As outside pregnancy, justification and optimisation are the main steps to be done when an imaging examination using ionising radiation is considered during pregnancy. However, the risk concerns the embryo/foetus in addition to the mother which means that justification has to be more critical whenever the uterine dose is not neglectable. The practical approach to an examination in any woman of child-bearing age starts by ruling out pregnancy, whether by taking history or by a laboratory test. When pregnancy cannot be ruled out, further steps will depend on the type of examination needed and the urgency of diagnostic clarification. Ultrasound is the alternative to be preferred when it can answer the clinical question. But even among x-ray examinations, the uterine dose is varying widely which asks for a careful selection, optimisation and, maybe, for postponing the test. Once pregnancy is confirmed, the major question is whether the specific type of diagnostic examination will include the uterus in the primary radiation field. Examinations not involving the uterus by direct radiation -despite a potentially significant exposure by scattered radiation -can usually be performed without a relevant risk to the embryo/foetus. The situation is more critical when the uterus is within the examination field and when therapeutic interventions are considered. The presentation will discuss the practical approach to these different situations, the influence of the stage of pregnancy, optimisation methods and the choice between alternative methods in some frequent clinical situations. This paper explores the risks to the foetus when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used. MRI uses three main components to produce images from inside the body: a static magnetic field; a pulsed radio-frequency (RF) field and time-varying gradient electromagnetic field. The exact frequencies of these fields depend on the MRI system purchased; for example, a 0.5T scanner uses 21 MHz RF, a 1.5 T system uses 63 MHz and a 3 T system uses 127 MHz RF. There is also a wide range of options for gradient strengths and slew rates to be considered as well. The overall exposure for the foetus depends ultimately on the imaging sequence used and the area being scanned. This paper will discuss particular hazards that need to be addressed for pregnant women including biological effects of the static and time-varying magnetic fields, heating effects of the RF pulses and acoustic noise generated by the spatial encoding gradients. The circumstances for foetal In Austria the education for radiological technologists was first established by law in 1961. At this time the 'Matura' entrance-level standard for university education was implemented. In 1992 a special law was introduced. Professional academies were considered eligible for European programmes such as Erasmus-Socrates. This law still offers the basis for professional qualification. In 1994, Universities of Applied Sciences were founded in Austria in addition to universities. The students of both university types were equal and they received an academic degree. The structure was similar to our professional academies. As a consequence of this, the professional association (RTaustria) also joined in the task of converting academies into the university sector. The first bachelor study programme "Radiological Technology" started in 2005. The students finish with a BSc degree in health studies in Radiological Technology. The demands on teaching staff and students are already very large. A Bachelor' Degree is recognised as a university sector. Master's Degree programmes can be pursued immediately, e.g. MedTech (Master or Engineering for Functional Imaging, and Conventional Ion Radiotherapy), or Master of Science in Radiological Technology. This technology offers radiographers a starting point for medical computer science. Doctoral programmes for molecular and functional imaging, medical physics and computer science are well established and alumni are admitted. The strategic influence on the profession is a social benefit. If Radiological Technologists attain even more profound knowledge that more deeply penetrates their specialisation, the better their future patients will be treated. While resection and ablation are still the gold-standard for curative local treatment of the early stage HCC, several effective intra arterial procedures have been developed for advanced HCC stage. There is still no consensus on the best intra arterial local therapy; however, it offers great promise based upon the premise that HCC are fed mainly, if not exclusively, by arteries. Bland embolisation, chemoembolisation and radio-embolisation are some of the most common local treatments for patients with HCC and several embolic agents have been specifically developed for that purpose. Both TACE and TAE may shut-down the arterial blood flow to the tumour, leading for tumour ischaemia and, eventually, tumour cell death, if anoxia is induced. Association of local chemotherapy to the embolic effect represents the rationale for TACE. For this purpose, new embolic particles, which may precisely elute drugs, have been introduced (DEB-TACE= Drug Eluting Beads TACE). For Radioembolisation, micro-particles are injected into the feeding arteries as vehicles for delivering interstitial sources of radiation therapy. Small and precisely calibrated micro-particles have been introduced for a deeper a more effective TAE. Because hepatic tumours are supplied by several arterial feeders, complete tumour death may be obtained only if the entire vascular network supplying the tumour is treated. If even small feeding arteries are be missed, tumour mass will be not completely treated and it will relapse. For this reason, the knowledge of possible vascular abnormality is mandatory for a better outcome. Surgical resection remains one of the few treatments considered to be "curative" for malignancy contained within the liver (both primary and secondary). For resection to be effective all of the segments containing tumour must be removed. For a patient to survive such a procedure the remaining hepatic function must be sufficient to sustain life. In some circumstances so much of the liver is removed that the remaining segments are too small (or they were small in the first place). Pre-operative portal vein embolisation (POPE) is designed to stimulate enlargement in the segments that are intended to remain, so that when the cancer is removed, survival is improved. POPE is a technique where the portal venous supply to the diseased segments is blocked, so that growth factors are diverted to the healthy segments. Over a period of 4-6 weeks prior to surgery, these segments enlarge so that the diseased segments can be removed more safely. POPE is performed percutaneously, and a variety of embolic materials are used to occlude, usually the right portal vein. After POPE the liver is scanned to assess for hypertrophy of the healthy segments, and surgery scheduled to coincide with enlargement but before time has elapsed which would allow for tumour progression (local or distant). Surgery can usually be planned for 4-6 weeks after POPE (this time may vary depending upon factors such as the presence of cirrhosis and diabetes). Primitive malignant renal tumours comprise 6% of all childhood cancers. Wilm's tumour (WT) is the most frequent type accounting for more than 90%. Imaging alone cannot differentiate between these tumours with certainty but it plays an important role in screening, diagnostic workup, assessment of therapy response, preoperative evaluation and follow-up. The outcome of WT after therapy is excellent with an overall survival around 90%. This allows for a risk-based stratification maintaining excellent outcome in children with low-risk tumours while improving quality of life and decreasing toxicity and costs. The imaging issues for WT from the European perspective will be discussed as well as the characteristics of other paediatric malignant renal tumours. Primary adrenal malignant tumours can be categorised according to their origin. Adrenocortical neoplasms are rare in children. A size greater than 5-10 cm suggests malignancy as well as signs of local invasion or distant metastasis. The most frequent malignant medullary tumour is neuroblastoma. It accounts for 7-10% of all childhood cancers and has a survival rate between 5 and 80% depending on age at diagnosis, tumour spread, genetic markers, etc. It is related to borderline malignant ganglioneuroblastoma and benign ganglioneuroma. Imaging cannot distinguish between these tumours but it is essential in the diagnostic workup and during follow-up. The role of imaging: The main aims of imaging are confirmation of the hepatic origin of the tumour, diagnosis and staging. Differential diagnosis is facilitated by combining imaging findings with clinical parameters, such as serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Children with malignant liver tumours often require three modalities (US, chest CT and MRI) for optimal imaging. Differential diagnosis: It is important to identify vascular tumours of infancy and mesenchymal hamartoma on imaging grounds if possible. These lesions rarely require biopsy. The major malignant primary tumours are hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, rhabdoid tumour, undifferentiated (embryonal) carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma variants (transitional liver cell tumour and fibrolamellar carcinoma). Malignant vascular tumours (epithelioid haemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma) are rare. The distinction between multifocal primary liver tumours and metastases from an extrahepatic primary tumour (or multifocal infantile haemangioma) can almost always be made on a combination of imaging and clinical features. Staging: There are two major staging systems in current use. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) uses a surgical staging system, in which the main role of radiology is the detection of extrahepatic spread and preoperative surgical planning. The other major trials group, SIOPEL, uses the PRETEXT system, in which the role of imaging is much more important because surgery is delayed and chemotherapy is stratified according to clinical and radiological risk factors. Because COG now also collects data using the PRETEXT system, there is a global consensus that the ideal radiology report should include a description of each of its parameters. Learning Objectives: