Total RNA was extracted from mock and NiV-infected HUVECs 8 and 24 hours post-infection using RNeasy Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions including additional step with RNase-free DNase (Qiagen). RNA was isolated from hamster organs 10-30 mg using a tissue lyser (Qiagen) in RLT buffer containing 1% ß-mercaptoethanol, according to manufacturer recommendations.