As part of those studies, Morisky et al. (2006) conducted a multilevel analysis of the impact that a social influence intervention would have on condom use and STIs among female bar workers. The researchers contrasted the effects of peer influence, manager influence, and combined peer-manager influences on condom use and STIs; social influence models were used, which combined social cognitive theory and socio-structural theories. Female bar workers who received structural peer and establishment interventions reported more positive attitudes towards using condoms, more establishment policies favouring condom use, and fewer STIs, compared to those in either the peer-only intervention group or the control group. Those who only experienced interventions from their managers had fewer STIs, fewer negative attitudes towards condoms, and higher knowledge and perception of risk, compared to those in the peer-only intervention group. STI outcomes were measured as before-and-after comparisons (STI rates per 1,000 CSW clinic visits); those women who experienced the combined intervention (with both peer and manager) showed a significant drop in STIs, compared to those in other study groups (-21.8 difference, 36.4 to 14.6%) (Urada et al. 2008) . Also, HIV test results for the female sex workers who were registered in the study sites between June 1995 and December 2001 showed that the control group, those receiving the usual care (N = 6,157), had the highest number of HIV infections (10), compared to those in other study groups (0 for the peer intervention group, 2 for the manager intervention group, and 2 for the combined intervention group). After the intervention, it was found that those who were in the intervention The role of non-formal education 343 groups and had participated for at least 3 months kept significantly more of their appointments at the clinics, compared to those in the control group (p \ 0.05). As a result of these findings, the establishment managers formed an association and began a loan programme to increase the compliance of female bar workers to purchase and take the entire medical regimen for STIs (Morisky et al. 2002a, b, c) .