of implanted cells, and to optimize dendritic cell migration in vitro for clinical cancer vaccination studies. Finally, a multimodal imaging approach combining 19 F MRI with Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI) is presented which allows non-invasive imaging of the anatomical location (19 F MRI) and function (BLI) of neural stem cell grafts. In conclusion 19 F MRI will help to optimize pre-clinical protocols of cell therapy and possibly become clinically relevant with further advances in 19 F compound synthesis, development of MRI hardware, and MRI pulse sequence optimization.