Overall, 979 out of the 3863 (25.3%) Chinese smokers reported having made at least one quit attempt between Waves 1 and 2; of these, 212 (21.7%) were still stopped at Wave 2. Independent predictors of making quit attempts included having higher quitting self-efficacy, previous quit attempts, some intention to quit, disagreeing that s/he enjoyed smoking too much to quit, and having very negative opinion of smoking. Independent predictors of quit success among those who attempted were having longer previous abstinence from smoking (7 months Background: This study represents the first longitudinal analysis effort identifying developmental trajectories of cigarette use as well as risk factors associated with the distinct developmental courses of smoking in Chinese early adolescents from age 12 to 16. Methods: Analysis was conducted with secondary data from a longitudinal, prospective cohort, which consisted of 3,521 Chinese adolescents randomly selected from 4 rural and 7 urban middle schools in Wuhan, China. A group-based growth mixture modeling approach was adopted to identify the developmental trajectories of cigarette use. Multi-layered intrapersonal (e.g. attitudes toward smoking, grade point average, subjective academic performance, school bonding, and depressive symptoms) and inter-personal (e.g. parental smoking, perceived parental disapproval of smoking, parent-child relationships, family disharmony, perceived norms of peer smoking, good friend smoking, troubles with teachers) risk factors selected from an ecological perspective were prospectively linked to the identified patterns of smoking trajectory. Results: Three trajectory patterns were identified from the whole cohort: non/experimental smokers (53.8%), light/occasional smokers (43.9%), and heavy/regular smokers (2.3%). After adjustments for gender, urban residence, and family socioeconomic status, adolescents with higher levels of problems in parent-child relationships and family disharmony, higher perceived norms of peer smoking, higher proportion of good friend smoking, having more troubles with teachers, poorer academic performance and reporting more frequent depressive symptoms were significantly more likely to be in the trajectory groups of either light/occasional smokers or heavy/regular smokers than in the group of non/experimental smokers. The probability of being in the heavy/regular smoking trajectory group was positively and significantly related to parental smoking and lack of school bonding. Conclusions: Study findings helped advance knowledge on the distinct developmental courses of smoking behavior and their associations with multi-layered risk factors in Chinese early adolescents. more), and having greater interest in quitting (planning to quit within 1 month). Compared to other countries fewer adult smokers in China attempt to quit and predictors vary: with measure of nicotine dependence less predictive and, like in Malaysia and Thailand, interest in quitting more predictive of success. These findings indicate that existing knowledge from Western countries about smoking cessation are not necessarily readily generalizable to China, which has different social-economic conditions and tobacco control environment. Separation of the "expected" from the "true" drug effect in placebocontrolled drug trials can be achieved by informing prior to testing half of the subjects in each group (drug, placebo) correctly that they receive the drug or placebo, while the others are misinformed (deception) about the drug they received; this is called the "balanced placebo design" (BPD). A half-BPD provides no drug but only placebo. Methods: Sixty-four healthy subjects (32:32 males:females, 24 years) balanced for smokers and never-smokers were made to believe that a chewing gum they received may or may not contain 4 mg nicotine to improve vigilance and reaction time, while in fact all received placebo. The experimenter conducting the study was also made to believe this was a fully BPD to maintain double-blindness. Immediately prior to neurocognitive function testing (N-back tasks with three levels of difficulties and two consecutive runs) they were informed that they belong to the nicotine group or to the placebo group. Dependent measures were reaction time (RT, ms) and number of false go (GO) and no-go (NGO) responses. Results: A significant (p=.028) interaction of all five factors (within: level of difficulty, runs; between: information, smoking status, gender) and age as covariate was found indicating that the information to receive nicotine shortened RT in male, but not in female smokers, while in nonsmokers, the information prolonged RT, specifically in males. The placebo information produced no differences in RT in smokers/ nonsmokers and in males/females. The differential effects on RT were more pronounced with a high cognitive demand, and during the second run. No effect of any of the factors was found for the number of GO and NGO errors. Conclusion: The known effects of nicotine on RT can be mimicked by the belief to receive nicotine, but males are more prone then females to respond to such information. Tobacco dependence is a leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality and current tobacco smoking is estimated will cause about 450 million deaths worldwide during the next 50 years. Tobacco dependence has also dramatically impacted Asian countries and subsequently Asian Americans who migrated to the United States. Korean male immigrants in the US have been known for the highest smoking prevalence and highest smoking-attributable cancer death fractions. The study is designed to test the applicability of Theory of Planned Behavior to Korean Americans' smoking cessation. Its main hypothesis is that perceived risks and benefits of quitting, social norms for quitting, self-efficacy in smoking cessation, and nicotine dependence will predict behavioral intentions to quit smoking among Korean American smokers. A nationwide sample of Korean American smokers is currently recruited into this one-time telephone survey. Subjects are randomly selected from the online website InfoSpace.com by their Korean surname such as "Kim", "Lee", "Choi", etc. The sample size of each city was weighted by the Korean population in the 2000 U.S. Census data. Three cities such as Duluth, GA that lately have the large influx of Korean Americans were added to the list of cities. Preliminary findings with 181 subjects (150 males and 31 females) revealed that gender moderates the relationships between perceived risks of quitting and behavioral intentions to quit smoking in Korean American smokers. Perceived family social norm for quitting was the only significant factor associated with Korean male smokers' behavioral intentions to quit smoking, whereas, perceived risks of quitting, and perceived family and friend social norms for quitting were the factors associated with Korean female smokers' behavioral intentions to quit smoking. However, perceived risks of quitting showed the strongest relationship. Data collection will be continued till May 31, 2010 and final results will be presented. Background: There are over 100,000 people in the USA and 10,000 in the UK awaiting organ transplants. Over 90% of the general population state that they are in favour of organ donation, however only 26% of the UK population are registered on the organ donor register. There is an urgent need to identify barriers, and find ways of increasing the number of organ donors.