The first evidence that translation elongation factors, such as EF-Tu and EF-Ts, play a role in (+)RNA virus replication was obtained with bacteriophage Qbeta [34] . The eukaryotic homolog of EF-Tu, eEF1A was found to bind to many viral RNAs, including the 39-UTR of Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) [37] , West Nile virus (WNV), Dengue virus, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Turnip mosaic virus (+)RNA [35, 38, 39, 40] . In addition, eEF1A has also been shown to interact with various viral replication proteins or the replicases, such as the NS5A replication protein of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) [41] , NS4A of hepatitis C virus (HCV) [42] , the TMV replicase [43] , and the Gag polyprotein of HIV-1 [44] . It is also part of the replicase complex of vesicular stomatitis virus, a negative-stranded RNA virus [45] .