sou · GYB324 · 2010-04-14 00:00:00 — Motsvarande ordalydelser före- kommer i de nämnda bestämmelserna om kassettersättning (26 m § URL), följerättsersättning (26 p § URL) och rätt till ersättning för utövande konstnärer och framställare av ljudupptagningar enligt 47 § tredje stycket URL. I fråga om följerättsersättning har i en dom (NJA 2000 s. 178) slagit fast att bestämmelsen innebär att mer än en organisation kan vara berättigad att kräva in ersättningen men att vissa krav måste ställas på organisationens struktur och stabilitet. I samband med genomförandet av EG-direk- tivet om upphovsrätten i informationssamhället tog Lagrådet upp de problem som kan uppstå till följd av att flera organisationer kan vara behöriga att kräva in kassettersättning respektive teckna avtals- licens (prop. 2004/05:110 s. 563). Bl.a. mot denna bakgrund fram- hålls i direktiven till utredningen att det finns skäl att närmare utreda frågan om det på avtalslicensområdet ska kunna förekomma flera organisationer inom samma område eller om bara en organi- sation ska vara behörig att träffa avtal på området. Motsvarande översyn bör göras i fråga om kassettersättningen, följerättsersätt- ningen och ersättningsrätten för utövande konstnärer och fram- ställare av ljudupptagningar. I betänkandet föreslås att den allmänna avtalslicensbestämmelsen i 42 a § URL ändras så att den organisation som är mest repre- sentativ och bäst företräder upphovsmännen till de i an- vända verken på området ska ha behörighet att ingå avtal med avtalslicensverkan. Motsvarande krav föreslås införda i bestäm- melserna om inkassering av ersättning enligt 26 m §, 26 p § samt i 47 § URL. Det innebär att det klargörs i den allmänna bestäm- melsen om avtalslicenser samt i 26 m §, 26 j § och 47 § tredje stycket URL att endast en organisation är behörig att på ett område ingå avtal med avtalslicensverkan eller inkassera de aktuella ersättningarna. I betänkandet görs bedömningen att de fördelningssystem för avtals- licenser som används av de organisationer som inkasserar och fördelar ersättningar är välfungerande samt att upphovsrättslagens bestämmelser är tillräckliga för att säkerställa att de ersättningar som betalas till rättsinnehavarnas organisationer på grundval av avtalslicensbestämmelserna kommer rättighetshavarna, även de som inte företräds av organisationerna, till del. Det har inte framkommit något som tyder på att missförhållanden råder i fråga om utbetal- ningarna. Några nya bestämmelser i lagen som säkerställer att ersätt- ningarna kommer rättighetshavarna till del har därför inte före- slagits. Framställning av exemplar inom myndigheter och företag I betänkandet föreslås förenklade och utökade möjligheter till rättig- hetsklarering avseende sådan kopiering som i internt informations- syfte sker på arbetsplatser. Det föreslås alltså att avtalslicens- bestämmelsen i 42 b § URL utvidgas till att även avse exemplar- framställning som sker i digital form. Vidare föreslås att den begräns- ning som innebär att de konstverk som omfattas av avtalslicens- bestämmelsen endast är sådana som finns återgivna i anslutning till texten i ett litterärt verk, tas bort. Det föreslås även att bestämmelsens krav på att verken ifråga ska vara utgivna ändras till att verken ska vara offentliggjorda. Bör upphovsrättslagen ändras för att möjliggöra för arkiv och bibliotek att digitalisera och tillgängliggöra verk? I betänkandet föreslås att avtalslicensbestämmelsen i 42 d § URL utvidgas för att underlätta för bibliotek och arkiv att digitalisera och tillgängliggöra sådana verk, t.ex. genom överföring via Internet, som finns i deras samlingar. 42 d § URL föreslås alltså omfatta all sådan exemplarframställning och allt sådant tillgängliggörande för allmänheten som inte kan ske med stöd av inskränkningarna i 16 § respektive 21 § URL. Vidare föreslås en ändring i 21 § URL som förbättrar möjligheterna för arkiv och bibliotek att i sina lokaler till- gängliggöra verk som finns i arkivens och bibliotekens samlingar. Verk och prestationer som förekommer i radio- och I betänkandet föreslås förenklade möjligheter för radio- och att klarera nödvändiga rättigheter för program som tillhanda- hålls på begäran av enskilda, exempelvis via Internet efter ordinarie sändningstid. Det föreslås alltså en utvidgning av avtalslicensbestäm- melsen i 42 e § URL om utsändning i ljudradio och television. Enligt förslaget ska avtalslicensbestämmelsen omfatta all överföring till allmänheten och inte bara utsändning. Vidare föreslås bestämmelsen omfatta sådan exemplarframställning som är nödvändig för att över- föringen ska kunna ske. Bestämmelsen föreslås även omfatta utövande konstnärers framföranden av vissa litterära verk enligt 45 § URL samt vissa ljudupptagningar enligt 46 § URL. En generell avtalslicens? Det föreslås att det i den allmänna bestämmelsen om avtalslicenser införs en möjlighet att ingå avtal med avtalslicensverkan även på andra områden är de i lagen angivna, s.k. särskild avtalslicens eller generell avtalslicens. Enligt förslaget krävs att avtalet avser ett avgränsat och väl definierat område, att avtal med avtalslicensverkan är en förutsättning för nyttjandet samt att avtalet är skriftligt och innehåller en upplysning om att parternas avsikt är att det ska få avtalslicensverkan. Särskilda skyddsbestämmelser införs som bl.a. innebär att upphovsmannen alltid ska ha rätt att meddela förbud mot nyttjandet. De nya bestämmelserna föreslås träda i kraft . De nya bestämmelserna ska tillämpas även på verk och prestationer som har kommit till före ikraftträdandet. Äldre bestämmelser ska fort- farande tillämpas i fråga om åtgärder som har vidtagits eller rättig- heter som har förvärvats före ikraftträdandet. Det innebär att bl.a. att de nya bestämmelserna inte påverkar redan ingångna avtal. The main tasks of the Inquiry on Copyright in this interim report have been to undertake a comprehensive review of the provisions on the transfer of copyright in Chapter 3 of the Copyright Act and to look over certain issues concerning extended collective licences and related matters. The proposals presented in the report are briefly as follows. Several new general provisions on contracts will be introduced in Chapter 3. At the same time, the special provisions on publishing contracts will be removed. A provision will be introduced on inter- pretation of contracts that will codify and clearly define the prin- ciple of specification. In addition, a reference will be introduced to Section 36 of the Contracts Act (1915:218) and a general provision will be introduced on the obligation to use rights acquired exclusively. Further, provisions will be introduced that will clarify the rights of the author in the event of transfer by assignment or licence of works protected by copyright. Thus a provision will be introduced entailing a presumption that the author is entitled to reasonable remuneration when he or she by assignment or licence transfers the right to exploit the work to someone who intends to use this right in the framework of commercial activities. Moreover, a provision will be introduced giving the author the right in the event of a royalty agreement to receive a settlement once a year and to inspect the infor- mation on which the remuneration is based. Further, a provision will be introduced concerning the right of the employer to works created in the framework of employment relationships, as a result of which the rule of thumb, as developed in case-law and doctrine, will be codified and clearly defined. Subject to certain conditions, this provision will give the employer a limited but exclusive right to use works created in the framework of employment relationships. The proposals on extended collective licences in Chapter 3 a of the Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works (the Copy- right Act) concern, firstly, changes in the general provision in Article 42 a of the Copyright Act and, secondly, changes and exten- sions in some of the specific provisions on extended collective licences. Among other consequences, the proposals in Article 42 a will make it clear that only one organisation in each area shall be authorised to enter into agreements under which collective licences have extended effect. Corresponding amendments are also made in the provisions concerning collection of remuneration under Article 26 m of the Copyright Act, the provisions on collection of resale right remuneration under Article 26 p of the Copyright Act and the provisions on collection of remuneration under Article 47, third paragraph of the Copyright Act. The provision on extended collective licences in Article 42 b concerning the making of copies at places of work is broadened to include digital copies. Further, the provision on extended collective licences in Article 42 d of the Copyright Act is broadened to make it easier for libraries and archives to digitise works in their collections and make them accessible. A broadening of the provision concerning sound radio and television broadcasts in Article 42 e of the Copyright Act is proposed, so as to make it cover all communication to the public and such making of copies as is necessary to enable the communi- cation to take place. This means that the provision covers cases in which material is made available at the request of individuals. More- over, a completely new provision on extended collective licences is proposed, allowing the parties to enter into agreements under which collective licences have extended effect in areas other than those specified in the Act. This will be known as a special extended collective licence. The new general provisions aim to promote clarity and certainty in copyright contracts, which should be to the advantage of all parties. In addition, they are intended to prevent lock-in effects arising. The provisions are also intended to clarify the rights of the author and to uphold the principles of copyright in an increasingly complex and many-branched market for protected works and per- formances. The amended and new provisions on extended collective licences aim to facilitate rights clearance in connection with various forms of mass use of works and performances protected by copy- right so as to make the great repertoire available in organised form and on terms that are acceptable to the users, authors and other right- holders. As indicated above the main tasks of the Inquiry on Copyright have been to undertake a comprehensive review of the provisions on the transfer of copyright in Chapter 3 of the Copyright Act, but also to look over certain issues concerning extended collective licences and related matters. Within the framework of the first area the specific task must be noted of investigating and taking a stand on whether the position of the author as a contracting party should be strengthened. The task of undertaking a comprehensive review has also, in particular, included investigating and taking a position on whether a kind of work-for-hire rule should be introduced. A work-for-hire rule is defined by the Inquirys terms of reference as a provision entailing that the financial element of the copyright to material produced in the framework of an employment relation- ship will pass to the employer unless otherwise agreed. The task of looking over certain issues concerning extended collective licences has included the general question of the criteria that should apply in deciding which organisation or organisations should be authorised to enter into agreements with the effect of extended collective licences, instead of the criterion, now valid, that the organisation should represent a substantial number of Swedish authors. The general issues have also included investigating and taking a position on whether it should only be one organisation that can have the authority to enter into agreements with the effect of extended collective licences or whether several organisations should have this authority. With regard to the specific provisions on extended collective licences, the remit has included the issue of whether the provision on the making of copies within public authorities, enterprises and organisations, etc., should be broadened so as to also cover the making of digital copies, and the question of whether a new extended collective licence should be introduced for making available, on request, works forming a part of radio and television programmes. The supplementary terms of reference issued to the Inquiry in 2009 added the questions of whether the Copyright Act should be amended to make it easier for libraries and archives to digitise works protected by copyright and make them available, whether a general extended collective licence should be introduced, and whether the Copyright Act should be amended to ensure that the remuneration paid to an organisation on the basis of extended collective licences reaches the rightholders, particularly those who are not represented by the organisation. A comprehensive review of Chapter 3 of the Copyright Act New general provisions on contracts, etc. The provisions in Chapter 3 of the Copyright Act have remained virtually unchanged since the Act came into existence. Meanwhile, society and the copyright market have undergone sweeping changes. Technical developments are constantly giving rise to new forms of use of works protected by copyright. In light of this, the Inquirys terms of reference emphasise the need to modernise Chapter 3 of the Copyright Act. The task of the Inquiry has therefore been to undertake a comprehensive review of the provisions in Chapter 3 of the Copy- right Act. The terms of reference emphasise, as a general point of departure, that the Inquiry is to strive for durable and flexible solu- tions that reflect the copyright market and give authors a reasonable opportunity to maintain their rights while also accommodating other justified interests. The Inquiry has also been instructed, as set out above, to consider the question of whether the position of the author as a contracting party should be strengthened, and if so, how. In Chapter 3 of the Copyright Act as it stands today, the provi- sions on publishing contracts dominate, while there are relatively few general provisions on contracts. In many respects, the rules on publishing contracts have lost their relevance. The report proposes removing the special regulations on publishing contracts, but certain fundamental principles that occur in them will be given general application. This is in line with the introduction of a number of general provisions on contracts. The intention is for the provisions to promote clear and well-defined contracts. This should be to the advantage of all parties. Freedom of contract should apply as the basic assumption, so that the parties can make contractual arrange- ments as best suits their particular needs. The report proposes that the new Chapter 3 of the Copyright Act should contain special provisions on the following subjects. It is proposed that a provision on interpretation of copyright con- tracts be brought into the Copyright Act. The provision involves a codification and clearer definition of the principle of specification and means that the party that has a contractual right to exploit a work shall not be considered to have more extensive rights than stated in the contract or than may be considered to follow from the contract or its purpose. It is proposed that a reference to Section 36 of the Contracts Act (1915:218) be brought into the Copyright Act. Further, a special provision is proposed to enable modification of unreasonable con- tract terms relating to non-material rights. It is proposed that a general provision on the obligation to use rights acquired exclusively be brought into the Act. The provision is optional and means that a party that by a contract other than an employment contract has acquired from the author an exclusive right to make a work available to the public is obliged to use this right. If the party that has acquired this right has not made the work available to the public within reasonable time or at the latest within five years of the date on which the author fulfilled her or his part of the contract, the author may cancel the contract. Remuneration, settlement and control A new, general contractual provision concerning remuneration is proposed. This provision gives the author the right to reasonable remuneration when the right to exploit a work is transferred by assignment or licence to someone who intends to use the right in the framework of commercial activities. This provision is optional. New provisions are also proposed giving the author the right in the event of a royalty agreement to receive a settlement once a year together with the information on which this is based, and the opportunity to inspect this settlement. These provisions will be mandatory and it will therefore not be possible to waive them by contract. Contracts concerning communication to the public, etc. It is proposed to retain in the Act the provision on contracts relating to public performance, etc. This will be taken up in a separate Article. The heading will be amended to Contracts concerning commu- nication to the public, etc. Under this provision, a contract con- cerning communication to the public or public performance of a work will apply for a three-year period and will not confer exclu- sivity, unless otherwise agreed. This is particularly important in the event of use in the digital environment, such as on the Internet. It is proposed that the presumption rule concerning film contracts be clarified. Under this proposal, a contract conferring the right to use a work when recording a film means that an author contributing a work for a film cannot oppose copies being made of the film, the film being made available to the public, provided with subtitles or being translated into another language. It is proposed that musical works continue to be exempted from the scope of this provision. Under the proposal, however, the provision will also include the rights that performing artists enjoy over their performance in a film. Copyright to computer programs created in employment relationships It is proposed that the provisions of the Act concerning computer programs created in employment relationships be modified so that the rights transferred to the employer under the conditions of the provision do not include non-material rights. A presumption is also introduced that employers are entitled to transfer their right to the computer program to others. A work-for-hire rule? The point of departure of Swedish law is that, initially, the copy- right to a work always vests in the natural person who has created the work. In the event of employment relationships, copyright is transferred to the employer only to the extent that this is deemed to be explicitly or implicitly prescribed by the employment con- tract or by a special agreement. Interpretation of a contract would probably generally allow works produced as part of an employees tasks to be used by the employer in his or her normal activities and to the extent that could be foreseen with reasonable certainty when the work was created (see Govt. 1988/89:85, p. 21 and Labour Court 2002, no. The Inquirys terms of reference state that copyright legislation should be designed to be functional in its practical application. At the same time, they state that introduction of a work-for-hire rule would be a major deviation from the funda- mental principle that copyright belongs to the author creating the work. The need that may exist for a work-for-hire rule must therefore be carefully weighed against the interests of individual authors in being allowed, as far as possible, to decide over their work, and other interests of relevance to the issue. There is currently no special provision in the legislation concerning copyright in employment relationships. However, both in case-law and doctrine a rule of thumb has been developed according to which, within their area of activities and for the purposes of their normal activities, employers may use works created by the employee as a result of employment duties towards the employer. The employers rights refer to use for the purposes foreseen when the work is created. Further, a change in the work is permitted to the extent required to achieve the purposes for which it was created during the employment relationship. The report concludes that a general and essentially broadly framed presumption rule entailing the transfer to the employer of the financial element of the copyright of a work produced in an employment relationship does not offer a flexible and durable solu- tion. The balance between conflicting interests in the area of copy- right would be weakened by such a provision and would constitute a serious deviation from the fundamental principles of copyright. Instead a provision corresponding to the rule of thumb is proposed. The reports proposal means that an employer, within his or her area of activities and for the purposes of his or her normal activities, may hold exclusive rights to works created by an employee as a part of his or her tasks or following instructions by the employer. The right of the employer covers use for the purposes foreseeable when the work is created. Where a work must be changed to achieve the purpose for which it was created during an employment relation- ship, this change is permitted, although only to the extent allowed by Article 3 of the Copyright Act. There are special provisions on computer programs in Article 34 of the proposal (the current Article 40 a). The provision is also to apply with respect to rights belonging to performing artists under Article 45 of the Copyright Act and to photographers under Article 49 a of the Copyright Act. Which organisations are to be authorised to enter into agreements under the rules on extended collective licences? Chapter 3 a (Articles 42 a–42 f) of the Copyright Act contains pro- visions on extended collective licences. Under these provisions, agree- ments on the exploitation of works may be entered into with an organisation that represents a substantial number of Swedish authors in the field concerned. By entering into such an agreement, a user can also acquire the right to exploit works by authors not repre- sented by the organisation. The intention is to make it easier for a user, through his or her agreement with the representative organi- sation, to acquire all the rights that he or she needs for his or her activities, while enabling the authors concerned to receive reasonable remuneration. The interests of the authors not represented by the organisation are safeguarded by certain protective rules, e.g. pro- visions on the right to remuneration and the possibility of pro- hibiting exploitation. Article 42 a contains certain common provisions on extended collective licences. A collective licence only has extended effect in the case of agreements with organisations that represent a substantial number of Swedish authors in the field concerned. Corresponding requirements exist concerning the collection of a private copying levy (Articles 26 k–26 m) and resale right remuneration (Article 26 j). This requirement is also found in the mandatory licence provision in Article 47 of the Copyright Act (see the third paragraph). In connection with the implementation of the EC Directive on Copy- right in the (OJ L 167, 22.6.2001 p. 10, Celex 32001L0029), it was noted that there is cause to review whether it is a suitable delimitation for organisations to represent a substantial number of Swedish authors (Govt. 2004/05:110 pp. 144 and 247). amended its equivalent provisions after Commission found that they were in violation of the prohibition of discrimination contained in the . The other Nordic countries have subsequently made similar amendments.