In the setting of ischemic stroke or TBI, there are a variety of compounds with the potential to improve neurologic outcomes. For example, NXY-059, a free radical trapping agent, reduced disability at 90 days when given within 6 hours of stroke onset [102] . In a pilot randomized trial in 56 patients, simvastatin given up to 12 hours after stroke onset significantly improved neurologic functioning (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score) at 90 days [103] . Ethyl pyruvate, a pyruvate derivative that prevents mortality in murine sepsis models, reduced motor impairments, neurologic deficits, and infarct volume in a rat stroke model when given as late as 12 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion [104] . In rodent models of TBI, cyclosporin A reduced acute motor deficits and improved cognitive performance, even when given after the traumatic insult [105] . A phase II dose escalation trial is currently underway in humans.