Corresponding inframe controls, where one nucleotide was added in front of the slippery heptamer, were generated by PCR-based mutagenesis (Exsite, Stratagene) and named as pAC-Am, pAC-Bm and pAC-Cm, respectively. Deletion plasmids pAC-AB/ABm (1602-2137), pAC-AC/ACm (1602-1900), pAC-BA/BAm (1386-1720) and pAC-CA/ CAm (1551-1720) were also generated. The target sequences are shown in Figure 1B . The base numbering refers to the CfMV genome as in (23) . Transcription was driven from SV40 promoter. Plasmids encoded leucine (LEU2) and b-lactamase (ampicillin resistance) as selective markers. Plasmids were transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae H23 [MATa hsp150::URA3 ura3-1 his3-11 15leu2-3 112trp1-1 ade2-1 can100]. Dual reporter plasmid pAC1789 and the inframe control pAC1790 containing a 53 bp sequence from the HIV-1 frameshift region (26) were used as a positive control for monitoring the À1 PRF efficiency.