Here we describe NiV VLPs composed of the two surface glycoproteins G, and F, and the matrix protein M. The G and F proteins were included because they mediate attachment and entry into the host cell [50, 51, 52] , both are major targets of neutralizing antibodies, and both are major players in vaccine induced protection [52, 53, 54] . NiV G and F together are also the most effective as immunogens; this was elucidated in a canary pox virus vector-based experimental protective efficacy study [26] . The M protein was included in our formulation because it is required for particle formation and release [20, 25, 45] . Under optimized conditions, we were able to make substantial, quantifiable amounts of NiV VLPs composed of these three NiV proteins. This has allowed us to characterize their properties in detail to show that they possessed many virus-like/vaccine desirable properties in vitro. It has also allowed us to test for immunogenicity in vivo in Balb/c mice; note that although NiV does not cause disease in these animals, NiV proteins injected in them are known to induce robust neutralizing antibody response [29, 33, 34] . Importantly, NiVspecific mouse monoclonal antibodies are protective in the hamster model of NiV disease [55] .