On the other hand, from the health workers' point of view, these actions result from a combination of factors: high workload and personal priority-setting influenced by fear of being infected as well as distrust towards almost all HIV-infected patients because of the association with antisocial behaviors [28, 29] . When health care workers have fear and lack knowledge, they can find reasons not to focus their attention on the HIV-positive patients and give those reasons for not providing service as they think/ know they should. Moreover, health care workers are not only a source of stigma from the perspective of HIVinfected people, but can also become recipients of stigma from colleagues and family because of their exposure to HIV-infected patients.