Another study followed ion dependencies for DV pH and volume regulation by imaging these parameters for live parasites under perfusion with a medium of altered salt composition [22] . Importantly, CQR parasites showed increased DV volume relative to CQS parasites, suggesting that pH and volume regulation are linked for the organelle, as is found for other acidic vesicles or lysosomes. However, fast transient changes in Clgradients across the DV membrane did not lead to rapid changes in the DV transmembrane pH gradient, indicating no direct coupling of Cland H + transport. On the other hand, fast transient changes in DV Clgradients were found to strongly influence DV volume. These effects were strongly CQ-and VPL-dependent and differed dramatically for CQS versus CQR parasites. The overall conclusion was that PfCRT mediates transport of an important DV osmolyte (presumably peptides, di-peptides or amino acids released from Hb digestion) and that this transport is altered for CQR parasites.