Reverse transcription-PCR (Superscript II; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was performed on RNA extracted by using the HCV Amplicor Specimen Preparation kit (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA), TRIzol (Invitrogen), or the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). Real-time PCR specifi c for HRV-A, HRV-B, and HEV (19) , and a generic panenterhino real-time PCR (forward primer 5′-AGCCTGCGTGGCKGCC-3′, reverse primer 5′-GAAACACGGACACCCAAAGTAGT-3′, and probe 5-FAM-CTCCGGCCCCTGAATGYGGCTAA-TAMRA-3′), were performed in several cohort studies (Table) .