The results of this study indicated that alcohol-related deaths increased substantially among persons aged 50-69 years after the price reduction when trends and seasonal variation were taken into account. The increase was mainly due to liver diseases. In contrast to alcohol-related mortality, mortality due to cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality decreased considerably among men and women aged over 69 years. Among persons aged 30-59 years, the increase in absolute terms was largest among the unemployed or early-age pensioners and those with low education, social class, or income. The employed and persons aged below the age 35 did not suffer from increased alcohol-related mortality. Alcohol-related hospitalisation rates in both chronic and acute causes for men increased among those below the age 70, and for women in the 50-69 year-olds. The increase was mainly due to mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol. The rates in interpersonal violence did not increase. These findings suggest that reduction in alcohol prices may lead to a substantial increase in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity. However, large population group differences were observed. Those in the older age groups may even benefit from cheaper alcohol in terms of decreased rates of CVD mortality. Moreover, reductions in alcohol prices do not necessarily affect interpersonal violence. The population group differences in the effects of price changes should be acknowledged, and therefore, the actions of policy should be focused on the population subgroups which are primarily responsive to the price reduction. Objective: To determine the effect of adherence within and after an exercise therapy treatment period on patients' outcome on pain, physical function and patient self-perceived effect in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and/or knee. Methods: One hundred fifty patients with OA of the hip and/or knee receiving exercise therapy were followed 60 months. Data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial, with assessments at baseline, 3, 15, and 60 months follow-up. Exercise adherence was defined as the extent to which a person's behaviordoing home exercises, home activities and being more physically active -corresponds with agreed recommendations by the patient's physical therapist. The association between exercise adherence and patients' outcome on pain, physical function and selfperceived effect was examined using generalized estimating equations (GEE) analyses. Results: Adherence to recommended home exercises and being more physically active was significantly associated with better treatment outcome on pain, self-reported physical function, physical performance and self-perceived effect. The association between adherence and outcome was consistent over time. Adherence to home activities was only associated with better self-perceived effeCT. Conclusion: Better adherence to recommended home exercises as well as being more physically active improves the long-term effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee. Both within and after the treatment period better adherence is associated with better patients' outcome on pain, physical function, and self-perceived effect. Since exercise adherence declines over time, future research should focus on how exercise behavior can be stimulated and maintained in the long-term. Persistent unexplained pain in the face and surrounding tissues are common presentations to dental and medical services. Routine dental treatment of chronic oro-facial pain (OFP) primarily involves using splints to correct malocclusion or teeth-clenching/ grinding. However this mechanistic approach is ineffective. Moreover, such treatments can result in physical and psychological iatrogenesis. In contrast, a growing evidence-base recognises the effectiveness of psychological interventions for OFP, suggesting a role for psychological services within dentistry. In order to translate research into practice, further understanding is needed of patients' and physicians' current experience of OFP and its management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 25 patients and 35 clinicians (comprising medical and dental practitioners from a range of primary and secondary care services). Audiotaped interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically using principles of constant comparison to categorise emergent and recurring themes within and between transcripts. Thematic categories arising in initial interviews were explored subsequently and disconfirmatory evidence sought until thematic saturation arose. Similar themes emerged from both patients and physicians. Whilst both sets of participants recognised the role that psychological factors could play in the development and maintenance of OFP, management and self-management strategies were largely limited to biomedical interventions. Achieving a diagnosis proved problematic but functional for both parties. Frustration at the current inadequacy of OFP management often led to conflict with (or disengagement from) the clinicianpatient relationship. Current management of OFP is ineffective and unsatisfactory for both patients and clinicians and impacts on their relationship. A key barrier to implementing psychological interventions for OFP is the ineffective communication between physicians and patients, and between medical and dental practitioners. Objectives: Reaching the rehabilitation goals the doctor and the patient have agreed on appears to be important, and there is presumed to be a correlation between goal attainment and patient satisfaction. The main goal of the study was the detailed assessment of patient satisfaction and the investigation of the correlation between patient satisfaction and the setting and attainment of goals.