We used Bayesian spatial analysis to characterise HPAI risk areas in Thailand during the second wave of the HPAI H5N1 epidemic and to explore the link between anthropogenic factors and the relative risk of HPAI. We focussed on risk factors that contributed to the spread of HPAI H5N1. This analysis shows that, when adjusted for the effects of environmental and poultry variables, several anthropogenic factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of HPAI in both chicken and duck populations.