The Results of Entevavir Treatment in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B S. Kose 1 , G. Akkoclu 1 , M. Turkeri 1 , A. Gozaydin 1 1 The Ministery of Health Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Purpose: We evaluated the short and long term effectiveness of entecavir. Patients and Methods: Those patients had received diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B. Their pretreatment transaminases, HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, HBV-DNA were checked and a liver biopsy and a resistance test for Lamivudine (LAM) and Adefovir (ADV) were performed. A total of 44 patients who were taking entecavir for at least 24 weeks were included in the study. Findings: The biochemical and virologic response were observed in 88.8 % at 3 and 6 months and in 75 % at 12 months. In 9 HBeAg positive patients who had received therapy previously, the biochemical response was observed in 88.8 % at 3 and 6 months and in 100 % at 12 months. The virologic response in 77.7 % at 3, in 88.8 % at 6, and 100 % at 12 months. Posttreatment HBeAg seroconversion did not develop. In 9 HBeAg negative patients the biochemical and the virologic responses were observed in 88.8 % at 3 months and 100 % 6 and 12 months, respectively. In 17 HBeAg negative patients had received therapy previously, the biochemical response was observed in 76.4 % at 3, in 100 % at 6 and 12 months. The virologic response in 94.1 % at 3, in 100 % at 6 and at 12 months. Conclusion: In our study, a higher therapy-response rate was achieved, especially in HBeAg negative patients. In HBeAg positive patients biochemical and virologic response rates were high. Background/Summary: Patients with liver disease are known to have a higher prevalence of glucose intolerance. Preliminary studies suggest that viruses can be an additional risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus. Individuals with type II diabetes have an increased prevalence of cirrhosis, and a proportion of patients with acute and chronic liver disease develop diabetes mellitus. There is now emerging epidemiological data to suggest that Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may also contribute to the development of diabetes reported to be higher than expected compared with the general population. While these investigations suggest an epidemiological association between HCV infection and diabetes, large controlled studies are required to observe association between HBV infection and diabetes. The present study was designed to study the relative proportion of Diabetes mellitus in patients suffering from hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Background: In EASL 2008, we reported significant liver disease among HBeAg negative patients with serum HBV-DNA level <4log10copies/ml (i.e. 2.0x3log10IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) <55IU/L. This reflects fluctuating nature of these levels. The aim of this retrospective study is to demonstrate the frequency of fluctuation among this group of CHB patients. Methods: Clinical records of HBeAg negative treatment naïve CHB patients with at least one serum HBV-DNA <4log10copies/ml were reviewed. Results: There were 194 (62.5% male, median age 48.0 years) CHB patients with negative HBeAg and HBV-DNA <4log10 copies/ml (Roche COBAS Amplicor PCR assay, LOD<300copies/ml). 32 had serial HBV-DNA measurements within 2 years; 7 of them (21.9%) had increase serum HBV-DNA level by >1log10 copies/ml; 2 patients had associated serum ALT elevation from normal (normal range <55 IU/L), 4 had persistent normal ALT, and one had persistently raised ALT. 5 (15.6%) had serum HBV-DNA level decrease by >1log10 copies/ml. Another 20 patients had HBV-DNA levels fluctuating within 1log10 copies/ml. 159 HBeAg negative patients with single HBV-DNA measurement showing <4log10 copies/ml had serial serum ALT measurements within 3 years. 35 (22.0%) patients had intermittent / persistently raised ALT; while 124 (78.0%) patients had persistently normal ALT. Conclusions: HBeAg negative CHB is common among Chinese. Serial serum HBV-DNA and ALT measurements are necessary to detect fluctuating levels and progressive liver disease that may require antiviral therapy. Background: To determine the best vaccination strategy, a model that reflects the country-specific infection profile is needed. Methods: A model was built in order to obtain the age-specific infection frequency Q(t) for neonates(n), infants(i), children(c), and adults(a). The infected group can either become HBsAg(+) or anti-HBs(+)* based on F(t). Q(t) can be found from P(t) = [Q(t) x (1 -F(t)) x CRs + Q(t) x F(t) x (1 -CRas)], where P(t) represents the proportion of the late anti-HBs(+)** group and CRs/CRas denote natural conversion of HBsAg/anti-HBs. To test the model, cross-sectional serologic marker data in Korea were used. Because F(t), CRs, and CRas were known(F(n)=0.1, F(i)=0.5, F(c)=0.8, F(a)=0.95, CRs=0.015, CRas=0.02), in order to determine Q(t), only P(t) values were needed, which were evaluated from logistic modeling using the glm() function of S-PLUS. Results: The infection frequencies during neonate, infant, children, and adult periods in non-vaccinees were 15.4%, 33.3%, 16.6%, and 34.7%, respectively. Each group's likelihood of infection compared to adults was then: neonates 170.2 times more likely, infants 33.5 times, and children 0.9 times, making a strong case for neonatal and infantile vaccination for the studied region. Conclusions: The HBV infection model can be used for determining the most cost-effective strategy for HB vaccination in nations where longitudinal data are not available. And where longitudinal data are available, it can be used to determine the appropriate time of transition of vaccination strategy to maintain cost-effectiveness.