The H1N1/09 virus strain is a triple reassortant that contains gene segments from avian, swine and human influenza viruses [28] . In addition to antigenic shift that can lead to fundamental changes in influenza surface antigens, antigenic drift could reduce binding affinity of host antibodies to antigens [29, 30] . A major challenge in influenza vaccine development is the rapid evolution of influenza viruses, causing vaccines to be easily outdated and reformulation necessary each year [31] [32] [33] . Although the H1N1/ 09 virus is susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, cases regarding oseltamivir-resistant viruses with neuraminidase mutation (such as H275Y) have been reported [34, 35] . Given that influenza viruses have RNA genomes that are prone to changes, it is imperative to devise new therapies. Much effort has been made to investigate the mechanism and devise alternative drugs against the drugresistance issue of H1N1 [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . Developing inhibitors that target both H1 and N1 antigens can reduce resistance issues resulting from the mutation of a single target antigen.