A total of 946 children participated in this study as part of the discovery and validation case-controlled cohorts. The discovery cohort comprised of 367 malaria-positive children with either Cerebral Malaria (CM), Severe Malarial Anemia (SMA) or Uncomplicated Malaria (UM), and 289 malaria-negative children who were either Disease Controls (DC) or Community Controls (CC) ( Table 1 ). The validation cohort was prospectively recruited after the discovery cohort and comprised 160 malaria-positive children with either CM, SMA or UM, and 130 malaria-negative DC or CC children (Table 1) . PCV and malaria parasite (MP) densities are presented in Table 1 . Consistent with the recruitment criteria, both discovery and validation SMA groups had PCVs below 16% (Table 1 ). There was mild anemia across CM, UM and DC groups in both cohorts, whereas CC had normal mean hematocrit (Table 1) . Parasite densities across all the infected groups were similar (Table 1) .