Female C57BL/6 mice at 6-8 weeks old were used in accordance with the guidelines of Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital animal care and use committee under the approved animal study protocol (VGHKS-99-A028). BMDCs were generated by culturing bone-marrow hematopoietic cells with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) for 8 days [25, 26] . For DENV-2 infection, 10 6 DCs were adsorbed with DENV-2 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 for 1 h. After removing the virus inoculant, cells were incubated with complete medium. For stimulation with TLR ligands, DCs were incubated with 100 mg/ml polyI:C or 1 mg/ml CpG.