The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is one of the best-studied pattern-recognition receptor families and is responsible for sensing invading pathogens [16] . Different TLRs recognize the different molecular patterns of microorganisms; for example, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TLR3 recognizes dsRNA. Engagement of TLRs with their ligands triggers signal cascades to activate IRFs and NF-kB, thus leading to production of cytokines and type I IFN [17] . NF-kB activation is crucial for cytokine induction, and many viruses evolve various strategies to manipulate NF-kB signaling [18, 19] . Several RNA virus-encoded proteins, such as HCV NS5B, SARS CoV M protein, measles virus V protein, and enterovirus 71 2C, inhibit NF-kB activation directly or indirectly [20, 21, 22, 23] .