sou · GPB314d3 · 2002-01-01 00:00:00 — Jag menar att detta resonemang även kan stämma in på de porrklubbar där enskild posering förekommer och där den enskilda poseringen ofta är inkörsporten till prostitution för unga kvinnor. Jag anser därför att 14 § i 2 kapitlet borde placeras i 6 kapitlet i samband med kopplerilagen och köp av sexuella tjänster. 578 Reservationer och särskilda yttranden Särskilt yttrande av ledamoten () Jag ansluter mig till delar av särskilda yttrande, nämligen beträffande 7 kap. 3 a § och 6 kap. 10 § BrB samt 2 kap. 14 § ordningslagen. Reservationer och särskilda yttranden 579 Särskilt yttrande av ledamoten () Punkt 3 i förslaget till 6 kap.5 § bäddar för oklarheter kring den egentliga avgränsningen av det straffbara området för sådan posering som annars kan skada den unge utveckling. På denna punkt handlar det alltså om en sorts restpost av poseringar som kommittén vill kriminalisera, trots att de inte innebär sexuellt utnyttjande eller sexuell kränkning enligt 6 kap. 4 §, inte är ett led i en framställning av pornografisk bild, inte sker mot ersättning och inte handlar om barn . Det finns risk för en oförutsägbar och inkonsekvent rättstillämpning eftersom det överlåts på domstolarna att resonera kring huruvida en viss form av posering kan anses skadlig i största allmänhet. Den enskilda människan bör ges en rimlig chans att på förhand kunna räkna ut om ett visst sexuellt beteende är lagligt eller ej. Denna oklarhet bör redas ut i det kommande lagstiftningsarbetet. 580 Reservationer och särskilda yttranden Särskilt yttrande av experten Angående människohandel för sexuella ändamål I kapitel 14 behandlar utredningen människohandel för sexuella ändamål. Utredningen föreslår att en ny bestämmelse bör utformas där handel med människor för sexuella ändamål kriminaliseras. För straffansvar skall rekryteringen eller transporten ha skett med olaga tvång, vilseledande eller på något annat otillbörligt sätt. Om brottet gäller en person bör det inte förutsättas att handeln har skett genom ett visst tillvägagångssätt. Utredningen konstaterar inledningsvis att, oavsett om kvinnorna är införstådda med att de skall arbeta som prostituerade eller i den s.k. sexbranschen eller inte, är det gemensamt för de kvinnor som varit föremål för denna handel att de i slutänden blir tvingade, utnyttjade eller lurade och de är isolerade och manipulerade och har fått sina grundläggande mänskliga rättigheter åsidosatta. Jag instämmer med utredningens bedömning i ovan angivna utom vad beträffar de kriterier som ställs upp för straffansvar när det gäller personer . De föreslagna kriterierna innebär att personer som idkar människohandel där kvinnorna är medvetna om villkoren inte kommer att träffas av straffbestämmelsen. Som konstateras i utredningen är kvinnornas valmöjligheter ofta mycket små, vilket ger förutsättningar för en lukrativ handel baserad på frivillighet från kvinnornas sida. Fokus bör i straffbestämmelsen vara på människo- handlarna, som gör ekonomisk på att utnyttja utsatta kvinnors position. Enligt min mening bör straffbestämmelsen därför omfatta handel med människor för sexuella ändamål, oavsett hur medvetna de rekryterade kvinnorna varit om vilka förhållanden de skall komma att arbeta under. Kraven att rekryteringen eller transporten skall ha skett genom olaga tvång, vilseledande eller på annat otillbörligt sätt bör strykas från straffbestämmelsen. Reservationer och särskilda yttranden 581 Särskilt yttrande av experten Jag instämmer inte i majoritetens förslag till utformning av § 1, våldtäkt och § 6, våldtäkt mot barn. Majoriteten har i gärningsbeskrivningen helt frångått anknytningen till samlag. Således har ej heller kränkningen kunnat jämföras med påtvingat samlag. Detta har medfört att våldtäktsparagrafen fått en alltför oklar och vag utformning och därför enligt min uppfattning blir svårtolkad samt riskerar att strida mot legalitetsprincipen. Jag instämmer inte i majoritetens förslag på följande punkter: 1.§ 1, första meningen bör i stället ha följande lydelse: För våldtäkt döms den som med våld eller hot tvingar annan person till samlag eller till annan sexuell handling om gärningen med hänsyn till kränkningens art och omständigheterna i övrigt är jämförlig med påtvingat samlag. 2.Med våld bör jämställas att försätta någon i ett sådant tillstånd att han eller hon saknar förmåga att värja sig. 3.Även formuleringen av paragrafens andra mening, tilltvingar sig en sådan sexuell handling genom att utnyttja... är ägnad att skapa osäkerhet om lagens innebörd. Jag anser att endast sexuellt utnyttjande av en person, som befinner sig i en hotfull situation bör omfattas av ansvar för våldtäkt, medan ett sexuellt utnyttjande av en person, som själv berusat eller drogat sig och där ingen hotbild förekommer, bör hänföras till § 3, sexuellt utnyttjande. Varken reformbehov eller straffvärde kan motivera, att dessa fall bedöms som våldtäkt, medan ett sexuellt utnyttjande av a) en medvetslös eller sovande person, b) en gravt fysiskt funktionshindrad person eller c) en person som annars är så sjuk att han eller hon inte förstår gärningens innebörd, bedöms som sexuellt utnyttjande. Följden av den föreslagna uppdelningen kan också innebära svåra gränsdrag- ningsproblem mellan § 1 och § 3. 4.Med hänsyn till vad ovan anförts beträffande § 1, första meningen, bör § 6, våldtäkt mot barn, få följande lydelse: För våldtäkt mot barn döms den som med ett barn har samlag eller genomför annan sexuell handling om gärningen med hänsyn till kränkningens art och omständigheterna i övrigt är jämförlig med påtvingat samlag. 582 Reservationer och särskilda yttranden Särskilt yttrande av experten Jag ansluter mig till det särskilda yttrande som avgetts av . was constituted as a criminal law committee. Its primary task has been to review the provisions on sexual crime in chapter 6 of the Swedish Penal Code. Now in this Report the Committee submits its proposed new regulation of sexual crime. proposes that a new chapter shall replace chapter 6. Further it is proposed that special provisions be included which impose criminal liability for the crime of trafficking in persons and children, respectively, for sexual purposes. proposes a series of other measures such as that the claim of double punishment for crimes committed abroad shall not apply to either serious sexual crimes against persons under the age of 18 years, or new provisions of the Penal Code on trafficking in human beings for sexual purposes. Legislation on Sexual Crime Should Be Sexual self-determination and sexual integrity are the most important protective interests behind the regulation of sexual crimes. Sexual offences always constitute a violation of sexual and personal integrity. is of the view that the regulation of sexual crime should focus less attention on which type of sexual act is in question, and instead pay more attention to the sexual infringement and its nature. Such an approach is in all respects an expression of legal development that has already taken place. But it is even more evident in the proposal for the new text of the law. has also had the assignment of finding a solution that would mean that the concept of rape covers serious sexual violations against very young children even in cases where force has not been used. It is in particular the requirement of force as stated in section 1, chapter 6 of the Penal Code on the subject of rape which has been criticised since it is considered to have led to unreasonable results when it concerns abuses against children. has studied court practice (case-law), and the available research on sexual abuse against children and both indicate that the perpetrator in many instances does not use any direct force. It is more common that the offender uses persuasion and entices the child or that the offender has used his or her authority to get what he or she wants. If the said violations have gone on for some time the child becomes accustomed to his or her life-situation and for that reason as well the offender does not need to resort to force or the threat of force when committing the crime. therefore proposes a special provision. Taking into account systematics and the need for the law to be as transparent as possible, the Committee proposes that the legislation shall consistently distinguish between sexual crimes committed against a child who is under the age of 15 years and sexual crimes committed against an adult. A special provision for younger children is therefore not proposed. The age limits for when the various provisions are applicable are the same as for the right of sexual self-determination. No change is proposed in that regard. Children under the age of 15 can therefore never consent to sexual acts with the effect of exonerating the offender from criminal liability. Persons who have reached the age of 15 years are treated by the legislation concerning sexual crimes as being adults. This is because youths at that age have reached the age of sexual self-determination. However, the proposed law contains a few protective provisions for youths between the ages of 15 and 18 years. Having regard to systematics, they have been brought under the provisions that deal with adults. Force and Consent in a New Provision on the Crime of Rape Criminal liability for rape of an adult should also in the future according to the new legislation, require that the offender use force or threats to perpetrate the sexual act. The primary reason why this requisite is kept, is that it has been considered that a provision based only on the circumstance that the victim did not consent to the sexual act obviously would lead to a risk that the investigation of the crime focuses too much on the victim. Questions regarding how the victim behaved or whether the victim indicated that he or she was not interested in having sexual intercourse, and questions of what happened during the abuse and the relationship of the parties should obtain greater clarity in regard to whether consent had been expressed. There is a risk that such considerations which reflect the lack of equality between women and men, and which were rejected in the reform of sexual crime in 1984 could obtain renewed currency. Moreover, such a provision would entail consider difficulties in application and would not be compatible with the systematics of the Penal Code. With the primary consideration being development of the law, the Committee however proposes that a lesser degree of force shall lead to criminal liability for rape. The requisite that the offender should have enforced the sexual act by violence or a serious threat has been amended. Instead it is a sufficient requisite, according to the new provision, for criminal liability for rape, in Section 1 Chapter 6 of the Penal Code, that the offender has used unlawful coercion. Proposal for a New Chapter 6 of the Penal Code The Committees review of the provisions on sexual crime in chapter 6 of the Penal Code covered the substance of the legislation as well as systematics, methodology and wording. As a review the Committee conducted a survey of court sentencing, practices and an assessment of criminal liability in cases of sexual crime. The study of court practice covered approx. 415 court judgements, distributed over the various crimes enumerated in chapter 6. The Court judgements were delivered during the period from 1st 1995 to and including 30th 1998. has further studied other court practice (case-law) and has obtained information from both the authorities and so called voluntary organisations. Moreover a unit designated as a reference group was attached to the Committee. The reference group included persons with expert knowledge in various areas that have been of significance to the work of the Committee. As a result of the review, the expression sexual intercourse was replaced by a new expression, sexual act. The meaning of that expression is essentially the same as that of sexual intercourse. A certain broadening of the meaning is however intended. In order to be considered a sexual act, i.e. the act or measure shall have had a manifestly sexual character for the victim or the offender. The infringement of a victim has considerable importance in making this assessment. It is not required that there shall have been a direct and prolonged physical contact for an act to be regarded as a sexual act. Also the expressions unconsciousness and helpless state have been replaced by other terms. The legal language in all of the provisions has been modernised. Sexual crimes against adults The five initial provisions of the proposed new chapter 6 consist only of sexual crimes, in the strict sense, committed against adults: 1. Rape, 2. Sexual coercion, 3. Sexual exploitation, 4. Infringement of sexual integrity, 5. Sexual exploitation of a minor. An adult is defined as a person who has reached the age of 15 years. Three provisions contain certain rules to protect against sexual acts, which are committed through unlawful coercion or exploitation. The provisions are, in general, listed in order of the gravity of the crime. According to the proposal sexual crimes against adults consist of the following. Rape, under Section 1, is reserved for the most serious of sexual violations. Whoever uses unlawful coercion to compel another person to engage in a sexual act, which constitutes a gross violation with regard to the nature of compulsion or the circumstances in general, is criminally liable. The sexual act may be sexual intercourse or acts similar to sexual intercourse. Also other sexual acts involving serious violations considered with regard to the nature of compulsion and the circumstances in general could give rise to criminal liability. In order to be held criminally liable, it is sufficient if the offender has used such unlawful coercion, as referred to in Section 4 Chapter 4 of the Penal Code. According to the proposal a person who compels another to engage in a sexual act by means of exploiting that persons incapacity on account of intoxication or similar condition or the threatening situation he or she finds himself in shall also be held criminally liable. This provision shall in certain cases be applied before the provision on sexual exploitation. This is partly a new measure in relation to existing law. The background to the Committees proposal is as follows. In accordance with the law presently in effect, the Court does not convict for rape if the offender has exploited a situation where the victim was already incapacitated, for example, because he or she voluntarily became intoxicated. In such cases the offender has been convicted instead for sexual exploitation in accordance with section 3. This provision seems in practice to lead to the fact that the victim s intoxication has a decisive impact on the charge regardless of the offenders actions, Also in situations which are close to rape the offender is thus convicted of sexual exploitation instead of rape. The cases that have been brought to public attention in recent years have had in common the fact that they involved young women who were heavily intoxicated and who were then exploited sexually by several offenders. Even if the scale of punishment is made more severe for the crime of sexual exploitation, the Committee still does not consider that it would be a sufficient measure for retaining the present order. has stated the view that in such a situation the violation that the victim is exposed to is comparable with that which a victim of rape is exposed to. Segment of the current provision in Section 3, has been moved to Section 1. According to the proposal the new Section 1 applies to a person who is instrumental in bringing another person into a certain condition and then exploiting that persons condition in order to enforce a sexual act. It also applies to a person who, under certain circumstances, takes undue advantage of another person who, for example, on account of voluntary intoxication, is unable to defend himself or herself. The proposal makes it expressly clear that rape committed by more than one perpetrator shall be regarded as a gross crime. Sexual coercion under Section 2 covers the cases in which the offender has conducted a sexual act by using unlawful coercion. A requisite for culpability under section 2 is that the sexual act in question does not constitute a serious infringement. The provision on sexual coercion is thus subsidiary to the provision on rape in certain cases. Sexual exploitation under Section 3 protects a person who is in a position of dependency towards the offender or a person who suffers from a mental disturbance. To this extent the area of application of this provision is essentially the same as in the current law. However, the provision also imposes criminal liability on a person who sexually exploits another, who in cases other than those stated in the new provision on rape does not have the capacity to defend himself/herself from the offender. The new provision on sexual exploitation does not exclude the application of section 1 if the sexual act constitutes a serious infringement. The provision on sexual exploitation also embraces an unconditional protection for youth between the ages of 15 and 18 years from sexual acts by adults who have a special responsibility towards them. Accordingly, a person who engages in a sexual act with his offspring, or someone who is in his custody, or comparable relationship, or for whose care or supervision the person is accountable as a result of a decision of the authorities, shall be convicted of sexual exploitation. To a certain extent it is the provision of the current Section 4, on sexual exploitation of minors which has been moved to the new provision on sexual exploitation At the same time the circle of identified persons for which the absolute prohibition applies has been Other closely related adults to whom the young person has a relationship similar to the relationship between a fosterer and a teen- ager are covered by the new provision. This includes for example new partners of the parents. Also in this provision it is expressly stated that the crime shall be considered gross if committed by more than one perpetrator. Infringement of sexual integrity under Section 4 imposes criminal liability when a person, who in cases other than those described previously in chapter 6, exposes a person to behaviour which violates that persons sexual integrity. Thus, the paragraph imposes criminal liability for actions other than those recorded as sexual acs. In the opinion of the Committee there is also a need of a criminal provision for actions such as exhibitionism or other objectionable behaviour. In relation to current law the proposed provision entails a certain broadening of the punishable area. This applies for example to insulting statements alluding to sexual behaviour. Sexual exploitation of youth under Section 5 contains two provisions that provide special protection for the sexual integrity of youth between the ages of 15 and 18. The provision entails a comparable restriction of the sexual self-determination of youth. The provisions have been formulated to take into account, among other things, the requirement of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Firstly, the paragraph covers purchase of sexual services from youth. Accordingly, a person who engages in a sexual act with a person who is under the age of 18 shall be convicted of sexual exploitation of youth if the minor has engaged in the sexual act in return for payment. The provision aims to protect youth from being drawn into prostitution. It corresponds to the provision in the current section 10 on the seduction of youth. Secondly, the paragraph covers the case of a person who promotes sexual posing by a person under the age of 18, where the sexual posing is an element in the production of pornographic pictures, is done in return for payment, or is otherwise damaging to the minors development. The proposal strengthens the protection of youth by the criminal law, against being used for sexual posing. The strengthening is justified, among other things, by the requirement that legislation should comply with the international commitments has made in regard to protecting children from various forms of sexual exploitation. Accordingly there has been criticism of the existing legislation in this regard, primarily of the current provision on sexual molestation in section 7. has further taken into account that there should be better concurrence between the provision in chapter 6 and the provisions on the crime of child pornography in chapter 16 of the Penal Code. The absolute prohibition applies to certain typical types of exploitation in pornographic contexts. Among these is such sexual posing as that which constitutes an element in the production of pornographic pictures or films. This also includes posing in return for payment, for example, in a sex club. Outside this area the minor, with rising age and maturity, has a certain right of sexual self-determination and increased responsibility for his or her actions. Sexual crimes against children Sexual abuses and violations against children under the age of 15 is subject of regulation in three special provisions in the Chapter. They are listed in order of the gravity of the crime. Only two provisions constitute protection for the child from what are described as sexual acts. The reason is that sexual offences against children are punishable even if committed without the use of unlawful coercion or other improper means. According to the proposal sexual crimes against children include the following: Rape of a Child, under Section 6, is a new provision. It is reserved for serious sexual offences against children. The paragraph imposes criminal liability on a person who engages in a sexual act, with a child under the age of 15, which constitutes a serious violation of the rights of the child, considering the nature of the act or the circumstances in general. It is not assumed therefore that the offender has used violence or threats or that he has carried out the act with some other special means. The primary reasons for the proposed formulation are as follows: The present provision can be criticised since it can lead to unjust rulings in cases of offences against children. Moreover, offenders seldom need to resort to violence or threats in order to engage in sexual acts with children. This is evident from court practices (case-law) and research. It is, however, evident that the offender himself is experienced as threatening and that the abuse is experienced by a child as both frightening and painful. Such a misdeed should therefore be punishable by the same extent as a sexual offence involving force committed against an adult. A law with separate provisions on sexual crime against children and sexual crimes against adults does not exclude the classification, rape of a child, being used for the most serious offences against children even if there is no requisite of coercion in order to impose criminal liability. A sexual offence against a child is generally accompanied by psychic violence and it constitutes an extremely serious infringement of the childs integrity. The classification rape of a child stresses the seriousness of the offence and also reflects the approach behind the new enactment, rules regulating sexual crimes against children are tightened up. A fundamental vantage point for assessing whether an encroachment is serious is initially the circumstance that the offence is committed against a child. Children should be completely sheltered from being exposed to sexual advances. The younger the child, the more serious the offence. As a rule, sexual intercourse and other similar acts are gross offences if committed against children.