Cells were imaged with an Olympus IX71 epifluorescence microscope using the 100X objective for L. monocytogenes and 60X objective for B. subtilis and 30 frames per time point were randomly selected. Images were collected and color-combined using Metamorph software (Universal Imaging) and subsequently scored for colocalization of L. monocytogenes and B. subtilis with discrete LC3-GFP containing vacuoles. Images are representative of observed results, repeated in three independent experiments. Images were compiled in Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe, San Jose, CA).