Data were gathered using paper and pencil forms (China, U.S.) and verbal interviews (Ghana). No identifying information was collected from Ghanaian participants, given that collecting post-delivery follow-up data was anticipated to be extraordinarily difficult and thus was not attempted. Hospital registration numbers were collected from Chinese and U.S. patients to allow for post-delivery follow-up for a separate research protocol than that described here. Hospital registration numbers were removed from the original survey and replaced with a unique ID number once the registration number was recorded in a separate location for follow-up purposes.