None of the 9 other variables considered in the study were associated with AIV (H5N1) contamination in LBMs (data not shown). These included the LBM trading category (wholesale, retail, or combination), days operational per week, chicken population in LBM, source of chickens (small-scale backyard farmers, commercial farms, or com- bination), inspection from authorities, use of detergent during cleaning, mixing poultry arriving on different days in the same cages, average length of poultry stay in LBM, and whether poultry were removed from stalls before cleaning. From the univariate analyses, 10 variables were signifi cant at p<0.1. However, the ducks other than Muscovy variable was removed from the multivariate analyses because of its collinearity with another variable (presence of Muscovy ducks, r>0.4). Nine variables were considered for the multivariate analyses. The fi nal multivariable logistic regression model had 4 variables, of which 2 were independent risk factors for subtype H5N1 contamination in LBMs (Table 3) . They were location in West Java province (adjusted OR [aOR] 6.83, 95% CI 2.01-23. 19 ) and bird slaughtering in the LBM (aOR 6.43, 95% CI 1.01-40.82). Two variables were independent protective factors: zoning of poultry activities in LBMs (aOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03-0.86) and daily disposal of solid waste (aOR 0.2, CI 95% 0.06-0.69).