Serum TNF concentration was measured at 2 and 4 h after LPS administration (Fig. 7) . AMD by itself had no effect on serum TNF concentration. At 2 h after LPS, the serum TNF concentrations in rats treated with AMD/LPS or with vehicle/ LPS were similar. However, by 4 h after LPS, the concentration of TNF in serum of AMD/LPS-treated rats was significantly greater than that in vehicle/LPS-treated rats.