In the time course study, the serum activities of both ALT and AST were measured as markers for hepatocellular injury (Figs. 3A and B). Neither AMD nor LPS alone affected serum ALT activities at any time examined. For the AST activity, LPS alone had no effect at any time examined, and AMD alone caused a slight increase at 2, 4, and 10 h. Significant elevation of serum ALT and AST activities were only observed in AMD/ LPS cotreatment, and the increases started between 4 and 6 h after LPS administration and continued to increase through 10 h.