Humanized mAb against Dengue Virus www.plosntds.org by flow cytometry. The fluorescence intensities were quantified to determine the relative recognition, calculated as [intensity of mutant VLP/intensity of WT VLP] (recognized by a mAb)6[intensity of WT VLP/intensity of mutant VLP] (recognized by mixed mAbs). Data shown are one representative experiment out of three independent experiments. (DOC) Figure S5 Sequence alignment of different DENV-2 genotypes and highlights of the neutralizing epitopes in E-DIII. The sequence of E-DIII from DENV-2 (strain 16681, Southeast Asian genotype) is aligned with other DENV-2 genotypes including NGC (Southeast Asian), PL046 (Southeast Asian), PM33974 (West African) and IQT2913 (American). Black blocks show residues of genotypic variation. The serotype-specific neutralizing epitopes located in E-DIII are K310 (green) and E311 (purple) which are recognized by DB32-6 and DB25-2, respectively. (DOC)  CD8(+) T Cells in Leishmania Infections: Friends or Foes? Host protection against several intracellular pathogens requires the induction of CD8(+) T cell responses. CD8(+) T cells are potent effector cells that can produce high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and kill infected target cells efficiently. However, a protective role for CD8(+) T cells during Leishmania infections is still controversial and largely depends on the infection model. In this review, we discuss the role of CD8(+) T cells during various types of Leishmania infections, following vaccination, and as potential immunotherapeutic targets. CD8 + T cells play a major role in protective immunity to a wide variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites. However, the protective role of CD8 + T cells during Leishmania infections has been controversial, mainly because of the discrepancy among infections with different Leishmania species. Different Leishmania species have different tropisms and their diversity is reflected in the various clinical manifestations they induce. Hence, it is not surprising that the contribution of CD8 + T cells to the immune response against the parasite depends on the clinical form and the species that is causing it. Here, we discuss the literature on the contribution of CD8 + T cells to the immune response against Leishmania, taking into account the various clinical forms and experimental models.