Others have reported the upregulation of NKG2D ligands following infection in a variety of peripheral tissues (Eagle and Trowsdale, 2007) . However, the upregulation of these ligands by picornavirus infection has not been previously explored. We found that Rae1, Mult1, and H60 were all upregulated within the hippocampus during acute TMEV infection as determined by RTPCR analysis of RNA isolated from the excised hippocampus (see Table 1 for conditions). Of the three ligands we analyzed, Rae1 showed the most robust upregulation, with a peak induction of 10 ± 1 fold over the uninfected hippocampus at 7 dpi (F(4,9)=4.845, P=0.017 by one-way ANOVA; q(9,5)=5.841, P=0.012 with the SNK pairwise comparison between 0 and 7 dpi; mean ± 95% CI) ( Figure 3A ). H60 and Mult1 were also upregulated 2 ± 0.1 fold and 2 ± 0.2 fold over uninfected, respectively, at 7 dpi (n=3 mice; mean ± 95% CI) ( Figure 3A ).