In 10 out of 13 clinical samples (77%) representing all 7 types of clinical samples used in the study (skin lesion, urine, CSF, cervical smear, serum, faeces and TA), viruses from the Anelloviridae family were found (Torque Teno virus (TTV), Torque Teno Midi virus (TTMV) and TTV-like mini virus) ( Table 2 ). They were detected in samples containing DNA or RNA viruses, demonstrating that our pre-treatment and amplification protocol followed by microarray analysis can easily detect both types in one sample. Additional viruses were detected in 9 samples (Table 2 and data not shown), with log-odds scores ranging from 91.0 to 677.5. Some were clinically irrelevant since they were phages (Propionibacterium phage, Phage Gifsy-2, Lactococcus phage, Enterobacteria phage ST104, Mycobacteriophage and Pseudomonas phage) or plant viruses (Pepino mosaic virus), probably from digested or environmental sources (data not shown). Human endogenous retrovirus was detected in the Dengue 1 and the RSV sample ( Table 2 ). The rest of the additional viruses found (HPV103, Picobirnavirus, HAdV-C, GBV-C, JCV, Rota C and Dengue 2) were tested with virus-specific PCR for confirmation (Table 2 and data not shown). The HPV103 (cir dsDNA) detected in the HPV16 + sample is not present on the microarray used for routine HPV diagnosis (Genomica). Instead its presence was confirmed using a HPV103-specific PCR. The Rota A + faeces sample was found to be positive for Picobirnavirus (dsRNA) and negative for Rota C (dsRNA) by PCR. The Sapovirus + faeces sample was found to be positive for HAdV-C (linear dsDNA) in the microarray analysis, which was confirmed by PCR. Two separate microarray experiments detected GBV-C ((+)ssRNA) in the HCV + sample, which was confirmed by a GBV-C-specific PCR. The BKV + sample was detected as positive for JCV by microarray but tested negative by PCR. The Dengue 1 + sample was found to be positive for both Dengue-1 and Dengue 2 in the microarray analysis, but tested negative for types 2, 3 and 4 using Dengue subtype-specific PCR's.