Large scale agricultural expansion (a common proximate cause of tropical deforestation) has decelerated and all but ended in many regions. This suggests that further contributions from what historically has been a main factor in natural habitat alteration, ecosystem disturbance and biodiversity loss, will decline. Yet agricultural intensification has replaced expansion with technologies that further impact native biodiversity (55) . The reduction in plant species richness that accompanies agricultural intensification leads to changes in the community composition of the pest complex-herbivorous insects, their natural enemies (predators and parasites), and the microbial community attacking crops (56) .