Extensive evidence for recombination was observed through full genome analyses, including the likely recombinant origin of HBoV3 and HBoV4 and the high level of intraspecies recombination between HBoV2 variants [7, 8] . The high prev-alence of bocavirus infection does provide the opportunity for coinfections, the first step in generating recombinant viruses. Indeed, a HBoV3 and HBoV4 coinfection was detected based on the pattern of mixed bases in 1 directly sequenced PCR product (data not shown).