Recombinant adenoviruses are one of the few well-studied vectors currently under development for vaccination against Ebola virus infection. The first protocol for an Ebola vaccine employed a prime-boost regimen consisting of naked DNA expressing either Ebola glycoprotein (GP) or nucleoprotein (NP) and recombinant Ad5 expressing Ebola GP to successfully protect non-human primates against a lethal challenge of Ebola [33] . This has since led to several Phase I clinical trials [34, 35] in which each component of the vaccine is administered by intramuscular injection. To date, there have been only two reports describing mucosal administration of an Ebola vaccine [36, 37] . Nasal administration of recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) vectors expressing Ebola GP and/or NP to Guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys conferred complete protection against a lethal challenge with Ebola.