Vaccine development against Chagas disease has been dramatically limited because of extensive debate on the mechanisms involved in this pathology [78, 79] . Indeed, some studies suggested that tissue damage was associated with the presence and replication of intracellular amastigotes, while others proposed that autoimmunity induced by parasite antigens mimicking host proteins was responsible for it. It was thus unclear if the immune response needed to be inhibited, to reduce autoimmunity, or stimulated, to eliminate the parasite.