Host sensitivity to phages was tested using a virulent variant of phage (M13, wX174 and c) and E. coli BL21 (DE3) RIL transformed with engineered pET-16b-TcaR plasmid containing lacI gene and lac operator as host [47, 48, 49] . Cells were grown in LB media until the optical density (OD 600 ) reached 0.6. TcaR protein was then induced by adding a final concentration of 0.1 mM IPTG and used in plaque assays as previously described [50, 51] . Plaque assays were performed in triplicate. Plates and topagar contained LB and above mentioned concentrations of inducers. The sensitivity of the host to phage infection was calculated as the efficiency of plaquing, which is the plaque count ratio of a non-IPTG set to the IPTG set [52] . Error-bars were calculated as one standard deviation.