Cytoselect 24-well cell migration assay kit (Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, CA) and Cytoselect 24-well cell invasion assay kit (Cell Biolabs, Inc.) were used according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, 500 ml of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS was added to each well of the plate. Then, 300 ml of cell suspension containing 3610 5 cells/ml or 1.5610 6 cells/ml was added to the 8 mm pore size polycarbonate membrane cell culture inserts for cell migration assay or to the 8 mm pore size polycarbonate membrane cell culture inserts coated with a uniform layer of basement membrane matrix solution for cell invasion assay, respectively. Then, cells were incubated for 24 hrs at 37uC in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere. Next, the medium was removed from the inside of the insert and the interior of the insert was gently swabbed with the wet end of cotton-tipped swabs to remove non-migratory cells. Then, each insert was transferred to a clean well containing 400 ml of cell stain solution and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. After washing, inserts were transferred to an empty well and 200 ml of extraction solution was added and incubated for 10 minutes. Then, the optical density (OD) was measured at 560 nm.