Together, our work compellingly shows that LysM-expressing Tip-DCs are the major producers of IFN-b during murine listeriosis, which is responsible for the induction of the type I IFN cascade in most cell types. The expression of LysM sheds some doubt on the DC nature of such cells. We also show in vivo that pDCs, the cell type that is able to produce type I IFN independent of IFN-b and neutrophils do not contribute at all to the overall production of type I IFN during murine listeriosis. Having settled this, the question now arises: why cDCs, that are infected at least early after i.v. application or hepatocytes that are known to be heavily infected by L. monocytogenes, do not produce type I IFN.