All vessels were obtained from FT Applikon Ltd. For the 1 l cultures a 2 l total volume jacketed glass vessel was used. A BioBench 20 l total volume, jacketed stainless steel vessel was used to culture the 15 l cultures. Both vessels had spin filters (76 µm mesh size) and used reverse marine impellers. The 2 l vessels had an H:D ratio of 1.5 and the 20 l vessel had an H:D ratio of 2.2.