A.3. Malaria. Smith et al. [57] revisited the basic reproduction number of malaria and its implications for malaria control. Their estimates of R 0 are based on two more commonly measured indices called the entomological inoculation rate, which is the average number of infectious bites received by a person in a year, and the parasite ratio, which is the prevalence of malaria infection in humans. They made 121 estimates of R 0 for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African populations. The estimates (which do not come from a mathematical model) range from around one to more than 3000; the median is 115 and the interquartile range is 30-815.