There are several applications of this technology that could have an impact on diagnostics for LRS. One application is as a modular amplification unit where a sample and the required reagents would be introduced to the heater and amplified product withdrawn for subsequent analysis by any simple detector. In this embodiment a standard PCR tube can be the reaction chamber and could be used later as a cuvette for fluorometric analysis to resolve the presence of amplicons. This would free the user from the high power requirements of electrical heating but would still require some sort of detection instrument or device with its attendant requirements. One could also imagine how a properly tuned, stand-alone heater unit could be applicable to any field analytical or preparative method that requires a constant heat source; e.g., cell lysis or temperature-responsive polymer mediated concentration. More compelling is the potential of the NINA heater as the core component of a stand-alone assay kit, capable of providing a result without external electrical power, a reader instrument, or any complex ancillaries. Such a device might include the NINA heater, reaction chambers containing lyophilized reagents, sample metering devices, a readout chamber or lateral flow strip for visible interrogation, and an LED ''penlight'' for fluorescence excitation (if required). We envisage versions of the kit that are fully disposable (for high-value applications in developed countries such as for home testing and for first-responder biothreat detection) and partially reusable (primarily for LRS use). Most of the components necessary to create such a NINA kit already exist. We are currently working to combine them into a field-ready, instrument-and electricity-free, sample-toresult, molecular diagnostic test system ( Figure S1 ).