The Atg8/LC3 proteins themselves have also been found to become phosphorylated and recent works have identified specific phosphorylation sites for protein kinase A (PKA) [118] and protein kinase C (PKC) [119] in the Nterminal region of LC3. Interestingly, the N-terminal of LC3 is involved in the binding of LC3 to LIR-containing proteins [120] . It is therefore tempting to speculate that phosphorylation of the PKA and PKC sites might facilitate or prevent the interaction of LC3 with LIR-containing proteins such as p62. It has been found that phosphorylation of the PKA site, which is conserved in all mammalian LC3 isoforms, but not in GABARAP, inhibits recruitment of LC3 into autophagosomes [118] .