future science group high levels of QN resistance would have been particularly informative. Also, the authors of [100] were unable to consistently clamp parasite pH cyt to acid values in the absence of Na + , formally leaving open the question of whether decreased levels of Pf NHE do indeed (as obviously expected) lead to a lower rate of Na + /H + exchange. More work is needed with these and other transfectants, and better methods for analyzing Na + /H + exchange for the intracellular parasite would clearly be helpful. Regardless, it is essential to recognize that effects on H + transport and steady state pH due to lowering Pf NHE expression [100] are certainly not expected to be analogous to the effects predicted from analysis of multiple pairwise loci influences on PfNHE activity [52] . Clearly, levels of QN resistance span a wide range, and Pf NHE effects on QN resistance are complex, require multiple loci [52] and, as reported earlier, do not necessarily segregate exclusively with elevated pH cyt [52] . Overall, as emphasized throughout this review, we now realize that multiple genetic alterations confer the molecular and physiologic basis of quinoline resistance patterns, and so it is to be expected that resistance phenotypes will involve multiple overlapping pathways. Interaction Between Humans and Poultry, Rural Cambodia Because avian influenza H5N1 infection risks are associated with exposure to infected poultry, we conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey of poultry-handling behavior among villagers in rural Cambodia. Despite widespread knowledge of avian influenza and personal protection measures, most rural Cambodians still have a high level of at-risk poultry handling. Because avian influenza H5N1 infection risks are associated with exposure to infected poultry, we conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey of poultryhandling behavior among villagers in rural Cambodia. Despite widespread knowledge of avian influenza and personal protection measures, most rural Cambodians still have a high level of at-risk poultry handling.