The antiviral role of MBL in influenza virus infection remains controversial. Previous studies suggested that MBL demonstrates in vitro anti-influenza virus function, including inhibition of viral hemagglutination and direct neutralization of the virus either in a complement dependent or independent manner [14] [15] [16] . However, other studies have shown that the antiviral function of MBL may vary among different strains of influenza viruses, depending on the number of potential glycosylation sites on the viral hemagglutinin (HA) globular domain [17, 18] . Influenza virus-infected epithelial cells and macrophages can initiate a cellspecific response that includes the transcription and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines [19, 20] . Although some studies have indicated that MBL may regulate proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release from phagocytes in response to bacterial stimulation [21, 22] , little is known about its immunomodulatory role in influenza [23] .