Recent studies revealed a pathway of RLR regulation of NF-κB. RIG-I/MDA5 CARD domains, through a CARD-containing adaptor protein, IFNβ promoter stimulator 1, also known as mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, and CARD adaptor inducing IFNβ, ultimately activate IRF3 and NF-κB (29, 30) . The role of RLRs in the mechanism of ALI has not been elucidated.