Hindu Kush - Wikipedia Hindu Kush `` Hindukush '' redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Hendukosh. Coordinates : 35 ° N 71 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 35 ° N 71 ° E ﻿ / 35 ; 71 Hindu Kush Hindu Kush range Highest point Peak Tirich Mir Elevation 7,708 m ( 25,289 ft ) Coordinates 36 ° 14 ′ 45 '' N 71 ° 50 ′ 38 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 36.24583 ° N 71.84389 ° E ﻿ / 36.24583 ; 71.84389 Geography Topography of the Hindu Kush range Countries List Afghanistan Pakistan China Tajikistan Region Central Asia - South Parent range Himalayas Hindu Kush and its extending mountain ranges to the west. The Hindu Kush ( / kʊʃ, kuːʃ / ), also known in Ancient Greek as the Caucasus Indicus ( Ancient Greek : Καύκασος Ινδικός ) or Paropamisadae ( Ancient Greek : Παροπαμισάδαι ), in Pashto and Persian as هندوکش ‬, is an 800 - kilometre - long ( 500 mi ) mountain range that stretches near the Afghan - Pakistan border, from central Afghanistan to northern Pakistan. It forms the western section of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region ( HKH ). It divides the valley of the Amu Darya ( the ancient Oxus ) to the north from the Indus River valley to the south. The Hindu Kush range has numerous high snow - capped peaks, with the highest point in the Hindu Kush being Tirich Mir or Terichmir at 7,708 metres ( 25,289 ft ) in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To the north, near its northeastern end, the Hindu Kush buttresses the Pamir Mountains near the point where the borders of China, Pakistan and Afghanistan meet, after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border. The eastern end of the Hindu Kush in the north merges with the Karakoram Range. Towards its southern end, it connects with the Spin Ghar Range near the Kabul River. According to Gnoli, `` if we compare the first chapter of the Vidēvdād with the passages of geographical interest that we come across mainly in the great ( Zoroastrian ) yašts, we can conclude that the geographical area of Avesta was dominated by the Hindu Kush range at the center, the western boundary being marked by the districts of Margiana, Areia, and Drangiana, the eastern one by the Indo - Iranian frontier regions such as Gandhāra, Bunēr, the land of the Seven Rivers. '' The Hindu Kush range region was later a historically significant centre of Buddhism with sites such as the Bamiyan Buddhas. The range and communities settled in it hosted ancient monasteries, important trade networks, and travelers between Central Asia and South Asia. The Hindu Kush range has also been the passageway during the invasions of the Indian subcontinent, and continues to be important during modern era warfare in Afghanistan. Contents 1 Geology and formation 2 Origin of name 2.1 Other names 3 Mountains 3.1 Eastern Hindu Kush 3.2 Highest mountains 4 History 4.1 Ancient 4.2 Medieval era 4.2. 1 Slavery 4.3 Modern era 5 Ethnography 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 7.2 Further reading 8 External links Geology and formation Geologically, the range is rooted in the formation of a subcontinent from a region of Gondwana that drifted away from East Africa about 160 million years ago, around the Middle Jurassic period. The Indian subcontinent, Australia and islands of Indian Ocean rifted further, drifting northeastwards, with the Indian subcontinent colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Palaeocene. This collision created the Himalayas, including the Hindu Kush. The Hindu Kush range remains geologically active and is still rising. It is prone to earthquakes. Origin of name The origins of the name Hindu Kush are uncertain, with various theories being propounded by different scholars and writers. According to Hobson - Jobson, the name might be a possible corruption of Indicus Caucasus, with another explanation mentioned first by Ibn Batuta remaining popular despite doubts upon it, and the modification of the name by some later writers into Hindu Koh is factitious and throws no light on the name 's origin. In the time of Alexander the Great, the Hindu Kush range was referred to as the Caucasus Indicus or the `` Caucasus of the Indus River '' ( as opposed to the Greater Caucasus range between the Caspian and Black Seas ), and in the time of Islam in India, the regular invasions possibly derived Hind Kash as Hindu Kush Hindū Kūh ( ھندوکوه ‬ ) and Kūh - e Hind ( کوهِ ھند ‬ ) usually applied to the entire range separating the basins of the Kabul and Helmand Rivers from that of the Amu Darya, or, more specifically, to that part of the range lying northwest of Kabul. Sanskrit documents refer to the Hindu Kush as Hind kshetra in short Hind Kash as frontier lands of India. `` Kash as in Kashmir ( pronounced as कश in Hindi, in English written as Kush ) '' word also synonym of frontier part of a `` Kusha '' grass. Hind Kash all around from Amu Darya ( in Vedic Sanskrit Vakṣu ( वक्षु ) river ) to Kashmir was Kshetra ( place ) for meditation and teaching by founders of Hinduism. The mountain range was called `` Paropamisadae '' by Hellenic Greeks in the late first millennium BC. The word Koh or Kuh means `` mountain '' in the local language, Khowar. According to Nigel Allan, Hindu Kush meant both `` mountains of India '' and `` sparkling snows of India '', as he notes, from a Central Asian perspective. Furthermore, some believe it to be the name derived from the rule of the Hindu god Rama 's son, Kusha, who ruled in Kasur, in present - day Punjab, Pakistan. Hindū Kūh ( ھندوکوه ) and Kūh - e Hind ( کوهِ ھند ) are usually applied to the entire range separating the basins of the Kabul and Helmand rivers from that of the Amu River ( ancient Oxus ), or more specifically, to that part of the range lying northwest of the Afghan capital Kabul. Sanskrit documents refer to the Hindu Kush as Pāriyātra Parvata ( पारियात्र पर्वत ) The Persian - English dictionary indicates that the word ' koš ' ( khoʃ ) is derived from the verb ( ' koštan ' کشتن ‬ ( khoʃˈt̪hæn ) ), meaning `` to kill ''. According to Francis Joseph Steingass, the word and suffix `` - kush '' means `` a male ; ( imp. of kushtan in comp. ) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as azhdaha - kush ''. A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language gives the meaning of the word kush as `` hotbed ''. According to one interpretation, the name Hindu Kush means `` kills the Hindu '' or `` Hindu killer '' and is a reminder of the days when slaves from the Indian subcontinent died in the harsh weather typical of the Afghan mountains while being taken to Central Asia. The World Book Encyclopedia states that the word kush means death, and was probably given to the mountains because of their dangerous passes. In his travel memoirs about India, the 14th century Moroccan traveller Muhammad Ibn Battuta mentioned crossing into India via the mountain passes of the Hindu Kush. In his Rihla, he mentions these mountains and the history of the range in slave trading. Alexander von Humboldt stated that it can be learned from his work that the name only referred to a single mountain pass upon which many Indian slaves died of the cold weather. Battuta wrote, After this I proceeded to the city of Barwan, in the road to which is a high mountain, covered with snow and exceedingly cold ; they call it the Hindu Kush, that is Hindu - slayer, because most of the slaves brought thither from India die on account of the intenseness of the cold. -- Ibn Batutta, Chapter XIII, Rihla -- Khorasan An 1879 map of Hindu Kush and its passes by Royal Geographic Society. Kabul is in lower left, Kashmir in lower right. The name Hindu Kush is relatively young, states Ervin Grötzbach, and it is `` missing from the accounts of the early Arab geographers and occurs for the first time in Ibn Baṭṭuṭa ( ca. 1330 ) ''. Ibn Baṭṭuṭa, states Grötzbach, saw the `` origin of the name Hindu Kush ( Hindu - killer ) in the fact that numerous Hindu slaves died crossing the pass on their way from India to Turkestan ''. In contrast, state Fosco Maraini and Nigel Allan, the earliest known usage occurs on a map published about 1000 CE. According to Allan, the term Hindu Kush has been commonly seen to mean `` Hindu killer '', but two other meanings of the term include `` sparkling snows of India '' and `` mountains of India '' with `` Kush '' possibly a soft variant of Kuh which means `` mountain ''. Hindu Kush in Arabic means mountains of India. To Arab geographers, states Allan, Hindu Kush was the frontier boundary where Hindustan started. According to McColl, the origins of the Hindu Kush name are controversial. Along with its origin in the perishing of Indian slaves, two other possibilities exist. The term could be a corruption of Hindu Koh from pre-Islamic times where it separated Hindu population of southern Afghanistan from non-Hindu population in northern Afghanistan. The second possibility is that the name may be from the ancient Avestan language, with the meaning `` water mountain ''. Other names The mountain range was also called `` Paropamisadae '' by Hellenic Greeks in the late first millennium BC. Some 19th century Encyclopedias and gazetteers state that the term Hindu Kush originally applied only to the peak in the area of the Kushan Pass, which had become a centre of the Kushan Empire by the first century. Some scholars remove the space, and refer to Hindu Kush as `` Hindukush ''. Mountains This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( July 2017 ) The Hindu Kush is a formidable mountain range to cross with most peaks being between 14,500 and 17,000 feet, and some much higher. The mountains experience heavy snowfall and blizzards, with the lowest mountain pass through them being southern Shibar pass ( 9,000 feet ) where the Hindu Kush range terminates. Other mountain passes being generally about 12,000 or higher. They become passable in late spring and summer. The mountains of the Hindu Kush range diminish in height as they stretch westward. Near Kabul, in the west, they attain heights of 3,500 to 4,000 meters ( 11,500 to 13,100 ft ) ; in the east they extend from 4,500 to 6,000 meters ( 14,800 to 19,700 ft ). The average altitude of the Hindu Kush is 4,500 meters ( 14,800 feet ). The Hindu Kush system stretches about 966 kilometres ( 600 mi ) laterally, and its median north - south measurement is about 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ). Only about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) of the Hindu Kush system is called the Hindu Kush mountains. The rest of the system consists of numerous smaller mountain ranges. Rivers that flow from the mountain system include the Helmand River, the Hari River and the Kabul River, watersheds for the Sistan Basin. The lower Sistan basin gets little rainfall ( ~ 50 mm per year ) and the main source of water is the Helmand River which brings snowmelt water from the southern Hindu Kush. The smaller Khash, the Farah and the Arashkan ( Harut ) rivers bring water from the western Hindu Kush. The basin of these rivers serves the ecology and economy of the region west to Hindu Kush, but the water flow in these rivers fluctuates severely and has been a historical problem for any settlement. Extreme and extended droughts have been common. A Badakhshan valley ( left ), August in Hindu Kush. The Hindu Kush are orographically described in several parts. The western Hindu Kush, states Yarshater, rises to over 5,100 meters and stretches between Darra - ye Sekari and the Shibar Pass in the west and the Khawak Pass in the east. The central Hindu Kush rising over 6,800 meters has numerous spurs between the Khawak Pass in the east and the Durāh Pass in the west. The eastern Hindu Kush with peaks over 7,000 meter extends from the Durāh Pass to the Baroghil Pass at the border between northeastern Afghanistan and north Pakistan. The ridges between Khawak Pass and Badakshan is over 5,800 meter and is called the Kaja Mohammed range. The Hindu Kush, states Yarshater, are a part of the `` young Eurasian mountain range consisting of metamorphic rocks such as schist, gneiss and marble, as well as of intrusives such as granite, diorite of different age and size ''. The northern regions of the Hindu Kush witness Himalayan winter and have glaciers, while its southeastern end witness the fringe of Indian subcontinent summer monsoons. From about 1,300 to 2,300 meter, states Yarshater, `` sklerophyllous forests are predominant with Quercus and Olea ( wild olive ) ; above that up to a height of about 3,300 m one finds coniferous forests with cedars, Picea, Abies, Pinus, and junipers ''. The inner valleys of the Hindu Kush see little rain and have desert vegetation. Numerous high passes ( `` kotal '' ) transect the mountains, forming a strategically important network for the transit of caravans. The most important mountain pass is the Salang Pass ( Kotal - e Salang ) ( 3,878 m ) ; it links Kabul and points south of it to northern Afghanistan. The completion of a tunnel within this pass in 1964 reduced travel time between Kabul and the north to a few hours. Previously access to the north through the Kotal - e Shibar ( 3,260 m ) took three days. The Salang tunnel at 3,363 m and the extensive network of galleries on the approach roads were constructed with Soviet financial and technological assistance and involved drilling 1.7 miles through the heart of the Hindu Kush. The Salang tunnel is on Afghan Highway 76, northwest of Golbahar town, and has been an active area of armed conflict with various parties trying to control it. These mountainous areas are mostly barren, or at the most sparsely sprinkled with trees and stunted bushes. Very ancient mines producing lapis lazuli are found in Kowkcheh Valley, while gem - grade emeralds are found north of Kabul in the valley of the Panjsher River and some of its tributaries. According to Walter Schumann, the West Hindu Kush mountains have been the source of finest Lapis Lazuli for thousands of years. Eastern Hindu Kush This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( July 2017 ) The Eastern Hindu Kush range, also known as the High Hindu Kush range, is mostly located in northern Pakistan and the Nuristan and Badakhshan provinces of Afghanistan. The Chitral District of Pakistan is home to Tirich Mir, Noshaq, and Istoro Nal, the highest peaks in the Hindu Kush. The range also extends into Ghizar, Yasin Valley, and Ishkoman in Pakistan 's Northern Areas. Chitral, Pakistan, is considered to be the pinnacle of the Hindu Kush region. The highest peaks, as well as countless passes and massive glaciers, are located in this region. The Chiantar, Kurambar, and Terich glaciers are amongst the most extensive in the Hindu Kush and the meltwater from these glaciers form the Kunar River, which eventually flows south into Afghanistan and joins the Bashgal, Panjshir, and eventually the much smaller Kabul River. Highest mountains Name Height Country Tirich Mir 7,708 metres ( 25,289 ft ) Pakistan Noshak 7,492 metres ( 24,580 ft ) Afghanistan, Pakistan Istor - o - Nal 7,403 metres ( 24,288 ft ) Pakistan Saraghrar 7,338 metres ( 24,075 ft ) Pakistan Udren Zom 7,140 metres ( 23,430 ft ) Pakistan Lunkho e Dosare 6,901 metres ( 22,641 ft ) Afghanistan, Pakistan Kuh - e Bandaka 6,843 metres ( 22,451 ft ) Afghanistan Koh - e Keshni Khan 6,743 metres ( 22,123 ft ) Afghanistan Sakar Sar 6,272 metres ( 20,577 ft ) Afghanistan, Pakistan Kohe Mondi 6,234 metres ( 20,453 ft ) Afghanistan History Kabul, situated 5,900 feet ( 1,800 m ) above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged between the Hindu Kush mountains The mountains have historical significance in the Indian subcontinent and China. The Hindu Kush range was a major centre of Buddhism with sites such as the Bamiyan Buddhas. It has also been the passageway during the invasions of the Indian subcontinent, a region where the Taliban and Al Qaeda grew, and to modern era warfare in Afghanistan. Buddhas of Bamiyan, Afghanistan in 1896 ( top ) and after destruction in 2001 by the Taliban Islamists. Buddhism was widespread in the ancient Hindu Kush region. Ancient artwork of Buddhism include the giant rock carved statues called the Bamiyan Buddha, in the southern and western end of the Hindu Kush. These statues were blown up by the Taliban Islamists. The southeastern valleys of Hindu Kush connecting towards the Indus Valley region were a major centre that hosted monasteries, religious scholars from distant lands, trade networks and merchants of ancient Indian subcontinent. One of the early Buddhist schools, the Mahāsāṃghika - Lokottaravāda, was prominent in the area of Bamiyan. The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang visited a Lokottaravāda monastery in the 7th century CE, at Bamiyan, Afghanistan. Birchbark and palm leaf manuscripts of texts in this monastery 's collection, including Mahāyāna sūtras, have been discovered in the caves of Hindu Kush, and these are now a part of the Schøyen Collection. Some manuscripts are in the Gāndhārī language and Kharoṣṭhī script, while others are in Sanskrit and written in forms of the Gupta script. According to Alfred Foucher, the Hindu Kush and nearby regions gradually converted to Buddhism by the 1st century CE, and this region was the base from where Buddhism crossed the Hindu Kush expanding into the Oxus valley region of Central Asia. After the Islamic conquest of the region and Islam becoming the state religion, Buddhism vanished and locals became Muslims. Ancient The significance of the Hindu Kush mountain range has been recorded since the time of Darius I of Persia. Alexander the Great entered the Indian subcontinent through the Hindu Kush as his army moved past Bactria into the Afghan valley in the spring of 329 BCE. He moved towards the Indus valley river region in 327 BCE, his armies building several towns in this region over the intervening two years. After Alexander the Great 's death in 323 BCE, the region became part of the Seleucid Empire, according to the ancient history of Strabo written in 1st century BCE, before it became a part of the Indian Maurya Empire around 305 BCE. The region became a part of the Kushan Empire in centuries around the start of the common era. Medieval era The lands north of the Hindu Kush, in the Hephthalite dominion, Buddhism was the predominant religion by mid 1st millennium CE. These Buddhists were religiously tolerant and they co-existed with followers of Zoroastrianism, Manichaseism and Nestorian Christianity. This Central Asia region along the Hindu Kush was taken over by Western Turks and Arabs by the eighth century, facing wars with mostly Iranians. One major exception was the period in mid to late seventh century, when the Tang dynasty from China destroyed the Northern Turks and extended its rule all the way to Oxus River valley and regions of Central Asia bordering all along the Hindu Kush. Hindu Kush relative to Bactria, Bamiyan, Kabul and Gandhara ( bottom right ). The subcontinent side and valleys of the Hindu Kush remained unconquered by the Islamic armies till the 9th century, even though they had conquered the southern regions of Indus River valley such as Sind. Kabul fell to the army of Al - Ma'mun, the seventh Abbasid caliph, in 808 and the local king agreed to accept Islam and pay annual tributes to the caliph. However, states André Wink, inscriptional evidence suggests that Kabul area near Hindu Kush had an early presence of Islam. Mahmud of Ghazni came to power in 998 CE, in Ghazna, Afghanistan south of Kabul and Hindu Kush range. He began a military campaign that rapidly brought both sides of the Hindu Kush range under his rule. From his mountainous Afghan base, he systematically raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030. Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries of kingdoms, sacked cities and destroyed Hindu temples, with each campaign starting every spring, but he and his army returned to Ghazni and Hindu Kush base before monsoons arrived in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. He retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab. In 1017, the Iranian Islamic historian Al - Biruni was deported after a war that Mahmud of Ghazni won, to northwest Indian subcontinent under Mahmud 's rule. Al Biruni stayed in the region for about fifteen years, learnt Sanskrit and translated many Indian texts, and wrote about Indian society, culture, sciences and religion in Persian and Arabic. He stayed for some time in the Hindu Kush region, particularly near Kabul. In 1019, he recorded and described a solar eclipse in what is modern era Laghman Province of Afghanistan through which Hindu Kush pass. Al Biruni also wrote about early history of the Hindu Kush region and Kabul kings, who ruled the region long before he arrived, but this history is inconsistent with other records available from that era. Al Biruni was supported by Sultan Mahmud. Al Biruni found it difficult to get access to Indian literature locally in the Hindu Kush area, and to explain this he wrote, `` Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed wondeful exploits by which the Hindus became the atoms scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people. (... ) This is the reason, too, why Hindu sciences have retired far from those parts of the country conquered by us, and have fled to places which our hand can not yet reach, to Kashmir, Benares and other places ''. In late 12th century, the historically influential Ghurid empire led by Mu'izz al - Din ruled the Hindu Kush region. He was influential in seeding the Delhi Sultanate, shifting the base of his Sultanate from south of the Hindu Kush range and Ghazni towards the Yamuna River and Delhi. He thus helped bring the Islamic rule to the northern plains of Indian subcontinent. The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta arrived in the Delhi Sultanate by passing through the Hindu Kush. The mountain passes of the Hindu Kush range were used by Timur and his army and they crossed to launch the 1398 invasion of northern Indian subcontinent. Timur, also known as Temur or Tamerlane in Western scholarly literature, marched with his army to Delhi, plundering and killing all the way. He arrived in the capital Delhi where his army looted and killed its residents. Then he carried the wealth and the captured slaves, returning to his capital through the Hindu Kush. Babur, the founder of Mughal Empire, was a patrilineal descendant of Timur with roots in Central Asia. He first established himself and his army in Kabul and the Hindu Kush region. In 1526, he made his move into north India, won the Battle of Panipat, ending the last Delhi Sultanate dynasty, and starting the era of the Mughals. Slavery Slavery, as with all major ancient and medieval societies, has been a part of Central Asia and South Asia history. The Hindu Kush mountain passes connected the slave markets of Central Asia with slaves seized in South Asia. The seizure and transportation of slaves from Indian subcontinent became intense in and after the 8th century CE, with evidence suggesting that the slave transport involved `` hundreds of thousands '' of slaves from India in different periods of Islamic rule era. According to John Coatsworth and others, the slave trading operations during the pre-Akbar Mughal and Delhi Sultanate era `` sent thousands of Hindus every year north to Central Asia to pay for horses and other goods ''. However, the interaction between Central Asia and South Asia through the Hindu Kush was not limited to slavery, it included trading in food, goods, horses and weapons. The practice of raiding tribes, hunting and kidnapping people for slave trading continued through the 19th century, at an extensive scale, around Hindu Kush. According to a British Anti-Slavery Society report of 1874, the Governor of Faizabad, Mir Ghulam Bey, kept 8,000 horses and cavalry men who routinely captured non-Muslim infidels ( kafir ) as well as Shia Muslims as slaves. Others alleged to be involved in slave trade were feudal lords such as Ameer Sheer Ali. The isolated communities in the Hindu Kush were one of the targets of these slave hunting expeditions. Modern era Landscape of Afghanistan with a T - 62 in the foreground. In early 19th century, the Sikh Empire expanded under Ranjit Singh in the northwest till the Hindu Kush range. The Hindu Kush served as a geographical barrier to the British empire, leading to paucity of information and scarce direct interaction between the British colonial officials and Central Asian peoples. The British had to rely on tribal chiefs, Sadozai and Barakzai noblemen for information, and they generally downplayed the reports of slavery and other violence for geo - political strategic considerations. In the colonial era, the Hindu Kush were considered, informally, the dividing line between Russian and British areas of influence in Afghanistan. During the Cold War the Hindu Kush range became a strategic theatre, especially during the 1980s when Soviet forces and their Afghan allies fought the Mujahideen with support from the US allies channeled through Pakistan. After the Soviet withdrawal and the end of the Cold War, many Mujahideen morphed into Taliban and Al Qaeda forces imposing a strict interpretation of Islamic law ( Sharia ), with Kabul, these mountains and other parts of Afghanistan as their base. Other Mujahideen joined the Northern Alliance to oppose the Taliban rule. After September 11, 2001 terror attacks in New York, the American and ISAF campaign against Al Qaeda and their Taliban allies made the Hindu Kush once again a militarized conflict zone. Ethnography Pre-Islamic populations of the Hindu Kush included Shins, Yeshkun, Chiliss, Neemchas Koli, Palus, Gaware, Yeshkuns, and Krammins. See also Mount Imeon Paropamisus Mountains Himalayas A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush Geography of Afghanistan Geography of Pakistan Hindustan List of highest mountains ( a list of mountains above 7,200 m ) List of mountain ranges 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes 2005 Hindu Kush earthquake References Jump up ^ Hindu Kush, Encyclopedia Iranica ^ Jump up to : Mike Searle ( 2013 ). Colliding Continents : A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 165248 - 6., Quote : `` The Hindu Kush mountains run along the Afghan border with the North - West Frontier Province of Pakistan ''. Jump up ^ George C. 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Wiley - Blackwell. 19 ( 12 ) : 2329 -- 2338. doi : 10.1002 / hyp. 5887. ^ Jump up to : Scott - Macnab, David ( 1994 ). On the roof of the world. London : Reader 's Digest Assiciation Ldt. p. 22. Jump up ^ History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin, UNEP, United Nations, pages 5, 12 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Ehsan Yarshater ( 2003 ). Encyclopædia Iranica. The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. p. 312. ISBN 978 - 0 - 933273 - 76 - 4. Jump up ^ John Laffin ( 1997 ). The World in Conflict : War Annual 8 : Contemporary Warfare Described and Analysed. Brassey 's. pp. 24 -- 25. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85753 - 216 - 6. Jump up ^ Walter Schumann ( 2009 ). Gemstones of the World. Sterling. p. 188. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6829 - 3. Jump up ^ Claudio Margottini ( 2013 ). After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan ( Afghanistan ) in 2001 : A UNESCO 's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches. Springer. pp. 5 -- 6. ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 30051 - 6. Jump up ^ Magnus, Ralph H. ( 1998 ). `` Afghanistan in 1997 : The War Moves North ''. Asian Survey. University of California Press. 38 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 115. doi : 10.2307 / 2645667. ^ Jump up to : Jan Goldman ( 2014 ). The War on Terror Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. pp. 360 -- 362. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 511 - 4. Jump up ^ ASOKA MUKHANAGAVINAYAPARICCHEDA, The Schoyen Collection, Quote : `` Provenance : 1. Buddhist monastery of Mahasanghika, Bamiyan, Afghanistan ( − 7th c. ) ; 2. Cave in Hindu Kush, Bamiyan. '' Jump up ^ `` Schøyen Collection : Buddhism ''. Retrieved 23 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Afghan archaeologists find Buddhist site as war rages ''. Sayed Salahuddin. News Daily. Aug 17, 2010. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16. Jump up ^ Jason Neelis ( 2010 ). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks : Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 234 -- 235. ISBN 90 - 04 - 18159 - 8. Jump up ^ Lars Fogelin ( 2015 ). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 6 -- 11, 218, 229 -- 230. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 994823 - 9. Jump up ^ Sheila Canby ( 1993 ). `` Depictions of Buddha Sakyamuni in the Jami al - Tavarikh and the Majma al - Tavarikh ''. Muqarnas. 10 : 299 -- 310. doi : 10.2307 / 1523195. Jump up ^ Michael Jerryson ( 2016 ). The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism. Oxford University Press. p. 464. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 936239 - 4. Jump up ^ Peter Marsden ( 1998 ). The Taliban : War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85649 - 522 - 6. Jump up ^ Peter Marsden ( 1998 ). The Taliban : War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1 -- 2. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85649 - 522 - 6. Jump up ^ Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād ( 1972 ). `` An Historical Guide to Kabul -- The Name ''. American International School of Kabul. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010. Jump up ^ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor ( 1987 ). E.J. Brill 's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913 -- 1936. 2. BRILL. p. 159. ISBN 90 - 04 - 08265 - 4. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : André Wink ( 2002 ). Al - Hind, the Making of the Indo - Islamic World : Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th -- 11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. pp. 110 -- 111. ISBN 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8. Jump up ^ M.A. Shaban ( 1979 ). The ' Abbāsid Revolution. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8 -- 9. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29534 - 5. Jump up ^ André Wink ( 2002 ). Al - Hind, the Making of the Indo - Islamic World : Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th -- 11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. pp. 114 -- 115. ISBN 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8. ^ Jump up to : André Wink ( 2002 ). Al - Hind, the Making of the Indo - Islamic World : Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th -- 11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. pp. 9 -- 10, 123. ISBN 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8. ^ Jump up to : André Wink ( 2002 ). Al - Hind, the Making of the Indo - Islamic World : Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th -- 11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. p. 124. ISBN 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Hermann Kulke ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 164 -- 165. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32919 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Peter Jackson ( 2003 ). The Delhi Sultanate : A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3 -- 4, 6 -- 7. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54329 - 3. Jump up ^ T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India : The Development of British Forces in South Asia : 1600 -- 1947, ( Manchester University Press, 1995 ), pp 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Barnett, Lionel ( 1999 ), Antiquities of India : An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan, p. 1, at Google Books, Atlantic pp. 73 -- 79 ^ Jump up to : Al - Biruni Bobojan Gafurov ( June 1974 ), The Courier Journal, UNESCO, page 13 Jump up ^ William J. Duiker ; Jackson J. Spielvogel ( 2013 ). The Essential World History, Volume I : To 1800. Cengage. p. 228. ISBN 1 - 133 - 60772 - 1. Jump up ^ K.A. Nizami ( 1998 ). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. p. 186. ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 103467 - 1. Jump up ^ Peter Jackson ( 2003 ). The Delhi Sultanate : A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7 -- 15, 24 -- 27. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54329 - 3. Jump up ^ Francis Robinson ( 1996 ). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66993 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Peter Jackson ( 2003 ). The Delhi Sultanate : A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 311 -- 319. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54329 - 3. Jump up ^ Beatrice F. Manz ( 2000 ). `` Tīmūr Lang ''. In P.J. Bearman ; Th. Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam. 10 ( 2 ed. ). Brill. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Annemarie Schimmel ( 1980 ). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent. BRILL. pp. 36 -- 44. ISBN 90 - 04 - 06117 - 7. Jump up ^ Hermann Kulke ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ). A History of India. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32919 - 4. Jump up ^ Paddy Docherty ( 2007 ). The Khyber Pass : A History of Empire and Invasion. London : Union Square. pp. 160 -- 162. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 5696 - 2. Jump up ^ Gerhard Bowering ; Patricia Crone ; Wadad Kadi ; et al. ( 2012 ). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978 - 0691134840. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Scott Cameron Levi ; Muzaffar Alam ( 2007 ). India and Central Asia : Commerce and Culture, 1500 -- 1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 19 -- 20. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568647 - 0. Jump up ^ Scott C. Levi ( 2002 ), Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush : Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Cambridge University Press, Volume 12, Number 3 ( Nov., 2002 ), pages 277 -- 288 ^ Jump up to : Christoph Witzenrath ( 2016 ). Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200 -- 1860. Routledge. pp. 10 -- 11 with footnotes. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14002 - 3. Jump up ^ Scott Cameron Levi ; Muzaffar Alam ( 2007 ). India and Central Asia : Commerce and Culture, 1500 -- 1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 11 -- 12, 43 -- 49, 86 note 7, 87 note 18. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568647 - 0. Jump up ^ John Coatsworth ; Juan Cole ; Michael P. Hanagan ; et al. ( 2015 ). Global Connections : Volume 2, Since 1500 : Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 29790 - 2. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ According to Clarence - Smith, the practice was curtailed but continued during Akbar 's era, and returned after Akbar 's death ; W.G. Clarence - Smith ( 2006 ). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. pp. 90 -- 91. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 522151 - 0. Jump up ^ Scott Cameron Levi ; Muzaffar Alam ( 2007 ). India and Central Asia : Commerce and Culture, 1500 -- 1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 9 -- 10, 53, 126, 160 -- 161. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568647 - 0. Jump up ^ Junius P. Rodriguez ( 2015 ). Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. Routledge. pp. 666 -- 667. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 47180 - 6. Jump up ^ J.S. Grewal ( 1998 ). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63764 - 0. Jump up ^ Jonathan L. Lee ( 1996 ). The `` Ancient Supremacy '' : Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731 -- 1901. BRILL Academic. pp. 74 with footnote. ISBN 90 - 04 - 10399 - 6. Jump up ^ Mohammed Kakar ( 1995 ). Afghanistan : The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979 -- 1982. University of California Press. pp. 130 -- 133. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 91914 - 3. Jump up ^ Scott Gates ; Kaushik Roy ( 2016 ). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia : Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Routledge. pp. 142 -- 144. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 00541 - 4. Jump up ^ Mark Silinsky ( 2014 ). The Taliban : Afghanistan 's Most Lethal Insurgents. ABC - CLIO. pp. 6 -- 7. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39898 - 8. Jump up ^ Mark Silinsky ( 2014 ). The Taliban : Afghanistan 's Most Lethal Insurgents. ABC - CLIO. pp. 8, 37 -- 39, 81 -- 82. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39898 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Nicola Barber ( 2015 ). Changing World : Afghanistan. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 15. ISBN 978 - 1 - 62513 - 318 - 2. Jump up ^ A Short March to the Hindu Kush, Alpinist 18. Jump up ^ `` Alexander in the Hindu Kush ''. Livius. Articles on Ancient History. Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12. Jump up ^ Biddulph, p. 38 Jump up ^ Biddulph, p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Biddulph, p. 9 Jump up ^ Biddulph, p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Biddulph, p. 12 Bibliography Biddulph, John. Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh ( Sang - e-Meel, 2001 ) Further reading Drew, Frederic ( 1877 ). The Northern Barrier of India : A Popular Account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations. Frederic Drew. 1st edition : Edward Stanford, London. Reprint : Light & Life Publishers, Jammu, 1971 Gibb, H.A.R. ( 1929 ). Ibn Battūta : Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325 -- 1354. Translated and selected by H.A.R. Gibb. Reprint : Asian Educational Services, New Delhi and Madras, 1992 Gordon, T.E. ( 1876 ). The Roof of the World : Being the Narrative of a Journey over the High Plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus Sources on Pamir. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint : Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company. Tapei, 1971 Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm ( 1890 ). Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893 : Being An Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia ( Gabrial ) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush, as also a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And An Epitome of Part III of the author 's ' The Languages and Races of Dardistan '. Reprint, 1978. Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 81 - 206 - 1217 - 5 Newby, Eric. ( 1958 ). A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush. Secker, London. Reprint : Lonely Planet. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86442 - 604 - 8 Yule, Henry and Burnell, A.C. ( 1886 ). Hobson - Jobson : The Anglo - Indian Dictionary. 1996 reprint by Wordsworth Editions Ltd. ISBN 1 - 85326 - 363 - X A Country Study : Afghanistan, Library of Congress Hindu Kush at Encyclopædia Iranica Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 th Ed, Vol. 21, pp. 54 -- 55, 1987 An Advanced History of India, by R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychaudhuri, K. Datta, 2nd Ed., MacMillan and Co, London, pp. 336 -- 37, 1965 Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 th Ed, Vol. 21, p. 65, 1987 The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV -- The Mughul Period, by W. Haig & R. Burn, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi, pp. 98 -- 99, 1963 External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hindu Kush. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hindu Kush. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hindu Kush. Khyber Pass Early Explorers of the Hindu Kush Geology More geology And more geology Mountain ranges of the Iranian Plateau and their political geography Alborz Mountains Iran Azerbaijan Aladagh Mountains Iran Turkmenistan Hindu Kush Mountains Afghanistan Pakistan Sulaiman Mountains Pakistan Afghanistan Taurus Mountains Turkey Syria Zagros Mountains Turkey Iraq Iran Armenia Geography of South Asia Mountains and plateaus Himalayas Mount Everest Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Aravalli Range Nilgiris Vindhya Range Satpura Range Garo Hills Shivalik Hills Mahabharat Range Khasi Hills Anaimalai Hills Cardamom Hills Sulaiman Mountains Toba Kakar Range Karakoram Hindu Kush Chittagong Hill Tracts Deccan Plateau Thar Desert Makran Chota Nagpur Naga Hills Mysore Plateau Ladakh Plateau Gandhamardan Hills Malwa Lowlands and islands Indo - Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Atolls of the Maldives Coromandel Coast Konkan Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sundarbans Reserve Forest Greater Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book VIAF : 237687320 GND : 4024960 - 8 BNF : cb11937245p ( data ) NDL : 00629060 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Kush&oldid=817422056 '' Categories : Hindu Kush Mountain ranges of Afghanistan Mountain ranges of Pakistan Mountain ranges of the Himalayas Afghanistan -- Pakistan border History of Pakistan Iranian Plateau Landforms of South Asia Physiographic provinces Mountain ranges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Landforms of Badakhshan Province Landforms of Bamyan Province Landforms of Baghlan Province Landforms of Nuristan Province Landforms of Kabul Province Landforms of Kapisa Province Landforms of Parwan Province Landforms of Panjshir Province Sites along the Silk Road Mountain ranges of Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. 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Question: where is hindu kush located on a map
Answer: near the Afghan-Pakistan border,[2][3] from central Afghanistan to northern Pakistan