of selective autophagy are different as Atg32 is required for mitophagy [97, 98] , whereas Atg30 is essential for pexophagy [99] . Like Atg19, these two proteins have an Atg8-binding LIR motif and directly interact with Atg11. Mammalian cells appear to not possess an Atg11 homologue, and further studies are necessary to delineate the molecular machinery involved in sequestration and targeting of different cargoes for degradation by autophagy in higher eukaryotes. The mechanism of the Cvt pathway is reminiscent of the selective form of mammalian autophagy called aggrephagy, which involves degradation of misfolded and unwanted proteins by packing them into ubiquitinated aggregates. In both cases aggregation of the substrate (prApe1 or misfolded proteins) is required prior to sequestration into Cvt vesicles or autophagosomes, respectively [100] [101] [102] . Similar to Cvt vesicles, aggregate-containing autophagosomes appear to be largely devoid of cytosolic components suggesting that the vesicle membrane expands tightly around its cargo [88] . Aggrephagy also depends on proteins with exclusive functions in substrate selection and targeting [81, 88, 100, 103] .