Whether or not China can shun a generalized epidemic of HIV/AIDS may be largely dependent on how China deals with IDU risk factors and breaks the bridge between IDU and heterosexual transmission. Past experience in China suggests that solely cracking down on drug smuggling and prohibiting drug use can not prevent or solve all illicit drug related problems in the era of globalization. Governmental support, harm reduction programs, voluntary counseling and testing, and utilization of non-governmental organizations are recommended.