Background-Aim: Cirrhosis is associated with raised acute phase proteins (APP), irrespective of infection. It is, however, unclear whether their values differ significantly or whether a particular APP might be more indicative of infection, and these questions were addressed in our study. Methods: We measured serum CRP, fibrinogen, ferritin, haptoglobin, 2-microglobulin, C3, C4, and C1 inhibitor in 88 consecutive, cirrhotic patients, on admission. All patients were investigated according to a standard protocol for infection. Child-Pugh scores (CPS) were calculated. Results of APP were expressed as means SEM and compared with the Mann-Whitney test. Results: 19 (21,6%) patients, median age 60 years, (CPS: A=0; B=7; C=12), were diagnosed with infection (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis=7; pneumonia=5; septic shock=4; extensive cellulitis=1; Listeria Monocytogenes meningitis=1; viral infection=1), while 69 (78%) patients, median age 59 years, (CPS: A=25; B=28; C=16), showed no infection. Although most APP values were raised, there was no statistically significant difference between patients with or without infection, or among different CPS groups, except for CRP, which was significantly more raised in patients with infection (p<0.01). This difference remained even after CPS A cases in the non-infection group were excluded from analysis. Interpretation: A significantly raised CRP in cirrhosis would seem to be independent of CPS staging and should prompt a thorough work up to exclude infection. By contrast, the discriminating power of all other APP in the face of possible infection is negligible. The predictive value of CRP towards infection is under investigation prospectively. Although bleeding from ectopic varices such as duodenal, jejunal, ileal, colonic, and rectal varices is less common, it can also cause life-threatening problem, which is often difficult to diagnose and treat successfully. Here we present a novel endoscopic approach for hemorrhagic rectal varices using endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with ligation (EISL). Patients and Methods: In 2000-2008, we performed endoscopic treatment in 215 patients with portal hypertensive varices. Among those, four cases of hemorrhagic rectal varices were treated with the combined EVL and sclerosing technique. The etiology of portal hypertension included oen idiopathic portal hypertension and three HCV cirrhosis. All patients had a history of prior abdominal surgery or endoscopic treatment for gastro-esophageal varices. Results: Hemostasis was obtained easily by the EVL initially. Furthermore, to avoid recurrent bleeding, the patients underwent endoscopic varicerography injection sclerotherapy (EVIS) using 5% ethanolamine oleate with iopamidol and the feeding vein was sclerosed successfully with no major complication occurred during the entire course of the treatment. Conclusions: It is important to recognize the possibility of ectopic varices as a cause of gastro-intestinal haemorrhage especially in patients with a history of variceal therapy or abdominal surgery. The EISL technique is useful to control the initial and recurrent bleeding from rectal varices.