The second cytokine trend that emerged described cytokines that significantly increased following the acute phase. Cytokine profiles that were markedly lower in the acute phase and subsequently increased included IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-12, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-c ( Figure 2 ). The cytokine increase was more gradual than the previous decreasing trend, where fold changes were generally closer to 2. Both the 6-and 12-month follow-up were statistically increased compared to acute values for IL-5 levels. IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-12, IL-10 and IFN-c had significantly increased by 12 months. Even though the average for these cytokines had also risen by 6 months it was not significant. Furthermore, the increasing trends for TNF-a, IL-5, and IL-10 reached similar levels to the community control levels (shown by dotted line) and IFN-c reached significantly higher than controls at 12 months. Interestingly, although IL-1b and IL-12 increased through the observed time, these cytokines stayed significantly lower than those of the controls. This data showed that cytokines IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-12, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-c increased in the convalescence phase of CHIKV infection.