Our third hypothesis was that any AIV strain potentially found in captive reared Mallards might present genetic characteristics linked to its circulation in domestic populations. We therefore performed a molecular study of the identified strains in order to look for such characteristics, and in particular to test for the presence of mutations known to be associated with increased virulence, since it has been highlighted that artificial environments are favorable to the appearance of such mutations in birds [30] . We also searched for mutations linked with transmission to other species including humans, since some studies proved that they can be acquired during their transmission among birds [39] . Thirdly, we tested for the presence of mutations conferring resistance to common antiviral drugs, since such resistance has recently been recorded in wild birds, notably in Sweden [40] . Lastly, full sequence analysis of some strains was performed, so as to get insight into their geographic origin through a phylogenetic study, and to determine their relatedness with strains, which have caused human infections in the past.