The participants in this study were recruited during 2006 to 2009 as part of a larger prospective case-control study of childhood severe malaria currently ongoing under the auspices of the CMRG. This case-control study was divided into a Discovery Cohort consisting of those patients recruited during 2006 to 2008 and a Validation Cohort made up of those recruited in the 2008 to 2009 period.