To further characterize the lung interferon response to the NTHi lysate, we assessed gene expression using whole genome microarray analysis. As maximal resistance against S. pneumoniae is achieved by 4 h post-treatment, we compared gene expression of sham treated mouse lungs to mouse lungs 2 and 4 h posttreatment. Pathway analysis revealed interferon signaling to be among the most upregulated events following NTHi lysate treatment (p,10 211 ). Interferon signaling pathway transcripts are reported in Table 1 , showing that treatment induces expression of numerous transcripts critical for both type I (interferon-a/b) and type II (interferon-c) signaling.