On World AIDS Day 2003, China's health minister finally acknowledged that their government was probably not doing enough to fight the emerging HIV epidemic. He offered to expand four important services: free HIV testing, free antiretro-viral drugs, free care for HIV-infected mothers and free education for AIDS orphans (5) . Most importantly the testing and treatment would be free for those who could not afford to pay for it themselves (23) . Aggressive public health education and prevention campaigns are now underway in China, although their effectiveness may be limited and are yet to be adequately demonstrated (24) . Nevertheless, in Yunnan Province, the government recently issued Regulation 121 which focuses on aggressive HIV education. Hotels with prostitutes must now offer condoms (15) . A new HIV vaccine is also being developed at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and one which uses distinctly Chinese primates as the research instrument (25) .