The role of non-formal education 353 2. Organizational efforts at behaviour change must establish normative standards regarding regular attendance at local social hygiene clinics and training of peer educators in establishments and worksites, as well as in the prison system. 3. Non-formal education must focus on delivering appropriate messages to the target audience, using approaches that are both culturally sensitive and gender-sensitive. 4. More intervention research should be encouraged to target vulnerable groups, as in the testing of incarcerated injection drug users and condom use among female bar workers. 5. Indicators of programme effectiveness should be developed for implementation, followed by empirical studies to provide evidence of success, e.g., HRPs. 6. Highly motivated IDU inmates should be trained as peer counselors who can serve as outreach health education workers in their communities upon release. Standardization of Methods for Early Diagnosis and On-Site Treatment of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening disease of high altitude that often affects nonacclimatized apparently healthy individuals who rapidly ascend to high altitude. Early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment are essential to maintain the safety of people who ascend to high altitude, such as construction workers and tourists. In this paper, I discuss various methods and criteria that can be used for the early diagnosis and prediction of HAPE. I also discuss the preventive strategies and options for on-site treatment. My objective is to improve the understanding of HAPE and to highlight the need for prevention, early diagnosis, and early treatment of HAPE to improve the safety of individuals ascending to high altitude. High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a specific disease of high altitude. It has a high incidence and is often serious because of its rapid progresses. It is also life-threatening if treatment is not started in a timely manner [1, 2] .