Our laboratory has performed SAGE on adult male C57/BL6 mice following rapid electrical kindling of the amygdala. This model of MTLE is useful in allowing assessment of the effect of seizures during epileptogenesis without the confounding effects of neuronal loss and cell death (90) . RNA was extracted from hippocampi taken 3 h following the completion of kindling with around 28 000 tags analyzed in control and stimulated groups. In the control group, 13 213 unique tags were identified whereas 12 302 unique tags were identified in the stimulated group. There were 55 differentially expressed genes when comparing between the groups with functional classification denoting immune response, cellular metabolism, axonal growth and regeneration, signal transduction, ion transport, synaptic and neurotransmission and genes of unknown identity or function predominant (Wang et al, in preparation).