Examples of putative DAMPs, the endogenous equivalents of PAMPs, are high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), some S100 proteins (S100A8/A9, S100A12), interleukins such as IL-1α, heat-shock proteins (HSPs), and nucleosomes [3] . DAMPs can be secreted either actively or passively following necrosis but are not released by apoptotic cells [4] and have activating eff ects on receptorexpressing cells engaged in host defense. DAMPs can also be detected by TLRs and NLRs and their engagement induces NF-κB activation as well, suggesting that DAMPs and PAMPs use, at least partially, the same receptors and signaling pathways. Liu et al. [5] however, propose that the immune system treats DAMPs and PAMPs diff erently; they suggest that DAMPs -but not PAMPs -bring CD24-Siglec G/10 into the proximity of TLRs/NLRs, resulting in repressed DAMP-induced TLR/NLR signaling.