The correlates for protection have been extensively studied in the case of L. major, and contributed considerably to the development of the Th1/Th2 paradigm [8] . Thus, there is a general agreement that a Th1-type immune response, characterized by a high IFNγ and low IL-4 and IL-10 production, leads to control of L. major infection, while a Th2type immune response does not [8] . Antibodies may have an exacerbatory role [9] , but may also contribute to T cell responses [10, 11] . Both IFNγ producing CD4 + and CD8 + T cells seem to contribute to protective immunity, and induction of NO production by macrophages is central to parasite elimiation [12, 13] . While it was assumed for a long time that this Th1/Th2 paradigm was applied to all Leishmania species, it has become clear in recent years that each species has a distinct relationship with the host, different mechanisms of pathogenesis, and possibly different correlates for protection [3, 4] . Nonetheless, IFNγ production seems to be a general requirement, although not necessarily sufficient, for protection against most if not all Leishmania species.