Translation elongation factors seem to be important for replication of many RNA viruses. For example, EF-Tu and EF-Ts play a role in replication of bacteriophage Qbeta [52, 53] . The eukaryotic homolog of EF-Tu, eEF1A was found to bind to viral RNAs, such as TBSV, Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) [54] , West Nile virus (WNV), Dengue virus, hepatitis delta virus, TMV, Brome mosaic virus, and Turnip mosaic virus [55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60] and to viroid RNAs [61] . Therefore, it is highly probable that many (+)strand RNA viruses recruit translation elongation factors to facilitate and regulate their replication in infected cells.