For localization of peptide binding on lung cancer tissues, frozen sections of NSCLC tissues were prepared and incubated with phage clones or biotin-labeled peptides. For the peptide competitive inhibition assay, phages were mixed with the synthetic targeting or mutant peptide. The slides were subjected to routine immunohistochemical staining [26, 30] . All surgical specimens were obtained from the tissue bank of National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) with approval from the Institutional Review Board in NTUH (IRB9461702021).