One-step real-time RT-PCR assays were developed to be specific of the virus identified. All influenza A positive samples detected between August 2008 and July 2010 on wild and domestic Mallards were tested for H10 and N7 subtypes respectively. Detection was performed in the same conditions as described above except annealing temperature was decreased from 55uC to 50uC using the following primers and probes: H10-780Fw  Establishment of a Reverse Genetics System for Studying Human Bocavirus in Human Airway Epithelia Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) has been identified as one of the etiological agents of wheezing in young children with acute respiratory-tract infections. In this study, we have obtained the sequence of a full-length HBoV1 genome (including both termini) using viral DNA extracted from a nasopharyngeal aspirate of an infected patient, cloned the full-length HBoV1 genome, and demonstrated DNA replication, encapsidation of the ssDNA genome, and release of the HBoV1 virions from human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The HBoV1 virions generated from this cell line-based production system exhibits a typical icosahedral structure of approximately 26 nm in diameter, and is capable of productively infecting polarized primary human airway epithelia (HAE) from the apical surface. Infected HAE showed hallmarks of lung airway-tract injury, including disruption of the tight junction barrier, loss of cilia and epithelial cell hypertrophy. Notably, polarized HAE cultured from an immortalized airway epithelial cell line, CuFi-8 (originally derived from a cystic fibrosis patient), also supported productive infection of HBoV1. Thus, we have established a reverse genetics system and generated the first cell line-based culture system for the study of HBoV1 infection, which will significantly advance the study of HBoV1 replication and pathogenesis. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) was initially identified in 2005, in nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients with acute respiratory-tract infections (ARTI) [1] . It was found to be associated with ARTI in children, at a detection rate of 2-19% [2] [3] [4] [5] . Three additional human bocaviruses, HBoV2, 3 and 4, discovered in human stool samples, have since been phylogenetically and serologically characterized [6] [7] [8] [9] . However, whether these are associated with any diseases is currently unknown. HBoV1 is commonly detected in association with other respiratory viruses, and is the fourth most common respiratory virus (after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and rhinovirus) in infants less than 2 years of age who are hospitalized for the treatment of acute wheezing [2, [10] [11] [12] . Indeed, ARTI is one of the leading causes of hospitalization of young children in developed countries [13, 14] . Acute HBoV1 infection, diagnosed by a virus load of .10 4 genome copies (gc)/ ml in respiratory samples, viraemia, or by detection of HBoV1specific IgM or of an increase in the levels of IgG antibodies, results in respiratory illness [2, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Recent descriptions of lifethreatening HBoV1 infections in pediatric patients in association with high virus loads or diagnostic HBoV1-specific antibodies [21] [22] [23] , in addition to a recent longitudinal study of children from infants to puberty, documenting a clear association of acute primary HBoV1 infection with respiratory symptoms [24] , strongly support that HBoV1 is an etiological agent of both upper and lower ARTI.