both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell epitopes were necessary and sufficient to induce a protective immune response [102] . Taken together, these data clearly demonstrated that vaccination did not result in increased pathology, as initially feared, but allowed at least partial control of disease progression, thus confirming the central role of parasite persistence for Chagas disease pathogenesis and opening the way to further assessment of DNA vaccines against T. cruzi. However, it has to be noted that many of the antigens tested belonged to the trans-sialidase family of protein, so that there is still little diversity in terms of the antigens tested as vaccines against T. cruzi (Table 3) .