Initially, patients who had achieved a complete response (CR) to firstline therapy and were without any evidence of disease were excluded from transplantation. This policy changed, however, as non-myeloablative allo-SCT regimens were adopted. Ablative allo-SCT were utilized as standalone therapy. In contrast, non-abaltive allo-SCT were performed in the majority of patients, 2 --4 months following recovery from a standard auto-SCT utilizing high-dose melphalan. The auto-SCT was utilized to provide cyto-reduction before the non-ablative Allo-SCT, yet allow the patient time to recover from the effects of high-dose therapy used for auto-SCT. Maintenance therapies were not used following allo-SCT.