The two processes that we identified earlier-learning to control the media and becoming more aware of his knowledge base-are drawn to a close at the mid-1990s by the realities of vaccine research. In 1990, Goudsmit and Osterhaus received funding to develop a candidate HIV vaccine. In 1992, the former was very confident about the prospects for such a vaccine (Trouw 24 March 1992) ; but just two years later we see a mixed attitude: Goudsmit is still optimistic regarding the possibilities of a vaccine, although he thinks that it will require international coordination and prolonged collaboration (Parool 26 March 1994) . That is what he Virology Experts in the Boundary Zone 155 therefore endeavours: in 1994, Goudsmit becomes a co-founder of the IAVI, the International Aids Vaccine Initiative. In the meantime, the joint project with Osterhaus fails, in part because they 'entirely underestimated the difficulties in developing a vaccine' (Goudsmit in Mooij 2004, p. 164 ). Goudsmit is currently still active in the development of vaccines, but his prospects for an HIV vaccine are sombre (NRC Handelsblad 1 December 2007; Goudsmit 19 May 2008) . In Goudsmit's own words, the hubristic expert discovered that he was not that knowledgeable at all, that despite all his knowledge about HIV he could not produce a vaccine. This is what in effect changed the way in which he performs as an expert in public. As he became painfully aware of the limits of his expertise, Goudsmit changed into an expert who wants to be in strict control of what to say, when, where and to whom (Goudsmit 2 April 2008).