While 19 of these 31 English language journals reported an adequate supply of submitted manuscripts, nine reported that theirs were inadequate (three did not reply to this question). Major reasons for this inadequacy were (1) dearth of scientific research output leading to dearth of manuscripts; (2) huge amount of high-quality manuscripts being drained to foreign journals; and (3) the limited capacity of writing in English on the part of some authors. The annual number of manuscripts received varied greatly (Table 7) . Eighteen journals received manuscripts from outside China, ranging from a few manuscripts per year to 30% of its total number of manuscripts received. The majority of these submissions came from other developing countries. One of the consequences of low supply of high-quality manuscripts is that the frequency of publication of journals in China is low: 19 of the 31 English language journals are quarterly or semi-annual (Table 8 ) [101] .