This study has some limitations. First, there is possible selection bias of a convenience sample ; however, the broad range of qualified nurses together with a high response rate strengthen the results. The extent of bias is unknown especially regarding nurses not working in London or in different care settings. Second, the survey relied on self-report vaccination data ; however, Zimmerman et al. [39] found that selfreport data were reliable in comparison with medical records. Third, the three factors explored relating to nurses' vaccination behaviours explained only 8 . 7-11 . 9% of the variance according to the logistic regression analysis (although it was statistically significant) and therefore our results cannot fully explain nurses' vaccination behaviours. Additional predictors will need to be introduced into the model in future studies to fully explain nurses' vaccination behaviours.