TLR mediated innate and/or adaptive immune responses play an important role in a variety of diseases, including sepsis, infectious disease, atherosclerosis, kidney failure, liver disease, pulmonary disease and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (5, (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) . TLRs are expressed in a variety of cell types including immune and non-immune cells. In addition, the capability of these receptors to recognize PAMPs is indicative of their distinct roles in infection, inflammation and tissue damage (29) (Fig. 3 ).