Our results revealed that HSP70 utilizes K63 linkage to assemble polyubiquitin chains to bind to p62's UBA domain since only the K63R ubiquitin mutant blocked the ubiquitination of HSP70 (Fig. 8A) . A similar result was also observed when reactions were conducted with wild type ubiquitin or mutant ubiquitin with all lysines mutated to arginines except K63 and the ubiquitination of HSP70 occurred only in the reaction that has either intact K63 ubiquitin or wild type ubiquitin (Fig. 8B ). This finding is consistent with previous reports (45) , demonstrating that HSP70 is K63-polyubiquitinated. Furthermore, the in vivo interaction of HSP70 and p62 was confirmed by transfecting myc-tagged HSP70 into HEK 293 cells in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and subjecting cell lysates to p62 immunoprecipitation and Western blot with anti-myc antibody (Fig. 8C) . The interaction between HSP70 and p62 in vivo took place only when MG132 was included, suggesting that the interaction in vivo is dependent upon the ubiquitination of HSP70. The specific type of polyubiquitin chain recognized by p62's UBA domain is not yet known and studies are underway lab to determine p62's interaction with specific polyubiquitin chains, however, our preliminary studies suggest that p62's UBA domain may recognize K63 linked polyubiquitin chains. Protein was synthesized employing TNT Quick Coupled in vitro transcription/translation system in the presence of ubiquitin, resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE gels, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and western blotted with ubiquitin monoclonal antibody. B: HSP70 Protein was synthesized employing TNT Quick Coupled in vitro transcription/translation system in the presence of ubiquitin and 35 S-methionine, resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE and exposed to X-ray film. C: Western blot of rabbit reticulocyte lysate with TRAF6 (E3) and UbcH7 (E2). In summary, for the first time, we demonstrate a systematic approach to identify UBA domain binding proteins from a proteome wide perspective. This approach could be readily adapted to high throughput screening. Using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate in vitro expression cloning system, we have successfully identified eleven proteins in the human adult brain that interact with the UBA domain of p62, and the majority of the eleven proteins are associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. This is a very interesting finding since 9600 cDNAs have been screened and only 11 of them showed binding specificity with p62's UBA domain. Studies are underway to unfold the functional roles of p62 in the ubiquitin system. Our approach provides an easy route to the characterization of UBA domain binding proteins at the level of the whole proteome, its application will unfold the important roles that p62's UBA domain plays. This method could be easily adapted to identify proteins that interact with other UBA domains as well. Vaccinia virus infection disrupts microtubule organization and centrosome function We examined the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton during vaccinia virus infection. We found that newly assembled virus particles accumulate in the vicinity of the microtubule-organizing centre in a microtubule- and dynein–dynactin complex-dependent fashion. Microtubules are required for efficient intracellular mature virus (IMV) formation and are essential for intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) assembly. As infection proceeds, the microtubule cytoskeleton becomes dramatically reorganized in a fashion reminiscent of overexpression of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Consistent with this, we report that the vaccinia proteins A10L and L4R have MAP-like properties and mediate direct binding of viral cores to microtubules in vitro. In addition, vaccinia infection also results in severe reduction of proteins at the centrosome and loss of centrosomal microtubule nucleation efficiency. This represents the first example of viral-induced disruption of centrosome function. Further studies with vaccinia will provide insights into the role of microtubules during viral pathogenesis and regulation of centrosome function. Intracellular bacterial and viral pathogens have evolved numerous mechanisms to appropriate and exploit different systems of the host during their life cycles in order to facilitate their spread during entry and exit from the host (Cudmore et al., 1997; Finlay and Cossart, 1997; Dramsi and Cossart, 1998) . In the case of viruses, perhaps the best studied example is the exploitation of the actin cytoskeleton by vaccinia virus during its exit from infected cells (Cudmore et al., 1997) . Vaccinia virus is a large DNA virus with a genome of~191 kb encoding 260 open reading frames (ORFs) that is a close relative of variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox (Johnson et al., 1993; Massung et al., 1993) . Vaccinia virus morphogenesis is a complex process which occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells and results in the formation of the intracellular mature virus (IMV) and the intracellular enveloped virus (IEV). IMV consist of a viral core of DNA and protein enveloped in a membrane cisterna derived from the intermediate compartment (Sodeik et al., 1993) . The IMV core contains ®ve major proteins, A3L, A4L, A10L, F17R and L4R (Vanslyke and Hruby, 1994; Jensen et al., 1996a) , while 12 proteins, A12L, A13L, A14L, A14.5L, A17L, A27L, D8L, G4L, G7L, H3L, I5L and L1R, are associated with the membranes around the virus particle (Jensen et al., 1996a; Betakova et al., 2000) . Depending on the virus strain and cell type, a proportion of IMV can become enwrapped by a membrane cisterna derived from the trans-Golgi apparatus to give rise to IEV particles (Schmelz et al., 1994) . To date, six IEV-speci®c proteins, A33R (Roper et al., 1996) , A34R (Duncan and Smith, 1992) , A36R (Parkinson and Smith, 1994) , A56R (Payne and Norrby, 1976; Shida, 1986) , B5R (Engelstad et al., 1992; Isaacs et al., 1992) and F13L (Hirt et al., 1986) , have been identi®ed. Studies using recombinant viruses have shown that A33R, A34R, B5R and F13L play an important role in IEV assembly (Blasco and Moss, 1991; Engelstad and Smith, 1993; Wolffe et al., 1993 Wolffe et al., , 1997 Roper et al., 1998; Sanderson et al., 1998a; Ro Èttger et al., 1999) . Vaccinia virus is thought to leave the cell by fusion of the outer IEV membrane with the plasma membrane, to give rise to the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) (Morgan, 1976; Payne, 1980; Blasco and Moss, 1991) or the cell-associated enveloped viruses (CEV) which remain associated with the outer surface of the plasma membrane (Blasco and Moss, 1992) .