To participate in the survey, traders in the markets had to sell or purchase birds in an LBM at least 1 day per month. Live poultry traders consisted of sellers and middlemen. A seller was defined as selling live poultry mostly to the end-user (e.g. consumers, restaurants) or to another trader who would then sell the poultry at another location. A middleman was defined as selling live poultry to mostly sellers, or purchasing live poultry from sellers and then re-selling them at another location (e.g. market, restaurants). All traders that were present during the visit of the selected LBMs were interviewed, except in the largest LBM in Viet Nam where half were interviewed. Of note, in all other LBMs, the numbers of interviewed sellers corresponded well to numbers indicated by market managers.