Recently a new Weld of investigation was opened when molecules not involved in ribosome biogenesis were detected in the nucleolus (Carmo-Fonseca et al. 2000; Pederson 1998; Politz et al. 2002; Visintin and Amon 2000) . In accordance with these nucleolar localizations, nucleolar mass spectrometry analyses identiWed »700 nucleolar proteins, some of them not related to ribosome biogenesis (Andersen et al. 2005) . The area of plurifunctional nucleolus was opened. Consequently "The nucleolus", a book that presents the state of the art was published (Olson 2004) as well as several reviews on the multiple functions of the nucleolus (Boisvert et al. 2007; Hernandez-Verdun 2006; Hiscox 2007; Raska et al. 2006 ).