Human adenovirus being predominantly respiratory pathogens, adenovirus infections can cause a variety of pulmonary symptoms and can persist for long periods of time. Several studies in adult patients have indicated that the adenovirus gene product E1A could be detected Figure 4 Alveolar structure disorder-associated ILD. Depending on the causes, the alveolar structure components can be involved differently and serve as primary targets of the underlying pathological processes. Based on history, clinical presentation, BAL and lung tissue information, the disorders can be gathered in groups according to the predominant alveolar targets: epithelium, vascular or interstitial components. in lung tissues by in situ hybridization in up to 16% of cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The causative role of the virus in the initiation of the disease remains uncertain, but it may be an important factor in its progression as treatment with corticosteroids may make patients more susceptible to adenovirus infection or reactivation from latency. E1A has been shown to increase the production of TGF-β and to induce lung epithelial cells to express mesenchymal markers, thereby contributing to remodeling of the alveolar structure [145] . Isolation of the virus from the throat and serologic studies are diagnostic supportive, but the diagnosis is confirmed by the detection of the virus in lung tissues.