characterising incidentally detected lesions in patients with cancer. The performance of the established and new techniques in CT, MRI and to a lesser extent PET, that can be used to distinguish benign adenomas and malignant lesions of the adrenal gland will be reviewed. With the increasing use of imaging, incidentally detected renal masses are very common. While masses detected by CT or MR usually can be properly classified, renal masses detected by ultrasound frequently require further workup. The following considerations determine the diagnostic workup: simple cysts are very common but may present atypically. Renal cell carcinomas may be cystic but usually display at least a small solid component. Renal cell carcinomas have a bad prognosis when metastasized but metastases hardly every develop before the tumour has reached 3 cm in diameter. Differentiation between solid tumours by imaging alone is exceedingly difficult, save for the identification of angiomyolipomas in adults. This course will discuss suitable diagnostic algorithms based on the initial presentation of the mass. Typical imaging findings of various benign and malignant renal masses will be presented. The role of the Bosniak classification will be illustrated. Newer developments such as a wait-and-see approach or primary biopsy for small solid renal masses will be discussed. When dealing with "focal neurological disorders", what kind of neuroimaging should we apply and what should be the optimal diagnostic work-up? What pathological condition must be searched for in function of the focal neurological signs? When is imaging playing a vital role? The radiologist must and should remain first of all a Medical Doctor: he/she should keep close contact with the clinical world and always keep an active dialogue with the referring clinician. As medical imaging has become more and more sophisticated and also more expensive, it should not just be a "screening procedure" for brain pathology but should be performed in order to confirm a clinical, suspected diagnosis. The radiologist must answer precise questions about the patient's suspected pathological condition and if necessary, discuss the imaging findings with the clinician in order to narrow the differential diagnosis. Each MRI or CT must be performed with a clear knowledge of the clinical question and the suspected pathology. Symptoms and clinical history may already strongly orient towards lesion location and even the nature of the pathology. Still, similar symptoms may be present in multiple and very diverse pathological conditions such as infectious, neoplastic, haemorrhagic, vascular diseases. Therefore, the radiologist should make the proper choices of imaging techniques, especially with MRI, where imaging sequences have become numerous: by knowing the clinical history, and what the focal neurological disorders are, a good, "clinically conscious" radiologist will undoubtedly be of greater "added value".