Two vaccination strategies for NiV disease prevention have already been explored experimentally: A canarypox virus-based vaccine vector approach was effective as veterinary vaccine [26] , and it is in the process of further development. The same approach for human use vaccines is undergoing extensive evaluation, largely for HIV and AIDS [27] . A soluble NiV G protein approach has also shown promise [28, 29] . However, subunit approaches are in general less effective than particulate immunogens, and can suffer from suboptimal presentation to the immune system [30, 31, 32] . Immunogenicity in mice to NiV glycoproteins has been reported recently using two vectored approaches for gene delivery; one using Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons [33] and the other involving inoculation of a mix of two complementing defective vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVDG) vectors, one for expressing each of the two NiV glycoproteins [34] . The latter approach is new and seems promising but its regulatory approval as human vaccine might be problematic [34, 35] .