Sixty per cent of JIIM patients had one or more reported exposures within 6 months before illness onset ( Table 2 ). The total number of reported exposures was more frequent in white patients than in other racial groups (P = 0.008; OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2, 3.5; Table 2 ). Although most patients (62%) had only one reported exposure, 26% had two exposures, and 12% had three to five recorded exposures in the 6 months before illness onset ( Table 2) . Of the 64 patients with more than one exposure, 50% had a combination of infection and medication, and 27% had a combination of infection and immunization. The combination of infection and immunization was more frequent in patients from non-white racial groups (P < 0.0001; OR 22.0; 95% CI 5.9, 81.7).