The area west of the hospital consistently emerges as an outlier, despite its close distance to the hospital. Careful observation of the topography of the area reveals that the hospital is located on the east side of a hill, with a river running to the west of the hill. Therefore, no immediate access is possible from the west side of the river to the hospital, and patients are left with no option but to travel a considerable distance either northbound or southbound With respect to travel time ( Figure 4 ) the improvement obtained by the two Minkowski metrics is more evident throughout the city. Areas of large residuals remain in the far southeast and southwest corners, and, in general each metric performs worse in the west than in the east part of the city. The latter observation is counterintuitive, since the hospital is located in the northwest; however, that part of the city, closer to the foothills, is characterized by a more complex topography. Moreover, in a city like Calgary, urban design and age of communities play an important role, as, over the decades, rectangular patterns have alternated with such patterns as crescent and cul-de-sac, and other typologies of urban connectivity. Likewise, it shall be observed that the most peripheral areas are very recent developments, and likely the planned road connections had not been completed during the study period.