There are limitations in NoV VLP production in terms of inadequate yield and quality of the VLPs [1, 3, 9, 20] . Both sucrose and CsCl gradients ultracentrifugation have been used for purification of NoV VLPs [1, 7, 9, 17] , even though studies on rotavirus-like particles demonstrated a low yield and impurities resulting from CsCl gradient purification [16] .