Reflex arc - wikipedia Reflex arc In a reflex arc, an action potential never travels to the brain for processing and so results in a much quicker reaction. When a stimulus ( A ) is encountered, the signal from that stimulus will travel up the sensory neuron ( B, in green ) to the spinal column ( C ). There, it will likely pass through a short interneuron ( D, in purple ) before continuing down a motor neuron ( E, in blue ) to the origin of the signal. Then, a contraction of the muscles ( F, in red ) is triggered, moving the bone ( G ). A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. However, the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action. There are two types : autonomic reflex arc ( affecting inner organs ) and somatic reflex arc ( affecting muscles ). However, autonomic reflexes sometimes involve the spinal cord and some somatic reflexes are mediated more by the brain than the spinal cord. During a somatic reflex, nerve signals travel along the following pathway : Somatic receptors in the skin, muscles and tendons Afferent nerve fibers carry signals from the somatic receptors to the posterior horn of the spinal cord or to the brainstem An integrating center, the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse Efferent nerve fibers carry motor nerve signals from the anterior horn to the muscles Effector muscle innervated by the efferent nerve fiber carries out the response. A reflex arc, then, is the pathway followed by nerves which ( a. ) carry sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord, and then ( b ) carry the response generated by the spinal cord to effector organ ( s ) during a reflex action. Contents 1 Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic 2 The patellar reflex ( knee jerk ) 3 References 4 External links Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic Reflex arc demonstrated When a reflex arc in an animal consists of only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron, it is defined as monosynaptic, referring to the presence of a single chemical synapse. In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes ( patellar reflex, achilles reflex ), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle. By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent ( sensory ) and efferent ( motor ) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain. The patellar reflex ( knee jerk ) Main article : Patellar reflex ( A ) Microscopic hairs etched along the tail of the decapod activate a somatic signal ( 2 ) in response to the presence of an environmental stimulus ( 1 ). ( B ) The action potential activated by the somatic interneuron ( 3 ) relays an impulse to the lateral giant ( LG ) interneuron ( 4 ). ( C ) The lateral giant interneuron executes a reflex by relaying impulses to various giant motor neurons ( 5 ) within the abdomen of the lobster. These muscular contractions result in the decapod being capable of successfully propelling itself through the water, away from the site of stimulus. When the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee, the tap initiates an action potential in a specialized structure known as a muscle spindle located within the quadriceps. This action potential travels to the L3 and L4 nerve roots of the spinal cord, via a sensory axon which chemically communicates by releasing glutamate onto a motor nerve. The result of this motor nerve activity is contraction of the quadriceps muscle, leading to extension of the lower leg at the knee ( i.e. the lower leg kicks forward ). Ultimately, an improper patellar reflex may indicate cerebellar injury. The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles, blocking the sustained stimulation of these antagonistic ( hamstring ) muscles. The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates ( by not opposing ) the extension of the lower leg. In lower animals reflex interneurons do not necessarily reside in the spinal cord, for example as in the lateral giant neuron of crayfish. References ^ Jump up to : Saladin, Kenneth ( 2015 ). Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function. New York : McGraw - Hill. pp. 496 -- 497. ISBN 978 - 0073403717. ^ Jump up to : `` Deep Tendon Reflexes ''. The Precise Neurological Exam. New York University School of Medicine. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016. External links Ole Kæseler Andersen ( 1996 ). Physiological and Pharmacological modulation of the human nociceptive withdrawal reflex ( PDF ) ( PhD Thesis ). Center for Sansory - Motor Interaction, Aalborg University. Overview at sfsu.edu Overview at rutgers.edu ( with animation ) Tutorial at wisc-online.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflex_arc&oldid=845284169 '' Categories : Reflexes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 19 : 14. About Wikipedia

Question: name and describe the 5 components of a typical somatic reflex arc
Answer: Somatic receptors