Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Wikipedia Bovine spongiform encephalopathy `` Mad cow '' redirects here. For other uses, see Mad cow ( disambiguation ). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy A cow with BSE : Infected animals lose the ability to stand. Classification and external resources ( edit on Wikidata ) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle that may be passed to humans who have eaten infected flesh. BSE causes a spongiform degeneration of the brain and spinal cord. BSE has a long incubation period, of 2.5 to 5 years, usually affecting adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years. BSE is caused by a misfolded protein -- a prion. In the United Kingdom, more than 180,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the eradication program. In France, the country worst affected overall, over 300,000 cases were identified, although most were not recorded at the time. The disease may be most frequently transmitted to humans by eating food contaminated with the brain, spinal cord, or digestive tract of infected carcasses. However, the infectious agent, although most highly concentrated in nervous tissue, can be found in virtually all tissues throughout the body, including blood. When it has been transmitted to humans, it is known as new Variant Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease ( vCJD or nvCJD ), and by June 2014 it had killed 177 people in the United Kingdom, and 52 elsewhere, primarily in western Europe. Between 460,000 and 482,000 BSE - infected animals had entered the human food chain before controls on high - risk offal were introduced in 1989. A British and Irish inquiry into BSE concluded the epizootic was caused by cattle, which are normally herbivores, being fed the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal ( MBM ), a protein supplement in concentrated feeds. Since dairy calves are generally fed concentrated feed after they are weaned, they usually develop this disease more often than beef cattle. The cause of BSE may be from the contamination of MBM from sheep with scrapie that were processed in the same slaughterhouse. The epidemic was probably accelerated by the recycling of infected bovine tissues prior to the recognition of BSE. The origin of the disease itself remains unknown. The infectious agent is distinctive for the high temperatures at which it remains viable, over 600 ° C ( 1,112 ° F ). A contributory factor was the feeding of infected protein supplements to very young calves. Contents 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Cause 4 Pathogenesis 5 Diagnosis 6 Prevention 7 Treatment 8 Epidemiology 8.1 North America 8.1. 1 Practices in the United States relating to BSE 8.1. 2 Effect on the US beef industry 8.2 Japan 8.3 Europe 8.3. 1 The ban on British beef 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Classification BSE is a transmissible disease that primarily affects the central nervous system ; it is a form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, like Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease and kuru in humans and scrapie in sheep, and chronic wasting disease in cervids. Signs and symptoms Symptoms are not seen immediately in cattle due to the diseases ' extremely long incubation period. Some cattle have been observed to have an abnormal gait, changes in behavior, tremors and hyper - responsiveness to certain stimuli. Hindlimb ataxia affects the animal 's gait and occurs when muscle control is lost. This results in poor balance and coordination. Behavioural changes may include aggression, anxiety relating to certain situations, nervousness, frenzy or an overall change in temperament. Some rare but previously observed symptoms also include persistent pacing, rubbing or licking. Additionally, nonspecific symptoms have also been observed which include weight loss, decreased milk production, lameness, ear infections and teeth grinding due to pain. Some animals may show a combination of these symptoms, while others may only be observed demonstrating one of the many reported. Once clinical symptoms arise, they typically get worse over the upcoming weeks and months, eventually leading to recumbency, coma and death. Cause The infectious agent in BSE is a specific type of misfolded protein called a prion. Prions can be transmitted to humans by eating food contaminated with them. Prions are not destroyed even if the beef or material containing them is cooked or heat - treated. Prion proteins carry the disease between individuals and cause deterioration of the brain. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy ( TSE ) s like BSE can arise in animals that carry an allele which causes previously normal protein molecules to contort by themselves from an alpha helical arrangement to a beta pleated sheet, which is the disease - causing shape for the particular protein. Transmission can occur when healthy animals come in contact with tainted tissues from others with the disease. In the brain, these proteins cause native cellular prion protein to deform into the infectious state, which then goes on to deform further prion protein in an exponential cascade. This results in protein aggregates, which then form dense plaque fibers leading to the microscopic appearance of `` holes '' in the brain, degeneration of physical and mental abilities, and ultimately death. Different hypotheses exist for the origin of prion proteins in cattle. Two leading hypotheses suggest it may have jumped species from the disease scrapie in sheep, or that it evolved from a spontaneous form of `` mad cow disease '' that has been seen occasionally in cattle for many centuries. In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates described a similar illness in cattle and sheep, which he believed also occurred in man. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus recorded cases of a disease with similar characteristics in the fourth and fifth centuries AD. The British Government enquiry took the view the cause was not scrapie, as had originally been postulated, but was some event in the 1970s that was not possible to identify. Other theories state that the agent is a virus, virino, Spiroplasma species, or Acinetobacter species. Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of BSE is not well understood or documented like other diseases of this nature. Even though BSE is a disease that results in neurological defects, its pathogenesis occurs in areas that reside outside of the nervous system. There was a strong deposition of PrP initially located in the Ileal Peyer 's patches of the small intestine. The lymphatic system has been identified in the pathogenesis of scrapies, it has not, however, been determined to be an essential part of the pathogenesis of BSE. The Ileal Peyer 's patches have been the only organ from this system that has been found to play a major role in the pathogenesis. Infectivity of the Ileal Peyer 's patches has been observed as early as 4 months after inoculation. PrP accumulation was found to occur mostly in tangible body macrophages of the Ileal Peyer 's patches. Tangible body macrophages involved in PrP clearance are thought to play a role in PrP accumulation in the Peyer 's patches. Accumulation of PrP was also found in follicular dendritic cells ; however, it was of a lesser degree. Six months after inoculation, there was no infectivity in any tissues, only that of the ileum. This led researchers to believe that the disease agent replicates here. In naturally confirmed cases, there have been no reports of infectivity in the Ileal Peyer 's patches. Generally, in clinical experiments, high doses of the disease are administered. In natural cases, it was hypothesized that low doses of the agent were present, and therefore, infectivity could not be observed. Diagnosis Diagnosis of BSE continues to be a practical problem. It has an incubation period of months to years, during which no symptoms are noticed, though the pathway of converting the normal brain prion protein ( PrP ) into the toxic, disease - related PrP form has started. At present, virtually no way is known to detect PrP reliably except by examining post mortem brain tissue using neuropathological and immunohistochemical methods. Accumulation of the abnormally folded PrP form of PrP is a characteristic of the disease, but it is present at very low levels in easily accessible body fluids such as blood or urine. Researchers have tried to develop methods to measure PrP, but no methods for use in materials such as blood have been accepted fully. The traditional method of diagnosis relies on histopathological examination of the medulla oblongata of the brain, and other tissues, post mortem. Immunohistochemistry can be used to demonstrate prion protein accumulation. In 2010, a team from New York described detection of PrP even when initially present at only one part in a hundred billion ( 10 ) in brain tissue. The method combines amplification with a novel technology called surround optical fiber immunoassay and some specific antibodies against PrP. After amplifying and then concentrating any PrP, the samples are labelled with a fluorescent dye using an antibody for specificity and then finally loaded into a microcapillary tube. This tube is placed in a specially constructed apparatus so it is totally surrounded by optical fibres to capture all light emitted once the dye is excited using a laser. The technique allowed detection of PrP after many fewer cycles of conversion than others have achieved, substantially reducing the possibility of artifacts, as well as speeding up the assay. The researchers also tested their method on blood samples from apparently healthy sheep that went on to develop scrapie. The animals ' brains were analysed once any symptoms became apparent. The researchers could, therefore, compare results from brain tissue and blood taken once the animals exhibited symptoms of the diseases, with blood obtained earlier in the animals ' lives, and from uninfected animals. The results showed very clearly that PrP could be detected in the blood of animals long before the symptoms appeared. After further development and testing, this method could be of great value in surveillance as a blood - or urine - based screening test for BSE. Prevention A ban on feeding meat and bone meal to cattle has resulted in a strong reduction in cases in countries where the disease was present. In disease - free countries, control relies on import control, feeding regulations, and surveillance measures. In UK and US slaughterhouses, the brain, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, intestines, eyes, and tonsils from cattle are classified as specified risk materials, and must be disposed of appropriately. An enhanced BSE - related feed ban is in effect in both the United States and Canada to help improve prevention and elimination of BSE. Treatment As of 2015 there was no cure for BSE ; some of the symptoms like twitching can be managed but otherwise treatment is palliative care. Epidemiology. The table to the right summarizes reported cases of BSE and of vCJD by country. ( The vCJD column is by country of residence of patient at time of diagnosis and not suspected origin of beef. ) BSE is the disease in cattle, while vCJD is the disease in people. The tests used for detecting BSE vary considerably, as do the regulations in various jurisdictions for when, and which cattle, must be tested. For instance in the EU, the cattle tested are older ( 30 months or older ), while many cattle are slaughtered younger than that. At the opposite end of the scale, Japan tests all cattle at the time of slaughter. Tests are also difficult, as the altered prion protein has very low levels in blood or urine, and no other signal has been found. Newer tests are faster, more sensitive, and cheaper, so future figures possibly may be more comprehensive. Even so, currently the only reliable test is examination of tissues during a necropsy. As for vCJD in humans, autopsy tests are not always done, so those figures, too, are likely to be too low, but probably by a lesser fraction. In the United Kingdom, anyone with possible vCJD symptoms must be reported to the Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit. In the United States, the CDC has refused to impose a national requirement that physicians and hospitals report cases of the disease. Instead, the agency relies on other methods, including death certificates and urging physicians to send suspicious cases to the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center ( NPDPSC ) at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, which is funded by the CDC. To control potential transmission of vCJD within the United States, the American Red Cross has established strict restrictions on individuals ' eligibility to donate blood. Individuals who have spent a cumulative time of 3 months or more in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 1996, or a cumulative time of 5 years or more from 1980 to present in any combination of countries in Europe, are prohibited from donating blood. North America The first reported case in North America was in December 1993 from Alberta, Canada. Another Canadian case was reported in May 2003. The first known U.S. occurrence came in December of the same year, though it was later confirmed to be a cow of Canadian origin imported to the U.S. Canada announced two additional cases of BSE from Alberta in early 2005. In June 2005, John R. Clifford, chief veterinary officer for the United States Department of Agriculture animal health inspection service, confirmed a fully domestic case of BSE in Texas. Practices in the United States relating to BSE Soybean meal is cheap and plentiful in the United States. Cottonseed meal, 1.5 million tons of which are produced in the U.S. every year, none of which is suitable for humans or any other simple - stomach animals, is even cheaper than soybean meal. Historically, meat and bone meal, blood meal, and meat scraps have almost always commanded a higher price as a feed additive than oilseed meals in the U.S., so not much incentive existed to use animal products to feed ruminants. As a result, the use of animal byproduct feeds was never common, as it was in Europe. However, U.S. regulations only partially prohibited the use of animal byproducts in feed. In 1997, regulations prohibited the feeding of mammalian byproducts to ruminants such as cattle and goats. However, the byproducts of ruminants can still be legally fed to pets or other livestock, including pigs and poultry. In addition, it is legal for ruminants to be fed byproducts from some of these animals. Because of this, some authors have suggested that under certain conditions, it is still possible for BSE incidence to increase in U.S. cattle. A proposal to end the use of cattle blood, restaurant scraps, and poultry litter ( fecal matter, feathers, bedding material ) in January 2004 has yet to be implemented. In February 2001, the US Government Accountability Office reported the FDA, which is responsible for regulating feed, had not adequately enforced the various bans. Compliance with the regulations was shown to be extremely poor before the discovery of a cow in Washington infected with BSE in 2003, but industry representatives report that compliance is now total. Even so, critics call the partial prohibitions insufficient. Indeed, US meat producer Creekstone Farms was forcibly prevented from conducting BSE testing by the USDA, which under an obscure 1913 law had the authority to restrict sales of BSE testing kits, allegedly to protect other producers from being forced to conduct the same tests to stay competitive. The USDA has issued recalls of beef supplies that involved introduction of downer cows into the food supply. Hallmark / Westland Meat Packing Company was found to have used electric shocks to prod downer cows into the slaughtering system in 2007. Possibly due to pressure from large agribusiness, the United States has drastically cut back on the number of cows inspected for BSE. Effect on the US beef industry This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( November 2016 ) Japan was the top importer of US beef, buying 240,000 tons valued at $1.4 billion in 2003. After the discovery of the first case of BSE in the US on 23 December 2003, Japan halted US beef imports. In December 2005, Japan once again allowed imports of US beef, but reinstated its ban in January 2006 after a violation of the US - Japan beef import agreement : a vertebral column, which should have been removed prior to shipment, was included in a shipment of veal. Tokyo yielded to US pressure to resume imports, ignoring consumer worries about the safety of US beef, said Japanese consumer groups. Michiko Kamiyama from Food Safety Citizen Watch and Yoko Tomiyama from Consumers Union of Japan said about this : `` The government has put priority on the political schedule between the two countries, not on food safety or human health. '' Sixty - five nations implemented full or partial restrictions on importing US beef products because of concerns that US testing lacked sufficient rigor. As a result, exports of US beef declined from 1,300,000 metric tons in 2003, ( before the first mad cow was detected in the US ) to 322,000 metric tons in 2004. This has increased since then to 771,000 metric tons in 2007. On 31 December 2006, Hematech, Inc, a biotechnology company based in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, announced it had used genetic engineering and cloning technology to produce cattle that lacked a necessary gene for prion production -- thus theoretically making them immune to BSE. In April 2012, some South Korean retailers ceased importing beef from the United States after a case of BSE was reported. Indonesia also suspended imports of beef from the US after a dairy cow with mad cow disease was discovered in California. Japan With 36 confirmed cases, Japan experienced one of the largest number of cases of BSE outside Europe. It was the only country outside Europe and the Americas to report non-imported cases. Reformation of food safety in light of the BSE cases resulted in the establishment of a governmental Food Safety Commission in 2003. Europe Cattle are naturally herbivores, eating grasses. In modern industrial cattle - farming, though, various commercial feeds are used, which may contain ingredients including antibiotics, hormones, pesticides, fertilizers, and protein supplements. The use of meat and bone meal, produced from the ground and cooked leftovers of the slaughtering process, as well as from the carcasses of sick and injured animals such as cattle or sheep, as a protein supplement in cattle feed was widespread in Europe prior to about 1987. Worldwide, soybean meal is the primary plant - based protein supplement fed to cattle. However, soybeans do not grow well in Europe, so cattle raisers throughout Europe turned to the cheaper animal byproduct feeds as an alternative. The British Inquiry dismissed suggestions that changes to processing might have increased the infectious agents in cattle feed, saying, `` changes in process could not have been solely responsible for the emergence of BSE, and changes in regulation were not a factor at all. '' ( The prion causing BSE is not destroyed by heat treatment. ) Evolution of the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) epidemic in the UK. The first confirmed instance in which an animal fell ill with the disease occurred in 1986 in the United Kingdom, and lab tests the following year indicated the presence of BSE ; by November 1987, the British Ministry of Agriculture accepted it had a new disease on its hands. Subsequently, 177 people ( as of June 2014 ) contracted and died of a disease with similar neurological symptoms subsequently called ( new ) variant Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease ( vCJD ). This is a separate disease from ' classical ' Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease, which is not related to BSE and has been known about since the early 1900s. Three cases of vCJD occurred in people who had lived in or visited the UK -- one each in the Republic of Ireland, Canada, and the United States of America. Also, some concern existed about those who work with ( and therefore inhale ) cattle meat and bone meal, such as horticulturists, who use it as fertilizer. Up - to - date statistics on all types of CJD are published by the National Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. For many of the vCJD patients, direct evidence exists that they had consumed tainted beef, and this is assumed to be the mechanism by which all affected individuals contracted it. Disease incidence also appears to correlate with slaughtering practices that led to the mixture of nervous system tissue with ground meat ( mince ) and other beef. An estimated 400,000 cattle infected with BSE entered the human food chain in the 1980s. Although the BSE epizootic was eventually brought under control by culling all suspect cattle populations, people are still being diagnosed with vCJD each year ( though the number of new cases currently has dropped to fewer than five per year ). This is attributed to the long incubation period for prion diseases, which is typically measured in years or decades. As a result, the full extent of the human vCJD outbreak is still not known. The scientific consensus is that infectious BSE prion material is not destroyed through cooking procedures, meaning that even contaminated beef foodstuffs prepared `` well done '' may remain infectious. In fact the infectious agent remains viable over 600 ° C ( 1,112 ° F ). Alan Colchester, a professor of neurology at the University of Kent, and Nancy Colchester, writing in the 3 September 2005 issue of the medical journal The Lancet, proposed a theory that the most likely initial origin of BSE in the United Kingdom was the importation from the Indian Subcontinent of bone meal which contained CJD - infected human remains. The government of India vehemently responded to the research, calling it `` misleading, highly mischievous ; a figment of imagination ; absurd, '' further adding that India maintained constant surveillance and had not had a single case of either BSE or vCJD. The authors responded in the 22 January 2006 issue of The Lancet that their theory is unprovable only in the same sense as all other BSE origin theories are and that the theory warrants further investigation. During the course of the investigation into the BSE epizootic, an enquiry was also made into the activities of the Department of Health Medicines Control Agency ( MCA ). On 7 May 1999, David Osborne Hagger, a retired civil servant who worked in the Medicines Division of the Department of Health between 1984 and 1994, produced a written statement to the BSE Inquiry in which he gave an account of his professional experience of BSE. In February 1989, the MCA had been asked to `` identify relevant manufacturers and obtain information about the bovine material contained in children 's vaccines, the stocks of these vaccines and how long it would take to switch to other products. '' In July, `` ( the ) use of bovine insulin in a small group of mainly elderly patients was noted and it was recognised that alternative products for this group were not considered satisfactory. '' In September, the BSE Working Party of the Committee on the Safety of Medicines ( CSM ) recommended that `` no licensing action is required at present in regard to products produced from bovine material or using prepared bovine brain in nutrient media and sourced from outside the United Kingdom, the Channel Isles and the Republic of Ireland provided that the country of origin is known to be free of BSE, has competent veterinary advisers and is known to practise good animal husbandry. '' In 1990, the British Diabetic Association became concerned regarding the safety of bovine insulin. The CSM assured them `` ( that ) there was no insulin sourced from cattle in the UK or Ireland and that the situation in other countries was being monitored. '' In 1991, the European Commission `` ( expressed ) concerns about the possible transmission of the BSE / scrapie agent to man through use of certain cosmetic treatments. '' Although most of the publicity accrued to the British epidemic, the highest number of confirmed cases was actually in France. In 1992, sources in France reported to the MCA `` that BSE had now been reported in France and there were some licensed surgical sutures derived from French bovine material. '' Concerns were also raised at a CSM meeting `` regarding a possible risk of transmission of the BSE agent in gelatin products. '' For many years the French government and agricultural industry downplayed the extent of the epidemic, claiming just 923 confirmed cases. In 2004 this figure was challenged in an article in The Review of Veterinary Research which put the figure at 300,000. The scientists behind this study later heavily criticised the surveillance system, indicating they believed there had been an official cover - up. Epidemiologist Jean - Louis Thillier eventually concluded that between 1996 and 2006, over 300,000 cases of BSE had infected the national herd and that nine French people had died unnecessarily from the epidemic through the failure to report cases, a finding accepted by the judge who ordered the report. For this failure, France was heavily criticised internationally. Thillier himself queried why there had never been a ban on French beef or basic safety precautions to stop the food chain becoming contaminated, suggesting `` Perhaps because the French government forgot its role in guaranteeing the safety of food products, and this neglect cost the lives of nine people. '' The Sydney Morning Herald added, `` while blustering French politicians blamed Britain for the emergence of the disease - and tried to quarantine the country by banning imports of British beef - they failed to adopt measures to prevent a hidden epidemic at home. '' In 2016 France confirmed a further case of BSE. A number of other countries had isolated outbreaks of BSE confirmed, including Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Germany. However, in all cases, including Britain and France, it is thought the full number of cases is far less than the number reported, so true incidences could be much higher. The ban on British beef The BSE crisis led to the European Union banning exports of British beef with effect from March 1996 ; the ban lasted for 10 years before it was finally lifted on 1 May 2006 despite attempts in May 1996 by British prime minister John Major to get the ban lifted. The ban resulted in trade controversies between the UK and other EU states, dubbed `` beef war '' by media. Restrictions remained for beef containing `` vertebral material '' and for beef sold on the bone. France continued to impose a ban on British beef illegally long after the European Court of Justice had ordered it to lift its blockade, although it has never paid any fine for doing so. Russia was proceeding to lift the ban sometime after November 2012 after 16 years ; the announcement was made during a visit by the UK 's chief veterinary officer Nigel Gibbens. It was successfully negotiated that beef from Wales was allowed to be exported to the Dutch market, which had formerly been an important market for Northern Irish beef. Of two approved export establishments in the United Kingdom in 1999, one was in Scotland -- an establishment to which live beef was supplied from Northern Ireland. As the incidence of BSE was very low in Northern Ireland -- only six cases of BSE by 1999 -- partly due to the early adoption of an advanced herd tagging and computerization system in the region, calls were made to remove the EU ban on exports with regard to Northern Irish beef. Similar wildcat bans from countries known to have BSE were imposed in various European countries, although these were mostly subsequently ruled illegal. The Economist magazine noted, `` Unfortunately, much of the crisis in Europe can be blamed on politicians and bureaucrats. Even while some European countries were clamouring for bans on British beef, they were ignoring warnings from the European Commission about how to avoid the spread of BSE in their own herds. '' See also Health crisis Meat on the bone US beef imports in Japan US beef imports in Taiwan US beef imports in South Korea, 2008 US beef protest in South Korea Beef war ( disambiguation ) William Drohan, mad cow disease in the blood supply investigator References Jump up ^ `` A Focus on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ''. Pathogens and Contaminants. Food Safety Research Information Office. November 2007. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008. Jump up ^ Brown, David ( 19 June 2001 ). `` The ' recipe for disaster ' that killed 80 and left a £ 5bn bill ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 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The Veterinary Record. 142 : 103 -- 106. doi : 10.1136 / vr. 142.5. 103. ^ Jump up to : Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy reviewed and published by WikiVet. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Detecting Prions in Blood '' ( PDF ). Microbiology Today. : 195. August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` SOFIA : An Assay Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of PrP in Brain and Blood '' ( PDF ). SUNY Downstate Medical Center. Retrieved 19 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Feed Bans BSE ( Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ) Prion Diseases CDC ''. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Manix, M ; Kalakoti, P ; Henry, M ; Thakur, J ; Menger, R ; Guthikonda, B ; Nanda, A ( November 2015 ). `` Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease : updated diagnostic criteria, treatment algorithm, and the utility of brain biopsy. ''. Neurosurgical focus. 39 ( 5 ) : E2. PMID 26646926. doi : 10.3171 / 2015.8. FOCUS15328. 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Jump up ^ The term `` chicken litter '' also includes spilled chicken feed, as well as fecal matter and feathers. It is still legal in the United States to use ruminant protein to feed chickens. Thus, ruminant protein can get into the food chain of cattle in this roundabout way. Jump up ^ Peck, Clint ( 5 November 2004 ). `` Reader Questions Poultry Litter And `` Downer '' Bans ``. Organic Consumers Association. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ Phillips, Kyra ; Meserve, Jeanne ( 26 February 2001 ). `` FDA Not Doing Enough to Prevent Mad Cow Disease ? ''. Organic Consumers Association. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Creekstone Farms response to USDA appeal of summary judgement '' ( Press release ). 3buddies. 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ Seltzer, Molly ( 12 July 2008 ). `` Meat Recalls to Name Retailers ''. The Washington Post. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Mad cow watch goes blind ''. USA Today. 3 August 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Food Safety Citizens'Watch English Newsletter ''. www.fswatch.org. Jump up ^ `` Statistics ''. Trade Library. U.S. Meat Export Federation. Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ Weiss, Rick ( 1 January 2007 ). `` Scientists Announce Mad Cow Breakthrough ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 January 2007. Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 1 - S. Korea retailers halt US beef sales, govt may act ''. Reuters. 25 April 2012. Jump up ^ citation outdated Jump up ^ Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare : BSE Cases in Japan ( accessed 7 May 2013 ) Jump up ^ World Organisation for Animal Health : BSE situation in the world and annual incidence rate ( accessed 7 May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Kamisato Tatsuhiro ( 2005 ). `` BSE crisis in Japan : A chronological overview ''. Environ Health Prev Med. 10 : 295 -- 302. PMC 2723414. PMID 21432134. doi : 10.1007 / BF02897705. Jump up ^ `` The BSE Inquiry : Home ''. Open.gov.uk. October 2000. Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 05. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Brain disease drives cows wild ''. Jump up ^ `` VARIANT CREUTZFELDT - JAKOB DISEASECURRENT DATA ( JUNE 2014 ) '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Mad cow disease : Still a concern ''. MayoClinic.com. CNN. 10 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2005. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy -- `` Mad Cow Disease '' ``. Fact Sheets. Food Safety and Inspection Service. March 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2008. Jump up ^ Colchester AC, Colchester NT ( 2005 ). `` The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy : the human prion disease hypothesis ''. Lancet. 366 ( 9488 ) : 856 -- 61. PMID 16139661. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 67218 - 2. Jump up ^ Mago, Chandrika ; Sinha, Kounteya ( 2 September 2005 ). `` India dismisses Lancet 's mad cow ''. The Times of India. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ Thompson, Geoff ( 5 September 2005 ). `` New theory traces mad cow disease to animal feed exported from India ''. The World Today. ABC. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Jump up ^ Colchester, A ; Colchester, N ( 28 January 2006 ). `` Origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy -- Authors ' reply ''. The Lancet. Elsevier. 367 ( 9507 ) : 298 -- 299. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 68062 - 8. ^ Jump up to : `` BSE Inquiry, Statement No. 476 '' ( PDF ). BSE Inquiry. 7 May 1999. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008. Statement of David Osborne Hagger, Head of Abridged Licensing and Coordinator of the Executive support business of the Medicines Division of the Department of Health at Market Towers in London. Jump up ^ `` 300000 mad French cows since the 1980s ''. News Medical. 3 July 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ Virginie Supervie and Dominic Castiglioni ( May -- June 2004 ). `` The unrecognized French BSE epidemic ''. Veterinary Research. 35 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 362. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ Durand - Parenti, Chloe ( 6 November 2008 ). `` Vache folle : un expert établit un lien entre la mort de victimes et leur alimentation ''. Le Point. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : Sparks, Ian ( 6 November 2008 ). `` Yes, we had mad cow disease too, France confesses ''. Evening Standard. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ Wilsher, Kim. `` France in denial as BSE - infected beef entered food chain ''. SMH.com. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ Rousseau, Oscar ( 24 March 2016 ). `` BSE - infected cow dies in France ''. GlobalMeatNews.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Europe 's Mad Cows ''. The Economist. 28 November 2000. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` End to 10 - year British beef ban ''. BBC News. 3 May 2006. Jump up ^ `` Beef war turns bloody - Oct. 22, 1999 ''. money.cnn.com. Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - End to 10 - year British beef ban ''. news.bbc.co.uk. 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'' The Oregonian, 16 April 1996 : C01. `` Brain Disease May Be Commoner Than Thought -- Expert. '' Reuters Information Service, 15 May 1996. Brayne, C. `` How Common are Cognitive Impairment and Dementia ? '' Dementia and Normal Aging, Cambridge University Press, 1994. Brown Paul ( 1989 ). `` Central Nervous System Amyloidoses ''. Neurology. 39 ( 8 ) : 1103 -- 1104. doi : 10.1212 / WNL. 39.8. 1103. Davanpour Zoreth ; et al. ( 1993 ). `` Rate of Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease in USA ''. Neurology. 43 : A316. doi : 10.1212 / WNL. 43.4 _Suppl_2. A11. Flannery, Mary. `` Twelve -- Fifteen ' Mad Cow ' Victims a Year in Area. '' Philadelphia Daily News, 26 March 1996 : 03. Folstein, M. `` The Cognitive Pattern of Familial Alzheimer 's Disease. '' Biological Aspects of Alzheimer 's Disease. Ed. R. Katzman. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1983. Gruzen, Tara. `` Sheep Parts Fail to Cause Mad Cow Disease in U.S. Test. '' Seattle Times, 29 March 1996 : A11. Hager, Mary and Mark Hosenball. `` ' Mad Cow Disease ' in the U.S. ? '' Newsweek, 8 April 1996 : 58 -- 59. Harrison Paul J., Roberts Gareth W. ; Roberts ( 1991 ). `` ' Life, Jim, But Not as We Know It ' ? Transmissible Dementias and the Prion Protein ''. British Journal of Psychiatry. 158 ( 4 ) : 457 -- 70. PMID 2054560. doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 158.4. 457. Holman, RC ; Khan, AS ; Kent, J ; Strine, TW ; Schonberger, LB ( 1995 ). `` Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease in the United States, 1979 - 1990 : analysis of national mortality data. ''. Neuroepidemiology. 14 ( 4 ) : 174 -- 181. PMID 7643951. doi : 10.1159 / 000109793. Hoyert, Donna L. `` Vital and Health Statistics. Mortality Trends for Alzheimer 's Disease, 1979 -- 1991. '' Washington : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1996. Little Brian W. ; et al. ( 1993 ). `` The Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease in Eastern Pennsylvania ''. Neurology. 43 : A316. doi : 10.1212 / wnl. 43.4 _suppl_2. a11. Mahendra, B. Dementia, Lancaster : MTP Press Limited, 1987 : 174. Manuelidis Elias E ( 1985 ). `` Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease ''. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 44 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17. PMID 3880808. doi : 10.1097 / 00005072 - 198501000 - 00001. Manuelidis Elias E., Manuelidis Laura ; Manuelidis ( 1989 ). `` Suggested Links between Different Types of Dementias : Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease, Alzheimer Disease, and Retroviral CNS Infections ''. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2 : 100 -- 109. doi : 10.1097 / 00002093 - 198903010 - 00009. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM ( 1984 ). `` Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer 's Disease ''. Neurology. 34 : 939 -- 44. PMID 6610841. doi : 10.1212 / WNL. 34.7. 939. Prusiner S ( 1984 ). `` Some Speculations about Prions, Amyloid, and Alzheimer 's Disease ''. New England Journal of Medicine. 310 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 663. PMID 6363926. doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198403083101021. Perry RT, Go RC, Harrell LE, Acton RT ( 1995 ). `` Human Prion Protein Gene : Two Different 24 BP Deletions in an Atypical Alzheimer 's Disease Family ''. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 60 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 18. PMID 7485229. doi : 10.1002 / ajmg. 1320600104. Ridley, R.M. and Baker, H.F. ( 1998 ) `` Fatal Protein. The Story of CJD, BSE, and Other Prion Diseases. '' Oxford University Press. Scully R.E. ; et al. ( 1993 ). `` Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital Case 17 : 1993 ''. New England Journal of Medicine. 328 : 1259 -- 1263. PMID 8464437. doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199304293281709. Teixeira F. ; et al. ( 1995 ). `` Clinico - Pathological Correlation in Dementias ''. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 20 : 276 -- 282. United States Department of Commerce. Statistical Abstract of the United States, Washington : Bureau of the Census, 1995. Van Duijn C.M. ( 1996 ). `` Epidemiology of the Dementia : Recent Developments and New Approaches ''. Neuroepidemiology. 60 : 478 -- 488. doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 60.5. 478. Wade J.P.H. ; et al. ( 1987 ). `` The Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer 's Disease ''. Archives of Neurology. 44 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 29. PMID 3800717. doi : 10.1001 / archneur. 1987.00520130016010. Wlazelek, Ann ( 23 September 1990 ). `` Fatal Brain Disease Mystifies Experts ''. The Morning Call. Retrieved 9 November 2013. : B01 Wlazelek, Ann ( 27 September 1990 ). `` Scientists Try To Track Fatal Disease International Expert Visits Area To Study Unusual Incidence Rate ''. The Morning Call. Retrieved 9 November 2013. : B04 `` World Health Organization Consultation on Public Health Issues Related to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and the Emergence of a New Variant of Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease. '', Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 12 April 1996 : 295 -- 303. * / External links Look up Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy at DMOZ OIE -- World Organisation for Animal Health : BSE situation in the world and annual incidence rate UK BSE Inquiry Website, Archived at The National Archives Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Steak / Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo Lanzhou beef lamian London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Prion diseases and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy ( A81, 046 ) Prion diseases in humans inherited / PRNP : fCJD Gerstmann -- Sträussler -- Scheinker syndrome Fatal familial insomnia sporadic : sCJD acquired / transmissible : iCJD vCJD Kuru Prion diseases in other animals Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Scrapie Chronic wasting disease Transmissible mink encephalopathy Feline spongiform encephalopathy Exotic ungulate encephalopathy BNF : cb123825025 ( data ) NDL : 00907989 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy&oldid=808428914 '' Categories : Bovine diseases Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Foodborne illnesses Health disasters Food safety in the European Union Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 20 : 29. 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Question: when was bse first observed in great britain
Answer: 1986