Sequence alignment, phylogenetic analyses and recombination analysis DNA sequences used for P1-P2 gene analysis were based on HRV-16 nt 178-462 and those used for VP4/VP2 gene analysis were based on HRV-16 nt 626-1045. Multiple sequences were aligned using Clustal X [45] . The multiple-sequence alignment was subjected to phylogenetic analyses using programs in the PHYLIP package (v3.6). Bootstrap analysis was performed using SEQBOOT, with a replicate number of 1000. Then, DNADIST and NEIGHBOR were used to obtain distance matrices with the F84 parameter, and a transition/transversion ratio of 4. Consensus trees were computed by CONSENSE, and then re-rooted with RETREE. The final tree was visualized and edited with MEGA version 4 [46] .