At all three sites, pregnant women in their last trimester of pregnancy who were 18 years old or older were asked to participate in this research. Women facing an imminent health crisis or those in active labor were excluded. At all three sites, research assistants talked patients through an informed consent form. Translators were used when nec-essary. Surveys were administered verbally to all participants in Ghana as part of a larger study. [20] In China and in the U.S., surveys were designed to be self-administered, but women were given the option to have the survey administered verbally. (None chose this option.)