Basic information on market type and location could be easily collected from each LBM to aid the identification of markets at high risk of virus maintenance, where risk mitigation strategies should be implemented. This information could be directly collected from market managers and would not require a laborintensive survey. The implementation of strategies aiming at breaking virus amplification cycles in all markets is unnecessary, and also impractical given that LBMs are ubiquitous. Targeting control measures to a few selected markets would not only reduce the overall cost, but would also allow closer monitoring and proper implementation. Simple hygiene measures and culling of unsold birds may be very effective in breaking the virus amplification cycle [11, 34, 35] . Successfully implemented in Hong Kong, such measures would, however, need to be adapted to each local setting in order to minimize their negative impact on trade.