Currently, detection of HBoVs nucleic acid is primarily used to estimate the prevalence of HBoV species in clinical samples. The prevalence of HBoV1, which is mainly detectable in children under two years old [23] , is 2-19% in patients suffering from acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) worldwide as detected by PCR analysis [1, 2, 10, 12, 13, 23, 24] . The detection rate of HBoV2, HBoV3, and HBoV4 DNA in stool samples have been reported as 1-26%, 0.4-5%, and 0-2%, respectively [8, 9, 23, 25] . The prevalence of HBoV2-4 is higher in children than in adults according to some, but not all studies [8, 9, 11, 16, 25] . However, the data collected from patients may not represent HBoV infection in the general population as subclinical infections can occur and HBoV persists in the nasopharynx [26] [27] [28] [29] .