There is little information in the literature with respect to Ang-(1-9) probably because this peptide was initially thought to be active only after conversion to Ang-(1-7). Ang-(1-9) can be generated by several carboxypeptidase-type enzymes including ACE2 or cathepsin A [48, 49] . Ang-(1-9) is present in healthy volunteers, in patients or in animals treated with ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) [50] [51] [52] , and its circulating levels are increased by pathological conditions (i.e., early after MI) [51] . However, very little is currently known about Ang-(1-9) biological effects [50, 53] .