Finally, individuals planning on ascending to high altitude should receive education regarding the prevention and treatment of HAPE and take appropriate measures [31] to decrease the risk of developing HAPE: maintain a positive attitude after ascending to high altitude take measures to prevent HAPE, and consider the possible treatments be optimistic but do not fear high altitude maintain body temperature avoid hyperphagia stop smoking and alcohol consumption conduct appropriate excise but avoid strenuous exercise and fatigue do not worry about trouble sleeping but try to maintain good sleep quality pay attention to cough, particularly cough event of bloody sputum and consider seeking treatment consider bed rest and oxygen inhalation be aware that headache, vomiting, and unsteady walking are symptoms of HAPE and should be checked by a physician; treatment should be started as soon as possible, even if the symptoms are mild, as timely and comprehensive treatment favors positive outcomes. Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to H1N1 influenza: A word of caution   Temporal Analysis of the Honey Bee Microbiome Reveals Four Novel Viruses and Seasonal Prevalence of Known Viruses, Nosema, and Crithidia Honey bees (Apis mellifera) play a critical role in global food production as pollinators of numerous crops. Recently, honey bee populations in the United States, Canada, and Europe have suffered an unexplained increase in annual losses due to a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Epidemiological analysis of CCD is confounded by a relative dearth of bee pathogen field studies. To identify what constitutes an abnormal pathophysiological condition in a honey bee colony, it is critical to have characterized the spectrum of exogenous infectious agents in healthy hives over time. We conducted a prospective study of a large scale migratory bee keeping operation using high-frequency sampling paired with comprehensive molecular detection methods, including a custom microarray, qPCR, and ultra deep sequencing. We established seasonal incidence and abundance of known viruses, Nosema sp., Crithidia mellificae, and bacteria. Ultra deep sequence analysis further identified four novel RNA viruses, two of which were the most abundant observed components of the honey bee microbiome (∼10(11) viruses per honey bee). Our results demonstrate episodic viral incidence and distinct pathogen patterns between summer and winter time-points. Peak infection of common honey bee viruses and Nosema occurred in the summer, whereas levels of the trypanosomatid Crithidia mellificae and Lake Sinai virus 2, a novel virus, peaked in January. Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) are highly social insects that live in colonies of ,30,000 individuals [1, 2] . Honey bees are essential pollinators of agriculturally important crops including apples, almonds, alfalfa, and citrus. Current agricultural practices, such as large-scale monocultures, demand a seasonal abundance of honey bees in geographic locations incapable of maintaining sufficient pollinator populations year-round. Migratory beekeeping operations fulfill this need. For example, each February in the Central Valley of California 1.3 million honey bee colonies (,50% of the U.S. honey bee population) are required for almond pollination [3, 4, 5] . Pollination of this and other U.S. crops is valued at ,$15 billion annually [5] .