Our findings suggest that mothers-in-law are pivotal family members who often make decisions about ANC check ups for their daughters-in-law. Sometimes this influence is positive, encouraging women to seek ANC, but more often it is negative. A number of mothers-in-law had not used ANC themselves and did not see any benefits. The main factor leading mothers-in-law not to support/ encourage ANC check ups were workload for pregnant women, mothers-in-law's perceptions of benefits deriving from ANC, their control over resources, their own past experiences and power relations between mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law. Mothers-in-law have a strong influence on the use of ANC. Health promotion and education interventions to improve the use of ANC should target both women and their family members, particularly mothers-in-law. Objective: To explore the perceptions of healthcare providers on antibiotic use and resistance development in relation to environmental factors i.e. physical, natural, social and behavioural factors. Methods: A qualitative interview study was conducted using faceto-face, semi-structured interviews among registered allopathic doctors, veterinarians and drug dispensers in Orissa, India. The interview transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. Results: The main findings of this study relate to two themes: 'Interrelationship between antibiotic use, resistance development and environmental factors' and 'Antibiotic handling contributing to the development and spread of resistance'. Changes in the natural and physical environment i.e. climate variability, physiography and population growth; the socioeconomic environment affecting healthseeking behaviour and noncompliance with medication; a lack of healthcare facilities and poor professional attitudes; and ineffective law enforcement on medicine dispensing, manufacturing and disposal were viewed as possible contributors to resistance development. Conclusion and implication: Our study indicates that although behavioural and social environmental factors are major contributors to resistance development, changes in the physical and natural environment exacerbate these problems, and suggests further quantitative studies. The study also indicates a lack of information about and awareness of what constitutes prudent use of antibiotics and thus emphasizes the need for comprehensive action including information, education, dissemination and proper implementation and enforcement of legislation at all levels of drug delivery and disposal in order to rationalize antibiotic use. For SBP this interaction was significant for Chinese (p < .04) but not for Malays and Indians. TA also interacted with positive emotions such that for males with high TA higher levels of positive emotions were associated with increased SBP (p <.05) whereas this was not true for males with low TA or for females. In addition, Indian males with high TA showed reduced HR with higher levels of positive emotion whereas this was not true for those with low TA (p < .01). This interaction was not found for Chinese or Malays. Conclusions: These data provide further evidence for the interaction of TA with negative emotions in cardiovascular reactivity and also obtained ethnic and gender differences in this relationship. However, the fact that TA also interacts with positive emotions in its effects on cardiovascular parameters suggests that individuals with high TA, particularly if they are Chinese and/or male, may be more generally reactive to emotional experiences, irrespective of valance. Theory: Memory dysfunction is correlated with reduced adherence in various patients groups. However, non-adherence is not only caused by memory dysfunction, as adherence is a complex behavioural regimen including planning, forming intentions and implementing actions. Neurocognitive executive functioning is a precondition for these action-plans and therefore serves as a base for adherence. Based on a model of executive function in medical illnesses this study investigates the link between executive function and adherence to medication in heart failure patients. Method: Executive function in patients (N=130) with heart failure is tested using Trail-Making test, Go/noGo-, Visual Set-Shifting-and n-Back task; other neurocognitive tests include digit-span (forward/backward), word recall (short/long-term), alertness and focussed attention. Self-reported adherence is assessed using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale adjusted for social desirability. As possible confounders age, years of education, beliefs about medicines, illness perception, and depression are analyzed. To define health status quality of life, NYHA-class and relevant biological health markers are measured. Results: Preliminary results indicate that non-adherent patients showed worse performance on Trail-Making test and n-Back task (p<.05). Results from multiple regression analyses are presented and a neurocognitive model of adherence is introduced. Discussion: The role of executive function on adherence to medication has not been investigated yet. As medication taking involves complex regimens, executive dysfunction could explain non-adherent behaviour. Patients with executive dysfunction may benefit from an early screening and guided medication taking procedure to overcome this barrier. This study aimed to identify distinctive trajectories for pain/ disability and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following whiplash injury and to examine the effect of injury compensation claim lodgement on the trajectories. In a prospective study, 155 individuals with whiplash were assessed at <1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months post injury. Outcomes at each time point were: Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Group based trajectory analytical techniques were used to identify outcome profiles. The analyses were then repeated after including third party compensation claim lodgment as a binary time-changing covariate. Three distinct NDI trajectories were determined: 1) Mild: mild or negligible pain/ disability for the entire 12 months (45%), 2) Moderate: initial moderate pain/disability that decreased to mild levels by 3 months (39%) and 3) Chronic-severe: severe pain/disability persisting at moderate/severe levels for 12 months (16%). Three distinct PTSD trajectories were also identified: 1) Resilient: mild symptoms throughout (40%), 2) Recovering: initial moderate symptoms declining to mild levels by 3 months (43%) and 3) Chronic moderate-severe: persistent moderate/severe symptoms throughout 12 months (17% Rebelliousness is about feeling compelled to do something contrary to that required by some external agency. More than hostility (a known psychological risk indicator for heart disease), rebelliousness might be strongly related to health and heart disease via rebellious persons opposing and obstructing health campaigns aimed at modifying unhealthy behaviours. We set out to examine, firstly, the psychometric properties of a rebelliousness question-naire and, secondly, the extent to which rebelliousness and hostility compete in the prediction of incident heart disease and in the contribution to socioeconomic differences in health. Using Dutch data on older men and women (n=4,485), we found moderate reliability (Cronbach's α ranging between 0.50 and 0.60) and moderate (construct) validity, as indicated by rebelliousness being (moderately) associated with low control beliefs, hostility, and unhealthy behaviours. Using longitudinal data (n> 2,000), we will further report on the extent to which rebelliousness is more common (than hostility) in lower socioeconomic status groups, the extent to which rebelliousness is more common (than hostility) in the etiology of heart disease, and the extent to which rebelliousness more strongly (than hostility) affects heart disease through poor health behaviours. The findings add to the body of evidence on the psychological pathways involved in how socioeconomic structure gets under the skin. Epidemiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; 2 Bethesda Hospital, Ulm, Germany and 3 Robert-Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany.