Potent and broad CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell immunity are important for virologic control in both HCV and HIV viral infections. Ex-vivo HCV-specific CD8 + T-cell responses in peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs) from mono-infected individuals are generally weak [8] . Although, peripheral HCVspecific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses are somewhat weaker in HCV/HIV co-infected individuals [9] , similar frequencies of intra-hepatic HCV-specific responses appear to be obtained in HCV versus HCV/HIV co-infection [10, 11] . However, ex-vivo HIV-specific CD8 + T-cell responses in PBMCs from HIV monoinfected individuals are about one log higher than ex-vivo HCVspecific responses in HCV mono-infection. In addition, impairment in cellular immune responses to HCV compared to HIV has been shown in HCV/HIV co-infection [12] . HIV-specific CD8 + T-cells are easily detectable in blood of untreated HIV infected individuals [13] . Such high frequencies of HIV-specific T-cells circulating in peripheral blood led us to question whether these cells could also migrate to the liver in HCV/HIV co-infection and through bystander responses add to the inflammation induced by HCV-specific T-cells.