Vivo-Morpholino in Japanese Encephalitis www.plosntds.org designed to be complementary to sequences in the JEV (GP78 strain) genome, as shown in Table 1 . These oligonucleotides targeted specific regions in the 39 and 59 UTRs of the JEV genomic RNA (Figure 1) . A 21 base scrambled MO of random sequence (SC-MO) was used as a negative control in all the experiments. All MO sequences were screened with BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) against primate and murine mRNA sequences and the SC-MO was additionally screened against all flaviviral sequences. All MOs were procured in 300 nanomole quantities as a liquid of 0.5 mM stock (approximately 4 mg/mL) in buffered saline. They were diluted with sterile 16 PBS to achieve desired concentrations, and stored at 4uC as aliquots.