Human norovirus infection has been shown to be the leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis [31] , however there is currently no cell culture system available to facilitate viral replication and ethical considerations have hindered progress in establishing a permissive human organ culture system. The study of Jena virus offers a potential animal model of enteric noroviral infection. However, until a permissive bovine cell and/or organ culture systems is established analysis of the molecular mechanisms underpinning viral replication and pathogenesis rely upon in vitro systems, most notably polyprotein synthesis and processing.