Data analyses: Virus titrations were done with at least three repeats to report log TCID50/mL . Relative gene-expression data of real-time PCR was normalized against C t values of the housekeeping gene (GAPDH) and the relative expression index (2 −ΔΔCt ) was determined in comparison to the base levels of control samples. Growth curves were generated with Sigmaplot 11.0 (Systat, San Jose, CA, USA) and the densitometry analysis of images were done by using AlphaEase FC Software (Alpha Inotech, Santa Clara, CA, USA) as described [47, 50] .