Encystation of individual cells is lost from group 4 species, but retained in the evolutionary older groups, while sexual macrocysts are made by species scattered over all four groups. The chemoattractant that is used for aggregation is known for only a few species. It is cAMP for all investigated group 4 species while, in the other groups, at least three other compounds are used. Most species aggregate as inflowing streams of amoeba, but groups 1-3 contain some species that aggregate as individuals. Slug migration also occurs in all groups, but is most common in group 4. Stalkless migration is shown by a small cluster of group 4 species and a single nongroup 4 species, D. polycephalum. Fruiting structures of most but not all species throughout the phylogeny veer towards light (phototropism).