In this two-year multi-site, randomized trial, 75 participants (mean age=78.99; SD=8.49) were enrolled and assessed using the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 2007) to help determine how personality, disposition toward health behaviors, and environment affect a person's choice to engage in cybercycling. However, many of the measures used in the Cybercycle Study help to assess only global attitudes towards exercising and health behaviors, and for this reason we decided to develop our own measure specifically tailored to the act of cybercycling, called the Cybercycling Attitudes Test (CAT). Our hypothesis is that the CAT would lead participants to take into account the previously mentioned factors of action, context, and time while completing the questionnaire, such that it would be more predictive than the other measures for successful engagement in cybercycling. We aim to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the CAT, as well as to offer suggestions for replication in future behavioral health research. We hope that our results will add to the literature in suggesting more stringent development criteria for future measures assessing health behavior attitudes. INTRODUCTION: Exercise has been shown to have a significant impact on cognitive function in older adults and it is thought to offset declines in cognitive performance with advancing age (Colcombe et al., 2004; Larson et al., 2006) . Exercise has also been shown to increase nutrient supply to capillaries, to decrease neuronal death and to promote an overall better cognitive health (Kramer et al., 2007) . Nevertheless, very little research has been done to clarify the impact of exercise on the brain using neuroimaging techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG). METHODS: The current study aims to establish normative EEG and neuropsychological data in a sample of adults before and after a single bout of exercise. The level of cognitive state will be measured before and after exercise using a neuropsychological battery focusing on executive functions (e.g., Stroop, Trails, etc). Participant's neurophysiological state will be measured using EEG. Resting amplitude variability in frequencies will be measured and analyzed. RESULTS: It is hypothesized that a single bout of exercise will enhance cognitive function, especially executive functions. It is expected that there will be a significant relationship between the performance on executive functions and the power of Alpha and Beta waves. This research will provide clarify regarding the neurophysiological and neuropsychological impact of exercise in normals and will be useful in additional research with impaired populations. Of particular concern, is Alzheimer's which is on the rise bringing devastating social and economic impacts (Brookmeyer, 2007) . It is hoped that the potential neurophysiological and neuropsychological benefits of interventions such as exercise can be further clarified and utilized in the fight against cognitive decline. BACKGROUND: Differences in characteristics between respondents and non-respondents to an objective physical activity assessement survey could indicate selection bias. The aim of this study was to identify the demographic and lifestyle characteristics of respondents to accelerometry in a field-based mail survey. METHODS: A cross-sectional mail survey was sent to 4,000 residents aged 20-69 years old and 50% male, randomly selected from the registry of residential addresses of four cities in Japan. There were 1,508 respondents (Responding subsample) to the initial questionnaire. Seven hundred eighty-six participants from the Responding subsample also agreed to wear an accelerometer for 7 days (Accelerometer subsample). Age and sex were compared between the Accelerometer subsample and all 3,214 Non-respondents (including those not responding to initial questionnaire). In addition, the Accelerometer subsample and the 722 respondents who participated only in the questionnaire survey but not in the accelerometry survey (Questionnaire Only subsample) were compared for demographic and physical activity differences using chi-square tests. RESULTS: The Accelerometer subsample included significantly more women and middle-to-older age individuals compared with all Non-respondents. Comparisons between Accelerometer and Questionnaire Only subsamples revealed that persons who reported walking>=150 minutes/week for any purposes (p<0.01) or walking for leisure (p<0.001) tended to participate in the accelerometry survey. CONCLUSIONS: The response pattern in this study reveals potential for selection bias in mail-based accelerometry surveillance studies. It is important to develop strategies to increase overall response rate and address this bias. Understanding which exercise prescriptions are best suited for increasing adherence and exercise levels in previously sedentary adults is critical for efforts to enhance wellbeing through exercise program recommendations. Improvements in psychological wellbeing have been found with short (15-minute) exercise bouts, and it is possible that a regimen involving short bouts of exercise in a day is superior to one involving a single, long bout of exercise in a day because: (1) the anxiety-reducing effects of any single exercise bout reportedly last 4 to 6 hours, and (2) adherence may be greater because participants find it easier to fit short bouts into their daily schedules. This study investigated changes in levels of exercise participation, mood, anxiety and perceived stress in 82 sedentary adults who were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a prescription of twelve 15-minute sessions of walking exercise per week (15Minx12), a prescription of four 45-minute sessions of walking exercise per week (45Minx4), or a waitlist control condition. Measures of exercise participation and psychological wellbeing were assessed at baseline and [daily/weekly] over an eight-week intervention. Participants in the 15Minx12 group completed more walking minutes for every week of the intervention, and significantly more so, or bordering on significance, in three of the eight weeks (t's≥2.00, p's≤.05), relative to participants in the 45Minx4 group. Although group differences in psychological outcomes fell short of statistical significance, regression analyses demonstrated that, for some weeks, walking minutes was an independent predictor of psychological well-being. These findings support that a 15 minute twice daily prescription may yield greater exercise participation in previously sedentary adults, relative to a regime involving less frequent, longer bout sessions. This enhanced exercise participation may, in turn, promote psychological well-being. (Ajzen, 1985) . Selfefficacy is one type of control belief in the model, and personality factors may also play a role in predicting behavior (Ajzen & Cote, 2008) . This study examined self-efficacy, along with competitiveness and frustration intolerance as two personality factors that may influence older adults' exercise behavior. METHODS: Thirty-nine older adults completed the 3-month experimental exercise phase in Year 2 of the "Cybercycle Study," a randomized clinical trial investigating the neuropsychological, physiological, and behavioral effects of a videogame-enhanced stationary bike. Personality and behavioral measures were administered pre-intervention. Self-efficacy for sticking to exercise was measured by the Self-Efficacy for Physical Activities Scale (Sallis, 1988 Introduction: Sleep disturbance is a common complaint in various respiratory diseases (Lewis, 1999) . Although this area has been the topic of some research, certain respiratory disorders, such as sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have received more attention than others. In addition, much of the research has been physiological in nature investigating sleep disturbance in terms of objective measures rather than assessing the sleep complaints of the individuals themselves. Aims: The aims of the present research were to describe in detail than in previous investigations the occurrence and nature of sleep problems and behaviours in patients diagnosed with respiratory diseases compared to healthy controls. Design: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of the prevalence and range of sleep disorders was investigated in individuals diagnosed with respiratory diseases, these being asthma ( Background: Clinical research on insomnia has observed that many individuals with this sleep disorder exhibit a significant disparity between their subjective reports and objective measures of symptom severity. This subjective/objective disparity poses potential challenges for diagnosis and treatment of insomnia and adds complexity to our conceptualization of the disorder. Insomnia is most common, severe, and impairing in adults over 60 years of age (Lichstein, 2004) and additional impairments may be present in older adults with insomnia that is comorbid with other psychiatric or medical conditions. This population is also at particular risk for making inaccurate subjective impressions of their insomnia symptoms due to a higher endorsement of unrealistic sleep expectations or worry over the effect of compromised sleep on daytime functioning (Morin, 1993 Introduction: Shift workers' sleep is restricted to 4-5 h a day for several days in association with consecutive early morning shifts and night shifts. After sleep restriction workers try to recover by sleeping at least 8 h a night. We examined the consequences of this kind of sleep-wake pattern on the ability to self-monitor one's own cognitive performance.