The triaging system with its ILI-score needs further validation. Nevertheless, such a triaging system can help guide the clinical management of patients presenting to the ED with acute respiratory illness in settings that lack timely diagnostic testing and have limited antivirals supplies. With some adaptation, the system may be especially useful in resource-poor countries, during the peak of pandemic influenza, or during other respiratory virus activity. Although no scoring system will replace clinical judgment, our experience suggests that the triaging system may have helped clinicians effectively triage patients and determine who needed hospital care and who could be managed as outpatients. The triaging system and the ILI-score should be modified to the local 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) situation based upon hospital surge capacity, antiviral susceptibilities and supply, and the evolving epidemiology of this virus. Acute Encephalopathy Associated with Influenza A Infection in Adults We report acute encephalopathy associated with influenza A infection in 3 adults. We detected high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of CXCL8/IL-8 and CCL2/MCP-1 (CSF/plasma ratios >3), and interleukin-6, CXCL10/IP-10, but no evidence of viral neuroinvasion. Patients recovered without sequelae. Hyperactivated cytokine response may play a role in pathogenesis. Enterovirus RNA was detected by one-step real-time RT-PCR (3, 4) . Amplification is specific for the 5 untranslated region. Enterovirus RNA extracted from cell-culture fluid of clinical isolate confirmed by immunofluorescent was used as the source of positive control. RNA from the plasmid pAW109 was used as internal control for nucleic acid extraction as well as for the presence of inhibitors in the clinical samples. Primers and probes used were as follows: primer for enterovirus (EV), 5-ACATGGTGTGAAGAGTCTATTGAGCT-3, respectively. The performance of the assay was demonstrated by analysis of 3 replicates of quality control samples at 3 levels. The coefficients of variation (CV%) during the analysis of OP were 4.1%,1.9% and 2.1% at 3 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, and 150 ng/mL, respectively (limit of detection of OP, 0.25 ng/mL). The coefficients of variation (CV%) during the analysis of OC were 2.3%, 0.5%, and 3.1% at 30 ng/mL, 400 ng/mL, and 4,000 ng/mL, respectively. Large-scale evolutionary surveillance of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus using resequencing arrays In April 2009, a new influenza A (H1N1 2009) virus emerged that rapidly spread around the world. While current variants of this virus have caused widespread disease, particularly in vulnerable groups, there remains the possibility that future variants may cause increased virulence, drug resistance or vaccine escape. Early detection of these virus variants may offer the chance for increased containment and potentially prevention of the virus spread. We have developed and field-tested a resequencing kit that is capable of interrogating all eight segments of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus genome and its variants, with added focus on critical regions such as drug-binding sites, structural components and mutation hotspots. The accompanying base-calling software (EvolSTAR) introduces novel methods that utilize neighbourhood hybridization intensity profiles and substitution bias of probes on the microarray for mutation confirmation and recovery of ambiguous base queries. Our results demonstrate that EvolSTAR is highly accurate and has a much improved call rate. The high throughput and short turn-around time from sample to sequence and analysis results (30 h for 24 samples) makes this kit an efficient large-scale evolutionary biosurveillance tool. groups, there remains the possibility that future variants may cause increased virulence, drug resistance or vaccine escape. Early detection of these virus variants may offer the chance for increased containment and potentially prevention of the virus spread. We have developed and field-tested a resequencing kit that is capable of interrogating all eight segments of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus genome and its variants, with added focus on critical regions such as drug-binding sites, structural components and mutation hotspots. The accompanying base-calling software (EvolSTAR) introduces novel methods that utilize neighbourhood hybridization intensity profiles and substitution bias of probes on the microarray for mutation confirmation and recovery of ambiguous base queries. Our results demonstrate that EvolSTAR is highly accurate and has a much improved call rate. The high throughput and short turn-around time from sample to sequence and analysis results (30 h for 24 samples) makes this kit an efficient largescale evolutionary biosurveillance tool.