À1 PRF was also assayed in vitro in WGE. Although LacZ-encoding gene is suitable for the in vivo studies, it is an unsuitable first reporter for the in vitro determination of À1 PRF efficiencies due to its big size (30) . In good agreement with this, we observed several unexpected products in the in vitro translations programmed with LacZ-CfMV-luc mRNAs (data not shown). Renilla luciferase has been shown to retain its specific activity irrespective of the C-terminal fusions (30) . Therefore, we decided to use Rluc-CfMV-luc transcripts to determine the À1 PRF efficiencies in the cellfree system. First, we verified the suitability of Renilla luciferase for the intended in vitro experiments as described in (30) . Transcripts encoding monocistronic Renilla luciferase and Renilla luciferase fused to firefly luciferase (Rluc-Am/ Cm-luc) were mixed in different ratios and used to program the in vitro translations. Increasing concentrations of transcripts encoding the Rluc-Am-luc fusion resulted in linearly growing firefly luciferase activities. At the same time Renilla luciferase activities remained constant, which showed that its enzymatic activity was not sensitive to the C-terminal fusions ( Figure 4A ). Similar results were obtained with Rluc-Cm-luc mRNA (data not shown). À1 PRF efficiencies were then determined with transcripts that contained CfMV regions A, B and C, and their corresponding inframe controls. In all cases, slightly higher À1 PRF frequencies were obtained than in vivo. In nice correlation with the in vivo results, enhanced À1 PRF was observed with the region B, although the effect was weaker than in vivo. In this context, region C did not differ from the minimal region A in its capacity to program À1 PRF ( Figure 4B) .