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The specific problem is : Article contains sentence fragments, poor punctuation, and bad paragraph structure Please help improve this article if you can. ( June 2015 ) Zero - based budgeting originated in the 1970s. Many businesses will budget and plan out things to maintain financials. In the past, businesses would only look at specific things and would assume that everything is already in place and does not need to be double - checked. However, in zero - based budgeting, everything that is to be budgeted needs to be approved. Since zero - based budgeting requires an approval for budgeting, this means that budgets are started from a zero - base, with a fresh decision on everything being made every year. Contents 1 Creator and Definition 2 Misconceptions 3 Advantages 4 Disadvantages 5 Use in Public and Private Sectors 5.1 Background 5.2 Components of a public sector ZBB analysis 5.3 Importance of performance measures 5.4 Impact on government operations 5.5 Use in the Chinese Public Sector 5.6 Use in Private Sector 5.7 Impact of ZBB on stockholders 6 See also 7 References Creator and definition As an accounting manager for Texas Instruments, Pete Pyhrr created zero - based budgeting. In an interview by People magazine, he stated that many line items were historically and traditionally budgeted regardless of the need for the item. Mr. Pyhrr was subsequently asked by Georgia governor Jimmy Carter to manage the Georgia budget process. Pyhrr authored `` Zero Based Budgeting : A Practical Management Tool for Evaluating Expenses ''. According to Peter Sarant, former director of management analysis training for the United States Civil Service Commission, ZBB is `` a technique which complements and links to existing planning, budgeting and review processes. It identifies alternative and efficient methods of utilizing limited resources. It is a flexible management approach which provides a credible rationale for reallocating resources by focusing on a systematic review and justification of the funding and performance levels of current programs. '' Zero - based budgeting is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. Zero - based budgeting starts from a `` zero base '' and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one. ZBB allows top - level strategic goals to be implemented into the budgeting process by tying them to specific functional areas of the organization. Costs can be first grouped, then measured against previous results and current expectations. Misconceptions There are five misconceptions about Zero - Based Budgeting that can make financial advisers shy away from using this type of budgeting. 1. The idea that zero - based budgeting is just starting your budget from a zero sum. The reality is that zero - based budgeting uses an approach that can facilitate cost viability, cost governance, and cost accountability. Using zero based budgeting correctly can lead to better cost management. 2. Using zero - based budgeting is cutting a budget to ribbons. The reality is that the amount of budget cutting depends on what the company / government body wants to do. This type of budget cutting also depends on the bodies top - down savings target. 3. Zero - based budgeting can bog down a business and stop it from doing anything else. The reality is that yes, introducing a new cost management culture within a new business / government body can take some time, it does not always have to create stops. Having a team to implement this type of change can help make the transition easier. 4. Zero - based budgeting only focuses on Selling, General, and Administrative Costs ( SG&A ) The reality is that this type of budgeting tool can be used in any type of cost. The main purposes of zero based budgeting is accountability, viability, aligned incentives, and a rigorous process and all of these can be important to any type of costs. 5. Zero - based budgeting was not created for growth oriented companies. The reality is that zero - based budgeting can be used at any company / government body whether it is being used for cost saving or growth. Zero - based budgeting is not a full slash and burn budgeting technique it can be used in situations to provide strong visibility within a body to create more success. Advantages Accuracy : This type of budgeting help companies to look over every department to make sure they are getting the correct amount of money. Efficiency : It helps judge actual need by focusing on current numbers instead of past budgets. Reduction in wasteful spending : It can remove redundant spending by reexamining potentially unnecessary expenditures. Coordination and Communication : It allows for better communication within departments by involving employees in decision - making and budget prioritization. Disadvantages Bureaucracy : Creating ZBB within a company can take enormous amounts of time, effort, and analysis that would require extra staff. This could cause the process to be counter productive in cutting costs. Corruption : In using ZBB, managers could attempt to skew numbers to make expenditures into vital activities, thus creating a `` need '' for them. This would cause companies to continue wasting money on things they do n't need. Intangible Justifications : This type of budgeting requires departments to justify their budget, which can be difficult on many levels. Departments such as advertising and marketing have to justify expenses they may or may not use in the next year due to the fluctuation of the market. This could cost them profits in the future due to not being able to justify a certain amount. Managerial Time : ZBB comes at the cost of time and extra training for managers. This means extra time every year to do the budget, make adjustments, and receive the proper training to understand how to do ZBB. Slower Response Time : Due to the amount of time and training is required to do ZBB, managerial staff could be less likely to revise the budget in response to a changing market. This means that it will take longer for a company to move money into departments that need it the most at the time. ZBB could potentially leave gaps in a company because the budget might not react to departments ' sudden needs. Use in public and private sectors Background Zero - based budgeting ( ZBB ) in the public sector versus the private sector is a different process. `` The use of ZBB in the private sector has been limited primarily to administrative overhead activities ( i.e. administrative expenses needed to maintain the organization. In the United States Zero - based budgeting was developed in 1969 at Texas Instrument Inc. Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, was the first to adopt the process of zero - base into the government for the preparation of the fiscal of 1973 budget. Three years later, sponsored by the President and Congress the federal government for the first time implemented zero - base budgeting in The Government Economy and Spending Reform act of 1976. President Carter later required the adoption of ZBB by the federal government during the late 1970s. `` Zero - Base Budgeting ( ZBB ) was an executive branch budget formulation process introduced into the federal government in 1977. Its main focus was on optimizing accomplishments available at alternative budgetary levels. Under ZBB agencies were expected to set priorities based on the program results that could be achieved at alternative spending levels, one of which was to be below current funding. '' For the most part in government, the main users of ZBB are the legislative, executive, and the agency. The legislative includes the congress, state legislature, and city council, and they require more summarization and focusing on public priorities and objectives. Agencies include the agency director and department managers and they require more detailed information and focus on program implementation and efficiency. Lastly, the executive includes the President, governors, mayor / city manager and they focus on the needs of the legislature and agency. Although the legislative, the agency, and the executive have different focuses they all have to address two standard questions : Are the current activities efficient and effective ? Should current activities be eliminated or reduced to fund higher - priority new programs ? Or to reduce the current budget ? According to Peter Sarant, the former director of management analysis training for the US Civil Service Commission during the Carter ZBB implementation effort, `` ZBB means ' different things to different people '. '' Some definitions imply that zero - based budgeting is the act of starting budgets from scratch or requiring each program or activity to be justified from the ground up. This is not true ; the acronym ZBB is a misnomer. ZBB is a misnomer because in many large agencies a complete zero - base review of all program elements during one budget period is not feasible ; it would result in excessive paperwork and be an almost impossible task if implemented. '' In many respects the `` common misunderstanding '' of ZBB noted above resembles a `` sunset review '' process more than a traditional public sector ZBB process. Components of a public sector ZBB analysis In an overview of zero - based budgeting, there are a total of three elements that make up the concept : Decision Unit Determination This is the building process of the formulation of a budget structure. Decision Package Formulation When compiling and packaging a budget request, this mechanism is utilized. Ranking This process requires the most attention as it requires a company 's manager ( s ) to prioritize out of a group of decision packages that are laid out to them. In general there are three components that make up public sector ZBB : Identify three alternate funding levels for each decision unit ( Traditionally, this has been a zero - base level, a current funding level and an enhanced service level. ) ; Determine the impact of these funding levels on program ( decision unit ) operations using program performance metrics ; and Rank the program `` decision packages '' for the three funding levels. In many cases, program staffers were asked to look for alternative service delivery models that could deliver services more efficiently at lower funding level. The US General Accounting Office ( GAO ) reviewed past performance budgeting initiatives in 1997 and found that ZBBs `` main focus was on optimizing accomplishments available at alternative budgetary levels : Set priorities based on the program results that could be achieved at alternative spending levels, one of which was to be below current funding. In developing budget forms, these were to be ranked against each other sequentially from the lowest level organizations up through the department and without reference to a past base. In concept, ZBB sought a precise link between budgetary resources and program results. '' Further, `` ZBB illustrated the usefulness of : Defining and presenting alternative funding levels ; and Expanded participation of program managers in the budget process. '' The federal ZBB budgeting system had the following components : `` Budget requests for each decision unit were to be prepared by their managers, who would ( 1 ) identify alternative approaches to achieving the unit 's objectives, ( 2 ) identify several alternative funding levels, including a `` minimum '' level normally below current funding, ( 3 ) prepare `` decision packages '' according to a prescribed format for each unit, including budget and performance information, and ( 4 ) rank the decision packages against each other. '' ZBB was officially eliminated in federal budgeting on August 7, 1981. `` Some participants in the budget process as well as other observers attributed certain program efficiencies, arising from the consideration of alternatives, to ZBB. ZBB established within federal budgeting a requirement to : Present alternative levels of funding ; and Link ( them ) to alternative results. '' This element of the ZBB budgeting process remained in effect through the Reagan, Bush and early Clinton administrations before being eliminated in 1994. → Defining the government program zero - base : As noted earlier, there is often considerable confusion over the meaning of zero - base budgeting. There is no evidence that public sector ZBB has ever included `` building budgets from the bottom up '' and `` reviewing every invoice '' as part of the analysis. In discussions of ZBB, there is often confusion between a ZBB process and a sunset review process. In a sunset review the entire function is eliminated unless evidence is provided of program effectiveness. This confusion ultimately leads to the question : what is a zero - base ? Sarant 's definition of the zero - base based on the federal training experience is : `` A minimum level is actually the grass roots funding level necessary to keep a program alive. Therefore, the minimal level is the `` program or funding level below which it is not feasible to continue a program... because no constructive contribution can be made toward fulfilling its objective. '' Identifying this level of program funding has been subjective and problematic. Consequently, `` some states have selected arbitrary percentages to ensure that an amount smaller than last year 's request in considered. They do this by stipulating that one alternative must be 50, 80, or 90 percent of last year 's request. '' This equates to analyzing the impact on program operations of a 10, 20 or 50 percent reduction in funding as the `` zero base '' funding level. Importance of performance measures Performance measures are a key component of the ZBB process. At the core, ZBB requires quality measures that can be used to analyze the impact of alternative funding scenarios on program operations and outcomes. Without quality measures ZBB simply will not work because decision packages can not be ranked. To perform a ZBB analysis `` alternative decision packages are prepared and ranked, thus allowing marginal utility and comparative analysis. '' Traditionally, a ZBB analysis focused on three types of measures. `` They ( federal agency program staff ) were to identify the key indicators to be used in measuring performance and results. These should be `` measures of : effectiveness, efficiency, and workload for each decision unit. Indirect or proxy indicators could be used if these systems did not exist or were under development. '' Impact on government operations According to the GAO : `` Agencies believed that inadequate time had been allowed to implement the new initiative. The requirement to compress planning and budgeting functions within the time frames of the budget cycle had proven especially difficult, affecting program managers ' ability to identify alternative approaches to accomplishing agency objectives. Some agency officials also believed that the performance information needed for ZBB analysis was lacking. '' According to the National Conference of State Legislatures : `` In its original sense, ZBB meant that no past decisions are taken for granted. Every previous budget decision is up for review. Existing and proposed programs are on an equal footing, and the traditional state practice of altering almost all existing budget lines by small amounts every year or two would be swept away. No state government has ever found this feasible. Even Georgia, where Governor Jimmy Carter introduced ZBB to state budgeting in 1971, employed a much modified form. State programs are not, in practice, amenable to such a radical annual re-examination. Statutes, obligations to local governments, requirements of the federal government, and other past decisions have many times created state funding commitments that are almost impossible to change very much in the short run. Education funding levels are determined in many states partly by state and federal judicial decisions and state constitutional provisions, as well as by statutes. Federal mandates require that state Medicaid funding meet a specific minimum level if Medicaid is to exist at all in a state. Federal law affects environmental program spending, and both state and federal courts help determine state spending on prisons. Much state spending, therefore, can not usefully be subjected to the kind of fundamental re-examination that ZBB in its original form envisions. To the extent that ZBB has encouraged governors and legislators to take a hard look at the impact of incremental changes in state spending, it produced a significant improvement in state budgeting. But in its classic form -- begin all budget evaluations from zero -- ZBB is as unworkable as it ever was. '' Use in the Chinese public sector The concept of ZBB was first introduced to China in the beginning of the 1990s and was primarily focused in the Hubei Province area of China. Just as the United States encountered many problems and failures with ZBB, China too ran into them as well. But even with the numerous problems and failures along the way, they have gradually adjusted appropriately since then to become more effective on using ZBB as a budget reform. Western influence on budgeting was non-existent in China before 1993. It was during the 1990s that China began looking out for a new and modern form of budgeting for their country 's nationwide budget reform. They ended up settling on ZBB. A new policy was set in place to put ZBB into action, known as the DBR, or the Departmental Budgeting Reform. The DBR and ZBB were first implemented in the Hubei province of China. According to Jun Ma, a professor at the university of Nebraska, the beginning years of ZBB in Hubei were a bit rocky as the DBR had not yet been implemented into all the state departments in Hubei. Only a few departments implemented the budgeting system and the results of multiple departments using multiple budgeting systems were not good. It slowly became clear that using ZBB in a traditional sense would not work out. Officials in the Hubei province and the DBR began looking for ways to incorporate the best parts of ZBB and form a new budgeting system that would work for their needs. The result of this change was a Chinese - styled Target - Based Budgeting system. This form of budgeting required bureaucracies and agencies to submit a simple budget within a pre-set time limit. TBB, as a modified form of ZBB, has worked out moderately okay for the Chinese government in Hubei over the years, but many problems still face the budgeting system. Some number of issues ranging from the absence of a unified budget and certain expenditures that are somehow exempt from the ZBB process, to the influence or effects of political factors have been widely noted. Absence of a Budget Unification - Though the Hubei Province has developed a thorough budget by combining expenditures and off - budget revenues into the budget, there yet remains certain types of expenses that are still under the control of certain individuals other than the government Finance Department. Because of this, the difficulty of prioritizing all the possible government programs becomes confusing. Political Factor Influences - No matter what the term or whose term it is, political officials have always had a certain plan or change that they would like to implement that would greatly influence the prioritizing process of ZBB. Certain political officials could say they greatly support a certain program and would like the Finance Department to focus more money into that particular program whilst other political officials would think otherwise. Therefore, any real changes or improvements made will always face opposition unless you have a unified political support. Expenditure exemptions - Ranging from operating and personnel expenses to central government policies that are unfunded that start after the budget year, these are just to name a few things that are excluded from the ZBB process. By not including a large portion of spending into the ZBB process, the effectiveness potential of these reforms becomes greatly reduced. Two notable reforms to the ZBB process include having departments submit budget requests and the use of sunset legislation. Budget requests - These requests are to reflect ( 1 ) a cut of a certain percentage, ( 2 ) current level of spending, and ( 3 ) an increase of a certain percentage. This allows the opportunity of trading between departments of the funding of a lower priority of one department to a higher priority of another. Sunset legislation - This process places a sense of urgency on certain programs implemented or that are currently being funded as that program shall be placed under review to determine efficiency & effectiveness, and see whether the public or government really need this program. ( Bunch ) Use in private sector 3G Capital has become successful using ZBB within their company. Their merger with Kraft Foods in 2015 no doubt helped in making its use successful. This use of ZBB might have continued the subjective notion that this budgeting style is a fix - all for businesses trying to lighten the load of a new company. However, this merger did trigger the use of ZBB within the company and made Kraft Foods review and shave down things like cutting hundreds of management jobs, jettisoning corporate jets, to requiring employees to ask to make photocopies. Impact of ZBB on stockholders The use of ZBB within 3G Capital has been profitable for stockholders. When 3G Capital quickly cut costs within Kraft, their stock prices increased 36 % as a direct result. This type of budgeting enabled companies like Kraft to compete again on price with some of the leaner competition, that had previously undercut Kraft 's prices. Zero - based budgeting helps more money to flow to stockholders than into unused departments, over-funded programs, and wasteful spending habits. See also Envelope system Participatory budgeting Personal budget Programme budgeting Zero deficit budget References Jump up ^ Kesmodel, David ( 27 March 2015 ). `` Meet the Father of Zero - Based Budgeting '' -- via Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ Shaun Callaghan ; Kyle Hawke ; Carey Mignerey ( October 2014 ). `` Five myths ( and realities ) about zero - based budgeting ''. Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://efinancemanagement.com/budgeting/zero-based-budgeting-meaning-advantages-disadvantages Jump up ^ http://www.accountingtools.com/zero-based-budgeting ^ Jump up to : Pyhrr, Peter A. `` The Zero - Base Approach To Government Budgeting. '' PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Jan. 1977. ^ Jump up to : GAO, Performance Budgeting : Past Initiatives Offer Insights for GPRA Implementation ( March 1997 ). ^ Jump up to : Peter Sarant, Zero - base Budgeting in the Public Sector, A Pragmatic Approach ( Addison - Wesley 1978 ). ^ Jump up to : Thomas D. Lynch, Public Budgeting in America ( Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition, 1990 ). Jump up ^ National Conference of State Legislatures, Fundamentals of Sound Budgeting Practices, June 1995 http://www.ncsl.org/IssuesResearch/BudgetTax/FundamentalsofSoundStateBudgetingPractices/tabid/12653/Default.aspx Jump up ^ http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c3a1dffa-07f1-40ee-bdd6-9b8d214840cd@sessionmgr4007&vid=1&hid=4203 Jump up ^ https://hbr.org/2016/06/zero-based-budgeting-is-not-a-wonder-diet-for-companies ^ Jump up to : https://www.wsj.com/articles/from-heinz-to-kraft-zero-based-budgeting-sweeps-across-america-1427308494 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero-based_budgeting&oldid=851855303 '' Categories : Budgets Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with a promotional tone from January 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles lacking focus from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles lacking focus Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing cleanup from June 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018, at 01 : 32 ( UTC ). 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Question: who has given the view of development of zero based budgeting
Answer: an accounting manager for Texas Instruments, Pete Pyhrr