Next, we analyzed the levels of activated SAPK/JNK MAPK proteins in BMDCs and found their robust phosphorylation 2 h after either Ad3 or Ad5-GFP infection (Fig. 9B) . We also tested the importance of SAPK/JNK signaling on Ad-induced IFN-ab production in vivo. Fig. 9C shows that the blockade of the SAPK/ JNK signaling pathway in mice completely inhibited the production of IFN-ab at 4 and partially at 8 h after Ad infection. Taken together, these data strongly indicate that the Ad-activated SAPK/JNK MAPK pathway plays an important role in the virusinduced production of type I IFNs and IL-6.