican China, Sun is referred to as the `` Father of the Nation '' in the Republic of China ( ROC ) and the `` forerunner of democratic revolution '' in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ). Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty ( the last imperial dynasty of China ) during the years leading up to the Xinhai Revolution. He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China when it was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party of China ), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and he remains unique among 20th - century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Although Sun is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution and the Han Chinese regaining power after 268 years of living under Manchurian rule ( Qing dynasty ), he quickly resigned from his post as President of the newly founded Republic of China to Yuan Shikai, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun 's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People : nationalism ( Han Chinese nationalism : independence from imperialist domination -- taking back power from the Manchurian Qing dynasty ), `` rights of the people, '' sometimes translated as `` democracy, '' and the people 's livelihood ( just society ). Contents 1 Names 2 Early years 2.1 Birthplace and early life 2.2 Education years 3 Religious views and Christian baptism 4 Transformation into a revolutionary 4.1 Four Bandits 4.2 Furen and Revive China Society 4.3 First Sino - Japanese War 5 From uprising to exile 5.1 First Guangzhou uprising 5.2 Exile in Japan 5.3 Huizhou uprising in China 5.4 Further exile 5.5 Heaven and Earth Society, overseas travel 6 Revolution 6.1 Tongmenghui 6.2 Malaya support 6.3 Siamese support 6.4 Zhennanguan uprising 6.5 Anti-Sun movements 6.6 1911 revolution 7 Republic of China with multiple governments 7.1 Provisional government 7.2 Beiyang government 7.3 Nationalist party and Second Revolution 7.4 Political chaos 8 Path to Northern Expedition 8.1 Guangzhou militarist government 8.2 KMT -- CPC cooperation 8.3 Finance concerns 8.4 Final speeches 8.5 Illness and death 9 Legacy 9.1 Power struggle 9.2 Cult of personality 9.3 Father of the Nation 9.4 `` Forerunner of the revolution '' 9.5 Religious veneration 10 Family 11 Cultural references 11.1 Memorials and structures in Asia 11.1. 1 Gallery 11.2 Memorials and structures outside of Asia 12 In popular culture 12.1 Opera 12.2 TV series and films 12.3 Performances 13 Controversy 13.1 New Three Principles of the People 13.2 KMT emblem removal case 13.3 Father of Independent Taiwan issue 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 Works 18 External links Names Main article : Names of Sun Yat - sen Sun was born as Sun Wen ( Cantonese : Syūn Màhn ; 孫 文 ), and his genealogical name was Sun Deming ( Syūn Dāk - mìhng ; 孫德明 ). As a child, his pet name was Tai Tseung ( Dai - jeuhng ; 帝 象 ). Sun 's courtesy name was Zaizhi ( Jai - jī ; 載 之 ), and his baptized name was Rixin ( Yaht - sān ; 日 新 ). While at school in Hong Kong he got the art name Yat - sen ( Chinese : 逸 仙 ; pinyin : Yìxiān ). Sūn Zhōngshān ( 孫中山 ), the most popular of his Chinese names, is derived from his Japanese name Nakayama Shō ( 中山 樵 ), the pseudonym given to him by Tōten Miyazaki while in hiding in Japan. Early years Birthplace and early life Sun Yat - sen was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang. His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan County ( now Zhongshan City ), Guangdong. He had a cultural background of Hakka ( with roots in Zijin, Heyuan, Guangdong ) and Cantonese. His father owned very few lands and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter. After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei. Education years At the age of 10, Sun Yat - sen began seeking schooling, and he met childhood friend Lu Haodong. By age 13 in 1878, after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei ( 孫 眉 ) in Honolulu. Sun Mei financed Sun Yat - sen 's education and would later be a major contributor for the overthrow of the Manchus. Sun Yat - sen ( back row, fifth from left ) and his family During his stay in Honolulu, Sun Yat - sen went to ʻIolani School where he studied English, British history, mathematics, science, and Christianity. While he was originally unable to speak English, Sun Yat - sen quickly picked up the language and received a prize for academic achievement from King David Kalākaua before graduating in 1882. He then attended Oahu College ( now known as Punahou School ) for one semester. In 1883 he was sent home to China as his brother was becoming worried that Sun Yat - sen was beginning to embrace Christianity. When he returned to China in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Haodong again at Beijidian ( 北極 殿 ), a temple in Cuiheng Village. They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji ( literally North Pole ) Emperor - God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods. They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong. While in Hong Kong in 1883 he studied at the Diocesan Boys ' School, and from 1884 to 1886 he was at The Government Central School. In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr. Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese ( the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong ) in 1892. Notably, of his class of 12 students, Sun was one of only two who graduated. Religious views and Christian baptism In the early 1880s, Sun Mei sent his brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision of British Anglicans and directed by an Anglican prelate named Alfred Willis. The language of instruction was English. Although Bishop Willis emphasized that no one was forced to accept Christianity, the students were required to attend chapel on Sunday. At Iolani School, young Sun Wen first came in contact with Christianity, and it made a deep impression on him. Schriffin writes that Christianity was to have a great influence on Sun 's whole future political life. Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong ( on 4 May 1884 ) by Rev. C.R. Hager an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States ( ABCFM ) to his brother 's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun. Sun attended To Tsai Church ( 道 濟 會堂 ), founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888, while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement. In 1924 Liao Chongzhen, a prominent and influential government official of the day, arranged a meeting between Sun and Martha Root, a well - known journalist and traveling teacher of the Bahá'í Faith in the late 19th and early 20th century. In this meeting Sun came into contact with the Teachings of the Bahá'í Faith, expressing his appreciation for the Cause and declaring it `` highly relevant to the needs of China. '' Transformation into a revolutionary Four Bandits Photograph of Sun Yat - sen ( seated, second from left ) and his revolutionary friends, the Four Bandits, including Yeung Hok - ling ( left ), Chan Siu - bak ( seated, second from right ), Yau Lit ( right ), and Guan Jingliang ( 關景良 ) ( standing ) at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese During the Qing Dynasty rebellion around 1888, Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers who were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China. Furen and Revive China Society In 1891, Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Ku - wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society. The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China. He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience. After this experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society, which was committed to revolutionizing China 's prosperity. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially the lower social classes. The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society. Thereafter, Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China society, which Yeung Ku - wan headed as president. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a business under the name `` Kuen Hang Club '' ( 乾 亨 行 ). First Sino - Japanese War In 1895, China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino - Japanese War. There were two types of responses. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing. Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days ' Reform. In another faction, Sun Yat - sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation - state in the form of a republic. The Hundred Days ' reform turned out to be a failure by 1898. From uprising to exile First Guangzhou uprising Plaque in London marking the site of a house where Sun Yat - sen lived while in exile Letter from Sun Yat - sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China, dated 21 January 1912 In the second year of the establishment of the Revive China society on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou. Yeung Kui - wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong. However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Haodong, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure. Sun received financial support mostly from his brother who sold most of his 12,000 acres of ranch and cattle in Hawaii. Additionally, members of his family and relatives of the Sun would take refuge at the home of his brother Sun Mei at Kamaole in Kula, Maui. Exile in Japan Sun Yat - sen spent time living in Japan while in exile. He befriended and was financially aided by a democratic revolutionary named Miyazaki Toten. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian fear of encroaching Western imperialism. While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic. During the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine -- American War, Sun helped Ponce procure weapons salvaged from the Imperial Japanese Army and ship the weapons to the Philippines. By helping the Philippine Republic, Sun hoped that the Filipinos would win their independence so that he could use the archipelago as a staging point of another revolution. However, as the war ended in July 1902, America emerged victorious from a bitter 3 - year war against the Republic. Therefore, the Filipino dream of independence vanished with Sun 's hopes of collaborating with the Philippines in his revolution in China. Huizhou uprising in China On 22 October 1900, Sun launched the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong. This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time, Sun appealed to the triads for help. This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki, who participated in the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title `` 33 - year dream '' ( 三 十 三 年 之 夢 ) in 1902. Further exile Sun was in exile not only in Japan but also in Europe, the United States, and Canada. He raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. While the events leading up to it are unclear, in 1896 Sun Yat - sen was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to kill him. He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie, The Globe, The Times, and the Foreign Office, leaving Sun a hero in Britain. James Cantlie, Sun 's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun. Heaven and Earth Society, overseas travel A `` Heaven and Earth Society '' sect known as Tiandihui had been around for a long time. The group has also been referred to as the `` three cooperating organizations '' as well as the triads. Sun Yat - sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution. According to the New York Times `` Sun Yat - sen left his village in Guangdong, southern China, in 1879 to join a brother in Hawaii. He eventually returned to China and from there moved to the British colony of Hong Kong in 1883. It was there that he received his Western education, his Christian faith and the money for revolution. '' This is where Sun Yat - sen realized that China needed to change its ways. He knew that the only way that China would change and modernize would be to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. According to Lee Yun - ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him. However, on Sun 's first attempt to enter the US, he was still arrested. He was later bailed out after 17 days. In March 1904, while residing in Kula, Maui, Sun Yat - sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating that `` he was born in the Hawaiian Islands on the 24th day of November, A.D. 1870. '' He renounced it after it served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later. Revolution Tongmenghui Main article : Tongmenghui A letter with Sun 's seal commencing the Tongmenghui in Hong Kong In 1904, Sun Yat - sen came about with the goal `` to expel the Tatar barbarians ( i.e. Manchu ), to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people '' ( 驅除 韃 虜, 恢復 中華, 創立 民國, 平均 地 權 ). One of Sun 's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the principle of nationalism ( minzu, 民族 ), of democracy ( minquan, 民權 ), and of welfare ( minsheng, 民生 ). On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo, Japan to form the unified group Tongmenghui ( United League ), which sponsored uprisings in China. By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963 people. Malaya support Main article : Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun 's items and photos The Sun Yat - sen Museum in George Town, Penang, Malaysia, where he planned the Xinhai Revolution. Sun 's notability and popularity extends beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang ( Southeast Asia ), where a large concentration of overseas Chinese resided in Malaya ( Malaysia and Singapore ). While in Singapore, he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock, Tan Chor Nam and Lim Nee Soon, which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906. Though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905. The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan. At this point Singapore was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui. Thus, after founding the Tong Meng Hui, Dr Sun advocated the establishment of The Chong Shing Yit Pao as the alliance 's mouthpiece to promote revolutionary ideas. Later, he initiated the establishment of reading clubs across Singapore and Malaysia, in order to disseminate revolutionary ideas among the lower class through public readings of newspaper stories. The United Chinese Library, founded on 8 August 1910, was one such reading club, first set up at leased property on the second floor of the Wan He Salt Traders in North Boat Quay. The first actual United Chinese Library building was built between 1908 and 1911 below Fort Canning -- 51 Armenian Street, commenced operations in 1912. The library was set up as a part of the 50 reading rooms by the Chinese Republicans to serve as an information station and liaison point for the revolutionaries. In 1987, the library was moved to its present site at Cantonment Road. But the Armenian Street building is still intact with the plaque at its entrance with Sun Yat Sen 's words. With an initial membership of over 400, the library has about 180 members today. Although the United Chinese Library, with 102 years of history, was not the only reading club in Singapore during the time, today it is the only one of its kind remaining. Siamese support In 1903, Sun made a secret trip to Bangkok in which he sought funds for his cause in Southeast Asia. His loyal followers published newspapers, providing invaluable support to the dissemination of his revolutionary principles and ideals among Chinese descant in Thailand. In Bangkok, Sun visited Yaowarat Road, in Bangkok 's Chinatown. It was on this street that Sun gave a speech claiming that overseas Chinese were `` the Mother of the Revolution ''. He also met local Chinese merchants Seow Houtseng, whose sent financial support to him. Sun 's speech on Yaowarat street was commemorated by the street later being named `` Sun Yat Sen Street '' or `` Soi Sun Yat Sen '' ( Thai : ซอย ซุน ยั ต เซ็น ) in his honour. Zhennanguan uprising On 1 December 1907, Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam. The uprising failed after seven days of fighting. In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising. In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin - lian uprising and Hekou uprising. Anti-Sun movements Because of these failures, Sun 's leadership was challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo 1907 -- 1908 members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun 's credentials. Tao Chengzhang ( 陶 成章 ) and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun with an open leaflet called `` A declaration of Sun Yat - sen 's criminal acts by the revolutionaries in Southeast Asia ''. This was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao. Their goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt for profiteering gains. The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps. Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution. However, by 19 July 1910, the Tongmenghui headquarters had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities. It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese `` daily '' newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh in December 1910. 1911 revolution Main articles : Wuchang Uprising and Xinhai Revolution The Revolutionary Army of the Wuchang uprising fighting in the Battle of Yangxia To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula. They raised HK $ 187,000. On 27 April 1911, revolutionary Huang Xing led a second Guangzhou uprising known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster ; the bodies of only 72 revolutionaries were found. The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs. On 10 October 1911, a military uprising at Wuchang took place led again by Huang Xing. At the time, Sun had no direct involvement as he was still in exile. Huang was in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. When Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he returned to China from the United States accompanied by his closest foreign advisor, the American, `` General '' Homer Lea. He met Lea in London, where he and Lea unsuccessfully tried to arrange British financing for the new Chinese republic. Sun and Lea then sailed for China, arriving there on 21 December 1911. The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution also known as the `` Chinese Revolution '' to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi. After this event, 10 October became known as the commemoration of Double Ten Day. Republic of China with multiple governments Provisional government Main article : Provisional Government of the Republic of China ( 1912 ) On 29 December 1911 a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanking ( Nanjing ) elected Sun Yat - sen as the `` provisional president '' ( 臨時 大 總統 ). 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the Republic. Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice-president and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. The new Provisional Government of the Republic of China was created along with the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. Sun is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. His successful merger of minor revolutionary groups to a single larger party provided a better base for all those who shared the same ideals. A number of things were introduced such as the republic calendar system and new fashion like Zhongshan suits. Beiyang government Main article : Beiyang government Yuan Shikai, who controlled the Beiyang Army, the military of northern China, was promised the position of President of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate. On 12 February 1912 Emperor Puyi did abdicate the throne. Sun stepped down as President, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912. The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own, its control over elements of the New Army that had mutinied was limited and there were still significant forces which still had not declared against the Qing. Sun Yat - sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912. In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai. Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan 's ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government. Nationalist party and second revolution Tongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the parliament. He mobilized the old Tongmenghui at the core with the merger of a number of new small parties to form a new political party called the Kuomintang ( Chinese nationalist party, commonly abbreviated as `` KMT '' ) on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall Beijing. The 1912 -- 1913 National assembly election was considered a huge success for the KMT winning 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 senate seats. The Second Revolution took place where Sun and KMT military forces tried to overthrow Yuan 's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913. The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful. Sun was forced to seek asylum in Japan with politician and industrialist Fusanosuke Kuhara. In retaliation the national party leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated, almost certainly by a secret order of Yuan, on 20 March 1913. Political chaos In 1915 Yuan Shikai proclaimed the Empire of China ( 1915 -- 1916 ) with himself as Emperor of China. Sun took part in the Anti-Monarchy war of the Constitutional Protection Movement, while also supporting bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion. This marked the beginning of the Warlord Era. In 1915 Sun wrote to the Second International, a socialist - based organization in Paris, asking it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world 's first socialist republic. At the time there were many theories and proposals of what China could be. In the political mess, both Sun Yat - sen and Xu Shichang were announced as President of the Republic of China. Path to Northern Expedition Guangzhou militarist government ( L-R ) : Liao Zhongkai, Chiang Kai - shek, Sun Yat - sen and Soong Ching - ling at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924 China had become divided between different military leaders without a proper central government. Sun saw the danger of this and returned to China in 1917 to advocate Chinese reunification. In 1921 he started a self - proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal. Between 1912 and 1927 three governments had been set up in South China : the Provisional government in Nanjing ( 1912 ), the Military government in Guangzhou ( 1921 -- 1925 ), and the National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan ( 1925 -- 1927 ). The southern separatist government in the South was established to rival the Beiyang government in the north. Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919 Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung - kuo Kuomintang ( simplified Chinese : 中国 国民党 ; traditional Chinese : 中國 國民黨 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó guómíndǎng ), or the `` Nationalist Party of China ''. KMT -- CPC cooperation Sun Yat - sen ( seated on right ) and Chiang Kai - shek By this time Sun had become convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. In order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Communist Party of China ( CPC ). Sun and the Soviet Union 's Adolph Joffe signed the Sun - Joffe Manifesto in January 1923. Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and the KMT for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun and his attempts at social reformation, and also congratulated him for fighting foreign Imperialism. Sun also returned the praise, calling him a `` great man '', and sent his congratulations on the revolution in Russia. With the Soviets ' help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai - shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army ( NRA ). Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front. Finance concerns In 1924 Sun appointed his brother - in - law T.V. Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank. To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT. However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him. Final speeches Sun ( seated, right ) and his wife Soong Ching - ling ( seated next to him ) in Kobe, Japan in 1924 In February 1923 Sun made a presentation to the Students ' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that it was the corruption of China and the peace, order and good government of Hong Kong that turned him into a revolutionary. This same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five - Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China. On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a `` national conference '' for the Chinese people. It called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers. Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. Among the people he met was the Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, who informed Sun that they would welcome his leadership. On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a speech on Pan-Asianism at Kobe, Japan. Illness and death For many years, it was popularly believed that Sun died of liver cancer. On 26 January 1925, Sun underwent an exploratory laparotomy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital ( PUMCH ) to investigate a long - term illness. This was performed by the head of the Department of Surgery, Adrian S. Taylor, who stated that the procedure `` revealed extensive involvement of the liver by carcinoma '' and that Sun only had about ten days to live. Sun was hospitalized and his condition was treated with radium. Sun survived the initial ten - day period and on 18 February, against the advice of doctors, he was transferred to the KMT headquarters and treated with traditional Chinese medicine. This too was unsuccessful and he died on 12 March at the age of 58. Contemporary reports in The New York Times, Time, and the Chinese newspaper Qun Qiang Bao all reported the cause of death as liver cancer, based on Taylor 's observation. Following this the body then was preserved in mineral oil and taken to the Temple of Azure Clouds, a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing. He also left a short political will ( 總理 遺囑 ) penned by Wang Jingwei, which had a widespread influence in the subsequent development of the Republic of China and Taiwan. In 1926, construction began on a majestic mausoleum at the foot of Purple Mountain in Nanjing, and this was completed in the spring of 1929. On 1 June 1929, Sun 's remains were moved from Beijing and interred in the Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum. By pure chance, in May 2016, an American pathologist named Rolf F. Barth was visiting the Sun Yat - sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou when he noticed a faded copy of the original autopsy report on display. The autopsy was performed immediately after Sun 's death by James Cash, a pathologist at PUMCH. Based on a tissue sample, Cash concluded that the cause of death was an adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder that had metastasized to the liver. In modern China, liver cancer is far more common than gallbladder cancer and although the incidence rates of either in 1925 are not known, if one assumes that they were similar at that time, then the original diagnosis by Taylor was a logical conclusion. From the time of Sun 's death until the appearance of Barth 's report in the Chinese Journal of Cancer in September 2016 ( now known as Cancer Communications since March 1, 2018 ), the true cause of death of Sun Yat - sen was not reported in any English - language publication. Even in Chinese - language sources, it only appeared in one non-medical online report in 2013. Legacy Power struggle Chinese Generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Generals Cheng Jin ( 何成浚 ), Zhang Zuobao ( 張作寶 ), Chen Diaoyuan ( 陳 調 元 ), Chiang Kai - shek, Woo Tsin - hang, Yan Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida ( 馬 四 達 ), and Bai Chongxi. After Sun 's death, a power struggle between his young protégé Chiang Kai - shek and his old revolutionary comrade Wang Jingwei split the KMT. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun 's ambiguous legacy. In 1927 Chiang Kai - shek married Soong Mei - ling, a sister of Sun 's widow Soong Ching - ling, and subsequently he could claim to be a brother - in - law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927, marking the start of the Chinese Civil War, each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through World War II. Sun 's widow, Soong Ching - ling, sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and served from 1949 to 1981 as Vice-President ( or Vice-Chairwoman ) of the People 's Republic of China and as Honorary President shortly before her death in 1981. Cult of personality A personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek. Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state, with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun 's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God. Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used among Hui Muslims to justify Chiang Kai - shek 's rule over China. The Kuomintang 's constitution designated Sun as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director - general ( 1927 -- 1975 ) and a chairman ( since 1975 ), which discharge the functions of the president. Father of the Nation Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling Sun Yat - sen remains unique among 20th - century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan. In Taiwan, he is seen as the Father of the Republic of China, and is known by the posthumous name Father of the Nation, Mr. Sun Zhongshan ( Chinese : 國父 孫中山 先生, where the one - character space is a traditional homage symbol ). His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of legislatures and classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency. `` Forerunner of the revolution '' On the mainland, Sun is seen as a Chinese nationalist, proto - socialist, first president of a Republican China and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution ( 革命 先行者 ). He is even mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China. In recent years, the leadership of the Communist Party of China has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan which the PRC sees as allies against Taiwan independence. Sun 's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan-blue visit to mainland China in 2005. A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day. Religious veneration Sun is venerated as a Saint in Đạo Cao Đài, a religion established in Vietnam in 1926. He, along with the two other Saints Victor Hugo and Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm, represented mankind to declare the Alliance ( peaceful treaty ) with God. Family Main article : Family tree of Sun Yat - sen Lu Muzhen ( 1867 -- 1952 ), Sun 's first wife from 1885 to 1915 Sun Yat - sen was born to Sun Dacheng ( 孫 達成 ) and his wife, lady Yang ( 楊 氏 ) on 12 November 1866. At the time his father was age 53, while his mother was 38 years old. He had an older brother, Sun Dezhang ( 孫德彰 ), and an older sister, Sun Jinxing ( 孫 金星 ), who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother, Sun Deyou ( 孫德祐 ), died at the age of 6. He also had an older sister, Sun Miaoqian ( 孫妙茜 ), and a younger sister, Sun Qiuqi ( 孫秋綺 ). At age 20, Sun had an arranged marriage with fellow villager Lu Muzhen. She bore a son, Sun Fo, and two daughters, Sun Jinyuan ( 孫金媛 ) and Sun Jinwan ( 孫金婉 ). Sun Fo was the grandfather of Leland Sun, who spent 37 years working in Hollywood as an actor and stuntman. Sun Yat - sen was also the godfather of Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger, American author and poet who wrote under the name Cordwainer Smith. Sun 's first concubine, the Hong Kong - born Chen Cuifen, lived in Taiping, Perak, Malaysia for 17 years. The couple adopted a local girl as their daughter. Cuifen subsequently relocated to China, where she passed away. On 25 October 1915 in Japan, Sun married Soong Ching - ling, one of the Soong sisters, Soong Ching - Ling 's father was the American - educated Methodist minister Charles Soong, who made a fortune in banking and in printing of Bibles. Although Charles Soong had been a personal friend of Sun 's, he was enraged when Sun announced his intention to marry Ching - ling because while Sun was a Christian he kept two wives, Lu Muzhen and Kaoru Otsuki ; Soong viewed Sun 's actions as running directly against their shared religion. Soong Ching - Ling 's sister, Soong Mei - ling, later married Chiang Kai - shek. Cultural references Memorials and structures in Asia Aerial perspective of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in central Singapore. Taken in 2016 In most major Chinese cities one of the main streets is named Zhongshan Lu ( 中山 路 ) to celebrate his memory. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. Xiangshan, Sun 's hometown in Guangdong, was renamed Zhongshan in his honor, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. There are also a series of Sun Yat - sen stamps. Other references to Sun include the Sun Yat - sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat - sen University in Kaohsiung. Other structures include Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum, Sun Yat - sen Memorial Hall subway station, Sun Yat - sen house in Nanjing, Dr. Sun Yat - sen Museum in Hong Kong, Chung - Shan Building, Sun Yat - sen Memorial Hall in Taipei and Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in Singapore. Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools. Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him. The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat - sen expressway. Two ships are also named after him, the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen. The old Chinatown in Calcutta ( now known as Kolkata ), India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat - sen street. There are also two streets named after Sun Yat - sen, located in the cities of Astrakhan and Ufa, Russia. In George Town, Penang, Malaysia, the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street in 1910, during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang, convened the historic `` Penang Conference '' to launch the fundraising campaign for the Huanghuagang Uprising and founded the Kwong Wah Yit Poh ; this house, which has been preserved as the Sun Yat - sen Museum ( formerly called the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base ), was visited by President designate Hu Jintao in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been preserved as the Sun Yat - sen Memorial Centre Penang. As dedication, the 1966 Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched on Sun 's birthday on 12 November. The Nanyang Wan Qing Yuan in Singapore have since been preserved and renamed as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall. A Sun Yat - sen heritage trail was also launched on 20 November 2010 in Penang. Sun 's US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC, but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011. A street in Medan, Indonesia is named `` Jalan Sun Yat - Sen '' in honour of him. Gallery Mausoleum of Sun Yat - sen, Nanjing. Sun Yat - sen Memorial Hall, Taipei Sun Yat - sen Memorial Centre, George Town, Penang, Malaysia A marker on the Sun Yat - sen Historical Trail on Hong Kong Island Dr Sun Yat - sen on the NT $100 banknote of Taiwan Memorials and structures outside of Asia Sun Yat - Sen monument in Chinatown area of Los Angeles, California St. John 's University in New York City has a facility built in 1973, the Sun Yat - Sen Memorial Hall, built to resemble a traditional Chinese building in honor of Sun. Dr. Sun Yat - Sen Classical Chinese Garden is located in Vancouver, the largest classical Chinese gardens outside of Asia. There is the Dr. Sun Yat - sen Memorial Park in Chinatown, Honolulu. On the island of Maui, there is the little Sun Yat - sen Park at Kamaole. It is located near to where his older brother had a ranch on the slopes of Haleakala in the Kula region. In Chinatown, Los Angeles, there is a seated statue of him in Central Plaza. In Sacramento, California there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento. Another statue of Sun Yat - sen by Joe Rosenthal can be found at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. There is also the Moscow Sun Yat - sen University. In Chinatown, San Francisco, there is a 12 - foot statue of him on St. Mary 's Square. In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China, unveiled, in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony, a memorial statue of Sun outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne 's Chinatown, on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends. Sun Yat - Sen plaza in the Chinese Quarter of Montreal, Quebec, Canada In 1993 Lily Sun, one of Sun Yat - sen 's granddaughters, donated books, photographs, artwork and other memorabilia to the Kapi'olani Community College library as part of the `` Sun Yat - sen Asian collection ''. During October and November every year the entire collection is shown. In 1997 the `` Dr Sun Yat - sen Hawaii foundation '' was formed online as a virtual library. In 2006 the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Spirit labeled one of the hills explored `` Zhongshan ''. The plaque shown earlier in this article is by Dora Gordine, and is situated on the site of Sun 's lodgings in London in 1896, 8 Grays Inn Place. There is also a blue plaque commemorating Sun at The Kennels, Cottered, Hertfordshire, the country home of the Cantlies where Sun came to recuperate after his rescue from the legation in 1896. A street named Sun Yat - Sen Avenue is located in Markham, Ontario. This is the first such street name outside of Asia. In popular culture Opera Sun Yat - sen tribute in Tiananmen Square, 2010 Dr. Sun Yat - sen ( 中山 逸 仙 ; ZhōngShān yì xiān ) is a 2011 Chinese - language western - style opera in three acts by the New York - based American composer Huang Ruo who was born in China and is a graduate of Oberlin College 's Conservatory as well as the Juilliard School. The libretto was written by Candace Mui - ngam Chong, a recent collaborator with playwright David Henry Hwang. It was performed in Hong Kong in October 2011 and will be given its North American premiere on 26 July 2014 at The Santa Fe Opera. TV series and films The life of Sun is portrayed in various films, mainly The Soong Sisters and Road to Dawn. A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in Bodyguards and Assassins. He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Once Upon a Time in China II. The TV series Towards the Republic features Ma Shaohua as Sun Yat - sen. In the 100th anniversary tribute of the film 1911, Winston Chao played Sun. In Space : Above and Beyond, one of the starships of the China Navy is named the Sun Yat - sen. Performances In 2010 a theatrical play Yellow Flower on Slopes ( 斜路 黃花 ) was created and performed. In 2011 there is also a Mandopop group called `` Zhongsan Road 100 '' ( 中山 路 100 號 ) known for singing the song `` Our Father of the Nation '' ( 我們 國父 ). Controversy New Three Principles of the People At one time CPC general secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin claimed Sun Yat - sen had a `` New Three Principles of the People '' ( 新 三民 主義 ) which consisted of `` working with the soviets, working with the communists and helping the farmers '' ( 聯 俄, 聯 共, 扶助 工農 ). Lily Sun said the CPC was distorting Sun 's legacy in 2001. She then voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history. In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US $10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event. According to Ming Pao she could not take the money because she would no longer have the freedom to communicate the revolution. This concept is still currently available on Baike Baidu. KMT emblem removal case In 1981 Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat - sen mausoleum in Nanjing, People 's Republic of China. The emblem of the KMT had been removed from the top of his sacrificial hall at the time of her visit, but was later restored. On another visit in May 2011, she was surprised to find the four characters `` General Rules of Meetings '' ( 會議 通則 ), a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert 's Rules of Order had been removed from a stone carving. Father of independent Taiwan issue In November 2004 the ROC Ministry of Education proposed that Sun Yat - sen was not the father of Taiwan. Instead Sun was a foreigner from mainland China. Taiwanese Education minister Tu Cheng - sheng and Examination Yuan member Lin Yu - ti ( zh ), both of whom supported the proposal, had their portraits pelted with eggs in protest. At a Sun Yat - sen statue in Kaohsiung, a 70 - year - old ROC retired soldier committed suicide as a way to protest the ministry proposal on the anniversary of Sun 's birthday 12 November. See also China portal Taiwan portal Biography portal Chiang Kai - shek Chinese Anarchism History of the Republic of China Politics of the Republic of China Sun Yat - sen Museum Penang United States Constitution and worldwide influence Zhongshan suit References ^ Jump up to : Singtao daily. Saturday edition. 23 October 2010. 特別 策劃 section A18. Sun Yat - sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition 民國 之 父. ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat - sen ''. National Dr. Sun Yat - sen Memorial Hall. Retrieved 12 March 2014. Jump up ^ Karl Williams, `` Sun Yat - sen And Georgism '' https://www.prosper.org.au/about/geoists-in-history/sun-yat-sen-and-georgism/ Jump up ^ Archived version : https://web.archive.org/web/20180423084916/https://www.prosper.org.au/about/geoists-in-history/sun-yat-sen-and-georgism/ Jump up ^ Tingyou Chen, Chinese Calligraphy, Cambridge University Press ( 2011 ), p. 113 Jump up ^ Derek Benjamin Heater. ( 1987 ) ( 1987 ). Our world this century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 913324 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Three Principles of the People ''. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 May 2017. Jump up ^ Trescott, Paul B. ( 2007 ). Jingji Xue : The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850 -- 1950. Chinese University Press. pp. 46 -- 48. ' The teachings of your single - taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform. ' Jump up ^ Schoppa, Keith R. ( 2000 ) ( 2000 ). The Columbia guide to modern Chinese history. Columbia university press. 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Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Jump up to : KHON web staff ( 3 June 2013 ). `` Chinese government officials attend Sun Mei statue unveiling on Maui ''. KHON2. Honolulu. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Sun Yat - sen Memorial Park ''. Hawaii Guide. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Sun Yet Sen Park ''. County of Maui. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Dr. Sun Yat - Sen ( class of 1882 ) ''. ʻIolani School website. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Jump up ^ Brannon, John ( 16 August 2007 ). `` Chinatown park, statue honor Sun Yat - sen ''. Honolulu Star - Bulletin. Retrieved 17 August 2007. Sun graduated from Iolani School in 1882, then attended Oahu College -- now known as Punahou School -- for one semester. Jump up ^ `` 基督教 與 近代 中國 革命 起源 : 以 孫中山 為 例 ''. Big5.chinanews.com:89. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` 歷史 與 空間 : 基督教 與 近代 中國 革命 的 起源 ─ ─ 以 孫中山 為 例 -- 香港 文匯報 ''. Paper.wenweipo.com. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` 中山 史蹟 徑 一 日 遊 ''. Lcsd.gov.hk. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Jump up ^ HK university. ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ). Growing with Hong Kong : the University and its graduates : the first 90 years. ISBN 962 - 209 - 613 - 1, ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 613 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Singtao daily. 28 February 2011. 特別 策劃 section A10. Sun Yat - sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition. Jump up ^ South China morning post. Birth of Sun heralds dawn of revolutionary era for China. 11 November 1999. Jump up ^ ( 1 ), Sun Yat - sen and Christianity. Jump up ^ ``... At present there are some seven members in the interior belonging to our mission, and two here, one I baptized last Sabbath, a young man who is attending the Government Central School. We had a very pleasant communion service yesterday... '' -- Hager to Clark, 5 May 1884, ABC 16.3. 8 : South China v. 4, no. 17, p. 3 Jump up ^ ``... We had a pleasant communion yesterday and received one Chinaman into the church... '' -- Hager to Pond, 5 May 1884, ABC 16.3. 8 : South China v. 4, no. 18, p. 3 postscript Jump up ^ Rev. C.R. Hager, ' The First Citizen of the Chinese Republic ', The Medical Missionary v. 22 1913, p. 184 Jump up ^ Bergère : 26 ^ Jump up to : Soong, ( 1997 ) p. 151 - 178 Jump up ^ 中西 區區 議會 ( Central & Western District Council ) ( November 2006 ), 孫中山 先生 史蹟 徑 ( Dr Sun Yat - sen Historical Trail ) ( PDF ), Dr. Sun Yat - sen Museum ( in Chinese and English ), Hong Kong, China : Dr. Sun Yat - sen Museum, p. 30, archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 February 2012, retrieved 15 September 2012 Jump up ^ Bard, Solomon. Voices from the past : Hong Kong, 1842 -- 1918. ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ). HK university press. ISBN 962 - 209 - 574 - 7, ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 574 - 8. pg 183. ^ Jump up to : Curthoys, Ann. Lake, Marilyn. ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ). Connected worlds : history in transnational perspective. ANU publishing. ISBN 1 - 920942 - 44 - 0, ISBN 978 - 1 - 920942 - 44 - 1. pg 101. Jump up ^ Wei, Julie Lee. Myers Ramon Hawley. Gillin, Donald G. ( 1994 ) ( 1994 ). Prescriptions for saving China : selected writings of Sun Yat - sen. Hoover press. ISBN 0 - 8179 - 9281 - 2, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 9281 - 1. ^ Jump up to : 王恆偉. ( 2005 ) ( 2006 ) 中國 歷史 講堂 # 5 清. 中華 書局. ISBN 962 - 8885 - 28 - 6. p 146. Jump up ^ Bergère : 39 -- 40 Jump up ^ Bergère : 40 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Yang, Bayun ; Yang, Xing'an ( November 2010 ). Yeung Ku - wan -- A Biography Written by a Family Member. Bookoola. p. 17. ISBN 978 - 988 - 18 - 0416 - 7 Jump up ^ Faure, David ( 1997 ). Society. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622093935., founder Tse Tsan - tai 's account Jump up ^ `` 孫中山 第 一 次 辭讓 總統 並非 給 袁世凱 -- 文 匯 資訊 ''. Info.wenweipo.com. Retrieved 26 September 2011. ^ Jump up to : Bevir, Mark. ( 2010 ) ( 2010 ). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Sage publishing. ISBN 1 - 4129 - 5865 - 2, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 5865 - 3. pg 168. Jump up ^ Lin, Xiaoqing Diana. ( 2006 ) ( 2006 ). Peking University : Chinese Scholarship And Intellectuals, 1898 -- 1937. SUNY Press. ISBN 0 - 7914 - 6322 - 2, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 6322 - 2. pg 27. ^ Jump up to : Paul Wood ( November -- December 2011 ). `` The Other Maui Sun ''. Wailuku, Hawaii : Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine. Retrieved 2 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` JapanFocus ''. Old.japanfocus.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Jump up ^ Thornber, Karen Laura. ( 2009 ) ( 2009 ). Empire of Texts in Motion : Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese Transculturations of Japanese Literature. Harvard university press. pg 404. Jump up ^ Ocampo, Ambeth ( 2010 ). Looking Back 2. Pasig City : Anvil Publishing. pp. 8 -- 11. Jump up ^ Gao, James Zheng. ( 2009 ) ( 2009 ). Historical dictionary of modern China ( 1800 -- 1949 ). Scarecrow press. ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4930 - 5, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4930 - 3. Chronology section. Jump up ^ Bergère : 86 Jump up ^ 劉崇稜. ( 2004 ) ( 2004 ). 日本 近代 文學 精讀. ISBN 957 - 11 - 3675 - 1, ISBN 978 - 957 - 11 - 3675 - 2. pg 71. Jump up ^ Frédéric, Louis. ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ). Japan encyclopedia. Harvard university press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 01753 - 6, ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01753 - 5. pg 651. Jump up ^ `` Sun Yat - sen Chinese leader ''. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31. Jump up ^ Contrary to popular legends, Sun entered the Legation voluntarily, but was prevented from leaving. The Legation planned to execute him, before returning his body to Beijing for ritual beheading. Cantlie, his former teacher, was refused a writ of habeas corpus because of the Legation 's diplomatic immunity, but he began a campaign through The Times. The Foreign Office persuaded the Legation to release Sun through diplomatic channels. Source : Wong, J.Y. ( 1986 ). The Origins of a Heroic Image : SunYat Sen in London, 1896 -- 1987. Hong Kong : Oxford University Press. as summarized in Clark, David J. ; Gerald McCoy ( 2000 ). The Most Fundamental Legal Right : Habeas Corpus in the Commonwealth. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 162. Jump up ^ Cantlie, James ( 1913 ). Sun Yat Sen and the Awakening of China. London : Jarrold & Sons. ^ Jump up to : João de Pina - Cabral. ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ). Between China and Europe : person, culture and emotion in Macao. Berg publishing. ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5749 - 5, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5749 - 3. pg 209. Jump up ^ England, Vaudine ( 17 September 2007 ). `` Hong Kong rediscovers Sun Yat - sen ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21. ^ Jump up to : `` 孫中山 思想 3 學者 演說 精采 ''. World journal. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Sun Yat - sen : Certification of Live Birth in Hawaii ''. San Francisco, CA, USA : Scribd. Retrieved 15 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : Smyser, A.A. ( 2000 ). Sun Yat - sen 's strong links to Hawaii. Honolulu Star Bulletin. `` Sun renounced it in due course. It did, however, help him circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which became applicable when Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898. '' Jump up ^ Department of Justice. Immigration and Naturalization Service. San Francisco District Office. `` Immigration Arrival Investigation case file for SunYat Sen, 1904 -- 1925 '' ( PDF ). Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787 -- 2004 ). Washington, DC, USA : National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 92 -- 152. Immigration Arrival Investigation case file for SunYat Sen, 1904 -- 1925 at the National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2012. Note that one immigration official recorded that Sun Yat - sen was born in Kula, a district of Maui, Hawaii. ^ Jump up to : 計 秋 楓, 朱慶葆. ( 2001 ) ( 2001 ). 中國 近代 史, Volume 1. Chinese university press. ISBN 962 - 201 - 987 - 0, ISBN 978 - 962 - 201 - 987 - 4. pg 468. Jump up ^ `` Internal Threats -- The Manchu Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) -- Imperial China -- History -- China -- Asia ''. Countriesquest.com. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Jump up ^ Streets of George Town, Penang. Areca Books. 2007. pp. 34 --. ISBN 978 - 983 - 9886 - 00 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Yan, Qinghuang. ( 2008 ) ( 2008 ). The Chinese in Southeast Asia and beyond : socioeconomic and political dimensions. World Scientific publishing. ISBN 981 - 279 - 047 - 0, ISBN 978 - 981 - 279 - 047 - 7. pg 182 -- 187. ^ Jump up to : `` Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall ''. Wanqingyuan.org.sg. Retrieved 7 May 2015. Jump up ^ Eiji Murashima. `` The Origins of Chinese Nationalism in Thailand '' ( PDF ). Journal of Asia - Pacific Studies ( Waseda University ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017. Jump up ^ Eric Lim. `` Soi Sun Yat Sen the legacy of a revolutionary ''. Tour Bangkok Legacies. Retrieved 30 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Khoo, Salma Nasution. ( 2008 ) ( 2008 ). Sun Yat Sen in Penang. Areca publishing. ISBN 983 - 42834 - 8 - 2, ISBN 978 - 983 - 42834 - 8 - 3. Jump up ^ Tang Jiaxuan. ( 2011 ) ( 2011 ). Heavy Storm and Gentle Breeze : A Memoir of China 's Diplomacy. HarperCollins publishing. ISBN 0 - 06 - 206725 - 7, ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 206725 - 8. Jump up ^ Nanyang Zonghui bao. The Union Times paper. 11 November 1909 p2. ^ Jump up to : Bergère : 188 ^ Jump up to : 王恆偉. ( 2005 ) ( 2006 ) 中國 歷史 講堂 No. 5 清. 中華 書局. ISBN 962 - 8885 - 28 - 6. p 195 - 198. Jump up ^ Bergère : 210 Jump up ^ Carol, Steven. ( 2009 ) ( 2009 ). Encyclopedia of Days : Start the Day with History. iUniverse publishing. ISBN 0 - 595 - 48236 - 8, ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 48236 - 8. Jump up ^ Lane, Roger deWardt. ( 2008 ) ( 2008 ). Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins. ISBN 0 - 615 - 24479 - 3, ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 24479 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Welland, Sasah Su - ling. ( 2007 ) ( 2007 ). A Thousand miles of dreams : The journeys of two Chinese sisters. Rowman littlefield publishing. ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5314 - 0, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5314 - 9. pg 87. ^ Jump up to : Fu, Zhengyuan. ( 1993 ). Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics ( Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 44228 - 1, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44228 - 2 ). pp. 153 -- 154. Jump up ^ Bergère : 226 ^ Jump up to : Ch'ien Tuan - sheng. The Government and Politics of China 1912 -- 1949. Harvard University Press, 1950 ; rpr. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0551 - 8, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0551 - 6. pp. 83 -- 91. Jump up ^ Ernest Young, `` Politics in the Aftermath of Revolution, '' in John King Fairbank, ed., The Cambridge History of China : Republican China 1912 -- 1949, Part 1 ( Cambridge University Press, 1983 ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 23541 - 3, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23541 - 9 ), p. 228. Jump up ^ South China morning post. Sun Yat - sen 's durable and malleable legacy. 26 April 2011. Jump up ^ South China morning post. 1913 -- 1922. 9 November 2003. ^ Jump up to : Bergère & Lloyd : 273 Jump up ^ Kirby, William C. ( 2000 ) ( 2000 ). State and economy in republican China : a handbook for scholars, volume 1. Harvard publishing. ISBN 0 - 674 - 00368 - 3, ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00368 - 2. pg 59. ^ Jump up to : Tung, William L. ( 1968 ) ( 1968 ). The political institutions of modern China. Springer publishing. ISBN 9789024705528. p 92. P106. Jump up ^ Robert Payne ( 2008 ). Mao Tse - tung : Ruler of Red China. READ BOOKS. p. 22. ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2521 - 8. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia. p. 237. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov ( 1982 ). Great Soviet encyclopedia, Volume 25. Macmillan. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Bernice A Verbyla ( 2010 ). Aunt Mae 's China. Xulon Press. p. 170. ISBN 1 - 60957 - 456 - 7. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Gao. James Zheng. ( 2009 ) ( 2009 ). Historical dictionary of modern China ( 1800 -- 1949 ). Scarecrow press. ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4930 - 5, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4930 - 3. pg 251. Jump up ^ Spence, Jonathan D. ( 1990 ) ( 1990 ). The search for modern China. WW Norton & company publishing. ISBN 0 - 393 - 30780 - 8, ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30780 - 1. Pg 345. Jump up ^ Ji, Zhaojin. ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ). A history of modern Shanghai banking : the rise and decline of China 's finance capitalism. M.E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1003 - 5, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1003 - 4. pg 165. Jump up ^ Ho, Virgil K.Y. ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ). Understanding Canton : Rethinking Popular Culture in the Republican Period. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 928271 - 4 Jump up ^ Carroll, John Mark. Edge of Empires : Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong. Harvard university press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 01701 - 3 Jump up ^ Ma Yuxin ( 2010 ) ( 2010 ). Women journalists and feminism in China, 1898 -- 1937. Cambria Press. ISBN 1 - 60497 - 660 - 8, ISBN 978 - 1 - 60497 - 660 - 1. p. 156. Jump up ^ `` 马福祥, 临夏 回族 自治州 马福祥, 马福祥 介绍 -- - 走 遍 中国 ''. www.elycn.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2017. Jump up ^ Calder, Kent ; Ye, Min ( 2010 ) ( 2010 ). The Making of Northeast Asia. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0 - 8047 - 6922 - 2, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 6922 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Barth, Rolf F. ; Chen, Jie ( 1 January 2016 ). `` What did Sun Yat - sen really die of ? A re-assessment of his illness and the cause of his death ''. Chinese Journal of Cancer. 35 : 81. doi : 10.1186 / s40880 - 016 - 0144 - 9. ISSN 1944 - 446X. PMC 5009495. PMID 27586157. Retrieved 28 December 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Sun Yat - sen Dies in Peking ''. The New York Times. 12 March 1925. Retrieved 28 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Lost Leader ''. Time. 23 March 1925. Retrieved 3 August 2008. A year ago his death was prematurely announced ; but it was not until last January that he was taken to the Rockefeller Hospital at Peking and declared to be in the advanced stages of cancer of the liver. Jump up ^ Sharman, L. ( 1968 ) ( 1934 ). Sun Yat - sen : His life and times. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press. pp. 305 -- 306, 310. Jump up ^ Bullock, M.B. ( 2011 ). The oil prince 's legacy : Rockefeller philanthropy in China. Redwood City, CA : Stanford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978 - 0804776882. Jump up ^ Leinwand, Gerald ( 9 September 2002 ). 1927 : High Tide of the 1920 's. Basic Books. p. 101. ISBN 9781568582450. Retrieved 29 December 2017. Jump up ^ Dr Yat - Sen Sun at Find a Grave Jump up ^ `` Founding Father 's Will ( 國父 遺囑 ) ''. Vincent 's Calligraphy. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ Barth, RF ; Chen, J ( 2 September 2016 ). `` What did Sun Yat - sen really die of ? A re-assessment of his illness and the cause of his death '' ( PDF ). Chinese journal of cancer. 35 ( 1 ) : 81. doi : 10.1186 / s40880 - 016 - 0144 - 9. PMID 27586157. Retrieved 10 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cancer Communications ''. Retrieved July 10, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Clinical record copies from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital decrypt the real cause of death of Sun Yat - sen ''. Nanfang Daily ( in Chinese ). 11 November 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2017. Jump up ^ Uradyn Erden Bulag ( 2002 ). Dilemmas The Mongols at China 's edge : history and the politics of national unity. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1144 - 8. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon ; Hisao Komatsu ; Yasushi Kosugi ( 2006 ). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world : transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 134 ; 375. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 36835 - 3. Retrieved 28 June 2010. Jump up ^ Rosecrance, Richard N. Stein, Arthur A. ( 2006 ) ( 2006 ). No more states ? : globalization, national self - determination, and terrorism. Rowman & Littlefield publishing. ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3944 - X, 9780742539440. pg 269. Jump up ^ Nguyễn Văn Hồng. `` Cao Đài Từ điển # Tam Thánh ký hòa ước ''. caodaism.org. Retrieved 11 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` 孫中山 學術 研究 資訊 網 -- 國父 的 家世 與 求學 '' ( Dr. Sun Yat - sen 's family background and schooling ). ( sun.yatsen.gov.tw/ sun.yatsen.gov.tw ( in Chinese ). 16 November 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Sun Yat - sen 's descendant wants to see unified China ''. News.xinhuanet.com. 11 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Tripping Cyborgs and Organ Farms : The Fictions of Cordwainer Smith NeuroTribes ''. NeuroTribes. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Antong Cafe, The Oldest Coffee Mill in Malaysia ''. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018. Jump up ^ Isaac F. Marcosson, Turbulent Years ( 1938 ), p. 249 Jump up ^ Guy, Nancy. ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ). Peking Opera and Politics in Taiwan. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 02973 - 9. pg 67. Jump up ^ `` Sun Yet Sen Penang Base -- News 17 ''. Sunyatsenpenang.com. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Sun Yat - sen 's US birth certificate to be shown ''. Taipei Times. 2 October 2011. p. 3. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Google Maps ''. Google Maps. Retrieved 6 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Queens Campus ''. www.youvisit.com. Retrieved 23 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` City to Dedicate Statue and Rename Park to Honor Dr. Sun Yat - Sen ''. The City and County of Honolulu. 12 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Sun Yat - sen ''. Retrieved 6 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` St. Mary 's Square in San Francisco Chinatown -- The largest chinatown outside of Asia ''. Retrieved 6 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne ''. www.cysm.org. Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Char Asian - Pacific Study Room ''. Library.kcc.hawaii.edu. 23 June 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Mission : Press Release Images : Spirit ''. Marsrover.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Opera Dr Sun Yat - sen to stage in Hong Kong ''. News.xinhuanet.com. 7 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Jump up ^ Gerard Raymond, `` Between East and West : An Interview with David Henry Hwang '' on slantmagazine.com, 28 October 2011 Jump up ^ `` Commemoration of 1911 Revolution mounting in China ''. News.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Space : Above and Beyond s01e22 Episode Script SS ''. www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2017. Jump up ^ 《 斜路 黃花 》 向 革命 者 致意 ( in Chinese ). Takungpao.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011. Jump up ^ 元 智 大學 管理 學院 ( in Chinese ). Cm.yzu.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011. ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Tan ( 3 October 2011 ). `` Granddaughter of Sun Yat - Sen accuses China of distorting his legacy ''. Shanghaiist. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Jump up ^ 国父 孙女 轰 中共 扭曲 三民 主义 愚民 _ 多维 新闻 网 ( in Chinese ). China.dwnews.com. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ Jump up to : 人民 网 -- 孙中山 遭 辱骂 `` 台独 '' 想 搞 `` 台湾 国父 ''. People 's Daily. Retrieved 12 October 2011. ^ Jump up to : Chiu Hei - yuan ( 5 October 2011 ). `` History should be based on facts ''. Taipei Times. p. 8. Further reading Soong, Irma Tam ( 1997 ). Sun Yat - sen 's Christian Schooling in Hawai'i. Hawai'i : The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 31. Sun Yat - sen 's vision for China / Martin, Bernard, 1966. Sun Yat - sen, Yang Chu - yun, and the early revolutionary movement in China / Hsueh, Chun - tu Bergère, Marie - Claire ( 2000 ). Sun Yat - sen. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4011 - 9. Sun Yat - sen 1866 -- 1925 / The Millennium Biographies / Hong Kong, 1999 Sun Yat - sen and the origins of the Chinese revolution Schiffrin, Harold Z. / 1968. Sun Yat - sen ; his life and its meaning ; a critical biography. Sharman, Lyon, / 1968, c. 1934 Sun Yat Sen in Penang. Khoo Salma Nasution, Areca Books / 2008, c. 2010 Sun Yat - sen and the Struggle for Modern China. Tjio, Kayloe. Marshall Cavendish / 2017. `` Sun Yat Sen Nanyang memorial hall ''. Retrieved 7 May 2015. `` Doctor Sun Yat Sen memorial hall ''. Retrieved 1 July 2005. `` A detailed talk about Sun Zhongshan '' ( in Chinese ). Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 18 September 2005. `` Toten Miyazaki bio ''. Pearl S. Buck, The Man Who Changed China : The Story of Sun Yat - sen ( 1953 ) Lawrence M. Kaplan, Homer Lea : American Soldier of Fortune ( University Press of Kentucky, 2010 ). Works The Outline of National Reconstruction / Chien Kuo Ta Kang ( 1918 ) The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction / Jianguo fanglue ( 1924 ) The Principle of Nationalism ( 1953 ) External links Find more aboutSun Yat - senat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity ROC Government Biography ( in English ) ( in Chinese ) Sun Yat - sen in Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives Contemporary views of Sun among overseas Chinese Yokohama Overseas Chinese School established by Dr. Sun Yat - sen National Dr. Sun Yat - sen Memorial Hall Official Website ( in English ) ( in Chinese ) Dr. Sun Yat Sen Middle School 131, New York City Dr. Sun Yat Sen Museum, Penang, Malaysia Homer Lea Research Center Was Yung Wing Dr. Sun 's supporter ? The Red Dragon scheme reveals the truth ! Miyazaki Toten He devoted his life and energy to the Chinese people. MY GRANDFATHER, DR. SUN YAT - SEN -- By Lily Sui - fong Sun 浓 浓 乡情 系 中原 -- 访 孙中山 先生 孙女 孙穗芳 博士 -- 我 的 祖父 是 客家 人 Dr. Sun Yat - Sen Foundation of Hawaii A virtual library on Dr. Sun in Hawaii including sources for six visits Who is Homer Lea ? Sun 's best friend. He trained Chinese soldiers and prepared the frame work for the 1911 Chinese Revolution. Works by Sun Yat - sen at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Sun Yat - sen at Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Sun Yat - sen in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) Political offices Preceded by The Xuantong Emperor ( Puyi ) as Emperor of the Qing dynasty Head of state of China as Provisional President of the Republic of China 1912 Succeeded by Yuan Shih - kai as Provisional President of the Republic of China Preceded by Office created Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China 1917 -- 1918 Succeeded by Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China Preceded by Himself as Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China 1918 Succeeded by Cen Chunxuan as Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China Preceded by Cen Chunxuan as Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China 1920 -- 1921 Succeeded by Himself as Extraordinary President of Nationalist China Preceded by Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China Extraordinary President of Nationalist China 1921 -- 1922 Succeeded by Himself as Generalissimo of the Nationalist China Preceded by Office created Generalissimo of the National Government of Nationalist China 1923 -- 1925 Succeeded by Hu Hanmin Acting Party political offices Preceded by Song Jiaoren as President of the Kuomintang Premier of the Kuomintang 1913 -- 1914 Succeeded by Himself as Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party Preceded by Himself as Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party Premier of the Kuomintang of China 1919 -- 1925 Succeeded by Zhang Renjie as Chairman Sun Yat - sen Life Four Bandits Tongmenghui Malaya activities Penang conference Xinhai Revolution Provisional Government Family Lu Muzhen ( first wife ) Kaoru Otsuki ( second wife ) Soong Ching - ling ( third wife ) Sun Fo ( son ) Other Mausoleum Names National Sun Yat - sen University Three Principles of the People Roads Suit Sun Yat - sen University Articles related to Sun Yat - sen Presidents of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Taiwan Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Government of the Republic of China List of Presidents of the Republic of China Provisional government ( 1912 -- 1913 ) Sun Yat - sen Yuan Shikai Beiyang government ( 1913 -- 1928 ) Yuan Shikai Li Yuanhong Feng Guozhang Xu Shichang Zhou Ziqi Li Yuanhong Gao Lingwei Cao Kun Huang Fu Duan Qirui Hu Weide Yan Huiqing Du Xigui Gu Weijun Zhang Zuolin Nationalist government ( 1928 -- 1948 ) Tan Yankai Chiang Kai - shek Lin Sen Chiang Kai - shek Constitutional government indirect elections ( 1948 -- 1996 ) Chiang Kai - shek Li Zongren Yan Xishan Chiang Kai - shek Yen Chia - kan Chiang Ching - kuo Lee Teng - hui Constitutional government direct elections ( since 1996 ) Lee Teng - hui Chen Shui - bian Ma Ying - jeou Tsai Ing - wen Italics indicates acting President Leaders of the Kuomintang Song Jiaoren Sun Yat - sen Zhang Renjie Hu Hanmin Wang Jingwei Chiang Kai - shek Chiang Ching - kuo Lee Teng - hui Lien Chan Ma Ying - jeou Wu Po - hsiung ( acting ) Chiang Pin - kung ( acting ) Wu Po - hsiung Ma Ying - jeou Wu Den - yih ( acting ) Eric Chu Huang Min - hui ( acting ) Hung Hsiu - chu Lin Junq - tzer ( acting ) Wu Den - yih Warlord Era 1915 -- 1924 1925 -- 1934 Factions 1915 Twenty - One Demands 1915 -- 1916 Empire of China ( Yuan Shikai ) National Protection War 1916 Death of Yuan Shikai 1917 Manchu Restoration 1917 -- 1922 Constitutional Protection Movement 1917 -- 1929 Golok Rebellion 1918 -- 1920 Siberian Intervention 1919 Paris Peace Conference Shandong Problem May Fourth Movement 1919 -- 1921 Occupation of Outer Mongolia 1920 Zhili -- Anhui War 1920 -- 1921 Guangdong -- Guangxi War 1921 1st National CPC Congress 1921 -- 1922 Washington Naval Conference 1922 First Zhili -- Fengtian War 1923 -- 1927 First United Front 1924 Second Zhili -- Fengtian War Beijing Coup 1925 Yunnan -- Guangxi War May Thirtieth Movement 1925 -- 1926 Anti-Fengtian War 1926 Zhongshan Warship Incident 1926 -- 1928 Northern Expedition Nanjing - Wuhan Split Nationalist - Communist Civil War 1927 -- 1930 Muslim conflict in Gansu 1928 Jinan Incident Huánggūtun Incident Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum Flag Replacement of the Northeast 1928 -- 1929 Third Red Spears ' uprising in Shandong 1929 Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong Sino - Soviet conflict 1930 Central Plains War 1930 -- 1932 Sino - Tibetan War / Qinghai - Tibet War 1931 -- 1935 Kumul Rebellion / Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 1932 Han -- Liu War 1934 War in Ningxia Yuan Shikai Anhui Communications Zhili Research Fengtian ( Zhili Army ) Shanxi Guominjun Ma Xinjiang Yunnan Old Guangxi New Guangxi Guangdong ( Chen Jitang ) Kuomintang ( KMT ) Communist Party ( CPC ) Sichuan clique Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Social and political philosophy Antique philosophers Aristotle Chanakya Cicero Confucius Han Fei Laozi Mencius Mozi Plato Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Thucydides Medieval philosophers Al - Ghazali Augustine Averroes Maimonides Marsilius Muhammad Nizam al - Mulk Thomas Aquinas Modern philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Emerson Engels Erasmus Fourier Franklin Grotius Hegel Hobbes Hume Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Locke Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Marx Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Smith Spencer Spinoza Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire 20th -- 21st - century Philosophers Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Judith Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Foucault Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kirk Kropotkin Lenin Luxemburg Mao Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Negri Niebuhr Nozick Nursî Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Qutb Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Shariati Simonović Skinner Sombart Sorel Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Islam Islamism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Portal Task Force BNF : cb120145093 ( data ) GND : 118620045 ISNI : 0000 0001 2320 5197 LCCN : n79148295 NCL : 1084237 NDL : 00313627 NKC : jn20000701744 NLA : 36592213 SELIBR : 94893 SNAC : w6s1841f SUDOC : 028275586 VIAF : 39388447 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Yat-sen&oldid=854688537 '' Categories : Sun Yat - sen Presidents of the Republic of China Chinese Nationalist heads of state Chinese political philosophers Chinese revolutionaries Chinese socialists Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) 1866 births 1925 deaths Alumni of the University of Hong Kong Deaths from cancer in China Cao Dai saints Chinese Congregationalists Chinese expatriates in Hong Kong Chinese politicians of Hakka descent Converts to Christianity Deaths from liver cancer Democratic socialists Generalissimos ʻIolani School alumni Marshals of China National anthem writers People from Maui People from Oahu People from Zijin People from Zhongshan People of the Xinhai Revolution Political party founders Republic of China politicians from Guangdong Sun Yat - sen family Tongmenghui members Philosophers from Guangdong Congregationalist socialists Asian Christian socialists Hakka musicians 20th - century Chinese heads of government Flag designers Burials in Nanjing People educated at Diocesan Boys ' School Chinese expatriates in Japan Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Articles with dead external links from February 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing Thai - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Interlanguage link template link number Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NCL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 101 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 03 : 24 ( UTC ). 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Question: first leader of the nationalist party in china
Answer: Sun Yat-sen