Jacalin-related lectins (JRL) have a b-prism fold. In 1996, the structure of Jacalin from seed of jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) was first reported to have a tetrameric association for binding to galactose [21] . Later, Maclura pomifera seed agglutinin was reported to have the same tetrameric structure as Jacalin [22] . The other lectin, Artocarpin, from seed of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) shares the same tetrameric association for binding to mannose [23] . Moringa M from black mulberry (Morus nigra) forms a tetrameric association like that of Jacalin [24] . JRLs were once thought to be confined to the Moraceae. However, increasing structural evidence reveals that the lectins with a bprism fold exist universally in plants and animals [25] but with different quaternary association. Heltuba is a plant tuber lectin from Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) that has a donut shape with an octahedral assembly by the b-prism building block [26] . Caselpa is a rhizome lectin from Calystegia sepium (Hedge bindweed) that has a dimeric form [27] . PPL is a plant seed lectin from Parkia platycephala that contains 3 repetitive bprism domains and forms a dimeric form with hexahedral assembly [28] .