HeLa cells were pre-incubated with 25 mM nocodazole in the medium for 1 h to depolymerize microtubules, prior to infection with vaccinia DF13L at 1 p.f.u./cell. Nocodazole was kept in the medium throughout the infection, while an equal volume of DMSO was added to the controls. At 24 h post-infection, the cells were scraped from the¯asks into the medium and sedimented by centrifugation (300 g, 7 min, 4°C). The cell membranes were disrupted and the nuclei were removed by centrifugation. The resulting post-nuclear supernatant was centrifuged through a 36% sucrose cushion (76 000 g, 30 min, 4°C). The virus pellet was resuspended in 10 mM Tris pH 9; the virus was collected by centrifugation (76 000 g, 30 min, 4°C), resuspended in 10 mM Tris pH 9 and stored at ±80°C. The concentration of the virus (elemental bodies) was determined by OD 260 measurement (Joklik, 1962) . Fig. 13 . Vaccinia infection reduces centrosome microtubule nucleation ef®ciency. In uninfected cells, microtubules (A, E and I) nucleate from centrosomes (B, F and J) after nocodazole washout for the times indicated. In contrast, 2 h after infection with vaccinia, microtubules (C, G and K) are nucleated inef®ciently from centrosomes (D, H and L). All images were collected with identical camera settings, to allow comparison of uorescence intensity between centrosomes. Inserts (B, D, F, H, J and L) are adjusted as in Figure 12 to facilitate visualization of the weak g-tubulin centrosomal labelling. Arrowheads indicate the position of the centrosome. Scale bar = 10 mm.