Regions. Studies on pneumonia mortality were more geographically representative than studies of pneumonia incidence, and there was at least one study of mortality from each of the six regions (Table S3 ). Estimates of mortality from pneumonia in infants ,1 year old were consistent in four of the six studies conducted in southern China (3.04±3.73 deaths from pneumonia per 1,000 live births) [32, 33, 35, 36] ; only one study in northern China reported mortality rates from pneumonia in infants (0.66 deaths from pneumonia per 1,000 live births) [31] . In children aged ,5 years, the highest mortality rates were reported by four studies that were each conducted in multiple regions throughout mainland China (9.55±14.40 deaths from pneumonia per 1,000 live births; Table S3 ) [21, 23, 38, 48] . Relatively high mortality rates in this age group were also reported in the Northwest [42, 43, 44] and the Southwest [37, 47] (3.91±7.51 and 7.7±12.08 deaths from pneumonia per 1,000 live births, respectively).