Flavivirus replication and assembly takes place on membranes derived from ER and that maturation of virus particles occurs within the trans-Golgi [40] [41] [42] [43] . Thus, we next looked at LGTV protein localization in relationship to markers for ER (Dylight 488conjugated protein disulfide isomerase, PDI) or Golgi membranes (Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin, WGA). In both infected mammalian and tick cells (Fig. 4C) , we observed a notable increase in the amount of ER staining in comparison to mock infected cells (Fig. 4A & B) , while the amount of Golgi staining remained relatively constant (date not shown). In infected Vero cells, the bulk of structural protein E and the nonstructural protein NS3 colocalized in large concentrated areas of ER (Fig. 4C ) but a small amount of signal from E overlapped with the Golgi marker (WGA) (data not shown). Similar results were observed for both the acutely and persistently infected ISE6 cell cultures (Fig. 4C) . Thus, LGTV infection of mammalian and tick cells was accompanied by an increase in ER related structures, and furthermore, both structural and nonstructural LGTV proteins are concentrated in those areas.