Total RNA was extracted from cultured or primary cells using RNeasy kit (Qiagen). After cDNA synthesis using iScript cDNA Synthesis kit (Bio-Rad), samples were analyzed using pairs of primers specific for Stat3, TNF, IL-6, IP-10, RANTES, p35/IL-12, p40/IL-12 and GAPDH mRNAs (SuperArray Bioscience Corporation). Sequence-specific amplification was detected by fluorescent signal of SYBR Green (Bio-Rad) by using Chromo4 Real-time PCR Detector (Bio-Rad).