Despite the potential of curing, quite a substantial range of specific pathological conditions by inducting autophagy, there are currently no small molecules that allow to exclusively stimulate this pathway [74] . Nevertheless, there is a variety of chemicals that by acting on signaling cascades that also regulate autophagy permit to trigger this degradative process. These agents fall into two distinct categories based on the mechanism of action; whether they work through an mTORdependent (Rapamycin or Torin) or mTOR-independent pathway (e.g., lithium or resveratrol) [74] . In addition to these compounds, there are biological molecules such as interferon γ (IFNγ) and vitamin D that can be used to stimulate autophagy especially in experimental setups [75, 76] .