to move to 3D and 4D imaging, to deal with contrast-enhanced techniques and to consider ultrafast imaging, high-resolution imaging technology and elastographic imaging, The integration of ultrasound in a multimodality approach, with modalities such as fusion, will be exposed mainly for interventional applications. Questions regarding safety in these new developments will finally be discussed. The choice of the US equipment is always a dilemma. The precise definition of the true needs is a difficult task, including ergonomics, cleaning, B-mode, basic functions, Doppler imaging, overall imaging quality, networking, advanced capabilities and general and specific transducers. None of the existing system provides an optimal image quality for all applications, so it is necessary to prioritise the most important ones. The ideal situation is to evaluate the candidate systems in your routine practice and eventually compare the systems with each other with side by side evaluations. Of course, the price of the acquisition is playing an important role, but it is necessary to take into account the additional cost of the set of transducers, the advanced imaging options and the maintenance (that can include the transducers and the delay of intervention). It is necessary to distinguish the truly portable systems and the transportable systems (for dedicated applications, general-purpose applications or high-end imaging) from the larger and heavier systems. The mammographic image of the breast reflects the tissue composition of the breast, i.e. epithelial, connective and adipose tissue. Different methods are used to assess the mammographic density: Wolfe (1976) described four densities (N1, P1, P2, DY) and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System described four categories. As risk calculation is related with the percentage of mammographic density (PMD) rather than with "density", more adequate measurements are necessary. Attempts on computer-assisted methods based on interactive thresholding were developed. Due to the introduction of digital mammography, information of the digital data can be used for the quantification of the density of the breast. Several studies concluded that PMD is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer: 6 to 8 times higher than for women with primarily adipose breasts. This association was stronger in studies in the general population than in symptomatic patients and stronger for quantitative measurements than for qualitative measurements. Although high density is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, it also makes the detection of breast cancer with mammography more difficult. The DIMST trial already showed a higher accuracy of digital mammography for dense breasts. Additional breast ultrasound in women with mammographically dense breasts permits detection of small, occult breast cancers, but is also correlated with a significantly higher biopsy rate. Recent reports on tomosynthesis showed improved lesion conspicuity of masses and stellate lesions, which are often masked in dense breasts. Implementation of newer techniques such as dual energy mammography has just started. Breast MRI represents the most sensitive modality in the identification of breast cancer. Even if its use is increasing, the main concern on a wider use of this examination in clinical practice still remains its sub-optimal specificity and falsepositive rate. Several systematic reviews evaluating the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced MR imaging in patients with breast lesions showed a specificity ranging between 67% and 72%. The reported false-positive rate of the examination ranged, in Literature, between 3.5% and 7%. However, any parameter of diagnostic performance should consider the clinical context. Radiologists need to have a basic knowledge of the radiological anatomy of the organs imaged within the thorax, among which the pulmonary circulation plays an important role as it can provide morphologic but also functional information useful for the management of numerous thoracic disorders. This new trends in evaluating the pulmonary circulation is driven by the technological developments of multidetector-row CT (MDCT) technology which offers the possibility not only to search for morphological abnormalities at the level of central and peripheral pulmonary vessels with single-source MDCT but also to integrate the evaluation of the capillary level by means of dual-energy CT. Detection of morphological abnormalities at the level of central and peripheral pulmonary vessels in congenital and acquired chest disorders requires the knowledge of the prevailing arterial and venous patterns whose analysis can now benefit from the development of computer-aided-diagnosis tools. The analysis of the most distal portion of the pulmonary circulation, sometime referred to as "pulmonary perfusion", is now available in routine clinical practice and requires, for proper interpretation of images, a basic knowledge of the anatomical relationships between the pulmonary and systemic circulations of the chest. CT can also participate in the noninvasive approach of pulmonary hypertension by means of the analysis of the degree of distensibility of central pulmonary arteries. All these pieces of information are accessible to radiologists providing the selection of the adequate scanning protocol. The purpose of this lecture is to review these anatomical and physiological perspectives offered by MDCT in 2012. While the three controversies covered in this session are apparently disparate they do have a clear common theme relating to the risks (in particular the false-positive test) and benefits of breast imaging and our perceptions of these. Perceptions of risk (and benefits) are complex and are determined by an interaction of our personal past experience, information provided and our current point of observation. A woman with a newly diagnosed breast cancer will have a very different perspective to a public health doctor, or for that matter a politician, commissioning a service for their population in financially difficult times. This is compounded by the general population's woefully inadequate grasp of statistics used to provide evidence which is not helped by our own presentation of the facts which some claim is based entirely on vested interest. In our drive to find every cancer (or perhaps our anxiety not to miss any) regardless of its biological potential it is easy to forget the need for specificity. The false-positive result (abnormal test in a normal patient) can have both short-and long-term physical and psycho-social consequences for the individual and definitely has significant financial costs to the health economy. The three talks start with populations, move seamlessly to individuals and finally provide help and advice on reducing the number of false-positive results. Conventional MR imaging (T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences) is the standard modality for the initial visualisation and characterisation of CNS lesions, with superior sensitivity compared with alternative imaging modalities. However, advanced MR techniques such as perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and MR spectroscopy (MRS) are increasingly incorporated into imaging protocols to provide not only better specificity, but also physiological information that complements the morphological detail of conventional MR studies. DWI provides useful information for providing an accurate differential diagnosis between pyogenic abscesses and necrotic tumoural lesions (both metastasis and high-grade gliomas), although it cannot distinguish between necrotic CNS tumours from inflammatory pseudotumoural cystic lesions. Data on the literature regarding the diagnostic value of MRS for differentiating pseudotumoural lesions from brain tumours have yielded conflicting results. Some authors have shown that there are not enough spectral differences that allow a precise diagnosis in individual cases, while others demonstrated that this discrimination can be achieved based on metabolite ratios obtained at short TE and long TE. PWI can also be helpful in differentiating pseudotumoural inflammatory lesions and high-grade gliomas, as only the latter show a significantly increase in cerebral blood volume. Accurate characterisation of brain lesions with conventional and advanced MRI techniques is feasible in clinical practice and might be helpful in distinguishing between tumoural from pseudotumoural lesions. This will have a clear impact on patient management as unnecessary aggressive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures could be avoided. Learning Objectives: 1. To become familiar with the most common causes of multiple brain lesions caused by primary and secondary brain tumours. 2. To learn about the most common causes of multiple non-neoplastic brain lesions that mimic tumours. 3. To learn the characteristic neuroimaging findings that may be useful in establishing differential diagnoses. 4. To be aware of the importance of advanced neuroimaging techniques for evaluation of multiple brain lesions. Oncologic imaging examinations are often complex, and specialised knowledge is required to interpret them in a clinically relevant manner. The radiologist needs to be aware of the details of the staging system and pattern of spread for a given tumour; the strengths and limitations of available imaging modalities in specific oncologic applications, especially in assessing tumour response to different conventional and newer therapies; and various pitfalls in the overall approach to interpretation and reporting of oncologic imaging examinations. Because a radiologic study is only a "snapshot" taken during a brief moment of a patient's medical timeline, meaningful interpretation (the radiologist's "added value") requires integration of current The anatomy of the brain is often perceived as being complicated. Especially the cortex is seen as an irregular arrangement of variable structures, which are difficult to differentiate and to identify. We will review the overall subdivision of the brain into lobes and describe their boundaries and their major gyri and sulci. We will then describe the location of areas specific to language in terms of their cortical anatomy as well as their cytoarchitectonic structure: 1. areas of speech production, most importantly Broca's area, which is centred on the pars opercularis of the 3rd frontal convolution; we will discuss the identification of this area and its variability; 2. areas of language comprehension, with special attention to Wernicke's area, its definition and variability; and 3. areas related to hearing, mainly the primary auditory cortex (A1), centred on the postero-medial part of Heschl's gyrus (HG), we will present simple landmarks in each of the three planes: a) axial: adhaesio interthalamica, b) sagittal: omega/heart shape of HG and c) coronal: omega shape of HG. We will discuss the most important tracts connecting these areas, mainly the uncinate and the arcuate fascicles. At the end of this lecture, you will know the general subdivision of the cortex and will have a basic understanding of the functional anatomy of language. Learning Objectives: