VAR2CSA-specific IgG in pregnancy-associated malaria 339 (PAM3.10, PAM4.7, PAM5.2 and PAM7.5; also originating from two donors) ( Fig. 3A and Table 2 ). This pattern of reactivity was confirmed when the monoclonal antibodies were used to detect surface-expressed 3D7-VAR2CSA domains on transfected Jurkat cells in a flow cytometry assay (Fig. 3A) . Competition ELISA to examine the epitopes recognized by the DBL3-X and DBL5-e-reactive monoclonal antibodies showed that the DBL3-X-reactive antibodies PAM2.8 and PAM6.1 targeted antigenically distinct epitopes (Fig. 3B ), while two (PAM3.10 and PAM7.5) of the DBL5-e-reactive antibodies appeared to target neighbouring or overlapping epitopes (Fig. 3C) .