Boiling, maceration and blending Two and a half grams of Folium Murraya Koenigii, Typhonium flagelliforme aerial parts and 5 g of the other plant materials, were each extracted with 200 ml of water or ethanol. Three extraction methods were employed: (1) boiling in water for 1 hour, (2) maceration for 24 hours in water or (3) 80% (v/v) ethanol at room temperature. Herba Houttuyniae was extracted using an additional extraction method that involved boiling in water for 20 minutes [36] . Additional extraction experiments were carried out on aqueous plant extracts that showed promising antimicrobial activities. Boiling time was limited to 20 minutes to minimize heat exposure. Blending-maceration was used as a non-heat extraction method with cell rupture mechanism. Blending was performed with a laboratory blender (Waring Commercial, USA) for one minute, followed by a pause and then blending for an additional minute. Maceration in de-ionized water for one hour was performed. Coarse particles were removed using Whatman No. 1 filter paper (Whatman International, UK) before evaporation.