Coliform mastitis is one of the major types of mastitis in cattle [90] . The more successful vaccination protocols for mastitis control have been with the J5 E. coli bacterin vaccine which is administered initially either just before or at the time of drying off [87, [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] . These typically are followed by additional vaccine doses approximately mid-dry period. Some protocols include an additional immunization within several days after calving [87, 91, 92, 94] , while others also continue immunizations into the first three months of lactation [87, 94] . Attempts to vaccinate against other mastitis-causing pathogens have been met with more limited success. Such vaccination protocols range from immunizations during the dry period [97] , to peak lactation [98] , and even late lactation [99] . Although most of the immunization protocols used in mastitis control administer the vaccine either intramuscularly or subcutaneously, intramammary immunization also can result in an increase in antigen-specific immunoglobulin in milk, as well as in the serum [100] [101] [102] [103] .