Conclusions: Stress at work expressed by effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment is related to all-cause mortality in these three middle-age Central and Eastern European populations. Throughout the course of a person's labour force participation, bouts of unemployment may be experienced. Studies have examined the relationship between single bouts of unemployment and psychological well-being as well as single and multiple bouts of unemployment with life satisfaction. This study examines the effect of multiple bouts of unemployment on psychological wellbeing. Specifically, whether people became sensitized, i.e. Psychological well-being becomes worse with each bout of unemployment, or adapted, i.e. Psychological well-being is worst with the first bout of unemployment and the impact of each additional period of unemployment is less than the first. Data came from the British Household Panel Survey, a large-scale longitudinal representative panel study. Psychological well-being was measured using the GHQ and participation in the labour force was self-reported; data were examined separately for males and females using multilevel modelling. The GHQ score at the first unemployment bout was used as the reference category. These scores were compared to scores from the period previous to the first unemployment bout, and at subsequent unemployment and re-employment bouts. Up to three unemployment and reemployment periods were allowed per individual. Results show that there are definite gender differences in reactions to unemployment. Among males and females, psychological wellbeing worsened significantly during the period up to the first unemployment bout (difference scores 0.89, p-value<0.0001 and 0.90, p-value<0.0001 for males and females, respectively). Psychological well-being significantly improved during the first re-employment stage for both males and females (difference scores 0.95, p-value<0.0001 and 1.04, p-value<0.0001 for males and females, respectively). Psychological well-being scores were significantly lower for the second unemployment bout compared to the first for males (0.74, p-value<0.05) but not for females (0.02, p-value>0.05). A test for linear trend was significant for both males and females; however differences between reactions became smaller with each unemployment period for males, but larger for females. There were differences in response to multiple bouts of unemployment between males and females in this study. Males experienced adaptation in that the response to the first bout of unemployment was significantly greater than the response to subsequent bouts (trend test p-value<0.0001). Females, however, experienced sensitization in that response increased with each bout of unemployment (trend test p-value<0.0001). The findings suggest that males are able to adjust to multiple unemployment bouts while females' psychological well-being becomes worse. A questionnaire survey regarding the factors affecting duration of untreated psychosis was conducted among 346 members of the association of family of psychosis patients in Mie Prefecture, Japan. Completed answers were returned from 138 members (118 parents, one spouse, 6 siblings and 13 patients themselves). Duration between the suspected first episode of psychosis and the first visit to 'physicians' (including primary care physicians, psychiatrists or others) was 18.5 months on average (SD 40.2). Forty-five subjects consulted family members or relatives first before visit to 'physicians'. It took 9.8 months on average (SD 11.2) for them to decide to visit, which were significantly shorter than the duration for subjects who consulted other than family members or relatives (22.8 months on average with 48.9 of SD) (p<0.05). Similarly, it took 40.2 months on average (SD 63.0) for 18 subjects who consulted teachers at school, which was significantly longer than the period for those who did not (15.1 months on average with 35.5 of SD) (p<0.05) . In case that reasons for visit to 'physicians' were physical symptoms (sleep disturbance etc), the mean span before the visit was 9.3 months (SD 12.1, 48subjects), which was significantly earlier than the visit because of other reasons (24.1 months on average, SD 50.1, 82 subjects) (p<0.05). Stigma or prejudice is supposed to be a major barrier to medical care, considering more than half of subjects (71) Background: Breastfeeding rates in the USA and UK are among the lowest in the world, yet breastfeeding is known to be the most healthy feeding method for infant and mother. Staff training is an essential element for organisations wishing to achieve the evidence based UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) and since it is known that those who volunteer for training are often the most competent, an objective training needs analysis is required. A breastfeeding training programme is being delivered to healthcare staff in the West Midlands, UK. Prior to the training staff undertake an online objective evaluation of their breastfeeding knowledge. Objective: To assess the levels of breastfeeding knowledge of healthcare staff working with mothers in England. To assess if training needs differed according to prior recent training in breastfeeding, years of service, and profession. Methods: Breastfeeding knowledge was measured before the training programme was undertaken. A web based assessment tool Coventry University Breastfeeding Assessment (CUBA) was used to assess healthcare staff in eight sub scales relating to breastfeeding knowledge and practice. Results: 248 healthcare staff completed the online assessment.