In Taiwan, as statistics from the CDC indicate, far more men than women were being infected: in 2003, the male-to-female ratio of newly reported cases was 20:1. Soon, however, infection among women increased rapidly. In 2006, the male-to-female ratio for newly reported cases rose to 7.4:1, but in 2008 it fell to 16.9:1. In Taiwan, most women who contract the disease do so through their sex partners, as sex workers, or through using injection drugs. At the end of February 2009, 41.57% of all HIV-infected women were between 20 and 29 years old (Taiwan CDC 2009). Women of childbearing age who are vulnerable to the disease need to get tested, especially if they have had an STD, are sex workers or IDUs, had multiple sex partners while pregnant or an HIV-infected sex partner, or if they engage in other high-risk behaviours. Early intervention and prevention of HIV infection among these vulnerable high-risk groups can prevent the spread of HIV, both horizontally and vertically. Consequently, since 2006, the DOH has included routine HIV screening in prenatal examinations. In addition, when police arrest illegal prostitutes, they immediately notify the local health department, which in turn conducts blood screening and connects the woman to a HIV health education and promotion campaign. Between January and September of 2008, police made 2,289 arrests of illegal prostitutes. Table 3 summarizes the comparative data on the targeted approaches, both structural and environmental, that both countries are implementing to stem the AIDS epidemic. Agencies of both governments were very active in promoting national strategic plans as the epidemic began. They also initiated sentinel epidemiological surveillance early on, in order to identify and implement educational approaches tailored to those specific high-risk groups. Minor differences can be seen in the handling of mandatory blood testing among high-risk groups: blood testing is mandatory for all those entering prisons in Taiwan, while the Philippines only has local government ordinances for testing and counseling.