sou · H7B31 · 2019-01-15 00:00:00 — För försök till brott enligt första stycket döms till ansvar enligt 23 kap. . I ringa fall ska inte dömas till ansvar. Paragrafen reglerar straffansvar för kommersiell hantering av biologiskt material. Bestämmelsen utvidgas till att även omfatta den som använder ett organ trots insikt om att det tagits till vara utan att det har funnits förutsättningar för det enligt 3–10 §§ lagen (1995:831) om transplantation m.m. (transplantationslagen). bestämmelsen till att också omfatta försök till brott. Ändringarna behandlas i avsnitt 7.3.2, 7.3.4 och 7.3.6. I paragrafens första stycke införs en punktlista. Den första punktens innehåll motsvarar paragrafens tidigare första stycke andra mening. Innehållet i den andra punkten är nytt. Den straffbelägger användande av ett organ, för transplantation eller annat ändamål, när gärningsmannen haft insikt om att organet tagits till vara utan att förutsättningar enligt 3–10 §§ transplantationslagen varit uppfyllda. Med ”organ” ska förstås en differentierad del av människokroppen som består av olika sorters vävnad och som upprätthåller sin struktur, kärlbildning och förmåga att utveckla fysiologiska funktioner med en betydande grad av autonomi. Begreppet omfattar även del av ett sådant organ och som är avsedd att användas för samma syfte som hela organet i människokroppen och som uppfyller kraven för struktur och kärlbildning. Begreppet har samma innebörd som ”organ” i 2 § lagen (2012:263) om kvalitets- och säkerhetsnormer vid hantering av mänskliga organ. Bestämmelserna som hänvisas till i transplantationslagen gäller samtycke (i förhållande till levande ) och medgivande, inställning och närståendeveto (i förhållande till avlidna ). Under vilka förutsättningar ett organ får tas från en avliden människa framgår av 3 och 4 §§ transplantationslagen. Huvudregeln är att ett organ får tas om personen i fråga har medgett det eller det på annat sätt kan utredas att åtgärden skulle stå i överensstämmelse med den avlidnes inställning. Vad som avses med ett giltigt samtycke till donation från en levande person framgår av 5–10 §§ transplantationslagen. Ett sådant samtycke ska bland annat vara informerat och får inte avse ett ingrepp som kan befaras medföra allvarlig fara för givarens liv eller hälsa. Bestämmelsen om att det i ringa fall inte ska dömas till ansvar, som tidigare framgick av första stycket, har flyttats till andra stycket. Ledning för tillämpningen kan hämtas i de tidigare förarbetena till bestämmelsen (se prop. 1994/95:148 s. 88). Eftersom första stycket andra punkten enbart avser organ och inte biologiskt material ligger det i sakens natur att utrymmet för att bedöma ett brott som ringa är så gott som obefintligt. Ändringen i fjärde stycket är endast redaktionell. Sista stycket är nytt. Tillägget innebär att även försök till brott enligt första stycket är straffbart. Paragrafen har i övrigt endast ändrats på så sätt att det tidigare andra och tredje stycket nu framgår av tredje respektive fjärde stycket. Den som i annat fall än som avses i 6 § tar befattning med ett organ som tillvaratagits med insikt om att det överlämnats eller förmedlats i vinstsyfte eller utan att förutsättningar för tillvaratagande har förelegat enligt 3–10 §§ lagen om transplantation m.m. döms till böter eller fängelse högst . Paragrafen är ny. Genom bestämmelsen införs ett hanteringsförbud av olagligt tagna organ. Paragrafen behandlas i avsnitt 7.3.5. Av bestämmelsen följer att det är straffbart att på olika sätt hantera ett organ som tagits olagligt. Det kan till exempel gälla beredning, bevarande, förvaring, transport, överföring, mottagande, import och export av ett organ. Bestämmelsen är subsidiär till 8 kap. 6 §. Den omfattar alltså hantering i annat fall än som avses i 8 kap. 6 § av ett organ som antingen tillvaratagits med insikt om att det överlämnats eller förmedlats i vinstsyfte eller utan att förutsättningar för tillvaratagande har förelegat enligt 3–10 §§ transplantationslagen. I de fall som gäller organ som överlämnats eller förmedlats i vinstsyfte krävs det inte att det är gärningsmannen själv som handlat i vinstsyfte. Däremot måste han eller hon ha en insikt om att organet överlämnats eller förmedlats i vinstsyfte. ”Organ” har här samma innebörd som ”organ” i 2 § lagen (2012:263) om kvalitets- och säkerhetsnormer vid hantering av mänskliga organ. Biologiskt material som varit föremål för brott enligt 6 och 6 a §§ ska förklaras förverkat, om det inte är uppenbart oskäligt. Detsamma gäller utbytet av sådant brott. Paragrafen avser förverkande av biologiskt material. Genom ändringen omfattar den även förverkande av mänskliga organ som varit föremål för eller utbyte av brott enligt 6 a §. Ändringen behandlas i avsnitt 7.3.5. donationsutredning (S 2018:04) Regeringen beslutade kommittédirektiv om 2018 års donationsutredning (dir. 2018:22). Utredaren ges nu i uppdrag att även ta ställning till om ska tillträda konvention mot handel med mänskliga organ (Santiagokonventionen) och utreda vilka författningsändringar som i så fall krävs samt att i förekommande fall ge förslag på sådana författningsändringar. konvention mot handel med mänskliga organ antogs 2015. Konventionen är uppdelad i ett antal kapitel med artiklar om bl.a. syfte, omfattning, kriminalisering av vissa handlingar gällande organhantering, sanktioner och åtgärder, försvårande omständligheter, skydd för offer och vittnen, förebyggande åtgärder och uppföljningsmekanismer samt administrativa och processuella bestämmelser. Totalt har 22 av medlemsstater undertecknat eller ratificerat konventionen. Därutöver har undertecknat konventionen. deltog i förhandlingarna och antagande av konventionen. Frågan om tillträde till konventionen och vilka lagändringar som i så fall kan krävas behöver analyseras. Utredaren ska analysera frågan om tillträde till konventionen. I uppdraget ingår att utreda, analysera samt vid behov utarbeta författningsförslag och eventuella ytterligare förslag som följer av konventionens bestämmelser. Utredaren ska, om det bedöms relevant, även beakta andra länders arbete med att införliva konventionen. Om utredaren anser att bör använda sig av någon av konventionens reservationsmöjligheter ska utredaren lämna en motivering för sin bedömning. Utredaren ska fortlöpande informera () om arbetet. Utredningstiden ligger fast. Uppdraget ska redovisas , dvs. senast i samband med att huvuduppdraget redovisas. Council of - No. against Trafficking in Human Organs The member States of other signatories to this Convention; Bearing in mind the , proclaimed by the United Nations General on , and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950, ETS No. Bearing in mind the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (1997, ETS No. 164) and the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin (2002, ETS No. Bearing in mind the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000) and on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005, CETS No. Considering that the aim of is to achieve a greater unity between its members; Considering that the trafficking in human organs violates human dignity and the right to life and constitutes a serious threat to public health; Determined to contribute in a significant to the eradication of the trafficking in human organs through the introduction of new offences supplementing the existing international legal instruments in the field of trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal of organs; Considering that the purpose of this Convention is to prevent and combat trafficking in human organs, and that the implementation of the provisions of the Convention concerning substantive criminal law should be carried out taking into account its purpose and the principle of proportionality; Recognising that, to efficiently combat the global threat posed by the trafficking in human organs, close international co-operation between member States and nonmember States alike should be encouraged, agreed as follows: CETS 216 – Trafficking in Human Organs, 25.III.2015 Chapter I – Purposes, scope and use of terms Article 1 – Purposes 1The purposes of this Convention are: a to prevent and combat the trafficking in human organs by providing for the criminalisation of certain acts; b to protect the rights of victims of the offences established in accordance with this Convention; c to facilitate co-operation at national and international levels on action against the trafficking in human organs. 2In order to ensure effective implementation of its provisions by the Parties, this Convention sets up a specific follow-up mechanism. Article 2 – Scope and use of terms 1This Convention applies to the trafficking in human organs for purposes of transplantation or other purposes, and to other forms of illicit removal and of illicit implantation. 2For the purposes of this Convention, the term: –“trafficking in human organs” shall mean any illicit activity in respect of human organs as prescribed in Article 4, paragraph 1 and Articles 5, 7, 8 and 9 of this Convention; –“human organ” shall mean a differentiated part of the human body, formed by different tissues, that maintains its structure, vascularisation and capacity to develop physiological functions with a significant level of autonomy. A part of an organ is also considered to be an organ if its function is to be used for the same purpose as the entire organ in the human body, maintaining the requirements of structure and vascularisation. Article 3 – Principle of non-discrimination The implementation of the provisions of this Convention by the Parties, in particular the enjoyment of measures to protect the rights of victims, shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, age, religion, political or any other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth, sexual orientation, state of health, disability or other status. Chapter II – Substantive Criminal Article 4 – Illicit removal of human organs 1Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the removal of human organs from living or deceased donors: a where the removal is performed without the free, informed and specific consent of the living or deceased donor, or, in the case of the deceased donor, without the removal being authorised under its domestic law; b where, in exchange for the removal of organs, the living donor, or a third party, has been offered or has received a financial gain or comparable advantage; CETS 216 – Trafficking in Human Organs, 25.III.2015 cwhere in exchange for the removal of organs from a deceased donor, a third party has been offered or has received a financial gain or comparable advantage. 2Any State or Union may, at the time of signature or when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, by a declaration addressed to the Secretary General of , declare that it reserves the right not to apply paragraph 1. a of this article to the removal of human organs from living donors, in exceptional cases and in accordance with appropriate safeguards or consent provisions under its domestic law. reservation made under this paragraph shall contain a brief statement of the relevant domestic law. 3The expression “financial gain or comparable advantage” shall, for the purpose of paragraph 1, b and c, not include compensation for loss of earnings and any other justifiable expenses caused by the removal or by the related examinations, or compensation in case of damage which is not inherent to the removal of organs. 4Each Party shall consider taking the necessary legislative or other measures to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law the removal of human organs from living or deceased donors where the removal is performed outside of the framework of its domestic transplantation system, or where the removal is performed in breach of essential principles of national transplantation laws or rules. If a Party establishes criminal offences in accordance with this provision, it shall endeavour to apply also Articles 9 to 22 to such offences. Article 5 – Use of illicitly removed organs for purposes of implantation or other purposes than implantation Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the use of illicitly removed organs, as described in Article 4, paragraph 1, for purposes of implantation or other purposes than implantation. Article 6 – Implantation of organs outside of the domestic transplantation system or in breach of essential principles of national transplantation law Each Party shall consider taking the necessary legislative or other measures to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the implantation of human organs from living or deceased donors where the implantation is performed outside of the framework of its domestic transplantation system, or where the implantation is performed in breach of essential principles of national transplantation laws or rules. If a Party establishes criminal offences in accordance with this provision, it shall endeavour to apply also Articles 9 to 22 to such offences. Article 7 – Illicit solicitation, recruitment, offering and requesting of undue advantages 1Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the solicitation and recruitment of an organ donor or a recipient, where carried out for financial gain or comparable advantage for the person soliciting or recruiting, or for a third party. 2Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, the promising, offering or giving by any person, directly or indirectly, of any undue advantage to healthcare professionals, its public officials or persons who direct or work for private sector entities, in any capacity, with a view to having a removal or implantation of a human organ performed or facilitated, where such removal or implantation takes place under the circumstances described in Article 4, paragraph 1, or Article 5 and where appropriate Article 4, paragraph 4 or Article 6. CETS 216 – Trafficking in Human Organs, 25.III.2015 3Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, the request or receipt by healthcare professionals, its public officials or persons who direct or work for private sector entities, in any capacity, of any undue advantage with a view to performing or facilitating the performance of a removal or implantation of a human organ, where such removal or implantation takes place under the circumstances described in Article 4, paragraph 1 or Article 5 and where appropriate Article 4, paragraph 4 or Article 6. Article 8 – Preparation, preservation, storage, transportation, transfer, receipt, import and export of illicitly removed human organs Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally: a the preparation, preservation, and storage of illicitly removed human organs as described in Article 4, paragraph 1, and where appropriate Article 4, paragraph 4; b the transportation, transfer, receipt, import and export of illicitly removed human organs as described in Article 4, paragraph 1, and where appropriate Article 4, paragraph 4. Article 9 – Aiding or abetting and attempt 1Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally, aiding or abetting the commission of any of the criminal offences established in accordance with this Convention. 2Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to establish as a criminal offence the intentional attempt to commit any of the criminal offences established in accordance with this Convention. 3Any State or Union may, at the time of signature or when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, by a declaration addressed to the Secretary General of , declare that it reserves the right not to apply, or to apply only in specific cases or conditions, paragraph 2 to offences established in accordance with Article 7 and Article 8. Article 10 – Jurisdiction 1Each Party shall take such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to establish jurisdiction over any offence established in accordance with this Convention, when the offence is committed: a in its territory; or b on board a ship flying the flag of that Party; or c on board an aircraft registered under the laws of that Party; or d by one of its nationals; or e by a person who has his or her habitual in its territory. 2Each Party shall endeavour to take the necessary legislative or other measures to establish jurisdiction over any offence established in accordance with this Convention where the offence is committed against one of its nationals or a person who has his or her habitual in its territory. CETS 216 – Trafficking in Human Organs, 25.III.2015 3Any State or Union may, at the time of signature or when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, by a declaration addressed to the Secretary General of , declare that it reserves the right not to apply or to apply only in specific cases or conditions the jurisdiction rules laid down in paragraph 1. d and e of this article. 4For the prosecution of the offences established in accordance with this Convention, each Party shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that its jurisdiction as regards paragraphs 1. d and e of this article is not subordinated to the condition that the prosecution can only be initiated following a report from the victim or the laying of information by the State of the place where the offence was committed. 5Any State or Union may, at the time of signature or when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, by a declaration addressed to the Secretary General of , declare that it reserves the right not to apply or to apply only in specific cases paragraph 4 of this article. 6Each Party shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to establish jurisdiction over the offences established in accordance with this Convention, in cases where an alleged offender is present on its territory and it does not extradite him or her to another State, solely on the basis of his or her nationality. 7When more than one Party claims jurisdiction over an alleged offence established in accordance with this Convention, the Parties involved shall, where appropriate, consult with a view to determining the most appropriate jurisdiction for prosecution. 8Without prejudice to the general rules of international law, this Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised by a Party in accordance with its internal law. Article 11 – Corporate liability 1Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to ensure that legal persons can be held liable for offences established in accordance with this Convention, when committed for their benefit by any natural person, acting either individually or as part of an organ of the legal person, who has a leading position within it based on: a a power of representation of the legal person; b an authority to take decisions on behalf of the legal person; c an authority to exercise control within the legal person. 2Apart from the cases provided for in paragraph 1 of this article, each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to ensure that a legal person can be held liable where the lack of supervision or control by a natural person referred to in paragraph 1 has made possible the commission of an offence established in accordance with this Convention for the benefit of that legal person by a natural person acting under its authority. 3ubject to the legal principles of the Party, the liability of a legal person may be criminal, civil or administrative. 4Such liability shall be without prejudice to the criminal liability of the natural persons who have committed the offence. CETS 216 – Trafficking in Human Organs, 25.III.2015 Article 12 – Sanctions and measures 1Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to ensure that the offences established in accordance with this Convention are punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions. These sanctions shall include, for offences established in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1 and, where appropriate, Article 5 and Articles 7 to 9, when committed by natural persons, penalties involving deprivation of that may give rise to extradition. 2Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to ensure that legal persons held liable in accordance with Article 11 are subject to effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions, including criminal or non-criminal monetary sanctions, and may include other measures, such as: a temporary or permanent disqualification from exercising commercial activity; b placing under judicial supervision; c a judicial winding-up order. 3Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to: a permit seizure and confiscation of proceeds of the criminal offences established in accordance with this Convention, or property whose value corresponds to such proceeds; b enable the temporary or permanent closure of any used to carry out any of the criminal offences established in accordance with this Convention, without prejudice to the rights of bona fide third parties, or deny the perpetrator, temporarily or permanently, in conformity with the relevant provisions of domestic law, the exercise of a professional activity relevant to the commission of any of the offences established in accordance with this Convention. Article 13 – Aggravating circumstances Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to ensure that the following circumstances, in so far as they do not already form part of the constituent elements of the offence, may, in conformity with the relevant provisions of domestic law, be taken into consideration as aggravating circumstances in determining the sanctions in relation to the offences established in accordance with this Convention: a the offence caused the death of, or serious damage to the physical or mental health of, the victim; b the offence was committed by a person abusing his or her position; c the offence was committed in the framework of a criminal organisation; d the perpetrator has previously been convicted of offences established in accordance with this Convention; e the offence was committed against a child or any other particularly vulnerable person. Article 14 – Previous convictions Each Party shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to provide for the possibility to take into account final sentences passed by another Party in relation to the offences established in accordance with this Convention when determining the sanctions. CETS 216 – Trafficking in Human Organs, 25.III.2015 Chapter III – Criminal Procedural Article 15 – Initiation and continuation of proceedings