In choroidal ECs, TNF induces Ang-2 mRNA and protein before affecting Ang-1 and VEGF levels [131] . In HUVECs, TNF-induced upregulation of Ang-2 is mediated by the NF-κB pathway [132] , and TNF-induced Tie2 expression can be attenuated by both Ang-1 and Ang-2. Without TNF stimulation, only Ang-1 can reduce Tie2 expression [133] . Ang-2 sensitizes ECs to TNF, resulting in enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin [74, 125, 134] . By inhibiting those endothelial adhesion molecules, Ang-1 decreases leucocyte adhesion [122] .