In 2009, we interviewed over 70 stakeholders, including key decision-makers at the government, Avahan, and implementing NGOs. Fieldwork also included site visits to various programs and interactions with community members. Data included costing and organizational level metrics. Commonly mentioned distinctions between Avahan's approach and that of other aid organization and the public sector, include: depth and application of data, capacity building of local NGOs, financing mechanisms, and intensiveness of technical assistance. Avahan's decisions around how to interact with other key players in HIV in India featured prominently in discussions around sustainability. Many of Avahan's strategies, metrics and programmatic structures have been adopted as national guidelines. Assessments of the feasibility and logic of the transition strategy varied widely across stakeholders. Though it is premature to assess the success of Avahan's transition strategy, our research suggests that it achieved and maintained an effective HIV prevention program and has influenced governmental policy significantly. Large-scale NGOs may be well positioned to conduct iterative delivery experiments and ensure that governments adopt and promote robust public health models. Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a major preventable cause of death and disease. Many countries have enacted laws banning smoking in public places as part of their strategy to decrease the ill effects of smoking. In some countries this strategy appears to be successful in reducing smoking and in reducing levels of non-smoker's exposure to SHS. In recent years some countries have banned smoking in pubs and bars, the last public venues where it was still allowed. Subsequent studies measuring SHS have shown dramatic drop in SHS following the ban. In 1983, a law banning smoking in public places in Israel was enacted and amendments to the basic law were added over the years. The latest amendment came into effect in 2007, adding pubs and bars to the list of public places in which it is prohibited to smoke. Objective: To measure the adherence of bars and pubs with the law banning smoking in them, and to identify variables that may predict adherence to the law. Methods: This study includes data collection from two sources. (1) Passive airborne nicotine monitoring devices used to measure indoor SHS in pubs and bars in about 20 Jewish-Israeli cities.