Oligonucleotide usage is known to be species-specific and to suffer only minor variations along the genome (25, 27) . Considered together, these properties allow searching for atypical local signatures that may point out DNA transfers. Results obtained with the 22 genomes analyzed in this paper are found in good agreement with literature (Tables 2-4 , Supplementary Materials 3, 5 and 7) (12, (14) (15) (16) 24, 34, 35) .