Analysis of TLR4 intracellular signaling pathway LPS stimulated TLR4 signaling was analyzed by introducing MyD88 or TRIF inhibitory peptides as described in other studies [36, 37] . Anticoagulated blood from WT mice was aliquoted into six tubes and treated with pepinh-control (vehicle), pepinh-MyD (100 mM, MyD88 inhibitory peptide which binds to MyD88 to block TLR4 stimulated MyD88 signaling) and/or pepinh-TRIF (100 mM which binds to TRIF to block TLR4 stimulated TRIF signaling) alone or in combination for 30 min after which either saline or LPS (500 ng/mL) was added for one hour. At this time, an aliquot was diluted for analysis by flow cytometry to measure cellular origin of MV and platelet positive leukocyte antigen and leukocyte positive platelet antigen.