A10L and L4R associate with microtubules in vivo and mediate binding of viral cores to microtubules in vitro Using available antibodies, we examined the localization of A10L, L4R and I1L in infected cells to see whether they associate with microtubules in vivo, in addition to their essential role in the virus core (Vanslyke and Hruby, 1994; Jensen et al., 1996a) . As a negative control, we also examined the localization of the A3L core protein which was identi®ed as the prominent 70 kDa protein pelleting in the absence of microtubules (Figure 9 ). Indirect immunouorescence analysis showed that A10L and L4R are associated with microtubules, in both the presence and absence of rifampicin ( Figure 10 ). As expected, A10L and L4R were also associated with viral particles (data not shown). In contrast, I1L and A3L were never observed in association with microtubules, regardless of the ®xation conditions, but were localized to viral factories and viral particles, respectively (data not shown). Interestingly, A10L and L4R were not associated with all microtubules but were co-localized with a subset of acetylated microtubules ( Figure 10) .