Seizure induction and epileptogenesis have been modeled extensively in animals. Epileptogenic substances such as alumina gel, penicillin, bicuculline, kainic acid, tetanus toxin, pentylenetetrazol and pilocarpine were directly injected to induce a primary focus of epileptogenic activity in the immediate area of placement with corresponding marked neuronal loss and gliosis, a process termed chemical kindling (60, 70) . This was more often than not accompanied by behavioral seizures including status and subsequent spontaneous seizures, and is also described as the "status epilepticus models." Other methods include the electrical kindling models first described by Goddard et al in 1967, whereby repeated stimulation of selected regions of the mesial temporal lobe structures result in behavioral seizures and the classical neuropathological changes seen in the human MTLE. The electrical kindling models also demonstrate seizures with progressive increase in frequency and severity following prolonged stimulation. A chronic increase in seizure susceptibility is seen; however, in contrast to the status epilepticus models, spontaneous seizures are unusual and not expected.