Prior to mapping, signatures are corrected using 1-order Markov model 30 as recommended in. 25, 27 A distance matrix between signatures is then obtained, based on the Pearson's correlation coefficient as recommended by. 26 The mapping is subsequently generated: spatial proximity between items expresses proximity between species from the genomic signature point of view. Colors are provided by the ColorPhylo procedure (the map of species in the related taxonomic color-space is shown in Fig. 7) : color proximity between items relies on taxonomic proximity between species. As a result, the various levels of taxonomy are simultaneously observable on a single figure (Fig. 9) . The taxonomic organisation of signatures is clearly demonstrated. In particular, the patches of homogeneous colors support concluding that the similarity between genomic signatures accurately matches the taxonomic tree of the species, the signatures come from.