Conclusion: The high seroprevalence of HBV and HCV coinfection in HIV-infected children attending China national pediatric ART cohort calls for routine screening for hepatitis viral coinfection and modification of the management of HIV-infected children in China. Background: BMS-790052 is a first-in class and highly selective hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor with picomolar in vitro potency against genotypes 1a and 1b. In a SAD study with healthy subjects, BMS-790052 was safe, well-tolerated, and had a pharmacokinetic profile suggestive of once-daily dosing. Methods: The objectives of this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, SAD study were to evaluate the safety, tolerability, antiviral effect and pharmacokinetics of BMS-790052 in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Treatment naïve or experienced patients were randomized to receive 1, 10, or 100 mg of BMS-790052 or placebo. Results: All BMS-790052 single doses were well tolerated and had a safety profile similar to that of placebo. Following oral administration, BMS-790052 was readily absorbed with dose proportional exposures over the studied dose range. The mean terminal half-life of BMS-790052 was approximately 12 hours. Mean decline in HCV RNA 24 hours after a single 1, 10 and 100 mg dose of BMS-790052 was 1.8 log10 (range 0.18 to 3.0 log10), 3.2 log10 (range 2.9 to 4.0 log10) and 3.3 log10 (range 2.7 to 3.6 log10), respectively. The 100 mg dose resulted in a mean decline of 3.6 log10 (range 3.0 to 4.1 log10) 48 hours after dosing, which was maintained at 144 hours. Conclusions: Single doses of up to 100 mg of BMS-790052 were safe and well tolerated in patients chronically infected with HCV genotype 1. BMS-790052 produced a robust decline in HCV RNA and has a pharmacokinetic profile that potentially supports once-daily dosing. Background: The global infection rate of HCV is approximately 3%, and nearly 3.2% in China. Only 42%-46% of patients with genotype 1b can achieve sustained virological response (SVR) after antivirus therapy, nearly half of them experienced treatment failure. The study aimed to determine HCV-1b sequence evolution in patients experienced treatment failure during and after therapy, and further analyze relations between the mutations and treatment outcome. Methods: 19 patients with genotype 1b accepted antiviral treatment of IFN plus Ribavirin for 48 weeks, and long-term follow-up after therapy. 2 patients experienced treatment failure were further analyzed (one for relapser, another for nonresponder). Sera were reserved at baseline, 12W, 48W and 4-year after therapy. HCV-RNA was extracted. HCV full-length ORF was amplified by RT-nested-PCR and sequencing. Result: 9 of the 19 patients achieved SVR (47.4%). From sequence alignments of relapser at baseline and 48W, we find that p7, NS5A and NS4A have higher mutation rate both in nucleotide and amino acid level (7.41% and 6.35%, 4.08% and 5.63%, 4.32% and 5.56%, respectively). But there is no significant difference in the alignments of 48W and 4-year after therapy, the mutation rate is lower. Mutation rates of the non-responder among baseline, 12W, 48W and 4-year after therapy are very low. Conclusion: Antivirus effect is correlated with specific HCV sequences in chronic hepatitis C, mutations in HCV non-structure protein p7, NS5A and NS4A have important impacts on treatment outcome in IFN-based therapy. Background: The results of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C (HCV) have improved recently with the use of peg-interferon (peg-IFN)/ribavirin therapy. However, age of patients are concerned because of side effects and safety.