Whereas S-100β is a marker of astrocyte damage, NSE and MPB are markers of neuron and white matter (myelin) damage, respectively. NSE is protein-based enzyme that is found primarily in neurons. Serum levels of NSE are elevated after TBI, exhibiting a close relationship with outcome in severe head injury [73, 74] and with volume of contusion in minor head injuries [75] . Interestingly, elevated NSE levels were recently shown to predict death in one small study (n = 29) of patients with severe sepsis [76] , even though these patients had no acute CNS disorders, such as stroke or neurotrauma. MBP is the major protein component of myelin. Serum levels of MBP are elevated in diseases in which there is myelin breakdown. Studies of patients with TBI have shown that MBP levels correlate with clinical measures of severity and may allow early prediction of outcomes [74, 77, 78] .