Nearly all of the host samples (84.3%) were collected from chickens (Phasianidae), the most abundant species at most of the sites. Exceptions include the lake, where the lesser whistling duck (Anatidae) is the primary inhabitant, and the pet bird market. The species list at the pet bird market includes species of the following: cockatiels (Cactuidae); doves (Columbidae); finches (Fringillidae); moorhens (Rallidae); mynah (Sturnidae); woodpecker (Picidae); love birds and parakeets (Psittacidae); munia and sparrows (Estrildidae); and pheasants and quail (Phasianidae). All birds in our dataset were grouped by family to increase the sample size of the host samples so that differences in prevalence of infection as detected by virus isolation could be examined. The major families that were infected included the Columbidae (11.4% prevalence, n = 114), Anatidae (25.0% prevalence, n = 24), and Phasianidae (33.2% prevalence, n = 754); prevalence differs by family (p#0.0001).