The overlap of upregulated genes, determined by quantitative PCR, in the two cell systems and in patients removed any responses that were unique to the cell type. In fact, we observed cell type specific gene changes such as IL-8, PAI-1 and RANTES that were upregulated in the cell lines but not the patient samples while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was upregulated in the patient samples but not the cell lines, indicative of the effects of multiple cell types in an in vivo system. Similarly, IFNb was upregulated in the cell lines while IFNc was in patient samples. However, it is the large overlap between the in vitro infection and patient samples that warrants most attention.