In primary human glomerular ECs in vitro, Ang-1 stabilizes the endothelium by inhibiting angiogenesis, and VEGF increases water permeability [124] . Similar observations were made in bovine lung ECs and immortalized HUVECs, in which Ang-1 decreased permeability, adherence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and interleukin-8 production [123] .