bet · GB01UU1 · 1987-12-31 00:00:00 — att meningen på s. 9 i utskottets yttrande som lyder:"Gemensam säkerhet ger en tryggare värld än en politik grundad på kärnvapenavskräckning. Särskildayttranden uu 1987/88: i AnitaBråkenhielm, och (alla m) anför: Iett läge där supermakterna gjort långtgående utfästelser om verkligareduktioner i kärnvapenarsenalerna synes det angeläget att fortsätta på dennaväg. Provstoppsfrågan, som är en väl definierad del i ett större s. k.frysförslag, har förutom i de bilaterala förhandlingarna mellan supermakternaockså sin givna plats i CD i . Att komplicera förhandlingarna med att t.ex. definiera vad som kan anses vara kärnvapenbärare eller vad som i övrigtskulle ingå i en s. k. frys ter sig i nuvarande läge som en betydande risk attförsena arbetet på en kärnvapennedrustning. Bortskaffande av kvarlämnad krigsmateriel GunnelJonäng och (båda c) anför: Detär enligt vår mening ytterst angeläget att frågan om bortskaffande avkvarlämnad krigsmateriel även fortsättningsvis drivs med kraft av den svenskaregeringen, även om det av olika skäl är svårt att åstadkommanågot genombrott i FN. De alltmer utstuderade moderna försåtvapnen, såsomlandminor med splitterverkan, utgör en fruktansvärd fara även lång dd efter detatt fientligheter mellan krigförande länder upphört. De drabbar oskyldiga,ibland generadoner efter det de utplacerats och bidrar därigenom dll attförlänga krigets lidande och det hat som kriget utsår. Densvenska regeringen bör därför noggrant pröva vilka vägar som kan stå öppna föratt nå framsteg på detta viktiga humanitära område. AnitaBråkenhielm, och (alla m) anför: Vivill uttrycka en mycket stor tveksamhet inför det ändamålsenliga i att sombilaga till utskottets betänkande bifoga ett långt, svårpenetrerat och påfrämmande språk avfattat dokument rörande endast en av de många viktiga frågorsom avhandlas i detta betänkande. InternationalConference on uu i987/88:i theRelationship between '" Disarmament and Development TheStates participating in the International Conference on the Relationshipbetween Disarmament and Development, desirous of: (a) Enhancing and strengthening thecommitment of the International community to disarmament and development andgiving impetus to renewed efforts in both these fields; (b)Raising world consciousnessthat true and lasting peace and security in this interdependent world demandsrapid progress in both disarmament and development; (c) Directing global attention at ahigh political level on the implicadons of world-wide military spending againstthe sombre background of the present world economic situation; (d) Lookingat disarmament, development and security in their reladon- ship in the context of the interdependence of nations, interrelationships among issues and mutuality of interests; (e) Takinggreater account of the relationship between disarmament and development in political decision-making; (f) Furtheringthe International community's collective knowledge of the military and non-military threats to security; adoptthe following Final Document: In the Charter of the UnitedNations, Member States have undertaken to promote the andmaintenance of International peace and security with the least diversion forarmaments of the world's human and economic resources. The Member States alsoexpress in the Charter their determinadon to employ International machinery forthe promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples. The UnitedNations has thus a central role to play for the promotion of both disarmamentand development. Disarmament and development aretwo of the most urgent challenges facing the world today. They constitutepriority concerns of the International community in which allnations - developed and developing, big and small, 29 nuclearand non-nuclear - have a common and equal stake, Disarmament UU 1987/88:1and development are two pillars on which enduring International peace and Bilaga security can be built. The continuingarms race is absorbing far too great a proportion of the world's human,financial, natural and technological resources, placing a heavy burden on theeconomies of all countries and affecting the International flow of trade,finance and technology, in addition to hindering the process ofconfidence-building among States. The global military expenditures are indramatic contrast to economic and social underdevelopment and to the misery andpoverty afflicting more then two thirds of mankind, Thus, there is acommonality of interests in seeking security at lower levels of armaments andfinding ways of reduce these expenditures. The world caneither continue to pursue the arms race with characteris-dc vigour or moveconsciously and with deliberate speed towards a more stable and balanced socialand economic development within a more sustainable International economic andpolitical order; it cannot do both, Global interestin the relationship between disarmament and development is reflected inproposals by a politically and geographically broad spectrum of States sincethe early days of the United Nations. There is an increasing understanding ofthis relationship, in part due to the expert studies and reports prepared bythe United Nations. The contrastbetween the global military expenditures and the unmet socio-economic needsprovides a compelling moral appeal for relating disarmament to development.There is also a growing recognition that both overarmament and underdevelopmentconstitute threats to International peace and security. The conveningunder the aegis of the United Nations of this International Conference on theRelationship between Disarmament and Development is a landmark in the processof undertaking, at a political level, the multilateral consideration of therelationship between disarmament and development. Relationship between disarmament and development in allits aspects and dimensions While disarmament and development both strengthenInternational peace and security and promote prosperity, they are disdnctprocesses. Each should be pursued vigorously regardless of the pace of progressin the other; one should not be made a hostage to the other. Pursuit ofdevelopment cannot wait for the release of resources from disarmament.Similarly, disarmament has its own imperative separate from the purpose ofreleasing resources for development. However, disarmament and development have a close andmultidimen- sional relationship. Each of them can have an impact at the national, regional and global level in such a way as to create an environment conducive to the promotion of the other. Therelationship between disarmament and development in part derivesfrom the fact that the continuing global arms race and development 30 competefor the same finite resources at both the national and International UU1987/88:1 levels. The allocation of massive resources for armaments impedesthe Bilaga pursuit of development to its optimal level. Considering the present resourceconstraints of both developed and developing countries, reduced world militaryspending could contribute significantly to development. Disarmament can assistthe process of development not only by releasing additional resources but alsoby positively affecting the global economy. It can create conditions conduciveto promo-ting equitable economic and technological co-operation and to pursuingthe objectives of a new International economic order. Real economic growth as well asjust and equitable development, and particularly the elimination of poverty,are necessary for a secure and stable environment at the national, regional andInternational levels. They can reduce tensions and conflicts and the need forarmament. In the relationship betweendisarmament and development, security plays a crucial role. Progress in any ofthese three areas would have a positive effect on the others. Security is an overriding priorityfor all nations. It is also fundamental for both disarmament and development.Security consists of not only military, but also political, economic, social,humanitarian and human rights and ecological aspects. Enhanced security can, onthe one hand create conditions conducive to disarmament and, on the otherprovide the environment and confidence for the successful pursuit ofdevelopment. The development process, by overcoming non-military threats tosecurity and contributing to a more stable and sustainable International system,can enhance security and thereby promote arms reduction and disarmament.Disarmament would enhance security both directly and indirectly. A process ofdisarmament that provides for undiminished security at progressively lowerlevels of armaments could allow additional resources to be devoted toaddressing non-military challenges to security, and thus result in enhancedoverall security. An effective implementation of thecollective security provisions of the Charter of the United Nations wouldenhance International peace and security and thus reduce the need of MemberStates to seek security by exercising their inherent right of individual orcollective self-defence, also recognized by the Charter. The judgement as tothe level ofarms and military expenditures essential for its security restswith each nation. However, the pursuit of national security regardless of itsimpact on the security of others can create overall International insecurity,thereby undermining the very security it aims at promoting. This is even moreso in the context of the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war. It is widely accepted that theworld is overarmed and that security should be sought at substantially lowerlevels of armaments. The continued arms race in all its dimensions, and itsspreading into new areas, pose a growing threat to International peace andsecurity and even to the very survival of mankind. Moreover, global militaryspending on nuclear and conventional arms threatens to stall the efforts aimedat reaching the goals of developmentso necessary to overcome non-military threats to peace and uU 1987/88:1 security. The use or threat of use of forcein International reladons, external intervention, armed aggression, foreignoccupation, colonial domination, policies of apartheid and all forms of racialdiscrimination, violation of territorial integrity, of national sovereignty, ofthe right to self-determina-tion, and the encroachment of the right of allnations to pursue their economic and social development free from outsideinterference constitute threats to International peace and security.International security will be guaranteed in turn to the extent that peacefuland negotiated solutions to regional conflicts are promoted. Recently, non-military threats tosecurity have moved to the forefront of global concern. Underdevelopment anddeclining for development, as well as mismanagement and waste ofresources, constitute challenges to security. The degradation of theenvironment presents a threat to sustainable development. The world can hardlybe regarded as secure so long as there is polarization of weaith and poverty atthe nadonal and International levels. Gross and systemadc violations of humanrights retard genuine socio-economic development and create tensions whichcontribute to instability. Mäss poverty, illiteracy, disease, squalor andmalnutrition afflicting a large proportion of the world's population oftenbecome the cause of social strain, tension and strife. Growing interdependence amongnations, interrelationship among global issues, mutuality of interests,collecdve approach responding to the needs of humanity as a whole andmultilateralism provide the internadonal framework within which therelationship between disarmament, development and security should be shaped. Implications of the level and magniliide of the continuingmilitary expenditures, in particular those of the nuclear-weapon States andother militarily important , for the world economy and the Internationaleconomic and social situation, particularly for developing countries The current level of global militaryspending in pursuit of security interests represents a real increase of betweenfour and five times since the end of the Second World War. It also reflectsapproximately 6 per cent of the world gross domestic product and has beenestimated to be more than 20 times as large as all official developmentassistance to developing countries. During the 1980s, global militaryexpenditure has grown on an average at a faster råte than during the secondhalf of the 1970s. The bulk of global militaryspending remains concentrated among some developed countries that also carryout almost all the world's military research and development. It has beenesdmated that global expenditure on military research and developmentrepresents approximately one quarter of the world's expenditure on all researchand development. During recent years, as weapons have become moresophisticated, the råte of increase in spending on military research anddevelopment has been higher than the general increase in military expenditures. The military sector also consumes asignificant proportion of world energy resources and non-energy and skilled human 32 resourcesand industrial production, which could be utilized in other sectors. UU1987/88:1 Moreover, the production and stockpiling of armaments, particularlyof Bilaga nuclear and chemical weapons, poses a significant threat to theenvironment. While arms exports are dominated bya number of developed countries, the developing countries account for a majorshare of arms imports. The adverse development implications of such transfersoutweigh immediate trade benefits to the suppliers and security gains to therecipients. In contrast to the current leveland trends in global military expenditure, the State of the world economy inthe 1980s has been characterized by a slow-down in growth of demand and outputcompared with the preceding two decades, generally lower råtes of inflation,difficulties in many countries in adapting to structural changes, a mountingstock of debt, high real interest råtes, inadequate net flows of financialresources, shifts in exchange råtes, high and increasing levels of protecdon,commodity prices depressed to their lowest level in 50 years, terms-of-tradelosses sustained by commodity exporting countries, and a generally insecureeconomic environment in which millions of people still lack the basicconditions for a decent life. The use of resources for militarypurposes amounts to a reduction of resources for the civilian sector. Militaryspending provides basis for future industrial civilian production.Military goods are generally destroyed or soon used up. While there are somecivilian by-products of military research and training there are better direct,non-military routes to follow. The opportunity cost of militaryexpenditures över the past 40 years has been and continues to be borne by both developedand developing countries, as there is a pressing need for additional resourcesfor development in both groups of countries. In developing countries, it hasbeen estimated that close to 1 billion people are below the poverty line, 780million people are undernourished, 850 million are illiterate, 1.5 billion haveno access to facilities, an equally large number are unemployed, and 1billion people are inadequately housed. In developed countries, resources arerequired, inter alla, for meeting the priority needs of urban renewal, therestoradon of some of the infrastructures, the reduction of unemployment, theprotecdon of the environment, the further development of welfare systems andthe development of non-conventional sources of energy. The developing countriesare doubly affected: (a) in proportion to the expenditure they incurthemselves; and (b) because of the disturbing effect of military expenditure onthe world economy. The present world economicsituation should also be seen in the context of the arms race. For certaincountries the high deficits caused by military expenditures as well as thecumulative effect of subsequent rise in the interest råtes have the effect ofdiverting substantial flows of capital away from development activities. Inthis sense, the whole world is affected by the arms race. Moreover, military-relatedproduction tends to be capital-intensive, usually creating fewer jobs thanwould result if an equivalent amount of public funds had been spent on civilprojects. Inefficiency associated with the non-competitive conditions of themilitary market-place has a negative effect throughoutthe economy, including productivity and cost, and on its 33 competitiveposition in the International märket. UU 1987/88:1 Global military expenditure has an impact on theworld economy Bilaga through interdependence among nations and the interrelationship between the globalmacro-economic variables. Attempts at understanding the present world economicsituation and attaining stable and sustainable growth need to take account ofthe current levels of military expenditures. Ways and means of releasing additiotial resources throughdisarmament measures for developmetxt purposes, in particular in favoiir ofdeveloping countries Apart from promoting International peace, securityand co-operation, disarmament can improve the environment for the pursuit of development by: (a) Releasing resources from themilitary to the civilian sector at the national level; (b) Removing the distortions in thenational and International economy induced by military expenditure; (c) Creating favourable conditions forInternational economic, scientiflc and technological co-operation and forreleasing resources for development at the regional and International levels,on both a bilateral and a multilateral basis. Resources released as a result ofdisarmament measures should be devoted to the promotion of the well-being ofall peoples, the improvement of the economic conditions of the developingcountries and the bridging of the economic gap between developed and developingcountries. These resources should be additional to those otherwise availablefor assistance to developing countries. The release of additional resourcesfor the civilian sector is in the interest of both industrialized anddeveloping countries, as it would mean the stimulation of economic growth,trade and investment. Among developing countries, this could also meanadditional resources to meet pressing socio-economic needs, while in thedeveloped countries it could contribute to the achievement of the goals ofsocial welfare. However, working towards the release of resources throughdisarmament is not enough; an International development strategy is a vitalstabilizing element in International relations. The disarmament dividend may beobtained in a variety of forms. These could include trade expansion,technological transfers, the more efficient utilization of global resources,the more effective and dynamic International division of labour, the reductionof public dept and budgetary deficits, and increased flows of resources throughdevelopment assistance, commercial and other private flows or transfers ofresources to the developing countries. Past experience has shown thatconversion from military to civilian production need not present insurmountableproblems. Actionprogramme UU 1987/88:1 With a view: ''aga (a) To fostering an inferrelatedperspective on disarmament, development and security; (b) To promoting multilateralism asproviding the International framework for shaping the relationship betweendisarmament, development and security based on interdependence among nationsand mutuality of interests; (c) To strengthening the central roleof the United Nations in the interrelated fields of disarmament anddevelopment: (i) TheStates participating in the International Conference reaffirm their commitmentsin the fields of disarmament and development and reiterate their determinationto adopt, both individually and collective-ly, appropriate measures toimplement these commitments. These will include bilateral, regional and globalinitiatives for peaceful resolution of conflicts and disputes; (ii) They also stressthe importance of respect of the International humanitarian law applicable inarmed conflicts. Respect of this law makes it easier to påve the way for asolution to conflicts, and hence ultimately to release resources fordevelopment; (iii) They recognize the need to ensure an effective and mutually reinforcing relationship between disarmament and development and togive practical expression to it through speciflc measures at the national,regional and global levels; (iv) They reaffirm the International commitment toallocate a portion of the resources released through disarmament, for purposesof socio-economic development, with a view to bridging the economic gap betweendeveloped and developing countries; (v) In this connection, they will givefurther consideradon: To the adoption of measures toreduce the level and magnitude of military expenditures which, in addition to being an approach to disarmament, would be a means of reallocating additional resources for social and economic development pardcularly for the developing countries; To the utilization of existingregional and International institutions for the reallocation of resources released through disarmament measures for socio-economic development, particularly in developing countries, takingdueaccountof existing capabilities of the United Nations system; the allocation, within the framework of the United Nations, of part of the resources, including human and technical resources, presently devoted to military purposes for emergency humanitarian relief opera tions and critical development problems, pending the achievement of genuine disarmament under effective International control; To theimportance of greater openness, transparency and confidence among nations witha view to facilitadng progress in both disarmament and development; (vi) Theywill consider: a. under review issues related to a conversion ofmilitary industry tocivilian production and undertaking studies and planning for this UU1987/88:1 purpose; Bilaga b. Undertaking studies toidentify and publicize the benefits that could be derived from the reallocation of military resources; c. Making the results of experiencein, and preparations for, solving the problems of conversion in their respective countries, available to other countries; (vii) Theyagree: To continue to assess theirpolitical and security requirements and the level of their military spending, taking into account the need to keep these expenditures at the lowest possible level, and to keep the public informed on the subject; To assess the nature andvolume of resources that may be released through arms limitation and disarmament measures and to consider including in future disarmament negotiations provisions to facilitate the release of such resources; To carry out regularly analysesof the economic and social consequences of their military spending and to inform their public and the United Nations about them; To appeal to appropriateregional organizations and institutions to carry out, within their mandates as appropriate, analyses of the political, military and economic factors in their regions, with a view to encourag- ing regional measures of disarmament and development; (viii)They recognize that an informed public, including non-governmental organizations,has an invaluable role to play in helping to promote the objectivesof disarmament and development and creating an awareness of the relationshipbetween disarmament, development and security. Theytherefore agree to take appropriate measures to keep the public informedin this regard; (ix) Theyemphasize the need to strengthen the central role of the United Nationsand its appropriate organs in the field of disarmament and development,in promoting an interrelated perspective of these issues within theoverall objective of promoting International peace and