transformIndexConstraint(Constraint *constraint, CreateStmtContext *cxt)
{
	IndexStmt  *index;
	List	   *notnullcmds = NIL;
	ListCell   *lc;

	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);

	index->unique = (constraint->contype != CONSTR_EXCLUSION);
	index->primary = (constraint->contype == CONSTR_PRIMARY);
	if (index->primary)
	{
		if (cxt->pkey != NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),
					 errmsg("multiple primary keys for table \"%s\" are not allowed",
							cxt->relation->relname),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));
		cxt->pkey = index;

		/*
		 * In ALTER TABLE case, a primary index might already exist, but
		 * DefineIndex will check for it.
		 */
	}
	index->isconstraint = true;
	index->deferrable = constraint->deferrable;
	index->initdeferred = constraint->initdeferred;

	if (constraint->conname != NULL)
		index->idxname = pstrdup(constraint->conname);
	else
		index->idxname = NULL;	/* DefineIndex will choose name */

	index->relation = cxt->relation;
	index->accessMethod = constraint->access_method ? constraint->access_method : DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
	index->options = constraint->options;
	index->tableSpace = constraint->indexspace;
	index->whereClause = constraint->where_clause;
	index->indexParams = NIL;
	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
	index->idxcomment = NULL;
	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
	index->transformed = false;
	index->concurrent = false;
	index->if_not_exists = false;
	index->reset_default_tblspc = constraint->reset_default_tblspc;

	/*
	 * If it's ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT USING INDEX, look up the index and
	 * verify it's usable, then extract the implied column name list.  (We
	 * will not actually need the column name list at runtime, but we need it
	 * now to check for duplicate column entries below.)
	 */
	if (constraint->indexname != NULL)
	{
		char	   *index_name = constraint->indexname;
		Relation	heap_rel = cxt->rel;
		Oid			index_oid;
		Relation	index_rel;
		Form_pg_index index_form;
		oidvector  *indclass;
		Datum		indclassDatum;
		bool		isnull;
		int			i;

		/* Grammar should not allow this with explicit column list */
		Assert(constraint->keys == NIL);

		/* Grammar should only allow PRIMARY and UNIQUE constraints */
		Assert(constraint->contype == CONSTR_PRIMARY ||
			   constraint->contype == CONSTR_UNIQUE);

		/* Must be ALTER, not CREATE, but grammar doesn't enforce that */
		if (!cxt->isalter)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("cannot use an existing index in CREATE TABLE"),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		/* Look for the index in the same schema as the table */
		index_oid = get_relname_relid(index_name, RelationGetNamespace(heap_rel));

		if (!OidIsValid(index_oid))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
					 errmsg("index \"%s\" does not exist", index_name),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		/* Open the index (this will throw an error if it is not an index) */
		index_rel = index_open(index_oid, AccessShareLock);
		index_form = index_rel->rd_index;

		/* Check that it does not have an associated constraint already */
		if (OidIsValid(get_index_constraint(index_oid)))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
					 errmsg("index \"%s\" is already associated with a constraint",
							index_name),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		/* Perform validity checks on the index */
		if (index_form->indrelid != RelationGetRelid(heap_rel))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
					 errmsg("index \"%s\" does not belong to table \"%s\"",
							index_name, RelationGetRelationName(heap_rel)),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		if (!index_form->indisvalid)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
					 errmsg("index \"%s\" is not valid", index_name),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		if (!index_form->indisunique)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
					 errmsg("\"%s\" is not a unique index", index_name),
					 errdetail("Cannot create a primary key or unique constraint using such an index."),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		if (RelationGetIndexExpressions(index_rel) != NIL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
					 errmsg("index \"%s\" contains expressions", index_name),
					 errdetail("Cannot create a primary key or unique constraint using such an index."),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		if (RelationGetIndexPredicate(index_rel) != NIL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
					 errmsg("\"%s\" is a partial index", index_name),
					 errdetail("Cannot create a primary key or unique constraint using such an index."),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		/*
		 * It's probably unsafe to change a deferred index to non-deferred. (A
		 * non-constraint index couldn't be deferred anyway, so this case
		 * should never occur; no need to sweat, but let's check it.)
		 */
		if (!index_form->indimmediate && !constraint->deferrable)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
					 errmsg("\"%s\" is a deferrable index", index_name),
					 errdetail("Cannot create a non-deferrable constraint using a deferrable index."),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		/*
		 * Insist on it being a btree.  That's the only kind that supports
		 * uniqueness at the moment anyway; but we must have an index that
		 * exactly matches what you'd get from plain ADD CONSTRAINT syntax,
		 * else dump and reload will produce a different index (breaking
		 * pg_upgrade in particular).
		 */
		if (index_rel->rd_rel->relam != get_index_am_oid(DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE, false))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
					 errmsg("index \"%s\" is not a btree", index_name),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		/* Must get indclass the hard way */
		indclassDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(INDEXRELID, index_rel->rd_indextuple,
										Anum_pg_index_indclass, &isnull);
		Assert(!isnull);
		indclass = (oidvector *) DatumGetPointer(indclassDatum);

		for (i = 0; i < index_form->indnatts; i++)
		{
			int16		attnum = index_form->indkey.values[i];
			const FormData_pg_attribute *attform;
			char	   *attname;
			Oid			defopclass;

			/*
			 * We shouldn't see attnum == 0 here, since we already rejected
			 * expression indexes.  If we do, SystemAttributeDefinition will
			 * throw an error.
			 */
			if (attnum > 0)
			{
				Assert(attnum <= heap_rel->rd_att->natts);
				attform = TupleDescAttr(heap_rel->rd_att, attnum - 1);
			}
			else
				attform = SystemAttributeDefinition(attnum);
			attname = pstrdup(NameStr(attform->attname));

			if (i < index_form->indnkeyatts)
			{
				/*
				 * Insist on default opclass and sort options.  While the
				 * index would still work as a constraint with non-default
				 * settings, it might not provide exactly the same uniqueness
				 * semantics as you'd get from a normally-created constraint;
				 * and there's also the dump/reload problem mentioned above.
				 */
				defopclass = GetDefaultOpClass(attform->atttypid,
											   index_rel->rd_rel->relam);
				if (indclass->values[i] != defopclass ||
					index_rel->rd_indoption[i] != 0)
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
							 errmsg("index \"%s\" column number %d does not have default sorting behavior", index_name, i + 1),
							 errdetail("Cannot create a primary key or unique constraint using such an index."),
							 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

				constraint->keys = lappend(constraint->keys, makeString(attname));
			}
			else
				constraint->including = lappend(constraint->including, makeString(attname));
		}

		/* Close the index relation but keep the lock */
		relation_close(index_rel, NoLock);

		index->indexOid = index_oid;
	}

	/*
	 * If it's an EXCLUDE constraint, the grammar returns a list of pairs of
	 * IndexElems and operator names.  We have to break that apart into
	 * separate lists.
	 */
	if (constraint->contype == CONSTR_EXCLUSION)
	{
		foreach(lc, constraint->exclusions)
		{
			List	   *pair = (List *) lfirst(lc);
			IndexElem  *elem;
			List	   *opname;

			Assert(list_length(pair) == 2);
			elem = linitial_node(IndexElem, pair);
			opname = lsecond_node(List, pair);

			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, elem);
			index->excludeOpNames = lappend(index->excludeOpNames, opname);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * For UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY, we just have a list of column names.
	 *
	 * Make sure referenced keys exist.  If we are making a PRIMARY KEY index,
	 * also make sure they are NOT NULL.
	 */
	else
	{
		foreach(lc, constraint->keys)
		{
			char	   *key = strVal(lfirst(lc));
			bool		found = false;
			bool		forced_not_null = false;
			ColumnDef  *column = NULL;
			ListCell   *columns;
			IndexElem  *iparam;

			/* Make sure referenced column exists. */
			foreach(columns, cxt->columns)
			{
				column = castNode(ColumnDef, lfirst(columns));
				if (strcmp(column->colname, key) == 0)
				{
					found = true;
					break;
				}
			}
			if (found)
			{
				/*
				 * column is defined in the new table.  For PRIMARY KEY, we
				 * can apply the NOT NULL constraint cheaply here ... unless
				 * the column is marked is_from_type, in which case marking it
				 * here would be ineffective (see MergeAttributes).
				 */
				if (constraint->contype == CONSTR_PRIMARY &&
					!column->is_from_type)
				{
					column->is_not_null = true;
					forced_not_null = true;
				}
			}
			else if (SystemAttributeByName(key) != NULL)
			{
				/*
				 * column will be a system column in the new table, so accept
				 * it. System columns can't ever be null, so no need to worry
				 * about PRIMARY/NOT NULL constraint.
				 */
				found = true;
			}
			else if (cxt->inhRelations)
			{
				/* try inherited tables */
				ListCell   *inher;

				foreach(inher, cxt->inhRelations)
				{
					RangeVar   *inh = castNode(RangeVar, lfirst(inher));
					Relation	rel;
					int			count;

					rel = table_openrv(inh, AccessShareLock);
					/* check user requested inheritance from valid relkind */
					if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_RELATION &&
						rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE &&
						rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
						ereport(ERROR,
								(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
								 errmsg("inherited relation \"%s\" is not a table or foreign table",
										inh->relname)));
					for (count = 0; count < rel->rd_att->natts; count++)
					{
						Form_pg_attribute inhattr = TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att,
																  count);
						char	   *inhname = NameStr(inhattr->attname);

						if (inhattr->attisdropped)
							continue;
						if (strcmp(key, inhname) == 0)
						{
							found = true;

							/*
							 * It's tempting to set forced_not_null if the
							 * parent column is already NOT NULL, but that
							 * seems unsafe because the column's NOT NULL
							 * marking might disappear between now and
							 * execution.  Do the runtime check to be safe.
							 */
							break;
						}
					}
					table_close(rel, NoLock);
					if (found)
						break;
				}
			}

			/*
			 * In the ALTER TABLE case, don't complain about index keys not
			 * created in the command; they may well exist already.
			 * DefineIndex will complain about them if not.
			 */
			if (!found && !cxt->isalter)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
						 errmsg("column \"%s\" named in key does not exist", key),
						 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

			/* Check for PRIMARY KEY(foo, foo) */
			foreach(columns, index->indexParams)
			{
				iparam = (IndexElem *) lfirst(columns);
				if (iparam->name && strcmp(key, iparam->name) == 0)
				{
					if (index->primary)
						ereport(ERROR,
								(errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_COLUMN),
								 errmsg("column \"%s\" appears twice in primary key constraint",
										key),
								 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));
					else
						ereport(ERROR,
								(errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_COLUMN),
								 errmsg("column \"%s\" appears twice in unique constraint",
										key),
								 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));
				}
			}

			/* OK, add it to the index definition */
			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
			iparam->name = pstrdup(key);
			iparam->expr = NULL;
			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
			iparam->collation = NIL;
			iparam->opclass = NIL;
			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);

			/*
			 * For a primary-key column, also create an item for ALTER TABLE
			 * SET NOT NULL if we couldn't ensure it via is_not_null above.
			 */
			if (constraint->contype == CONSTR_PRIMARY && !forced_not_null)
			{
				AlterTableCmd *notnullcmd = makeNode(AlterTableCmd);

				notnullcmd->subtype = AT_SetNotNull;
				notnullcmd->name = pstrdup(key);
				notnullcmds = lappend(notnullcmds, notnullcmd);
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Add included columns to index definition.  This is much like the
	 * simple-column-name-list code above, except that we don't worry about
	 * NOT NULL marking; included columns in a primary key should not be
	 * forced NOT NULL.  We don't complain about duplicate columns, either,
	 * though maybe we should?
	 */
	foreach(lc, constraint->including)
	{
		char	   *key = strVal(lfirst(lc));
		bool		found = false;
		ColumnDef  *column = NULL;
		ListCell   *columns;
		IndexElem  *iparam;

		foreach(columns, cxt->columns)
		{
			column = lfirst_node(ColumnDef, columns);
			if (strcmp(column->colname, key) == 0)
			{
				found = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (!found)
		{
			if (SystemAttributeByName(key) != NULL)
			{
				/*
				 * column will be a system column in the new table, so accept
				 * it.
				 */
				found = true;
			}
			else if (cxt->inhRelations)
			{
				/* try inherited tables */
				ListCell   *inher;

				foreach(inher, cxt->inhRelations)
				{
					RangeVar   *inh = lfirst_node(RangeVar, inher);
					Relation	rel;
					int			count;

					rel = table_openrv(inh, AccessShareLock);
					/* check user requested inheritance from valid relkind */
					if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_RELATION &&
						rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE &&
						rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
						ereport(ERROR,
								(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
								 errmsg("inherited relation \"%s\" is not a table or foreign table",
										inh->relname)));
					for (count = 0; count < rel->rd_att->natts; count++)
					{
						Form_pg_attribute inhattr = TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att,
																  count);
						char	   *inhname = NameStr(inhattr->attname);

						if (inhattr->attisdropped)
							continue;
						if (strcmp(key, inhname) == 0)
						{
							found = true;
							break;
						}
					}
					table_close(rel, NoLock);
					if (found)
						break;
				}
			}
		}

		/*
		 * In the ALTER TABLE case, don't complain about index keys not
		 * created in the command; they may well exist already. DefineIndex
		 * will complain about them if not.
		 */
		if (!found && !cxt->isalter)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
					 errmsg("column \"%s\" named in key does not exist", key),
					 parser_errposition(cxt->pstate, constraint->location)));

		/* OK, add it to the index definition */
		iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
		iparam->name = pstrdup(key);
		iparam->expr = NULL;
		iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
		iparam->collation = NIL;
		iparam->opclass = NIL;
		index->indexIncludingParams = lappend(index->indexIncludingParams, iparam);
	}

	/*
	 * If we found anything that requires run-time SET NOT NULL, build a full
	 * ALTER TABLE command for that and add it to cxt->alist.
	 */
	if (notnullcmds)
	{
		AlterTableStmt *alterstmt = makeNode(AlterTableStmt);

		alterstmt->relation = copyObject(cxt->relation);
		alterstmt->cmds = notnullcmds;
		alterstmt->relkind = OBJECT_TABLE;
		alterstmt->missing_ok = false;

		cxt->alist = lappend(cxt->alist, alterstmt);
	}

	return index;
}