R. Safadi 1 , Q. Xie 2 , Y.G. Chen 3 , Y.K. Yin 4 , L. Wei 5 , S.G. Hwang 6 South Korea, 7 Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel, 8 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China, 9 Novartis Pharma AG, Basel , Switzerland Background: LdT produces greater viral suppression than LAM. We investigated whether patients receiving LAM can benefit from switching to LdT. Methods: HBeAg positive and negative persistently viraemic patients (median HBV DNA 5.0 (LdT), 5.3 (LAM) log 10 copies/mL) and LAM treated for 3-12 months, were randomized to either switch to LdT or continue LAM. We report the benefit of LdT switch assessed by primary treatment failure (TF, <1 log HBV DNA decline) and viral breakthrough (VB, >1 log above nadir). Results: 17% (21/122) of the LdT switch and 15% (18/124) continuing LAM patients had pre-existing M204 mutations at screening. TF was 5% (LdT) versus 21% (LAM, p<0.05). In patients with >24 weeks prior LAM treatment, TF was 10% (LdT) versus 41% (LAM). 83% LdT TF (5/6) was associated with resistance at screening versus 56% LAM TF. In LdT switch with <24 weeks prior LAM, no LdT TF occurred versus 12% LAM. In HBeAg positive, TF occurred in 6% (LdT) versus 29% (LAM). Among HBeAg positive with >24 weeks prior LAM treatemtn, VB was 19% (LdT) versus 44% (LAM, p<0.05). Differences were not significant for HBeAg positive with >24 weeks LAM or for HBeAg negative regardless of duration of prior LAM treatment. Conclusions: Early switch to LdT is associated with better virological outcomes in these patients. Persistent viraemia for >6 months on LAM treatment is associated with a high risk of TF and VB. For these patients, genotypic analysis is recommended prior to screening. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the proper endpoint in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B with antivirals by investigating the viral rebound ratio after one year's nucleosides or (three months) sustained treatment with lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, or interferon when viral response and seroconversion response have been finished . Methods: eAg positive chronic hepatitis B naïve patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more than 2 ULN were assigned to receive 100 mg of lamivudine, 10mg of adeforvir, or 0.5mg of entecavir once daily, respectively. Patients in the interferon group were administrated with 5,000,000 IU of 2a interferon on every other day, and the therapeutic duration lasted for another three months after eAg-Ab seroconversion appeared. HBV DNA and eAg-Ab in the serum were tested during the off-treatment period of 12 months. Results: Thirty four patients in lamivudine group of 148 cases got eAg-Ab seroconversion after treatment with 20±5 months of average duration, and the viral rebound ratios in the off -treatment 6 an 12 months follow up period were 20.6 7/34 and 40.1 15/34 , respectively. In adeforvir group were 19 4/21 and 33. 7/21 . In enticavir group were 20 3/15 and 46.7 7/15 . In interferon group was 16.2 6/37 in the off-treatment 6 months follow up period. Conclusions: We conclude that eAg-Ab seroconversion in the treatment of eAg positive chronic hepatitis B patients is the goal but not an endpoint of therapy physicians should aim at. To gain everlasting effect, longer duration of treatment may be needed. Background: Universal hepatitis B(HB) vaccination of HBsAg negative people (especially infants) is widely recommended and practised. Objective: To assess whether there is robust evidence of protective efficacy to back such practice. Methods: This Cochrane review included randomised trials identified from six databases through detailed electronic searches. Trials comparing HB vaccine versus placebo/another vaccine, in HBsAg negative persons were included without any restrictions. The primary outcome was HB infection (developing HBsAg or anti-HBc). Robustness of evidence was assessed through comparison of available-case analysis versus intention-to-treat(ITT) analysis using four different models: (i)assuming unfavourable event for all missing data, (ii)assuming favourable outcome for all missing data, (iii)best-case-scenario and (iv)worst-case-scenario Results: Twelve trials were eligible among 2964 citations; all were methodologically poor (high risk of bias). Data from four trials could be included in meta-analysis. Efficacy of vaccination varied with the type of data analysis. Available-case analysis suggested efficacy in reducing risk of developing HBsAg (RR=0.17;95%CI=0.09-0.31;n=1341) and anti-HBc (RR=0.42;95%CI=0.31-0.57;n=1235). ITT analysis results varied depending on the model chosen (Table) , but liberal approaches suggested high efficacy, whereas conservative approaches did not.