sou · GTB39 · 2006-01-01 00:00:00 — The proposal reflects the relevance of the rules of international public law. International public law contains prohibitions of use and other regulations against certain types of ammunition, in- cendiary weapons, mines and blinding laser weapons. In the proposal, the Guidelines are divided into principles and criteria. The purpose is to give the Guidelines a simpler structure, which will also make it easier to discuss and refer to individual pro- visions. The intention is also to make it easier for members of the public to identify the considerations on which decisions are based. Just as is now the case, certain applications will be relatively easy to decide on, while others will require extensive examination and con- sultation with the . The has been added to the group of countries for which there are in principle foreign, security and defence policy reasons for exports and cooperation. This is motivated by substantial dependence on US technology and the aspiration to strengthen cooperation in the defence equipment area. The fact that effective export controls in one country can be foiled by inadequate export controls in another country is under- lined by pointing out that has a responsibility to work for effective export controls even outside the countrys borders. This addition ties in with the inquirys proposal in the section on organisation, concerning the possibilities of further coordinating and planning different assistance initiatives in the area (outreach). The guidelines concerning follow-on deliveries and transfers within cooperation based on a state-to-state agreement are brought together in a new paragraph on security of supply. Given the increased importance of cooperation and exports as means of main- taining defence industry expertise, the need to be able to offer security of supply is expected to increase. Guarantees regarding security of supply must not, however, be an acceptable argument if exports or cooperation would conflict with international obliga- tions. The current guidelines concerning exports to third countries of products developed in cooperation, which are based on the feasibi- lity of determining whether the product is Swedish or foreign in its identity, have been replaced by a guideline that assumes consulta- tion with the states with which is cooperating. The reason for this is that at present there is no satisfactory method for deter- mining the identity of products developed jointly with other countries. Future products will be multi-national. The requirement that the Government confer with on foreign affairs that are of major significance is written into the Constitution. There is therefore no need to regulate this in the Guidelines. Agreement between the Act and the Guidelines The Guidelines are anchored in the Act (1992:1300), in that the first two conditions in the Guidelines are summarised by Section 1, second paragraph of the Act. The need to tie the Guidelines to the legislation arose as a result of the delega- tion of the examination of applications to agency level in 1996. In order to harmonise with the inquirys proposal concerning the Guidelines, the relevant provision should be amended as follows: Licences under this Act may only be granted for security policy and defence policy rea- sons and provided there is no conflict with foreign policy. Licences under this Act may be granted when there are foreign and security policy, defence policy or industrial policy rea- sons for doing so and provided there is no conflict with the principles and objectives of foreign policy or in- ternational obligations. When foreign and security policy is mentioned for the first time, the reference is to reasons to grant licences for individual countries. The purpose of adding principles and objectives is to clarify that at this point what is involved is not foreign policy towards individual countries but rather values. The addition of the words or international obligations clarifies duty to respect arms embargos, international public law and similar arrangements. The arguments for adding industrial policy reasons are presented above. The removal of the word only does not imply any change in the licence requirement. Extended control and clarification In its review of the Swedish regulatory framework for export controls on military equipment, the inquiry has found that there is a need to extend official controls in certain respects and to clarify certain provisions. The following sections summarise proposals and deliberations regarding imports, provision of technical assistance abroad, and supplies and sales of hunting and competition firearms to other countries. Licence requirement for imports of defence equipment The inquiry has considered the need to regulate imports of defence equipment and has found that a licence requirement for individuals and companies would help prevent undesired proliferation in the country and abroad. Exceptions should, however, be made for companies that are licensed to manufacture equipment of the type that the import concerns, companies that are to supply the imported equipment to companies licensed to manufacture such equipment, and equipment that is to be supplied to Swedish central government agencies other than public enterprises. Imports that come under regulations laid down in the Weapons Act should be exempt from the import licence requirement set forth in the Act. The inquiry also proposes a reporting obligation for everyone who brings defence equipment into the country, including government agencies and companies with manufacturing licences. Such an obligation is motivated in view of the need for simpler and more reliable means of fulfilling reporting commitments to the UN, the and the Wassenaar Arrangement. The ISP should be authorised to issue detailed regulations concerning the types of equipment that must be reported. Licence requirement for provision of technical assistance abroad The inquiry proposes the introduction of a licence requirement for provision of technical assistance involving defence equipment ab- road. At present the ISP has no formal means of preventing techni- cal assistance from being provided in a country that is not accep- table as a recipient of defence equipment, assuming the company concerned does not apply for a licence to export equipment for which a licence is required, or information covered by defence secrecy provisions that is needed to be able to carry out the measure concerned. The proposed definition of technical assistance is any technical support involving defence equipment related to repairs, develop- ment, manufacture, assembly, testing or maintenance or any other technical service, and that may take forms such as instructions, transfers of working knowledge and skills or consulting services. Certain exceptions from the licence requirement are justified and will be defined in the Ordinance. The ISP may issue export licences that include technical assistance. Licences to supply firearms should only be granted under the Weapons Act The provisions in Section 4 of the Ordinance that allow dealers in hunting and competition firearms that cons- titute military equipment to hold licences under both the Act and the Weapons Act should be amended. , who has assisted the in an inquiry on the Weapons Act, proposes that licences should only be granted under the Weapons Act (Ju 2003:U). The inquiry concurs with this view. The Swedish should examine applications for supplies of fire- arms to all countries The inquiry proposes that the authority of the Swedish to examine applications to supply hunting and competition firearms that constitute military equipment to other countries should be expanded from the area to the entire world. The arguments in favour of these wider powers are positive experiences and the fact that the are in a better position to assess individuals and companies without manufacturing licences, which are the main source of this type of application. Should an application concern the supply of 30 or more weapons to someone outside the EU, the will be required to obtain an opinion from the ISP. Only certain government agencies should be exempted from the licence requirement for supplies Section 4 of the Act exempts Swedish government agencies that are not public enterprises from the general rule requiring a licence for supplies. This means that all such agencies, regardless of their field of activities, can freely sell equipment in to someone here in this country. The inquiry recommends restricting the exemption to agencies for which this can be considered justified and specifying these agencies in the Ordinance. Self-control in the defence industry The inquiry supports the endeavours of the ISP and the defence industry to further simplify the processing of routine applications. It is considered that simplifying the process for companies that have reached the requisite level of knowledge will enable the ISP to free up staff resources for difficult cases and activities that are more productive in control terms, such as international cooperation, education and training measures and visits to companies and to end-users abroad. The sections below summarise proposals that are expected to increase the of further processing simplifications, without thereby renouncing control over the export activities of the defence industry or hindering the examination of recipient or cooperation countries in accordance with the Guidelines. Three types of export licence The regulatory framework contains no provisions on how an export licence must be formulated. However, there are regulations concerning the information an application must contain and an established procedure that an end-user certificate should be pre- sented prior to export. All export licences for military equipment issued by the ISP today are individual licences that allow a defined delivery (type of equipment and quantity) to a specified recipient and end-user. As the need has arisen, the Inspectorate has adapted the individual licence to the development of international co- operation projects and a number of different varieties now exist. One variant of the individual licence is termed a project licence, which can be valid for a longer period and allow repeated deliveries that are needed for implementation of an extensive trans- action or an approved cooperation project. The exact scope and value of the export do not need to be stated but are reported to the ISP on an annual basis. As a result of accession to the FA/LoI agreement, the ISP will be able to issue global licences, which resemble project licences and are defined as the only licence needed for transferring equipment within the framework of a cooperation project, with no limits on quantities and value. For dual-use goods, the ISP, in accordance with EU regulations, issues three different licences: an individual licence, which allows the export of a specified product to a defined recipient in a certain country; a general licence, which allows the repeated export of listed products to defined countries; and a global licence, which allows unlimited exports to civilian buyers for civilian end use by an exporter making frequent exports to defined countries. A global licence presupposes a certain level of knowledge on the part of the exporter, which is normally checked by the ISP by means of a visit. In view of the above, the inquiry proposes that the military equipment legislation should mention three types of export licence: individual, global and general. The individual licence should be a possible option both for single transactions and for larger export transactions for which there is an approved cooperation agreement. The project licence will remain a variant of the individual licence, like the global licence for FA/LoI projects. A general licence should be a possible option for certain intended exports for which an end-user certificate if not now required, for example, repairs or replacement, or temporary exports of equipment. The global licence will presumably be used to a very limited extent, but could probably be used in certain situations in a similar way as for dual-use goods. In the view of the inquiry, individual licences of the project licence type as well as general and global licences should only be issued to defence industry companies with good internal routines and ability to report their exports and imports. For this purpose, the Inspectorate should introduce a quality process, which would include as two of its components visits to companies and education/training of the companies personnel. It is proposed that the ISP should be authorised to issue detailed regulations for the different licences. Tender notification exemptions for the EU, , and the In companies and government agencies are under an obli- gation to notify the ISP when they intend to submit a tender for supplies of defence equipment. This must be done before submitting a binding tender. The notification obligation makes it possible to forestall a transaction with an unacceptable country before the company applies for an export licence. Given that the ISP seldom prevents a tender and that the inquiry proposes to single out certain countries in the Guidelines, an exemption from this obligation is proposed in cases concerning supplies of equip- ment and provision of technical assistance within the EU and to , and the . Obligation to report on marketing abroad will be adapted as necessary No licence is required to market defence equipment abroad, but anyone who does so is obliged to report on marketing activities on a quarterly basis. Marketing reports enable the ISP to discover at an early stage when companies are marketing products in a country for which an export licence would probably not be granted. In the inquirys view, the possibility should be considered of introducing flexibility regarding the intervals at which reports are required. For certain companies each quarter may continue to be a suitable inter- val, while for others submitting data once or twice a year is pro- bably often enough. Greater flexibility will enable the ISP to adapt the companies reports to the needs of both the Inspectorate and the individual company. Raising the maximum penalty for a gross offence The inquiry proposes an increase of two years in the maximum prison sentence for a gross offence under the Act, from 4 years to 6 years. An increase is motivated by the consi- deration that the maximum penalty for a gross offence relating to supply, manufacture, foreign cooperation, provision of education or training with a military orientation or technical assistance should correspond to the maximum penalty for gross smuggling of military equipment, which is six years and is imposed under the Smuggling of Goods Act. In the view of the inquiry, unlawful manufacture can be at least as punishable as unlawful export. The inquirys assessment is that the proposals are cost-neutral for the state. On the one hand, the proposals concerning imports and technical assistance will entail a certain amount of extra work for the ISP. On the other hand, the proposals on extending self- control by the defence industry are expected to reduce the Inspectorates work on routine cases. The increasing international cooperation by the ISP will drive costs irrespective of the inquirys proposals. For the defence industry, the proposals are expected to have a cost-saving effect overall. The extra work involved in applying for licences to provide technical assistance and reporting some imports will be offset by other factors, notably the exemption from notifying the ISP of intentions to tender for business in the EU and with , and the . EU:s gemensamma säkerhets- och försvarspolitik Framework Agreement/Letter of Intent EU:s gemensamma utrikes- och säkerhetspolitik International Traffic in Arms Regulations Organization for Economic Co-operation and Produkter med dubbla användningsområden lag om ändring i lagen (1992:1300) om krigsmateriel Härigenom föreskrivs i fråga om lagen (1992:1300) om krigs- materiel1 dels att rubriken till lagen samt 1–6, 8–12, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26 och 27 §§ skall ha följande lydelse, dels att rubriken närmast före 6 § skall ha följande lydelse, dels att det skall införas två nya paragrafer, 6 a och 24 a §§ samt en ny rubrik närmast före 6 a §. Denna lag har avseende på vapen, ammunition och annan för militärt bruk utformad materiel som enligt regeringens föreskrifter utgör krigsmateriel. Tillstånd enligt denna lag får lämnas endast om det finns säkerhets- eller försvarspolitiska skäl för det och det inte strider mot utrikespolitik. Denna lag tillämpas på materiel som enligt regeringens föreskrifter utgör försvars- materiel samt på lämnande av tekniskt bistånd. Tillstånd enligt denna lag får lämnas om det finns utrikes- och säkerhets-, försvars- eller näringspolitiska skäl för det och det inte strider mot principerna och målen för utrikes- politik eller mot internationella förpliktelser. 1 Lagen omtryckt 1997:689. I denna lag förstås med tillverkning: framställning av sådan materiel eller delar därav som utgör krigsmateriel, tillhandahållande: försäljning, upplåtelse, utbjudande mot vederlag, lån, gåva eller för- medling, tillverkningsrätt: varje rätt att tillverka krigsmateriel. I denna lag förstås med tillverkning: framställning av sådan materiel eller delar därav som utgör försvarsmateriel, tillhandahållande: försäljning, upplåtelse, utbjudande mot vederlag, lån, gåva eller för- medling, tillverkningsrätt: varje rätt att tillverka försvarsmateriel, tekniskt bistånd: allt tekniskt stöd avseende försvarsmateriel som har samband med reparation, utveckling, tillverk- ning, montering, testning, underhåll eller någon annan teknisk tjänst och som kan anta sådana former som utbildning, överföring av kunskaper och färdigheter eller konsulttjänster. Krigsmateriel får inte till- Försvarsmateriel får inte till- verkas här i landet utan tillstånd. verkas här i landet utan tillstånd. Regeringen får meddela föreskrifter om undantag från detta tillståndskrav för ändring eller ombyggnad av skjutvapen i de fall som avses i 4 kap. 1 § vapenlagen (1996:67), 2. tillverkning av enstaka för tillverkarens eget bruk, 3. tillverkning av ammunition för tillverkarens eget bruk eller åt annan enskild eller samman- slutning för jakt eller målskytte, ändamål eller för forsknings- ändamål eller för forsknings- kemiska produkter som klassifi- kemiska produkter som klassifi- ceras som krigsmateriel. ceras som försvarsmateriel. Bestämmelsen i första stycket gäller inte för sådana statliga myndigheter som inte är affärsverk. försvarsmateriel och metoder för får inte bedrivas här i landet får inte bedrivas här i landet Svenska myndigheter, svenska företag samt den som är bosatt eller stadigvarande vistas här får inte heller utom landet bedriva sådan verksamhet utan tillstånd. andra styckena gäller inte för sådana statliga myndigheter som inte är affärsverk. andra stycket behövs inte för andra stycket behövs inte för tillverkare som har tillstånd att tillverkare som har tillstånd att tillverka krigsmateriel av det slag enligt första eller andra stycket, tillstånd enligt första eller andra stycket, om verksamheten avser materiel som tillhör tillstånds- materiel som tillhör tillstånds- havaren och som finns inom havaren och som finns inom landet eller tillhandahållande av landet eller tillhandahållande av framställning av krigsmateriel till till svenska statliga myndigheter eller sådana tillverkare som har eller sådana tillverkare som har tillstånd att tillverka krigs- tillstånd att tillverka försvars- materiel av det slag tillhanda- materiel av det slag tillhanda- tillståndskravet enligt första och tillståndskravet enligt första och andra styckena i fråga om sådan andra styckena i fråga om statliga myndigheter samt i fråga om sådan handel med skjut- vapenlagen (1996:67) eller sådan annan explosiv vara som regleras (1996:67) eller sådan hantering (1988:868) om brandfarliga och (1988:868) om brandfarliga och svenska företag samt den som är svenska företag samt den som är bosatt eller stadigvarande vistas bosatt eller stadigvarande vistas här får inte utan tillstånd i det här får inte utan tillstånd i det enskilda fallet till någon i enskilda fallet till någon i materiel som finns i utlandet smateriel som finns i utlandet försvarsmateriel eller metod för framställning av sådan materiel. framställning av sådan materiel. Krigsmateriel får inte föras ut Försvarsmateriel får inte föras ur landet utan tillstånd, om inte ut ur landet och tekniskt bistånd annat följer av denna lag eller får inte lämnas utanför landet utan tillstånd, om inte annat följer av denna lag eller annan utförsel överföring till utlandet I fråga om program- på annat liknande sätt. annat liknande sätt. bestämmer får meddela före- skrifter om sådana tillstånd. det gäller lämnande av tekniskt om undantag från kravet på Regeringen eller den myndighet som regeringen bestämmer får meddela föreskrifter om utförsel av 1.skjutvapen och tillhörande ammunition för enskild persons räkning samt skjutvapen och därtill hörande ammunition för användning vid jakt, tävling eller övning utom riket, 2.skjutvapen för reparation, översyn eller annan liknande åtgärd, 3.skjutvapen som förts in i landet för åtgärd som avses i 2, 4.sådana jakt- och tävlingsskjutvapen och tillhörande ammuni- tion som har förts in i landet i enlighet med bestämmelserna i 2 kap. 13 § b vapenlagen (1996:67). Företag eller enskilda får inte utan tillstånd föra in försvars- materiel i landet. Tillstånd enligt första stycket behövs inte för 1. företag som innehar tillverk- ningstillstånd för försvarsmateriel av det slag införseln gäller, 2. företag som skall tillhanda- hålla den införda försvars- materielen till företag med tillverkningstillstånd för sådan materiel, 3. försvarsmateriel som skall tillhandahållas till svenska statliga myndigheter som inte är affärsverk. Tillstånd enligt första stycket behövs inte för handeldvapen eller delar därtill, om införseln regleras genom föreskrifter i vapenlagen (1996:67). Avtal med någon utom landet Avtal med någon utom landet om att gemensamt med denne om att gemensamt med denne eller för hans räkning utveckla eller för hans räkning utveckla försvarsmateriel eller metod för framställning av sådan materiel eller om att gemensamt tillverka eller om att gemensamt tillverka krigsmateriel får inte ingås här i försvarsmateriel får inte ingås landet utan tillstånd. här i landet utan tillstånd. Svenska myndigheter, svenska företag samt den som är bosatt eller stadigvarande vistas här får inte heller utom landet ingå sådant avtal utan tillstånd. Avtal om tillägg till eller ändring av avtal av det slag som kräver tillstånd enligt 7 eller 8 § får inte ingås utan tillstånd, om tillägget eller ändringen avser 1.den materiel som omfattas av avtalet, 2.vidareupplåtelse eller vidareöverlåtelse av rätt enligt avtalet, 3. rätt att tillhandahålla 3. rätt att krigsmateriel till mottagare som inte angivits tidigare, som inte angivits tidigare, 4.förlängning av avtalets giltighetstid, eller 5.bestämmelser om sekretess. Militärt inriktad utbildning av personer som inte är svenska medborgare får inte bedrivas här i landet utan tillstånd. Svenska myndigheter, svenska företag samt den som är bosatt eller stadigvarande vistas här får inte heller utom landet yrkesmässigt bedriva sådan utbildning utan tillstånd. statliga myndigheter som inte är statliga myndigheter som inte är affärsverk eller som anordnas i affärsverk eller som anordnas i anställda i sådana företag som anställda i sådana företag som Den som har tillstånd enligt 3 eller 4 § liksom svenska statliga myndigheter som bedriver motsvarande verksamhet skall, i den ordning regeringen föreskriver, lämna redovisning till 1. om den marknadsföring av 1. om den marknadsföring av