While the potential risk of viral transmission is extremely serious, it should be kept in perspective that this risk is virtually non-existent if the allograft is procured from a bank using intensive donor screening, tissue disinfection procedures, and terminal sterilization methods that inactivate viruses. While some studies reported that at least 30 kGy of gamma irradiation is needed to inactivate HIV, these studies have assumed HIV is present in high density levels (Fideler et al. 1994; Hernigou et al. 2000) . At least 30 kGy may be necessary to inactivate high density amounts of HIV but is excessive for lower density levels of the virus. If in the extremely unlikely event that HIV is present at all, the donor screening and tissue disinfection procedures help ensure that the virus will only be present in extremely low density amounts. The low 10-20 kGy dosage used for terminal sterilization is able to deactivate 99.9% of any remaining low-density HIV in allograft tissue (Moore 2010 ).