The existing models on pandemic influenza (PI) containment and mitigation aims to address various complex aspects of the pandemic evolution process including: (i) the mechanism of disease progression, from the initial contact and infection transmission to the asymptomatic phase, manifestation of symptoms, and the final health outcome [10] [11] [12] , (ii) the population dynamics, including individual susceptibility [13, 14] and transmissibility [10, [15] [16] [17] , and behavioral factors affecting infection generation and effectiveness of interventions [18] [19] [20] , (iii) the impact of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical measures, including vaccination [21] [22] [23] , antiviral therapy [24] [25] [26] , social distancing [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] and travel restrictions, and the use of low-cost measures, such as face masks and hand washing [26, [32] [33] [34] .