Overall, the current work suggests three major functions for eEF1Bc in TBSV replication ( Figure 9 ): (i) enhancement of the minus-strand synthesis by opening the 'closed' 39-end of the template RNA; (ii) reducing the possibility of re-utilization of (+)strand templates for repeated (-)-strand synthesis; and (iii) in coordination with eEF1A, stimulation of the proper positioning of the viral RdRp over the promoter region in the viral RNA template. These roles for eEF1Bc and eEF1A are separate from their canonical roles in host and viral protein translation.