A.5. Cholera. Hartley et al. [60] developed a compartment model of cholera incorporating both a hyperinfective state and a lower infective state. They used the average age of infection to estimate R 0 from data for four cholera outbreaks in developing countries during the nineties. R 0 values ranged from 3.1 in Indonesia (1993-1999) to 15.3 in Pakistan (1990 15.3 in Pakistan ( -1995 , with an average of 8.7. They then used the nextgeneration method to develop a theoretical estimate for R 0 that incorporates hyperinfectivity. They show that this raises R 0 from approximately 3.2 when there is no hyperinfectivity to 18.2 when the contact with hyperinfected water is similar to contact with nonhyperinfected water, but that R 0 could be significantly larger with more frequent contact with hyperinfected water.