All studies were approved by the Emory University, University of Chicago, and Columbia University institutional review boards (Emory IRB#22371 and 555-2000, U of C IRB# 16851E, CU IRB#AAAE1819). Patient clinical information is detailed in Table I. PBMC and plasma isolation. All work with samples from infected patients was performed in a designated BSL2 + facility at Emory University. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated using Vacutainer tubes (BD), washed, and resuspended in PBS with 2% FCS for immediate use or frozen for subsequent analysis. Plasma samples were saved at 80°C or frozen in medium with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide for subsequent analysis.