In another study, the brain temperature was measured using two different magnetic resonance techniques [59] . Healthy volunteers were exposed to intranasal cooling, and brain temperature changes were measured and mapped using MR spectroscopic imaging and phase-mapping techniques. The decrease in brain temperature assessed by MR was -1.7°C by spectroscopic imaging and -1.8°C by phase mapping at the end of 1 h of nasal cooling. The rectal temperature fell by 0.5°C. Thus, the simple nasal cooling technique had a substantial effect on brain temperature.