To test whether these two interventions might be effectively combined, mice were infected with influenza virus then treated with ribavirin alone, NTHi lysate alone, or a combination of the two. Ribavirin alone did not improve survival with the high level infectious challenge used in this study. However, as shown in Figure 4 , suspending ribavirin in a single dose of NTHi lysate on day 1 after infection improved survival significantly more than NTHi lysate alone (66.7% vs 20.0% survival, p = 0.013), and an additional NTHi lysate treatment on day 2 almost completely protected from mortality (93.3% survival, p,0.0001 vs. control).