In a related manner, public health funding tends to lose out when public policy is oriented toward producing focused expertise and technology. Public sector investment in "health" has reached very high levels: the National Institutes of Health in the United States received $27,066,782,000 in FY2003. These massive levels of investment have produced spectacular successes in knowledge creation, the invention of non-invasive and minimally invasive surveillance of the body, and a vast array of medical interventions. At the system level, however, the multiplication and diffusion of highly technologized interventions results in rising expectations for medical care, and increased overall medical care costs, which crowd public health spending in national and sub-national budgets.