These data suggest that ACE2 is involved in baroreflex control mechanisms and is able to modulate sympathetic and parasympathetic tones, thus participating in long-term and short-term regulation of blood pressure as well as cardiac function. The modulation of baroreflex and auto-nomic function by ACE2 could be independent of Ang II level, since measurement of Ang II in the brain and plasma showed no change in adult ACE2-deficient mice in which baroreflex and autonomic function were impaired [41] . However, the ACE2-mediated changes in baroreflex and autonomic function could also be resulting from, at least partially, metabolism of Ang II in the brain in some conditions, as decreased water intake following ACE2 overexpression in the brain was observed in both of the two hypertensive models mentioned above [31••, 33••]. Moreover, similar to the effects of Ang-(1-7) [15, 16] , intracerebroventricular infusion of a novel ACE2 product peptide, Ala1-Ang-(1-7), increases baroreflex sensitivity for reflex bradycardia [44] , suggesting the modulation of ACE2 on baroreflex function could also be triggered by its products.