Complexes facilitate cellular ATPase gene ameliorated high-permeability targeting [31] pulmonary edema [59] Lipoplex-delivered IL-10 gene decreased CLP-induced ALI [61] Systemic cationic polyethylenimine polyplexes incorporating indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase decreased ischemia-reperfusion ALI [62] DNA and RNA Easily produced at low cost No specifi c cell targeting Specifi c siRNAs reduce infl ammation-associated oligonucleotides (siRNA, Smaller molecules that can lung injury in humans [33] and in animal models shRNA, decoy easily enter cells [28, 34] oligonucleotides) Target regulation of specifi c genes shRNA-based approaches have reduced lung injury in animal models [35, 36] Cell-delivered gene therapy humans [33] and in animal models [28, 34] . shRNA is a single strand of RNA that, when introduced into the cell, is reverse transcribed and integrated into the genome, becoming heritable. During subsequent transcription, the sequence generates an oligonucleotide with a tight hairpin turn that is processed into siRNA. shRNAs have reduced lung injury in animal models [35, 36] . Decoy oligonucleotides are double-stranded DNA molecules of 20 to 28 nucleo tides, which bind to specifi c transcription factors to reduce expression of targeted genes, and have been successfully used in animal models [37, 38] .