Fitness was assessed using burst swim speed for tadpoles and maximum jump distance for metamorphs. At 11 days post injection (,1 week prior to metamorphic climax/stage 46) average burst speed in tadpoles was measured according to the method described by Van Buskirk and McCollum [24] where specific speed is normalised to body length rather than measuring absolute speed. Temperature at the time of testing was constant at 23-24uC. Jump distances were calculated in stage 46 metamorphs approximately 2 days after removal from aquatic tanks according to Wilson and Franklin [25] . Jumps were recorded using a digital camera (Canon; 15 frames sec 21 ) and distances calculated with MouseZoom version 1.4 (Freeware 1998 1.4 (Freeware -2003 and Microsoft Windows Movie Maker version 5.1 (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) . Absolute distances were determined from screen pixel units with conversion to mm via background graph paper. It was determined that optimal jumps were performed on plastic rather than paper.