Increased serum levels of additional proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been observed in infected NHPs and in mice, but the reported data are not completely consistent [12, 14, 130, 193, 210] . Cytokine and chemokine secretion has also been observed in infected primary human monocytes and macrophages [200, 211] . However, data about the cytokine levels in the serum of MARV-infected patients are not available, but high levels of cytokines have been observed in EBOV-infected patients [212] [213] [214] [215] .