sou · H8B34 · 2020-01-29 00:00:00 — The studies should, for example, be able to provide details of the approximate cost of capturing different volumes of carbon dioxide, the potential trans- port solutions that exist and what they might cost. They should be able to be financed by the already existing investment aid in- strument for negative emissions. It should be possible for the operators concerned to apply for aid and have it paid out to them. Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions •The should be given the task to investi- gate how coordination of different permit and inspection issues concerning CCS including bio-CCS could facilitate capture, transport and storage of carbon dioxide from Swedish emission sources. This includes the issuing of permits under the ETS. The investigation should include producing a plan for guidance with support and advice to operators and permit and inspection author- ities on permit and inspection issues regarding CCS including bio-CCS, such that the permit and inspection procedures become as effective as possible and, where possible, work to ensure that the procedures run in parallel. Furthermore, the task should cover whether a particular agency should have coordinating re- sponsibility for permission and inspection of CCS including bio- CCS facilities and which agency should have such responsibility in such cases. Other technological measures for negative emissions of greenhouse gases Underlying conditions and assessment The realisable potential of other negative emission technologies is uncertain, as several of the alternative technologies are under devel- opment and largely untested. It is therefore difficult to judge which technological measures may be relevant for carbon dioxide removal in before the middle of this century. Several of the technol- ogies are judged to result in long-term sequestration of carbon dioxide. The inquiry has studied several different technologies: biochar as a carbon sink, binding carbon dioxide in crushed concrete, binding carbon dioxide in slag from waste incineration, DACCS, enhanced weathering, fertilising the oceans and CCU. The inquiry judges that the use of biochar as a method for long- term carbon sequestration and simultaneous soil improvement is the technology among those studied that has the greatest realisable potential to contribute to negative emissions in in the mid- dle of this century, bearing in mind, however, that the information available may be insufficient. In small-scale production and use of biochar is already in progress. Biochar is predominantly used Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions as a soil conditioner in parks and when trees. Carbon sinks from the use of biochar are not, however, included in ’s climate reporting. Biochar production plants have previously received investment funding from the climate investment aid programme Klimatklivet, and such aid may also be provided during the current programme period. Compensation may be paid both for substitution of fossil fuels and for carbon sequestration. It is also possible to receive investment aid through the Rural Development Programme for pro- duction facilities for biochar that replaces fossil fuels. In the long term, aid could be given to the use of biochar for carbon sequestration and soil improvement within the remit of the Rural Development Programme. Quality requirements should be set when granting state aid to biochar projects, including that the composition of the biochar must be stable for aid to be able to be granted for higher carbon seques- tration. The anticipated carbon sink must be calculated on scientific grounds. Furthermore, a requirement should be set whereby only sustainably produced raw materials may be used in production and whereby the area of use is such as to contribute to a carbon sink, e.g. use in soil, arable land, animal feed and subsequent spreading as fertiliser on arable land, animal bedding and subsequent spreading on arable land and mixing in construction material. Additional initiatives in applied research, tests and evaluation of Swedish biochar projects are needed to determine the extent to which the use of biochar as a carbon sink can contribute towards the supplementary measures. The potential for carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) is uncer- tain. Only a fraction of today’s emissions of fossil and biogenic carbon dioxide is used, and largely all carbon dioxide caused by humans is released into the atmosphere. CCU has the potential to partly replace fossil fuels and fossil-based material with products based on carbon-dioxide, and partly to create a market basis to im- prove carbon dioxide capture technology. For carbon dioxide use to be able to be viewed as negative emissions, the carbon dioxide must be biogenic (bio-CCU) or atmospheric, and be stored for the long term. Currently, however, there is no established definition in climate reporting of what long-term carbon sequestration means. In most cases, the captured carbon dioxide reaches the atmosphere relatively Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions quickly and CCU is thus viewed as circular use of carbon dioxide to delay emissions. However, there may be some potential in long-term carbon storage in construction material, but more research is needed in this area. There are advantages of long-term, technology-neutral financial incentives for negative emissions with similar features and perma- nence, as it is unclear which technologies are capable of contributing towards cost-effective measures long term. In the long term, too, it is likely that there will be new technological solutions that may need to be the object of specific development-support. The voluntary climate compensation market can contribute towards developing new negative emissions technologies. The following measures should be taken: •It should continue to be possible to receive investment aid for biochar facilities through Klimatklivet and the Rural Develop- ment Programme. •It should be investigated whether, in the long term, aid could be provided for the use of biochar for carbon sequestration and soil improvement within the remit of the Rural Development Pro- gramme. If such aid is introduced, the necessity of and the forms of investment aid for biochar facilities should be reviewed. Verified emission reduction by investment in other countries Underlying conditions and assessment The rulebook of the Agreement on voluntary cooperative approaches and transfer of mitigation outcomes between countries have not yet been finally negotiated, and it will take time before the forms of such cooperation have been developed in detail. The Agreement means a major change compared with the situation under the Kyoto Protocol, in that all parties have now adopted their own nationally determined contributions, (NDCs) reflecting the coun- try’s or the region’s contribution to meeting the goal of the Agree- ment. The nationally determined contributions, however, are cur- rently overall insufficient, and the Agreement presupposes that Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions the NDCs will gradually increase in ambition. The gaps that must be bridged to reach the emission levels demanded by the global and above all scenarios are very large. It is important that the mitigation of greenhouse gases that contributes towards, in bilateral agreements or jointly with several other countries and international organisations, are per- formed in such a way that they are additional, contribute to sustain- able development and can help to raise the climate ambitions of the host country, too. Such effects can be attained through choice of country, programme and type of measure, the conditions set in rela- tion to the host country’s own policies and by the number of units resulting from the measures carried out being calculated in relation to a strict reference scenario. It will not be easy to set requirements on improvements in all the above areas in every case of international cooperation on mitigation of greenhouse gases, but the ambition should be to achieve results in as many areas as possible. The agreements entered into with the focus to increase the level of ambition as set out above should simultaneously strive at being as cost-effective as possible. At the start of the 2020s, the demand for units resulting from mitigation outcomes in other countries under the Agreement is judged to be relatively limited overall, with few explicit investor countries and host countries. International air is judged to account for the greatest demand for units and thus also to set the price in the market for offset projects, at least initially. Prices are judged to be relatively low, but still higher than when at their height during the first commitment period under the Kyoto Agreement. The situation may change if, for example, the EU countries were to jointly choose to also include international greenhouse gas mitiga- tion outcomes as part of a more stringent EU target for 2030. this to be the case, the prices of measures in other countries would rise. One of the starting points for the Swedish climate framework is that it is being carried out in a world that is in transition in a in line with the temperature goal of the Agreement. The costs will rise in deep greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios based on the goal being reached and would become harmonised across the world in scenario developments with a cost-optimised approach. Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions costs converge by 2050 in some scenarios, while in other modelling they converge as early as by 2030. The prices of units from mitigation outcomes in other countries, in a world in transition, are estimated to come in at about the same level or higher than the estimated marginal costs, at that time, of equivalent supplementary measures in , e.g. in the form of bio-CCS and carbon sequestration in agricultural land. At the same time, it cannot be ruled out that new potential mea- sures may be developed in other countries and that these measures will be more cost-effective than supplementary measures in , e.g. new measures or technologies for negative emissions in the form of DACCS or biochar. In the 2010s, has invested in a relatively large volume of emission units mainly from CDM (Clean Development Mecha- nism) projects under the Kyoto Protocol in order to contribute to- wards ’s national targets for 2020. The units have gradually been cancelled and subsequently partly reported as results-based climate financing of emission mitigation, as part of ’s climate financing undertaking under the United Nations Framework Con- vention on Climate Change. No major coordination is judged to have taken place between these initiatives and other financing initiatives in nearby areas, mainly financing using aid funding of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in least developed countries. ’s current under- taking on climate financing amounts in total to approximately billion per year from 2020 onwards – an undertaking that may in- crease in scope towards the mid-2020s, if not earlier. A smaller pro- portion of these initiatives is estimated to go to measures that lower emissions, mainly as a side-effect, and a larger proportion to climate adaptation measures, also as a side-effect of aid projects with several simultaneous benefits. The proportion of results-based climate finance- ing, where the emission effect per krona input is calculated, is low. Most of the projects are carried out in least developed countries. If, within the remit of its climate financing undertaking, also chooses in the future to contribute to emission mitigation pro- grammes in middle income countries with relatively high and grow- ing emissions, has an opportunity to contribute towards greater dissemination effects of measures in regions where, globally speaking, it is particularly urgent to rapidly turn the current emis- Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions sion trend around. Also linking the initiatives to Article 6 of the Agreement will enable the actual climate effects of the mitiga- tion measures to be calculated in line with internationally agreed principles. It is looking more likely that results-based financing will be attained, which in turn means that opportunities to attain a greater effect per krona invested will improve compared with the measures being financed by other means. The programmes proposed by the inquiry will partly seek to con- tribute towards the supplementary measures to the extent that may be needed, but will also seek to increase ’s climate financing of emission mitigation measures, mainly in middle income countries. Through the proposed programme, this part of ’s contri- bution to climate financing will be results based and carried out mainly in countries with high and growing emissions. The following measures should be taken: Direction up to 2030 •Sweden should set up a programme for international mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions under Article 6 of the Agree- ment, to be implemented in the 2020s. The new programme needs to result in units from emission mitigation outcomes equivalent to at least 20 million of carbon dioxide equivalents in the 2020s, to work in the the inquiry proposes. To attain such a result, a budget equivalent to an average of million a year needs to be allocated during the 2020s. It is proposed that the programme contribute to: –the proportion of climate funding of measures to mitigate emis- sions increasing, becoming results-based and also covering mid- dle income countries to a greater extent. –achieving the targets of the supplementary measures. •The initiatives should provide incentives to raise the level of ambition in line with the temperature goal of the Agree- ment, have high environmental integrity and contribute towards sustainable development in the host countries as laid down in Article 6(1) of the Agreement. It is proposed that the pro- Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions gramme be designed such that it helps host countries to increase the level of ambition in their NDCs. This focus on raising ambitions should influence the choice of host countries in which greenhouse gas mitigation measures are implemented, which types of programme or measure are selected for funding, the conditions set in relation to the host country’s own policies and by the number of resulting units from the measures carried out being calculated in relation to a strict reference scenario. •It is assumed that the host countries for the initiatives will adjust their emission reporting so that no mitigation of emissions is counted twice. This adjustment needs to be made whether subsequently uses the units acquired as part of the country’s climate financing or as part of the supplementary measures. •The , the Swedish Environmental Protec- tion Agency and the (Sida) should jointly be given the task to provide proposals for how climate financing initiatives via emission mitigation and international initiatives for supplementary measures can best be coordinated, partly in the light of the inquiry’s proposal for a new programme for international initiatives in middle income coun- tries. should be given the task to coordinate this mandate. Direction of international initiatives up to 2045 and beyond •The international initiatives to contribute towards further emis- sion mitigation also need to continue after 2030. Initiatives for further emission mitigation will be key, while initiatives to achieve negative emissions need to successively increase in scope. •Where global ambitions are raised in line with the temperature goal of the Agreement, i.e. the development presumed by the Swedish climate framework, the long-term initiatives to miti- gate emissions in other countries to achieve the climate target for 2045 need to mainly be targeted towards measures for negative emissions with high permanence. Summary: Strategy for negative greenhouse gas emissions •Continued initiatives for emission mitigation in other countries, alongside measures for negative emissions, should be transferred to the area of results-based climate financing and not be counted as supplementary measures in the Swedish climate framework when is to attain net zero emissions by 2045 at the latest and net negative emissions thereafter. 1.1Förslag till förordning om statligt stöd till negativa utsläpp genom bio-CCS 1 § Denna förordning innehåller bestämmelser om statligt stöd till negativa utsläpp genom bio-CCS. Förordningen är meddelad med stöd av 8 kap. 7 § regeringsformen. 2 § I denna förordning betyder bio-CCS: avskiljning, transport och geologisk lagring av koldioxid av biogent ursprung. I övrigt har ord och uttryck i förordningen samma betydelse som i kommissionens förordning (EU) nr 651/2014 av genom vilken vissa kategorier av stöd förklaras förenliga med den inre marknaden enligt artiklarna 107 och 108 i fördraget. 3 § Om det finns medel, får besluta om statligt stöd i form av bidrag till negativa utsläpp genom bio-CCS. 4 § Stöd får endast ges 1.i enlighet med de villkor och till sådana åtgärder som anges i kapitel I och i artiklarna 36 och 48 i kommissionens förordning (EU) nr 651/2014, 2.i enlighet med Europeiska kommissionens beslut X i de fall stödet överstiger de tröskelvärden som anges i artikel 4.1 i kommis- sionens förordning (EU) nr 651/2014, eller 3.i enlighet med Europeiska kommissionens beslut X i de fall stödet har anmälts och godkänts av kommissionen. 5 § ska besluta om stöd vid särskilda auktionstillfällen. Ett anbud om stöd ska vara skriftligt och ges in till Statens energi- myndighet. Anbudet ska undertecknas av anbudsgivaren. Anbudet ska lämnas enligt de anvisningar som ges av . Prövning och beslut om stöd 6 § prövar anbud och beslutar om stöd. beslutar om antal auktionstillfällen och publicerar uppgifter om auktionstillfällen på sin webbplats. 7 § Statens energimyndighets beslut om stöd ska förenas med de villkor som krävs för att tillgodose syftet med stödet. Villkoren ska framgå av beslutet. 8 § Ett beslutat stödbelopp får betalas ut i omgångar. En delmängd av stödet får betalas ut innan lagring av biogen koldioxid påbörjats. 9 § Stöd får endast betalas ut till företag som har ansökt om rele- vanta EU-stöd under förutsättning att sådana stöd finns. De EU-stöd och nationella stöd som företaget erhållit för att främja bio-CCS ska räknas av vid utbetalning av stödet. 10 § Ett stöd enligt denna förordning får inte betalas ut till ett företag som är föremål för betalningskrav på grund av ett beslut av Europeiska kommissionen som förklarar att ett stöd beviljat av en svensk stödgivare är olagligt och oförenligt med den inre marknaden. 11 § får besluta att ett stöd helt eller del- vis inte ska betalas ut om 1.den som har ansökt om eller beviljats stöd genom att lämna oriktiga uppgifter har orsakat att stödet beviljats felaktigt eller med för högt belopp, 2.stödet av något annat skäl har beviljats felaktigt eller med för högt belopp och mottagaren borde ha insett detta, eller 3.villkoren för stödet inte har följts. 12 § Ett företag som har tagit emot stöd ska minst en gång redovisa till hur utbetalat stöd har använts. 13 § Om ett stöd har betalats ut trots att det enligt 10 eller 11 § inte funnits förutsättningar att betala ut det, är mottagaren återbetal- ningsskyldig. 14 § Om en stödmottagare är återbetalningsskyldig enligt 13 §, ska besluta att helt eller delvis kräva tillbaka stödet tillsammans med ränta enligt räntelagen (1975:635). Om det finns särskilda skäl, får efterge kravet på återbetalning och ränta helt eller delvis. 15 § ska vid domstolar och myndigheter och i övrigt bevaka statens rätt mot stödmottagaren enligt denna förordning. får då anta ackordsförslag eller på annat sätt efterskänka statens rätt. Uppföljning, utvärdering och tillsyn 16 § ska löpande följa upp och utvärdera det stöd som ges genom auktionssystemet och utöva tillsyn över att villkoren för stödet följs. 17 § Den som gett anbud om eller tagit emot stöd ska på begäran av lämna de uppgifter som behövs för upp- följning och utvärdering av stödet. Offentliggörande, rapportering och registerföring 18 § Bestämmelser om offentliggörande, rapportering och register- föring finns i 12 a § lagen (2013:388) om tillämpning av Europeiska unionens statsstödsregler och i förordningen (2016:605) om tillämp- ning av Europeiska unionens statsstödsregler. 19 § får meddela föreskrifter om 2.den närmare utformningen av auktionssystemet och den årliga redovisningen av utbetalat stöd, 3.ytterligare krav och kvalifikationer som ska ställas på anbuds- givare, 4.de uppgifter som ska lämnas inför uppföljning och utvärdering av auktionssystemet, och 5.övriga uppgifter som behövs för verkställigheten av denna för- ordning. 20 § I 40 § förvaltningslagen (2017:900) finns bestämmelser om överklagande till allmän förvaltningsdomstol. Andra beslut än beslut av enligt 10 och 11 §§ om att inte betala ut stöd får dock inte överklagas. 1.Denna förordning träder i kraft den X. 2.Förordningen upphör att gälla vid utgången av X. 3.Den upphävda förordningen gäller dock fortfarande för stöd som har beviljats före utgången av X. 1.2Förslag till förordning om ändring i förordningen (2014:21) om geologisk lagring av koldioxid Härigenom föreskrivs i fråga om förordningen (2014:21) om geo- logisk lagring av koldioxid dels att 1 och 2 §§ ska ha följande lydelse, dels att det ska införas två nya paragrafer, 7 a och 82 §§, av följ- ande lydelse, dels att det närmast före 82 § ska införas en ny rubrik som ska lyda ”Nationellt centrum för CCS”. Denna förordning syftar till geologisk lagring av koldioxid på ett miljömässigt säkert sätt som innebär permanent inneslutning av kol- dioxid på ett sätt som förhindrar och, där detta inte är möjligt, i möj- ligaste mån eliminerar negativa effekter och eventuella risker för miljön och människors hälsa. Förordningen är meddelad med stöd av –4 kap. 9 § i fråga om 10 §, –9 kap. 6 § och 15 kap. 40 § i fråga om 9, 11–25, 27–37, 39–41, 45, 46, 48–54, 58, 59, 64, 67, 68 och 70 §§, –15 kap. 28 § i fråga om 7 a §, –15 kap. 37 a § i fråga om 38 §, –26 kap. 19 § i fråga om 42–44 §§, –26 kap. 20 § i fråga om 47 §, –27 kap. 2 § i fråga om 55–57 §§, och –8 kap. 7 § regeringsformen i fråga om övriga bestämmelser. 1Senaste lydelse 2019:296. I denna förordning avses med geologisk formation: en litostratigrafisk enhet inom vilken distinkta lager av bergarter kan hittas och kartläggas, geologisk lagring av koldioxid: lagring av koldioxidströmmar som har injekterats i en underjordisk geologisk formation, lagringsplats: en avgränsad volym inom en geologisk formation som används för geologisk lagring av koldioxid med tillhörande yt- anläggningar och injekteringsanläggningar, lagringsplatsen och det om- lagringsplatsen och det om- givande geologiska område som givande geologiska område som och säkerheten, och tillsynsmyndighet: den myn- tillsynsmyndighet: den myn- dighet som enligt miljötillsyns- dighet som enligt miljötillsyns- förordningen (2011:13) utövar förordningen (2011:13) utövar tillsyn över geologisk lagring av tillsyn över geologisk lagring av CCS: avskiljning, transport och geologisk lagring av koldioxid. Koldioxid som har avskilts i får transporteras för geo- logisk lagring i ett land som har rådets direktiv /31/EG av lagring av koldioxid och ändring av rådets direktiv /337/EEG, direktiv /60/EG, 2001/80/EG, 2004/35/EG, 2006/12/EG och 2008/1/EG samt förordning (EG) nr 1013/2006, 2Senaste lydelse 2014:432. tiv 2011/92/EU och lagringen i det andra landet är förenlig med protokoll till konvention om förhindrande av havsföroreningar till följd av dumpning av avfall och annat material (SÖ 2000:48). Nationellt centrum för CCS Vid ska finnas ett nationellt centrum för frågor som gäller CCS, in- klusive där koldioxiden kommer från biogena eller atmosfäriska källor.