Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) have been shown to play a role in regulating gene expression in numerous bacterial species [59] , including Streptococcus [60, 61] . Yet only recently were sRNAs reported in Mycobacteria [60, 62] . Using a combination of direct isolation of small RNAs, and validation by Northern blotting and 5' and 3' RACE transcript mapping, Arnvig and Young [62] first described nine sRNAs in Mtb. Subsequently, DiChiara et al. [63] describe 34 small RNAs in M. bovis BCG, of which many were conserved in both Mtb and M. smegmatis.