The infection of PV and coxsackievirus also leads to hydrolysis of PABP [140, 141] . This cleavage is carried out by PV 3C pro and coxsackievirus 2A pro and 3C pro and it might actively contribute to the host translational shutoff induced by these viruses [142, 143] . In conclusion, the proteolysis of different components of the translation initiation machinery by picornavirus proteases can account for the shutoff of host translation induced after infection although the specific contribution of hydrolysis of eIF4GI, eIF4GII, and PABP remains still unclear.