Vaccination of humans with heat-killed Leishmania or recombinant parasite proteins has so far failed to induce long-term immunity and only recovery from natural or experimental infection has provided proper protection. Several trials have analyzed the protective effect of autoclaved L. major plus Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) versus BCG alone assessing the cumulative incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica (Sharifi et al., 1998) or L. major (Momeni et al., 1999) , or of VL (Khalil et al., 2000) caused by L. donovani. Although no trial showed a significant effect on disease incidence, the vaccination induced skin test conversion and provided limited protection. Additionally, a study showed that immunization of Colombian soldiers with three doses of L. amazonensis alone was non-protective (Velez et al., 2005) .