static int qcow2_create2(const char *filename, int64_t total_size,
                         const char *backing_file, const char *backing_format,
                         int flags, size_t cluster_size, int prealloc,
                         QEMUOptionParameter *options, int version,
                         Error **errp)
{
    /* Calculate cluster_bits */
    int cluster_bits;
    cluster_bits = ffs(cluster_size) - 1;
    if (cluster_bits < MIN_CLUSTER_BITS || cluster_bits > MAX_CLUSTER_BITS ||
        (1 << cluster_bits) != cluster_size)
    {
        error_setg(errp, "Cluster size must be a power of two between %d and "
                   "%dk", 1 << MIN_CLUSTER_BITS, 1 << (MAX_CLUSTER_BITS - 10));
        return -EINVAL;
    }

    /*
     * Open the image file and write a minimal qcow2 header.
     *
     * We keep things simple and start with a zero-sized image. We also
     * do without refcount blocks or a L1 table for now. We'll fix the
     * inconsistency later.
     *
     * We do need a refcount table because growing the refcount table means
     * allocating two new refcount blocks - the seconds of which would be at
     * 2 GB for 64k clusters, and we don't want to have a 2 GB initial file
     * size for any qcow2 image.
     */
    BlockDriverState* bs;
    QCowHeader *header;
    uint8_t* refcount_table;
    Error *local_err = NULL;
    int ret;

    ret = bdrv_create_file(filename, options, &local_err);
    if (ret < 0) {
        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
        return ret;
    }

    bs = NULL;
    ret = bdrv_open(&bs, filename, NULL, NULL, BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_PROTOCOL,
                    NULL, &local_err);
    if (ret < 0) {
        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
        return ret;
    }

    /* Write the header */
    QEMU_BUILD_BUG_ON((1 << MIN_CLUSTER_BITS) < sizeof(*header));
    header = g_malloc0(cluster_size);
    *header = (QCowHeader) {
        .magic                      = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_MAGIC),
        .version                    = cpu_to_be32(version),
        .cluster_bits               = cpu_to_be32(cluster_bits),
        .size                       = cpu_to_be64(0),
        .l1_table_offset            = cpu_to_be64(0),
        .l1_size                    = cpu_to_be32(0),
        .refcount_table_offset      = cpu_to_be64(cluster_size),
        .refcount_table_clusters    = cpu_to_be32(1),
        .refcount_order             = cpu_to_be32(3 + REFCOUNT_SHIFT),
        .header_length              = cpu_to_be32(sizeof(*header)),
    };

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_ENCRYPT) {
        header->crypt_method = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_CRYPT_AES);
    } else {
        header->crypt_method = cpu_to_be32(QCOW_CRYPT_NONE);
    }

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_LAZY_REFCOUNTS) {
        header->compatible_features |=
            cpu_to_be64(QCOW2_COMPAT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS);
    }

    ret = bdrv_pwrite(bs, 0, header, cluster_size);
    g_free(header);
    if (ret < 0) {
        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write qcow2 header");
        goto out;
    }

    /* Write an empty refcount table */
    refcount_table = g_malloc0(cluster_size);
    ret = bdrv_pwrite(bs, cluster_size, refcount_table, cluster_size);
    g_free(refcount_table);

    if (ret < 0) {
        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write refcount table");
        goto out;
    }

    bdrv_unref(bs);
    bs = NULL;

    /*
     * And now open the image and make it consistent first (i.e. increase the
     * refcount of the cluster that is occupied by the header and the refcount
     * table)
     */
    BlockDriver* drv = bdrv_find_format("qcow2");
    assert(drv != NULL);
    ret = bdrv_open(&bs, filename, NULL, NULL,
        BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_CACHE_WB | BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH, drv, &local_err);
    if (ret < 0) {
        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
        goto out;
    }

    ret = qcow2_alloc_clusters(bs, 2 * cluster_size);
    if (ret < 0) {
        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not allocate clusters for qcow2 "
                         "header and refcount table");
        goto out;

    } else if (ret != 0) {
        error_report("Huh, first cluster in empty image is already in use?");
        abort();
    }

    /* Okay, now that we have a valid image, let's give it the right size */
    ret = bdrv_truncate(bs, total_size * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
    if (ret < 0) {
        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not resize image");
        goto out;
    }

    /* Want a backing file? There you go.*/
    if (backing_file) {
        ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, backing_file, backing_format);
        if (ret < 0) {
            error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not assign backing file '%s' "
                             "with format '%s'", backing_file, backing_format);
            goto out;
        }
    }

    /* And if we're supposed to preallocate metadata, do that now */
    if (prealloc) {
        BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
        qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
        ret = preallocate(bs);
        qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
        if (ret < 0) {
            error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not preallocate metadata");
            goto out;
        }
    }

    bdrv_unref(bs);
    bs = NULL;

    /* Reopen the image without BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH to flush it before returning */
    ret = bdrv_open(&bs, filename, NULL, NULL,
                    BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_CACHE_WB | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING,
                    drv, &local_err);
    if (local_err) {
        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
        goto out;
    }

    ret = 0;
out:
    if (bs) {
        bdrv_unref(bs);
    }
    return ret;
}