As most of the published data regarding HBoV are prevalence studies, the immunologic response to HBoV remains unclear. The work of Chung et al. gives a first insight into the cytokine response to HBoV. They observed that interferon-γ, interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 are elevated in HBoV positive specimens compared to the controls [72] . In comparison to respiratory syncytial virus infected children, HBoV infected children showed lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10.