Book of Exodus - wikipedia Book of Exodus This article is about the second book of the Torah and of the Old Testament. For the events related in that book, see The Exodus. For other uses, see Exodus ( disambiguation ). Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Exodus or, simply, Exodus ( from Ancient Greek : ἔξοδος, éxodos, meaning `` going out '' ; Hebrew : וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת ‬, we'elleh shəmōṯ, `` These are the names '', the beginning words of the text : `` These are the names of the sons of Israel '' Hebrew : וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמֹות בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ‬ ), is the second book of the Torah and the Hebrew Bible ( the Old Testament ) immediately following Genesis. The book tells how the Israelites leave slavery in Egypt through the strength of Yahweh, the God who has chosen Israel as his people. Led by their prophet Moses they journey through the wilderness to Mount Sinai, where Yahweh promises them the land of Canaan ( the `` Promised Land '' ) in return for their faithfulness. Israel enters into a covenant with Yahweh who gives them their laws and instructions to build the Tabernacle, the means by which he will come here from heaven and dwell with them and lead them in a holy war to possess the land, and then give them peace. Traditionally ascribed to Moses himself, modern scholarship sees the book as initially a product of the Babylonian exile ( 6th century BCE ), based on earlier written and oral traditions, with final revisions in the Persian post-exilic period ( 5th century BCE ). Carol Meyers in her commentary on Exodus suggests that it is arguably the most important book in the Bible, as it presents the defining features of Israel 's identity : memories of a past marked by hardship and escape, a binding covenant with God, who chooses Israel, and the establishment of the life of the community and the guidelines for sustaining it. Contents 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 3.1 Authorship 3.2 Genre and sources 4 Themes 4.1 Salvation 4.2 Theophany 4.3 Covenant 4.4 Election of Israel 5 Contents according to Judaism 's weekly Torah portions 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Structure There is no unanimous agreement among scholars on the structure of Exodus. One strong possibility is that it is a diptych ( i.e., divided into two parts ), with the division between parts 1 and 2 at the crossing of the Red Sea or at the beginning of the theophany ( appearance of God ) in chapter 19. On this plan, the first part tells of God 's rescue of his people from Egypt and their journey under his care to Sinai ( chapters 1 -- 19 ) and the second tells of the covenant between them ( chapters 20 -- 40 ). Summary Children of Israel in Egypt ( 1867 painting by Edward Poynter ) Jacob 's sons and their families join their brother, Joseph, in Egypt. Once there, the Israelites begin to grow in number. Egypt 's Pharaoh, fearful that the Israelites could be a fifth column, forces the Israelites into slavery and orders that all newborn boys be thrown into the Nile. A Levite woman ( identified elsewhere as Jochebed ) saves her baby by setting him adrift on the river Nile in an ark of bulrushes. The Pharaoh 's daughter finds the child, names him Moses, and brings him up as her own. But Moses is aware of his origins, and one day, when grown, he kills an Egyptian overseer who is beating a Hebrew slave and has to flee into Midian. There he marries Zipporah, the daughter of Midianite priest Jethro, and encounters God in a burning bush. Moses asks God for his name : God replies : `` I AM that I AM. '' God tells Moses to return to Egypt and lead the Hebrews into Canaan, the land promised to Abraham. Moses returns to Egypt and fails to convince the Pharaoh to release the Israelites. God smites the Egyptians with 10 terrible plagues ( Plagues of Egypt ) including a river of blood, many frogs, and the death of first - born sons. Moses leads the Israelites out of bondage after a final chase when the Pharaoh reneges on his coerced consent ( Crossing the Red Sea and Yam Suph ). The desert proves arduous, and the Israelites complain and long for Egypt, but God provides manna and miraculous water for them. The Israelites arrive at the mountain of God, where Moses ' father - in - law Jethro visits Moses ; at his suggestion Moses appoints judges over Israel. God asks whether they will agree to be his people. They accept. The people gather at the foot of the mountain, and with thunder and lightning, fire and clouds of smoke, and the sound of trumpets, and the trembling of the mountain, God appears on the peak, and the people see the cloud and hear the voice ( or possibly `` sound '' ) of God. Moses is told to ascend the mountain. God pronounces the Ten Commandments ( the Ethical Decalogue ) in the hearing of all Israel. Moses goes up the mountain into the presence of God, who pronounces the Covenant Code ( a detailed code of ritual and civil law ), and promises Canaan to them if they obey. Moses comes down the mountain and writes down God 's words and the people agree to keep them. God calls Moses up the mountain where he remains for 40 days and 40 nights. At the conclusion of the 40 days and 40 nights, Moses returns holding the set of stone tablets. God gives Moses instructions for the construction of the tabernacle so that God could dwell permanently among his chosen people, as well as instructions for the priestly vestments, the altar and its appurtenances, the procedure to be used to ordain the priests, and the daily sacrifices to be offered. Aaron is appointed as the first hereditary high priest. God gives Moses the two tablets of stone containing the words of the ten commandments, written with the `` finger of God ''. While Moses is with God, Aaron makes a golden calf, which the people worship. God informs Moses of their apostasy and threatens to kill them all, but relents when Moses pleads for them. Moses comes down from the mountain, smashes the stone tablets in anger, and commands the Levites to massacre the unfaithful Israelites. God commands Moses to make two new tablets on which He will personally write the words that were on the first tablets. Moses ascends the mountain, God dictates the Ten Commandments ( the Ritual Decalogue ), and Moses writes them on the tablets. Moses descends from the mountain, and his face is transformed, so that from that time onwards he has to hide his face with a veil. Moses assembles the Hebrews and repeats to them the commandments he has received from God, which are to keep the Sabbath and to construct the Tabernacle. `` And all the construction of the Tabernacle of the Tent of Meeting was finished, and the children of Israel did according to everything that God had commanded Moses '', and from that time God dwelt in the Tabernacle and ordered the travels of the Hebrews. Composition Moses with the Ten Commandments, by Rembrandt ( 1659 ) Authorship Jewish and Christian tradition viewed Moses as the author of Exodus and the entire Pentateuch, but by the end of the 19th century the increasing awareness of discrepancies, inconsistencies, repetitions and other features of the Pentateuch had led scholars to abandon this idea. In approximate round dates, the process which produced Exodus and the Pentateuch probably began around 600 BCE when existing oral and written traditions were brought together to form books recognisable as those we know, reaching their final form as unchangeable sacred texts around 400 BCE. Genre and sources The story of the exodus is the founding myth of Israel, telling how the Israelites were delivered from slavery by Yahweh and therefore belong to him through the Mosaic covenant. The Book of Exodus is not a historical narrative in any modern sense : modern history writing requires the critical evaluation of sources, and does not accept God as a cause of events, but in Exodus, everything is presented as the work of God, who appears frequently in person, and the historical setting is only very hazily sketched. The purpose of the book is not to record what really happened, but to reflect the historical experience of the exile community in Babylon and later Jerusalem, facing foreign captivity and the need to come to terms with their understanding of God. Although mythical elements are not so prominent in Exodus as in Genesis, ancient legends have an influence on the book 's content : for example, the story of the infant Moses 's salvation from the Nile is based on an earlier legend of king Sargon of Akkad, while the story of the parting of the Red Sea trades on Mesopotamian creation mythology. Similarly, the Covenant Code ( the law code in Exodus 20 : 22 -- 23 : 33 ) has some similarities in both content and structure with the Laws of Hammurabi. These influences serve to reinforce the conclusion that the Book of Exodus originated in the exiled Jewish community of 6th - century BCE Babylon, but not all the sources are Mesopotamian : the story of Moses 's flight to Midian following the murder of the Egyptian overseer may draw on the Egyptian Story of Sinuhe. Themes `` Departure of the Israelites '', by David Roberts, 1829 Salvation Biblical scholars describe the Bible 's theologically - motivated history writing as `` salvation history '', meaning a history of God 's saving actions that give identity to Israel -- the promise of offspring and land to the ancestors, the exodus from Egypt ( in which God saves Israel from slavery ), the wilderness wandering, the revelation at Sinai, and the hope for the future life in the promised land. Theophany A theophany is a manifestation ( appearance ) of a god -- in the Bible, an appearance of the God of Israel, accompanied by storms -- the earth trembles, the mountains quake, the heavens pour rain, thunder peals and lightning flashes. The theophany in Exodus begins `` the third day '' from their arrival at Sinai in chapter 19 : Yahweh and the people meet at the mountain, God appears in the storm and converses with Moses, giving him the Ten Commandments while the people listen. The theophany is therefore a public experience of divine law. The second half of Exodus marks the point at which, and describes the process through which, God 's theophany becomes a permanent presence for Israel via the Tabernacle. That so much of the book ( chapters 25 -- 31, 35 -- 40 ) is spent describing the plans of the Tabernacle demonstrates the importance it played in the perception of Second Temple Judaism at the time of the text 's redaction by the Priestly writers : the Tabernacle is the place where God is physically present, where, through the priesthood, Israel could be in direct, literal communion with him. Covenant The heart of Exodus is the Sinaitic covenant. A covenant is a legal document binding two parties to take on certain obligations towards each other. There are several covenants in the Bible, and in each case they exhibit at least some of the elements found in real - life treaties of the ancient Middle East : a preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, deposition and reading, list of witnesses, blessings and curses, and ratification by animal sacrifice. Biblical covenants, in contrast to Eastern covenants in general, are between a god, Yahweh, and a people, Israel, instead of between a strong ruler and a weaker vassal. Election of Israel Israel is elected for salvation because the `` sons of Israel '' are `` the firstborn son '' of the God of Israel, descended through Shem and Abraham to the chosen line of Jacob whose name is changed to Israel. The goal of the divine plan as revealed in Exodus is a return to humanity 's state in Eden, so that God can dwell with the Israelites as he had with Adam and Eve through the Ark and Tabernacle, which together form a model of the universe ; in later Abrahamic religions this came to be interpreted as Israel being the guardian of God 's plan for humanity, to bring `` God 's creation blessing to mankind '' begun in Adam. Contents according to Judaism 's weekly Torah portions `` Crossing of the Red Sea '', Nicholas Poussin Main article : Weekly Torah portion Shemot, on Exodus 1 -- 5 : Affliction in Egypt, Moses is found and called, Pharaoh Va'eira, on Exodus 6 -- 9 : Plagues 1 to 7 of Egypt Bo, on Exodus 10 -- 13 : Last plagues of Egypt, first Passover Beshalach, on Exodus 13 -- 17 : Parting the Sea, water, manna, Amalek Yitro, on Exodus 18 -- 20 : Jethro 's advice, The Ten Commandments Mishpatim, on Exodus 21 -- 24 : The Covenant Code Terumah, on Exodus 25 -- 27 : God 's instructions on the Tabernacle and furnishings Tetzaveh, on Exodus 27 -- 30 : God 's instructions on the first priests Ki Tissa, on Exodus 30 -- 34 : Census, anointing oil, golden calf, stone tablets, Moses radiant Vayakhel, on Exodus 35 -- 38 : Israelites collect gifts, make the Tabernacle and furnishings Pekudei, on Exodus 38 -- 40 : The Tabernacle is set up and filled See also Bible portal The Exodus Ketef Hinnom Moses Song of the sea Tabernacle Film adaptations of the Book of Exodus History of the Jews in Ancient Egypt References Citations Jump up ^ Dozeman, p. 1. Jump up ^ Johnstone, p. 72. Jump up ^ Finkelstein, I., Silberman, NA., The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, p. 68 Jump up ^ Meyers, p. xv. Jump up ^ Meyers, p. 17. Jump up ^ Stuart, p. 19. Jump up ^ Exodus 31 : 18 ; Deuteronomy 9 : 10 Jump up ^ Meyers, p. 16. Jump up ^ McEntire 2008, p. 8. Jump up ^ Sparks 2010, p. 73. Jump up ^ Fretheim, p. 7. ^ Jump up to : Dozeman, p. 9. Jump up ^ Houston, p. 68. Jump up ^ Fretheim, p. 8. Jump up ^ Kugler, Hartin, p. 74. Jump up ^ Dozeman, p. 4. Jump up ^ Dozeman, p. 427. Jump up ^ Dempster, p. 107. Jump up ^ Wenham, p. 29. Jump up ^ Meyers, p. 148. Jump up ^ Meyers, pp. 149 -- 150. Jump up ^ Meyers, p. 150. Jump up ^ Dempster, p. 100. Bibliography Childs, Brevard S ( 1979 ). The book of Exodus. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780664229689. Dempster, Stephen G ( 2006 ). Dominion and dynasty. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830826155. Dozeman, Thomas B ( 2009 ). Commentary on Exodus. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802826176. Fretheim, Terence E ( 1991 ). Exodus. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664237349. Houston, Walter J ( 1998 ). `` Exodus ''. In John Barton. Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005. Johnstone, William D ( 2003 ). `` Exodus ''. In James D.G. Dunn, John William Rogerson. Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110. Kugler, Robert ; Hartin, Patrick ( 2009 ). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846365. McEntire, Mark ( 2008 ). Struggling with God : An Introduction to the Pentateuch. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780881461015. Meyers, Carol ( 2005 ). Exodus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521002912. Newman, Murray L ( 2000 ) Exodus Forward Movement Publications Plaut, Gunther. The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( 1981 ), ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0055 - 6 Sparks, Kenton L. ( 2010 ). `` Genre Criticism ''. In Dozeman, Thomas B. Methods for Exodus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139487382. Stuart, Douglas K ( 2006 ). Exodus. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401028. Wenham, Gordon ( 1979 ). The book of Leviticus. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825223. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Exodus Wikisource has original text related to this article : Exodus ( Bible ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Exodus. Exodus at BibleGateway.com Exodus at Bible-Book.Org Shmot ( book of Exodus ) - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition, Menachem Cohen, Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) Exodus at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) Exodus ( The Living Torah ) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan 's translation and commentary at Ort.org Shemot -- Exodus ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Shmot ( Original Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) Exodus public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Book of Exodus Pentateuch Preceded by Genesis Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Leviticus Christian Old Testament Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Timeline of the Ancient Near East Book of Exodus media Art The Crossing of the Red Sea ( 1482 ) Crossing of the Red Sea ( 1542 ) The Crossing of the Red Sea ( 1634 ) The Adoration of the Golden Calf ( 1634 ) Victory O Lord ! ( 1871 ) Film Biblical The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) The Moon of Israel ( 1924 ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) Moses und Aron ( 1973 ) Moses the Lawgiver ( 1974 ) Moses ( 1995 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Exodus Decoded ( 2006 ) The Ten Commandments ( 2006 ) The Ten Commandments ( 2007 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Ten Commandments : The Movie ( 2016 ) Modern settings The Abominable Dr. Phibes ( 1971 ) The Reaping ( 2007 ) Exodus ( 2007 ) Musical Les Dix Commandements ( 2000 ) The Ten Commandments : The Musical ( 2004 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 2015 ) Opera Mosè in Egitto ( 1818 ) Moses und Aron ( 1951 ) Music Exodus ( 2002 ) Plague Songs ( 2006 ) Television `` Duke and the Great Pie War '' ( 2005 ) `` Moe and the Big Exit '' ( 2007 ) Os Dez Mandamentos ( 2015 telenovela ) Literature Exodus Moon of Israel ( 1918 ) The Tables of the Law ( 1944 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&oldid=817264728 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books 5th - century BC books Book of Exodus Torah books Books in political philosophy Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017, at 07 : 19. 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Question: when was the book of exodus in the bible written
Answer: 600 BCE