sou · GSB371 · 2005-01-01 00:00:00 — Inom utbildning, forskning och praktik har social- tjänsten och andra myndigheter alltså haft flera decennier på sig att utveckla metoder för utredning och behandling. Sexuell exploate- ring däremot är ett relativt uppmärksammat problem där erfarenheter och kunskaper i stort sett saknas. För att problemet skall kunna identifieras behövs ökade kunskaper såväl inom individ- och familjeomsorgen som inom institutionsvården. Barn som utsatts för sexuell exploatering har ofta upplevt sexuel- la övergrepp, våld, försummelse och övergivenhet. Missbruk är i allmänhet det mest synliga problemet, vilket kan innebära att det problemet betonas i utredningar och behandling medan andra problem som sexuell exploatering hamnar i skymundan. Eftersom barn som utsatts för sexuell exploatering är en hete- rogen grupp går det inte att generalisera kring behandlingsbehov. En del barn har exploaterats utan att vara medvetna om det, andra har utsatts för svåra övergrepp i samband med exploateringen. För vissa barn var exploateringen en engångsföreteelse, för andra något som pågått . Vissa kommer från välfungerande familjer och har inte utsatts för några särskilda psykosociala påfrestningar, medan andra är drabbade av en rad riskfaktorer. Behandlingsbeho- ven kan således variera från att barnet inte behöver någon profes- sionell behandling alls till att barnet har mycket omfattande behandlingsbehov. Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin har med krympande resurser och längre köer prioriterat barn med svåra psykiska problem. varit utsatt för trauma ger ingen självklar rätt till behandling. Ofta är det först när barn uppvisar svåra psykiska problem, som behand- ling erbjuds. Det finns exempel på att BUP arbetat aktivt med frågor som rör sexuell exploatering, men vanligtvis torde sexuell exploatering vara ett problem som sällan uppmärksammas inom BUP. För att tas emot där måste barnet och föräldrarna – förutom att barnet uppvisar allvarliga symtom – vara motiverade för behand- ling och själva ta kontakt. Därmed blir BUP inte ett realistiskt behandlingsalternativ för sexuellt exploaterade barn, förutom vid kliniker med särskild inriktning mot sexuella övergrepp. De mest utsatta ungdomarna finns inom institutionsvården. Det finns skäl att anta att åtskilliga av dem har varit utsatta för sexuell exploatering. Därmed är det angeläget att klarlägga om så också är fallet och att utveckla kunskap och metoder för att ge dessa ung- domar vård som inkluderar området sexuell exploatering. Vuxna som begått sexuella övergrepp mot barn har mycket små möjligheter att få adekvat behandling. Det gäller såväl inom den öppna som den slutna psykiatrin. Personer som dömts för sexualbrott mot barn kan dock få vård vid någon av de anstalter inom kriminalvården som har särskilda behandlingsprogram för förövare av sexualbrott. Någon behandling direkt avsedd för per- soner som dömts för barnpornografibrott finns dock inte i , såvitt känt. När det gäller misstanke om sexualbrott eller misshandel mot barn finns samverkansgrupper i flertalet kommuner. Deras uppgift är i första hand att se till att barnet är skyddat och att samordna arbetet, framför allt utredningarna. Även sexuell exploa- tering utgör ett brott där samverkan mellan olika myndigheter är nödvändig. Eftersom det finns likheter och samband mellan dessa olika brottstyper, finns det skäl för samverkansgrupperna att arbeta med både sexuella övergrepp och sexuell exploatering. Att bekämpa sexuell exploatering av barn kräver ett väl utvecklat internationellt samarbete. Brottsligheten, framför allt barnporno- grafi och människohandel för sexuella ändamål, är gränsöverskri- dande. Det krävs både formella och informella kontakter mellan brottsbekämpande myndigheter i olika länder. att regeringen utreder och klargör frågan om skadestånd vid barnpornografibrott att regeringen överväger en översyn av bl.a. preskriptionstiderna för brottet sexuellt ofredande vid de tillfällen då detta brott har samband med barnpornografibrott att regeringen ser över lagstiftningen vad gäller ålderskriteriet vid barnpornografibrott i det fall fastställer dom (, B228-03) att regeringen överväger hur lagring av barnpornografiska bilder i tempfiler, såsom det beskrivs i betänkandet, skall kriminali- seras att de utåtriktade arbetsmetoder som använts i Rädda Barnens Hotline bör tas till vara av polisen när projektet avslutas att regeringen överväger behovet av en översyn beträffande kostnader för utlämnande av IP-nummer och lagringstider för logfiler i syfte att öka polisens möjligheter att utreda brott som rör sexuell exploatering av barn. Även spårning av mobiltrafik bör uppmärksammas i detta sammanhang. att regeringen tar upp frågor om barnpornografi på nätet i lämp- liga internationella sammanhang att regeringen överväger att uppdra åt , Migra- tionsverket och att utforma en vägledning för hur kontrollen vid gränserna skall utformas för att förhindra sexuell exploatering av barn att rättsväsendets inställning till och hantering av mål som gäller misshandel, sexuella övergrepp och sexuell exploatering av barn ses över på liknande sätt som regeringens aviserade översyn av våldtäkter mot kvinnor att fortbildningen beträffande barnmisshandel och sexuella över- grepp mot barn för poliser och åklagare också innefattar sexuell exploatering av barn att åklagare vid de internationella åklagarkamrarna som utreder brott mot barn erhåller särskild kompetens för uppgiften att domare och nämndemän i mål som gäller sexuella övergrepp, sexuell exploatering och barnmisshandel bör särskild kompetens för uppgiften att riktlinjer för hur polisen bör handlägga fall av sexuell exploa- tering av barn utarbetas av att regeringen överväger om Lagen om registerkontroll (SFS 2000:873) skall omfatta fler yrkesgrupper än vad som är fallet, exempelvis vissa läkare, personal vid institutioner för barn och ungdom samt kontaktpersoner inom och gode män att skolan prioriterar sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen och gör stora ansträngningar för att skapa en miljö där ingen elev utsätts för sexuella trakasserier samt verkar som en motkraft till den syn på kvinnor och män som sprids genom reklam, doku- såpor och pornografi. att – inom ramen för regeringsuppdraget att utreda förutsättningarna för en nationell funktion för området barn i utsatta situationer – beaktar frågor om sexuell exploa- tering. Detta uppdrag skall samordnas med uppdrag att utreda regionala kunskapscentra inom området sexuella övergrepp och misshandel av barn. Utredningen anser att sexuell exploatering av barn bör beaktas även i denna del av uppdraget att i sitt arbete med att ta fram ett dokumenta- tionssystem för utredning och uppföljning (BBIC) och utarbe- tandet av en utredningar uppmärksammar frågor om sexuell exploatering av barn att i samband med ADAD-intervjun ställer frågor om sexuell exploatering där detta är relevant samt utvecklar metoder för behandling av ungdomar som utsatts för sexuell exploatering att den Sociala barn- och ungdomsvårdskommittén (S 2003:06) beaktar frågor som rör sexuell exploatering av barn i sitt arbete att regeringen överväger hur och i vilken form den av utred- ningen framtagna kunskapen skall spridas centralt, regionalt och lokalt The terms of reference of the committee into knowledge concer- ning sexual exploitation of children in were, among other things, to make an inventory of and compile knowledge about sex- ual exploitation of children and to consider the need for additional measures on the part of the Government to fulfil the work against sexual exploitation of children in accordance previous underta- kings. has collected information from, inter alia, four networks made up of representatives of authorities, NGOs, parliamentarians and experts, from a number of study visits and from two studies carried out within the framework of the commit- tee. One of the studies was carried out by . It refers to reported and processed sexual offen- ces against children that includes elements of sexual exploitation. The other study is a survey concerning the sexuality of young people – attitudes to and experience of sexual exploitation – carried out by researchers at in cooperation with . Sexual exploitation of children comprises trafficking in children, child prostitution/sexual exploitation for payment and child por- nography. The report contains a description of these three problem areas, relevant legislation is reported and risk factors identified. Investigations, measures and treatment for both victims and per- petrators are reviewed as well as joint action at both national and international levels. has also presented certain pro- posals for continued work on issues concerning the sexual exploi- tation of children. Sexual exploitation in the form of human trafficking for sexual purposes is a relatively new phenomenon although sexual exploita- tion in other forms has long existed. girls with alcohol and drug abuse problems in particular have been sexually exploited. This is a well known fact but has not been the focus of attention in investigations and treatment. The exact extent of exploitation can- not be assessed, however the investigations and assembly of know- ledge carried out by the committee show that the number of child- ren exposed to sexual exploitation is considerable. As in the case of sexual abuse, the part of sexual exploitation of children that is visible, that is to say in criminal statistics and information from authorities and organisations, is probably just the tip of the ice- berg. Poverty, patriarchal structures and the sexualisation of society create a breeding ground for sexual exploitation Children who have been subject to sexual exploitation have major social and mental problems. Many have been subjected to sexual violation/abuse before or in connection with sexual exploitation. However, the models based on the individual are not sufficient to explain sexual exploitation of children and must be supplemen- ted by factors of a structural nature. The problem must be seen in its social context. Poverty in combination with patriarchal structu- res constitutes a major risk of the exposure of women and children to violence and different forms of sexual abuse/exploitation. In cultures where women and children are not seen as individuals of the same value and with the same rights as men, they risk being regarded and treated like objects. Another factor that makes sexual exploitation of children pos- sible is the sexualisation of society. Erotic messages are communi- cated in advertising, TV programmes, films, music videos, fashion and on the Internet. Films and images that would have been classi- fied as pornography are shown today on some TV channels and appear in certain evening papers and weekly magazines. Children are drowning in material with a sexual content which is a comple- tely different situation from that which applied for earlier genera- tions. The consequences of the sexualisation of the public sphere can currently be perceived for example in changed attitudes to sexua- lity, changed sex habits and a strong increase in the consumption of pornography. At the individual level, there are certain factors that imply children run a greater risk of being subjected to sexual exploitation. The risk factors are sexual and physical abuse and neglect. The youth poll shows that young people who have sold sexual services have many problems, which are expressed in different ways such as sexualised behaviour, alcohol and drug abuse, criminality and mental illness. Children who come to from other countries as asylum see- kers with or without legal custodians, or because their mother is to marry a Swedish man and also children who are smuggled in or come on their own, may also run the risk of sexual exploitation. Lonely, sad, lost and deserted children are exposed to the grea- test risks since contacts via the Internet may be a compensation for other human company. Children, who have poor relations with their parents, have no friends or for other reasons feel lonely and excluded are particularly defenceless when an unknown person seeks contact with them via the Internet. Children may be subject to sexual exploitation even if no real risk factors are present. It may, for example, be children who have been photographed secretly for pornographic purposes. The strate- gies used by many perpetrators can be difficult for children to see through, particularly if the perpetrator is someone they know, have faith in or see as an authority. Not all the children that have been caught up in sexual exploitation after making contact via the Inter- net have social problems. It may be a case of curiosity, innocence or of testing limits. Children may become involved in something they do not understand and cannot judge the consequences of. Connections between child pornography and sexual violations Pornographic pictures/films of children almost always mean that the child has been subjected to sexual abuse/violation that has been documented. It does happen, however, that pictures are not taken for pornographic purposes but are used in such a way that they appear to be pornographic. It may concern pictures that have been manipulated or included in a sequence together with pictures of a pornographic nature. Viewing pornographic pictures/films of children may be temporary but it may also be part of a pattern of transgressing limits and sexual abuse. Possessing, collecting and distributing child pornography is a crime in itself but attention should also be given to it as a risk factor for physical sexual abuse. The investigation by for instance shows that there is a connection between child pornography offences and sexual abuse. Thirty-eight per cent of those convicted of child pornography offences had also been convicted for sexual crimes against a child in the same case. Another link is that people who are members of one of the closed paedophile networks that operate on the Internet may be obliged to distribute new pictures in order to get access to the material of others. To produce these pictures the person may sexually abuse a child, photograph or film the abuse and distribute the pictures/film to people in the network. , children are sexually abused because the market continually demands new pic- tures. The majority of people consider sex with children unacceptable but when the boundaries for what is normal shift, a breeding ground is created for degenerate variants such as e sexual exploita- tion of children. Child pornography may influence attitudes so that what was previously inconceivable may be seen as a possibility, not just by paedophiles but also by people who would not normally exploit children. Another step in the process of normalisation is perceiving that many others are doing the same thing. Today, the Internet offers opportunities of feeling a mutual interest with others who are sexually interested in children. A further essential factor for lowering thresholds is accessibility. Pornography has above all become readily accessible. Those who are well acquainted with Internet can easily find what they want and the risk of being discovered is minor. Furthermore, the large supply of pornography and other material with a sexual content may have an effect on children and young people so that their limits are shifted. It may then be easier to persuade them to carry out sexual acts. Lastly, the thresholds are lowered considerably when it becomes easier to find victims. Previously, perpetrators had to find children in their nea- rest circles which could be difficult, risky and take time. With the protection of anonymity it is easier to find suitable victims. A special problem connected with child pornography on the Internet is that the pictures/films never disappear. They are in cir- culation on the network eternally. This means that the violation of the child never ends. After the criminalisation of possession of child pornography, there has been an explosive development of Internet opportunities for contacts between people. This has meant a radical increase in opportunities to commit child pornography crimes. Trafficking in children for sexual purposes Human trafficking for sexual purposes is a crime planned by crimi- nal organisations and takes place well hidden from agencies, orga- nisations and the general public. Operations are facilitated by the open borders in the Schengen area which imply border supervision without passport control and a chance to cross borders with juve- niles without any questions being asked about their relationship or where they belong. Most cases of human trafficking concern adult women over 18 but the victims may be juvenile girls, usually aged 16–17. These girls are mostly enticed to come to in the belief that they will earn money and in this way change their future. Sometimes they are forced or duped into believing they will get a regular job. Some are certainly aware that they will be selling sexual services but believe it will be temporary, something they will be doing for a short time. In fact they become the victims of a modern form of slavery. Through reports and contacts with the committees network it has emerged that cooperation takes place between agencies and organisations, at both national and international levels on the pol- icing side. On the other hand, regarding care of the victims of human trafficking for sexual purposes, there is a general lack of cooperation, coordination, knowledge and clear division of respon- sibility between the agencies and organisations concerned at both national and international levels. Furthermore, there is no clear child perspective in treatment of the victims. Sexual exploitation for payment The survey has mapped out the extent of selling sex among young people in the third year of the upper secondary school. The study (and Priebe 2004) shows that 60 young people – 1.4 per cent – had sold sex for payment. That is equivalent to about 1 000 young people in the third year of the upper secondary school. Of the 60 young people, 23 were girls (1 per cent) and 37 boys (1.8 per cent). Boys with an immigrant background were over- represented. Characteristic of those with experience of having sold sex was an early intercourse debut, several sex partners, behavioural problems, criminality (especially among boys), mental problems and alcohol and drug abuse (especially among girls). Forty-nine stated that they had been subjected to sexual acts against their will. It was most often a question of someone pawing/groping them and of indecent exposure. Forty-two per cent (30 per cent of the boys and 60 per cent of the girls) had been subjected to sexual pene- tration. To a remarkably high degree the young people who answered the questionnaire about attitudes to and experience of selling sex for remuneration/money accept that people sell sex or take part in pornographic situations. A majority of the young people in the survey had seen pornography on some occasion. Boys who sold sex viewed most. Forty-two per cent of them stated that they more or less daily viewed pornography. This group also considerably more often viewed sex involving violence, sex between children and adults and sex with animals. Many stated that they are affected by what they see and want to try it out which is alarming, not least bearing in mind that they have viewed child pornography and por- nography involving violence. The victims of sexual exploitation may be anyone from small child- ren photographed for pornographic purposes without being aware of it, to teenagers forced into prostitution. The mental, physical and social consequences of having been exposed to sexual exploita- tion varies depending on factors such as the age of the child, the type of exploitation and the relationship to the perpetrator. In survey of judg- ments pronounced in cases with an element of sexual exploitation, 70 per cent of the victims are girls. In the survey, the majority of those who had sold sex were boys. There is reason to assume that sexual exploitation of boys is even more concealed than exploita- tion of girls. 80 per cent of the boys and 65 per cent of the girls in the Councils survey were under 15. Forty-six of the 60 young people who had sold sex stated that they were between 14 and 18 when they sold sex for the first time. The median value was 16. It is usual for perpetrators of crimes with elements of sexual exploitation to be sentenced for crimes against several children. In survey, about a quarter had been sentenced for crimes against two or three children and a quarter for crimes against four or more children in the same case. Ninety-five per cent of those sentenced are men. It is also common that the perpetrators have previously been sen- tenced for crimes. In the survey, 72 per cent had appeared before court on at least one previous occasion. One fifth had previously been sentenced for sexual crimes against children and more than a quarter had been sentenced for crimes of violence. few of those who sexually exploit children for payment consider themselves to be child molesters. They try to deny, justify their behaviour and make it humane. Occasionally they also claim that the young people themselves should take responsibility for what has taken place. They imagine that sexual contact is something the child can consent to and benefit from. This attitude is apparent in some of the judgments studied in the committee. In and Backs study of children exploited in child porno- graphy (2003) there is a description of the intervju with the per- petrators. No one expressed guilt about hurting the children and they did not consider they had done anything wrong. They were usually unable to remember and diminshed their role in the abuse. The majority of perpetrators had cognitive distortions; they dis- torted reality, redefined relationships of power and strength, rever- sed roles, etc. The Internet as a risk and an opportunity The Internet has meant a radical change in childrens and young peoples social and cultural environment. The majority of children aged 9–16 chat on the Internet but parents generally are not aware The difference between what parents think children use the Internet for and what they do use it for is great. For example, children can easily find pornographic material or involuntarily open such material on the display. Certain homepages have children and young people as target- groups. There they can present themselves, write their own diaries or in the diaries of others, chat, send e-mails and take part in discussion groups. The new digital camera technology with web cameras and mobile telephones makes it easy to photograph and publish the pictures on the Internet. Like other pictures, the pictu- res become a public property and can end up on pornographic sites. The anonymity of the Internet offers an opportunity to talk about problems that children dare not discuss face to face, for example sexuality or relations. This can be positive but there are also risks with this open communication. You can never rely on the person you are chatting with being whom he/she claims to be. Contact through the Internet can lead to personal meetings that may be risky. The Internet has made it easier for paedophiles and other sex criminals to make contact with children. Through the Internet children can be exposed to new risks. Parents have less control over their childrens contacts and the per- petrators have obtained greater opportunities to find children to sexually abuse or exploit. Investigations, measures and treatment Sexual abuse of children is not new for social services. The matter has been given attention since the late 1980s. Thus, in training, research and practice, social services and other authorities have had several decades in which to develop methods for investigation and treatment.