Two other members of the VEGF family, VEGFC and PGF, have been shown to be important for normal placental development [35] [36] [37] [38] . We tested whether PSG1 induced VEGFC and PGF in different cell types. Expression of PGF has previously been reported in trophoblasts and endothelial cells [39] . Our results showed that PSG1 did not induce PGF in HEEC (Fig. 6A) , HUVECs (Fig. 6B) , and UtMVECs (data not shown). The choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo secreted high basal levels of PGF, and no significant difference in control protein and PSG1-treated wells was found (Fig. 6C) . On the other hand, the basal level of PGF secretion by HTR-8 SVneo cells was low-at the level of the lowest ELISA standard-but as for BeWo cells, no induction by PSG1 could be detected (data not shown).