Methods: 273 clinical samples (from untreated HBV patients or treated with different antivirals; HBV genotypes A-H) were tested for mutations with the LiPA assay and sequencing. For LiPA, samples were extracted with the QIAamp® DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen), and then tested on the LiPA strips. Sequencing-derived reference data were subjected to phylogenetic analysis (Kodon version 3.10 Applied Maths, Neighbour joining, with Kimura-2 parameter). Sequential samples from 9 patients were evaluated as well.