For our work, we developed a stochastic agent-based pandemic model on a small-scale city. We extended the typical transmission model (Wu et al. 2006 ) by adding a pre-symptomatic phase, thus resulting in the SEPIR (susceptible-exposed -pre-symptomaticinfectious -recovered) model. In addition, we further refined the infectious phase into one of the three possible categories-asymptomatic, symptomatic and critical (for details, refer to figure 1a). To capture the constraints imposed by societal norms, such as the different population response patterns during different times of the day, we set the granularity of the time scale to be in terms of hours, rather than days.