A possible reason for the delayed induction could be a reduced production of PAMPs by the virus, such as the removal of the 59 triphosphate from progeny viral genome transcripts, as observed for CCHFV [21] . Interestingly our results showed that NSDV is able to actively suppress the induction of IFNb in infected cells, as both isolates were clearly able to reduce the NDV-induced transcription from the IFNb promoter by approximately 40% (fig. 2 ) when assayed at 8-12hpi, before either NSDV/GV isolate showed strong induction of IFN.