The boundary between public health and clinical practice came up repeatedly in discussions about the scope of public health. In many situations preventive activities in clinical practice complement broader population-based activities. At what point do 25 NPHP 1998. 26 See Appendix C for additional information on this aspect of the Project. 27 With the exception of SA which has in the past included non-health expenditures by local government, etc, in public health expenditure reporting by AIHW. 28 A more fundamental difficulty is the time and expense to collect comparable information across all sectors. they become part of 'the organised response by society to protect and promote health'? Organised interventions for promoting health and preventing illness, injury and disability include those aimed at whole populations that do not necessarily require any particular action on the part of individuals (health protection activities, e.g. the provision of clean water, clean air, sewage disposal), and those organised and delivered at the level of the population or sub-group, but requiring individuals to modify their behaviour (health promotion activities, e.g. the range of activities to reduce smoking in the community-regulations, media campaigns, organised quit lines etc). There was general agreement that health protection and health promotion are public health activities.