The effect of GAG on JEV and IBV infections was measured in BHK-21 cells and ATE cells, respectively. The cells were seeded at a density of 5 · 10 3 cells/well in 96-well plates. The GAG were serially diluted and applied at 0, 7.5, 15, and 30 lg/mL for BHK-21 cells and at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/mL for ATE cells. The BHK-21 and ATE cells were infected with 500 plaque-forming units of JEV and 10 3 EID 50 of IBV at 37°C for 1 h. Cells were washed three times with serum-free medium, and then normal growth medium was added. The number of infected cells per 96-well, revealed by IBV immunocytostaining, was manually counted at 8 h post-infection (h.p.i.) from five individual fields. No obvious cell damage was observed after GAG treatment or viral infection at 8 h.p.i. [18, 28] .