This study was conducted in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from November 2005 through November 2007. Adult patients with TB that were admitted to the ICU of the Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA) were identified retrospectively. The HCPA is a general, tertiary care, university-affiliated hospital with 750 beds (34 adult ICU beds) and is a reference center for HIV in southern Brazil. Porto Alegre is the city with the highest acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) incidence in Brazil (68.7 cases/100.000 population) [1]. In our hospital, in 2008 for example, we had approximately 29.000 hospitalizations per year, with 185 cases of pulmonary TB. In addition, the number of outpatient visits was 551.968, but we do not have data on TB treatment, because our hospital does not provide TB treatment for outpatients; in Brazil, patients are treated in public outpatient health care services. The medical records of patients were reviewed, and predictors of mortality were assessed. The protocol was submitted to the Ethics Committee at HCPA and an approval was obtained. A waiver of consent was approved and the investigators assigned a confidentiality term.