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Aktuellt forskningsläge kring djurtransporter: utvärdering och rekommendationer Av , nik, Denna artikel, som författats på uppdrag av särskilda utredaren för (Jo 2001:01), redovisar i korthet forsk- ningsläget kring djurtransporter. Den redovisar de huvudsakliga parametrarna för stressframkallande och stressindikation som används av forskare i syfte att fastställa effekten av olika aktiviteter som associeras med transport och hantering. Även forskningsakti- viteter i förhållande till djurarter och geografisk fördelning redo- visas. Vissa relevanta forskningsresultat har även medtagits i rap- porten för att visa vilken inverkan transporter har på djurs välfärd. Baserat på utvärderingen lämnas några slutsatser och rekommen- dationer. Det har skett en stadig ökning av djurtransporter (såväl nationellt som internationellt, dock har antalet djurtransporter varit oförändrat ) till följd av strukturförändringar, specialisering av produktions- system och en globalisering av marknaden (Gebresenbet, 1998). På nationell nivå minskar antalet gårdar och slakterier, medan pro- duktionsvolymen ökar eller är oförändrad. Det finns nära 82 miljoner kalvar och vuxna nötkreatur inom Europeiska unionen, EU. Av dessa är 24 miljoner under ett års Cirka 365 miljoner lantbruksdjur (45 miljoner nötkreatur, 95 miljoner får, 225 miljoner grisar och 300 000 hästar) transporteras inom EU och transporteras på lastbil till slakterier. Totalt transporteras mer än 30 miljoner kor, köttboskap och kalvar inom Europeiska unionen . Dessa siffror inbegri- per inte lokal försäljning och transporter mellan gårdar. De flesta djur transporteras antingen direkt till slakterierna eller passerar genom marknader eller provtagningspunkter där de lastas av och lastas på igen innan de sänds till destinationsorten. Handeln med nötkreatur mellan EU:s medlemsländer, import och export till andra länder som till exempel före detta Jugoslaven, eller vissa länder i uppgår till mer än 4 miljoner djur . Cirka 300 000 nötkreatur transporteras enbart från EU till och . Antalet transporterade djur ökar stadigt och detta kräver särskild uppmärksamhet inom forskningen för att förbättra djurens välfärd. Konsumenterna ställer allt större krav på livsmedlens kvalitet och säkerhet, vilket även inbegriper känslomässiga aspekter som hör samman med produktionsmetoder och bearbetningsteknologi, till exempel djurens välfärd. Vägtransporter av lantbrukets djur är emellertid inte enbart en fråga om välfärd utan har även en ekono- misk aspekt i form av kvalitetsförluster och mortalitet. Förluster på grund av mortalitet under transport och låg förmåga hos griskött att behålla vatten uppskattas till och oför- delaktiga transportförhållanden kan spela en roll. Liknande problem existerar för andra djurslag. Ökade kostnader kan också försämra de europeiska ländernas position i konkurrensen på världsmarknaden. Fem olika slags problem uppstår i samband med djurtransporter: 1.Generering av stress hos djuren, vilket medför dålig välfärd och högre mortalitet. 2.En möjlig negativ effekt på köttets kvalitet. 3.Risk för spridning av infektionssjukdomar bland djuren på ett transportfordon. 4.Risk för överföring av infektionssjukdomar över stora avstånd. 5.Djurtransporter över hela har en negativ inverkan på miljön genom utsläpp av skadliga ämnen från djurbeståndet och från fordonsmotorerna. Stress under transport och dess negativa inverkan på köttkvaliteten är ett erkänt problem, men det finns ingen större kännedom om hur överföring av sjukdomar sker under transport. Det finns tre sätt på vilka djurtransporter kan ge upphov till infektionssjuk- domar: 1.Transporterade djur kan infekteras med patogener från andra individer som djuren blandas med eller från en omgivning som kontaminerats av andra djur.