Dramatic cellular changes accompany flavivirus replication and have been the subject of considerable study, although most of the studies have been done in mammalian cells using the mosquitoborne flaviviruses. Replication has been linked to areas of the cell containing large amounts of virus-induced structures, including convoluted membranes, dilated cisternae, vesicles, tubules, and paracrystalline arrays [19, [26] [27] [28] . These structures are localized in a perinuclear distribution of vastly proliferated membranes which, in the case of cells infected with mosquito-borne flaviviruses, are derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [29] [30] [31] . The vesicles are typically 70-150 nm in diameter [28] with a pore-like connection either between vesicles and the cytoplasm or between individual vesicles [30, 31] .