There are many advantages of the kindling model for epilepsy research. Development of chronic epileptogenesis by a precise focal activation of the target brain site is readily achieved with no mortality and very little morbidity. The pattern of seizure propagation and generalization is readily monitored and interictal, ictal and postictal periods are easily manipulated. Furthermore, the absence of the classical neuropathological changes and placement of the stimulating electrode at an area distant from the anatomical area of interest (eg, amygdala kindling for investigation of hippocampal pathology) ensures genomic expression studies are as unadulterated as possible.