We populated the city with 10 000 people, and simulation proceeds in discrete time steps of 1 h. Within the city, we identified the following location types-(i) household, (ii) workplace, (iii) school, (iv) mall, (v) hospital, and (vi) public transport. Whenever the context is clear, both workplaces and schools are simply referred to as workplaces, while malls, hospitals and public transport are termed communities. For workplaces, schools and malls, they are further divided The state transition diagram depicting the SEPIR (susceptibleexposed-pre-symptomatic-infectious -recovered) transmission model for pandemic influenza. The infectious phase is further sub-divided into asymptomatic (I A ), mild (I M ) and critical (I C ) cases. (b) The mean relative infectiousness of a person throughout the various phases.