prop · GI0335 · 1994-12-31 00:00:00 — Enförbättrad ekonomisk tillväxt bör i sin mr innebära att möjligheteraa ökar föratt avsätta resurser för miljövårdsinsateer Genom handelsliberaliseringutoyttjas komparativa fördelar på den internationella marknaden. ledertill att produktionen i ökad utettäckning äger ram där förateättoingaraa ärbäst. Den ökade konkurrensen innebär också ett effektivare utnyttjande avvärldens resurser. Konsekvensema av en avskärmning från intemationell konkunensgenom handelshinder eller på annat sätt, har i många länder varit förödande.Detta gäller inte bara för den ekonomiska tillväxten, uten också för miljöngenom att föråldrade, mycket energislösande produktionsmetoder konserverate.Speciellt tydligt har detta visat sig i förhållandena i de gamlastetehandelsländeraa. Detfinns emellertid ett stort behov av att se över relationen mellan handels- ochmiljöregler Det är angeläget att dessa två politikområden samverkar i strävanatt uppnå hållbar utveckling. tog därför sedaninitiativ till diskussion och konkret arbete rörande handel och miljö iarbetegrapper i såväl som . är nordisk telesman för handel ochmiljö i . Från svensk sida eftersträvas klarare regler bettäffande åtgärderför att skydda den globala miljön. En utgångspunkt är härvidlag att globalamiljöproblem bör lösas genom multilateralt samarbete. Det är viktigt att det iGATT/WTO bereds utrymme för åtgärder som överenskommite inom ramen förinternationella miljökonventioner Åtgärder som vidtes av ett enskilt land ochsom inte har stöd i globala överenskommelser (unilaterala åtgärder) har i regelbegränsad effekt på globala miljöproblem. Det finns också stor risk för attsådana åtgärder utoyttjas i protektionistiska syften. Vidministermötet i beslutedes om att upprätte en speciellmiljökommitté i /WTO och ett arbeteprogram för denna antogs. U-ländema harvarit och är skeptiska till hela handel- och miljöprocessen. Arbeteprogrammetär därför upplagt så att det inrymmer punkter av inttesse för såväl i- somu-länder Frågan om interaationella miljökonventioner finns med, liksom bl.a.olika miljöreglers effekter på möjligheterna till marknadstillträde ochmärknings- och förpackningsfrågor Arbeteprogrammet är tillfredssteUande ursvensk synvinkel. MultilateralTrade Negotiations The Uraguay Round MINISTERIALDECLARATION ON THE ROUND Ministers,meeting on tiie occasion of tiie Special Session of tiie CONTRACTING PARTIES atPunte del , have decided to launch Multilateral Trade Negotiations (TheUraguay Round). To tiiis end, they have adopted the following Dedaration. TheMultilateral Trade Negotiations will be open to me participation of countriesas indicated in Parte I and IIof tiiis Dedaration. A is esteblished to carry out the negotiations. shall hold ite first meeting not låter dian 31 October1986. It shall meet as appropriate at Ministerial level. The Multilateral TradeNegotiations will be conduded within four years. NEGOTIATIONSON TRADE IN GOODS The CONTRACTING PARTIESmeeting at Ministerial level DETERMINED to halt and reverse protectionism and to remove distortions to trade DETERMINEDalso to preserve me basic principles and to mrtoer the objectives of me DETERMINED also to develop a more open, viable and durable multilateral trading system CONVINCEDmat such action would promote growto and development MINDFUL of toe negativeeffecte of prolonged financial and monetery Prop. 1994/95:35 instebility intoe world economy, me indebtedness of a large number of Bilaga 1less-developed contracting parties, and considering me linkage between trade,money, finance and development DECIDEto enter into Multilateral Trade Negotiations on trade ingoods wimin meframework and under me aegis of ihe General on Tariffs and Trade. Negotiationsshall aim to: (i)bring about mrtiier liberalization and expansion of world trade to toe benefitof all countries, especially less-developed contracting parties, including meimprovement of access to markete by the reduction and elimination of teriffs,quantitetive restrictions and other non-teriff measures and obstedes; (ii)strengmen tiie röle of , improve tiie multilateral ttading system based onme principles and rales of me and bring about a wider coverage of worldttade under agreed, effective and enforceable multilateral disciplines; (iii)increase the respons i veness of me system to me evolving intemationaleconomic environment, tiirough faciliteting necessary stracmral adjustment,enhancing me relationship of me wim me relevant interaational orgamzationsand teking account of changes in trade pattems and prospecte, including thegrowing importence of trade in high technology producte, serious difficultiesin commodity markete and me importence of an improved trading environmentproviding, inter alia. for the ability of indebted countties to meet mdrfinancial obligations; (iv)concurrent co-operative action at me national and interaational levelsto strengmen me inter-relationship between trade policies and omer economicpolicies affecting growm and development, and to contribute towards continued,effective and determined efforts to improve me flinctionmg of the interaationalmonetery system and me flow of financial and real investment resources todeveloping countries. GENERAL PRINCIPLESGOVERNING NEGOTIATIONS Prop. (i)Negotiations shall be conducted in a ttansparent , and consistent withtiie objectives and committnente agreed in mis Dedaration and wim me principlesof me General in order to ensure mumal advantege and increasedbenefite to all participante. (ii)The launching, me conduct and me implementetion of me outcome of menegotiations shall be tteated as parte of a singie undertekmg. However,agreemente reached at an early stege may be implemented on a provisional or adefinitive basis by agreement prior to Ae formål conclusion of me negotiations.Early agreemente shall be teken into account in assessing me overall balance ofthe negotiations. (iii) Balancedconcessions should be sought within broad trading areasand subjecte to be negotiated in order to avoid unwananted cross-sectoraldemands. (iv)The CONTRACTING PARTIES agree mat me principle of differential and morefevourable treatment embodied in Part IV and other relevantprovisions of me General and in me Decision of me CONTRACTING PARTIESof on Differential and , Reciprocityand Fuller Participation of Developing Countties applies to me negotiations. Inthe implementetion of stendstill and rollback, particular care should be givento avoiding disraptive effecte on me trade of less-developed conttactingparties. (v)The developed countties do not expect reciprocity for commitmente made by memin trade negotiations to reduce or remove teriffs and omer baniers to the ttadeof developing countties, i.e. me developed countties do not expect medeveloping countties, in me course of trade negotiations, to make conttibutionswhich are inconsistent wim meir individual development, financial and ttadeneeds. Developed conttacting parties shall merefore not seek, shallless-developed conttacting parties be required to make, concessions mat areinconsistent wim me latter's development, financial and trade needs. (vi)Less-developed conttacting parties expect mat meir capacity to make contributions or negotiated concessions or teke omer mumally agreed action under me provisions and procedures of me General would improve wim me progressive development of mdr economies and improvement in mdr trade simation and mey would accordingly expect to participate more mily in me framework of righte and obligations under me General 95 (vii) Special attention shall be given to me particular simation and Prop.1994/95:35 problems of me least-devdoped countties and to toe need to Bilaga1 encourage positive measures to fadlitete expansion of mdr tradingoppormnities. Expeditions implementetion of me relevantprovisions of me 1982 Ministerial Dedaration conceming me least-devdopedcountties shall also be given appropriate attention. C. STANDSTILL AND ROLLBACK Commencingimmediately and continuing until me formål completion of me negotiations, eachpartidpant agrees to apply me following commitmente: (i)not to teke any trade resttictive or distorting measure inconsistent wim meprovisions of me General or me Instramente negotiated wimin meframework of or under ite auspices; (ii)not to teke any trade resttictive or distorting measure in me legitimateexercise of ite righte, mat would go beyond mat which is necessary toremedy specific simations, as provided for in me General and meInstramente refened to in (i) above; (iii) not to teke any ttade measures in such a as to improve ite negotiatingpositions; (i)mat all trade resttictive or distorting measures inconsistent wim me provisionsof me General or Instramente negotiated wimin me framework of orunder ite auspices, shall be phased out or brought into conformity wimm anagreed timeframe not låter toan by the date of me formål completion of menegotiations, teking into account multilateral agreemente, undertekings andunderstendings, including sttengmened rales and disciplines, reached inpursuance of me Objectives of me Negotiations; (ii)mere shall be progressive implementetion of mis commitment on an equiteblebasis in consultetions among participante conceraed, including all affectedparticipante. This commitment shall take account of me conceras expressed byany partidpant about measures directly affecting ite trade intereste; (iii) mere shall be no concessions requested for me elimination Prop.1994/95:35 of mese measures. Surveillanceof stendstill and rollback Eachpartidpant agrees mat me implementetion of mese commitmente on stendstill androllback shall be subject to multilateral surveillance so as to ensure mat mesecommitmente are being met. will decide on meappropriate mechanisms to carry out me surveillance, including periodic reviewsand evaluations. partidpant may bring to me attention of me appropriatesurveillance mechanism any actions or omissions it believes to be relevant tome fulfilment of mese commitmente. These notifications should be addressed tome secreteriat which may also provide furmer relevant information. D. SUBJECTS FOR NEGOTIATION Negotiationsshall aim, by appropriate memods, to reduce or, as appropriate, diminateteriffs including me reduction or elimination of high teriffs and teriffescalation. Emphasis shall be given to me expansion of me scope of teriffconcessions among all participante. Negotiationsshall aim to reduce or diminate non-teriff measures, including quantitetiveresttictions, wimout prejudice to any action to be teken in mifilment of merollback committnente. Negotiationsshall aim at me fiillest liberalization of ttade in ttopical producte,including in mdr processed and semi-processed forms and shall cover bom teriffand all non-teriff measures affecting ttade in mese producte. TheCONTRACTING PARTIES recognize me importence of trade in ttopical producte to alarge number of less-developed conttacting parties and agree mat negotiationsin mis area shall receive special attention, including me timing of menegotiations and me implementetion of me resulte as provided for in B(ii). 7 1994/95. 1 saml Nr 35. Bilaga1 Negotiations shall aim to achieve me fiillest liberalization of ttade mnamral resource-based producte, including in mdr processed and semi-processedforms. The negotiations shall aim to reduce or diminate teriff and non-teriffmeasures, including teriff escalation. Negotiationsin toe area of textiles and cloming shall aim to formulate modalities mat wouldpermit me evenmal integration of mis sector into on me basis of sttengmenedGATT rales and disciplines, mereby also conttibuting to me objective of hirtherliberalization of ttde. TheCONTRACTING PARTIES agree that there is an urgent need to bring more disdplineand predictebility to world agriculmral ttade by correcting and preventingrestrictions and distortions including mose related to stracmral surpluses soas to reduce me uncerteinty, imbalances and instebility in world agriculmralmarkete. Negotiationsshall aim to achieve greater liberalization of trade in agriculmre and bringall measures affecting import access and export competition under strengmenedand more operationally effective rales and disciplines, teking intoaccount me general principles goveraing toe negotiations, by: (i)improving märket access through, inter alia. me reduction of import barriers; (ii)improving me competitive environment by increasing disdpline on me use of alldirect and indirect subsidies and omer measures affecting directly orindirectly agriculmral ttade, including me phased reduction of mdr negativeeffecte and dealing wim mdr causes; (iii) minimizing the adverse effecte mat sanitery and phytosanitery regulationsand baniers can have on ttade in agriculmre, teking into account me relevantinteraational agreemente. Inorder to achieve me above objectives, me negotiating group having primary responsibility for all aspecte of agriculmre will use the Recommendations adopted by me CONTRACTING P/>iRTIES at toeir Fortiem Session, which were developed in accordance wim the 1982 Ministerial Work Programme, and teke account of me approaches suggested in me work of me in Agriculmre wimout prejudice to omer alternatives mat might achieve me objectives of me 98 Bilaga1 Participante shall review existing Artides, provisions anddisciplines as requested by interested conttacting parties, and, asappropriate, undertake negotiations. (i)A comprehensive agreement on safeguards is of particular importence to mesttengmening of me system and to progress in me Multilateral TradeNegotiations. (ii) The agreement on safeguards: - shall be based on me basic principles of me GeneralAgreement; - shall contein, inter alia. me following demente:ttnsparency, coverage, objective criteria for action including me concept ofserious injury or mreat mereof temporary namre, degressivity and stracmraladjustment, compensation and reteliation, notification, consultetion,multilateral surveillance and dispute settiement; and - shall clarify and reinforce me disciplines of meGeneral and should apply to all conttacting parties. Negotiationsshall aim to improve, clarify, or expand, as appropriate, Agreemente andArrangemente negotiated in me Round of Multilateral Negotiations. Negotiationson subsidies and countervailing measures shall be based on a review of Artides VI andXVI and me MTN Agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures wim meobjective of improving disciplines relating to all subsidies andcountervailing measures that affect interaational trade. A negotiatmg groupwill be esteblished to deal wim mese issues. Inorder to ensure prompt and effective resolution of disputes to me benefit of all contracting parties, negotiations shall aim to improve and strengmen me rales and me procedures of me dispute sertlement process, while recognizing me contribution mat would be made by more effective and enforceable rales and disciplines. Negotiations shall include me development of adequate arrangemente for overseeing and monitoring 99 of me procedures mat would fadlitete compliance wim adopted Bilaga1 Trade-rdated aspecte of intellecmal property righte. including trade incounterfeit goods Inorder to reduce me distortions and impedimente to intemational ttade, andteking into account me need to promote effective and adequate protection ofintellecmal property righte, and to ensure mat measures and procedures toenforce intellecmal property righte do not memsdves become baniers tolegitimate trade, me negotiations shall aim to clarify provisions anddaborate as appropriate new rales and disciplines. Negotiationsshall aim to develop a multilateral framework of principles, rales anddisciplines dealing wim interaational ttade in counterfeit goods, teking intoaccount work already undertaken in me . Thesenegotiations shall be wimout prejudice to omer complementery initiatives toatmay be teken in the and dsewhere todeal wim mese matters. Followingan examination of me operation of Artides related to me trade restrictiveand distorting effecte of investment measures, negotiations should daborate, asappropriate, ftirmer provisions mat may be necessary to avoid such adverseeffecte on trade. E. FUNCTIONING OF THE SYSTEM Negotiationsshall aim to develop understendings and anangemente: (i)to enhance me surveillance in me to enable regular monitoring of tradepolicies and practices of contracting parties and mdr impact on me fiinctioningof me multilateral trading system; (ii)to improve me overall effectiveness and dedsion-making of me as aninstimtion, including, inter aUa, tiirough involvement of Ministers; (iii)to increase me conttibution of me to achieving greater coherence in globaleconomic policy-making mrough sttengmenmg ite relationship wim omerinteraational organizations responsible for monetery and financial matters. F PARTICIPATION Prop. (a) Negotiationswill be open to: (i) all conttacting parties, (ii) countries having acceded provisionally, (iii) countries applying me on a de fecto basis having announced,not låter man , mdr intention tO accede to me and toparticipate in me negotiations, (iv)countries mat have already informed me CONTRACTING PARTIES, at a regularmeeting of me , of mdr intention to negotiate meterms of tiieir membership as a conttacting party, and (v)developing countries mat have, by , initiated procedures foraccession to the , wim me intention of negotiating me terms of mdraccession during me course of me negotiations. (b) Participationin negotiations relating to me amendment or application of provisions or me negotiation of new provisions will, however, be open only to contracting parties. G.ORGANIZATION OF THE NEGOTIATIONS AGroup of Negotiations on Goods (GNG) is esteblished to carry out me programmeof negotiations conteined in mis Part of me Dedaration. The GNG shall, interaUa: (i)daborate and put into effect deteiled trade negotiating plans prior to 19December 1986; (ii)designate me appropriate mechanism for surveillance of commitmente tostendstill and rollback; (iii)esteblish negotiating groups as required. Because of me intendationship of some issues and teking fully into account me general principles goveraing me negotiations as stoted in B(iii) above it is recognized mat aspecte of one issue may be discussed in more man one negotiating group. Therefore each negotiatmg group should as required toke into account relevant aspecte emerging in omer groups; lOi (iv) also decide upon indusion of additional subject matters in me Prop.1994/95:35 negotiations; Bilaga 1 (v)co-ordinate me work of tiie negotiating group and supervise me progress of menegotiations. As a guideline not more man two negotiating groups should meet atme same time; (vi) me GNG shall report to me . Inorder to ensure effective application of differential and more favourabletreattnent me GNG shall, before me formål completion of me negotiations,conduct an evaluation of me resulte attoined merein in terms of the Objectivesand me General as set out in me Dedaration,toking into account all issues of interest to less-developed contracting parties. PARTII NEGOTIATIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES Ministersalso decide, as part of me Multilateral Trade Negotiations, to launchnegotiations on trade in services. Negotiationsin mis area shall aim to esteblish a multilateral framework of principles andrales for trade in services, including elaboration of possible disciplines forindividual sectors, wim a view to expansion of such trade under conditions oftransparency and progressive liberalization and as a means of promotingeconomic growm of all ttading parmers and me development of developingcountties. Such framework shall respect me policy objectives of national lawsand regulations applying to services and shall teke into account me work ofrelevant intemational organizations. GATTprocedures and practices shall apply to mese negotiations. A Group ofNegotiations on services is esteblished to deal wim mese matters. Participationin me negotiations under mis Part of me Dedaration will be open to me samecountties as under Part I. secreteriat support will be provided, wimtechnical support from omer organizations as decided by me Group ofNegotiations on Services. TheGroup of Negotiations on Services shall report to me Trade NegotiationsCommittee. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULTSUNDER PARTS I AND II Prop. Bilaga1 When me resulte of me Multilateral Trade Negotiations m all areas have beenesteblished. Ministers meeting also on me occasion of a Special Session ofCONTRACTING PARTIES shall decide regarding me intemational implementetion of merespective resulte. Bilaga2 Sammanställning av remissyttranden Prop. Remissbehandlingenav förhandlmgsresultetet i Uraguayrandan har skett genom KommerskoUegieteförsorg. Kollegiet har presenterat sitt svar i två delar Dels hänvisar man tillden sammanfettende utvärdering av förhandlingsresulteten som presenterate i enrapport från "Uraguayrandan - avstemp mot en nyvärldshandelsordning" (Rapport 1994:1 från ), vilken bifogateremissvaret. Den andra delen av remissvaret utgörs av de inkomna svaren fråndet trettiotel näringslivsorganisationer och myndigheter som tillstellteavtelstexteraa och vilka onmämns i avsnitt 2.1 i propositionen. KommerskoUegieteegna sluteateer sammanfettes i inledningen till ovan nämnda rapport. Efter attförst ha framhållit de allmänna förddaraa med det utvidgade regelverket underWTO, i vilket grandläggande GATT-prindper som icke-diskriminering och nationellbehandling bevaras, konsteterar kollegiet att resultetet av Uraguayrandan mestinnebär fördelar för enligt följande ämnesvisa sammanfetming: Närdet gäller mllar fanns allt att vinna i förhandlingen och föga att förlora förett högindusttialiserat lågmlland som . Resultetenvisar att förhandlingsresultetet nästen är skräddarsytt för svenskaexportinttessen. Vi får nu mllfrihet på våra viktigaste exportmarknader förmassa/papper, läkemedel, stel och viktiga maskiner och instrament. Igenomsnitt sänks mllaraa i industtiländeraa med . De svenska mllamasänks med . Motevarande siffror för våra viktigaste handdsparmers är: EG37%, , och . Skillnadema mellan och EG:smllar minskar generellt, vilket bör underlätte ansluming till EU. Jordbrakssektomhar i praktiken till stora delar varit temligen orörd av regelverk.Dette har resulterat i allt annat än fri konkunens på lika villkor. Bådegränsskydd i en mångfald former och subventioner av olika slag har skapat ensnedvriden konkunenssimation och en helt artificiell prisbild påvärldsmarknaden. Detvore fel att påste att vi genom Uraguayrandan helt kommit till rätta med dessa problem, men en god grand för forteatt liberalisering har ändå lagte. Gränsskydden samordnas till enbart prisrdaterade åtgärder. Dessa binds och kan bli föremål för fortsatta förhandlingar. Än så länge utgör 104 mångabindningar av Jordbraksmllar s.k. tekbindningar, dvs. det finns en Prop.1994/95:35 hel del "luft" i systemet. Möjlighetema att subventionerajordbraket. Bilaga 2 såväl interat som vid export begränsas. Allt dettebidrar till en sundare Jordbrakspolitik och mer realistiska priser påvärldsmarknaden. EU-anslutningenunderlättes även i andra avseenden av randans resultet. Exempel på dette äravvecklingen av teko-resttiktioneraa gentemot efter en övergångstidsom gör att endast temporärt behöver återinföra licenssystem som enföljd av anpassningen till EU. Uppsttamningarav regelverket bidrar också generellt till ökad samsyn mellan olika länder närdet gäller nationell handelspolitik. kommer förstes att bli mest märkbartinom områden där det förekommit störningar och avsteg från frihandelslinjen.Eftersom i eget intresse av tradition förspråkat frihandel och storrestriktivitet när det gällt avsteg från denna linje, är alla uppstramningar avregelverket som kan bidra till ökad återhållsamhet hos våra handelspartners ochsterka våra rättigheter vid evenmella tvister av godo.