After the FRI installed a PCR facility, we did apply antigen capture in tubes for RT-PCR detection of HAV in various inoculated wastewaters and in 60 Co-irradiated oysters and clams (Deng et al. 1994 ) and then immunomagnetic capture for HAV detection in oysters (López-Sabater et al. 1997) . We were obliged to install our own, much less elegant PCR facility after moving to UCD. HAV inoculated into water and sewage samples was concentrated by the viradel procedure (elution with urea-arginine phosphate buffer), concentrated specifically by immunomagnetic capture, and detected by RT-PCR ).