Copper tubing - wikipedia Copper tubing Copper pipe in a close quarters tubing cutter Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of corrosion resistance, but is becoming very costly. Contents 1 Types 1.1 Soft copper 1.2 Rigid copper 1.2. 1 Soldered connections 1.2. 2 Compression connections 1.2. 3 Flare connections 1.2. 4 Crimped or pressed connections 2 Sizes 2.1 United States and Canada 2.2 Europe 2.3 Australia 3 Lead leaching 4 Corrosion 5 Pinholes 6 See also 7 References Types Soft copper Soft ( or ductile ) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard or rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft again ; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid copper tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods used for rigid copper, and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections. Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split - system air conditioners and heat pumps. Rigid copper Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, roll grooved, compression or crimped / pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, can not be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to cool in a process called annealing, rigid copper will become soft and can be bent / formed without cracking. Soldered connections Solder fittings are smooth, and easily slip onto the end of a tubing section. The joint is then heated using a torch, and solder is melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades. Solder - connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings. In situations where many connections must be made at once ( such as plumbing of a new building ), solder offers much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings. The term sweating is sometimes used to describe the process of soldering pipes. Compression connections Compression fittings use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring ( the compression ring, `` olive '' or `` ferrule '' ) which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases, because they are easy to make using basic tools. A disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweat, and sometimes require re-tightening over time to stop leaks. Flare connections Flare connections require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a flare tool. A flare nut then compresses this bell - shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are a labor - intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years. Crimped or pressed connections Crimped or pressed connections use special copper fittings which are permanently attached to rigid copper tubing with a powered crimper. The special fittings, manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the tubing to be connected. Thousands of pounds - force per square inch of pressure are used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner copper tubing, creating a water - tight seal. The advantages of this method are that it should last as long as the tubing, it takes less time to complete than other methods, it is cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the connection, and no open flame is used during the connection process. The disadvantages are that the fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more than sweat - type fittings. Sizes Copper Tubing Sizes ( CTS ) for Plumbing Nominal size Outside diameter ( OD ) ( in ( mm ) ) Inside diameter ( ID ) ( in ( mm ) ) Type K Type L Type M ​ ⁄ ⁄ ( 9.5 ) 0.305 ( 7.747 ) 0.315 ( 8.001 ) ​ ⁄ ⁄ ( 12.7 ) 0.402 ( 10.211 ) 0.430 ( 10.922 ) 0.450 ( 11.430 ) ​ ⁄ ⁄ ( 15.875 ) 0.528 ( 13.411 ) 0.545 ( 13.843 ) 0.569 ( 14.453 ) ​ ⁄ ⁄ ( 19.05 ) 0.652 ( 16.561 ) 0.668 ( 16.967 ) 0.690 ( 17.526 ) ​ ⁄ ⁄ ( 22.225 ) 0.745 ( 18.923 ) 0.785 ( 19.939 ) 0.811 ( 20.599 ) 1 ⁄ ( 28.575 ) 0.995 ( 25.273 ) 1.025 ( 26.035 ) 1.055 ( 26.797 ) 1 ​ ⁄ 1 ⁄ ( 34.925 ) 1.245 ( 31.623 ) 1.265 ( 32.131 ) 1.291 ( 32.791 ) 1 ​ ⁄ 1 ⁄ ( 41.275 ) 1.481 ( 37.617 ) 1.505 ( 38.227 ) 1.527 ( 38.786 ) 2 ⁄ ( 53.975 ) 1.959 ( 49.759 ) 1.985 ( 50.419 ) 2.009 ( 51.029 ) 2 ​ ⁄ 2 ⁄ ( 66.675 ) 2.435 ( 61.849 ) 2.465 ( 62.611 ) 2.495 ( 63.373 ) 3 ⁄ ( 79.375 ) 2.907 ( 73.838 ) 2.945 ( 74.803 ) 2.981 ( 75.717 ) United States and Canada Common wall - thicknesses of copper tubing in the U.S. and Canada are `` Type K '', `` Type L '', `` Type M '', and `` Type DWV '' : Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial, such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required by the plumbing code. In the United States it usually has green colored printing. Type L has a thinner pipe wall section, and is used in residential and commercial water supply and pressure applications. In the United States it usually has blue colored printing. Type M has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in residential and commercial low pressure heating applications. In the United States it usually has red colored printing. Type DWV has the thinnest wall section, and is generally only suitable for unpressurized applications, such as drain, waste and vent ( DWV ) lines. In the United States it usually has yellow or light orange colored printing, common sizes being ​ 1 ⁄, ​ 1 ⁄, and 2 inch copper tube size. Types K and L are generally available in both hard drawn straight sections and in rolls of soft annealed tubing, whereas type M and DWV is usually only available in hard drawn straight sections. In the North American plumbing industry, the size of copper tubing is designated by its inner diameter, which is ​ ⁄ th inch less than the outside diameter. The inside diameter varies according to the thickness of the pipe wall, which differs according to pipe size, material, and grade : the inside diameter is equal to the outside diameter less the wall thickness. The North American refrigeration industry uses copper pipe designated ACR ( air conditioning and refrigeration field services ) pipe and tubing, which is sized directly by its outside diameter ( OD ) and a type letter indicating wall thickness. Therefore, one inch nominal type L copper tube and ​ 1 ⁄ th inch type D ACR tube are exactly the same size, with different size designations. ACR pipe is manufactured without processing oils that would be incompatible with the oils used to lubricate the compressors in the air conditioning system. Except for this difference between ACR ( types A and D ) and plumbing ( types K, L, M and DWV ) pipes, the type only indicates wall thickness and does not affect the outside diameter of the tube. Type K ​ ⁄ inch, type L ​ ⁄ inch, and type D ​ ⁄ inch ACR all have the same outside diameter of ​ ⁄ inch. In both the U.S. and Canada, copper pipe and fittings are sold in inch sizes only. No metric sizes have been standardized for use in North America. Many Canadian merchants give approximate metric sizes for construction products, but in the case of copper pipe and fittings these approximations are not interchangeable with metric components. Europe Common wall - thicknesses in Europe are `` Type X '', `` Type Y '' and `` Type Z '', defined by the EN 1057 standard. Type X is the most common, and is used in above - ground service, including drinking water supply, hot and cold water systems, sanitation, central heating and other general purpose applications. Type Y is a thicker walled pipe, used for underground works and heavy duty requirements, including hot and cold water supply, gas reticulation, sanitary plumbing, heating and general engineering. Type Z is a thinner walled pipe, also used for above - ground service, including drinking water supply, hot and cold water systems, sanitation, central heating and other general purpose applications. In the plumbing trade the size of copper tubing is measured by its outside diameter in millimetres. Common sizes are 15 mm and 22 mm. Other sizes include 18 mm, 28 mm, 35 mm, 42 mm, 54 mm, 66.7 mm, 76.1 mm, and 108 mm outside diameters. Tubing in 8 mm and 10 mm outside diameters is called `` micro bore '' and is easier to install, although there is a slightly increased risk of blockage from scale or debris. It is sometimes used for central heating systems and 15 mm adapters are used to connect it to radiator valves. Australia In Australia, copper tubing classifications are `` Type A '', `` Type B '', `` Type C '', and `` Type D '' : Copper pipes in Australia are referenced to their DN ( diamètre nominal ) number, which is a nominal metric equivalent to their actual Imperial size. For example, DN20 is the size for copper pipe with an outside diameter of 19.05 mm or 3 / 4 inches. While pipe sizes in Australia are inch - based, they are classified by outside rather than inside diameter ( e.g. a nominal 3 / 4 '' copper pipe in Australia has measured diameters of 0.750 '' outside and 0.638 '' inside, whereas a nominal 3 / 4 '' copper pipe in the U.S. and Canada has measured diameters of 0.875 '' outside and 0.745 '' inside. While New Zealand has the same plumbing code as Australia and both use inch - based tubes denominated in millimeters, New Zealand 's sizes are based on the `` nominal bore '' rather than `` nominal diameter '' ( e.g. NZ size 20 measures 0.750 '' inside diameter, as opposed to Australian DN20 which measures 0.750 '' outside diameter ). Effectively, New Zealand pipes measure the same as U.S. and Canadian ones. Lead leaching Generally, copper tubes are soldered directly into copper or brass fittings, although compression, crimp, or flare fittings are also used. Formerly, concerns with copper supply tubes included the lead used in the solder at joints ( 50 % tin and 50 % lead ). Some studies have shown significant leaching of the lead into the potable water stream, particularly after long periods of low usage, followed by peak demand periods. In hard water applications, shortly after installation, the interior of the pipes will be coated with the deposited minerals that had been dissolved in the water, and therefore the vast majority of exposed lead is prevented from entering the potable water. Building codes throughout the U.S. require the use of virtually `` lead - free '' ( < 0.2 % lead ) solder or filler metals in plumbing fittings and appliances. Corrosion Copper water tubes are susceptible to cold water pitting caused by contamination of the pipe interior, typically with soldering flux ; erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow ; and stray current corrosion, caused by poor electrical wiring technique, such as improper grounding and bonding. Pinholes Pinhole leaks with pitting initiating on the exterior surface of the pipe, can occur if copper piping is improperly grounded or bonded. The phenomenon is known technically as stray current corrosion or electrolytic pitting. Pin - holing due to poor grounding or poor bonding occurs typically in homes where the original plumbing has been modified ; homeowners may find that a new plastic water filtration device or plastic repair union has interrupted the water pipe 's electrical continuity to ground, when they start seeing pinhole water leaks after a recent install. Damage occurs rapidly, usually becoming obvious about six months after the ground interruption. Correctly installed plumbing appliances will have a copper bonding jumper cable connecting the interrupted pipe sections. Pinhole leaks from stray current corrosion can result in high plumbing bills and require the replacement of the entire water line. The cause is fundamentally an electrical defect, not a plumbing defect ; once the plumbing damage is repaired, an electrician should promptly be consulted to evaluate the grounding and bonding of the entire plumbing and electrical systems. The difference between a ground and a bond is subtle. See Ground, for a complete description. Stray current corrosion occurs because : 1 ) the piping system has been connected accidentally or intentionally to a DC voltage source ; 2 ) the piping does not have metal - to - metal electrical continuity throughout its length ; or 3 ) if the voltage source is AC, one or more naturally occurring minerals coating the pipe interior may act as a rectifier, converting AC current to DC. The DC voltage forces the water within the piping to act as an electrical conductor ( an electrolyte ). Electric current leaves the copper pipe, moves though the water across the nonconductive section ( a plastic filter housing, for example ), and reenters the pipe on the opposite side. Pitting occurs at the electrically negative side ( the cathode ), which may happen to be either upstream or downstream with respect to the water flow direction. Pitting occurs because the electrical voltage ionizes the pipe 's interior copper metal, which reacts chemically with dissolved minerals in the water, creating copper salts ; these copper salts are soluble in water and wash away. Microscopic pits eventually grow and consolidate to form pin holes. When one is discovered, there are almost certainly more that have not yet leaked. A complete discussion of stray current corrosion can be found in chapter 11, section 11.4. 3, of Handbook of Corrosion Engineering, by Pierre Roberge. Detecting and eliminating poor bonding is relatively straightforward. Detection is accomplished using a simple DC voltmeter, with test probe leads placed in various locations in the plumbing. Typically, a probe on a hot pipe and a probe on a cold pipe will tell the user if there is improper grounding. Anything beyond a few millivolts is significant, and potentials of 200 mV are common. A missing bond will show up best in the area of the gap, as the measured electrical potential dissipates over distance. The missing bond is usually located near the cold water inlet to the building, as filtration and treatment equipment are usually added there, but pinhole leaks can occur anywhere downstream or upstream from the interruption of electrical continuity. Correcting the problem is a simple matter of either purchasing a copper bonding jumper kit, composed of copper cable at least # 6 AWG in diameter and two bronze ground clamps for affixing it the plumbing. See NFPA 70, the U.S. National Electrical Code Handbook ( NEC ), section on bonding and ground for details on selecting the correct bonding conductor wire size. A similar bonding jumper wire can also be seen crossing gas meters, but for a different reason. However, if building occupants are experiencing shocks or large sparks from plumbing fixtures or pipes, it is more serious than a missing bond. Larger voltages may be caused by a live electrical wire bridging to the plumbing, and improper or missing plumbing system grounding. Such a situation poses an electrical shock hazard and potential fire danger ; an electrician should be consulted immediately. See also Plumbing Pipe fitting Piping and plumbing fitting References Jump up ^ Copper tube sizes Jump up ^ Copper Tube Handbook, the Copper Development Association, New York, USA, 2006 Jump up ^ `` Copper Tube & Fittings '', Canadian Copper & Brass Development Corp., Publication No. 28E, 2nd Ed., 2000, http://en.coppercanada.ca/pdfs/28e.pdf, accessed February 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Copper Tube & Fittings '', Canadian Copper & Brass Development Corp., Publication No. 28E, 2nd Ed., 2000, http://en.coppercanada.ca/pdfs/28e.pdf, accessed February 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Pipe sizes Archived 2012 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Crane Copper - Australian Standards, Australian Standards AS 1432 : 2000 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 28. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27. Jump up ^ `` NZS3501 Plumbing Copper Brochure '' ( PDF ). MM Kembla New Zealand. Retrieved 1 August 2018. Jump up ^ Roberge, P.R. ( 1999 ). Handbook of Corrosion Engineering ( 1st ed. ). McGraw - Hill Professional. ISBN 0 - 07 - 076516 - 2. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper_tubing&oldid=852944933 '' Categories : Plumbing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 11 : 57 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: what is the color code for type k copper
Answer: green