Objective: To investigate the effect of Telbivudine on peripheral blood regulatory T cells and its significance in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods: 36 patients with HbeAg positive chronic hepatitis B were recruited and receiving telbivudine treatment for 9 months. Before and during 3 6 9 months of treatment , Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of peripheral blood Tregs; real-time PCR was used to detect the levels of HBV DNA in surum, markers of hepatitis B virus infection were detected by ELISA assay and levels of alanine aminotransferase in serum were measured. Results: The proportion of peripheral blood Tregs in patients with CHB was significantly higher than that in healthy controls and decreased over 6 or 9 months of treatment to a level comparable to that of healthy controls. After 3 months of treatment, The rate of ALT normalization in patients which the proportion of peripheral blood Tregs was unreduced was significantly lower than that in patients which the proportion of peripheral blood Tregs was reduced (P<0.01). 3, 6 or 9 months of telbivudine treatment resulted in negative HbeAg in 4(11%) patients, 7(19%) patients or 9(25%) patients respectively. Within 9 months of treatment, 7 (19%) patients seroconverted from HBeAg to anti-HBe , in which the proportion of peripheral blood Tregs had decreased to a level comparable to that of healthy controls over 3 or 6 months of treatment. Conclusion: During antiviral treatment with subsequent reduction of the viral load or ALT levels, the proportion of Tregs decreased to a level similar to that of normal healthy controls. In addition, seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-Hbe was prone to be established in patients which the proportion of Tregs decreased quickly at the early phase of antiviral treatment with Telbivudine. Background: In China a part of patients with ALT <1.5×ULN and HBV DNA >10 5 copies/ml will advance into hepatic cirrhosis even hepatoma. So these patients should not only be monitored but also be treated. This study was made to determine the safety and efficacy of combining therapy of pegylated interferon alpha 2a (peg-IFN -2a) and entecavir in treating naive patients with ALT <1.5×ULN and HBV DNA>10 5 copies/ml. Methods: Nine patients with HBsAg positive over 6 months and ALT<1.5×ULN HBV DNA >10 5 copies/ml were taken as research subjects. Before treatment,liver biopsy was used to assess histological damage. Patients were treated with peg-IFN -2a 180 g /week for 48 weeks, and in the first 12 weeks entecavir 0.5 mg/day was applied, then it was stopped. Results: 1 Liver biopsy showed that 7 patients had mild inflammation. 2 After 12 weeks' treatment , HBV DNA level in all patients decreased to less than 10 4 copies/ml, and after 24 weeks' treatment(12 weeks after entecavir was stopped)HBV DNA in all patients was less than 10 3 copies/ml. 3 Normal ALT was seen in all patients after 12 weeks' treatment and 24 weeks' treatment. 4 None of the patients had peripheral neuropathy with combining treatment. Conclusions: 1. Bulk of patients with ALT <1.5×ULN and HBV DNA>10 5 copies/ml had mild inflammation and need treatment. 2 Combing treatment of peg-IFN and entecavir was safe and effective to this group. 3 It proved that it was safe for patients to stop treatment with entecavir after short time use. Background & Aims: Quantification of serum HBV DNA levels is important to monitor viral replication in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Both Abbott RealTime HBV and Roche COBAS Amplicor HBV Monitor are updated fully automatic commercial assays for HBV DNA quantification. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of these two assays on the HBV DNA quantification in CHB patients. Methods: Serial serum samples from 30 CHB patients were collected at the baseline and at days 4, 7, 10 and 14 and weeks 3, 4, 8 and 12 after the commencement of therapy. Genotype was determined by sequence alignment. Abbott and Roche assays were employed for HBV DNA extraction and quantification according to the instructions of manufactories. Results: HBV DNA quantification results of Abbott assay was significantly correlated with those of Roche assay (r=0. 972, P<0.0001). For genotype C, the difference in HBV DNA levels [median (range): 1.22 (-0.16-2.36) log units] measured by these two assays was significantly higher than that for genotype B [0.66 (-0.52-1.63) log units, P<0.0001]. Moreover, the difference in serum HBV DNA levels after 12 weeks antiviral treatment [1.18 (-0.21-1.76) log units] measured by these two assays was significantly higher than that in baseline serum HBV DNA levels [0.68 (-0.12-1.24) log units, P<0.0001]. Conclusion: The quantification results of Abbott RealTime HBV showed a good correlation with those of Roche COBAS Amplicor HBV. But the performances of these two assays have significant difference in the quantifications of serum HBV DNA levels in genotype C patients and in patients after 12 weeks antiviral therapy. Background: Guidelines suggest Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccination to all Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infected patients and healthcare workers. We attempted to find out HBV vaccination status in our HCV infected population, and healthcare workers.