Another interesting finding of this study was the significantly greater positive GM percentage of patients carrying the Dectin-1 rs3901533_T allele than those with the wild-type allele. Additionally, patients harboring the G/G genotype for the Dectin-1 rs7903123 SNP showed an increased percentage of positive GM compared to those carrying the C allele (C/C+C/G). No differences were found when positive GM determinations were correlated with DC-SIGN polymorphisms. These data along with the remarkable degree of association of Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN variants with risk of IPA infection provides a compelling evidence for a critical role for these PRRs in immune response to IPA infection. In this regard, numerous studies have shown that Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN are not only involved in the recognition of fungal pathogens but also in the induction of anti-fungal Th1 and Th17 immune responses [5, 11] .