In addition to blocking the intracellular LPS signaling there are other means to modulate the endotoxin response. Approaches to alleviate the morbidity and mortality of patients associated with severe sepsis and septic shock include: (a) neutralizing LPS or blocking initial LPS-signaling events by preventing the generation of cell-surface signals, (b) blocking the intracellular signals induced by endotoxin or the synthesis of cytokines and other cellular mediators, (c) inhibiting the release of cytokines (Il-1, IL-6 and IL-8) and cellular mediators, (d) blocking the TNF-α and IL-1 receptors to the cellular mediators on their responsive target cell and (e) inhibiting downstream pathophysiological events such as acute respiratory distress or aberrant blood clotting (22) .