The lack of samples during the weeks that directly followed the release of the positive Mallards (because the hunting season had not yet started) could explain why we did not detect the H10N7 Camargue virus in wild individuals. Furthermore, the lack of large-scale dispersal of that H10N7 strain could be due to different parameters. First, we sampled the hand-reared ducks of the GBF1 21 days before their release. It is possible that only few birds were still excreting viruses when released into the wild, since excretion time in birds can be as short as 2 days (although it can also last up to 30 days in some cases) [46±48]. Second, a parallel capturerecapture demographic study ran in the Camargue has shown that hand-reared Mallards exhibit low monthly survival before the hunting season (only 44% survive from release until the onset of the hunting period on average) [49] . Moreover, their dispersal capacities appear to be very low [49] . The same pattern has been observed for red-legged partridges released in Spain [13] . Although intestinal parasites were much more numerous in the individuals living in the hunting estates where domestic birds were released, this was interestingly not observed in the neighboring estates [13] . It is possible that the poor survival and low dispersal of the hand-reared Mallards after release limited the potential spread of the H10N7 Camargue virus within the Mallard population in the wild.