The expression profiles of SAs on CTE cells exhibits distributions that are distinct from those of human. In chickens, MAL-I bind to the surface of ciliated cells and basal cells, but not goblet cells. The goblet cells express a MAL-II specific SAa2-3Gal glycan. In addition, both SNA and SNA-I failed to label the btubulin + cells, indicating that SAa2-6Gal is exclusively expressed on non-ciliated cells. In humans, by contrast, both ciliated and goblet cells can be labeled with MAA/MAL-I and SNA [19, 20] , indicating that these two epithelial cells have both types of influenza viral receptors. Moreover, both ciliated and goblet cells cells are permissive to infection by human influenza viruses [19, 20] . Interestingly, using duck influenza A viruses to infect human airway epithelial cells, the viral antigen could only be detected in the ciliated cells, but not in the goblet cells, possibly due to the low SAa2-3Gal expression on the surface of goblet cells and a low MOI infection [19, 20] .