Contrast media (CM) that might be considered for use during pregnancy comprise mainly iodinated CM and gadolinium derivates. Iodinated contrast media should be avoided during pregnancy, as the iodine will be stored in the foetal thyroid gland, but a single dosage is unlikely to have a negative effect. Systemic cystic fibrosis has not been described in pregnant women or foetuses; however, no human data proving the safety of gadolinium during pregnancy are available. Gadolinium may be used in maternal conditions unrelated to pregnancy, such as suspect appendicitis or pregnancy-related problems of the placenta, and foetal indications. The latter ones have not been studied yet in larger groups. The greatest risk for radiationassociated damage of developing tissues lies in the embryonic period: at a dosage of > 100 mSV, an embryo might die during the preimplantation phase, and the threshold dose that puts the embryo at risk for malformations or mental retardation lies from 100 mSV onwards. CT may be used during pregnancy for diagnosis of skeletal malformations. Low-dose fast protocols, for instance using a dual source system, are currently under investigation. In conclusion, MRI without contrast administration should be the first choice in case of insufficient ultrasound information. Gadolinium. compounds may provide additional information in selected indications. Low-dose CT may be helpful in the management of skeletal malformations. The extent of patient's injuries depends mostly on the mechanisms of injury and magnitude of energy which is absorbed by human body. Knowledge of Mechanism's details provides valuable information for appropriate management of patients. Although there is still controversy on direct whole-body multi detector computed tomography versus stepwise imaging starting with plain x-rays of the cervical spine and chest, followed by FAST Ultrasound and regional CT, MDCT is an accepted routine method in evaluation of trauma patients. However, there is no existing one and the only standard trauma protocol of examination. A lot of factors must be taken into account by choosing the optimal way of conducting CT examination: patient's state of consciousness, penetrating wounds, stable/unstable haemodynamics, presence of visible instabilities, general medical condition, etc. One of the first "Musts" is to clear the emergency head and cervical spine injuries; MDCT protocols without contrast media are sufficient in such cases. Thoracic injuries like tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, flail chest or massive haemothorax must be excluded/confirm almost immediately. Intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal bleeding must be considered in every hypotensive patient; this requires the use of contrast media MDCT protocol. In evaluation of liver and spleen injuries, 5-minute delay in scanning after contrast media administration can be very helpful. Arterial and late venous phases are of extreme importance in appropriate diagnosis of the extent pelvic injuries. One must not forget about the possible fatal consequences of undiagnosed injuries of extremities, resulting in huge loss of blood. A radiology department (RD) providing emergency services remains a core part of hospital emergency care. Modern imaging has become the key diagnostic tool that determines whether a patient will be discharged home or will have to be admitted for further treatment from the accident and emergency department (ED). The most important factor remains the professionalism of the medical and nursing staff in the radiology department. Prompt image interpretation of any imaging can be achieved by the use of Teleradiology. The interpretation of images used outside receiving hospitals in emergency transfers can be very useful. It can help bridge the gap in communication between transferring and receiving institutions and to reduce interpretational discrepancies. The next important issue is the location of the RD. The RD should be built adjacent to or within the ED. It is worthwhile to mention that the benefit-risk ratio of each individual procedure should be considered; the responsibility of this decision lies not only with the radiologist but on the medical community as a whole. Organisation of radiology department in the ED is most important issue. Last but no means the least, we should always remember that one day we might find ourselves having an accident -what kind of service would we like to get? Familiarity with the normal anatomic appearance of the airways is the essential pre-condition to fully exploit the potential of modern technology and especially of volumetric CT. Besides, the importance of correctly phenotyping the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), both from a prognostic and therapeutic viewpoint, is now well established. From the trachea to the alveolar spaces, derangement of normal anatomy can give us the explanation of a large number of CT signs and patterns commonly found in the different phenotypes and sub-phenotypes of COPD, such as saber sheath trachea, tracheo-bronchial dynamic instability (tracheobronchomalacia) and bronchial outpouchings diverticula. Moving further along the bronchial tree towards the periphery, a sound knowledge of the borderlands between normal and abnormal anatomy is also of paramount importance to detect early bronchiectasis, bronchial remodelling and the signs of infectious bronchiolitis (centrilobular nodules, tree in bud opacities), more rare inflammatory conditions (Respiratory bronchiolitis, for example), areas of mosaic oligoemia with expiratory air trapping (another possible manifestation of small airways disease), and, finally, the irreversible destruction of the respiratory spaces (particularly, centrilobular emphysema). COPD is a very heterogeneous disease. Different patterns can overlap and the same patient can present with a number of different findings, co-morbidities and complications. A little stroll through the airway anatomy, from the trachea to the alveolar sacs, can help us to understand and remind what COPD is, what we know and the large amount of things that remain to be discovered and clarified. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the imaging characteristics of large airways, small airways, and alveoli. 2. To understand the imaging characteristics of the pathological entities contributing to the development of the clinical COPD. 3. To be able to describe the potential continuum between these components, as clinically manifested in the spectrum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).