Methods: Prospective survey of 100 consecutive HCV infected patients and also doctors and paramedical staff in our hospital. Results: Major sources of viral infection in study patients (58 males; average age 40 years -range 18 to 65 yrs) were reused syringes (38 pts). Twenty had a household member infected with HCV. Twenty were co-infected with HBV. Eighty five of HCV infected patients were not vaccinated.against HBV. Twenty five of them (29%) had financial reasons and 45 patietns (52%) had lack of awareness. Out of 30 doctors, 12 and 15 did not know about their HBV and HCV status respectively, but none was known to have either of these infections. Four (13%) were not vaccinated against HBV. Out of 29 paramedical staff, 1 was HCV positive, 11 each were unaware of their HBV and HCV status, and remaining were negative for these markers. Thirteen of them (44%) were not vaccinated against HBV. Conclusion: Thirty eight percent HCV infected patients were infected by reuse of syringes. Eighty five percent were not vaccinated against HBV, out of which 52% had no awareness about it, whereas 29% could not financially afford it. A significant number of paramedical staff and some doctors were also not vaccinated Background: Early prediction of efficacy could decrease unnecessary interferon exposure of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods: A multi-center clinical study. Patients were injected interferon alpha 2b 5 Million IU subcutaneously every other day for 24 weeks and 24-week follow-up was followed. Results: 53 patients (44 male) were enrolled, 27.5 ±9.1 years old. 24 hours after administration, hepatitis B virus (HBV) load decreased significantly (6.96±1.03log copies/ml, P<0.05) from baseline (8.00±0.93 log copies/ml). HBV load was 4.94±1.47 and 5.25±1.58 log copies/ml at week 24 and 48, respectively. At the two points upwards, complete response rate was 4.2%(2/48) and 7.9%(3/38), partial response rate was 35.4%(17/48) and 34.2%(13/38), respectively. At week 4 and 12, HBV DNA levels of complete responder and partial responder were lower than those of non-responder (P<0.05) at week 24. At baseline, on hour 12, day 2, 3, week 2, 4 and 12, HBV DNA levels of complete responder were lower than those of non-responder at week 48 (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that baseline HBV DNA was the independent variables to predict the response at week 24 and 48. Conclusions: Interferon alpha 2b was effective in treating patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B. It could decrease the HBV DNA level rapidly. Early HBV DNA levels were predictive to response at the end of treatment and follow-up. Baseline HBV DNA level was the independent predictor of the response at the end of treatment and follow-up. Aim: To investigate features of PD-1 expression on peripheral Tcells and PD-L1 expression in liver in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in immune clearance phase. Methods: PD-1 expression on total peripheral T cells were evaluated by using flow cytometry. Immunostaining was performed according to the EnVision ChemMate methods. The degree of PD-L1 expression was scored and assessed according to the percentage and staining intensity of positive cells. Results: Compared to health control, the percentage of total peripheral T cells expressed PD-1 was elevated in CHB with repeatedly increasing ALT level. No specific association between the percentage of PD-1 positive and the mean fluorescence intensity MFI of PD-1 expression on total T cells with serum viral load were found. But ALT level was correlated with the MFI of PD-1 expression on total CD8+T cells significantly. PD-L1 is up-regulated on hepatocytes by viral infection, and high expressed in fibrosis section. Conclusion: The MFI of PD-1 on CD8+T cells plays important role in regulating the immune-host interaction in CHB in immune clearance phase. And PD-1 expression on T cells is correlated with high immune inflammatory refection. Aim: To study the quantity, characteristic of HBV-specific T-cell and the extent of liver damage in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with different HBeAg status. Methods: 103 CHB patients were enrolled and divided into two groups according to the HBeAg status, and the liver damage index were analyzed. The frequency and Foxp3 expression of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Treg) were measured, as well as the frequency and phenotypic molecules expression of HBV-pentamer+ T-cell. HBV specific T-cell responses including cellular proliferation and IFN-production, with or without anti-PD-L1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 blocking, were also observed. Results: The demographic characters, serum ALT, AST levels, the frequency and Foxp3 expression of CD4 + CD25 + Treg were similar, while the serum HBV DNA levels were higher in HBeAg+ patients (P <0.05). The liver necroinflammation was comparatively more severe in HBeAg-patients (P =0.056), but the median percentage of liver cirrhosis was much higher in HBeAg+ patients (P <0.05). The difference of HBV-specific T-cell frequency was not significant between two groups, while the expression levels of PD-1 and CTLA-4 on HBV-specific CD8 T cells were significantly higher in HBeAg+ patients (P both <0.05). Combined using of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 mAb significantly increased the cellular proliferation in either HBeAg+ or HBeAg-patients, but only markedly enhanced the IFNproduction in HBeAg+ patients. Conclusion: HBeAg persistency could probably induce higher expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 on the HBV-specific T cells and result in T-cell impairment, high HBV DNA load and high percentage of liver cirrhosis in HBeAg+ CHB patients.