In contrast, overexpression of IL-1β can directly cause ALI [56] , while overexpression of suppressor of cytokine signal ing-3 worsens immune-complex-induced ALI [57] . Intriguingly, intra tracheal administration of adenoviral vector incor porating IL-10, prior to zymosan-induced lung injury, improved survival at a lower dose but was ineff ective and even harmful at higher doses [58] .