Transplant patients with diabetes (n = 38) had significantly higher levels of urinary ACE2 activity, compared to non-diabetic (n = 62) subjects [ Figure 2A : diabetics; 8.75 (IQR, 3.09-15.54) vs non-diabetics; 2.32 (IQR, 0.63-5.37) ng-eq/mg Cr610 2 ; p,0.001]. Similarly, ACE2 protein levels by ELISA and western analysis were significantly increased in diabetic subjects, compared to non-diabetics ( Figure 2B , C; p,0.001 vs non-diabetics for both). In transplant patients with diabetes, both the 120 kDa and the 90 kDa ACE2 protein bands were significantly increased on westerns, compared to non-diabetics (p = 0.002 vs non-diabetics for the 120 kDa band, and p,0.001 vs non-diabetics for the 90 kDa band). Moreover, urinary ACE2 protein levels by ELISA were significantly increased in subjects with diabetes pre-transplant (n = 21), compared to subjects who developed diabetes after transplant (n = 17; p = 0.024).