Authority for the use of animals was provided by CSIRO animal ethics committees in accordance with the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council's code of practice [20] . These permits were (i) CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Animal Ethics Committee, Approval No. 08-05, exposure of pre-and post-metamorphic cane toads to proteins, DNA and RNA and produced RNA/cDNA and (ii) CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee, Approval number 1132, biological control of cane toads.