A last and important conclusion of this case study is that during the recent pandemic, the historically grown roles of Osterhaus and Coutinho did not resonate with the changing ideas of various public domains on the roles of experts. As norms and expectations for credibility and authority change over time, these experts cannot rely on the crystallised understandings of their roles and their settled positions in governance arrangements. During the course of the pandemic, for various reasons, Osterhaus' and Coutinho's credibilities were severely damaged and their authorities disputed. Osterhaus' balancing act could not withstand the growing wave of criticism (Enserink 2009) , and Coutinho's notion of medical authority was challenged down to the bone (Coutinho 2 February 2010). These controversies raise a call for a more thorough reflection on their roles, both within governance and public communication. Answering that call, this article tells us, is a continuous struggle and challenge. Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent enteric infections A new species of parvovirus tentatively named human bocavirus 4 (HBoV4) was genetically characterized. Among 641 feces samples from children and adults the most commonly detected bocaviruses species were HBoV2>HBoV3>HBoV4>HBoV1 with HBoV2 prevalence of 21% and 26% in Nigerian and Tunisian children. HBoV3 and HBoV4 species combined were found in 12/192 cases of non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from Tunisia and Nigeria and 0/96 healthy Tunisian contacts (p=0.01). Evidence of extensive recombination at the NP1 and VP1 gene boundary between and within species was found. The multiple species and high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1 suggest that this world-wide distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus, perhaps after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory track. Elucidating the possible role of the newly identified enteric bocaviruses in human diseases including AFP and diarrhea will require further epidemiological studies. B19 in 1976, several other human parvoviruses have recently been genetically characterized. PARV4 was found in the blood of a febrile adult intravenous drug user [5] , HBoV1 in the nasopharyngeal secretion of a child with respiratory problems [6] , HBoV2 in the stool of children with non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) [7] , and HBoV3 in the stool of Australian children with diarrhea [8] . In contrast to PARV4 or B19, bocaviruses contain a third open reading frame of unknown function [9, 10] .