Our human studies used well characterized antigens from EBV, CMV and Influenza A virus. which are known to be targeted by both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses and with defined T cell epitopes [44] . The murine studies used the well characterized sporozoite coat protein, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), from the P. yoelii rodent malaria parasite. We tested each IVTT antigen individually and presented to T cells in different forms -either unpurified, purified using NI-NTA resin or MagneHis Niparticles, or associated to Polybeads or ProteinG beads. Synthetic peptides representing defined T cell epitopes from the respective antigens were assayed in parallel as positive controls. The primary immune readout was IFN-c production due to its crucial role in protection or pathogenesis of complex diseases [45] .