After treatment, the supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min and used immediately for measurement of the specific factor by ELISA or stored at À808C. For measuring TGFB1 secretion by ELISA, supernatant or medium alone was activated according to the manufacturer's instructions (R&D Systems). VEGFA, VEGFC, and PGF ELISA kits were purchased from R&D Systems. TNF in the supernatants was determined using the OptEIA TNF (Mono/Mono) ELISA Set (BD Biosciences). At least three different protein preparations were tested, and experiments were repeated a minimum of three times.