A qualitative study by Lind and colleagues [63] studied family members' experiences of end-of-life decisionmaking in Norwegian ICUs, in order to ascertain the degree to which the family felt informed and included in decision-making. The authors used a grounded theory method of qualitative analysis with interviews of 27 bereaved family members. This study found that family members wanted a more active role in decision-making, in order to be able to communicate the values and preferences of the patient. The authors also found that clinicians often used a ''wait and see'' strategy to address decision-making early in the ICU stay, which many family members experienced as unnecessarily delaying the family members' ability to come to terms with the severity of the patient's illness and to participate in decision-making. Family members also discussed the importance of communication with ICU nurses. The authors suggest that ICU clinicians need more training in the knowledge and skills of effective communication with families of critically ill patients.