GeoChip 2.0 has also been used to probe pure culture isolates for the presence of specific genes. Four Ni-resistant Gram-positive actinomycetes were hybridized to GeoChip to get a better idea of what metal resistance genes were present (Van Nostrand et al., 2007) . Genes associated with resistance to Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Te, and Zn were detected.