MRI can also be used for the detection of distant metastases. Earlier detection of for instance bone metastases is needed to optimise treatment and reduce or delay skeletal-related events. Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background suppression (DWIBS) was found to be equally sensitive with respect to staging. However, DWIBS was able to detect more lesions in cases with many bone lesions. In this presentation imaging techniques that can be used in the evaluation of axillary lymph nodes and distant metastases are discussed. Multimodal cancer therapy, including chemotherapy, biologicals and radiotherapy, is frequently associated with adverse, toxic effects. Depending on the specific agent different organs, such as brain, lung, liver, bowel, bone and heart might be affected. Inflammatory " reactions" will occur. These will be detected on imaging as white matter lesions in the brain, reticular changes and consolidations in the lung (fibrosis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia), diffuse liver disease, colitis, bone necrosis, or cardiomyopathy. These direct toxic effects have to be differentiated from infectious complications due to chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. These infections mainly affect the lung and are caused by fungi or viruses. Angioinvasive aspergillosis of the lung is the most frequent, but sinusitis, abscesses in brain and liver as well as sepsis with haematogeneous foci are also encountered. Toxic effects of radiotherapy will mainly occur within the planned target volume and result from application of high doses to radiosensitive normal tissue leading to inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis. As imaging is routinely performed for therapy response monitoring or surveillance, in patients suffering from cancer toxic effects have to be differentiated from infectious complications, postsurgical or postradiation scar tissue or tumour recurrence. Specific patterns of toxic effects of cancer therapy in brain, lung, liver, pelvis and their differential diagnoses will be reviewed. PET/CT with FDG is useful for staging, response assessment and follow-up of Hodgkin and Non Hodgkin lymphoma (HL, NHL). Most HL and NHL show FDG uptake higher than local background; disease sites are therefore easily recognised. Some entities (e.g., follicular lymphoma I) have low FDG uptake, reflecting their less aggressive nature. For staging, combined CT and PET define the disease better than either test alone. For instance, PET can better show involvement of spleen and bone marrow, but CT remains necessary for anatomic detail, detection of disease with low FDG uptake and size measurements. FDG PET is more accurate than morphologic criteria in assessing response early (decline in FDG uptake correlates with rapidity of response and often predicts ultimate outcome) and also at the end of treatment (lack of FDG in residual masses reliably indicates lack of residual viable tumour). A negative PET after 2 or 4 cycles of chemotherapy predicts excellent outcome. In contrast, up to 50% of positive interim scans are false-positive, and hence cure may still be possible. Persistent FDG uptake after end of treatment indicates a worse prognosis, even when treated with radiotherapy. Recurrent disease is well detected on CT and PET, but there is no proof that prolonged routine imaging after end of therapy is necessary or advantageous (possible exception: poor prognosis aggressive NHL). Follow-up imaging can probably be avoided entirely in patients with early-stage HL and negative end of treatment FDG PET/CT. Recent data with the agent 18 F fluorothymidine will be discussed. Varicose veins of the lower extremity are a common problem. Besides the unsightly look, venous reflux can lead to swelling, heaviness and itching, and eventually to ulcerations. In many cases, the underlying cause is an insufficient saphenous vein. Duplex ultrasound is essential for the diagnosis of reflux and treatment planning. Endovenous thermal ablation has largely replaced surgery (vein stripping) in the United States because of equal results, outpatient set-up and an overall much quicker and easier recovery. The endovenous treatment is well tolerated. Postinterventional pain and tenderness is low (VAS < 2). It seems that the discomfort is slightly lower for RFA (closure fast) than laser (bare fibre). Severe complications such as deep vein thrombosis or skin burn are extremely rare. Minor complications such as hyperpigmentation, erythema and paraesthesia occur in < 5%. Thermal ablation can be done with RFA or laser, including different wavelength and bare or covered fibre tip). The results seem similar between the different endovenous treatments. In the short term (1 month), an occlusion rate of close to 100% can be expected. Mid-and long-term results (up to 48 months) maintain an elimination of reflux > 90%. Learning Objectives: