Unlike Recode-1, where all data on recoding events were introduced manually, Recode-2 also utilizes automated identification of recoding events by the recently developed computer programs ARFA (43) and OAF (44) , that are able to identify and annotate +1 frameshifting events in mRNAs of bacterial RF2s and eukaryotic antizyme (OAZs), respectively. However, a significant source of recoding events remains to be serendipitous discoveries by experimental studies that sometimes are complemented by more systematic studies of large groups of similar genes (51, 52) . Therefore, a large proportion of new data are still populated manually or semi-manually. To ease manual population of recoding events, a special form has been designed that is available in the database upon user registration. User registration needs to be approved by one of the database contributors. The novel data in the database include 249 RF2 mRNAs identified by ARFA, 152 events identified by OAF, 200 new selenoprotein genes (53) (54) (55) (56) and 200 new viral annotations (57) including the newly discovered frameshift cassettes in potyviruses (58), alphaviruses (59) and the Japanese encephalitis group of flaviviruses (60) .