Similarly, co-infected individuals had significantly greater intrahepatic TNF-a expressing CD4 + T-cells after HIV peptide stimulation compared to HCV mono-infected [0.260.05 vs 0.0260.01, p,0.01], although HAART had no significant effect on their frequencies (Figure 2c ). HCV mono-infected individuals showed significantly higher frequencies of HCV-specific TNF-a producing CD4 + T-cells compared to HAART-treated co-infected individuals [0.9160.25% for HCV vs 0.2360.20 for HCV/HIV on HAART, p,0.01] (figure 2c), but did not show significant differences with the untreated co-infected group.