3 [77] . Immunogenic complexes (ICs) stimulate robust T cell responses by increasing uptake of HBsAg through Fc receptors on APCs and, therefore, modulate HBsAg processing and presentation. It was demonstrated that this vaccine administered to HBeAg-positive patients led to decrease of HBV DNA in serum, HBeAg seroconversion, and development of anti-HBs in part of the subjects [78] . Currently, the IC-based vaccine is the only one that entered phase III of clinical trials in chronic hepatitis B patients [79] . Even though the IC-based vaccine led to antiviral effect, clearance of HBV was not observed in treated patients. It seems that the vaccine alone is not sufficient to achieve the full control over HBV. Therefore, some steps have been undertaken to combine the IC-based vaccine with nucleos(t)ide analogues treatment, (Wen et al., personal communication) . The ongoing clinical trial will show whether IC are effective as a therapeutic vaccine in chronic hepatitis B.