Many noninfectious diseases of the respiratory system, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and oxygen toxicity, have an inflammatory component. Inflammation is also implicated in the lung toxicity of ozone, asbestos, silica, cigarette smoke, and particulate matter. An exaggerated inflammatory response is also involved in the pathogenesis or complications of pulmonary infections such as tuberculosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, influenza, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).