Population characteristics are described in Table 2 . Compared to non-IPA, IPA cases were more likely to have cough and pathologic pulmonary sound (p,0.001 and 0.011, respectively) and presented more often pathological chest radiographies and CT scans (p,0.001). Established risk factors for IPA infection such as HSCT, neutropenia, GVHD and corticoid therapy use were homogenously distributed between IPA and non-IPA patient groups.