Mortality rates as computed above depend only on temperature. Since parasitism and deficient nutrients have been found to cause a 35% increase in the rate of larval mortality [34] and adult Aedes albopictus females have been found to survive an average of only 8:2 days (probability of daily survival = 0:8 days {1 ) in the natural environment [35] , mortality rates for immature stages (m L (T) and m P (T)) and adults (m A (T)) were multiplied by a factor 1:35 and 4 respectively.