For our more recent proteomic work, we have teamed with Richard Smith at Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). In our first studies with the Smith group, we used high mass accuracy Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry, coupled with the accurate mass and time (AMT) tag approach [21] , to perform global proteomic analyses on Huh-7.5 cells containing a full-length HCV replicon [22] . Using this more sensitive technology, we identified over 4,200 proteins. As a first-pass means to detect changes in protein abundance associated with HCV infection, we also performed a semi-quantitative comparison of total peptide identifications. This peptide-spectral count ("peptide-hits") approach revealed HCV-related perturbations in the abundance of a variety of proteins associated with lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.