Many animal studies evidenced the hepatoprotective activity of P. amarus. The extract enhanced liver and serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), glutathione-S transferase (GST). Furthermore lipid peroxidation level was significantly reduced in ethanol and CCl4-induced liver disease animal models [116] [117] [118] [119] . The administration of P. amarus extract significantly decreased the levels of collagen and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and positively modulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in rats with alcohol and thermally oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid-(PUFA-) induced hepatic fibrosis [120] . In mice with aflatoxin B1-induced liver damage, P. amarus extract lowered down the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) and enhanced the reduced glutathione level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) [121] .