We have next performed immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissues from patients that succumbed to NiV-infection during the outbreak in Malaysia in 1999. Widespread vasculitis and perivascular infiltration were regularly detected after hematoxylin (Fig. 5A) . Altogether, these results indicated that NiV-infection activates cellular pathways leading to an increase of CXCL10 expression that may play a role in the pathogenesis of this highly lethal emergent infection.