Increasing temporal, contrast and spatial resolution of modern imaging techniques is paralleled by improved conspicuity of cardiac structures, even when examinations are not focused to the heart. This requires thorough knowledge of cardiac anatomy which is crucial for all Radiologists in order to identify relevant pathology and to avoid overcalling normal anatomy or normal variants resembling pathology. Systematic review of cardiac structures is required on all plain or cross-sectional images of the thorax. Detailed assessment may require reconstruction in specific planes similar to echocardiography or along coronary arteries for further analysis. Knowledge of cardiac anatomy enables identification of pathology such as thrombi, infarcts, aberrant coronary arteries, masses and ventricular enlargement or hypertrophy. On the other hand such knowledge is required to avoid overcalling of normal structures such as the crista terminalis as mass or pericardial recessus as lymphadenopathy. Moreover, it is important to identify variants of coronary anatomy and to distinguish benign from malignant variants. Thorough knowledge of cardiac anatomy and systematic review of all cardiac structures on plain and cross-sectional images of the thorax is relevant to identify pathology and to distinguish pathology from normal anatomy and normal variants. The main outline of this talk will cover cardiac incidental findings, pulmonary findings in heart failure and the cardiopulmonary findings associated with smoking.