Clearly, this assumption provides a much simplified model when compared to a full model of vector-borne malaria [3, 12, 27] . Our concern here, however, is how background levels of malaria effect transmission dynamics of HEV. In Kitgum, at its lowest point during March 2009, 2,316 cases of malaria were reported out of a total population of 28,045 [7] . Thus 8.3% of the population are infected with malaria at any time, M Ã~0 :083. Recovery rate for malaria is r~0:1429 per week, and thus we set f~0:0129.