An obligate marker for flavivirus replication is the presence of the replicative form, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Therefore, to further demonstrate that LGTV replication was occurring in an ER derived compartment [44] , we co-stained infected Vero and ISE6 cells for dsRNA and either viral proteins or cellular markers. Uninfected cells showed no dsRNA staining (Fig. 5A) . In infected Vero cells, labeling for dsRNA was largely confined to areas staining for NS3 (Fig. 5B) and NS5 (Fig. 5C) . The same general pattern was seen in acutely ( Fig. 5B and 5C ) and persistently (data not shown) infected ISE6 cells, but the dsRNA signal was not as prominent as in the Vero cells. The majority of dsRNA labeling was coincident with ER staining (Fig. 6 ), but not with Golgi staining (data not shown) in acutely infected Vero or in ISE6 cells, both acutely and persistently infected. Taken together, these findings indicated that in both mammalian and 