Minocycline, an oral semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic, can penetrate the CNS and has interesting pleiotropic biological functions and neuroprotective effects, including in demyelinating diseases such as MS [55] . Nikodemova et al. have shown that minocycline attenuates EAE in rats by reducing T-cell infiltration into the spinal cord and downregulating LFA-1 on T cells, but without modifying the production of dominant cytokines [162] . Zabad et al. demonstrated in a cohort study the impact of oral minocycline on clinical and MRI outcomes and serum immune molecules during the 24 months of open-label minocycline treatment. No relapses occurred between months 6 and 24, and the levels of the p40 subunit of IL12 were elevated during the 18 months of treatment, which might have counteracted the proinflammatory effects of IL12R. The downregulation of MMP9 activity was reduced by minocycline treatment [163] .