We found that flying foxes are consistently present throughout Perak State, including near the index farm, where we located two seasonal P. vampyrus roosts: one in Lenggong, Perak, ,50 km from the index farm, where we observed a maximum population of approximately 2500 bats, and another near Tambun, Perak, within 2 km of the index farm, which had been previously reported in 1999 [32] and where we observed bats in 2003 -2005 [33] . The distance between these roosts and the index farm is within the bats' nightly foraging range. Flying fox roosts were not found in the more densely populated pig-farming regions of southern Selangor and Negeri Sembilan [32, 33] (figure 4). 