In other studies, there is evidence that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can interact with both TLR2 and TLR4 to induce an inflammatory response during liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury similar to that initiated by LPS (41, 42) . HMGB1 is an intracellular protein present in many species that functions in regulation and modulation of gene transcription (42) . HMGB1 is released readily from necrotic or damaged cells, which may signal through TLR4 the presence of advancing tissue injury, initiating an inflammatory response that further damages viable cells (42) .