Atg2-Atg18 complex [38] and appears to be regulated by the Atg1/ULK and PI3K complexes [37] . Mammalian Atg9 (mAtg9) has similar characteristics to its yeast counterpart. mAtg9 localizes to the TGN and late endosomes and redistributes to autophagosomal structures upon the induction of autophagy (Figure 1 ) [39] , further promoting pathway activity [29, [40] [41] [42] . As in yeast, cycling of mAtg9 between locations also requires the Atg1/ULK complex and kinase activity hVps34 [39, 43] .