prop · GD035 · 1989-12-31 00:00:00 — (e) Develop,in the context of an approach based on critical loads, methods to integrate scientific, technical and economic data in order to determine appropriate control strategies. Nationalprogrammes, policies and strategies TheParties shall develop without undue delay national programmes, policies and strategiesto implement the obligations under the present Protocol that shall serve as a meansof controlling and reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundaryfluxes. Injbrmationexchange and annual reporting 1.The Parties shall exchange information by notifying the Executive Body of the national programmes, policies and strategies that they develop 11 t2 1989/90. in accordance with artide7 and by reporting to it annually on progress Prop. 1989/90:5 achievedunder, and any changes to, those programmes, policies and Bilaga 1 strategies,and in particular on: (a) The levels of national annualemissions of nitrogen oxides and the basis upon which they have been calculated; (b)Progress in applying nationalemission standards required under artide 2, subparagraphs 2 (a) and 2 (b), and thenational emission standards applied or to be applied, and the sources and/or sourcecategories concerned; (c) Progress in introducingthe pollutioncontrol measures required under artide 2, subparagraph 2 (c), the sources concernedand the measures intro-duced or to be introduced; (d) Progressin making unléaded fuel available; (e) Measurestaken to facilitate the exchange of technology; and (O Progress iii éstablishing critical loads. 2.Such information shall, as far as possible, be submitted in accordance with auniform reporting framework. EMEPshall, utilizing appropriate models and in good time before the annual meetingsof the Executive Body, provide to the Executive Body calculations of nitrogenbudgets and also of transboundary fluxes and deposition of nitrogen oxides withinthe geographical scope of EMEP. Inareas outside the geographical scope of EMEP, models appropriate to the particularcircumstances of Parties to the Convention therein shall be used. TheTechnical to the present Protocol is recommendatory in char-acter. It shallform an integral part of the Protocol. AnyParty may propose amendments to the present Protocol. Proposed amendments shall be submittedin writing to the Executive Secretary of the Commission who shall communicate themto all Parties. The Executive Body shall discuss the proposed amendments at itsnext annual meeting provided that these proposals have been circulated by the ExecutiveSecretary to the Parties at least ninety days in advance. Amendments to the Protocol, otherthan amendments to its Technical , shall be adopted by consensus of the Partiespresent at a meeting of the Executive Body, and shall enter into force for the Partieswhich have accepted them on the ninetieth day after the date on which two-thirdsof the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance thereof Amendmentsshall enter into force for any Party which has accepted them after two-thirds of the Partieshave deposited their instruments of accep- 12 tanceof the amendment, on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Prop.1989/90:5 Party deposited its instrument of acceptance of the amendments. Amendments to the TechnicalAnnex shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a meeting of the ExecutiveBody and shall become effective thirty days after the date on which they have beencommunicated in accordance with paragraph 5 below. Amendments under paragraphs 3and 4 above shall, as soon as possible after their adoption, be communicated bythe Executive Secretary to all Parties. Ifa dispute arises between two or more Parties as to the interpretation or applicationof the present Protocol, they shall seek a solution by negotia-tion or by any othermethod of dispute settlement acceptable to the parties to the dispute. The present Protocol shall be openfor signature at from until indusive, thenat the Headquar-ters of the United Nations in until 5 1989, by themember States of the Commission as well as States having consultative status withthe Commission, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and resolution36 (IV) of 28 1947, and by regional economicintegration organizations, constituted by sovereign States members of the Commission,which have competence in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and applicationof International agreements in matters covered by the Protocol, provided that theStates and organizations concerned are Parties to the Convention. In matters within their competence,such regional economic integration organizations shall, on their own behalf, exercisethe rights and fulfil the responsibilities which the present Protocol attributesto their member States. In such cases, the member States of these organizationsshall not be entitled to exercise such rights individually. Ratification,acceptance, approval and accession The present Protocol shall be subjectto ratification, acceptance or approval by Signatories. The present Protocol shall be openfor accession as from 6 1989 by the States and organizations referred to inartide 13, paragraph 1. A State or organization which accedesto the present Protocol after may implement artides 2 and 4 nolåter than . The instruments of ratification,acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-Generalof the United Nations, who will perform the functionsof depositary. Entryinto force Bilaga 1 The present Protocol shall enterinto force on the ninetieth day followingthe date on which the sixteenth instmmentof ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited. For each State and organizationreferred to in artide 13, paragraph 1, which ratifies, accepts or approves thepresent Protocol or accedes thereto after the deposit of the sixteenthinstrument of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession, the Protocol shallenter into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit by suchParty of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession. Atany time after five years from the date on which the present Protocol has come intoforce with respect to a Party, that Party may withdraw from it by giving writtennotification to the depositary. such withdrawal shall take eff"ect on theninetieth day following the date of its receipt by the depositary, or on suchlåter date as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal. Theoriginal of the present Protocol, of which the English, French and Russiantexts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of theUnited Nations. INWITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed thepresent Protocol. DONEat this first day of one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight. Information regarding emission performanceand costs is based on official documentation of the Executive Body and its subsidiarybodies, in particular documents EB.A1R/WG.3/R.8, R.9 and R.16, and ENV/WP.1/R.86,and Corr.l, as reproduced in chapter 7 of Ejfects and Control of TransboundaryAir Pollution. *) Unless otherwise indicated, the technologies listed are consideredto be well established on the basis of operational experience. The information contained in thisannex is incomplete. Because experience with new engines and new plants incorporatinglow emission technology, as well as with retrofitting existing plants, is continuously 4 (United Nations publication,. **) It is at present difficult to provide reliable data on the costs of controltechnol ogies in absolute terms. For cost data included in the present annex, eniphasisshould therefore be placed on the relationships between the costs of different technologies rather than on absolute cost figures. expanding,regular elaboration and amendment of the annex will be neces- Prop.1989/90: 5 sary. The annex cannot be an exhaustive statement of technicaloptions; its Bilaga 1 aim is to provide guidance for the Parties in identifyingeconomically feasible technologies for giving effect to the obligations of the Protocol. 1.Control Technologies for NO emissions from stationary sources Fossil fuel combustion is the mainstationary source of anthropogenic NO,i emissions. In addition, some non-combustionprocesses can contribute relevant NO, emissions. Major stationary source categoriesof NOx emissions may include: (a) Combustion plants; (b)Industrial process furnaces (e.g.,cement manufacture); (c) Stationary gas turbines and internalcombustion engines; and (d) Non-combustionprocesses (e.g., nitric acid production). Technologies for the reductionof NO emissions focus on certain com-bustion/process modifications, and, especiallyfor large power plants, on flue gas treatment. For retrofitting of existing plants,the extent of application of lowNO, technologies may be limited by negative operationalside-eflfects or by other site-specific constraints. In the case of retrofitting,therefore, only approxi-mate estimates are given for typically achieveable NO,emission values. For new plants, negative side-effects can be minimized or exdudedby appropriate design features. According to currently availabledata, the costs of combustion modifications can be considered as small for newplants. However, in the case of retrofitting, for instance at large power plants,they ranged from about 8 to 25 Swiss francs per kWi (in 1985). As a rule, investmentcosts of flue gas treatment systems are considerably higher. For stationary sources,emission factors are expressed in milligrams of NO2 per normal (C, 1013 mb) cubicmetre (mg/m'), dry basis. 9.The category of combustion plants comprises fossil fuel combustion in furnaces,boilers, indirect heaters and other combustion facilities with a heat input largerthan 10 MW, without mixing the combustion flue gases with other effluents or treatedmaterials. The following combustion technologies, either or in combination,are available for new and existing installations: (a)Low-temperature design of the firebox,induding fluidized bed combustion; (b)Low excess-air operation; (c)Installation of special low-NOburners; (d) Fluegas recirculation into the combustion air; (e) Stagedcombustion/overfire-air operation; and (f) Reburning(fuel staging). ***) Performancestandards that can be achieved are summarized in table 1. **) There is limited operational experience of this typeof combustion technology. 1989/90:5 Bilaga 1 Table I: NO , performance standards (mg/m) that can be achived by combustionmodifications Existing plant retrofit* Gråte Combustion (coal) 10 MW 'Fluidized Bed Combustion to (i) stationary 300 MW (ii) circulating (i) dry bottom (ii) wet bottom -1700 -2 300 -1100 -1400 Pulverized Coal Combustion 300 MW (i) dry bottom (ii) wet bottom -1700 -2 300 -1100 -1400 300 MWResidual Oil Combustion 300 MW Residual Oil Combustion to Gaseous 300 MW Fuels " Capacity numbers refer to MW (thermal) heat inputby fuel (lower heating value). * Only approximate values can be given due to site specificfactors and greater uncertainty for retrofitting of ' Forsmall (10 MW 100 MW) plants a greater degree of uncertaintyapplies to all figures given. Fluegas treatment by sdective catalytic reduction (SCR) is an additional NO,; emission reduction measure with eff"eciencies of up to 80 per cent and more. Considerable operational experience from new and retrofitted installations is now being obtained within the region of the Commission, in particular for power plants larger than 300 MW (thermal). When combined with combustion modifications, emission values of /m' (solid fuels, O2) and /m' (liquid fuels, O2) can be easily met. Sdectivenon-catalytic reduction (SNCR), a flue gas treatment for a NO,j reduction, is a cheaper technology for special applications (e.g., refinery fumaces and base load gas combustion). Stationarygas turbines and internal combustion (IC) engines NO, emissions from stationarygas turbines can be reduced either by combustion modification (dry control): orby water/steam injection (wet control). Both measures are well established. By thesemeans, emission values of /m' (gas, O2) and /m' (oil, Oj) canbe met. Retrofit is possible. NO, emissions from stationaryspark ignition IC engines can be reducedeither by combustion modifications (e.g., lean-burn and exhaust 16 gas recirculationconcepts) or by flue gas treatment (dosed-loop 3-way Prop. 1989/90: 5 catalyticconverter, SCR). The technical and economic feasibility of these Bilaga 1 variousprocesses depends on engine size, engine type (two stroke/four stroke), and engineoperation mode (/varying load). The lean-burn concept is capable of meetingNO, emission values of /m' (O2), the SCR process reduces NO,emissions well below /m' (O2), and the three-way catalytic converter reducessuch emissions even below /m'(5 %02). Industrialprocess furnaces Cement calcination 14.The precalcination process is being evaluated within the region of the Commissionas a possible technology with the potential for reducing NO, concentrations in theflue gas of new and existing cement calcination furnaces to about /m'(O2). Non-combustionprocesses - Nitric acid production 15.Nitric acid production. with a high pressure absorption (8 bar) is capable of keepingNO, concentrations in undiluted eflffuents below /m'. The same emission performancecan be met by medium pressure absorption in combination with a SCR process or anyother similar effi-cient NO, reduction process. Retrofit is possible. ILControl technologies for NO emissions from motor vehides The motor vehides considered inthis annex are those used for road transport, namely: petrol-fuelled and diesel-fuelledpassenger cars, light-duty vehides and heavy-duty vehides. Appropriate referenceis made, as necessary, to the specific vehicle categories (M,, Mj, M3, N,, N2, N3)defined in ECE Regulation No. 13 pursuant to the 1958 Agreement concerning theAdoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of . Road transport is a major sourceof anthropogenic NO, emission in many Commission countries, contributing between40 and 80 per cent of total national emissions. Typically, petrol-fuelled vehidescontribute two-thirds of total road transport NO, emissions. The technologies available for thecontrol of nitrogen oxides from motor vehides are summarized in tables 3 and 6.It, is convenient to group the technologies by reference to existing or proposednational and International emission standards diflfering in stringency of control.Because cur-rent regulatory test cycles only reflect urban and metropolitan driving,the estimates of rdative NO, emissions given below take account of higher speeddriving where NO, emissions can be particularly important. The additional production cost figuresfor the various technologies given in tables 3 and 6 are manufacturing cost estimatesrather than retail prices. Control of production conformityand in-use vehicle performance is important in ensuring that the reductionpotential of emission standards is achieved in practice. Technologiesthat incorporate or are based on the use of catalytic converters require unléadedfuel. Free circulation of vehides equipped 17 with catalytic converters dependson the general availability of unléaded petrol. 1989/90:5 Bilaga1 Petrol-fuelledand diesel-fuelled passenger cars (M,) 22.In table 2, four emission standards are summarized. These are used in table 3to group the various engine technologies for petrol vehides according to theirNO, emission reduction potential. Table2: Definition of emission standards +NO,: /test HC + NO,: 1.4-2.0 1:8.0 g/test This standard only used to grouptechnology (<1.4 I; 15.0g/test,) >2.0 1:6.5 g/test NO,: /km NO,: /km NO,: /km Current ECE standard (Regulation No. 15, induding the 04series of amendments, pursuant to the 1958 agreement referred to in paragraph16 above), also adopted by Economic Community (Directive 83/351/ EEC).ECE R.15 urban test cy-cle. Emission limit varies with vehicle mäss. Standards to be introduced dur-ing 1988-1993 in the EuropeanEconomic Community as dis-cussed at the 1985 meeting of EEC 4 Councilof Ministers and finally agreed upon in . ECE R.15 urban test cycleapplies. Standard for engines > 2.0 I is generally equivalent to US 1983standard. Standard for engines <1.4 1 is provisional, definite standard tobe elaborated. Standards for engines of 1.4-2.0 applies to all diesel cars. Standards for national legisla-tion based on the"docu-ment" developed after the 1985 meeting of EnvironmentMinisters from eight countries. Matching US 1987 standards with the followingtest procedures: US Federal Test Procedure (1975) Highway fuel economy test procedure. Standards to be introduced in the State of ,from 1989 models on-wards. US Federal Test Procedure. Table 3: Petrol engine technologies, emission performance,costs and fuel consumption Prop. 1909/90: 5 for emission standard levels Bilaga 1 Stan- Technology Composite" Additional * Fuel dard NO, reduction production cost consumption (%) (1986 Swiss francs) index " A. Baseline (Current ' 100 conventional spark-ignition engine with carburettor) (a) Fuel injection -t- 25 200 105 EGR + secondary air'' (b) Open-loop three-way 55 150 /03 catalyst(-l- EGR) (c) Lean-burn engine 60 200-600 90 withoxidation catalyst(-t- EGR)'' C. Closed-loop three-way 90 300-600 95 catalyst D. Closed-loop three-way 92 350-650 98 catalyst (+ EGR) " Composite NO, reduction and fuel consumption index estimatesare for an average weight European car operating under average European drivingconditions. Additional production costs could be more realistically expressedas a percentage of the total car cost. However, since cost estimates are primarilyfor comparison in relative terms only, the formulation of the original documentshas been retained. ' Composite NO, emission factor = /km. '' "EGR"means exhaust gas recirculation. ' Based entirely on data for experimental engines. Virtuallyno production of lean-burn engined vehides exists. 23.The emission standards A, B, C and D include limits on hydrocar-bon (HC) and carbonmonoxide (CO) emissions as well as NO,. Estimates of emission reductions for thesepollutants, relative to the baseline ECE R. 15-04 case, are given in table 4. Table 4: Estimated reductions in HC and CO emissions from petrol-fuelledpassenger cars for different technologies (a) 30-40 (b) 50-60 (c) 70-90 Currentdiesel cars can meet the NO, emission requirements of standards A, B and C. Strict particulate emission requirements, together with the stringent NO, limits of standard D, imply that diesel passenger cars will require further development, probably induding electronic con trol of the fuel pump, advanced fuel injection systems, exhaust gas recircu lation and particulate traps. Only experimental vehides exist to date. (See also table 6, footnote a)). Otherlight-duty vehides (N,) Thecontrol methods for passenger cars are applicable but NO, reductions, costs and commerciallead time factors may diff"er. Heavy-duty petrol-fuelled vehides(M, M N Nj) Prop. Thisdass of vehicle is insignificant in western Europé and is de- ""8 creasing in eastern Europé. US 1990 and US 1991 NO, emission levels (see table5) could be achieved at modest cost without significant technology advancement. Heavy-dutydiesel-fuelled vehides (M2, Mj, N2, Nj) Intable 5, three emission standards are summarized. These are used in table 6 to group engine technologies for heavy-duty diesel vehides according to NO, reduction potential. The baseline engine configuration is changing, with a trend away from naturally aspirated to turbo-charged engines. This trend has implications for improved baseline fuel consump tion performance. Comparative estimates of consumption are therefore not included. Table5: Definition of emission standards NO, limits(g/kWh) 13 modetest Transient test Transient test Table6: Heavy-duty diesel engine technologies, emission performance," and costsfor emission standard levels NO, reduction Additional estimate (%) production cost (1984 US$) to meet thisstandard) to NO,standard)' to NO,standard)' " Deteriorationin diesel fuel quality would adversely affect emission and may affect fuel consumptionfor both héavy and light duty vehides. * It isstill necessary to verify on a large scale the availability of new components. 'Particulate control and other considerations account for the balance. Protokolltill konvention om långväga gränsöverskridande Prop. 1989/90:5luftföroreningar om reglering av utsläppen av kväveoxider eller des- Bilaga2 sas gränsöverskridande flöden somär beslutna att förverkliga konventionen om långväga gränsöverskridandeluftföroreningar, oroadeöver att de nuvarande utsläppen av luftföroreningar orsakar skador i utsattadelar av och på naturresurser av vital miljömässig ochekonomisk betydelse, erinrarom att konventionens verkställande organ vid sin andra session erkändenödvändigheten av en väsentlig minskning av de totala åriigautsläppen av kväveoxider från stationära och rörliga källor eller dessasgränsöverskridande flöden samt nödvändigheten för de stater som redan hadelyckats minska dessa utsläpp att vidmakthålla och granska sinaemissionsgränsvärden beträffande kväveoxider, beaktartillgängliga vetenskapliga och tekniska data om utsläpp, atmo-sfäriska rörelseroch miljöeffekter av kväveoxider och dessas sekundära produkter samt omreningsteknik, medvetnaom att de negativa miljöeffekterna av kväveoxidutsläpp varierar mellan olikaländer, beslutnaatt vidta effektiva åtgärder för att reglera och minska staternas årligautsläpp av kväveoxider eller dessas gränsöverskridande flöden, främst genomtillämpning av avpassade nationella emissionsgränsvärden för nya rörliga ochnya större stationära källor samt modifiering av befintliga större stationärakällor, inserall de vetenskapliga och tekniska kunskaperna om dessa förhållanden utvidgasoch att det blir nödvändigt att beakta detta vid en granskning av genomförandetav detta protokoll och vid beslut om vidare åtgärder, konstateraratt utvecklingen av en metodik baserad på kritiska belastningsgränser syftar tillatt lägga en effektinriktad vetenskaplig grund, vilken bör beaktas vid engranskning av genomförandet av detta protokoll och vid beslut om ytterligareinternationellt överenskomna åtgärder för att reglera och minska utsläppen avkväveoxider eller dessas gränsöverskridande flöden, inseratt ett skyndsamt övervägande av åtgärder för att skapa gynnsammareförutsättningar för teknikutbyte kommer att bidra till en väsentlig minskningav utsläppen av kväveoxider inom kommissionens område, konstaterarmed tillfredställdse det gemensamma åtagande som har gjorts av flera länder föratt genomföra omedelbara och stora minskningar av sina årliga utsläpp avkväveoxider, uppmärksammarde åtgärder som redan har vidtagits av en del länder och som har lett till enminskning av kväveoxidutsläppen, harkommit överens om följande: Idetta protokoll avses med "Konvention"konventionen om långväga gränsöverskridande luftföroreningar, antagen i Geneveden ; "EMEP" det gemensammaprogrammet för övervakning och utvärdering av den långväga transporten avluftföroreningar i ; "Verkställande organ"konventionens verkställande organ, som inrättades enligt konventionens artikel10 punkt 1; 21 "EMEP:sgeografiska räckvidd" det område som definieras i artikel 1 Prop.1989/90:5 punkt 4 i protokollet till konvention om långväga gränsöverskri- Bilaga 2 dandeluftföroreningar om den långsiktiga finansieringen av det gemensammaprogrammet för övervakning och utvärdering av den långväga transporten avluftföroreningar i (EMEP), som antogs i ; "Parter" om inteannat framgår av sammanhanget, parterna i detta protokoll; "Kommission" Förentanationernas ekonomiska kommission för (ECE); "Kritiskbelastningsgräns" ett beräknat tröskelvärde för exponering för en ellerflera föroreningar under vilket, såvitt är känt, det inteuppstår några väsentliga skadliga effekter i fråga om specificerade utsattadelar av miljön;