NF-κB decoy oligonucleotides, incorporated into viral vectors, attenuate systemic sepsis-induced lung injury when administered intravenously (Figure 3 ) [37] . In animal models, both intratracheal [34, 63] and intra venously [29, 64] administered siRNA successfully silence their target genes. shRNA-based approaches have been used to suppress silica-induced lung fi brosis [35] and to ameliorate lung ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury [36] .