The last mechanism is by far the best-studied type of direct immune suppression by ichneumonid wasps, and occurs in many species belonging to genera Campoletis, Hyposoter and Tranosema (Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae), and Glypta (Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) [8] . In these cases, female wasps inject eggs along with ichnovirus particles into their hosts. Similarly, in certain lineages of endoparasitic braconid wasps, other types of immunosuppressive particles containing DNA occur in the fluid injected along with eggs [ [9] ; for a review, [10] ]. Once in the host, ichneumonid and brachonid particles enter host nuclei and their DNA is transcribed, producing proteins that selectively suppress various steps in the host defence response.