The availability of cell culture techniques and the realization that FMDV can be grown in in vitro cultured cells made possible the adaption of neutralization test for routine type identification of FMDV isolates and were found to be more specific than CFT [100] . In particular, virus isolation requires a laboratory cell culture facility, which can be difficult and expensive to maintain, besides requiring 4 to 6 days for test completion [122] . Subsequently microneutralization test (MNT) was used for the assessment of antigenic variation in field strains, as it correlated well with cattle protection test [123, 124] . But it was observed that, minimal heterotypic contamination in the sample could interfere with precise type identification of the virus [24] ; on the other hand VN test depends on tissue culture and is more prone to variability than ELISA and also require biocontainment facilities.