This study was undertaken to determine the antiviral and neuroprotective efficacy of Vivo-Morpholinos in an experimental model of JE so that it can be considered as a therapeutic agent in the near future. There have been studies regarding the anti-JEV effects of other types of Morpholino oligomers though none of them are yet to be considered for therapeutic purposes. This is the first study that investigates the role of Morpholino oligomers specially designed for effective delivery into live animal models. Generally, the i.p route of administration of any drug is preferred in animal studies over any other routes. However, the efficacy of these antisense molecules needs to be checked by administering through other applicable routes, as i.p. administration in humans is uncommon, though not unheard of. The amounts of oligomers required and the route of administration in this study marks these molecules as practicable therapeutic agents in JE, though further studies are required before these can be recommended for clinical trials. Figure S1 MO treatments decrease viral load in vitro. Mouse neuroblastoma cell (N2a) lysates from all the treatment groups were subjected to plaque assay in order to determine viral loads. PFU/mL was found to be significantly higher in both JEV and JEV+SC-MO groups when compared to Sham. Viral loads were found to be significantly reduced in both JEV+39 MO and JEV+59 MO groups when compared to only JEV-infected group (* p , 0.01 for JEV and JEV+SC-MO when compared to Sham; # p , 0.01 for JEV+39 MO and JEV+59MO when compared to only JEV-infected group) (A). Intracellular staining for JEV antigen in N2a was performed and number of JEV-positive N2a cells was then sorted by flow cytometry. 30% of the total gated cells were found to be positive for JEV antigen in JEV-infected group as compared to 34% in JEV+SC-MO group. Only 16% and 9% of the total gated cells were found to be positive for JEV antigen in JEV+39 MO and JEV+59 MO groups respectively (B). Found at: doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000892.s001 (0.25 MB TIF) Severe novel influenza A (H1N1) infection in cancer patients Background: The natural history and consequences of severe H1N1 influenza infection among cancer patients are not yet fully characterized. We describe eight cases of H1N1 infection in cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a referral cancer center. Patients and methods: Clinical data from all patients admitted with acute respiratory failure due to novel viral H1N1 infection were reviewed. Lung tissue was submitted for viral and bacteriological analyses by real-time RT-PCR, and autopsy was conducted on all patients who died. Results: Eight patients were admitted, with ages ranging from 55 to 65 years old. There were five patients with solid organ tumors (62.5%) and three with hematological malignancies (37.5%). Five patients required mechanical ventilation and all died. Four patients had bacterial bronchopneumonia. All deaths occurred due to multiple organ failure. A milder form of lung disease was present in the three cases who survived. Lung tissue analysis was performed in all patients and showed diffuse alveolar damage in most patients. Other lung findings were necrotizing bronchiolitis or extensive hemorrhage. Conclusions: H1N1 viral infection in patients with cancer can cause severe illness, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. More data are needed to identify predictors of unfavorable evolution in these patients. Patients with malignancies are more susceptible for acquisition of infections than the general population and are thought to potentially develop more complications [1] . Due to many disruptions in both innate and acquired immunity, even organisms with low virulence potential are able to cause significant morbidity and mortality in cancer patients [2] .