The complicated nature of this problem, which obviously entails numerous interacting variables operating on different time and space scales pose a significant challenge to biomedical science and epidemiological research as well as public health intervention. However, the current trend of increasing global emerging infectious diseases is linked with another issue of 'global governance', sustainable development, with which disease control and prevent strategies must be integrated. Here too, the problems of politically stability, population growth, unplanned urbanization and economic development, income disparity, and environmental degradation, are all integral to the solution.