Wild-type (C57/B6), microtubule light chain associated-green fluorescent fusion protein (LC3-GFP) and atg5 2/2 bone marrowderived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated from six-to eightweek-old female mice and cultured as previously described [25, 26, 28] . The atg5 2/2 mice were generated by mating Cre recombinase lysozyme M mice (Jackson labs, Strain # 004781) with atg5 flox/flox mice [34, 57] . one hour, washed three times with PBS containing calcium and magnesium, and gentamicin was added at a concentration of 50 mg/mL one hour post-infection. MEFs were washed and gentamicin (50 mg/mL) was added at 60 minutes post-infection.