The main challenge we encountered along this period were the BIRADS 3 lesions and the number of these cases is analysed. In detected BIRADS 4 or BIRADS 5 lesions, the imaging methods were used for the inventory of the lesions and biopsy guidance. The biopsy performed by radiologists for these lesions is always done under imaging guidance obtaining histology specimens. The number of needle core biopsies done by radiologists was zero before 2001 and reached 757 in 2010. The clinical impact was high as we discovered cases other than breast carcinoma, i.e. haematological malignancies. In conclusion, we believe that Romania is able to prove at this moment its ability to have an appropriate radiological practice in breast imaging and breast biopsy, in line with the European standards. Pelvic pain is an important part of clinical practice for any clinician who provides health care for women. Pelvic pain may be acute, recurrent or chronic. Acute pelvic pain (APP) rarely lasts more than one month without crisis, resolution, or cure. Pain of more than 1 or 3 or 6 months of duration is considered as chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and in many settings may be considered and treated as an illness itself. Women who present with APP frequently exhibit nonspecific signs and symptoms. Diagnostic considerations encompass multiple organ systems, including obstetric, gynaecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, and vascular aetiologies. As the first priority, urgent life-threatening conditions (e.g. ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis and ruptured ovarian cyst) and fertility-threatening conditions (e.g. pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian torsion) must be considered. Adolescents and pregnant and postpartum women require unique considerations. CCP is a common and significant disorder of women, with a prevalence of 3.8-12%. Many disorders of the reproductive tract, gastrointestinal system, urological organs, musculoskeletal system, and psychoneurological system may be associated with CCP, the most common being endometriosis, adhesions, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. Ultrasonography should be the initial imaging test because of its sensitivities across most aetiologies and its lack of radiation exposure. Computed tomography (CT) serves an important role in patients with nonlocalising symptoms, an indeterminate US evaluation, or in patients who require a wider search beyond the field of view available with US. Magnetic resonance imaging is an extremely useful second-line modality for problem solving after US or CT. Detection of intestinal inflammatory lesions is crucial for management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Awareness of the shortcomings of mere clinical evaluation for assessment of disease activity has grown. Ileocolonoscopy has been the gold standard for evaluation of lesions in the colon and terminal ileum. However, ileocolonoscopy cannot always be complete, there exist lacks in the evaluation of the complete small bowel and there are several drawbacks related to the invasiveness. Over the past few years, cross-sectional imaging techniques, including ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been increasingly used for evaluation of patients with CD, allowing objective assessment of location, extension and severity of CD-related lesions. Imaging techniques are also the accepted reference for detection of complications including strictures and penetrating lesions such as fistulas and abscesses. Objective assessment of inflammatory lesions is required for guiding therapeutic interventions and for assessing the efficacy of these interventions. The choice between imaging techniques is often determined by local availability, expertise and technical details of these examinations which are also subject to considerable variation, which may affect accuracy. Chronic liver diseases represent a major public health problem. Their prognosis and management greatly depend on the amount and progression of liver fibrosis. Liver biopsy, traditionally considered as the reference examination, is currently less performed because of the development of non-invasive biological and imaging biomarkers. Serum biomarkers of liver fibrosis are neither very sensitive nor specific. Imaging biomarkers have the potential to more specifically quantify hepatic fibrosis. Anatomical imaging of liver fibrosis is hampered by its limited spatial resolution. Functional imaging is very promising because fibrosis is accompanied by changes of perfusion, diffusion, mechanical properties and metabolism that can be quantified with ultrasound or more comprehensively with MRI. Indeed, functional MRI can be used not only to stage liver fibrosis, but also to grade steatosis, necrosis and inflammation occurring in chronic liver diseases. Molecular imaging can be performed by targeting collagen or metalloproteases in fibrogenesis. However, molecular imaging remains currently an experimental tool. In conclusion, imaging biomarkers obtained at ultrasound and MRI are increasingly used to assess liver fibrosis. Functional MRI offers the opportunity of a global assessment of fibrosis, steatosis, necrosis and inflammation in chronic liver diseases. Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease involving multiple if not all vascular territories and potentially results in disastrous events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and renal failure, respectively. Frequently, more than one vascular territory is affected. Due to the demographic changes within developed countries and the dramatic increase in obesity and metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and its sequelae play an ever increasing socioeconomic role. Until recently imaging techniques have focused on depicting the degree of luminal stenosis. However, luminal stenosis occurs late in the atherosclerotic disease process, and several recent studies have shown that knowledge of luminal stenosis alone is insufficient to predict vulnerability of plaques. Thus, recent developments in imaging technology have focused to assess the vessel wall. With these techniques, qualitative and quantitative information of plaque composition and morphology can be obtained non invasively. Moreover, functional and molecular imaging techniques have emerged that allow assessing the biological activity of atherosclerotic plaques. While some of these methods are still in the realm of basic research, others are entering the field of clinical application. For radiologists and nuclear medicine specialists, as well as for imaging scientists knowledge and expertise in this important field has become mandatory. In the future, these techniques will most likely contribute to a personalised medicine by helping to tailor drug selection to an individual's atherosclerotic risk and to enable to assess an individual's response to therapy. Non invasive imaging of the vascular wall could transform clinical management for diagnosis, risk stratification, selection and efficacy assessment of anti-atherosclerotic therapeutics. If in the mid twentieth century. Much of our current understanding, and misunderstanding, of VTE, however, stems from the era before definitive imaging diagnosis was possible. The first definitive in vivo imaging diagnosis for VTE was lower extremity venography in the 1930s and pulmonary angiography in the 1960s. Since then, scintigraphy, CT, ultrasound and MRI have been developed. Each occupies a specific niche in the workup. CT currently has the largest role because of its sensitivity, specificity, availability and ability to provide alternative diagnosis. The first CT report of pulmonary infarction was in 1978 (Sinner) and the first use of helical scanning direct visualisation of central PE was in 1992 (Remy-Jardin 'Classical' imaging is used every day in clinics to guide diagnosis and therapy, but only gives access to anatomical and/or structural information. Molecular imaging will give access to the activity of a protein, the fate of a biomolecule and even to molecular pathways. The role of molecular imaging in the diagnosis of inflammation will be discussed in this lecture. Molecular imaging agents are classically designed as activatable or targeted agents. Activatable agents consist of chemically engineered substrates that undergo a physicochemical change after interaction with their intended target. This results in the activation of the contrast media. We will use the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the location of myocardial infarct to illustrate the concept of activatable probes. As monocytes/ macrophages are known to produce a substantial amount of myeloperoxidase, an activatable agent capable of imaging myeloperoxidase will be discussed. Imaging the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages with iron oxide-based MR contrast agent will also be illustrated in the case of inflammatory lesions. Lastly, MR-targeted probes consisting of nanoparticles with added targeting moieties will be discussed. Adding targeting moieties on the surface of probes allows to specifically target a receptor over-expressed by cells. To illustrate this specific targeting, neo-vessels over-expressing integrin and selectin will be used. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the vessel wall which accounts for > 25% of ischaemic strokes and for the majority of myocardial infarctions and sudden cardiac deaths. Until recently little was known about the natural history of atherosclerosis due to difficulties to image the arterial wall. However, several new imaging methods, such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), high-resolution black blood magnetic resonance imaging (hr-bb-MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography / Computed Tomography (PET/CT) have emerged on the horizon. These techniques are able to depict the full vessel wall and are able to provide detailed information of plaque composition, morphology and activity non-invasively. In this lecture natural progression studies of atherosclerosis will be discussed and it will be demonstrated that certain plaque features, that develop over the years, such as thin-cap fibrous atheromas, intraplaque haemorrhage and inflammation, are associated with an increased risk of cerebro-or cardiovascular events. Data will be shown which demonstrate the effects of common atherosclerotic risk factors on the progression of the disease. In addition studies will be shown which suggest that certain plaque factors, such as intraplaque haemorrhage or plaque inflammation, accelerate the atherosclerotic disease process. Furthermore, the effects of anti-atherosclerotic drugs on plaque progression and plaque morphology will be discussed. Last but not least the pharmacological possibilities will be discussed to reverse or to decelerate the anti-atherosclerotic disease process. Lung cancer most often presents as a pulmonary nodule or mass, less commonly as a hilar mass or endobronchial lesion. Most small tumours radiologically present as pulmonary nodules. Chest radiography (CXR) is limited in demonstration of small nodules and even lesions as large as 3 cm may be missed. Digital tomosynthesis has been shown to markedly improve sensitivity for pulmonary nodules as compared with CXR but is not yet widely available. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also is more sensitive for nodule detection than CXR, but is not routinely performed in most cases due to limitations in cost and availability. The gold standard for detection of pulmonary nodules as small as 1-2 mm is multidedector-computed tomography (MDCT). Technically, MDCT is able to demonstrate pulmonary nodules with sensitivity close to 100%; however, sensitivity of individual radiologists is much lower due to the task of analysing several hundred images, confusion between nodules and vessels imaged in cross section and other errors. Computer-assisted detection (CAD) software can improve sensitivity but may be limited by false-positive findings. Positron emission tomography (PET)-CT using 18 F Deoxyglucose (18 FDG) has a high sensitivity for lung cancer; however, false-negative findings may be due to well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, carcinoid and nodules < 10 mm, whereas false-positive findings may be due to inflammatory lesions. This interactive session will include examples of manifestations of lung cancer as well as data on the accuracy of different imaging methods for lung cancer detection. The majority of cardiovascular diseases arises from atherosclerosis resulting in coronary heart disease and its principal manifestations, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and heart failure or stroke. A hallmark of atherosclerosis is vascular inflammation initiated by an endotheial injury and driven by various noxes such as hypercholesteremia. The most dangerous lesions are unstable and prone to rupture. These plaques are often of lesser stenosis severity and thus would sometimes not impair blood flow at rest or during exercise. Unstable plaques are characterised by activated macrophages, mast cells and other cells being localised in the plaque shoulder which secrete a variety of matrix-degrading enzymes such as metalloproteinases (MMPs). Non-invasive molecular imaging of MMP activity in patients could help identify patients at high risk of major acute cardiovascular events. SPECT and PET provide the most sensitive and selective means for imaging molecular interactions non-invasively in the living body and could therefore prove a potent approach to the identification of the metabolically active plaque that is vulnerable to rupture. New radiopharmaceuticals addressing relevant targets in plaques, improvement in image acquisition and processing (e.g. motion correction), preclinical imaging in models and the first translational approaches will be discussed. Learning Objectives: