Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad PRISM 5.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software inc. San Diego, CA). In order to assess the association between each of the DC-SIGN hapotype ( Table 1) or htSNP (Table 2 ) alleles with MTCT of HIV-1, those subjects who were heterozygous and homozygous for the haplotype or htSNP alleles were compared separately with subjects who tested negatively for that allele (reference category). The association between each of the putative haplotype or htSNP alleles and risks of MTCT of HIV-1 was investigated using crude and adjusted multivariate logistic regression to derive odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as estimates of relative risks. Specifically, the models were adjusted for the maternal viral load. The analyses were restricted to those haplotypes found at a frequency above 5% in the study population (Table 1 ) or to those SNPs found only in H4 or H6 (Table 2) . Differences in frequencies of haplotypes and htSNPs were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. All SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium [23] . For luciferase DC-SIGN/HLA-DR/CD68 expression, capture and transmission assays comparisons between WT and variants were assessed with the unpaired two-tailed Student's t test.