Interpretation of the chest radiograph in children is quite different to the adult CXR. It requires knowledge of the normal appearance of the paediatric CXR and an understanding of the diseases that affect children. I shall first present the normal appearance with an emphasis on the appearance of the thymus in the paediatric CXR. Four patterns of disease will be described: airway obstruction, interstitial pattern, cardiomegaly and atelectasis. I shall then present two main diagnoses in each of four categories: neonatal medical chest disease, congenital lung abnormalities, cyanotic and non-cyanotic heart disease, and common and less common respiratory infection in children. Four miscellaneous conditions, diaphragmatic hernias, cystic fibrosis, non-accidental injury and foreign body aspiration will complete this whirlwind review of a vast and very important topic. has a varied imaging appearance based on the underlying histologic stroma (from glandular mucin producing to dense fibrous). The contrast enhancement characteristics that vary with the stroma are key to detecting and characterising these lesions. There is no effective chemotherapy or interventional cure, and treatment options are limited to aggressive surgical approaches and the imaging assessment of extent of disease is critical in planning. Metastatic liver disease most often has very nonspecific imaging features that preclude diagnosis on imaging characteristics alone. Certain contrast enhancement characteristics, however, allow for characterisation and more importantly, assessment of response to treatment, particularly in vascular metastatic lesions such as GIST tumours. Detection of small lesions that can be critical for staging can be optimised with MR liver-specific imaging agents and with diffusion-weighted imaging. This presentation provides guidelines for how to be successful in prostate MRI and convince urologists to use MRI. It is important that radiologists performing prostate MRI speak the same language as their referring physicians. They should know as to what is important for the patient. Therefore, this presentation provides guidelines for prostate MRI, assessed by prostate MRI experts from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). The proposed MRI protocols for "detection", "staging" and "node and bone" will be shown. The use of endorectal coil versus pelvic phased array coil and 1.5 versus 3 T will be discussed. And most importantly, clinical indications are provided. Finally, the ESUR PiRADS classification and a reporting system will be presented. Molecular imaging (MI) appears as a great challenge for the future of imaging, because it is able to characterise cellular and molecular processes and will serve as a guide for new targeted or personalised therapies. MI is already part of clinical practice using PET and targeted probes, due to the very low doses of tracers used. Introduction of MI into radiological techniques will take more time because our techniques are lacking sensitivity. The main issues of MI are targeting of cells, receptors and gene expression. Cell targeting has already been used in patients using MRI and iron oxide particles: these are phagocytized by macrophages in deep tissues making it possible to target inflammation into brain, bone, kidney and arterial wall. Ex vivo labelling of cell progenitors is also promising to monitor cell therapies with imaging. Targeting receptors has a great potential to identify molecular processes involved during cancer development, inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix changes¼ but it requires to validate the specificity of targets, the stability of the agent and to obtain enough sensitivity with our clinical imaging techniques. Imaging gene expression is more challenging. Friday CT is the technique of choice because of its accessibility and excellent diagnostic results. The aim of this presentation is to show the key radiological features for an adequate diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. In addition specific guidelines for the radiological report in these patients will be discussed in order to convey all the necessary information to the referring physician. Unresectability criteria with CT include liver metastases, distant locoregional lymph nodes, peritoneal carcinomatosis or tumour invasion of superior mesenteric artery, celiac axis or hepatic artery. The presence of direct contiguity between the tumour and arterial vessel, regardless of the degree of contact between them is a sign of tumour invasion. In general arterial invasion is always considered a criterion of unresectability and no patients with arterial involvement should be operated on. Venous invasion is generally not considered a contraindication for radical resection. Recently a small subgroup of patients with marginally resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas has been described. These are patients with arterial tumoural infiltration less than 50% who respond to aggressive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Neurological emergencies, i.e., the sudden loss of motor, sensory, or cognitive functions up to coma, have numerous causes. The probably most important neurological emergency, both in absolute number of affected patients as in socio-economic impact, is stroke. With recent advances in devices and techniques for interventional neuroradiology, such as microcatheters and 3D DSA, neuroendovascular surgery is playing an increasing role in the treatment of acute stroke. Early diagnosis with a complete imaging work-up, either by CT or MRI, is mandatory before these therapies can be applied, and although the time span for a successful therapy has increased to 4.5 hours for i.v.-thrombolysis and up to eight hours for intraarterial therapy, an efficient time-saving algorithm in the management of stroke patients remains crucial. Other causes besides stroke, however, must not be forgotten. This talk focuses on CNS pathology; conditions like coma due to metabolic causes or intoxication will not be covered. A wide range of possible etiologies remains, ranging from vascular pathology (e.g., cervical artery dissection or venous sinus thrombosis) to epilepsy, metastatic disease, and inflammation. As in stroke, imaging studies today are an essential component of early diagnosis. MRI is the method of choice for nearly all of the above mentioned conditions; at least in tertiary care centers, indications for MR in a neurological emergency should be seen generously -around the clock (24/7). In an emergency situation, structural imaging should routinely be complemented by special techniques like diffusion-and susceptibility-weighted imaging and perfusion studies. Examples will be shown and recommendations for optimized emergency study protocols are given. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) encompasses a wide, heterogeneous group of intracranial injuries that includes acute primary insults that occurred at the time of impact and secondary ones such as cerebral swelling or herniation. Imaging is critical for diagnosis and proper management in all patients with TBI. Noncontrast CT is still the "gold standard" imaging modality in acute setting, because it identifies extravasation immediately. Epidural, subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhage (extra-axial) MRI provides critical information for preoperative decision making in rectal cancer. High-resolution T2 sequences covering the whole tumour, inclined to the tumour axis are required in axial, coronal and sagittal planes. An accurate assessment allows the surgical and oncology team to decide whether the patients should proceed straight to surgery or if they require neoadjuvant radiotherapy alone (short course) or chemoradiotherapy (long course). The radiologist must therefore report the following tumour features that predict adverse outcome or suitability for radiotherapy: precise tumour location in the rectum and relationship to the peritoneal reflection; presence and extent of tumour penetration thorough the rectal wall (T3 or more); presence of tumour within 1 mm of the Circumferential Resection Margin (CRM) (corresponding to the mesorectal fascia); invasion of the peritoneum; invasion of the anal sphincters; presence of vascular invasion; malignant lymphadenopathy; mucinous differentiation. The role of diffusion-weighted imaging is yet to be defined in clinical practice in terms of initial tumour assessment and predicting response to therapy. In addition to MRI, accurate staging requires MDCT evaluation for distant metastasis to liver, lung, retroperitoneal nodes and peritoneum. The optimal imaging report provides a comprehensive radiological staging to compare with final histology (Tumour, Nodes, Vascular Invasion, Involvement of CRM and distant Metastasis). This is essential for audit of clinical practice and service development. There is a potential role for structured clinical reports to ensure that all of this information is provided in a reproducible way to facilitate multidisciplinary team decision making. The questions regarding the CT diagnosis of bowel obstructions are as follows: is there an obstruction? What is the level and the cause? Are there findings of closed loop obstruction and of strangulation? What is the treatment recommended: surgery or follow-up, laparoscopy or laporotomy? To answer these questions, the CT semiology is based on findings validated in the literature that will be described in this lecture, by underlining the potential pitfalls in interpretating a CT exam in bowel obstruction. The technical modalities of the CT will be detailed: thickness of the slices, role of acquisition without contrast and reformatting Learning Objectives: