The macaque oligonucleotide array was used in a follow-up study in which we focused on the early innate immune response of macaques infected with influenza virus [29] . In this study, led by Tracey Baas and Carole Baskin, we also performed genomic analyses on whole blood samples from infected animals to determine whether we could detect gene expression signatures in the blood that would correlate with those detected in the lung. In general, genomic analyses of lung tissue showed an increase in the expression of many genes associated with interferon signaling early after infection, while other immune and cytokine responses were sustained throughout the course of the infection. We also observed a number of genes (many of which were involved in the interferon response) that were differentially expressed in a similar fashion in lung and blood samples, particularly early after infection. This finding suggests that microarray analyses of blood samples may hold promise for diagnostic applications. Finally, this study also included a first of its kind global proteomic analysis of macaque lung tissue. This analysis identified over 3,500 proteins, and consistent with the gene expression data, proteomic data also revealed an increase in the abundance of many proteins involved in the innate immune response.