Mitigation is initiated upon detection of a critical number of confirmed infected cases [59] , which triggers resource distribution and deployment. The model incorporates a certain delay for deploying field responders. Pharmaceutical intervention (PHI) includes vaccination and antiviral application. Vaccination is targeted at individuals at risk [60] to reduce their infection susceptibility. The vaccine takes a certain period to become effective [61] . Vaccination is constrained by the allocated stockpile and administration capacity, measured in terms of the immunizer-hours. We assume that as some symptomatic cases seek medical help [62, 63] , those at risk of them will receive an antiviral. The process is constrained by the allocated stockpile and administration capacity, measured in terms of the number of certified providers.