int sm2_encrypt(const EC_KEY *key,
                const EVP_MD *digest,
                const uint8_t *msg,
                size_t msg_len, uint8_t *ciphertext_buf, size_t *ciphertext_len)
{
    int rc = 0, ciphertext_leni;
    size_t i;
    BN_CTX *ctx = NULL;
    BIGNUM *k = NULL;
    BIGNUM *x1 = NULL;
    BIGNUM *y1 = NULL;
    BIGNUM *x2 = NULL;
    BIGNUM *y2 = NULL;
    EVP_MD_CTX *hash = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
    struct SM2_Ciphertext_st ctext_struct;
    const EC_GROUP *group = EC_KEY_get0_group(key);
    const BIGNUM *order = EC_GROUP_get0_order(group);
    const EC_POINT *P = EC_KEY_get0_public_key(key);
    EC_POINT *kG = NULL;
    EC_POINT *kP = NULL;
    uint8_t *msg_mask = NULL;
    uint8_t *x2y2 = NULL;
    uint8_t *C3 = NULL;
    size_t field_size;
    const int C3_size = EVP_MD_size(digest);

    /* NULL these before any "goto done" */
    ctext_struct.C2 = NULL;
    ctext_struct.C3 = NULL;

    if (hash == NULL || C3_size <= 0) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
        goto done;
    }

    field_size = ec_field_size(group);
    if (field_size == 0) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
        goto done;
    }

    kG = EC_POINT_new(group);
    kP = EC_POINT_new(group);
    ctx = BN_CTX_new();
    if (kG == NULL || kP == NULL || ctx == NULL) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
        goto done;
    }

    BN_CTX_start(ctx);
    k = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
    x1 = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
    x2 = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
    y1 = BN_CTX_get(ctx);
    y2 = BN_CTX_get(ctx);

    if (y2 == NULL) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_BN_LIB);
        goto done;
    }

    x2y2 = OPENSSL_zalloc(2 * field_size);
    C3 = OPENSSL_zalloc(C3_size);

    if (x2y2 == NULL || C3 == NULL) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
        goto done;
    }

    memset(ciphertext_buf, 0, *ciphertext_len);

    if (!BN_priv_rand_range(k, order)) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
        goto done;
    }

    if (!EC_POINT_mul(group, kG, k, NULL, NULL, ctx)
            || !EC_POINT_get_affine_coordinates(group, kG, x1, y1, ctx)
            || !EC_POINT_mul(group, kP, NULL, P, k, ctx)
            || !EC_POINT_get_affine_coordinates(group, kP, x2, y2, ctx)) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_EC_LIB);
        goto done;
    }

    if (BN_bn2binpad(x2, x2y2, field_size) < 0
            || BN_bn2binpad(y2, x2y2 + field_size, field_size) < 0) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
        goto done;
    }

    msg_mask = OPENSSL_zalloc(msg_len);
    if (msg_mask == NULL) {
       SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
       goto done;
   }

    /* X9.63 with no salt happens to match the KDF used in SM2 */
    if (!ecdh_KDF_X9_63(msg_mask, msg_len, x2y2, 2 * field_size, NULL, 0,
                        digest)) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_EVP_LIB);
        goto done;
    }

    for (i = 0; i != msg_len; ++i)
        msg_mask[i] ^= msg[i];

    if (EVP_DigestInit(hash, digest) == 0
            || EVP_DigestUpdate(hash, x2y2, field_size) == 0
            || EVP_DigestUpdate(hash, msg, msg_len) == 0
            || EVP_DigestUpdate(hash, x2y2 + field_size, field_size) == 0
            || EVP_DigestFinal(hash, C3, NULL) == 0) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_EVP_LIB);
        goto done;
    }

    ctext_struct.C1x = x1;
    ctext_struct.C1y = y1;
    ctext_struct.C3 = ASN1_OCTET_STRING_new();
    ctext_struct.C2 = ASN1_OCTET_STRING_new();

    if (ctext_struct.C3 == NULL || ctext_struct.C2 == NULL) {
       SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
       goto done;
    }
    if (!ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(ctext_struct.C3, C3, C3_size)
            || !ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(ctext_struct.C2, msg_mask, msg_len)) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
        goto done;
    }

    ciphertext_leni = i2d_SM2_Ciphertext(&ctext_struct, &ciphertext_buf);
    /* Ensure cast to size_t is safe */
    if (ciphertext_leni < 0) {
        SM2err(SM2_F_SM2_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
        goto done;
    }
    *ciphertext_len = (size_t)ciphertext_leni;

    rc = 1;

 done:
    ASN1_OCTET_STRING_free(ctext_struct.C2);
    ASN1_OCTET_STRING_free(ctext_struct.C3);
    OPENSSL_free(msg_mask);
    OPENSSL_free(x2y2);
    OPENSSL_free(C3);
    EVP_MD_CTX_free(hash);
    BN_CTX_free(ctx);
    EC_POINT_free(kG);
    EC_POINT_free(kP);
    return rc;
}