North Sea - wikipedia North Sea For other uses, see North Sea ( disambiguation ). North Sea Location Atlantic Ocean Coordinates 56 ° N 03 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 56 ° N 3 ° E ﻿ / 56 ; 3 ﻿ ( North Sea ) Coordinates : 56 ° N 03 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 56 ° N 3 ° E ﻿ / 56 ; 3 ﻿ ( North Sea ) Type Sea Primary inflows Baltic Sea, Elbe, Weser, Ems, Rhine / Waal, Meuse, Scheldt, Spey, Don, Dee, Tay, Forth, Tyne, Tees, Humber, Thames Basin countries Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and the United Kingdom Max. length 960 km ( 600 mi ) Max. width 580 km ( 360 mi ) Surface area 570,000 km ( 220,000 sq mi ) Average depth 95 m ( 312 ft ) Max. depth 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) Water volume 54,000 km ( 4.4 × 10 acre ft ) Salinity 3.4 to 3.5 % Max. temperature 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) Min. temperature 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) References Safety at Sea and Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Map all coordinates in `` Geography of the North Sea '' using OSM Map all coordinates in `` Geography of the North Sea '' using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric ( or `` shelf '' ) sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than 970 kilometres ( 600 mi ) long and 580 kilometres ( 360 mi ) wide, with an area of around 570,000 square kilometres ( 220,000 sq mi ). The North Sea has long been the site of important European shipping lanes as well as a major fishery. The sea is a popular destination for recreation and tourism in bordering countries and more recently has developed into a rich source of energy resources including fossil fuels, wind, and early efforts in wave power. Historically, the North Sea has featured prominently in geopolitical and military affairs, particularly in Northern Europe. It was also important globally through the power northern Europeans projected worldwide during much of the Middle Ages and into the modern era. The North Sea was the centre of the Vikings ' rise. Subsequently, the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea and thus the access to the markets and resources of the world. As Germany 's only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars. The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features. In the north, deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines, whereas in the south the coast consists primarily of sandy beaches and wide mudflats. Due to the dense population, heavy industrialization, and intense use of the sea and area surrounding it, there have been a number of environmental issues affecting the sea 's ecosystems. Adverse environmental issues -- commonly including overfishing, industrial and agricultural runoff, dredging, and dumping among others -- have led to a number of efforts to prevent degradation of the sea while still making use of its economic potential. Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Major features 1.2 Extent 1.3 Hydrology 1.3. 1 Temperature and salinity 1.3. 2 Water circulation and tides 1.3. 2.1 Selected tide ranges 1.4 Coasts 2 Coastal management 2.1 Storm tides 2.1. 1 Tsunamis 3 Geology 4 Natural history 4.1 Fish and shellfish 4.2 Birds 4.3 Marine mammals 4.4 Flora 4.5 Biodiversity and conservation 4.6 Whaling 5 History 5.1 Name 5.2 Early history 5.3 Age of sail 5.4 Modern era 6 Economy 6.1 Political status 6.2 Oil and gas 6.3 Fishing 6.4 Mineral resources 6.5 Renewable energy 6.6 Tourism 6.7 Marine traffic 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Geography Main article : Geography of the North Sea See also : List of rivers discharging into the North Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sk Ka Eng Ch Sk = Skagerrak Ka = Kattegat Eng Ch = English Channel The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coast of Great Britain to the west and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north - eastern part of the Atlantic. The North Sea is more than 970 kilometres ( 600 mi ) long and 580 kilometres ( 360 mi ) wide, with an area of 570,000 square kilometres ( 220,000 sq mi ) and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres ( 13,000 cu mi ). Around the edges of the North Sea are sizeable islands and archipelagos, including Shetland, Orkney, and the Frisian Islands. The North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the British Isles. A large part of the European drainage basin empties into the North Sea, including water from the Baltic Sea. The largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Elbe and the Rhine -- Meuse watershed. Around 185 million people live in the catchment area of the rivers discharging into the North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized areas. Major features For the most part, the sea lies on the European continental shelf with a mean depth of 90 metres ( 300 ft ). The only exception is the Norwegian trench, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from Oslo to an area north of Bergen. It is between 20 and 30 kilometres ( 12 and 19 mi ) wide and has a maximum depth of 725 metres ( 2,379 ft ). The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris, rises to a mere 15 to 30 metres ( 50 -- 100 ft ) below the surface. This feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea. The Long Forties and the Broad Fourteens are large areas with roughly uniform depth in fathoms, ( forty fathoms and fourteen fathoms or 73 and 26 m deep respectively ). These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate, which has been alleviated by the implementation of satellite navigation systems. The Devil 's Hole lies 200 miles ( 320 km ) east of Dundee, Scotland. The feature is a series of asymmetrical trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres ( 12 and 19 mi ) long, 1 and 2 kilometres ( 0.62 and 1.24 mi ) wide and up to 230 metres ( 750 ft ) deep. Other areas which are less deep are Cleaver Bank, Fisher Bank and Noordhinder Bank. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the North Sea as follows : On the Southwest. A line joining the Walde Lighthouse ( France, 1 ° 55'E ) and Leathercoat Point ( England, 51 ° 10'N ). On the Northwest. From Dunnet Head ( 3 ° 22'W ) in Scotland to Tor Ness ( 58 ° 47'N ) in the Island of Hoy, thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy ( 58 ° 55'N ) on to Breck Ness on Mainland ( 58 ° 58'N ) through this island to Costa Head ( 3 ° 14'W ) and to Inga Ness ( 59'17'N ) in Westray through Westray, to Bow Head, across to Mull Head ( North point of Papa Westray ) and on to Seal Skerry ( North point of North Ronaldsay ) and thence to Horse Island ( South point of the Shetland Islands ). On the North. From the North point ( Fethaland Point ) of the Mainland of the Shetland Islands, across to Graveland Ness ( 60 ° 39'N ) in the Island of Yell, through Yell to Gloup Ness ( 1 ° 04'W ) and across to Spoo Ness ( 60 ° 45'N ) in Unst island, through Unst to Herma Ness ( 60 ° 51'N ), on to the SW point of the Rumblings and to Muckle Flugga ( 60 ° 51 ′ N 0 ° 53 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 60.850 ° N 0.883 ° W ﻿ / 60.850 ; - 0.883 ) all these being included in the North Sea area ; thence up the meridian of 0 ° 53 ' West to the parallel of 61 ° 00 ' North and eastward along this parallel to the coast of Norway, the whole of Viking Bank being thus included in the North Sea. On the East. The Western limit of the Skagerrak ( A line joining Hanstholm ( 57 ° 07 ′ N 8 ° 36 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 57.117 ° N 8.600 ° E ﻿ / 57.117 ; 8.600 ) and the Naze ( Lindesnes, 58 ° N 7 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 58 ° N 7 ° E ﻿ / 58 ; 7 ) ). Hydrology Temperature and salinity The average temperature in summer is 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) and 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) in the winter. The average temperatures have been trending higher since 1988, which has been attributed to climate change. Air temperatures in January range on average between 0 to 4 ° C ( 32 to 39 ° F ) and in July between 13 to 18 ° C ( 55 to 64 ° F ). The winter months see frequent gales and storms. The salinity averages between 34 to 35 grams of salt per litre of water. The salinity has the highest variability where there is fresh water inflow, such as at the Rhine and Elbe estuaries, the Baltic Sea exit and along the coast of Norway. Water circulation and tides The main pattern to the flow of water in the North Sea is an anti-clockwise rotation along the edges. The North Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean receiving the majority of ocean current from the northwest opening, and a lesser portion of warm current from the smaller opening at the English Channel. These tidal currents leave along the Norwegian coast. Surface and deep water currents may move in different directions. Low salinity surface coastal waters move offshore, and deeper, denser high salinity waters move in shore. The North Sea located on the continental shelf has different waves from those in deep ocean water. The wave speeds are diminished and the wave amplitudes are increased. In the North Sea there are two amphidromic systems and a third incomplete amphidromic system. In the North Sea the average tide difference in wave amplitude is between 0 to 8 metres ( 0 to 26 ft ). Ocean currents mainly entering via the north entrance exiting along Norwegian coast The Kelvin tide of the Atlantic ocean is a semidiurnal wave that travels northward. Some of the energy from this wave travels through the English Channel into the North Sea. The wave still travels northward in the Atlantic Ocean, and once past the northern tip of Great Britain, the Kelvin wave turns east and south and once again enters into the North Sea. Selected Tide ranges Localization of the tide - gauges listed Tide times after Bergen ( negative = before ) The three amphidromic centers Coasts : marshes = green mudflats = greenish blue lagoons = bright blue dunes = yellow sea dikes = purple moraines near the coast = light brown rock - based coasts = grayish brown Tidal range ( m ) ( from calendars ) Maximal tidal range ( m ) Tide - gauge Geographical and historical features 0.79 -- 1.82 2.39 Lerwick Shetland Islands 2.01 -- 3.76 4.69 Aberdeen Mouth of River Dee in Scotland 2.38 -- 4.61 5.65 North Shields Mouth of Tyne estuary 2.31 -- 6.04 8.20 Kingston upon Hull northern side of Humber estuary 1.75 -- 4.33 7.14 Grimsby southern side of Humber estuary farther seaward 1.98 -- 6.84 6.90 Skegness Lincolnshire coast north of the Wash 1.92 -- 6.47 7.26 King 's Lynn mouth of Great Ouse into the Wash 2.54 -- 7.23 Hunstanton eastern edge of the Wash 2.34 -- 3.70 4.47 Harwich East Anglian coast north of Thames Estuary 4.05 -- 6.62 7.99 London Bridge inner end of Thames Estuary 2.38 -- 6.85 6.92 Dunkirk dune coast east of the Strait of Dover 2.02 -- 5.53 5.59 Zeebrugge dune coast west of Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta 3.24 -- 4.96 6.09 Antwerp inner end of the southernmost estuary of Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta 1.48 -- 1.90 2.35 Rotterdam borderline of estuary delta and sedimentation delta of the Rhine 1.10 -- 2.03 2.52 Katwijk mouth of the Uitwateringskanaal of Oude Rijn into the sea 1.15 -- 1.72 2.15 Den Helder northeastern end of Holland dune coast west of IJsselmeer 1.67 -- 2.20 2.65 Harlingen east of IJsselmeer, outlet of IJssel river, the eastern branch of the Rhine 1.80 -- 2.69 3.54 Borkum island in front of Ems river estuary 2.96 -- 3.71 Emden east side of Ems river estuary 2.60 -- 3.76 4.90 Wilhelmshaven Jade Bight 2.66 -- 4.01 4.74 Bremerhaven seaward end of Weser estuary 3.59 -- 4.62 Bremen - Oslebshausen Bremer Industriehäfen, inner Weser estuary 3.3 -- 4.0 Bremen Weser barrage artificial tide limit of river Weser, 4 km upstream of the city centre 2.6 -- 4.0 Bremerhaven 1879 before onset of Weser Correction ( Weser straightening works ) 0 -- 0.3 Bremen city centre 1879 before onset of Weser Correction ( Weser straightening works ) 1.45 Bremen city centre 1900 Große Weserbrücke, 5 years after completion of Weser Correction works 2.54 -- 3.48 4.63 Cuxhaven seaward end of Elbe estuary 3.4 -- 3.9 4.63 Hamburg St. Pauli St. Pauli Piers, inner part of Elbe estuary 1.39 -- 2.03 2.74 Westerland Sylt island in front of Nordfriesland coast 2.8 -- 3.4 Dagebüll coast of Wadden Sea in Nordfriesland 1.1 -- 2.1 2.17 Esbjerg northern end of Wadden Sea in Denmark 0.5 -- 1.1 Hvide Sande Danish dune coast, entrance of Ringkøbing Fjord lagoon 0.3 -- 0.5 Thyborøn Danish dune coast, entrance of Nissum Bredning lagoon, part of Limfjord 0.2 -- 04 Hirtshals Skagerrak. Hanstholm and Skagen have the same values. 0.14 -- 0.30 0.26 Tregde Skagerrak, Southern end of Norway, east of an amphidromic point 0.25 -- 0.60 0.65 Stavanger North of that amphidromic point, rhythm of the tides irregular 0.64 -- 1.20 1.61 Bergen Rhythm of the tides regular Coasts Main article : Coastline of the North Sea The German North Sea coast The eastern and western coasts of the North Sea are jagged, formed by glaciers during the ice ages. The coastlines along the southernmost part are covered with the remains of deposited glacial sediment. The Norwegian mountains plunge into the sea creating deep fjords and archipelagos. South of Stavanger, the coast softens, the islands become fewer. The eastern Scottish coast is similar, though less severe than Norway. From north east of England, the cliffs become lower and are composed of less resistant moraine, which erodes more easily, so that the coasts have more rounded contours. In the Netherlands, Belgium and in East Anglia the littoral is low and marshy. The east coast and south - east of the North Sea ( Wadden Sea ) have coastlines that are mainly sandy and straight owing to longshore drift, particularly along Belgium and Denmark. Coastal Management Further information : Afsluitdijk, Delta Works, Flood control in the Netherlands, Thames Barrier, and Zuiderzee Works The Afsluitdijk ( Closure - dike ) is a major dam in the Netherlands The southern coastal areas were originally amphibious flood plains and swampy land. In areas especially vulnerable to storm surges, people settled behind elevated levees and on natural areas of high ground such as spits and geestland. As early as 500 BC, people were constructing artificial dwelling hills higher than the prevailing flood levels. It was only around the beginning of the High Middle Ages, in 1200 AD, that inhabitants began to connect single ring dikes into a dike line along the entire coast, thereby turning amphibious regions between the land and the sea into permanent solid ground. The modern form of the dikes supplemented by overflow and lateral diversion channels, began to appear in the 17th and 18th centuries, built in the Netherlands. The North Sea Floods of 1953 and 1962 were impetus for further raising of the dikes as well as the shortening of the coast line so as to present as little surface area as possible to the punishment of the sea and the storms. Currently, 27 % of the Netherlands is below sea level protected by dikes, dunes, and beach flats. Coastal management today consists of several levels. The dike slope reduces the energy of the incoming sea, so that the dike itself does not receive the full impact. Dikes that lie directly on the sea are especially reinforced. The dikes have, over the years, been repeatedly raised, sometimes up to 9 metres ( 30 ft ) and have been made flatter to better reduce wave erosion. Where the dunes are sufficient to protect the land behind them from the sea, these dunes are planted with beach grass ( Ammophila arenaria ) to protect them from erosion by wind, water, and foot traffic. Storm tides Main article : Storm tides of the North Sea Zuid - Beveland, North Sea flood of 1953 Storm surges threaten, in particular, the coasts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Denmark and low lying areas of eastern England particularly around The Wash and Fens. Storm surges are caused by changes in barometric pressure combined with strong wind created wave action. The first recorded storm tide flood was the Julianenflut, on 17 February 1164. In its wake the Jadebusen, ( a bay on the coast of Germany ), began to form. A storm tide in 1228 is recorded to have killed more than 100,000 people. In 1362, the Second Marcellus Flood, also known as the Grote Manndrenke, hit the entire southern coast of the North Sea. Chronicles of the time again record more than 100,000 deaths as large parts of the coast were lost permanently to the sea, including the now legendary lost city of Rungholt. In the 20th century, the North Sea flood of 1953 flooded several nations ' coasts and cost more than 2,000 lives. 315 citizens of Hamburg died in the North Sea flood of 1962. Tsunamis Though rare, the North Sea has been the site of a number of historically documented tsunamis. The Storegga Slides were a series of underwater landslides, in which a piece of the Norwegian continental shelf slid into the Norwegian Sea. The immense landslips occurred between 8150 BCE and 6000 BCE, and caused a tsunami up to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) high that swept through the North Sea, having the greatest effect on Scotland and the Faeroe Islands. The Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 is among the first recorded earthquakes in the North Sea measuring between 5.6 and 5.9 on the Richter scale. This event caused extensive damage in Calais both through its tremors and possibly triggered a tsunami, though this has never been confirmed. The theory is a vast underwater landslide in the English Channel was triggered by the earthquake, which in turn caused a tsunami. The tsunami triggered by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake reached Holland, although the waves had lost their destructive power. The largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom was the 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake, which measured 6.1 on the Richter magnitude scale and caused a small tsunami that flooded parts of the British coast. Geology Main articles : Geology of the North Sea and Geology of southern North Sea The North Sea between 34 million years ago and 28 million years ago, as Central Europe became dry land Shallow epicontinental seas like the current North Sea have since long existed on the European continental shelf. The rifting that formed the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, from about 150 million years ago, caused tectonic uplift in the British Isles. Since then, a shallow sea has almost continuously existed between the uplands of the Fennoscandian Shield and the British Isles. This precursor of the current North Sea has grown and shrunk with the rise and fall of the eustatic sea level during geologic time. Sometimes it was connected with other shallow seas, such as the sea above the Paris Basin to the south - west, the Paratethys Sea to the south - east, or the Tethys Ocean to the south. Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland ( c. 8,000 BC ), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe During the Late Cretaceous, about 85 million years ago, all of modern mainland Europe except for Scandinavia was a scattering of islands. By the Early Oligocene, 34 to 28 million years ago, the emergence of Western and Central Europe had almost completely separated the North Sea from the Tethys Ocean, which gradually shrank to become the Mediterranean as Southern Europe and South West Asia became dry land. The North Sea was cut off from the English Channel by a narrow land bridge until that was breached by at least two catastrophic floods between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago. Since the start of the Quaternary period about 2.6 million years ago, the eustatic sea level has fallen during each glacial period and then risen again. Every time the ice sheet reached its greatest extent, the North Sea became almost completely dry. The present - day coastline formed after the Last Glacial Maximum when the sea began to flood the European continental shelf. In 2006 a bone fragment was found while drilling for oil in the north sea. Analysis indicated that it was a Plateosaurus from 199 to 216 million years ago. This was the deepest dinosaur fossil ever found and the first find for Norway. Natural History Fish and shellfish See also : List of fish of the North Sea Pacific oysters, blue mussels and cockles in the Wadden Sea in the Netherlands Copepods and other zooplankton are plentiful in the North Sea. These tiny organisms are crucial elements of the food chain supporting many species of fish. Over 230 species of fish live in the North Sea. Cod, haddock, whiting, saithe, plaice, sole, mackerel, herring, pouting, sprat, and sandeel are all very common and are fished commercially. Due to the various depths of the North Sea trenches and differences in salinity, temperature, and water movement, some fish such as blue - mouth redfish and rabbitfish reside only in small areas of the North Sea. Crustaceans are also commonly found throughout the sea. Norway lobster, deep - water prawns, and brown shrimp are all commercially fished, but other species of lobster, shrimp, oyster, mussels and clams all live in the North Sea. Recently non-indigenous species have become established including the Pacific oyster and Atlantic jackknife clam. Birds The coasts of the North Sea are home to nature reserves including the Ythan Estuary, Fowlsheugh Nature Preserve, and Farne Islands in the UK and the Wadden Sea National Parks in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. These locations provide breeding habitat for dozens of bird species. Tens of millions of birds make use of the North Sea for breeding, feeding, or migratory stopovers every year. Populations of black legged kittiwakes, Atlantic puffins, northern fulmars, and species of petrels, gannets, seaducks, loons ( divers ), cormorants, gulls, auks, and terns, and many other seabirds make these coasts popular for birdwatching. Marine mammals A female bottlenose dolphin with her young in Moray Firth, Scotland The North Sea is also home to marine mammals. Common seals, and harbour porpoises can be found along the coasts, at marine installations, and on islands. The very northern North Sea islands such as the Shetland Islands are occasionally home to a larger variety of pinnipeds including bearded, harp, hooded and ringed seals, and even walrus. North Sea cetaceans include various porpoise, dolphin and whale species. Flora Phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea Plant species in the North Sea include species of wrack, among them bladder wrack, knotted wrack, and serrated wrack. Algae, macroalgal, and kelp, such as oarweed and laminaria hyperboria, and species of maerl are found as well. Eelgrass, formerly common in the entirety of the Wadden Sea, was nearly wiped out in the 20th century by a disease. Similarly, sea grass used to coat huge tracts of ocean floor, but have been damaged by trawling and dredging have diminished its habitat and prevented its return. Invasive Japanese seaweed has spread along the shores of the sea clogging harbours and inlets and has become a nuisance. Biodiversity and Conservation Due to the heavy human populations and high level of industrialization along its shores, the wildlife of the North Sea has suffered from pollution, overhunting, and overfishing. Flamingos and pelicans were once found along the southern shores of the North Sea, but became extinct over the 2nd millennium. Walruses frequented the Orkney Islands through the mid-16th century, as both Sable Island and Orkney Islands lay within its normal range. Gray whales also resided in the North Sea but were driven to extinction in the Atlantic in the 17th century Other species have dramatically declined in population, though they are still found. North Atlantic right whales, sturgeon, shad, rays, skates, salmon, and other species were common in the North Sea until the 20th century, when numbers declined due to overfishing. Other factors like the introduction of non-indigenous species, industrial and agricultural pollution, trawling and dredging, human - induced eutrophication, construction on coastal breeding and feeding grounds, sand and gravel extraction, offshore construction, and heavy shipping traffic have also contributed to the decline. The OSPAR commission manages the OSPAR convention to counteract the harmful effects of human activity on wildlife in the North Sea, preserve endangered species, and provide environmental protection. All North Sea border states are signatories of the MARPOL 73 / 78 Accords, which preserve the marine environment by preventing pollution from ships. Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands also have a trilateral agreement for the protection of the Wadden Sea, or mudflats, which run along the coasts of the three countries on the southern edge of the North Sea. Whaling Whaling was an important economic activity from the 9th until the 13th century for Flemish whalers. The medieval Flemish, Basque and Norwegian whalers who were replaced in the 16th century by Dutch, English, Danes and Germans, took massive numbers of whales and dolphins and nearly depleted the right whales. This activity likely led to the extinction of the Atlantic population of the once common gray whale. By 1902 the whaling had ended. After being absent for 300 years a single gray whale returned, it probably was the first of many more to find its way through the now ice - free Northwest Passage. Once 16 - metre ( 50 ft ) `` fish '' were taken in large quantities at the mouth of the River Seine. Perhaps the gray whale will someday return to its former Seine estuary breeding grounds and to the feeding grounds of the Wadden Sea where it will again roil the sediments and release its benthic nutrients that will benefit the ecosystem. History Main article : History of the North Sea Name A 1482 recreation of a map from Ptolemy 's Geography showing the `` Oceanus Germanicus '' Edmond Halley 's solar eclipse 1715 map showing The German Sea Through history various names have been used for the North Sea. One of the earliest recorded names was Septentrionalis Oceanus, or `` Northern Ocean, '' which was cited by Pliny. The name `` North Sea '' probably came into English, however, via the Dutch `` Noordzee '', who named it thus either in contrast with the Zuiderzee ( `` South Sea '' ), located south of Frisia, or because the sea is generally to the north of the Netherlands. Before the adoption of `` North Sea, '' the names used in English were `` German Sea '' or `` German Ocean '', referred to the Latin names `` Mare Gemanicum '' and `` Oceanus Germanicus '', and these persisted in use until the First World War. Other common names in use for long periods were the Latin terms `` Mare Frisicum '', as well as their English equivalents, `` Frisian Sea ''. The modern names of the sea in local languages are : Danish : Nordsøen, Dutch : Noordzee, Dutch Low Saxon : Noordzee, French : Mer du Nord, West Frisian : Noardsee, German : Nordsee, Low German : Noordsee, Northern Frisian : Weestsiie ( literally meaning `` West Sea '' ), Norwegian : Nordsjøen, Nynorsk : Nordsjøen, Scots : German Ocean, Swedish : Nordsjön, Scottish Gaelic : An Cuan a Tuath, West Flemish : Nôordzêe and Zeeuws : Noôrdzeê. Early History The North Sea has provided waterway access for commerce and conquest. Many areas have access to the North Sea because of its long coastline and the European rivers that empty into it. The British Isles had been protected from invasion by the North Sea waters until the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 CE. The Romans established organised ports, which increased shipping, and began sustained trade. When the Romans abandoned Britain in 410, the Germanic Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea during the Migration Period. They made successive invasions of the island. The Viking Age began in 793 with the attack on Lindisfarne ; for the next quarter - millennium the Vikings ruled the North Sea. In their superior longships, they raided, traded, and established colonies and outposts along the coasts of the sea. From the Middle Ages through the 15th century, the northern European coastal ports exported domestic goods, dyes, linen, salt, metal goods and wine. The Scandinavian and Baltic areas shipped grain, fish, naval necessities, and timber. In turn the North Sea countries imported high - grade cloths, spices, and fruits from the Mediterranean region. Commerce during this era was mainly conducted by maritime trade due to underdeveloped roadways. In the 13th century the Hanseatic League, though centred on the Baltic Sea, started to control most of the trade through important members and outposts on the North Sea. The League lost its dominance in the 16th century, as neighbouring states took control of former Hanseatic cities and outposts. Their internal conflict prevented effective cooperation and defence. As the League lost control of its maritime cities, new trade routes emerged that provided Europe with Asian, American, and African goods. Age of sail Painting of the Four Days ' Battle of 1666 by Willem van de Velde the Younger The 17th century Dutch Golden Age during which Dutch herring, cod and whale fisheries reached an all time high saw Dutch power at its zenith. Important overseas colonies, a vast merchant marine, powerful navy and large profits made the Dutch the main challengers to an ambitious England. This rivalry led to the first three Anglo - Dutch Wars between 1652 and 1673, which ended with Dutch victories. After the Glorious Revolution the Dutch prince William ascended to the English throne. With both countries united, commercial, military, and political power shifted from Amsterdam to London. The British did not face a challenge to their dominance of the North Sea until the 20th century. Modern era German cruiser SMS Blücher sinks in the Battle of Dogger Bank on 25 January 1915. Tensions in the North Sea were again heightened in 1904 by the Dogger Bank incident. During the Russo - Japanese War, several ships of the Russian Baltic Fleet, which was on its way to the Far East, mistook British fishing boats for Japanese ships and fired on them, and then upon each other, near the Dogger Bank, nearly causing Britain to enter the war on the side of Japan. During the First World War, Great Britain 's Grand Fleet and Germany 's Kaiserliche Marine faced each other in the North Sea, which became the main theatre of the war for surface action. Britain 's larger fleet and North Sea Mine Barrage were able to establish an effective blockade for most of the war, which restricted the Central Powers ' access to many crucial resources. Major battles included the Battle of Heligoland Bight, the Battle of the Dogger Bank, and the Battle of Jutland. World War I also brought the first extensive use of submarine warfare, and a number of submarine actions occurred in the North Sea. The Second World War also saw action in the North Sea, though it was restricted more to aircraft reconnaissance, and action by fighter / bomber aircraft, submarines, and smaller vessels such as minesweepers and torpedo boats. In the aftermath of the war, hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical weapons were disposed of by being dumped in the North Sea. After the war, the North Sea lost much of its military significance because it is bordered only by NATO member - states. However, it gained significant economic importance in the 1960s as the states around the North Sea began full - scale exploitation of its oil and gas resources. The North Sea continues to be an active trade route. Economy The exclusive economic zones in the North Sea Political Status Countries that border the North Sea all claim the 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) of territorial waters, within which they have exclusive fishing rights. The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union ( EU ) exists to coordinate fishing rights and assist with disputes between EU states and the EU border state of Norway. After the discovery of mineral resources in the North Sea, the Convention on the Continental Shelf established country rights largely divided along the median line. The median line is defined as the line `` every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of each State is measured. '' The ocean floor border between Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark was only reapportioned after protracted negotiations and a judgement of the International Court of Justice. Oil and gas Further information : North Sea oil and List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea As early as 1859, oil was discovered in onshore areas around the North Sea and natural gas as early as 1910. Oil platform Statfjord A with the flotel Polymarine Test drilling began in 1966 and then, in 1969, Phillips Petroleum Company discovered the Ekofisk oil field distinguished by valuable, low - sulphur oil. Commercial exploitation began in 1971 with tankers and, after 1975, by a pipeline, first to Teesside, England and then, after 1977, also to Emden, Germany. The exploitation of the North Sea oil reserves began just before the 1973 oil crisis, and the climb of international oil prices made the large investments needed for extraction much more attractive. Although the production costs are relatively high, the quality of the oil, the political stability of the region, and the proximity of important markets in western Europe has made the North Sea an important oil producing region. The largest single humanitarian catastrophe in the North Sea oil industry was the destruction of the offshore oil platform Piper Alpha in 1988 in which 167 people lost their lives. Besides the Ekofisk oil field, the Statfjord oil field is also notable as it was the cause of the first pipeline to span the Norwegian trench. The largest natural gas field in the North Sea, Troll gas field, lies in the Norwegian trench dropping over 300 metres ( 980 ft ) requiring the construction of the enormous Troll A platform to access it. The price of Brent Crude, one of the first types of oil extracted from the North Sea, is used today as a standard price for comparison for crude oil from the rest of the world. The North Sea contains western Europe 's largest oil and natural gas reserves and is one of the world 's key non-OPEC producing regions. In the UK sector of the North Sea, the oil industry invested £ 14.4 billion in 2013, and was on track to spend £ 13 billion in 2014. Industry body Oil & Gas UK put the decline down to rising costs, lower production, high tax rates, and less exploration. Fishing A trawler in Nordstrand, Germany Main article : Fishing in the North Sea The North Sea is Europe 's main fishery accounting for over 5 % of international commercial fish caught. Fishing in the North Sea is concentrated in the southern part of the coastal waters. The main method of fishing is trawling. In 1995, the total volume of fish and shellfish caught in the North Sea was approximately 3.5 million tonnes. Besides fish, it is estimated that one million tonnes of unmarketable by - catch is caught and discarded each year. In recent decades, overfishing has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing marine food chain dynamics and costing jobs in the fishing industry. Herring, cod and plaice fisheries may soon face the same plight as mackerel fishing, which ceased in the 1970s due to overfishing. The objective of the European Union Common Fisheries Policy is to minimize the environmental impact associated with resource use by reducing fish discards, increasing productivity of fisheries, stabilising markets of fisheries and fish processing, and supplying fish at reasonable prices for the consumer. Mineral resources Unpolished amber stones, in varying hues In addition to oil, gas, and fish, the states along the North Sea also take millions of cubic metres per year of sand and gravel from the ocean floor. These are used for beach nourishment, land reclamation and construction. Rolled pieces of amber may be picked up on the east coast of England. Renewable energy Further information : Renewable energy in the European Union and List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea Due to the strong prevailing winds, and shallow water, countries on the North Sea, particularly Germany and Denmark, have used the shore for wind power since the 1990s. The North Sea is the home of one of the first large - scale offshore wind farms in the world, Horns Rev 1, completed in 2002. Since then many other wind farms have been commissioned in the North Sea ( and elsewhere ). As of 2013 the 630 megawatt ( MW ) London Array is the largest offshore wind farm in the world, with the 504 ( MW ) Greater Gabbard wind farm the second largest, followed by the 367 MW Walney Wind Farm. All are off the coast of the UK. These projects will be dwarfed by subsequent wind farms that are in the pipeline, including Dogger Bank at 4,800 MW, Norfolk Bank ( 7,200 MW ), and Irish Sea ( 4,200 MW ). At the end of June 2013 total European combined offshore wind energy capacity was 6,040 MW. UK installed 513.5 MW offshore windpower in the first half year of 2013. The expansion of offshore wind farms has met with some resistance. Concerns have included shipping collisions and environmental effects on ocean ecology and wildlife such as fish and migratory birds, however, these concerns were found to be negligible in a long - term study in Denmark released in 2006 and again in a UK government study in 2009. There are also concerns about reliability, and the rising costs of constructing and maintaining offshore wind farms. Despite these, development of North Sea wind power is continuing, with plans for additional wind farms off the coasts of Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. There have also been proposals for a transnational power grid in the North Sea to connect new offshore wind farms. Energy production from tidal power is still in a pre-commercial stage. The European Marine Energy Centre has installed a wave testing system at Billia Croo on the Orkney mainland and a tidal power testing station on the nearby island of Eday. Since 2003, a prototype Wave Dragon energy converter has been in operation at Nissum Bredning fjord of northern Denmark. Tourism The beach in Scheveningen, Netherlands in c. 1900 The beaches and coastal waters of the North Sea are destinations for tourists. The Belgian, Dutch, German and Danish coasts are developed for tourism. The North Sea coast of the United Kingdom has tourist destinations with beach resorts and golf courses. Fife in Scotland is famous for its links golf courses. The coastal City of St. Andrews being renowned as the `` Home of Golf ''. The coast of North East England has several tourist towns such as Scarborough, Bridlington, Seahouses, Whitby, Robin Hood 's Bay and Seaton Carew. The coast of North East England has long sandy beaches and links golfing locations such as Seaton Carew Golf Club and Goswick Golf Club. The North Sea Trail is a long - distance trail linking seven countries around the North Sea. Windsurfing and sailing are popular sports because of the strong winds. Mudflat hiking, recreational fishing and birdwatching are among other activities. The climatic conditions on the North Sea coast have been claimed to be healthful. As early as the 19th century, travellers used their stays on the North Sea coast as curative and restorative vacations. The sea air, temperature, wind, water, and sunshine are counted among the beneficial conditions that are said to activate the body 's defences, improve circulation, strengthen the immune system, and have healing effects on the skin and the respiratory system. Marine traffic See also : List of North Sea ports The North Sea is important for marine transport and its shipping lanes are among the busiest in the world. Major ports are located along its coasts : Rotterdam, the busiest port in Europe and the fourth busiest port in the world by tonnage as of 2013, Antwerp ( was 16th ) and Hamburg ( was 27th ), Bremen / Bremerhaven and Felixstowe, both in the top 30 busiest container seaports, as well as the Port of Bruges - Zeebrugge, Europe 's leading ro - ro port. Rotterdam, Netherlands Fishing boats, service boats for offshore industries, sport and pleasure craft, and merchant ships to and from North Sea ports and Baltic ports must share routes on the North Sea. The Dover Strait alone sees more than 400 commercial vessels a day. Because of this volume, navigation in the North Sea can be difficult in high traffic zones, so ports have established elaborate vessel traffic services to monitor and direct ships into and out of port. The North Sea coasts are home to numerous canals and canal systems to facilitate traffic between and among rivers, artificial harbours, and the sea. The Kiel Canal, connecting the North Sea with the Baltic Sea, is the most heavily used artificial seaway in the world reporting an average of 89 ships per day not including sporting boats and other small watercraft in 2009. It saves an average of 250 nautical miles ( 460 km ; 290 mi ), instead of the voyage around the Jutland peninsula. The North Sea Canal connects Amsterdam with the North Sea. See also Geography portal Nautical portal Norway portal Doggerland European Atlas of the Seas List of languages of the North Sea List of the largest islands in the North Sea North Sea Commission Notes ^ Jump up to : L.M.A. ( 1985 ). `` Europe ''. In University of Chicago. Encyclopædia Britannica Macropædia. 18 ( Fifteenth ed. ). U.S.A. : Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 832 -- 835. ISBN 0 - 85229 - 423 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Ripley, George ; Charles Anderson Dana ( 1883 ). The American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge ( Digitized 11 October 2007 by Google Books online ). D. Appleton and company. p. 499. Retrieved 26 December 2008. Jump up ^ Helland - Hansen, Bjørn ; Fridtjof Nansen ( 1909 ). `` IV. The Basin of the Norwegian Sea. ''. Report on Norwegian Fishery and Marine - Investigations Vol. 11 No. 2. Geofysisk Institutt. Retrieved 9 January 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` About the North Sea : Key facts ''. Safety at Sea project : Norwegian Coastal Administration. 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ Ray, Alan ; G. Carleton ; Jerry McCormick - Ray ( 2004 ). Coastal - marine Conservation : Science and Policy ( Digitized by Google Books online ) ( illustrated ed. ). Blackwell Publishing. p. 262. ISBN 0 - 632 - 05537 - 5. Retrieved 21 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 : North Sea '' ( PDF ). Environmental Guidebook on the Enclosed Coastal Seas of the World. International Center for the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas. 2003. Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Calow, Peter ( 1999 ). Blackwell 's Concise Encyclopedia of Environmental Management. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0 - 632 - 04951 - 0. Retrieved 26 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Limits in the seas : North Sea continental shelf boundaries '' ( PDF ). U.S. Department of State. United States Government. 14 June 1974. Retrieved 17 June 2013. Jump up ^ Ostergren, Robert Clifford ; John G. Rice ( 2004 ). The Europeans : A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Bath, UK : Guilford Press. p. 62. ISBN 0 - 89862 - 272 - 7. Retrieved 10 January 2009. Jump up ^ Dogger Bank. Maptech Online MapServer. 1989 -- 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2007. Jump up ^ Tuckey, James Hingston ( 1815 ). Maritime Geography and Statistics... ( Digitized 2 May 2007 by Google Books online ). Black, Parry & Co. p. 445. ISBN 9780521311915. Retrieved 10 January 2009. Jump up ^ Bradford, Thomas Gamaliel ( 1838 ). Encyclopædia Americana : A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics, and Biography, Brought Down to the Present Time ; Including a Copious Collection of Original Articles in American Biography ; on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of the German Conversations - lexicon ( Digitized 11 October 2007 by Google Books online ). Thomas, Cowperthwait, & co. p. 445. ISBN 9780521311915. Retrieved 10 January 2009. Jump up ^ Alan Fyfe ( Autumn 1983 ). `` The Devil 's Hole in the North Sea ''. The Edinburgh Geologist ( 14 ). Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition '' ( PDF ). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 6 February 2010. Jump up ^ The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km ( 4 mi ) east of Calais ( 50 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 1 ° 55 ′ 00 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 50.98500 ° N 1.91667 ° E ﻿ / 50.98500 ; 1.91667 ), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret 's Bay, Kent ( 51 ° 10 ′ 00 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 00 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 51.16667 ° N 1.40000 ° E ﻿ / 51.16667 ; 1.40000 ). Jump up ^ `` North Sea cod ' could disappear ' even if fishing outlawed '' Telegraph.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Global Warming Triggers North Sea Temperature Rise ''. Agence France - Presse. SpaceDaily. AFP and UPI Wire Stories. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2008. Jump up ^ Reddy, M.P.M. ( 2001 ). `` Annual variation in Surface Salinity ''. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Taylor & Francis. p. 114. ISBN 90 - 5410 - 706 - 5. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Met Office : Flood alert ! ''. Met office UK government. 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Safety At Sea ''. Currents in the North Sea. 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009. Jump up ^ Freestone, David ; Ton IJlstra ( 1990 ). `` Physical Properties of Sea Water and their Distribution Annual : Variation in Surface Salinity ''. The North Sea : Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 66 -- 70. ISBN 1 - 85333 - 413 - 8. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ Dyke, Phil ( 1974 ). Modeling Coastal and Offshore Processes. Imperial College Press. pp. 323 -- 365. ISBN 1 - 86094 - 674 - 7. Retrieved 4 December 2008. p. 329 tidal map showing amphidromes Jump up ^ Carter, R.W.G. ( 1974 ). Coastal Environments : An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines. Academic Press. pp. 155 -- 158. ISBN 0 - 12 - 161856 - 0. Retrieved 4 December 2008. p. 157 tidal map showing amphidromes Jump up ^ Pugh, D.T. ( 2004 ). Changing Sea Levels : Effects of Tides, Weather, and Climate ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0 - 521 - 53218 - 3. Retrieved 4 December 2008. p. 94 shows the amphidromic points of the North Sea Jump up ^ Tide table for Lerwick : tide - forecast Jump up ^ Tide table for Aberdeen : tide - forecast Jump up ^ Tide table for North Shields : tide - forecast Jump up ^ Tide tables for Kingston upon Hull : Mobile Geographics and Tide - Forecast Jump up ^ Tide table for Grimsby : Tide - Forecast Jump up ^ Tide tables for Skegness : Visit My Harbour und Tide - Forecast Jump up ^ Tide tables for King 's Lynn : Visit My Harbour und Tide - Forecast Jump up ^ Tide tables for Hunstanton : Visit My Harbour Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Harwich ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for London ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ Tide tables for Dunkerque : Mobile Geographics and tide forecast Jump up ^ Tide tables for Zeebrugge : Mobile Geographics and tide forecast Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Antwerpen ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Rotterdam ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ Ahnert. F. ( 2009 ) : Einführung in die Geomorphologie. 4. Auflage. 393 S. Jump up ^ `` Katwijk aan Zee Tide Times & Tide Charts ''. surf-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Den Helder ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Harlingen ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Borkum ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ Tide table for Emden Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Wilhelmshaven ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Bremerhaven ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ Guido Gerding. `` Gezeitenkalender für Bremen, Oslebshausen, Germany ( Tidenkalender ) -- und viele weitere Orte ''. gezeiten-kalender.de. Jump up ^ `` Gezeitenvorausberechnung ''. bsh.de. ^ Jump up to : calculated from Ludwig Franzius : Die Korrektion der Unterweser ( 1898 ). suppl. B IV. : weekly average tide ranges 1879 Jump up ^ telephonical advice by Mrs. Piechotta, head of department of hydrology, Nautic Administration for Bremen ( WSA Bremen ) Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Cuxhaven ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Hamburg ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Gezeitenvorausberechnung ''. bsh.de. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Westerland ''. tide-forecast.com. Jump up ^ `` Gezeitenvorausberechnung ''. bsh.de. ^ Jump up to : `` Tidal tables ''. dmi.dk. Jump up ^ `` Tide Times and Tide Chart for Esbjerg, Denmark ''. tide-forecast.com. ^ Jump up to : Vannstand -- Norwegian official maritime Information → English version Jump up ^ `` Development of the East Riding Coastline '' ( PDF ). East Riding of Yorkshire Council. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` Holderness Coast United Kingdom '' ( PDF ). EUROSION Case Study. Retrieved 24 July 2007. ^ Jump up to : Overview of geography, hydrography and climate of the North Sea ( Chapter II of the Quality Status Report ). ( PDF ). Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North - East Atlantic ( OSPAR ). 2000. Retrieved 4 December 2007. ^ Jump up to : Wefer, Gerold ; Wolfgang H. Berger ; K.E. Behre ; Eystein Jansen ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ). Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm : With 16 Tables. Springer. pp. 308 -- 310. ISBN 3 - 540 - 43201 - 9. Retrieved 4 December 2008. Jump up ^ Oosthoek, K. Jan ( 2006 -- 2007 ). `` History of Dutch river flood defences ''. Environmental History Resources. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` North Sea Protection Works -- Seven Modern Wonders of World ''. Compare Infobase Limited. 2006 -- 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Matt ( 30 January 2007 ). `` Dykes of the Netherlands ''. About.com -- Geography. Retrieved 19 July 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` Science around us : Flexible covering protects imperiled dikes -- BASF -- The Chemical Company -- Corporate Website ''. BASF. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ Peters, Karsten ; Magnus Geduhn ; Holger Schüttrumpf ; Helmut Temmler ( 31 August -- 5 September 2008 ). `` Impounded water in Sea Dikes '' ( PDF ). ICCE. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Dune Grass Planting ''. A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach / dune systems -- Summary 2. Scottish Natural Heritage. 2000. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ Ingham, J.K. ; John Christopher Wolverson Cope ; P.F. Rawson ( 1999 ). `` Quaternary ''. Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies. Geological Society of London. p. 150. ISBN 1 - 86239 - 055 - X. Retrieved 15 December 2008. Jump up ^ Morin, Rene ( 2 October 2008 ). `` Social, economical and political impact of Weather '' ( PDF ). EMS annual meeting. Retrieved 4 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` scinexx Der Untergang : Die Grote Manndränke -- Rungholt Nordsee '' ( in German ). MMCD NEW MEDIA. 24 May 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. Jump up ^ Coastal Flooding : The great flood of 1953. Investigating Rivers. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Jump up ^ Lamb, H.H. ( 1988 ). Weather, Climate & Human Affairs : A Book of Essays and ( Digitized online by Google books ) ( illustrated ed. ). Taylor & Francis. p. 187. ISBN 9780415006743. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ Bojanowski, Axel ( 11 October 2006 ). `` Tidal Waves in Europe ? Study Sees North Sea Tsunami Risk ''. Spiegel Online. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Jump up ^ Bondevik, Stein ; Sue Dawson ; Alastair Dawson ; Øystein Lohne ( 5 August 2003 ). `` Record - breaking Height for 8000 - Year - Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic '' ( PDF ). EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union. 84 ( 31 ) : 289, 293. Bibcode : 2003EOSTr... 84... 289B. doi : 10.1029 / 2003EO310001. Retrieved 15 January 2007. ^ Jump up to : A tsunami in Belgium ?. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 2005. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ Ziegler, P.A. ( 1975 ). `` Geologic Evolution of North Sea and Its Tectonic Framework ''. AAPG Bulletin. 59. doi : 10.1306 / 83D91F2E - 16C7 - 11D7 - 8645000102C1865D. Jump up ^ See Ziegler ( 1990 ) or Glennie ( 1998 ) for the development of the paleogeography around the North Sea area from the Jurassic onwards Jump up ^ Torsvik, Trond H. ; Daniel Carlos ; Jon L. Mosar ; Robin M. Cocks ; Tarjei N. Malme ( November 2004 ). `` Global reconstructions and North Atlantic paleogeography 440 Ma to Recen '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 19 November 2008. ^ Jump up to : Glennie, K.W. ( 1998 ). Petroleum Geology of the North Sea : Basic Concepts and Recent Advances. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 11 -- 12. ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 03845 - 9. Jump up ^ Smith, A.G. ( 2004 ). Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 27 -- 38. ISBN 0 - 521 - 60287 - 4. Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Gibbard, P. ( 19 July 2007 ). `` Palaeogeography : Europe cut adrift ''. Nature. 448 ( 7151 ) : 259 -- 60. Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448... 259G. PMID 17637645. doi : 10.1038 / 448259a. ( Registration is required ) Jump up ^ Gupta, Sanjeev ; Collier, Jenny S. ; Palmer - Felgate, Andy ; Potter, Graeme ( 2007 ). `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel ''. Nature. 448 ( 7151 ) : 342 -- 5. Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448... 342G. PMID 17637667. doi : 10.1038 / nature06018. Jump up ^ Sola, M.A. ; D. Worsley ; Muʼassasah al - Waṭanīyah lil - Nafṭ ( 2000 ). Geological Exploration in Murzuq Basin ( Digitized by Google Books online ). A contribution to IUGS / IAGC Global Geochemical Baselines. Elsevier Science B.V. ISBN 9780080532462. Retrieved 19 November 2008. Jump up ^ Lindsey, Kyle ( 25 April 2006 ). `` Dinosaur of the Deep ''. Paleontology Blog. Retrieved 23 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` MarBEF Educational Pullout : The North Sea '' ( PDF ). Ecoserve. MarBEF Educational Pullout Issue 4. Retrieved 12 January 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Quality Status Report for the Greater North Sea ''. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North - East Atlantic ( OSPAR ). 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Jump up ^ Piet, G.J. ; van Hal, R. ; Greenstreet, S.P.R. ( 2009 ). `` Modelling the direct impact of bottom trawling on the North Sea fish community to derive estimates of fishing mortality for non-target fish species ''. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 66 ( 9 ) : 1985 -- 1998. doi : 10.1093 / icesjms / fsp162. Jump up ^ `` Walrus ''. Ecomare. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Jump up ^ Whales and dolphins in the North Sea ' on the increase '. Newcastle University Press Release. 2 April 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2007. Jump up ^ Nienhuis, P.H. ( 2008 ). `` Causes of the eelgrass wasting disease : Van der Werff 's changing theories ''. Aquatic Ecology. 28 ( 1 ) : 55. doi : 10.1007 / BF02334245. Jump up ^ `` Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat ''. Ocean Studies Board ( OSB ). National Academy of Sciences. 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ Tait, Ronald Victor ; Frances Dipper ( 1998 ). Elements of Marine Ecology ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Butterworth - Heinemann. p. 432. ISBN 9780750620888. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Extinct / extirpated species '' ( doc ). Dr. Ransom A. Myers -- Research group website. Future of Marine Animal Populations / Census of Marine Life. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Ray, C.E. ( 1960 ). `` Trichecodon huxlei ( Mammalia : Odobenidae ) in the Pleaistocene of southeastern United States. ''. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 122 : 129 -- 142. Jump up ^ `` The Extinction Website -- Species Info -- Atlantic Grey Whale ''. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ Brown, Paul ( 21 March 2002 ). `` North Sea in crisis as skate dies out Ban placed on large areas to stave off risk of species being destroyed ''. London : Guardian Unlimited © Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ Williot, Patrick ; Éric Rochard. `` Ecosystems and territories '' ( PDF ). Sturgeon, Restoring an endangered species. Cemagref. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` OSPAR Convention ''. European Union. 2000. Retrieved 30 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Official Journal of the European Communities 28.12. 2000 L 332 / 81 ''. DIRECTIVE 2000 / 59 / EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 November 2000 on port reception facilities for ship - generated waste and cargo residues. Retrieved 12 January 2009. `` Member States have ratified Marpol 73 / 78 ''. Jump up ^ `` Wadden Sea Region '' ( PDF ). Scottish Natural Heritage : A Review of Relevant Experience in Sustainable Tourism in the Coastal and Marine Environment, Case Studies, Level 1, Wadden Sea Region. Stevens & Associates. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Cetaceans and Belgian whalers, A brief historical review '' ( PDF ). Belgian whalers. Retrieved 13 March 2015. Jump up ^ Lindquist, O. ( 2000 ). The North Atlantic gray whale ( Escherichtius ( sic ) robustus ) : An historical outline based on Icelandic, Danish - Icelandic, English and Swedish sources dating from ca 1000 AD to 1792. Occasional papers 1. Universities of St Andrews and Stirling, Scotland. 50 p. Jump up ^ Scheinin, Aviad P ; Aviad, P. ; Kerem, Dan ( 2011 ). `` Gray whale ( Eschrichtius robustus ) in the Mediterranean Sea : anomalous event or early sign of climate - driven distribution change ? ''. Marine Biodiversity Records. 2 : e28. ^ Jump up to : Van Deinse, A.B. ; Junge, G.C.A. ( 1936 ). Recent and older finds of the California grey whale in the Atlantic. Temminckia 2 161 - 88. Jump up ^ Roller, Duane W. ( 2006 ). `` Roman Exploration ''. Through the Pillars of Herakles : Greco - Roman Exploration of the Atlantic. Taylor and Francis. p. 119. ISBN 0 - 415 - 37287 - 9. Retrieved 8 December 2008. Footnote 28. Strabo 7.1. 3. The name North Sea -- more properly `` Northern Ocean. '' Septentrionalis Oceanus -- probably came into use at this time ; the earliest extant citation is Pliny, Natural History 2.167, 4.109. Jump up ^ Hartmann Schedel 1493 map File : Schedelsche Weltchronik d 287. jpg : Baltic Sea called `` Mare Germanicum '', North Sea called `` Oceanus Germanicus '' Jump up ^ ( 1 ), Richard J Scully, ' North Sea or German Ocean ' ? The Anglo - German Cartographic Freemasonry, 1842 -- 1914 ', p 56. Jump up ^ Thernstrom, Stephan ; Ann Orlov ; Oscar Handlin ( 1980 ). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( Digitized online by Google books ). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 37512 - 2. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ Looijenga, Tineke ( 2003 ). `` Chapter 2 History of Runic Research ''. Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions ( Digitized by Google Books online ). BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 90 - 04 - 12396 - 2. Retrieved 8 December 2008. Jump up ^ Cuyvers, Luc ( 1986 ). The Strait of Dover ( Digitized by Google Books online ). BRILL. p. 2. ISBN 9789024732524. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ Green, Dennis Howard ( 2003 ). The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century : An Ethnographic Perspective ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Frank Siegmund. Boydell Press. pp. 48 -- 50. ISBN 9781843830269. Retrieved 27 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : Smith, H.D. ( 1992 ). `` The British Isles and the Age of Exploration -- A Maritime Perspective ''. GeoJournal. 26 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 487. doi : 10.1007 / BF02665747. Jump up ^ Lewis, H.D. ; Ross, Archibald ; Runyan, Timothy J. ( 1985 ). `` European Naval and Maritime History, 300 -- 1500 '' ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Indiana University Press : 128. ISBN 9780253320827. Retrieved 17 December 2008. Jump up ^ Hansen, Mogens Herman ( 2000 ). `` A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures : An Investigation '' ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab : 305. ISBN 9788778761774. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ Køppen, Adolph Ludvig ; Karl Spruner von Merz ( 1854 ). The World in the Middle Ages ( Digitized 29 November 2006 by Google Books online ). New York : D. Appleton and Company. p. 179. OCLC 3621972. Retrieved 1 December 2008. Jump up ^ Ripley, George R ; Charles Anderson Dana ( 1869 ). The New American Cyclopædia : A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge ( Digitized 9 June 2008 by Google Books online ). New York : D. Appleton. p. 540. Retrieved 10 February 2016. Jump up ^ Cook, Harold John ( 2007 ). Matters of Exchange : Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age ( Digitized by Google Books online ). Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11796 - 7. Retrieved 8 January 2008. ^ Jump up to : Findlay, Ronald ; Kevin H. O'Rourke ( 2007 ). Power and Plenty : Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium ( Digitized 29 November 2006 by Google Books online ). Princeton University Press. p. 187 and 238. ISBN 9780691118543. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ MacDonald, Scott ( 2004 ). A History of Credit and Power in the Western World. Albert L. Gastmann. Transaction Publishers. pp. 122 -- 127, 134. ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0833 - 1. Jump up ^ Sondhaus, Lawrence ( 2001 ). Naval Warfare, 1815 -- 1914. New York : Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 0 - 415 - 21478 - 5. Retrieved 3 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : Halpern, Paul G. ( 1994 ). A naval history of World War I. Ontario : Routledge. pp. 29, 180. ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer ( September 2005 ) ( 2005 ). World War I : Encyclopedia. Priscilla Mary Roberts. New York, USA : ABC - CLIO. pp. 836 -- 838. ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2. Retrieved 1 December 2008. Jump up ^ Osborne, Eric W. ( 2006 ). The Battle of Heligoland Bight. London : Indiana University Press. p. Introduction. ISBN 0 - 253 - 34742 - 4. Retrieved 27 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : Sondhaus, Lawrence ( 2004 ). Navies in Modern World History. London : Reaktion Books. pp. 190 -- 193, 256. ISBN 1 - 86189 - 202 - 0. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer ; Priscilla Mary Roberts ( September 2005 ) ( 2005 ). World War I : Encyclopedia ( Digitized by Google Books online ). London : ABC - CLIO. pp. 165, 203, 312. ISBN 9781851094202. Retrieved 9 January 2009. Jump up ^ Frank, Hans ( 15 October 2007 ) ( 2007 ). German S - Boats in Action in the Second World War : In the Second World War ( Digitised by Google Books online ). Naval Institute Press. pp. 12 -- 30. ISBN 9781591143093. Retrieved 9 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Atlantic, WW2, U-boats, convoys, OA, OB, SL, HX, HG, Halifax, RCN... ''. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Jump up ^ Kaffka, Alexander V. ( 1996 ). Sea - dumped Chemical Weapons : Aspects, Problems, and Solutions. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division. New York, USA : Springer. p. 49. ISBN 0 - 7923 - 4090 - 6. Retrieved 9 January 2009. Jump up ^ It was, incidentally, the home of several Pirate Radio stations from 1960 -- 1990. Johnston, Douglas M. ( 1976 ) ( 1976 ). Marine Policy and the Coastal Community. London : Taylor & Francis,. p. 49. ISBN 0 - 85664 - 158 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Forth Ports PLC ''. 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2007. ^ Jump up to : Barry, M.,, Michael ; Elema, Ina ; van der Molen, Paul ( 2006 ). Governing the North Sea in the Netherlands : Administering marine spaces : international issues ( PDF ). Frederiksberg, Denmark : International Federation of Surveyors ( FIG ). pp. 5 -- 17, Ch. 5. ISBN 87 - 90907 - 55 - 8. Retrieved 12 January 2009. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ About the Common Fisheries Policy. European Commission. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ Text of the UN treaty Jump up ^ North Sea Continental Shelf Cases. International Court of Justice. 20 February 1969. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Jump up ^ Pratt, J.A. ( 1997 ). `` Ekofisk and Early North Sea Oil ''. In T. Priest, & Cas James. Offshore Pioneers : Brown & Root and the History of Offshore Oil and Gas. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 222. ISBN 0 - 88415 - 138 - 7. Retrieved 8 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : Lohne, Øystein ( 1980 ). `` The Economic Attraction ''. The Oil Industry and Government Strategy in the North Sea. Taylor & Francis. p. 74. ISBN 0 - 918714 - 02 - 8. Jump up ^ `` TOTAL E&P NORGE AS -- The history of Fina Exploration 1965 -- 2000 ''. About TOTAL E&P NORGE > History > Fina. Retrieved 15 January 2009. Jump up ^ McKetta, John J. ( 1999 ). `` The Offshore Oil Industry ''. In Guy E. Weismantel. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design : Volume 67 -- Water and Wastewater Treatment : Protective Coating Systems to Zeolite. CRC Press. p. 102. ISBN 0 - 8247 - 2618 - 9. Jump up ^ `` On This Day 6 July 1988 : Piper Alpha oil rig ablaze ''. BBC. 6 July 1988. Retrieved 3 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Statpipe Rich Gas ''. Gassco. Retrieved 3 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` North Sea Brent Crude ''. Investopedia ULC. Retrieved 3 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` North Sea ''. Country Analysis Briefs. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ). January 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Shell to cut 250 onshore jobs at its Scotland North Sea operations ''. Yahoo Finance. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014. Jump up ^ Sherman, Kenneth ; Lewis M. Alexander ; Barry D. Gold ( 1993 ). Large Marine Ecosystems : Stress, Mitigation, and Sustainability ( 3, illustrated ed. ). Blackwell Publishing. pp. 252 -- 258. ISBN 0 - 87168 - 506 - X. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` MUMM -- Fishing ''. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 2002 -- 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` One Million Tons of North Sea Fish Discarded Every Year ''. Environment News Service ( ENS ). 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2007. Jump up ^ Clover, Charles ( 2004 ). The End of the Line : How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. London : Ebury Press. ISBN 0 - 09 - 189780 - 7. Jump up ^ `` North Sea Fish Crisis -- Our Shrinking Future ''. Part 1. Greenpeace. 1997. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ Olivert - Amado, Ana ( 13 March 2008 ). The common fisheries policy : origins and development. European Parliament Fact Sheets. Retrieved 19 July 2007. Jump up ^ Phua, C. ; S. van den Akker ; M. Baretta ; J. van Dalfsen. `` Ecological Effects of Sand Extraction in the North Sea '' ( PDF ). University of Porto. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ Rice, Patty C. ( 2006 ). Amber : Golden Gem of the Ages : Fourth Edition ( 4, illustrated ed. ). Patty Rice. pp. 147 -- 154. ISBN 1 - 4259 - 3849 - 3. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ LTI - Research Group ; LTI - Research Group ( 1998 ). Long - term Integration of Renewable Energy Sources Into the European Energy System. Springer. ISBN 3 - 7908 - 1104 - 1. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ The European offshore wind industry - key trends and statistics 1st half 2013 EWEA 2013 Jump up ^ `` New Research Focus for Renewable Energies '' ( PDF ). Federal Environment Ministry of Germany. 2002. p. 4. Retrieved 8 December 2008. Jump up ^ Ecology Consulting ( 2001 ). `` Assessment of the Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds '' ( PDF ). United Kingdom Department for Business, Enterprise, & Regulatory Reform. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ Study finds offshore wind farms can co-exist with marine environment. Businessgreen.com ( 26 January 2009 ). Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 05. Jump up ^ Future Leasing for Offshore Wind Farms and Licensing for Offshore Oil & Gas and Gas Storage. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. January 2009 ( PDF ). Retrieved on 5 November 2011. Jump up ^ Kaiser, Simone ; Michael Fröhlingsdorf ( 20 August 2007 ). `` Wuthering Heights : The Dangers of Wind Power ''. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Centrica warns on wind farm costs ''. BBC News. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Centrica seeks consent for 500MW North Sea wind farm ''. New Energy Focus. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ Gow, David ( 4 September 2008 ). `` Greenpeace 's grid plan : North Sea grid could bring wind power to 70m homes ''. London : The Guardian. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ Wynn, Gerard ( 15 January 2009 ). `` Analysis -- New EU power grids in frame due to gas dispute ''. Reuters. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` North Sea Infrastructure ''. TenneT. March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Billia Croo Test Site ''. EMEC. Retrieved 1 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Fall of Warness Test Site ''. EMEC. Retrieved 1 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Prototype testing in Denmark ''. Wave Dragon. 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2008. Jump up ^ Wong, P.P. ( 1993 ). Tourism Vs. Environment : The Case for Coastal Areas. Springer. p. 139. ISBN 0 - 7923 - 2404 - 8. Retrieved 27 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : Hall, C. Michael ; Dieter K. Müller ; Jarkko Saarinen ( 2008 ). Nordic Tourism : Issues and Cases. Channel View Publications. p. 170. ISBN 1 - 84541 - 093 - 9. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` Welcome North Sea Trail ''. European Union. The North Sea Trail / NAVE Nortrail project. Retrieved 2 January 2009. Jump up ^ Knudsen, Daniel C. ; Charles Greet ; Michelle Metro - Roland ; Anne Soper ( 2008 ). Landscape, Tourism, and Meaning. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 112. ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4943 - 1. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ Schulte - Peevers, Andrea ; Sarah Johnstone ; Etain O'Carroll ; Jeanne Oliver ; Tom Parkinson ; Nicola Williams ( 2004 ). Germany. Lonely Planet. p. 680. ISBN 1 - 74059 - 471 - 1. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Jump up ^ Büsum : The natural healing power of the sea. German National Tourist Board. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` World Port Rankings '' ( PDF ). American Association of Port Authorities. 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` Port Authority Bruges - Zeebrugge ''. MarineTalk a Division of Scientia Technologies Corporation. 1998 -- 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Dover Strait ''. Maritime and Coastguard Agency. 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2008. Jump up ^ Freestone, David ( 1990 ). link, ed. The North Sea : Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 186 -- 190. ISBN 1 - 85333 - 413 - 8. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Kiel Canal ''. Kiel Canal official website. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` 23390 - Country Info Booklets Hebridean Spirit The Baltic East '' ( PDF ). Hebridean Island Cruises. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009. References `` North Sea Facts ''. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Management Unit of North Sea Mathematical Models. Retrieved 15 February 2009. Further reading Starkey, David J. ; Morten Hahn - Pedersen ( 2005 ). Bridging troubled waters : Conflict and co-operation in the North Sea Region since 1550. Esbjerg ( Denmark ) : Fiskeri - og Søfartsmuseets. ISBN 87 - 90982 - 30 - 4. Ilyina, Tatjana P. ( 2007 ). The fate of persistent organic pollutants in the North Sea multiple year model simulations of ( gamma ) - HCH, ( alpha ) - HCH and PCB 153Tatjana P Ilyina ;. Berlin ; New York : Springer. ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 68163 - 2. Karlsdóttir, Hrefna M. ( 2005 ). Fishing on common grounds : the consequences of unregulated fisheries of North Sea Herring in the postwar period. Göteborg : Ekonomisk - Historiska Inst., Göteborg Univ. ISBN 91 - 85196 - 62 - 2. Tiedeke, Thorsten ; Werner Weiler ( 2007 ). North Sea coast : landscape panoramas. Nelson : NZ Visitor ; Lancaster : Gazelle Drake Academic. ISBN 978 - 1 - 877339 - 65 - 3. Thoen, Erik, ed. ( 2007 ). Rural history in the North Sea area : a state of the art ( Middle Ages -- beginning 20th century ). Turnhout : Brepols. ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 51005 - 7. Waddington, Clive ; Pedersen, Kristian ( 2007 ). Mesolithic studies in the North Sea Basin and beyond : proceedings of a conference held at Newcastle in 2003. Oxford : Oxbow Books. ISBN 1 - 84217 - 224 - 7. Zeelenberg, Sjoerd ( 2005 ). Offshore wind energy in the North Sea Region : the state of affairs of offshore wind energy projects, national policies and economic, environmental and technological conditions in Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom. Groningen : University of Groningen. OCLC 71640714. Quante, Markus ( 2016 ). North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment. Regional Climate Studies. et.al. Springer. ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 39745 - 0. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 39745 - 0. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for North Sea. Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Sea. Look up North Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. `` North Sea Commission Environment Group Member Profiles 2006 '' ( PDF ). ( 910 KB ) Old map : Manuscript chart of the North Sea, VOC, ca. 1690 ( high resolution zoomable scan ) `` The Jurassic - Cretaceous North Sea Rift Dome and associated Basin Evolution '' ( PDF ). ( 2.5 MB ) OSPAR Commission Homepage an international commission designed to protect and conserve the North - East Atlantic and its resources North Sea Region Programme 2007 -- 2013 transnational cooperation programme under the European Regional Development Fund Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book VIAF : 244973726 LCCN : sh85092528 GND : 4042579 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea&oldid=807776979 '' Categories : European seas Federal waterways in Germany North Sea Seas of Norway Seas of Denmark Seas of the United Kingdom Bodies of water of the Netherlands Seas of Germany Seas of France Bodies of water of Belgium Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from November 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing unknown ISO 639 language template Articles containing French - language text Articles containing West Frisian - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Low Saxon - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Norwegian Nynorsk - language text Articles containing Scots - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Articles containing West Flemish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La. lojban. Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 02 : 03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

Question: where does the north sea meet the atlantic
Answer: the English Channel